CHSE Odisha Class 11 Biology Solutions Chapter 16 Digestion and Absorption

Odisha State Board CHSE Odisha Class 11 Biology Solutions Chapter 16 Digestion and Absorption Textbook Questions and Answers.

CHSE Odisha 11th Class Biology Chapter 16 Question Answer Digestion and Absorption

Digestion and Absorption Class 11 Questions and Answers CHSE Odisha

Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
Glucose is stored as glycogen in
(a) pancreas
(b) liver
(c) stomach
(d) kidney
Answer:
(b) liver

Question 2.
Ascorbic acid is also known as
(a) vitamin-B
(b) vitamin-C
(c) vitamin-E
(d) vitamin-D
Answer:
(b) vitamin-C

Question 3.
Which gland function as both exocrine and electrone glands?
(a) Salivary gland
(b) Gastric gland
(c) Pancreas
(d) Liver
(c) Pancreas

Question 4.
Pepsinogen is activated by
(a) trypsin
(b) chymotrypsin
(c) hydorchloric acid
(d) pepsin
Answer:
(c) hydorchloric acid

Question 5.
Trypsin converts
(a) fats into fatty acids
(b) proteins into peptones
(c) polysaccharides into maltose
(d) peptones into amino acids
Answer:
(b) proteins into peptones

Question 6.
The end products of fat digestion are fatty acids and
(a) glycerol
(b) cholesterol
(c) phospholipid
(d) glycolipid
Answer:
(a) glycerol

Question 7.
The posterior free part of the soft palate is known as
(a) glottis
(b) gullet
(c) epiglottis
(d) uvula
Answer:
(d) uvula

Question 8.
The number of teeth in the deciduous set of human being is
(a) 32
(b) 20
(c) 18
(d) 24
Answer:
(b) 20

Question 9.
The opening of the middle ear into the pharynx is known as
(a) eustachian opening
(b) external nostril
(c) internal nostril
(d) glottis
Answer:
(a) eustachian opening

Question 10.
The gastrointestinal hormone that stimulates the contraction of the gall bladder is known as
(a) gastrin
(b) chloecystokinin
(c) secretin
(d) molitin
Answer:
(b) chloecystokinin

Question 11.
The wall of the stomach of human is histologically unique in possessing
(a) submucosa
(b) circular muscle
(c) longitudinal muscle
(d) oblique muscle
Answer:
(a) submucosa

Question 12.
Gastrin is secreted from the mucosa of
(a) antrum
(b) fundus
(c) body
(d) pylorus
Answer:
(d) pylorus

Question 13.
Brunner’s glands are present in the mucosa of
(a) ileum
(b) jejunum
(c) duodenum
(d) colon
Answer:
(c) duodenum

Question 14.
Secretin stimulates the release of
(a) bicarbonate ions into the pancreatic juice
(b) water into the pancreatic juice
(c) enzymes into the pancreatic juice
(d) Ca2+into the pancreatic juice
Answer:
(a) bicarbonate ions into the pancreatic juice

Question 15.
Kwashiorkor, a nutritional disorder, caused due to the deficiency of
(a) carbohydrates
(b) lipids
(c) vitamins
(d) proteins
Answer:
(d) proteins

Question 16.
In a polypeptide, the amino acids are joined together by
(a) glycosidic bonds
(b) phosphodiester bonds
(c) peptide bonds
(d) hydrogen bonds
Answer:
(c) peptide bonds

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Name the mass of vascular connective tissue in a tooth.
Answer:
Pulp cavity

Question 2.
Name the water soluble vitamins.
Answer:
Vitamin-B, vit-C.

Question 3.
Enlist the fat soluble vitamins.
Answer:
Vit-A, vit-D.

Question 4.
Name three divisions of the small intestine.
Answer:
Duodenum, jejunem and ileum.

Question 5.
Name the vestigial organ in the alimentary canal of human.
Answer:
Appendix

Question 6.
Which gland is the largest gland of the body?
Answer:
Liver

Question 7.
Name the term used for the presence of different types of teeth.
Answer:
Heterodont dentition.

Question 8.
Name two bile pigment.
Answer:
Bilirubin and Bilivirdin.

Question 9.
How many liver lobes are there in human?
Answer:
2

Question 10.
Name the ampulla formed by the joining of the common bile duct and pancreatic duct before opening into the duodenum.
Answer:
Ampulla of vater

Question 11.
Name the phagocytic cell in the liver.
Answer:
Kupffer cells

Question 12.
What is the non-digestive enzyme released in the small intestine?
Answer:
Trypsinogen

Question 13.
Name the enzyme that digest fat.
Answer:
Lipase

Question 14.
Name the structure that is formed by the grouping of hepatic artery, hepatic portal vein and bile duct in the liver.
Answer:
Portal triad

Question 15.
Give an alternate name for ptyalin.
Answer:
Salivary amylase

Question 16.
Name the end proudct of protein digestion.
Answer:
Amino acids

Question 17.
Name the intestinal glands, which secrete succus entericuus.
Answer:
Crypts of Lieberkuhn

Fill in the Blanks

Question 1.
The fibrous connective tissue that cements the root of the tooth to the socket is known as …………….. .
Answer:
Enamel

Question 2.
The last molar teeth in human are known as ………… teeth.
Answer:
Wisdom

Question 3.
………… is the hardest substance in the human body.
Answer:
Enamel

Question 4.
The longitudinal folds of the oesophageal mucosa are known as …………… .
Answer:
Oesophageal rugal

Question 5.
The passage of the bolus through the lumen of oesophagus in spurts is known as ………….. .
Answer:
Peristalsis

Question 6.
The opening of the common bile duct and pancreatic duct into the duodenum is guarded by a sphincter, called ………….. .
Answer:
Sphincter of addi

Question 7.
The gastrointestinal hormone that stimulates the secretion of enzymes into the pancreatic juice is known as …………. .
Answer:
Pancrozymin

Question 8.
The connective tissue sheath, surrounding a liver lobule is known as ……………. .
Answer:
Glisson’s capsule

Question 9.
Bile facilitates the digestion of fat by dividing large fat droplets into a number of smaller droplets. This function of bile is known as ………… .
Answer:
Emulsification

Question 10.
Intestinal juice is alternately known as …………… .
Answer:
Succus entericus

Question 11.
There are ………… pairs of salivary glands in human.
Answer:
3

Question 12.
………….. is the substrate for ptyalin.
Answer:
Starch

Question 13.
The yellow colour of the stool is due to the presence of a pigment ……………. .
Answer:
Bilirubin

Question 14.
Limit dextrinase or a-Dextrinase is alternately known as ………….. .
Answer:
Isomealtase

Question 15.
Synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources is known as ……………. .
Answer:
Gluconeogonesis

Question 16.
Rennin acts on the milk protein …………. and changes it into …………… in the presence of Ca2+.
Answer:
Paracasein, calcium paracaseinate

Question 17.
Bile is secreted by ………… and stored in ………….. .
Answer:
Liver, gall bladder

Question 18.
The coagulation factors, prothrombin and fibrinogen are synthesised in ………….. .
Answer:
liver

Match the Words

Group A	GroupB
1. Chief cell	(a) Small intestine
2. Meissner’s plexus	(b) Insulin
3. Trypsinogen	(c) Bilirubin
4. Indigestion	(d) Food poisoning
5. Islets of Langerhans	(e) Pepsinogen
6. Marasmus	(f) HCl
7. Jaundice	(g) Lacteal
8. Chyle	(h) Pancreatic juice
9. Fatty acid	(i) Sub-mucosa
10. Oxyntic cell	(j) Nutritional deficiency

Answer:

Group A	GroupB
1. Chief cell	(e) Pepsinogen
2. Meissner’s plexus	(i) Sub-mucosa
3. Trypsinogen	(h) Pancreatic juice
4. Indigestion	(d) Food poisoning
5. Islets of Langerhans	(b) Insulin
6. Marasmus	(j) Nutritional deficiency
7. Jaundice	(c) Bilirubin
8. Chyle	(a) Small intestine
9. Fatty acid	(g) Lacteal
10. Oxyntic cell	(f) HCl

Short Answer Type Question

Question 1.
What do you mean by intracellular digestion?
Answer:
Intracellular Digestion
It is the simplest type of digestion, which occurs entirely inside the cell. The food material is engulfed by the cell into a food vacuole. Then lysosomes containing digestive enzymes fuse with the food vacuole and consequently the food is digested. The digested products are absorbed into the surrounding cytoplasm by simple diffusion. The residual undigested food is eliminated to the outer side by egestion (e.g. all protozoans, sponges and Hydra).

Posterior end

Question 2.
Explain the gustatory function of the tongue.
Answer:
Tongue acts as a gustatory organ for perceiving taste. It bears numerous taste buds (organ of taste). The circumvallate papillae of tongue bear around 100 taste buds/papilla. These taste buds open on tongue’s surface through a gustatory pore.

Question 3.
Write the dental formula of the permanent set of man.
Answer:

Question 4.
Write the sub-divisions of the pharynx and the openings discharging into the pharynx and the openings leading from the pharynx.
Answer:
Pharynx possess 3 divisions namely nasopharynx, oropharynx and laryngopharynx.
The opening discharging into pharyx is called buccopharyngeal cavity.
The openings leading from pharynx are gullet (into oesophagus) and glottis (into larynx).

Question 5.
Mention about the divisions of the stomach of man.
Answer:
Human stomach is divided into 4 regions namely cardiac part (Cardia), fundus, body and pyloric part (Pylorus).

Question 6.
What do you mean by peristalsis and antiperistalsis?
Answer:
Peristalsis is successive contraction and relaxation of oesophageal muscle layers through which food is conducted to the stomach.
Antiperistalsis is the contraction and relaxation in a reverse rhythm. It results in hiccups.

Question 7.
What are Peyer’s patches and what is their function?
Answer:
Peyer’s Patches are small nodules of lymphoid tissue in the ileum. It is the place of maturation of bone marrow lymphocytes as B-lymphocytes. ,

Question 8.
What are the four histological layers in the alimentary canal of man from outer to inner?
Answer:
Histological layer of alimentary canal from outer to inner side are mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa and serosa.

Question 9.
How is the secretion of the gastric juice regulated?
Answer:
As soon as the food bolus reaches ,the stomach, the enteroendocrine cells of the antral mucosa secrete a hormone called gastrin. It stimulates the gastric glands to produce gastric juice. The gastric juice consist of mucus, hydrochloric acid (HC1), proenzymes-sinogen and pro-rennin, and gastric lipase.

Question 10.
Pancreas is a mixocrine gland. Explain it.
Answer:
Pancreas functions both as an exocrine and an endocrine gland. Hence, it is a mixocrine gland.
Its exocrine part possess acini which secrete pancreatic juices. The endocrine part possess Islet of Langerhans.

Question 11.
If enterokinase does not have a hydrolytic function in digestion, what specific role does it play?
Answer:
Enterokinase is present in pancreatic juices secreted by acini or lobules. It is an intestinal activator enzyme which activates trypsinogen into trypsin.

Question 12.
What are the physiological roles of insulin and glucagon? Where are these hormones secreted from the pancreas?
Answer:
Insulin and glucagon are two antagonistic hormones secreted by P-cell and a-cells of I-slet of Langerhans respectively.
Insulin lowers the blood glucose and glucagon promotes glucose formation in body.

Question 13.
Distinguish between glycogenesis and glycogenolysis.
Answer:
Glycogenesis It converts excess glucose into glycogen with the action of insulin hormone.
Glycogenolysis It converts glycogen into glucose with the action of glycogen hormone.

Question 14.
What do you understand by curdling of milk?
Answer:
Rennin hydrolyses the milk protein, casein into para-casein and whey protein (peptone-like substance). Paracasein is transformed into soluble calcium para-cascinate in the presence of calcium ions. This is known as clotting or curdling of milk.

Question 15.
What are exo and endopeptidases?
Answer:
All proteases of the pancreatic and intestinal juices fall under 2 broad categories as follows
(a) Eendopeptidase they hydrolyses internal peptide bonds, e.g. trypsin, elastase, etc.
(b) Exopeptidase they hydrolyses peptide bonds from C- or N- ends in a sequence.
e.g. carboxypeptidase.

Question 16.
What do you understand by amino and carboxypeptidases?
Answer:
Aminopeptidases There peptide bonds are hydrolysed by exopeptidase through N-terminus.
Carboyxpeptidases There peptide bonds are hydrolysed by exopeptidases through C-lerminus.

Question 17.
Comment on the absorption of glucose through the intestine following digestion.
Answer:
The end products of carbohydrate digestion, monosaccharides, such as glucose, fructose, galactose, etc., are rapidly absorbed into the blood stream across the wall of the small intestine. This absorption or transport is dependent on the concentration of Na⁺ in the intestinal lumen. A high Na⁺ concentration in the lumen facilitates the transport of glucose into the epithelial cells. Both glucose and Na⁺ are transported into the cells by a membrane transporter (a transporter is a membrane integral pfotein), called cotransporter or more specifically, Sodium Dependent Glucose Transporter (SGLT).

Following the transport into the epithelial cells, Na⁺ is released back into the intestinal lumen, while glucose is released into the cytosol. Thus, glucose absorption is a secondary active transport. The energy for glucose transport is provided by the active transport of Na⁺ out of the cell. The monosaccharides absorbed into the cytosol and then into the interstitium, enter into the hepatic portal circulation.

Question 18.
What are Kwashiorkor and Marasmus related to?
Answer:
Kwashirokor and Marasmus are Protein Energy Malnutrition (PEM) diseases. This nutritional deficiency is caused by the intake proteins of less calorific value for a long time.

Write short notes on

Question 1.
Dental formula of man
Answer:
Dental Formula of Man The number of each type of teeth can be expressed by a dental formula, which is the arrangement teeth in each half of the upper and the lower jaw in order I, C, Pm and M.
Milk teeth of man include 8 incisors, 4 canines and 8 molars. Molars of milk teeth are shed off and premolars of permanent teeth take their place. The permanent teeth are 8 incisors, 4 canines, 8 premolars and 12 molars. Thus,
12 teeth (8 premolars and 4 molars) are monophyodont. Dental formulae of milk teeth and permanent teeth of human are given below \

Dental formula of milk teeth = \(\frac{212}{212}\) x 2 = 20

Dental formula of permanent teeth = \(\frac{2123}{2123}\) × 2 = 32

Question 2.
Salivary glands of man
Answer:
Salivary Glands of Man In man, the salivary glands occurs in three pairs. Parotid, sublingual and submandibular glands. The ducts of parotid gland open into the oral cavity near the upper second molars. The ducts of sublingual gland open into the floor of the oral cavity. Submandibular glands are located at an angle of the lower jaw. Their ducts open into the oral cavity near the lower central incisors.

The parotid glands secrete much of salivary amylase or a-amylase (ptyalin). Sub-lingual and submandibular salivary secrete salivary amylase and mucus.

Question 3.
Larynx
Answer:
Larynx It is commonly called the voice box. These are situated below where the tract of the pharynx splits into the trachea and the oesophagus. Sound is generated in the larynx, and that is where pitch and volume are manipulated.

Question 4.
Pharynx
Answer:
Pharynx It is a small funnel-shaped chamber located behind the oral cavity. It serves as a common passage for both food and air, i.e. it communicates with both oesophagus and trachea.

Question 5.
Peristalsis
Answer:
Peristalsis It is produced by involuntary contraction of circular muscles in the oesophagus lying just above and around the top of the bolus and simultaneous contraction of the longitudinal muscles lying around the bottom of and just below the bolus.
It pushes the food in the forward direction (away from the mouth).

Question 6.
Gastric glands
Answer:
Gastric Glands The glands of stomach are called gastric glands. These are present in the mucosa of the stomach. The gastric gland contains the following three types of secretory cells, i.e.
(a) Mucous or goblet cells, secretes alkaline mucus.
(b) Peptic or chief or zymogenic cells, secretes inactive precursors of gastric enzymes,
(c) Parietal or oxyntic cells, secretes HC1 and castle’s intrinsic factor.

Question 7.
Peyer’s patches
Answer:
Peyer’s Patches Small nodules of lymphatic tissue can be seen along the entire length of the small intestine. In some places, particularly along the ileum, these nodules are clustered together in groups called peyer’s patches. These help in destroying harmful bacteria of the region.

Question 8.
Islet of Langerhans
Answer:
Islet of Langerhans The endocrine part of the pancreas consists of groups of islets of Langerhans. The human pancreas has about one million islets. Each islet of Langerhans consists of four types of cells, i.e. α-cells, ß-cells, δ-cells and pancreatic polypeptides cells (PP cells) α-cells secretes glucagon hormone which converts glycogen into glucose.
ß-cells secrete insulin which converts glucose into glycogen.
δ-cells secrete somatostatin which inhibits the secretion of glycogen and inslulin,
PP cells secrete pancreatic polypeptide whcih inhibits the release of pancreatic juice.

Question 9.
Gastrointestinal hormones
Answer:
Gastrointestinal Hormones The gastrointestinal hormones constitute a group of hormones secreted by enteroendocrine cells in the stomach, pancreas and small intestine.
The gastrointestinal hormones can be divided into three main groups based upon their chemical structure.

• Gastrin-Cholecystokinin Family gastrin and cholecystokinin
• Secretin Family secretin, glucagon
• Somatostatin Family

Question 10.
Protein deficiency disorders
Answer:
Protein Deficiency Disorders Proteins are used as structural components of tissues, as channels, transporters, regulatory molecules and enzymes. Amino acids, the units of proteins, are required for the formation, growth and repair of body cells. It protein are not provided properly, two deficiency diseases named Marasmus and Kwashiorkor are caused in children.

Kwashiorkor is protein deficiency with adequate energy intake whereas marasmus is inadequate energy intake. Protein wasting in kwashiorkor generally leads to edema and ascites, while muscular wasting and loss of subcutaneous fat are the main clinical signs of marasmus.

Question 11.
Absorption of digested food
Answer:
Absorption of Digested Food After the conversion of large and complex food particles into their respective simpler forms, the next step in digestion process is the absorption of these small and simple particles.

It is the process by which end products of digestion pass through the intestinal mucosa into the blood or lymph. The site of absorption is mainly small intestine. Absorption is carried out by the means of diffusion, active, passive or facilitated transport mechanism.
The carbohydrates are mainly absorbed in the form of monosaccharides and proteins in the form of amino acids.

Question 12.
Indigestion
Answer:
Indigestion Indigestion is the process, in which food is not properly digested by digestive system that leads to a feeling of fullness.
The incomplete digestion of food is due to one of the following causes, i.e. inadequate secretion of digestive enzymes and gastrointestinal hormones, anxiety, food poisoning, over eating, spicy food, etc.

Question 13.
Constipation
Answer:
Constipation It is the condition of difficult or irregular defecation during which the faces are retained within the rectum (large intestine) for a longer time the normal. Due to this, more amount of water is absorbed from the faecal matter making it hard and dry to expel out.

During constipation slowing down of peristaltic movements of alimentary canal is visible. A common treatment is a mild laxative, such as milk of magnesia, which induces defecation.

Question 14.
Vomiting
Answer:
Vomiting It is the forceful ejection of harmful contents of stomach through the mouth. It is not due to the reverse peristalsis of the stomach and oesophagus, instead the major thrust or force for expulsion is from the contraction of diaphragm and abdominal muscles. The reflex action of vomiting is controlled by the vomit centre in the medulla.

Question 15.
Jaundice
Answer:
Jaundice It is the condition in which bile pigments begin to excrete through other parts of the body due to their increased accumulation level in the blood. This occurs due to malfunctioning of liver. Thus, the skin and the white portion of sclera of the eyes turns yellow.

Question 16.
Diarrhoea
Answer:
Diarrhoea It is the condition of abnormal frequency of bowel movement (act of defecation) and increased liquidity of faces, which is caused due to irritation in the lining of the colon.

During diarrhoea, the peristalsis movement gets increased due to which the contents of intenstine pass through rapidly. Thus, reducing the absorption of food and water.

Distinguish between

Question 1.
Intracellular and Extracellular digestions
Answer:
Intracellular digestion and Extracellular digestion

Intracellular digestion	Extracellular digestion
The digestion of food occurs within the cell.	The digestion of food occurs outside the cell in the cavity of alimentary canal.
Digestive enzymes are secreted by the surrounding cytoplasm into the food vacuole.	Digestive enzymes.are secreted by special ceils into the cavity of alimentary canal.
Digestive products are diffused into the cytoplasm.	Digestive products diffuse across the intestinal wall into various parts of the body.
It occurs in unicellular organisms.	It occurs in multicellular organisms.

Question 2.
Teeth of Deciduous set and Permanent set
Answer:
Teeth of Deciduous set and Permanent set

Deciduous set	Permanent set
These are temporary.	These are permanent.
These are 20 in number.	These are 32 in number.
It begins to erupt at the age of 6 months.	It begins to erupt at age of 6 year.
These include 8 incisors, 4 canines, and 8 molars.	These include 8 incisors, 4 canines, 8 premolars and 12 molars.
Dental formula \(\frac{212}{212}\) × 2 = 20.	Dental formula \(\frac{2123}{2123}\) × 2 = 32.

Question 3.
Cardiac stomach and Pyloric stomach
Answer:
Cardiac stomach and Pyloric stomach

Cardiac stomach	Pyloric stomach
It is present near the heart, it is upper portion of the stomach.	It is present in the lower portion.
The gastroesophageal sphincter lies in the opening between oesophagus and stomach .	The pyloric sphincter lies in the opening between stomach and duodenum.

Question 4.
Duodenum and Ileum
Answer:
Duodenum and Ileum

Duodenum	Ileum
It is the shortest, widest part of the small intestine.	It is the longest part of small intestine.
It is U-shaped, the hepatopancreatic ampulla opens into the duodenum.	It is greatly coiled.
The function of duodenum is absorption of iron.	It absorbs bile salts, vitamin-B and remaining digested food particles that do not absorb in the jejunum.

Question 5.
Exocrine pancreas and Endocrine pancreas
Answer:
Exocrine pancreas and Endocrine pancreas

Exocrine pancreas	Endocrine pancreas
It consists of rounded lobules.	It consists of groups of islets of Langerhans.
It secretes an alkaline pancreatic juice with pH 8.4.	It secretes various hormones.
Pancreatic juice contains trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen, elastase, DNase, RNase, etc.	It contains glucagon, insulin, somatostatin hormones.
The pancreatic juice helps in the digestion of starch, proteins, fats and nucleic acids.	Glycogen hormone converts glycogen into glucose, insulin converts glucose into glycogen.

Question 6.
Circumvallate papillae and Filliform papillae
Answer:
Circumvallate papillae and Filliform papillae

Circumvallate papillae	Filliform papillae
These are usually about 8 to 12 in number.	These are numerous.
Each papilla contains upto 100 taste buds.	These papillae contains tactile receptors, but no taste buds.
These are largest.	These are smallest.
These are found on the upper part of the tongue.	These are found mainly near the centre and most of the upper surface of the tongue.

Question 7.
Brunner’s gland and Crypt of Lieberkuhn
Answer:
Brunner’s gland and Crypt of Lieberkuhn

Brunner’s gland	Crypt of Lieberkuhn
These are found only in the duodenum.	These occur throughout the small intestine between the villi.
They secrete a little enzyme and mucus.	They secrete digestive enzymes and mucus.
The Brunner’s glands open into the crypts of Lieberkuhn.	The mucus is secreted by the goblet cells.

Question 8.
Secretin and Pancreozymin
Answer:
Secretin and Pancreozymin

Secretin	Pancreozymin
It was the first hormone to be discovered by scientists.	The word pancreozymin is derived from pancreas and zymin, which means enzyme producer.
It is secreted by the epithelium of duodenum.	It is secreted by the epithelium of entire small intestine.
It increases secretion of bile. It decreases gastric secretion and motality.	It stimulates the gall bladder to release bile and pancreas to secret digestive enzyme.

Question 9.
Exopeptidase and Endopeptidase
Answer:
Exopeptidase and Endopeptidase

Exopeptidase	Endopeptidase
These enzymes break the bonds between amino acids existing at the end of the polypeptide chain.	These enzymes can breafc peptide bonds between the amino acids in a polypeptide chain.
Carboxypeptidase is an exopeptidase.	Pepsin and trypsin are the endopeptidase.
These can breakdown proteins into monomers.	These cannot breakdown peptides into monomers.

Question 10.
Aminopeptidase and Carboxypeptidase
Answer:
Aminopeptidase and Carboxypeptidase

Aminopeptidase	Carboxypeptidase
It is present in intestinal juice.	It is present in pancreatic juice.
The site of action of this enzyme is small intestine.	It also act in small intestine.
It acts on peptides and convert it in amino acids.	It acts on protease and convert it in dipeptides.

Question 11.
α-1, 4 glycosidase and α-1, 6 glycosidase
Answer:
α-1, 4 glycosidase and α-1, 6 glycosidase

α-1,4 glycosidase	α-1,6 glycosidase
It is glucosidase enzyme which asist in hydrolysis of glycosidic bond.	It is also a glucosidase enzyme which asist hydrolysis of glycosidic bond.
It acts on α-1,4 glycosidic bond and release glucose units.	It acts on α-1,6 glycosidic bond it releases monomer.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Describe the physiology of digestion of different food stuffs in human digestive system.
Answer:
Digestion in Small Intestine:
To further facilitate the digestion of food, muscularis layer of small intestine starts peristaltic movements This allows a thorough mixing up of food with various secretions in the intestine.
These contractions of muscles in the small intestine allows the further churning and kneading of the chyme , and finally pushing it into the large intestine.

Segmented contracion of the wall of the small intestine

The respective digestive juices from the liver (bile), pancreas (pancreatic juice) and small intestine (intestinal juices) are released into the small intestine to bring out the further chemical simplification of food. The pancreatic juice from the pancreas and the bile from the liver are released through the hepatopancreatic duct.

Digestion in small intestine can be studied under two categories as follows
(a) Digestion in the Duodenum:
In the duodenum, the chyme is mixed with three alkaline juices; bile from the liver, pancreatic juice from the pancreas, and intestinal juice from intestinal glands (crypts of Lieberkuhn); and mucous from the Brunner’s glands. The enteroendocrine cells present in the mucosal layer of the duodenum are stimulated to secrete several gastro-intestinal hormones, when the acidified chyme of the stomach enters into it. Two such hormones bearing significant roles in the release of digestive juices are Cholecystokinin-Pancreozymin (CCK-PZ) and Secretin.

(i) Cholecystokinin-Pancreozymin (CCK-PZ) It is a single hormone possessing two activities. Cholecystokinin (CCK) activity stimulates the gall bladder to contract and release bile into the duodenum, while pancreozymin activity stimulates the acinar cells of the pancreas to secrete increasing amounts of pancreatic juice, rich in enzymes.

(ii) Secretin It stimulates the duct cells of the pancreatic acini to secrete sodium bicarbonate into the pancreatic juice and thus makes the pancreatic juice alkaline.

In addition, enterogastrone is presumed to be a separate, hormone regulating gastro-intestinal functions. However, it is not a separate entity, but rather a collection of two hormones, secretin and cholecystokinin-pancreozymin, which inhibit gastric function.

Action of Panacreatic Juice:
The pancreatic juice secreted from the pancreas contains the various inactive enzymes.
These are as follows
(a) Trypsinogen
(b) Chymotrypsinogen
(c) Procarboxypeptidases
(d) Amylases
(e) Lipases
(f) Nucleases
Trypsinogen is activated by an enzyme enterokinase secreted by intestinal mucosa into active trypsin which in turn activates the other enzymes of pancreatic juice.

The proteins, proteases and peptones (partially hydrolysed form of proteins) present in the chyme (reaching the intestine) are acted upon by the proteolytic enzymes of pancreatic juice. These are given below as

* Carbohydrates in the chyme are hydrolysed by pancreatic amylase into disaccharides.

Nucleases in the pancreatic juice acts on nucleic acids to form nucleotides and nucleosides.

The bile secreted from the liver is released into duodenum of small intestine. Bile contains the bile pigments, i.e. bilirubin and biliverdin, bile salts, cholesterol and phospholipids.
Thus, fats are broken down into di and monoglycerides by the action of lipases secreted by pancreas.

Bile does not contain any enzyme as gastric juice. It helps in emulsifying fats, i.e. in breakdown of fats into very small micelles which are kept suspended in an aqueous medium.
The process of emulsification is basically carried out by the salts of bile. This increases the surface area of fat available for digestion by the lipase (as bile also activates lipases).

Question 2.
Draw a neat labelled diagram of human alimentary canal (Description is not required).
Answer: