Class 8 Maths Chapter 3 Question Answer Odia Medium ସଂଖ୍ୟାର କାହାଣୀ

Students can use Class 8 Math Solution Odia Medium and Class 8 Maths Chapter 3 Question Answer Odia Medium ସଂଖ୍ୟାର କାହାଣୀ to check their answers after solving exercises.

8th Class Maths Chapter 3 Question Answer Odia Medium

Class 8 Maths Chapter 3 Odia Medium

3.1 ରୀମାର କୌତୁହଳ

Page No. 53

Question 1.
ବଡ଼ ସଂଖ୍ୟାକୁ ସୂଚିତ କରିବା ପାଇଁ ଏହି ପଦ୍ଧତିକୁ ଆଗକୁ ବଢ଼ାଯାଇ ପାରିବ କି ?
Solution:
ହଁ । ଏହି ପଦ୍ଧତିରେ ବଡ଼ ସଂଖ୍ୟାକୁ ସୂଚିତ କରାଯାଇଥାଏ ।
ଗଣନା ଏବଂ ଏକ ସମୂହର ଆକାର ନିର୍ଣ୍ଣୟ କରିବା ପାଇଁ ଲିଖୁତ ସଂକେତଗୁଡ଼ିକର ଏକ ମାନକ ଅନୁକ୍ରମ ଥାଏ । ଅନୁକ୍ରମକୁ ଏକ ସଂଖ୍ୟା ପ୍ରଣାଳୀ କୁହାଯାଏ । ବସ୍ତୁଗୁଡ଼ିକର ସମାହାରକୁ ମାନକ ଅନୁକ୍ରମ ଅନୁସାରେ ଏକ-ଏକ-ମେଳକ କରି ଓ କ୍ରମ ଅନୁସରଣ କରି ଗଣନ କରାଯାଇପାରିବ । ସଂଖ୍ୟାମାନଙ୍କର ପରିସମାପ୍ତି ନଥୁବାରୁ ଅସୀମ ମାନକ ଅନୁକ୍ରମ ସଂଖ୍ୟା ପ୍ରଣାଳୀ ପ୍ରସ୍ତୁତ କରିବା ଏହାକୁ ବ୍ୟବହାର କରି ସହଜରେ ଗଣନା କରିହେବ । କାଠି ବ୍ୟବହାର କରି ଏକ ଅସୀମ ମାନକ ଅନୁକ୍ରମ ପାଇହେବ, କିନ୍ତୁ ବଡ଼ ପରିମାଣର ଜିନିଷମାନଙ୍କର ପରିମାଣ ନିର୍ଣ୍ଣୟ କରିବା ପାଇଁ ଏହା ସୁବିଧାଜନକ ହୋଇନଥାଏ, କାରଣ ଅଧିକ ସଂଖ୍ୟକ ବସ୍ତୁର ପରିମାଣ ଜାଣିବା ପାଇଁ ବହୁତ କାଠି ଆବଶ୍ୟକ ହୋଇଥାଏ ।
ଦ୍ଵିତୀୟ ପ୍ରଣାଳୀରେ ନିର୍ଦ୍ଦିଷ୍ଟ ଭାଷାର ଅକ୍ଷରକୁ ବ୍ୟବହାର କରି ଗଣନ କରିବା ସୁବିଧାଜନକ, କିନ୍ତୁ ଏହା ଏକ ଅସୀମ ମାନକକ୍ରମ / ସଂଖ୍ୟା ପ୍ରଣାଳୀ ପାଇଁ ବ୍ୟବହାର ହୋଇପାରିବ ନାହିଁ ।

ତୃତୀୟ ପଦ୍ଧତିରେ ଦିଆଯାଇଥିବା ମାନକକ୍ରମ | ସଂଖ୍ୟା ପ୍ରଣାଳୀ ପ୍ରକୃତରେ ୟୁରୋପରେ ବ୍ୟବହୃତ ହେଉଥିଲା । ଅବଶ୍ୟ ପରବର୍ତ୍ତୀ ସମୟରେ ହିନ୍ଦୁ ସଂଖ୍ୟା ପ୍ରଣାଳୀ ତାର ସ୍ଥାନ ନେଇଥିଲା । ଏହାକୁ ରୋମାନ୍ ସଂଖ୍ୟା ପ୍ରଣାଳୀ କୁହାଯାଏ ।
ଶତାବ୍ଦୀ ଶତାବ୍ଦୀ ଧରି ୟୁରୋପରେ ବହୁଳ ଭାବରେ ପ୍ରଚଳିତ ଥିଲା ଏବଂ ଅନେକ ଦିଗରୁ ଏହାର ବ୍ୟବହାର ସୁବିଧାଜନକ ଥିଲେ ମଧ୍ୟ ଅତି ବଡ଼ ସଂଖ୍ୟାକୁ ପ୍ରକାଶ କରିବା ପାଇଁ ଏହି ପ୍ରଣାଳୀ ଉପଯୁକ୍ତ ନଥୁଲା, କାରଣ ଅଧିକରୁ ଅଧିକ ବଡ଼ ସଂଖ୍ୟାଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ସୀମିତ ଅକ୍ଷର ମାଧ୍ୟମରେ ପରିପ୍ରକାଶ କରିବା ସହଜ ନଥୁଲା ଏବଂ ସଙ୍କେତ ବ୍ୟବହାର ନକରି ବଡ଼ ସଂଖ୍ୟାଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ଲେଖୁ ସମ୍ଭବ ହେଉନଥିଲା । ସଂଖ୍ୟା ପ୍ରଣାଳୀର ଇତିହାସରୁ ଆମେ ଜାଣୁଛେ, ଏହାର କାର୍ଯ୍ୟକାରିତା ସାଧାରଣତଃ ଏହି ତିନୋଟି ଉପାୟ, ଯଥା- କାଠି, ଗୋଡ଼ି ବା ଶରୀର ଅଙ୍ଗକୁ ନେଇ କରାଯାଉଥିଲା । କିଛି ଗୋଷ୍ଠୀର ଲୋକ ଏଥିପାଇଁ ଉଭୟ ବସ୍ତ ଓ ନାମର ବ୍ୟବହାର କରୁଥିବାବେଳେ ଚୀନ୍‌ର ଲୋକମାନେ ସଂଖ୍ୟାଗଣନା ପାଇଁ ତିନୋଟିଯାକ ଉପାୟର ଉପଯୋଗ କରୁଥିଲେ ।
ସଂଖ୍ୟା ପ୍ରଣାଳୀରେ ଥିବା ପ୍ରତୀକଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ସଂଖ୍ୟା ସୂଚକ (Numerals) କୁହାଯାଏ ।
ଉଦାହରଣ ସ୍ଵରୂପ- 0, 1, 5, 36, 193 ଆଦି ହିନ୍ଦୁ ସଂଖ୍ୟା ପ୍ରଣାଳୀରେ ବ୍ୟବହୃତ ହେଉଥିଲା ସଂଖ୍ୟାସୂଚକ ।

ନିଜେ କରି ଦେଖ : (Page No. 54)

Question 1.
ମନେକର, ତୁମେ ପ୍ରଥମ ଉପାୟ / ପ୍ରଣାଳୀ ଅନୁଯାୟୀ କାଠି ସାହାଯ୍ୟରେ ସଂଖ୍ୟାଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ଉପସ୍ଥାପନ କରିବା ପାଇଁ ସଂଖ୍ୟା ପ୍ରଣାଳୀ ବ୍ୟବହାର କରୁଛ । ହିନ୍ଦୁ ସଂଖ୍ୟା ପଦ୍ଧତିର ସଂଖ୍ୟା ନାମ ବା ସଂଖ୍ୟା ସୂଚକକୁ ବ୍ୟବହାର ନକରି କେବଳ ଦୁଇଟି କାଠି ନେଇ ବା ଦୁଇଟି ସଂଖ୍ୟା ନେଇ ଯୋଗ, ବିୟୋଗ, ଗୁଣନ ଓ ହରଣ କରିବାର ଏକ ଉପାୟ ସ୍ଥିର କର ।
Solution:
ମନେକର ଦୁଇଟି ଦଳ ମେଣ୍ଢା ଅଛନ୍ତି । ପ୍ରଥମ ଦଳରେ ଚୈ ମେଣ୍ଢା ଓ ଦ୍ଵିତୀୟ ଦଳରେ 4ଟି ମେଣ୍ଢା ଅଛନ୍ତି । ଆମେ ପଥର ଗୋଡ଼ି ବ୍ୟବହାର କରି ଗଣନା କରିଛୁ । ବାହାର କରିବେ ।
ଯୋଡ଼ିବାପାଇଁ ସମସ୍ତ ପଥରକୁ ସମାନ ପାଉଚରେ ରଖାଯାଏ ଓ ବିୟୋଗ କରିବା ପାଇଁ ଅଧୁକ ପଥର ଥୁବା ପାଉଚରୁ କମ୍ ଥୁବା ପାଉଚରେ ଯେତେ ଅଧ‌ିକ ପଥର ଆମେ ଜାଣିବା ଯେ , ପ୍ରଥମ ଦଳରେ କେତୋଟି ମେଣ୍ଢା ସଂଖ୍ୟାର ଦୁଇଗୁଣ ହେବ ।
ଏଥ‌ିପାଇଁ ଆମେ ପଥର ବ୍ୟବହାର କରି ଦୁଇଥର ଗଣନା କରିବ ଏବଂ ସମସ୍ତ ପଥରକୁ ସମାନ ପାଉଚରେ ରଖୁବା । ମନେକର ଆମ ପାଖରେ 12ଟି ପଥର ଅଛି ଏବଂ ସେଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ତିନୋଟି ସମାନ ଗ୍ରୁପ୍‌ରେ ବିଭକ୍ତ କରିବାକୁ ଚାହିଁବା । ଆମେ ସେଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ତିନୋଟି ପାତ୍ରରେ ଗୋକିକ ପରେ ଗୋଟିଏ ରଖୁ, ଯେପର୍ଯ୍ୟନ୍ତ ସବୁ ନ ସରିଛି । ପ୍ରତ୍ୟେକ ପାତ୍ରରେ ପଥର ସଂଖ୍ୟା ଭାଗଫଳ ସୂଚାଇବ ।

Class 8 Maths Chapter 3 Question Answer Odia Medium ସଂଖ୍ୟାର କାହାଣୀ

Question 2.
ଦ୍ଵିତୀୟ ପ୍ରଣାଳୀରେ ଦିଆଯାଇଥିବା ସଂଖ୍ୟା ପଦ୍ଧତିକୁ ଆଗକୁ ବଢ଼ାଇବାର ଗୋଟିଏ ଉପାୟ ହେଉଛି, ଏଥିରେ ଏକରୁ ଅଧିକ ଅକ୍ଷର ସମାହାର ବ୍ୟବହାର କରିବା । ଯଥା – 1 ପାଇଁ a ଓ 27 ପାଇଁ ‘aa’ ନେଇପାରିବା । ସମସ୍ତ ସଂଖ୍ୟାକୁ ଲେଖିବା ପାଇଁ ତୁମେ ଏହି ପ୍ରଣାଳୀକୁ କିପରି ଆଗକୁ ବଢ଼ାଇପାରିବ ? ଏହା କରିବା ପାଇଁ ଅନେକଗୁଡ଼ିଏ ଉପାୟ ଅଛି ।
Solution:
ଇଂରାଜୀରେ a, b……….z – ଏହିପରି 26 ଟି ଅକ୍ଷର ଥାଏ ।
କିନ୍ତୁ ଆମେ ସମସ୍ତ ସଂଖ୍ୟା ମାନଙ୍କୁ ଲେଖୁ ଆଗକୁ ବଢ଼ାଇବା ପାଇଁ ଦୁଇଟି ଅକ୍ଷର ଯୋଡ଼ିକ ବ୍ୟବହାର କରି ପାରିବା ।
ଯଥା- aa, ab, ac………az ଇତ୍ୟାଦି ।
ଏହା 26 ଟି ଅକ୍ଷରଠାରୁ ଅଧିକ ହୋଇପାରିବ ।

Question 3.
ତୁମେ ନିଜେ ଏକ ସଂଖ୍ୟା ପ୍ରଣାଳୀ ପ୍ରସ୍ତୁତ କରିବା ପାଇଁ ଚେଷ୍ଟାକର ।
Solution:
ମନେକର ସଂଖ୍ୟାଟିର ଆଧାର B
∴ 30 = 1 = A, 31 = 3 = B, 32 = 9 = C ………
Class 8 Maths Chapter 3 Question Answer Odia Medium ସଂଖ୍ୟାର କାହାଣୀ Page 54 Q3

3.2 କେତେକ ପ୍ରାରମ୍ଭିକ ସଂଖ୍ୟା ପ୍ରଣାଳୀ (Some Early Number Systems)

Page No. 56

Question 1.
ସେମାନଙ୍କର ସଂଖ୍ୟା ନାମଗୁଡ଼ିକ କିପରି ଗଠିତ ହୋଇଛି, ଲକ୍ଷ୍ୟ କର ।
Solution:
3 ର ସଂଖ୍ୟାନାମ, 2 ଏବଂ 1 ସଂଖ୍ୟାନାମକୁ ନେଇ ଗଠିତ ହୋଇଅଛି । 4 ସଂଖ୍ୟାପାଇଁ ସଂଖ୍ୟାନାମ 2ଟି 2ର ସଂଖ୍ୟାନାମକୁ ନେଇ ଗଠିତ ହୋଇଅଛି ।

Question 2.
ଦକ୍ଷିଣ ଆମେରିକାର ଏକ ପ୍ରାଚୀନ ଗୋଷ୍ଠୀ ଓ ଦକ୍ଷିଣ ଆଫ୍ରିକାର ବୁସମେନ୍ ଆଦିବାସୀ ଗୋଷ୍ଠୀର ଲୋକମାନଙ୍କର ସଂଖ୍ୟାପ୍ରଣାଳୀ ନିମ୍ନରେ ଦିଆଯାଇଛି । ଭୌଗୋଳିକ ଦୃଷ୍ଟିକୋଣରୁ ଏହି ତିନି ସଂପ୍ରଦାୟ ପରସ୍ପରଠାରୁ ବହୁ ଦୂରରେ ଥିଲେ ଏବଂ ସେମାନଙ୍କ ମଧ୍ୟରେ କୌଣସି ସମ୍ପର୍କ ନଥୁଲା । ଏହାସତ୍ତ୍ବେ ସେମାନେ ସମାନତା ଥୁବା ସଂଖ୍ୟା ପ୍ରଣାଳୀ ବିକଶିତ କରିପାରିଥିଲେ।
Class 8 Maths Chapter 3 Question Answer Odia Medium ସଂଖ୍ୟାର କାହାଣୀ Page 56 Q2
Solution:
ଯଦିଓ ଗୁମୁଲଗାଲର ସଂଖ୍ୟା ପ୍ରଣାଳୀରେ କେବଳ 6 ପର୍ଯ୍ୟନ୍ତ ସଂଖ୍ୟାପାଇଁ ସଂଖ୍ୟାନାମ ଥିଲା, କିନ୍ତୁ ସେହି ସଂଖ୍ୟା ପଦ୍ଧତିର ଉତ୍ପରି ଅନ୍ୟ ଦୁଇ ସମ୍ପ୍ରଦାୟ ବ୍ୟବହାର କରୁଥିବା ସଂଖ୍ଯାପ୍ରଣାଳୀ ପରି ହୋଇଥିଲା । ସଂଖ୍ୟାକୁ ଉପସ୍ଥାପନ କରିବା ପାଇଁ ଟାଲି ପ୍ରଣାଳୀ ଅପେକ୍ଷା ଦୁଇ ଦୁଇ କରି ଗଣନା କରିବା (ଯୋଡ଼ା ଗଣନା) ଅଧିକ ଫଳପ୍ରଦ ଅଟେ । ବିଭିନ୍ନ ସଂଖ୍ଯାପ୍ରଣାଳୀରୁ ନିଆଯାଇଥିବା ଧାରଣାକୁ ନିମ୍ନମତେ ସାଧାରଣୀକରଣ କରାଯାଇପାରେ । ଏକ ନିର୍ଦ୍ଦିଷ୍ଟ ସଂଖ୍ୟାକୁ ସମୂହ | ଦଳକରି ଗଣନା କରିବା (ଯେପରି ଗୁମୁଲଗାଲ୍ ପ୍ରଣାଳୀରେ 2 କୁ ନିଆଯାଇଛି) ଏବଂ ବଡ଼ ସଂଖ୍ୟାକୁ ପରିପ୍ରକାଶ କରିବା ପାଇଁ ଏହି ସମାହାର ସହିତ ଜଡ଼ିତ ଶବ୍ଦ କିମ୍ବା ସଙ୍କେତ ବ୍ୟବହାର କରିବା । ବିଭିନ୍ନ ସଂଖ୍ୟା ପ୍ରଣାଳୀରେ ସାଧାରଣତଃ ବ୍ୟବହୃତ କିଛି ସମାହାର ହେଉଛି 2, 5, 10 ଓ 20 । ତୁମେ ରୋମାନ୍ ପ୍ରଣାଳୀରେ 5ରେ (ପାଞ୍ଚ ପାଞ୍ଚ ନେଇ) ଗଣନା କରିବାର ଧାରଣା ପାଇପାରିବ।

Page No. 58

Question 1.
ଏକ ନିର୍ଦ୍ଦିଷ୍ଟ ସଂଖ୍ୟା ଆକାରର ସମୂହକୁ ନେଇ ସଂଖ୍ୟା ଗଣିବା ପ୍ରଣାଳୀର ବ୍ୟବହାର ଯୋଗୁଁ କେଉଁ ସବୁ ଅସୁବିଧା ସୃଷ୍ଟି ହୋଇଥବ ? କେବଳ 5ରେ ସମୂହରେ ଗଣନା କରି ତିଆରି ହୋଇଥୁବା ସଂଖ୍ୟା ପ୍ରଣାଳୀରେ ତୁମେ 1345କୁ କିପରି ପରିପ୍ରକାଶ କରିବ ?
Solution:
ଏକ ନିର୍ଦ୍ଦିଷ୍ଟ ଆକାରର ସମୂହକୁ ନେଇ ଗଣନା କରିବା ଏବଂ ସଂଖ୍ୟାକୁ ପରିପ୍ରକାଶ ପାଇଁ ଏହାକୁ ‘ବ୍ୟବହାର କରିବା ପାଇଁ ଟାଲି ପ୍ରଣାଳୀ ଅଧିକ ଉପଯୁକ୍ତ | ଫଳପ୍ରଦ ହେଲେ ମଧ୍ୟ ଏହି ପ୍ରଣାଳୀରେ ବଡ଼ ବଡ଼ ସଂଖ୍ୟାକୁ ପରିପ୍ରକାଶ କରିବା କଷ୍ଟଦାୟକ ହୋଇପାରେ ।
1345କୁ ଲେଖୁବାକୁ 5ଟି ଦଳ | ଗ୍ରୁପ୍‌ରେ ଆମେ ଦ୍ଵାରା ଭାଗ କରିବା ।
1345 ÷ 5 = 269, 1345 = 5 + 5 + 5 + 5 +………. + 5 (269 ଥର)

ନିଜେ କରି ଦେଖ : (Page No. 59)

Question 1.
ନିମ୍ନଲିଖୁତ ସଂଖ୍ୟାଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ରୋମାନ୍ ପ୍ରଣାଳୀରେ ପରିପ୍ରକାଶ କର ।
(i) 1222
(ii) 2999
(iii) 302
(iv) 715
Solution:
(i) 1222 = MCCXXII
(ii) 2999 = MMCMXCIX
(iii) 302 = CCCII
(iv) 715 = DCCXV
ରୋମାନ ସଂଖ୍ୟା ପ୍ରଣାଳୀରେ ଗୁଣନ ଓ ଭାଗକ୍ରିୟାର ଗାଣିତିକ ପ୍ରକ୍ରିୟା ସମ୍ପାଦନ କରିବା ସହଜ ହୋଇ ନଥୁଲା ।

Class 8 Maths Chapter 3 Question Answer Odia Medium ସଂଖ୍ୟାର କାହାଣୀ

Question 2.
ଉଦାହରଣ : ନିମ୍ନଲିଖୁତ ସଂଖ୍ୟାଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ହିନ୍ଦୁସଂଖ୍ୟାକୁ ପରିବର୍ତ୍ତନ ନକରି ଯୋଗ କରିବାକୁ ଚେଷ୍ଟାକର ।
(a) CCXXXII + CCCCXIII
Solution:
ଆମେ ମୋଟ I, X ଏବଂ C ସଂଖ୍ୟାଗୁଡ଼ିକ ନିର୍ଣ୍ଣୟ କରିବା ଏବଂ ସେଗୁଡ଼ିକ ବୃହତ୍ତମ ସଂଖ୍ୟାରୁ ଆରମ୍ଭ କରି ଦଳଭୁକ୍ତ କରିବା । C ସବୁଠାରୁ ବଡ଼ ସଂଖ୍ଯାପରି ଦେଖାଯାଉଛି, କିନ୍ତୁ ଲକ୍ଷ୍ୟ କର 5ଟି C(100)ରେ ଗୋଟିଏ D(500) ହୋଇଥାଏ । ତେଣୁ ଯୋଗଫଳଟି ହେଉଛି-
Class 8 Maths Chapter 3 Question Answer Odia Medium ସଂଖ୍ୟାର କାହାଣୀ Page 59 Q2

(b) ସମାଧାନ କର : LXXXVII + LXXVIII
Solution:
Class 8 Maths Chapter 3 Question Answer Odia Medium ସଂଖ୍ୟାର କାହାଣୀ Page 59 Q2.1
LXXXVII + LXXVIII = CLXV

Page No. 60

Question 1.
ରୋମାନ୍ ପ୍ରଣାଳୀରେ ଦିଆଯାଇଥ‌ିବା ଦୁଇଟି ସଂଖ୍ୟାକୁ ହିନ୍ଦୁ ସଂଖ୍ୟାରେ ପରିବର୍ତ୍ତନ ନକରି ତୁମେ କିପରି ଗୁଣନ କରିବ? ନିମ୍ନଲିଖତ ମାର୍ଗଦର୍ଶୀ ସଂଖ୍ୟା ଯୋଡ଼ିଗୁଡ଼ିକର ଗୁଣଫଳ ନିଶ୍ଚୟ କରିବାକୁ ଚେଷ୍ଟାକର।
V × L, L × D, V × D, VII × IX
Class 8 Maths Chapter 3 Question Answer Odia Medium ସଂଖ୍ୟାର କାହାଣୀ Page 60 Q1
Solution:
V × L = 5 × 50 = 250 = CCL
L × D = 50 × 500 = 25000, ରୋମାନ ସଂଖ୍ୟା ପ୍ରଣାଳୀରେ ପରିବର୍ତ୍ତନ କରିବା ଅସମ୍ଭବ।
V × D = 5 × 500 = 2500 = MMD
VII × IX = 7 × 9 = 63 = LXIII
CCXXXI × MDCCCLII = 231 × 1852 = 427812, ରୋମାନ ସଂଖ୍ୟା ପ୍ରଣାଳୀରେ ପରିବର୍ତ୍ତନ କରିବା ଅସମ୍ଭବ।

ନିଜେ କରି ଦେଖ : (Page No. 60-61)

Question 1.
ପ୍ରଶାନ୍ତ ମହାସାଗରୀୟ ଦ୍ଵୀପର ଏକ ଆଦିବାସୀ ସଂପ୍ରଦାୟ ବିଭିନ୍ନ ବସ୍ତୁକୁ ଜାଣିବା ପାଇଁ ଭିନ୍ନଭିନ୍ନ ସଂଖ୍ୟାନାମର କ୍ରମକୁ ବ୍ୟବହାର କରୁଥିଲେ। ତେବେ ଚିନ୍ତା କରି କହ, ସେମାନେ କାହିଁକି ଏପରି କରୁଥିଲେ?
Solution:
ସେମାନେ ବିଭିନ୍ନ ବସ୍ତଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ଗଣନା କରିବା ପାଇଁ ସଂଖ୍ୟାନାମର ବିଭିନ୍ନ କ୍ରମ ବ୍ୟବହାର କରୁଥିଲେ । କାରଣ ସେମାନଙ୍କର ପଦ୍ଧତିଗୁଡ଼ିକ ନିର୍ଦ୍ଦିଷ୍ଟ ସାଂସ୍କୃତିକ ବ୍ୟବହାରିକ କିମ୍ବା ଭାଷାଗତ -ଆବଶ୍ୟକତା ଅନୁଯାୟୀ ଡିଜାଇନ୍ କରାଯାଇଛି । ଏହି ପଦ୍ଧତିଗୁଡ଼ିକରେ ସେହି ବସ୍ତୁଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ଦଳଭୁକ୍ତ କରିବା, ମୂଲ୍ୟନିର୍ଣ୍ଣୟ, ବ୍ୟବହାର କରିବା ଓ ଉପଯୁକ୍ତ ସରଳ ଭାବେ ଗଣନା କରିବାରେ ସାହାଯ୍ୟ କରିପାରେ।

Question 2.
2ର ସମୂହକୁ ନେଇ ଗଣନା କରିବା ଉପାୟକୁ ବ୍ୟବହାର କରି ରୁ ବଡ଼ ସଂଖ୍ୟାକୁ ଗୁମୁଲଗାଲ ସଂଖ୍ୟା ପ୍ରଣାଳୀରେ ଆଗକୁ ବଢ଼ାଇବାକୁ ଚେଷ୍ଟାକର। ଏହି ପ୍ରଣାଳୀରେ ଥ‌ିବା ସଂଖ୍ୟାଗୁଡ଼ିକରେ ବିଭିନ୍ନ ଗାଣିତିକ ପ୍ରକ୍ରିୟା (+, -, ×, ÷) ସଂପାଦନ କରିବା ପାଇଁ ଉପାୟଗୁଡ଼ିକ ସ୍ଥିର କର (ହିନ୍ଦୁ ସଂଖ୍ୟାସୂଚକ ବ୍ୟବହାର ନକରି)।
ନିମ୍ନଲିଖତଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ମୂଲ୍ୟାୟନ କରିବାରେ ଏହାକୁ ବ୍ୟବହାର କର।
(i) ଉକାସର – ଉଦାସର – ଉକାସର – ଉକାସର – ଉରାପୋନ) + (ଉକାସର – ଉଦାସର – ଉଲ୍ଲାସର – ଉରାପୋନ)
(ii) (ଉକାସର – ଉକାସର – ଉକାସର – ଉକାସର – ଉରାପୋନ) – (ଉକାସର – ଉକାସର – ଉକାସର)
(iii) (ଉକାସର – ଉକାସର – ଉକାସର – ଉଦାସର – ଉରାପୋନ) × (ଉକାସର – ଉକାସର)
(iv) (ଉକାସର – ଉକାସର – ଉକାସର – ଉକାସର – ଉକାସର – ଉକାସର – ଭକାସର – ଉକାସର) ÷ (ଉକାସର – ଉକାସର)
Solution:
ଆମେ ଜାଣୁ ଯେ, ଉରାପୋନ 1 ସହିତ ଏବଂ ଉକାସର 2 ସହିତ ମେଳଖାଏ ଏବଂ ଗୁମୁଲଗାଲ୍ ସଂଖ୍ୟା ପ୍ରଣାଳୀରେ ସଂଖ୍ୟାଗୁଡ଼ିକ 2Sରେ ଗଣନା କରାଯାଏ । ବିଭିନ୍ନ ଗାଣିତିକ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟପାଇଁ ନିମ୍ନଲିଖୁତ ଉପାୟମାନ ଦିଆଯାଇଛି ।
ସଂଖ୍ୟାନାମଗୁଡ଼ିକ ଏକାଠି ଯୋଡ଼ି ଯୋଗକରାଯାଇପାରିବ ।
ଉଦାହରଣ : (ଉକାସର) + (ଉକାସର) = ଉକାସର – ଉକାସର
(ଉକାସର – ଉକାସର) + (ଉରାପୋନ) = ଉକାସର – ଉକାସର – ଉରାପୋନ
ଏକ ଲମ୍ବା କ୍ରମରୁ କିଛି ସଂଖ୍ୟାନାମ ବାହାର କରି ବିୟୋଗ କରାଯାଇପାରିବ ।
ଉଦାହରଣ : (ଉକାସର – ଉକାସର – ଉରାପୋନ) – ଉରାପୋନ = ଉକାସର – ଉକାସର
(ଉକାସର – ଉକାସର – ଉକାସର) – (ଉକାସର – ଉକାସର) = ଉକାସର ।
ସମାନ ଶବ୍ଦକୁ ପୁନଃରାବୃତ୍ତି କରି ଗୁଣନ କରାଯାଇପାରିବ ।
ଉଦାହରଣ : ଉକାସର × ଉକାସର = ଉକାସର – ଉକାସର
(ଉକାସର – ଉକାସର) × ଉକାସର = ଉକାସର – ଉକାସର – ଉକାସର – ଉକାସର ।
ଶବ୍ଦକୁ ସମାନ ଦଳରେ ବିଭକ୍ତ କରି ବିଭାଜନ କରାଯାଇପାରିବ ।
ଉଦାହରଣ : (ଉକାସର – ଉକାସର – ଉକାସର – ଉକାସର ÷ (ଉକାସର – ଉକାସର) = ଉକାସର ।
(i) ଉକାସର – ଉକାସର – ଉଲ୍ଲାସର – ଉକାସର – ଉରାପୋନ) + (ଉକାସର – ଉକାସର – ଉକାସର – ଉତ୍ତାପୋନ) = ଉକାସର – ଉକାସର – ଉକାସର – ଉଲ୍ଲାସର – ଉକାସର – ଉକାସର – ଉକାସର – ଉକାସର (∴ ଉରାପୋନ + ଉରାପୋନ = ଉକାସର)
(ii) (ଉକାସର – ଉକାସର – ଉକାସର – ଉକାସର – ଉରାପୋନ) – (ଉକାସର – ଉକାସର – ଉକାସର) = ଉକାସର – ଉରାପୋନ
(iii) (ଉକାସର – ଉକାସର – ଉକାସର – ଉକାସର – ଉରାପୋନ) × (ଉକାସର – ଉକାସର) = ଉସାକର – ଉକାସର – ଉକାସର – ଉକାସର – ଉସାକର – ଉକାସର – ଉକାସର – ଉକାସର – ଉକାସର – ଉକାସର – ଉସର – ଉକାସର – ଉକାସର – ଉକାସର – ଉକାସର – ଉକାସର – ଉକାସର – ଉକାସର
(iv) (ଉକାସର – ଉକାସର – ଉକାସର – ଉକାସର – ଉକାସର – ଉକାସର – ଉକାସର – ଉକାସର) ÷ (ଉକାସର – ଉକାସର) = ଉକାସର – ଉକାସର ।

Class 8 Maths Chapter 3 Question Answer Odia Medium ସଂଖ୍ୟାର କାହାଣୀ

Question 3.
ହିନ୍ଦୁ ସଂଖ୍ୟା ପ୍ରଣାଳୀର ଯେଉଁ ବୈଶିଷ୍ଟ୍ୟଗୁଡ଼ିକ ରୋମାନ୍ ସଂଖ୍ୟା ପ୍ରଣାଳୀ ତୁଳନାରେ ଅଧିକ ଫଳପ୍ରଦ ବୋଲି ଭାବୁଛ, ସେଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ଚିହ୍ନଟ କର ।
Solution:
(i) ହିନ୍ଦୁ ସଂଖ୍ୟା ପ୍ରଣାଳୀ ହେଉଛି ଏକ ସ୍ଥାନୀୟମାନ ପ୍ରଣାଳୀ, ଯେଉଁଠାରେ ରୋମାନ୍ ସଂଖ୍ୟା ପ୍ରଣାଳୀରେ ନାହିଁ ।
(ii) ହିନ୍ଦୁ ସଂଖ୍ୟା ପ୍ରଣାଳୀରେ ଶୂନ୍ୟ ପାଇଁ ପ୍ରତୀକ ଅଛି ଯାହା ‘0’ କିନ୍ତୁ ରୋମାନ ସଂଖ୍ୟା ପ୍ରଣାଳୀରେ ନାହିଁ ।
(iii) ହିନ୍ଦୁ ସଂଖ୍ୟା ପ୍ରଣାଳୀରେ ବଡ଼ ସଂଖ୍ୟାଗୁଡ଼ିକ ପଢ଼ିବା ସହଜ ଓ ଶୀଘ୍ର ହୁଏ ଏବଂ ସଂକ୍ଷିପ୍ତ ଭାବେ ଲେଖାଯାଇପାରେ । ଯେତେବେଳେ ରୋମାନ ସଂଖ୍ୟା ପ୍ରଣାଳୀରେ ଏହା ଅତ୍ୟଧ‌ିକ ଜଟିଳ ଏବଂ ଦୀର୍ଘ ହୋଇଥାଏ ।
(iv) ହିନ୍ଦୁ ସଂଖ୍ୟା ପ୍ରଣାଳୀରେ ଯୋଗ, ବିୟୋଗ, ଗୁଣନ, ଭାଗକ୍ରିୟା ଭଳି ଗାଣିତିକ ପ୍ରକ୍ରିୟା ସମ୍ପାଦନ କରିବା ସହଜରେ ହୋଇଥାଏ। ରୋମାନ ପ୍ରଣାଳୀରେ କେବଳ ମୌଳିକ ଯୋଗ ଅନୁମତି ଦିଏ ମାତ୍ର ଗୁଣନ ଓ ଭାଗକ୍ରିୟା ଭଳି ଗାଣିତିକ ପ୍ରକ୍ରିୟା ସମ୍ପାଦନ କରିବା ସହଜ ହୋଇନଥିଲା।

Question 4.
ଏହି ବିଭାଗରେ ଆଲୋଚନା କରାଯାଇଥିବା ଧାରଣାଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ବ୍ୟବହାର କରି ତୁମେ ପୂର୍ବରୁ ସୃଷ୍ଟି କରିପାରିଥିବା ସଂଖ୍ୟା ପ୍ରଣାଳୀକୁ ଅଧିକ ସୁନ୍ଦର ବା ପରିମାର୍ଜିତ କରିବାକୁ ଚେଷ୍ଟାକର।
Solution:
ନିଜେ ଅଭ୍ୟାସ କର।

3.3 ଆଧାରର ଧାରଣା (The Idea of a Base)

ନିଜେ କରି ଦେଖ : (Page No. 62)

Question 1.
ନିମ୍ନଲିଖତ ସଂଖ୍ୟାଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ମିଶରୀୟ ସଂଖ୍ୟା ପ୍ରଣାଳୀରେ ପରିପ୍ରକାଶ କର।
1023, 2660, 784, 1111, 70507
Solution:
Class 8 Maths Chapter 3 Question Answer Odia Medium ସଂଖ୍ୟାର କାହାଣୀ Page 62 Q1

Question 2.
ନିମ୍ନ ସଂଖ୍ୟାସୂଚକ କେଉଁ ସଂଖ୍ୟାକୁ ବୁଝାଏ?
Class 8 Maths Chapter 3 Question Answer Odia Medium ସଂଖ୍ୟାର କାହାଣୀ Page 62 Q2
Solution:
(i) 100 + 100 + 10 + 10 + 10 + 10 + 10 + 10 + 6 + 10 = 200 + 70 + 6 = 276
(ii) 1000 + 1000 + 1000 + 1000 + 100 + 100 + 100 + 1 + 1 + 10 + 10 = 4000 + 300 + 20 + 2 = 4322

Page No. 62

Question 1.
ପୂର୍ବ ମାର୍ଗଦର୍ଶୀ ସଂଖ୍ଯାର ସମାନ 10ଟି ସମୂହକୁ ଏକାଠି କରିବା ପରିବର୍ତ୍ତେ (ମିଶରୀୟ ପ୍ରଣାଳୀରେ କରାଯାଇଥିବା ଭଳି), ପୂର୍ବ ମାର୍ଗଦର୍ଶୀ ସଂଖ୍ଯାର ସମାନ 5ଟି ସମୂହକୁ ଏକାଠି କରି ଆମେ ଗୋଟିଏ ସଂଖ୍ୟାପ୍ରଣାଳୀ ପାଇପାରିବା କି ? ଏହି 5 ସମୂହକୁ ଯେକୌଣସି ଧନାତ୍ମକ ପୂର୍ବସଂଖ୍ୟା ବଦଳରେ ବ୍ୟବହାର କରାଯାଇପାରିବ କି ?
Solution:
ମନେକରାଯାଉ । ହେଉଛି ପ୍ରଥମ ମାର୍ଗଦର୍ଶୀ ସଂଖ୍ୟା ।
ପୂର୍ବ ମାର୍ଗଦର୍ଶୀ ସଂଖ୍ୟା (1)ର 5ଟି ସମୂହକୁ ଏକାଠି କର ।
ଏବେ ମିଳିଥୁବା ଆକାରର ଦ୍ଵିତୀୟ ମାର୍ଗଦର୍ଶୀ ସଂଖ୍ୟା 5 ହେଉ ।
ପୂର୍ବ ମାର୍ଗଦର୍ଶୀ ସଂଖ୍ୟା (5)ର 5ଟି ସମୂହକୁ ଏକାଠି କର ।
ଏହାର ଆକାରର ତୃତୀୟ ମାର୍ଗଦର୍ଶୀ ସଂଖ୍ୟା 5 × 5 = 25 ହେଉ ।
ଏବେ ମାର୍ଗଦର୍ଶୀ ସଂଖ୍ୟା (25)ର 5ଟି ସମୂହକୁ ଏକାଠି କର ।
ଆମେ ଚତୁର୍ଥ ମାର୍ଗଦର୍ଶୀ ସଂଖ୍ୟା 5 × 25 = 125 ପାଇବା ।
Class 8 Maths Chapter 3 Question Answer Odia Medium ସଂଖ୍ୟାର କାହାଣୀ Page 62 Q3

Class 8 Maths Chapter 3 Question Answer Odia Medium ସଂଖ୍ୟାର କାହାଣୀ

Question 2.
ଏହି ନୂତନ ପ୍ରଣାଳୀରେ 143କୁ ପରିପ୍ରକାଶ କର ।
Solution:
143 ଠାରୁ ସାନ ହୋଇଥିବା ସବୁଠାରୁ ବଡ଼ ମାର୍ଗଦର୍ଶୀ ସଂଖ୍ୟା 53 = 125
125 ଠାରୁ ଆରମ୍ଭ କରି ଆମେ ସଂଖ୍ୟାମାନଙ୍କୁ ସମୂହରେ ପରିଣତ କରିବା ।
ଆମେ ପାଇବା 143 = 125 + 5 + 5 + 5 + 1 + 1 + 1
ତେଣୁ ନୂତନ ସଂଖ୍ୟାପ୍ରଣାଳୀରେ 143 ସଂଖ୍ୟାଟି ହେଉଛି
Class 8 Maths Chapter 3 Question Answer Odia Medium ସଂଖ୍ୟାର କାହାଣୀ Page 62 Q4

ନିଜେ କରି ଦେଖ : (Page No. 63)

Question 1.
ଉପରୋକ୍ତ ସାରଣୀ – 2ରେ ଥିବା ସଂକେତଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ବ୍ୟବହାର କରି ନିମ୍ନ ସଂଖ୍ୟାଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ 5 ଆଧାର ବିଶିଷ୍ଟ ସଂଖ୍ୟା ପ୍ରଣାଳୀରେ ଲେଖ । 15, 50, 137, 293, 651
Solution:
Class 8 Maths Chapter 3 Question Answer Odia Medium ସଂଖ୍ୟାର କାହାଣୀ Page 63 Q1

Question 2.
ସେହି ସଂଖ୍ୟାଗୁଡ଼ିକ ମଧ୍ୟରେ ଏପରି କୌଣସି ସଂଖ୍ୟା ଅଛି କି, ଯାହାକୁ 5 ଆଧାର ବିଶିଷ୍ଟ ପ୍ରଣାଳୀରେ ପରିପ୍ରକାଶ କରାଯାଇପାରିବ ନାହିଁ ? ଯଦି ହଁ କାହିଁକି, ଯଦି ନା କାହିଁକି ନୁହେଁ?
Solution:
ହଁ । ଶୂନ୍ୟ (0) ସେହି ସଂଖ୍ୟାଗୁଡ଼ିକ ମଧ୍ୟରେ ଯାହାକୁ 5 ଆଧାର ବିଶିଷ୍ଟ ପ୍ରଣାଳୀରେ ପରିପ୍ରକାଶ କରାଯାଇପାରିବ ନାହିଁ, କାରଣ ଏହାର କୌଣସି ପ୍ରତୀକ ନାହିଁ ।

Question 3.
ଗୋଟିଏ 7- ଆଧାର ବିଶିଷ୍ଟ ସଂଖ୍ୟା ପ୍ରଣାଳୀରେ ମାର୍ଗଦର୍ଶୀ ସଂଖ୍ୟାଗୁଡ଼ିକ ସ୍ଥିର କର ।
Solution:
70 = 1, 71 = 7, 72 = 49, 73 = 343, 74 = 2401
ତେଣୁ 1, 7, 49, 343, 2401 ସଂଖ୍ୟାଗୁଡ଼ିକ 7-ଆଧାର ବିଶିଷ୍ଟ ସଂଖ୍ୟା ପ୍ରଣାଳୀରେ ମାର୍ଗଦର୍ଶୀ ।

Question 4.
ସାଧାରଣତଃ n-ଆଧାର ବିଶିଷ୍ଟ ସଂଖ୍ୟା ପଦ୍ଧତିର ମାର୍ଗଦର୍ଶୀ ସଂଖ୍ୟାଗୁଡ଼ିକ କେତେ ହେବ ସ୍ଥିର କର ।
Solution:
n-ଆଧାର ବିଶିଷ୍ଟ ସଂଖ୍ୟା ପ୍ରଣାଳୀରେ ମାର୍ଗଦର୍ଶୀ ସଂଖ୍ୟାଗୁଡ଼ିକ ‘n’ର ଘାତ ସଂଖ୍ୟା n0 = 1, n, n2, n3, …. ।

Question 5.
ଉଦାହରଣ : ନିମ୍ନଲିଖୂତ ମିଶରୀୟ ସଂଖ୍ୟାଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ଯୋଗକର :
Solution:
Class 8 Maths Chapter 3 Question Answer Odia Medium ସଂଖ୍ୟାର କାହାଣୀ Page 63 Q5
ଆମେ । ଏବଂ ମ୍ ର ମୋଟ ସଂଖ୍ୟା ନିର୍ଣ୍ଣୟ କରିବା ଏବଂ ସବୁଠାରୁ ବଡ଼ ମାର୍ଗଦର୍ଶୀ ସଂଖ୍ଯାରୁ ଆରମ୍ଭ କରି ସେଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ସମୂହଭୁକ୍ତ କରିବା । ଏଠାରେ ମୋଟ ହେଉଛି 15ଟି ଲ ଏବଂ 15ଟି | ଅଛନ୍ତି । ଯେହେତୁ 10)ର ପରବର୍ତ୍ତୀ ମାର୍ଗଦର୍ଶୀ ସଂଖ୍ୟା ହେଉଛି ୭, ତେଣୁ ପ୍ରଦର୍ଶନ ସଂଖ୍ୟା ଯୋଗ କରିବାକୁ ନିମ୍ନ ପରି ଆଉଥରେ ଦଳଭୁକ୍ତ କରାଯାଇପାରିବ ।
Class 8 Maths Chapter 3 Question Answer Odia Medium ସଂଖ୍ୟାର କାହାଣୀ Page 63 Q5.1
ଯେହେତୁ 10ଟି 1କୁ ∩ ଲେଖାଯାଇପାରିବ, ତେଣୁ ଆମେ ପାଇବା
Class 8 Maths Chapter 3 Question Answer Odia Medium ସଂଖ୍ୟାର କାହାଣୀ Page 63 Q5.2

ନିଜେ କରି ଦେଖ : (Page No. 65)

Question 1.
ନିମ୍ନ ମିଶରୀୟ ସଂଖ୍ୟାଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ଯୋଗକର ।
Class 8 Maths Chapter 3 Question Answer Odia Medium ସଂଖ୍ୟାର କାହାଣୀ Page 65 Q1
Solution:
Class 8 Maths Chapter 3 Question Answer Odia Medium ସଂଖ୍ୟାର କାହାଣୀ Page 65 Q1.1

Question 2.
5 ଆଧାରବିଶିଷ୍ଟ ପ୍ରଣାଳୀରେ ଥିବା ନିମ୍ନଲିଖିତ ସଂଖ୍ୟାଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ଯୋଗକରୁ ।
Class 8 Maths Chapter 3 Question Answer Odia Medium ସଂଖ୍ୟାର କାହାଣୀ Page 65 Q2
ମନେରଖ, ଏହି ପ୍ରଣାଳୀରେ ଏକ ମାର୍ଗଦର୍ଶୀ ସଂଖ୍ୟାରେ 5 ଗୁଣିଲେ ପରବର୍ତୀ ସଂଖ୍ୟା ମିଳିଥାଏ ।
Solution:
Class 8 Maths Chapter 3 Question Answer Odia Medium ସଂଖ୍ୟାର କାହାଣୀ Page 65 Q2.1

Page No. 66-67

Question 1.
ଯେକୌଣସି ମାର୍ଗଦର୍ଶୀ ସଂଖ୍ୟାକୁ ∩ (10) ଦ୍ଵାରା ଗୁଣନ କଲେ କ’ଣ ହୁଏ ? ନିମ୍ନଲିଖୂତ ଗୁଣନ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ ସମ୍ପାଦନ କର ।
Class 8 Maths Chapter 3 Question Answer Odia Medium ସଂଖ୍ୟାର କାହାଣୀ Page 66 Q1
ପ୍ରତ୍ୟେକ ମାର୍ଗଦଶୀ ସଂଖ୍ୟା 10ର ଘାତ ଅଟେ ଏବଂ ଏହାକୁ 10ରେ ଗୁଣନ କଲେ ଗୋଟିଏ ଘାତର ବୃଦ୍ଧିହୁଏ, ଯାହା ପରବର୍ତ୍ତୀ ମାର୍ଗଦର୍ଶୀ ସଂଖ୍ୟା ହୋଇଥାଏ ।
Solution:
Class 8 Maths Chapter 3 Question Answer Odia Medium ସଂଖ୍ୟାର କାହାଣୀ Page 66 Q1.1

Question 2.
ଯେକୌଣସି ମାର୍ଗଦର୍ଶୀ ସଂଖ୍ୟାକୁ (102) ଦ୍ଵାରା ଗୁଣନ କଲେ କ’ଣ ପାଇବା ? ନିମ୍ନଲିଖତ ଗୁଣନ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ ସଂପାଦନ କର।
Class 8 Maths Chapter 3 Question Answer Odia Medium ସଂଖ୍ୟାର କାହାଣୀ Page 66 Q2
Solution:
Class 8 Maths Chapter 3 Question Answer Odia Medium ସଂଖ୍ୟାର କାହାଣୀ Page 66 Q2.1

Class 8 Maths Chapter 3 Question Answer Odia Medium ସଂଖ୍ୟାର କାହାଣୀ

Question 3.
ନିମ୍ନଲିଖତ ଗୁଣନଗୁଡ଼ିକ ସଂପାଦନ କର–
Class 8 Maths Chapter 3 Question Answer Odia Medium ସଂଖ୍ୟାର କାହାଣୀ Page 66 Q3
ଅର୍ଥାତ୍‌, ଯେକୌଣସି ଦୁଇଟି ମାର୍ଗଦର୍ଶୀ ସଂଖ୍ଯାର ଗୁଣଫଳ ଆଉ ଏକ ମାର୍ଗଦର୍ଶୀ ସଂଖ୍ୟା ଅଟେ ।
Solution:
Class 8 Maths Chapter 3 Question Answer Odia Medium ସଂଖ୍ୟାର କାହାଣୀ Page 66 Q3.4
ମିଶରୀୟ ସଂଖ୍ୟା ପଦ୍ଧତିରେ କୌଣସି ସଙ୍କେତ ନାହିଁ ।

Question 4.
ଏହି ଧର୍ମ ଆମେ ପୂର୍ବରୁ ପାଇଥବା 5 ଆଧାର ବିଶିଷ୍ଟ ପ୍ରଣାଳୀ ପାଇଁ ପ୍ରଯୁଜ୍ୟ ହେବ କି ? ଯେକୌଣସି ଆଧାର ବିଶିଷ୍ଟ ସଂଖ୍ୟା ପ୍ରଣାଳୀ ପାଇଁ ଏହା ପ୍ରଯୁଜ୍ୟ କି?
Solution:
ହଁ, 5 ଆଧାର ବିଶିଷ୍ଟ ପ୍ରଣାଳୀ (ଅର୍ଥାତ୍, ଯେକୌଣସି ଦୁଇଟି ମାର୍ଗଦର୍ଶୀ ସଂଖ୍ୟାର ଗୁଣଫଳ ଆଉ ଏକ୍ ମାର୍ଗଦର୍ଶୀ ସଂଖ୍ୟା) ପାଇଁ ଏହା ପ୍ରଯୁଜ୍ୟ ହେବ । ଅଧିକନ୍ତୁ ଯେକୌଣସି ଆଧାର ବିଶିଷ୍ଟ ସଂଖ୍ୟା ପ୍ରଣାଳୀ ପାଇଁ ଏହା ପ୍ରଯୁଜ୍ୟ ମଧ୍ୟ।

Page No. 68

Question 1.
ଏବେ ନିମ୍ନଲିଖୂତ ଗୁଣଫଳଗୁଡ଼ିକ ନିଶ୍ଚୟ କର।
Class 8 Maths Chapter 3 Question Answer Odia Medium ସଂଖ୍ୟାର କାହାଣୀ Page 68 Q1
Solution:
Class 8 Maths Chapter 3 Question Answer Odia Medium ସଂଖ୍ୟାର କାହାଣୀ Page 68 Q1.1

Question 2.
ଗୋଟିଏ ସଂଖ୍ୟାକୁ ( ସହିତ ଗୁଣନ କରିବାର ସରଳ ନିୟମ କ’ଣ ହେବ?
Solution:
ଦୁଇଟି ସଂଖ୍ୟାକୁ ଗୁଣନ କରିବାର ପ୍ରକ୍ରିୟାରେ ମାର୍ଗଦର୍ଶୀ ସଂଖ୍ୟାଗୁଡ଼ିକର ଗୁଣନ ସଂପୃକ୍ତ । ଯେତେବେଳେ ମାର୍ଗଦର୍ଶୀ ସଂଖ୍ୟାଗୁଡ଼ିକ ଏକ ସଂଖ୍ୟାର ଘାତ ଅଟନ୍ତି, ସେତେବେଳେ ସେମାନଙ୍କର ଗୁଣଫଳ ଆଉ ଏକ ମାର୍ଗଦର୍ଶୀ ସଂଖ୍ୟା ହୋଇଥାଏ । ଏହି ତଥ୍ୟ ଗୁଣନ ପ୍ରକ୍ରିୟାକୁ ସରଳ କରିଥାଏ । ମାତ୍ର ରୋମାନ୍ ସଂଖ୍ୟା ପ୍ରଣାଳୀରେ ଏହା ସତ୍ୟ ନୁହେଁ । ସେଥ‌ିପାଇଁ ସେଗୁଡ଼ିକ ମଧ୍ୟରେ ଗୁଣନ କରିବା କଷ୍ଟକର ହୋଇଥାଏ । ଅର୍ଥାତ୍, ଏକ ସଂଖ୍ୟା ପ୍ରଣାଳୀ ଯେଉଁଥରେ ମାର୍ଗଦର୍ଶୀ ସଂଖ୍ୟାଗୁଡ଼ିକ କୌଣସି ସଂଖ୍ୟାର ଘାତ ହୋଇଥାନ୍ତି ଅର୍ଥାତ୍ ନିର୍ଦ୍ଦିଷ୍ଟ ଆଧାର ବିଶିଷ୍ଟ ସଂଖ୍ୟାପ୍ରଣାଳୀ କେବଳ ସଂଖ୍ୟା ପରିପ୍ରକାଶରେ ସୁବିଧାଜନକ ନୁହେଁ, ବରଂ ଗାଣିତିକ ପ୍ରକ୍ରିୟା ସଂପାଦନ କରିବାର ବହୁତ ଉପଯୋଗୀ ହୋଇଥାନ୍ତି । ଆଧାର ବିଶିଷ୍ଟ ସଂଖ୍ୟା ପ୍ରଣାଳୀର ଧାରଣା ସଂଖ୍ୟା ପ୍ରଣାଳୀର କ୍ରମବିକାଶ ଇତିହାସରେ ଏକ ଗୁରୁତ୍ଵପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ ମାଇଲଖୁଣ୍ଟ ଆମ୍ଭମାନଙ୍କର ଆଧୁନିକ ହିନ୍ଦୁ ସଂଖ୍ୟାପ୍ରଣାଳୀ ଏହି ଧାରଣା ଉପରେ ପର୍ଯ୍ୟବସିତ ।

Page No. 69

Question 1.
ଉଦାହରଣ ସ୍ଵରୂପ, ସଂଖ୍ୟା 3426କୁ ନେବା।
Solution:
ଏହାକୁ ନିମ୍ନମତେ ଦଳଭୁକ୍ତ (ସମୂହୀକରଣ) କରାଯାଇପାରିବ ।
Solution:
3426 = 1000 + 1000 + 1000 + 100 + 100 + 100 + 100 + 10 + 10 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1
ଚିତ୍ରରେ ଏହି ସଂଖ୍ୟାଟିକୁ ଦର୍ଶାଯାଇଛି । 16ଟି ଏକକ କିପରି ସୂଚିତ କରାଯାଇଛି ଦେଖ ।

Class 8 Maths Chapter 3 Question Answer Odia Medium ସଂଖ୍ୟାର କାହାଣୀ

Question 2.
ପ୍ରତ୍ୟେକ ଧାଡ଼ି ଓ ଏହାର ଉପରଭାଗରେ ଥିବା ଗୋଟି (ଗୋଲି)ଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ଏକାଠି କରାଯିବ । ଯଦି କୌଣସି ଧାଡ଼ିରେ ମୋଟ ସଂଖ୍ୟା 10ରୁ ଅଧିକ ହୁଏ, ତେବେ କ’ଣ କରାଯିବ?
Solution:
ଏହି ସମସ୍ୟାଟିରେ 7 ଏକକ ଏବଂ 3 ଏକକ ମିଶି 10 ଏକକ ହେଉଛି ଯାହାକୁ 10କୁ ସୂଚାଉଥିବା ଧାଡ଼ିରେ ଗୋଟିଏ (1) ଗୋଟିଏରେ ସୂଚାଯାଇଛି ଓ ଏହା ଧାଡ଼ିର ଟିକିଏ ଉପରକୁ ରଖାଯାଇଛି ।

ନିଜେ କରି ଦେଖ : (Page No. 69-70)

Question 1.
ଏପରି କୌଣସି ସଂଖ୍ୟା ଅଛି କି ଯାହାକୁ ମିଶରୀୟ ପ୍ରଣାଳୀରେ ପରିପ୍ରକାଶ କଲେ ସଂକେତ 10 ଥରେ କିମ୍ବା ତା’ଠାରୁ ଅଧିକ ଥର ଆସିଥାଏ ? କାହିଁକି ନୁହେଁ ?
Solution:
ନା, ଏପରି କୌଣସି ସଂଖ୍ୟା ହୋଇପାରିବ ନାହିଁ, ଯାହାର ମିଶରୀୟ ସଂଖ୍ୟା ପ୍ରଣାଳୀରେ ପରିପ୍ରକାଶ କଲେ ସଂକେତ 10ଥର କିମ୍ବା ତା’ଠାରୁ ଅଧିକଥର ଘଟେ । କାରଣ ମିଶରୀୟ ପ୍ରଣାଳୀରେ 10ର ଘାତ ଭାବରେ ମାର୍ଗଦର୍ଶୀ ସଂଖ୍ୟା ଅଛି ।
ଉଦାହରଣ : 101 = | | | | | | | | | | = ∩

Question 2.
4 ଆଧାର ବିଶିଷ୍ଟ ନିଜର ଏକ ସଂଖ୍ଯାପ୍ରଣାଳୀ ସୃଷ୍ଟିକର ଏବଂ 1 ରୁ 16 ପର୍ଯ୍ୟନ୍ତ ସଂଖ୍ୟାକୁ ଲେଖ।
Solution:
Class 8 Maths Chapter 3 Question Answer Odia Medium ସଂଖ୍ୟାର କାହାଣୀ Page 69 Q2

Question 3.
ଆମେ ତିଆରି କରିଥିବା 5 ଆଧାର ବିଶିଷ୍ଟ ସଂଖ୍ୟା ପ୍ରଣାଳୀରେ ଦିଆଯାଇଥିବା ସଂଖ୍ୟାକୁ 5ରେ ଗୁଣିବା ପାଇଁ ଏକ ସରଳ ନିୟମ ଲେଖ ।
Solution:
5 ଆଧାର ବିଶିଷ୍ଟ ସଂଖ୍ୟାକୁ 5 ଆଧାର ବିଶିଷ୍ଟ ସଂଖ୍ୟାରେ ଗୁଣିଲେ ଆମେ 5 ଆଧାର ବିଶିଷ୍ଟ ସଂଖ୍ୟା ପାଇବା।
Class 8 Maths Chapter 3 Question Answer Odia Medium ସଂଖ୍ୟାର କାହାଣୀ Page 69 Q3

3.4 ସ୍ଥାନୀୟମାନ ପରିପ୍ରକାଶ (Place Value Representation)

Page No. 71-72

Question 1.
ଉଦାହରଣ : ଏହି ପ୍ରଣାଳୀରେ 640 ସଂଖ୍ୟାଟିକୁ ଲେଖୁବା ।
Solution:
ଏହାକୁ ମାର୍ଗଦର୍ଶୀ ସଂଖ୍ୟାରେ ଦଳଭୁକ୍ତ କଲେ
640 = 10 × 60 + 40
ଯଦି ମିଶରୀୟ ଧାରଣାକୁ ବ୍ୟବହାର କରୁ, ତେବେ ସଂଖ୍ୟାଟିକୁ 10 S ବ୍ୟବହାର କରି ଏବଂ 40 କୁ 4 < s ବ୍ୟବହାର କରି ଲେଖାଯାଇପାରିବ ।

Question 2.
ଆମେ ଏହାକୁ ଆହୁରି ସଂକ୍ଷେପରେ ପ୍ରକାଶ କରିପାରିବା କି?
Solution:
ହଁ, ଆମେ ଏହି ସଂଖ୍ୟାକୁ ସରଳ ଭାବରେ ନିମ୍ନରୂପରେ ପ୍ରକାଶ କରିପାରିବା ।
ଯାହାକୁ ଦଶଟି 60) ଏବଂ ଗୋଟିଏ 40 ଭାବରେ ପଢ଼ାଯାଇପାରିବ
ଯେପରି ପୂର୍ବରୁ ସମୀକରଣରେ ଲେଖାଯାଇଛି ।
Class 8 Maths Chapter 3 Question Answer Odia Medium ସଂଖ୍ୟାର କାହାଣୀ Page 71 Q2

Question 3.
ଉଦାହରଣ : 7530
Solution:
7530 = (2) × 3600 + (5) × 60 + 30
ତେଣୁ ଏହାର ପରିପ୍ରକାଶଟି ହେବ =
Class 8 Maths Chapter 3 Question Answer Odia Medium ସଂଖ୍ୟାର କାହାଣୀ Page 71 Q3

Question 4.
ଯଦି ଆମେ 60ର ବିଭିନ୍ନ ଘାତ ପାଇଁ ସଙ୍କେତଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ସମ୍ପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣରୂପେ ବାଦଦେଇ ପରିପ୍ରକାଶକୁ ଆହୁରି ସଂକ୍ଷିପ୍ତ କରିବା, ତେବେ କ’ଣ ହେବ?
Solution:
Class 8 Maths Chapter 3 Question Answer Odia Medium ସଂଖ୍ୟାର କାହାଣୀ Page 71 Q4
ମେସୋପଟାମିଆର ଲୋକମାନଙ୍କର ସଂଖ୍ୟା ପ୍ରଣାଳୀରେ ସବୁଠାରୁ ଡାହାଣୁ ପଟରେ ଥିବା ସଙ୍କେତ ସବୁ 1 ର ସଂଖ୍ୟା ଦର୍ଶାଉଥିଲା । ତାର ବାମ ପାର୍ଶ୍ଵରେ ଥିବା ସଙ୍କେତସବୁ )ର ସଂଖ୍ୟା ଦର୍ଶାଉଥିଲା । ପରବର୍ତ୍ତୀଟି 3600ର ସଂଖ୍ୟା ଦର୍ଶାଉଥୁଲା ଇତ୍ୟାଦି । ଯେତେବେଳେ 60ର କୌଣସି ଘାତ ଦେଖାଯାଉ ନଥୁଲା, ସେତେବେଳେ ସେହି ସ୍ଥାନକୁ ଖାଲି ଛଡ଼ାଯାଉଥିଲା ।

ନିଜେ କରି ଦେଖ (Page No. 73)

Question 1.
ନିମ୍ନଲିଖତ ସଂଖ୍ୟାଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ମେସୋପଟାମୀୟ ପ୍ରଣାଳୀରେ ପରିପ୍ରକାଶ କର ।
(i) 63
(ii) 132
(iii) 200
(iv) 60
(v) 3605
Solution:
Class 8 Maths Chapter 3 Question Answer Odia Medium ସଂଖ୍ୟାର କାହାଣୀ Page 71 Q4

Page No. 76

Question 1.
ଉଦାହରଣ 1 : ମାୟା ପ୍ରଣାଳୀ ବ୍ୟବହାର କରି ନିମ୍ନଲିଖୁତ ସଂଖ୍ୟାଗୁଡ଼କୁ ପ୍ରକାଶ କର ।
(i) 77
(ii) 100
(iii) 361
(iv) 721
Solution:
Class 8 Maths Chapter 3 Question Answer Odia Medium ସଂଖ୍ୟାର କାହାଣୀ Page 76 Q1
(iii) (i) ଭଳି ଅଭ୍ୟାସ କର ।
(iv) (i) ଭଳି ଅଭ୍ୟାସ କର ।

ନିଜେ କରି ଦେଖ : (Page No. 80)

Question 1.
ତୁମେ କାହିଁକି ଭାବୁଛି ଯେ ଚୀନ୍ ଦେଶର ଲୋକମାନେ ଜୋଙ୍ଗ (Zong) ଏବଂ ହେଙ୍ଗ (Heng) ସଂକେତ ମଧ୍ୟରେ ଅଦଳବଦଳ କରୁଥିଲେ ? ଯଦି କେବଳ ଜୋଙ୍ଗ (Zong) ସଂକେତ ବ୍ୟବହାର କରାଯାଏ, ତେବେ 41 କୁ କିପରି ଲେଖାଯାଇପାରିବ ? ଯଦି କ୍ରମରେ ଥ‌ିବା ଦୁଇଟି ସ୍ଥାନ ମଧ୍ୟରେ କୌଣସି ଆଦୃଶିଆ ଖାଲିଜାଗା ନଥାଏ, ତେବେ ସେହି ସଂଖ୍ୟାକୁ ଅନ୍ୟ କୌଣସି ଉପାୟରେ ବର୍ଣ୍ଣନା କରାଯାଇପାରିବ କି ?
Solution:
ସବୁଠାରୁ ଉପଯୁକ୍ତ କାରଣ ହେଉଛି ସେମାନେ ପଢ଼ିବା ସମୟରେ ଭୁଲ୍ ସଂଖ୍ୟା ଏଡ଼ାଇବାକୁ ଚାହୁଁଥିଲେ । ସେମାନେ ସମସ୍ତ ସଂଖ୍ୟା ରଡ଼୍ ସଂଖ୍ୟା ଦ୍ଵାରା ଉପସ୍ଥାପନା କରୁଥିଲେ । ଯାହା ଲିଖିତ ପ୍ରଣାଳୀ ଅପେକ୍ଷା ସଂଖ୍ୟା ଲେଖୁବା ଓ ହିସାବ କରିବାରେ ଅଧିକ ଫଳପ୍ରଦ ଥିଲା । କେବଳ ଜୋଙ୍ଗ (Zong) ସଂକେତ ବ୍ୟବହାର କରି 41କୁ ଲେଖାଯାଇ ପାରିବ : ||||
ଯଦି କ୍ରମିକ ସ୍ଥାନ ମଧ୍ୟରେ କୌଣସି ଖାଲିସ୍ଥାନ ନରହେ, ଏହାକୁ ସହଜରେ 5 ଭାବେ ସହଜରେ ବ୍ୟାଖ୍ୟା କରାଯାଇପାରିବ ।

Class 8 Maths Chapter 3 Question Answer Odia Medium ସଂଖ୍ୟାର କାହାଣୀ

Question 2.
‘ଉକାସାର’ ଏବଂ ‘ଉରାପୋନ’କୁ ଅଙ୍କ ଭାବରେ ବ୍ୟବହାର କରି ଏକ ସ୍ଥାନୀୟମାନ ପ୍ରଣାଳୀ ଗଠନ କର । ଗୁମୁଲଗାଲ ପ୍ରଣାଳୀ ସହିତ ଏହାକୁ ତୁଳନା କର ।
Solution:
ଧରାଯାଉ 20 = 1 = A, 21 = 2 = B, 22 = 4 = C, 24 = 16 = D
ଉଭୟର ସମାନ 2 ଆଧାର ରହିଛି କିନ୍ତୁ 2 ଆଧାର ବିଶିଷ୍ଟ ପ୍ରଣାଳୀରେ ଅନେକ ମାର୍ଗଦର୍ଶୀ ସଂଖ୍ୟା ଅଛି, ଯେତେବେଳେ ଗୁମୁଲଗାଲ ପ୍ରଣାଳୀରେ କେବଳ ଦୁଇଟି ମାର୍ଗଦର୍ଶୀ ସଂଖ୍ୟା ଅଛି ।
Class 8 Maths Chapter 3 Question Answer Odia Medium ସଂଖ୍ୟାର କାହାଣୀ Page 80 Q2

Question 3.
ତୁମର ଦୈନନ୍ଦିନ ଜୀବନରେ କେଉଁଠାରେ ଏବଂ କେଉଁ ବୃତ୍ତିରେ ହିନ୍ଦୁସଂଖ୍ୟା ସୂଚକ ଏବଂ 0 ଏକ ଗୁରୁତ୍ଵପୂର୍ଣ ଭୂମିକା ଗ୍ରହଣ କରନ୍ତି । ଯଦି ଆମର ସଂଖ୍ୟା ପ୍ରଣାଳୀ ଏବଂ 0 ଆବିଷ୍କୃତ ହୋଇନଥାନ୍ତା କିମ୍ବା କଳ୍ପନା କରାଯାଇ ନଥାନ୍ତା, ତେବେ ଆମର ଜୀବନ କିପରି ଭିନ୍ନ ହୋଇଥାନ୍ତା ?
Solution:
ଆମର ଦୈନନ୍ଦିନ ଜୀବନରେ ସଂଖ୍ୟା ପଢ଼ିବା । ଗଣନା କରିବା ଇତ୍ୟାଦିର ହିନ୍ଦୁ ସଂଖ୍ୟା ଏହା ସ୍ଥାନୀୟମାନ ପ୍ରଣାଳୀ ଉପରେ ଆଧାରିତ ।
ଠ କୁ ଗୋଟିଏ ଅଙ୍କ ଭାବେ ପ୍ରତ୍ୟେକ ସ୍ଥାନରେ ଏକ ଅଙ୍କ ଭାବେ ବ୍ୟବହାର ହେତୁ, ଏହି ପଦ୍ଧତିରେ ସଂଖ୍ୟା ଲେଖୁବାରେ କୌଣସି ଦ୍ଵନ୍ଦ ସୃଷ୍ଟି ହୁଏ ନାହିଁ ।

Question 4.
ପ୍ରାଚୀନ ଭାରତୀୟମାନେ ହିନ୍ଦୁ ସଂଖ୍ୟା ପ୍ରଣାଳୀ ପାଇଁ ସମ୍ଭବତଃ 110 କୁ ଆଧାରରୂପେ ବ୍ୟବହାର କରୁଥିଲେ । କାରଣ ମଣିଷର 10ଟି ଆଙ୍ଗୁଠି ଅଛି ଏବଂ ଆମେ ଗଣନା କରିବା ପାଇଁ ଆମର ଆଙ୍ଗୁଠିକୁ ବ୍ୟବହାର କରିଥାଉ । କିନ୍ତୁ ଯଦି ଆମର କେବଳ ୫ଟି ଆଙ୍ଗୁଠି ଥାଆନ୍ତା ତେବେ କ’ଣ ହୋଇଥାନ୍ତା ? ସେ କ୍ଷେତ୍ରରେ ଆମେ ସଂଖ୍ୟା କିପରି ଲେଖୁଥାନ୍ତେ ? ଯଦି ଆମେ 10) ପରିବର୍ତ୍ତେ ୫ କୁ ଆଧାର ଭାବେ ବ୍ୟବହାର କରିଥାନ୍ତୁ, ତେବେ ହିନ୍ଦୁ ସଂଖ୍ୟା ସୂଚକଗୁଡ଼ିକ କିପରି ହୋଇଥାନ୍ତା ? ସେହିପରି 5 ଆଧାର ହୋଇଥିଲେ କ’ଣ ହୋଇଥାଆନ୍ତା ? ସେହିପରି 5 ଆଧାର ହୋଇଥିଲେ ହିନ୍ଦୁ ସଂଖ୍ୟା 25 କୁ 8 ଆଧାର ଏବଂ 5 ଆଧାର ବିଶିଷ୍ଟ ସଂଖ୍ୟା ପ୍ରଣାଳୀ ବ୍ୟବହାର କରି ଲେଖୁବାକୁ ଚେଷ୍ଟାକର । ଏହାକୁ ତୁମେ 2 ଆଧାର ବିଶିଷ୍ଟ ପ୍ରଣାଳୀରେ ଲେଖୁରିବ କି ?
Class 8 Maths Chapter 3 Question Answer Odia Medium ସଂଖ୍ୟାର କାହାଣୀ Page 80 Q4
Solution:
8 ଆଧାର ପାଇଁ ସଂଖ୍ୟାଗୁଡ଼ିକ ହୋଇଥାନ୍ତି : 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
ମାର୍ଗଦର୍ଶୀ ସଂଖ୍ଯାଗୁଡ଼ିକ : 80, 81, 82,…….
5 ଆଧାର ପାଇଁ ସଂଖ୍ୟାଗୁଡ଼ିକ ହୋଇଥାନ୍ତି : 0, 1, 2, 3, 4
ମାର୍ଗଦର୍ଶୀ ସଂଖ୍ୟାଗୁଡ଼ିକ : 50, 51, 52, 53, 54
ଏବେ ଆମେ ହିନ୍ଦୁ ସଂଖ୍ୟା ତେଣୁ 25 କୁ 8 ଆଧାର ବିଶିଷ୍ଟ ସଂଖ୍ୟା ପ୍ରଣାଳୀରେ ଲେଖୁଲେ, 25 = 3 × 81 + 1 × 80
25 କୁ 8 ଆଧାର ବିଶିଷ୍ଟ ସଂଖ୍ୟାରେ 3 18 ଲେଖାଯାଇପାରିବ ।
ଏହାକୁ ମଧ୍ୟ ଆମେ ହିନ୍ଦୁ ସଂଖ୍ୟା ପ୍ରଣାଳୀରେ 25 କୁ 5 ଆଧାର ବିଶିଷ୍ଟ ପ୍ରଣାଳୀରେ ଲେଖୁବା ।
25 = 1 × 52 + 0 × 51 + 0 × 50, 25 = 1005
ଏବେ 2 ଆଧାର ବିଶିଷ୍ଟ ସଂଖ୍ୟା ପ୍ରଣାଳୀରେ, 25 = 1 × 24 + 1 × 23 + 0 × 22 + 0 × 21 + 1 × 20
ତେଣୁ 25 = 110012

Class 8 Maths Chapter 3 MCQ Odia Medium

ଶୂନ୍ୟସ୍ଥାନ ପୂରଣ କର।

Question 1.
ଆମେ ବ୍ୟବହାର କରୁଥିବା ମୌଖ୍କ ଓ ଲିଖ ସଂଖ୍ୟାର ସୃଷ୍ଟି ___________________ ଦେଶରେ ହୋଇଥିଲା?
Answer:
ଭାରତ

Question 2.
18 କୁ ସଙ୍କେତ ମାଧ୍ୟମରେ ପରିପ୍ରକାଶ କଲେ ___________________ ହେବ।
Answer:
XVIII

Question 3.
ଗୁମୁଲଗାଲ 6 ରୁ ବଡ଼ ଯେକୌଣସି ସଂଖ୍ୟାକୁ ___________________ କହୁଥିଲେ।
Answer:
ରାସ୍

Question 4.
ଯେଉଁ ସଂଖ୍ୟା ପାଇଁ ରୋମାନ୍ ପ୍ରଣାଳୀରେ ନୂଆ ସଙ୍କେତଗୁଡ଼ିକ ବ୍ୟବହାର ହୋଇଛି, ସେଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ___________________ ସଂଖ୍ୟା କୁହାଯାଏ।
Answer:
ମାର୍ଗଦର୍ଶୀ ସଂଖ୍ୟା

Class 8 Maths Chapter 3 Question Answer Odia Medium ସଂଖ୍ୟାର କାହାଣୀ

Question 5.
ରୋମାନ୍ ପ୍ରଣାଳୀରେ 2367 ର ସଂଖ୍ୟା ସୂଚକ ହେଉଛି ___________________|
Answer:
MMCCCLXVII

Question 6.
715 କୁ ରୋମାନ୍ ପ୍ରଣାଳୀରେ ଲେଖୁଲେ ___________________ ହେବ।
Answer:
DCCXV

Question 7.
VXL ର ମାନ ___________________|
Answer:
250

Question 8.
ଏକ ଲିଖ୍ୟାତ ସଂଖ୍ୟା ପ୍ରଣାଳୀରେ ସଂଖ୍ୟାଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ସୂଚ।ଉଥ୍ବ| ସଂକେତରୁଡ଼ିକୁ ___________________ କୁହାଯାଏ।
Answer:
ସୂଚକ

Question 9.
ସାରା ବିଶ୍ଵରେ ବ୍ୟବହାର କରାଯାଉଥିବା ସଂଖ୍ୟା ପ୍ରଣାଳୀକୁ ___________________ କୁହାଯାଏ।
Answer:
ହିନ୍ଦୁ ସଂଖ୍ୟା ପ୍ରଣାଳୀ

Question 10.
302 କୁ ରୋମାନ୍ ପ୍ରଣାଳୀରେ ପରିପ୍ରକାଶ କଲେ ___________________ ହେବ।
Answer:
CCCII

ସଂକ୍ଷେପରେ ଉତ୍ତର ଲେଖ।

Question 1.
ନିମ୍ନଲିଖୁତ ସଂଖ୍ୟାଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ରୋମାନ୍ ସଂଖ୍ୟା ପ୍ରଣାଳୀରେ ଲେଖ।
(a) 49
(b) 72
(c) 236
(d) 1769
Answer:
(a) 49 = XLIX (∵ 49 = 50 – 10 + 9)
(b) 72 = LXXII (∵ 72 = 50 + 10 + 10 + 2)
(c) 236 = CCXXXVI (∵ 236 = 200 + 30 + 5 + 1)
(d) 1769 = MDCCLXIX (∵ 1769 = 1000 + 500 + 200 + 50 + 10 + 9)

Class 8 Maths Chapter 3 Question Answer Odia Medium ସଂଖ୍ୟାର କାହାଣୀ

Question 2.
ନିମ୍ନଲିଖ୍ୟାତ ସଂଖ୍ୟାଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ଭାରତୀୟ ସଂଖ୍ୟା ପ୍ରଣାଳୀରେ ଲେଖ।
(a) XXXIX
(b) LXXXIV
(c) LI
(d) CXXXVII
(e) DCXXV
(f) CXCVIII
Answer:
(a) XXXIX = 30 + 9 = 39
(b) LXXXIV = 50 + 30 + 4 = 84
(c) LI = 50 + 1 = 51
(d) CXXXVII = 100 + 30 + 7 = 137
(e) DCXXV = 500 + 100 + 20 + 5 = 625
(f) CXCVIII = 100 + 90 + 8 = 198

Class 8 Maths Chapter 2 Question Answer Odia Medium ଘାତର ଖେଳ

Students can use Class 8 Math Solution Odia Medium and Class 8 Maths Chapter 2 Question Answer Odia Medium ଘାତର ଖେଳ to check their answers after solving exercises.

8th Class Maths Chapter 2 Question Answer Odia Medium

Class 8 Maths Chapter 2 Odia Medium

2.1 ଘାତଖେଳର ଅଭିଜ୍ଞତା (Page No. 19)

Question 1.
ଖଣ୍ଡିଏ କାଗଜ ଫର୍ଦ ନିଅ। ଏହାକୁ ଗୋଟିଏ ଥର ଭାଙ୍ଗ। ପୁଣି ଏହାକୁ ବାରମ୍ବାର ଭାଙ୍ଗ। ଏହାକୁ ବାରମ୍ବାର କେତେଥର ଭାଙ୍ଗି ହେବ?
Solution:
କାଗଜର ଆରମ୍ଭ ବିନ୍ଦୁ (୦ ଭାଙ୍ଗ) : କାଗଜର ପ୍ରକୃତ ମୋଟେଇ 0.001 ସେ.ମି.।
ପ୍ରଥମ ଭାଙ୍ଗ : କାଗଜକୁ ପ୍ରଥମ ଭାଙ୍ଗରେ ଏହାର ମୋଟେଇ ଅଧାର ଦୁଇଗୁଣ।
ତେଣୁ ଏହା 0.001 ସେ.ମି. × 2 = 0.002 ସେ.ମି. ।
ଦ୍ଵିତୀୟ ଭାଙ୍ଗ : ଏହାକୁ ପୁଣି ଭାଙ୍ଗିଲେ ଏହା ହେବ = 0.001 ସେ.ମି. × 2 × 2 = (0.001 × 22) = 0.004 ସେ.ମି.।
ଏହି କ୍ରମରେ ‘n’ ଥର ଭାଙ୍ଗିଲେ = 0,001 × 2n ହେବ।

Question 2.
ଗୋଟିଏ ଫର୍ଦ୍ଦ କାଗଜକୁ ତୁମ ଇଚ୍ଛାନୁସାରେ ଯେତେଥର ଚାହୁଁଛ ସେତେଥର ଭାଙ୍ଗ କରିପାରିବ। 30 ଭାଙ୍ଗ କରିବା ପରେ ଏହାର ମୋଟେଇ କେତେ ହେବ? ଅନୁମାନ କର।
Solution:
ଆମେ ଜାଣୁ କାଗଜର ମୋଟେଇ = 0.001 ସେ.ମି.।
ଏହାକୁ 30 ଥର ଭାଙ୍ଗିଲେ ଏହାର ମୋଟେଇ = 0.001 × 230 ସେ.ମି.।
= 0.001 × 1,073,741,824 ସେ.ମି.
= 1,073,741.824 ସେ.ମି.
= 10,737,41824 ମିଟର (1 ମିଟର = 100 ସେ.ମି.)
= 10.74 କି.ମି. (1 କି.ମି. = 1000 ମିଟର)
∴ 30 ଭାଙ୍ଗ କରିବା ପରେ କାଗଜର ମୋଟେଇ 10.74 କି.ମି. ହେବ।

Class 8 Maths Chapter 2 Question Answer Odia Medium ଘାତର ଖେଳ

Question 3.
ଗୋଟିଏ ଫର୍ଦ କାଗଜକୁ 46 ଭାଙ୍ଗ କରିବା ପରେ ଏହା କେତେ ମୋଟା ହେବ? ଧରନିଅ କାଗଜର ମୋଟେଇ 0.001 ସେ.ମି. ।
Solution:
ଆମେ ଜାଣୁ କାଗଜର ମୋଟେଇ = 0.001 ସେ.ମି.।
ଏହାକୁ 46 ଥର ଭାଙ୍ଗିଲେ ଏହାର ମୋଟେଇ = 0.001 × 246 ସେ.ମି.। = 703687,442 କି.ମି. ହେବ।

Page No. 20

Question 1.
ନିମ୍ନ ସାରଣୀରେ ପ୍ରତ୍ୟେକ ଭାଙ୍ଗପରେ କାଗଜ ମୋଟେଇର ତାଲିକା ଦିଆଯାଇଛି। ପ୍ରତ୍ୟେକ ଭାଙ୍ଗପରେ ଏହାର ମୋଟେଇ ଦୁଇଗୁଣ ହେଉଛି।
Class 8 Maths Chapter 2 Question Answer Odia Medium ଘାତର ଖେଳ Page 20 Q1
(≈ ଚିହ୍ନଟିକୁ ଆମେ ‘ପ୍ରାୟତଃ ସମାନ’ ବୋଲି ବ୍ୟବହାର କରିଥାଉ ।)
Solution:
Class 8 Maths Chapter 2 Question Answer Odia Medium ଘାତର ଖେଳ Page 20 Q1.1

2.2 ଘାତାଙ୍କୀୟ ସଂକେତ ଏବଂ ପ୍ରକ୍ରିୟା

Page No. 22

Question 1.
ଏକ କାଗଜ ଫର୍ଦ 10 ଥର ଭାଙ୍ଗିବା ପରେ ତାହାର ମୋଟେଇ ପରିପ୍ରକାଶ କିଭଳି ହେବ? ପ୍ରାରମ୍ଭିକ ମୋଟେଇ v ଅକ୍ଷର ସଂଖ୍ୟାଦ୍ଵାରା ସୂଚିତ କରାଯାଇଛି।
(i) 10v
(ii) 10 + v
(iii) 2 × 10 × v
(iv) 216
(v) 210 v
(vi) 102 v
Solution:
ପ୍ରତିଥର ଭାଙ୍ଗିବା ପରେ ଏହାର ମୋଟେଇ ଦୁଇଗୁଣ ବୃଦ୍ଧି ହେଲା।
∴ 1 ଥର ଭାଙ୍ଗ, ମୋଟେଇ = 2 × v
2 ଥର ଭାଙ୍ଗ, ମୋଟେଇ = 22 × v
ସେହିପରି 10 ଥର ଭାଙ୍ଗ, ମୋଟେଇ = 210 × v
ତେଣୁ ଠିକ୍ ଉତ୍ତରଟି ହେଉଛି (v) 210 × v

Question 2.
32400 ସଂଖ୍ୟାକୁ ଏହାର ମୌଳିକ ଗୁଣନୀୟକରେ ପ୍ରକାଶ କର ଏବଂ ମୌଳିକ ଗୁଣନୀୟକଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ସେମାନଙ୍କ ଘାତାଙ୍କ ରୂପରେ ଚିହ୍ନଟ କର।
Solution:
Class 8 Maths Chapter 2 Question Answer Odia Medium ଘାତର ଖେଳ Page 22 Q2
32400 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 5 × 5 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 3
ଏହାର ଘାତାଙ୍କୀୟ ପରିପ୍ରକାଶଟି ହେବ = 32400 = 24 × 52 × 34

Question 3.
(-1)5 ଟି କ’ଣ? ଏହା ଧନାତ୍ମକ ନା ଋଣାତ୍ମକ? (-1)56 ଟି କ’ଣ?
Solution:
(−1)5 = -1 (ଏହା ଋଣାତ୍ମକ) [(-1)ସଂଖ୍ୟ ‍= -1 (ଋଣାତ୍ମକ)]
(-1)56 = +1 (ଏହୀ ଧନାତ୍ମକ) [(-1)ଯୁଗ ସଂଖ୍ୟ = 1 (ଧନାତ୍ମକ)]

Class 8 Maths Chapter 2 Question Answer Odia Medium ଘାତର ଖେଳ

Question 4.
(-2)4 = 16 କି? ଯାଞ୍ଚକର।
Solution:
(-2)4 = (-2) × (-2) × (-2) × (-2) = 4 × 4 = 16
∴ (-2)4 = 16, ଏହା ଠିକ୍।

ନିଜେ କରି ଦେଖ (Page No. 22)

Question 1.
ନିମ୍ନରେ ଦିଆଯାଇଥବା ପରିପ୍ରକାଶକୁ ଘାତାଙ୍କୀୟ ରୂପରେ ଲେଖି :
(i) 6 × 6 × 6 × 6
(ii) y × y
(iii) b × b × b × b
(iv) 5 × 5 × 7 × 7 × 7
(v) 2 × 2 × a × a
(vi) а × а × а × c × c × c × c × d
Solution:
(i) 6 × 6 × 6 × 6 = 64
(ii) y × y = y2
(iii) b × b × b × b = b4
(iv) 5 × 5 × 7 × 7 × 7 = 52 × 73
(v) 2 × 2 × a × a = 22 × a2
(vi) a × a × a × c × c × c × c × d = a3 × c4 × d1

Question 2.
ନିମ୍ନଲିଖତ ପ୍ରତ୍ୟେକ ସଂଖ୍ୟାକୁ ସେମାନଙ୍କର ମୌଳିକ ଗୁଣନୀୟକଗୁଡ଼ିକର ଘାତର ଗୁଣଫଳ ରୂପରେ ପ୍ରକାଶ କର।
(i) 648
(ii) 405
(iii) 540
(iv) 3600
Solution:
(i) 648 ର ମୌଳିକ ଗୁଣନୀୟକ = 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 3
ଗୁଣନୀୟକଗୁଡ଼ିକର ଘାତର ଗୁଣଫଳ = 23 × 34
(ii) 405 ର ମୌଳିକ ଗୁଣନୀୟକ = 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 5
ଗୁଣନୀୟକଗୁଡ଼ିକର ଘାତର ଗୁଣଫଳ = 34 × 5
(iii) 540 ର ମୌଳିକ ଗୁଣନୀୟକ = 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 5
ଗୁଣନୀୟକଗୁଡ଼ିକର ଘାତର ଗୁଣଫଳ = 22 × 33 × 5
(iv) 3600 ର ମୌଳିକ ଗୁଣନୀୟକ = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 × 5 × 5
ଗୁଣନୀୟକଗୁଡ଼ିକର ଘାତର ଗୁଣଫଳ = 24 × 32 × 52

Question 3.
ନିମ୍ନଲିଖତ ପ୍ରତ୍ୟେକର ସାଂଖ୍ୟକ ମାନ ଲେଖ।
(i) 2 × 103
(ii) 72 × 23
(iii) 3 × 44
(iv) (-3)2 × (-5)2
(v) 32 × 104
(vi) (-2)5 × (-10)6
Solution:
(i) 2 × 103 = 2 × 10 × 10 × 10
= 2 × 1000
= 2000

(ii) 72 × 23 = 7 × 7 × 2 × 2 × 2
= 49 × 8
= 392

(iii) 3 × 44 = 3 × 4 × 4 × 4 × 4
= 3 × 256
= 768

(iv) (-3)2 × (-5)2 = -3 × -3 × -5 × -5
= 9 × 25
= 225

(v) 32 × 104 = 3 × 3 × 10 × 10 × 10 × 10
= 9 × 10,000
= 90,000

(vi) (-2)5 × (-10)6 = −2 × −2 × −2 × -2 × −2 × 10 × 10 × 10 × 10 × 10 × 10
= (-32) × 10,00,000
= -3,20,00,000

Page No. 23

Question 1.
ମୋଟ କେତୋଟି କୋଠରି ଥିଲା?
Class 8 Maths Chapter 2 Question Answer Odia Medium ଘାତର ଖେଳ Page 23 Q1
Solution:
ଦତ୍ତ ଚିତ୍ରରୁ ଆମେ ଦେଖୁଲୁ ଯେ କୋଠରି ସଂଖ୍ୟା ହେଉଛି 34 ।
3 × 3 × 3 × 3 = 243
27 × 3 = 81
81 × 3 = 243

Class 8 Maths Chapter 2 Question Answer Odia Medium ଘାତର ଖେଳ

Question 2.
ମୋଟ କେତୋଟି ହୀରା ଥୁଲା? ଉପରୋକ୍ତ ଗୁଣଫଳ ବ୍ୟବହାର କରି କେବଳ ଗୋଟିଏ ଗୁଣନଦ୍ଵାରା ଆମେ ଏହା ଜାଣିପାରିବା କି?
Solution:
ମୋଟ ହୀରାର ସଂଖ୍ୟା = 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 = 37
37 = (3 × 3 × 3 × 3) × (3 × 3 × 3)
3 × 3 × 3 × 3 = 34 = 243
3 × 3 × 3 = 33
∴ 34 × 33 = 81 × 27 = 2187

Page No. 24

Question 1.
37 କୁ 32 × 35 ଭାବରେ ମଧ୍ୟ ଲେଖାଯାଇପାରିବ। ତୁମେ ଏହାର କାରଣ ଦର୍ଶାଇ ପାରିବ କି?
Solution:
ଏହାକୁ ସମାନ ଅକ୍ଷର-ସଂଖ୍ୟା ଥ‌ିବା ଘାତଗୁଡ଼ିକର ଗୁଣନ ଭାବରେ ସହଜରେ ବିସ୍ତାରିତ କରି ଏହାକୁ ଲେଖୁ ପାରିବା।

Question 2.
p4 × p6 ର ଗୁଣଫଳକୁ ଘାତାଙ୍କୀୟ ରୂପରେ ଲେଖ।
Solution:
p4 × p6 = (p × p × p × p) × (p × p × p × p × p × p) = p10
ଏହାକୁ ଆମେ ସାଧାରଣ ରୂପରେ ନିମ୍ନମତେ ପ୍ରକାଶ କରିପାରିବା।
na × nb = na+b, ଯେଉଁଠାରେ a ଓ b ଗଣନସଂଖ୍ୟା ଅଟନ୍ତି।

Question 3.
ଏହାକୁ ପର୍ଯ୍ୟବେକ୍ଷଣ କରି ନିମ୍ନଲିଖତ ପରିପ୍ରକାଶଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ଗଣନା କର।
(i) 29
(ii) 57
(iii) 46
Solution:
(i) 29 = 23 × 23 × 23
= 8 × 8 × 8
= 512

(ii) 57 = 52 × 52 × 52 × 5
= 25 × 25 × 25 × 5
= 625 × 125
= 78125

(iii) 46 = 42 × 42 × 42
= 16 × 16 × 16
= 256 × 16
= 4096

Question 4.
210 ମଧ୍ୟ (25)2 ସହିତ ସମାନ କି? ଏହାକୁ ଏକ ଗୁଣଫଳ ଭାବରେ ଲେଖ।
Solution:
210 = (2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2) × (2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2)
= (25) × (25)
= (25)2, ଏହା ସମାନ।

Question 5.
ନିମ୍ନଲିଖୁତ ପରିପ୍ରକାଶଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ଅତିକମ୍‌ରେ ଦୁଇଟି ଭିନ୍ନଭିନ୍ନ ଉପାୟରେ ଏକ ଘାତର ଘାତ ଭାବରେ ଲେଖ।
(i) 86
(ii) 715
(iii) 914
(iv) 58
Solution:
Class 8 Maths Chapter 2 Question Answer Odia Medium ଘାତର ଖେଳ Page 24 Q5

Page No. 25

Question 1.
ଏକ କୁହୁକ ପୋଖରୀ ମଝିରେ ଗୋଟିଏ ଗୋଲାପୀ ପଦ୍ମଫୁଲ ଅଛି। ଏହି ପୋଖରୀରେ ପ୍ରତିଦିନ ପଦ୍ମଫୁଲର ସଂଖ୍ୟା ଦ୍ଵିଗୁଣିତ ହୁଏ। 30 ଦିନ ପରେ ପୋଖରାଟି ପଦ୍ମଫୁଲରେ ସମ୍ପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣଭାବେ ଭର୍ତ୍ତି ହୋଇଯାଏ। କେଉଁଦିନ ପୋଖରୀଟି ଅଧାପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ ଥିଲା?
Solution:
ଏହି ପୋଖରୀରେ ପ୍ରତିଦିନ ପଦ୍ମଫୁଲର ସଂଖ୍ୟା ଦ୍ଵିଗୁଣିତ ହୁଏ।
30 ଦିନ ପରେ ପୋଖରୀଟି ପଦ୍ମଫୁଲରେ ସମ୍ପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣଭାବେ ଭର୍ତ୍ତି ହୋଇଯାଏ।
30 ଦିନ ପରେ ପୋଖରୀଟି ଅଧାପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ ଥିଲା।
ପ୍ରଥମ ଦିନ → 1 = 20
ଦ୍ଵିତୀୟ ଦିନ → 2 = 21
ତୃତୀୟ ଦିନ → 22
ଚତୁର୍ଥ ଦିନ → 23
………………………….
………………………….
୨୯ ଦିନ → 228
୩୦ ଦିନ → 229

Question 2.
ଯଦି ପୋଖରୀଟି 30 ତମ ଦିନରେ ପଦ୍ମଫୁଲରେ ସମ୍ପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣଭାବେ ଭର୍ତ୍ତି ହୋଇଯାଏ, ତେବେ 29 ତମ ଦିନରେ ଏହାର କେତେ ଅଂଶ ପଦ୍ମଫୁଲରେ ଭର୍ତ୍ତି ହୋଇଥିଲା?
Solution:
ଯଦି ପୋଖରୀଟି 30 ତମ ଦିନରେ ପଦ୍ମଫୁଲରେ ସମ୍ପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣଭାବେ ଭର୍ତ୍ତି ହୋଇଯାଏ, ତେବେ 29 ତମ ଦିନରେ ଏହାର ଅଧା ଅଂଶ ପଦ୍ମଫୁଲରେ ଭର୍ତ୍ତି ହୋଇଥିଲା।

Question 3.
ପଦ୍ମଫୁଲର ସଂଖ୍ୟା (ଘାତାଙ୍କୀୟ ରୂପରେ) ଲେଖ, ଯେତେବେଳେ ପୋଖରୀଟି–
(i) ସମ୍ପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ ଭର୍ତ୍ତି ହୋଇଥିଲା।
(ii) ଅଧା ଭର୍ତ୍ତି ହୋଇଥିଲା।
Solution:
(i) 30 ତମ ଦିନରେ ପୋଖରୀଟି ସମ୍ପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ ଭର୍ତ୍ତି ହୋଇଥିଲା = 229
(ii) 29 ତମ ଦିନରେ ପୋଖରୀଟି ଅଧା ଭର୍ତ୍ତି ହୋଇଥିଲା = 228
ଆଉ ଏକ ପୋଖରୀ ଅଛି ଯେଉଁଥରେ ପଦ୍ମଫୁଲର ସଂଖ୍ୟା ପ୍ରତିଦିନ ତିନିଗୁଣ ହୁଏ । ଯେତେବେଳେ ଉଭୟ ପୋଖରୀରେ କୌଣସି ଫୁଲ ନଥୁଲା, ଶିବାନୀ ଦୁଇଗୁଣ ହେଉଥିବା ପୋଖରୀରେ ଗୋଟିଏ ପଦ୍ମଫୁଲ ରଖୁଲେ । 4 ଦିନପରେ ସେ ସେଠାରୁ ସମସ୍ତ ପଦ୍ମଫୁଲ ନେଇ ତିନିଗୁଣ ହେଉଥ‌ିବା ପୋଖରୀରେ ରଖିଲେ ।

Class 8 Maths Chapter 2 Question Answer Odia Medium ଘାତର ଖେଳ

Question 4.
4 ଦିନପରେ ତିନିଗୁଣ ହେଉଥ‌ିବା ପୋଖରୀରେ କେତୋଟି ପଦ୍ମଫୁଲ ଥୁବ?
Solution:
ପ୍ରଥମ 4 ଦିନପରେ, ପଦ୍ମଫୁଲର ସଂଖ୍ୟା ହେଉଛି – 1 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 = 24
ପରବର୍ତୀ 4 ଦିନପରେ, ପଦ୍ମଫୁଲର ସଂଖ୍ୟା ହେଉଛି – 24 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 = 24 × 34

Question 5.
ଯଦି ଶିବାନୀ ଫୁଲଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ପୋଖରୀରେ ରଖୁବାର କ୍ରମ ବଦଳାଇଥାନ୍ତେ, ତେବେ କେତୋଟି ପଦ୍ମଫୁଲ ରହିଥାନ୍ତା?
Solution:
1 × 34 × 24 = (3 × 3 × 3 × 3) × (2 × 2 × 2 × 2)

Question 6.
ଏହି ଗୁଣଫଳକୁ ଘାତାଙ୍କୀୟ ସଙ୍କେତ mn ଭାବରେ ପ୍ରକାଶ କରାଯାଇପାରିବ କି ? ଯେଉଁଠାରେ m ଏବଂ n ଗଣନ ସଂଖ୍ୟା ଅଟନ୍ତି ।
Solution:
ସଂଖ୍ୟାଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ପୁନଃଗୋଷ୍ଠୀଭୁକ୍ତ କରାଗଲେ = (3 × 2) × (3 × 2) × (3 × 2) × (3 × 2)
= (3 × 2)4
= 64

Question 7.
25 × 55 ର ମୂଲ୍ୟ ନିର୍ଣ୍ଣୟ କର।
Solution:
25 × 55 = (2 × 5)5
= 105
= 1,00,000

Question 8.
\(\frac{10^4}{5^4}\) କୁ ସରଳକର ଏବଂ ଏହାକୁ ଘାତାଙ୍କୀୟ ରୂପରେ ଲେଖ।
Solution:
\(\frac{10^4}{5^4}=\left(\frac{10}{5}\right)^4=(2)^4=2^4\) [∵ \(\frac{\mathrm{a}^{\mathrm{m}}}{\mathrm{~b}^{\mathrm{m}}}=\left(\frac{\mathrm{a}}{\mathrm{~b}}\right)^{\mathrm{m}}\)]

Page No. 26

Question 1.
ଉଦାହରଣ : ଇତୁ ପାଖରେ 4ଟି ପୋଷାକ ଓ 3ଟି ଟୋପି ଅଛି। ଇଡୁ କେତେ ପ୍ରକାରରେ ପୋଷାକ ଓ ଟୋପିକୁ ମିଶାଇ ପାରିବେ?
Class 8 Maths Chapter 2 Question Answer Odia Medium ଘାତର ଖେଳ Page 26 Q1
Solution:
ପ୍ରତ୍ୟେକ ଟୋପିପାଇଁ, ସେ 4ଟି ପୋଷାକ ମଧ୍ୟରୁ ଯେକୌଣସି ଗୋଟିଏ ବାଛିପାରିବେ। ତେଣୁ 3ଟି ଟୋପି ପାଇଁ 4 + 4 + 4 = 4 × 3 = 12 ସମାବେଶ ସମ୍ଭବ ଅଟେ। ଆମେ ଏହାକୁ ଅନ୍ୟ ଏକ ଉପାୟରେ ମଧ୍ୟ ଲକ୍ଷ୍ୟ କରିପାରିବା, ପ୍ରତ୍ୟେକ ପୋଷାକ ପାଇଁ ଇତୁ 3ଟି ଟୋପି ମଧ୍ୟରୁ ଯେକୌଣସି ଗୋଟିଏ ବାଛିପାରିବେ, ତେଣୁ 4ଟି ପୋଷାକ ପାଇଁ 3 + 3 + 3 + 3 = 3 × 4 = 12 ସମାବେଶ ସମ୍ଭବ।

Question 2.
ରକି ପାଖରେ 7ଟି ପୋଷାକ, 2ଟି ଟୋପି ଏବଂ 3 ଯୋଡ଼ା ଜୋତା ଅଛି । ରକି କେତେ ପ୍ରକାରରେ ଏଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ପିନ୍ଧିପାରିବ?
Solution:
7 × 2 × 3 = 42 ପ୍ରକାର।
ରକି 42 ପ୍ରକାରରେ ଏଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ପିନ୍ଧିପାରିବ।

Question 3.
ଇତୁ ଏବଂ ରକିଙ୍କୁ ଏକ ପୁରୁଣା ଷ୍ଟାମ୍ପ ଏବଂ ମୁଦ୍ରା ଥିବା ବାକ୍ସ ମିଳିଲା, ଯାହାକୁ କି ତାଙ୍କ ଜେଜେ ସଂଗ୍ରହ କରିଥିଲେ । ଏହାର ଚାବି 5 ଅଙ୍କ ବିଶିଷ୍ଟ ପାସୱାର୍ଡ଼ ଦ୍ଵାରା ସୁରକ୍ଷିତ ଥିଲା । ଏହାର ପାସ୍ୱାର୍ଡ଼ କାହାରିକୁ ଜଣା ନଥୁବାରୁ ସେମାନଙ୍କୁ ପ୍ରତ୍ୟେକ ପାସ୍ୱାର୍ଡ଼ଦ୍ୱାରା ଚେଷ୍ଟା କରିବା ବ୍ୟତୀତ ବାକ୍ସକୁ ଖୋଲିବା ପାଇଁ ଅନ୍ୟ କୌଣସି ବିକଳ୍ପ ଉପାୟ ନଥିଲା । ଦୁର୍ଭାଗ୍ୟ ଏହି ଯେ, ସବୁ ସମ୍ଭାବ୍ୟ ସମାବେଶଥର ଚେଷ୍ଟା କରିବା ପରେ ହିଁ ଶେଷ ପାସ୍ୱାର୍ଡ଼ରେ ଲିକ୍ ଖୋଲିଲା ; ସେମାନେ କେତୋଟି ପାସ୍ୱାର୍ଡ଼ ନେଇ ଚେଷ୍ଟା କରିଥିଲେ ?
Solution:
ପ୍ରତ୍ୟେକ ସଂଖ୍ୟା 0 ରୁ ୨ ପର୍ଯ୍ୟନ୍ତ ଯେକୌଣସି ସଂଖ୍ୟା ହୋଇପାରେ,
ପ୍ରତି ଅଙ୍କରେ 10ଟି ବିକଳ୍ପ ସମ୍ଭବ ହେବ ।
ଦୁଇ ଅଙ୍କ ବିଶିଷ୍ଟ ପାସ୍ୱାର୍ଡ଼ ପାଇଁ = 102 = 100 ଟି ବିକଳ୍ପ ଅଛି ।
ପାଞ୍ଚ ଅଙ୍କ ବିଶିଷ୍ଟ ପାସ୍ୱାର୍ଡ଼ ପାଇଁ ମୋଟ ମିଶ୍ରଣ = 105 = 1,00,000 ବିକଳ୍ପ ଅଛି ।

Question 4.
ମନେକର ଆମ ପାଖରେ 2 ଅଙ୍କବିଶିଷ୍ଟ ତାଲା ଅଛି ଏବଂ ଏଥ‌ିପାଇଁ କେତୋଟି ପାସ୍ୱାର୍ଡ଼ ସମ୍ଭବ ତାହା ଜାଣିବାକୁ ଆମେ ଚେଷ୍ଟା କରିବା ।
Solution:
ପ୍ରଥମ ଅଙ୍କ ପାଇଁ 10 ଟି ବିକଳ୍ପ ଅଛି (ଯଦି ) (ପ୍ରଥମ ଅଙ୍କ, ତେବେ 00, 01, 02, 03. 09) ସମ୍ଭବ । ଯଦି ।
ପ୍ରଥମ ଅଙ୍କ, ତେବେ 10, 11, 12, 13, …, 19 ସମ୍ଭବ ।
ତେଣୁ ଏକ 2 ଅଙ୍କ ବିଶିଷ୍ଟ ଲକ୍ ପାଇଁ ସମୁଦାୟ ସମାବେଶ ସଂଖ୍ୟା ହେଉଛି 10 × 10 = 100

Question 5.
ମନେକର ଆମ ପାଖରେ ୩ ଅଙ୍କ ବିଶିଷ୍ଟ ତାଲା ଅଛି ।
Solution:
ପୂର୍ବରୁ ଥିବା 100 (2 ଅଙ୍କ ବିଶିଷ୍ଟ) ପାସ୍ୱାର୍ଡ଼ ମଧ୍ୟରୁ ପ୍ରତ୍ୟେକ ଥର ତୃତୀୟ ଅଙ୍କ ପାଇଁ
100 × 10 = 1000ଟି ସମାବେଶ ଅଛି ।
ସେଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ତାଲିକାଭୁକ୍ତ କଲେ = 000, 001, 002, ……, 997, 998, 999

Question 6.
କେତୋଟି 5 ଅଙ୍କ ବିଶିଷ୍ଟ ପାସ୍ୱାର୍ଡ଼ ସମ୍ଭବ?
Solution:
ପ୍ରତ୍ୟେକ ଅଙ୍କର 10 ଟି ପସନ୍ଦ ଅଛି । ତେଣୁ ଏକ 5 ଅଙ୍କ ବିଶିଷ୍ଟ ତାଲାରେ ଥିବ = 10 × 10 × 10 × 10 × 10 = 105 = 1,00,000 ସଂଖ୍ୟକ ପାସ୍ୱାର୍ଡ଼ ।
ତେଣୁ 99,999 ପର୍ଯ୍ୟନ୍ତ 5 ଅଙ୍କ ବିଶିଷ୍ଟ ସଂଖ୍ୟା ଲେଖାଯାଇପାରିବ ।
00000, 00001, 00002, ……… 00010, 00011, ………. 00100, 00101, ………. 30456, ………. 99998, 99999

2.3 ଘାତର ଅପରପାର୍ଶ୍ବ

Page No. 27

Question 1.
2 ର ଘାତ ଆକାରରେ 2100 ÷ 225ର ମାନ କେତେ ହେବ ?
Solution:
2100 ÷ 225 = 2100-25 = 275

Page No. 28

Question 1.
n କାହିଁକି 0 ହୋଇପାରିବ ନାହିଁ ?
Solution:
n ର ମୂଲ୍ୟ 0 ହେଲେ, ଏହାର ମୂଲ୍ୟ। ସଙ୍ଗେ ସମାନ।

Class 8 Maths Chapter 2 Question Answer Odia Medium ଘାତର ଖେଳ

Question 2.
20 ମୂଲ୍ୟ କେତେ?
Solution:
ଆମେ 20 କୁ ଏପରି ଭାବରେ ବ୍ୟାଖ୍ୟା କରିବା ଯେ ଉପରୋକ୍ତ ସାଧାରଣ ରୂପ ସତ୍ୟ ହେବ।
\(2^0=2^{4-4}=2^4 \div 2^4=\frac{2 \times 2 \times 2 \times 2}{2 \times 2 \times 2 \times 2}\) = 1

Page No. 29

Question 1.
ଆମେ \(10^3=\frac{1}{10^{-3}}\) ଲେଖୁପାରିବା କି?
Solution:
ହଁ, ଆମେ ଲେଖୁପାରିବା = \(\frac{1}{10^{-3}}=\frac{1}{1 / 10^3}=1 \div \frac{1}{10^3}=1 \times 10^3=10^3\)

Question 2.
ନିମ୍ନଲିଖୁତ ପଦଗୁଡ଼ିକର ସମତୁଲ୍ୟ ରୂପ ଲେଖ :
(i) 2-4
(ii) 10-5
(iii) (-7)-2
(iv) (-5)-3
(v) 10-100
Solution:
(i) \(2^{-4}=\frac{1}{2^4}=\frac{1}{16}\)
(ii) \(10^{-5}=\frac{1}{10^5}=\frac{1}{1,00,000}\)
(iii) \((-7)^{-2}=\frac{1}{(-7)^2}=\frac{1}{49}\)
(iv) \((-5)^{-3}=\frac{1}{(-5)^3}=\frac{1}{-125}\)
(v) \(10^{-100}=\frac{1}{10^{100}}\)

Question 3.
ସରଳକର ଏବଂ ଉତ୍ତରଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ଘାତଙ୍କୀୟ ରୂପରେ ଲେଖ :
(i) 2-4 × 27
(ii) 32 × 3-5 × 36
(iii) p3 × p-10
(iv) 24 × (-4)-2
(v) 8p × 8q
Solution:
(i) \(2^{-4} \times 2^7=\frac{1}{2^4} \times 2^7=2^{7-4}=2^3\)
(∵ am ÷ an = am-n)

(ii) \(3^2 \times 3^{-5} \times 3^6=3^2 \times \frac{1}{3^5} \times 3^6=3^2 \times 3^6 \times \frac{1}{3^5}=3^{2+6-5}=3^{8-5}=3^3\)
(∵ am × an = am+n & am ÷ an = am-n)

(iii) \(p^3 \times p^{-10}=p^3 \times \frac{1}{p^{10}}=\frac{p^3}{p^{10}}=p^{3-10}=p^{-7}\)
(∵ am ÷ an = am-n)

(iv) \(2^4 \times(-4)^{-2}=2^4 \times \frac{1}{(-4)^2}=2^4 \times \frac{1}{16}=2^4 \times \frac{1}{2^4}=2^{4-4}=2^0=1\)
(∵ am ÷ an = am-n)

(v) 8p × 8q = 8p+q (∵ am × an = am+n)

Page No. 30

Question 1.
16384 (= 47) ସଂଖ୍ୟାଟି 1024 (= 45) ଠାରୁ 16 (= 42) ଗୁଣ ବଡ଼ କି?
Solution:
ହଁ, ଯେହେତୁ 47 ÷ 45 = 42
ତେଣୁ 16384(= 47) ସଂଖ୍ୟାଟି 1024 (= 45) ଠାରୁ 16 (= 42) ଗୁଣ ବଡ଼।

Question 2.
4-2 ଠାରୁ 42 କେତେଗୁଣ ବଡ଼?
Solution:
42 = 16
⇒ 4-2 = \(\frac{1}{4^2}\)
⇒ 4-2 = \(\frac{1}{16}\)
⇒ \(\frac{4^2}{4^{-2}}\) = 42 × 42 = 42+2 = 44 = 256
4-2 ଠାରୁ 42 ହେଉଛି 256 (44) ଗୁଣ ବଡ଼।

Question 3.
7ର ଘାତରେଖା ବ୍ୟବହାର କରି ନିମ୍ନଲିଖତ ପ୍ରଶ୍ନଗୁଡ଼ିକର ଉତ୍ତର ଲେଖ।
Class 8 Maths Chapter 2 Question Answer Odia Medium ଘାତର ଖେଳ Page 30 Q1
Solution:
Class 8 Maths Chapter 2 Question Answer Odia Medium ଘାତର ଖେଳ Page 30 Q1.1

2.4 10 ର ଘାତ

Page No. 30

Question 1.
ଉପରୋକ୍ତ ଉପାୟରେ ଏହି ସଂଖ୍ୟାଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ଲେଖ :
(i) 172
(ii) 5642
(iii) 6474
Solution:
(i) 172 = 1 × 100 + 7 × 10 + 2 × 1 = (1 × 102) + (7 × 101) + 2 × 100)
(ii) 5642 = 5 × 1000 + 6 × 100 + 4 × 10 + 2 × 1 = (5 × 103) + (6 × 102) + (4 × 101) + (2 × 100)
(iii) 6474 = 6 × 1000 + 4 × 100 + 7 × 10 + 4 × 1 = (6 × 103) + (4 × 102) + (7 × 101) + (4 × 100)

Class 8 Maths Chapter 2 Question Answer Odia Medium ଘାତର ଖେଳ

Question 2.
561,903 କୁ ଆମେ କିପରି ଲେଖିପାରିବା?
Solution:
561.903 = (5 × 100) + (6 × 10) + 1 + (9 × \(\frac {1}{10}\)) + (0 × \(\frac {1}{100}\)) + (3 × \(\frac {1}{1000}\))
10 ର ଘାତ ବ୍ୟବହାର କରି ଆମେ ଏହାକୁ ଲେଖୁବା :
561.903 = (5 × 102) + (6 × 101) + (1 × 100) + (9 × 10-1) + (0 × 10-2) + (3 × 10-3)

Page No. 32

Question 1.
ଏହି ତିନୋଟି ଦୂରତା ମଧ୍ଯରୁ କେଉଁ ଦୂରତାଟି ସବୁଠାରୁ ସାନ?
Class 8 Maths Chapter 2 Question Answer Odia Medium ଘାତର ଖେଳ Page 32 Q1
Solution:
(i) 1.4335 × 1012 ମିଟର = 14.335 × 1011 ମିଟର।
(ii) 1.439 × 1012 ମିଟର = 14.39 × 1011 ମିଟର।
(iii) 1.496 × 1011 ମିଟର।
ତୁଳନା କଲେ 14.39 × 1011 ମିଟର > 14.335 × 1011 ମିଟର > 1.496 × 1011 ମିଟର।
∴ (iii) 1.496 × 1011 ମିଟର ସବୁଠାରୁ ସାନ।
ସୂର୍ଯ୍ୟ ଓ ପୃଥ‌ିବୀ ମଧ୍ୟରେ ଦୂରତା = 1.496 × 1011 ମିଟର।

Question 2.
ନିମ୍ନଲିଖୁତ ସଂଖ୍ୟାଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ମାନକ ରୂପରେ ପ୍ରକାଶ କର।
(i) 59,583
(ii) 65,950
(iii) 34,30,000
(iv) 70,04,00,00,000
Solution:
(i) 59,583 = \(\frac {59853}{10000}\) × 10000 = 5.9853 × 104
(ii) 65,950 = \(\frac {65950}{10000}\) × 10000 = 6.595 × 104
(iii) 34,30,000 = \(\frac {3430000}{1000000}\) × 1000000 = 3.43 × 106
(iv) 70,04,00,00,000 = \(\frac {70040000000}{10000000000}\) × 10000000000 = 7.004 × 1010

2.5 ତୁମେ କେବେ ଭାବିଛ କି?

Page No. 33

Question 1.
ଦାନ କରାଯାଉଥ‌ିବା ଗୁଡ଼ର ମୂଲ୍ୟ (ଟଙ୍କାରେ) କେତେ ହେବ ? ଦାନ କରାଯାଇଥିବା ଗହମର ମୂଲ୍ୟ (ଟଙ୍କାରେ) କେତେ ହେବ?
Solution:
ଗୁଡ଼ର ମୂଲ୍ୟ (ଟଙ୍କାରେ) = ରକିର ଓଜନ (କିଲୋଗ୍ରାମ୍‌ରେ) × 1 କି.ଗ୍ରା. ଗୁଡ଼ର ମୂଲ୍ୟ।
ଗହମର ମୂଲ୍ୟ (ଟଙ୍କାରେ) = ଇତୁର ଓଜନ (କିଲୋଗ୍ରାମିଂରେ) × 1 କି.ଗ୍ରା. ଗହମର ମୂଲ୍ୟ।

Question 2.
ଅଜ୍ଞାତ ରାଶି ପାଇଁ ଆବଶ୍ୟକ ଏବଂ ଉପଯୁକ୍ତ ଆନୁମାନିକ ଆକଳନ କର ଏବଂ ଉତ୍ତର ନିର୍ଣ୍ଣୟ କର । ମନେରଖ ରକିକୁ 13 ବର୍ଷ ଏବଂ ଇତୁକୁ 11 ବର୍ଷ ।
Solution:
ମନେକର ରକିର ବୟସ = 13 ବର୍ଷ ଓ ଓଜନ = 45 କି.ଗ୍ରା.।
1 କି.ଗ୍ରା. ଗୁଡ଼ର ମୂଲ୍ୟ = ଟ.70.00
ଦାନ କରାଯାଇଥିବା ଗୁଡ଼ର ମୂଲ୍ୟ = 45 × 70 ଟଙ୍କା = ଟ.3150.00 ଅଟେ।
ମନେକର ଇତୁର ବୟସ = 11 ବର୍ଷ ଓ ଓଜନ = 50 କି.ଗ୍ରା.।
1 କି.ଗ୍ରା. ଗହମର ମୂଲ୍ୟ = ଟ.50.00
ଦାନ କରାଯାଇଥ‌ିବା ଗହମର ମୂଲ୍ୟ = 50 × 50 ଟଙ୍କା = ଟ.2500.00 ଅଟେ।

Question 3.
ଅନୁମାନ : କୌଣସି ଗଣନା | ହିସାବ ନକରି, ଉତ୍ତର କ’ଣ ହୋଇପାରେ ତାହା ବିଷୟରେ ସ୍ଵତଃସ୍ଫୁର୍ଭ (ଶୀଘ୍ର ଅନୁମାନ କର)
Solution:
ରକିର ବୟସ = 13 ବର୍ଷ ।
ତେଣୁ ଆମେ ଅନୁମାନ କରିପାରିବା ଯେ ତା’ର ଓଜନ ପ୍ରାୟ 40ରୁ 50 କି.ଗ୍ରା. ମଧ୍ଯରେ ହୋଇପାରେ ।
ଯଦି ଆମେ ଧରିନେବା । କି.ଗ୍ରା. ଗୁଡ଼ର ମୂଲ୍ୟ = 60 ଟଙ୍କା ।
ତେବେ 1 ଟଙ୍କିଆ ମୁଦ୍ରାର ସଂଖ୍ୟା = 45 × 60 = 2700

Page No. 34

Question 1.
ଆକଳନ ଏବଂ ଆନୁମାନିକ ଗଣନା :
(i) ଉତ୍ତର ପାଇବା ପାଇଁ ଆବଶ୍ୟକ ପରିମାଣଗୁଡ଼ିକ ମଧ୍ୟରେ ଥିବା ସମ୍ପର୍କ ବର୍ଣ୍ଣନା କର ।
(ii) ଯଦି ଆବଶ୍ୟକ ତଥ୍ୟ ଉପଲବ୍‌ଧ ନଥାଏ, ତେବେ ଉପଯୁକ୍ତ ଅନୁମାନ ଓ ଆକଳନ କର ।
(iii) ହିସାବ କର ଏବଂ ଉତ୍ତର ଖୋଜ (ଏବଂ ତୁମର ଅନୁମାନ, ଠିକ୍ ଉତ୍ତରରେ କେତେ ନିକଟତର ଥୁଲା ଦେଖ ।)
Solution:
(i) ଉତ୍ତର ପାଇବା ପାଇଁ ଆବଶ୍ୟକ ପରିମାଣଗୁଡ଼ିକ ମଧ୍ୟରେ ଥିବା ସମ୍ପର୍କ ବର୍ଣ୍ଣନା :
ରକିର ଓଜନ କେତେ । ଟଙ୍କା ମୁଦ୍ରା ମେଳ ଖାଉଛି ତାହା ଜାଣିବା ପାଇଁ ଆମକୁ ଚିହ୍ନଟ କରିବାକୁ ପଡ଼ିବ : ରକିର ଓଜନ (କିଲୋଗ୍ରାମରେ), 1 କି.ଗ୍ରା. ଗୁଡ଼ର ମୂଲ୍ୟ ।
ଦାନର ମୂଲ୍ୟ = ଓଜନ କିଲୋଗ୍ରାମରେ × 1 କି.ଗ୍ରା.ଗୁଡ଼ର ମୂଲ୍ୟ।
ଆବଶ୍ୟକ 1 ଟଙ୍କିଆ ମୁଦ୍ରା ସଂଖ୍ୟା = ଦାନର ମୂଲ୍ୟ ÷ 1

(ii) ଯଦି ଆବଶ୍ୟକ ତଥ୍ୟ ଉପଲବ୍‌ଧ ନଥାଏ, ତେବେ ଉପଯୁକ୍ତ ଅନୁମାନ ଓ ଆକଳନ :
ଆସ ଯୁକ୍ତିଯୁକ୍ତ ଆକଳନ ବ୍ୟବହାର କରିବା :
ରକିର ଓଜନ ପ୍ରାୟ 45 କି.ଗ୍ରା. (ସାଧାରଣ 13 ବର୍ଷର ପିଲା)
1 କିଲୋଗ୍ରାମ୍ ଗୁଡ଼ର ଓଜନ ପ୍ରାୟ ଟ.60.00 (ହାରାହାରି ବଜାର ଦର)
45 କି.ଗ୍ରା ଗୁଡ଼ର ମୂଲ୍ୟ = 45 × 60 = ଟ.2700.00

(iii) ହିସାବ କର ଏବଂ ଉତ୍ତର ଖୋଜ : (ତୁମର ଅନୁମାନ, ଠିକ୍ ଉତ୍ତରର କେତେ ନିକଟତର ଥୁଲା ଦେଖ।)
1 ଟଙ୍କିଆ ମୁଦ୍ରା ଆବଶ୍ୟକ = 6.2700 ÷ ଟ.1 = 2700

Question 2.
ମୁଦ୍ରା ସଂଖ୍ୟା ଶହ ଶହ, ହଜାର ହଜାର, ଲକ୍ଷ ଲକ୍ଷ, କୋଟି କୋଟି କିମ୍ବା ତା’ଠାରୁ ଅଧିକ ହେବ କି ? ଅନୁମାନ କରି କୁହ।
Solution:
ଆମେ ଶୀଘ୍ର ବୁଦ୍ଧିମାନ କରି ଅନୁମାନ କରିବା।
ରକିର ଓଜନ ପ୍ରାୟ 45 କି.ଗ୍ରା. ଏବଂ 1 କି.ଗ୍ରା. ଗୁଡ଼ର ମୂଲ୍ୟ 60 ଟଙ୍କା
∴ ମୋଟ ମୂଲ୍ୟ = 45 × 60 ଟଙ୍କା = 2700 ଟଙ୍କା ।
ଯଦି ଆମେ 1 ଟଙ୍କିଆ ମୁଦ୍ରା ବ୍ୟବହାର କରୁ, ତେଣୁ 2700 ମୁଦ୍ରା ଆବଶ୍ୟକ,
ଯାହା ହଜାର ପରିସର ମଧ୍ୟରେ ପଡ଼ିଥାଏ ।
ତେଣୁ ହଜାର ମୁଦ୍ରା ଆବଶ୍ୟକ । ଲକ୍ଷ କିମ୍ବା କୋଟି ନୁହେଁ, କିନ୍ତୁ ଶହେରୁ ଅଧିକ।

Class 8 Maths Chapter 2 Question Answer Odia Medium ଘାତର ଖେଳ

Question 3.
ଅଜ୍ଞାତ ରାଶି ପାଇଁ ଆବଶ୍ୟକୀୟ ଅନୁମାନ ଏବଂ ଆକଳନ କରି ଉତ୍ତର ଖୋଜ ।
Solution:
ପିଲାମାନେ ଶିକ୍ଷକଙ୍କ ସହାୟତାରେ ନିଜେ କରିବେ ।

Question 4.
ଇଡ଼ୁ ପଚାରିଲା, ଯଦି ଆମେ 5 ଟଙ୍କିଆ ମୁଦ୍ରା କିମ୍ବା 10 ଟଙ୍କିଆ ନୋଟ୍ ବ୍ୟବହାର କରୁ, ଏହା କେତେ ଟଙ୍କା ହୋଇପାରେ?
Solution:
ମୋଟ ଦାନର ମୂଲ୍ୟ 1140 ଟଙ୍କା ।
5 ଟଙ୍କିଆ ମୁଦ୍ରାର ସଂଖ୍ୟା = 1140 ÷ 5 = 228
10 ଟଙ୍କିଆ ମୁଦ୍ରାର ସଂଖ୍ୟା = 1140 ÷ 10 = 114

Question 5.
ଇଡୁ କହିଲା, ‘‘ଯେତେବେଳେ ମୁଁ ବଡ଼ ହେବି, ପ୍ରତିବର୍ଷ ମୁଁ ମୋ ଓଜନର ନୋଟବୁକ୍ ଦାନ କରିବି ।’’ ରକି କହିଲା, “ଯେତେବେଳେ ମୁଁ ବଡ଼ ହେବି ପ୍ରତିବର୍ଷ ମୁଁ ମୋ ଓଜନର ଅନ୍ନଦାନ କରିବି ।’’ ଏହି ଦାନରୁ ବର୍ଷକୁ କେତେ ଲୋକ ଉପକୃତ ହେବେ ? ପୁନଶ୍ଚ ଖୋଜିବା ପୂର୍ବରୁ ପ୍ରଥମେ ଅନୁମାନ କର ।
Solution:
ଇତୁର ନୋଟବୁକ ଦାନ ପ୍ରତିବର୍ଷ 100ରୁ 200 ଛାତ୍ର ଉପକୃତ ହୋଇପାରନ୍ତି ।
ରକିର ଖାଦ୍ୟ ପ୍ରଦାନ : ପ୍ରାୟ ବାର୍ଷିକ 150 ରୁ 300
ଲୋକଙ୍କୁ ଖାଦ୍ୟ ଦେବାପାଇଁ ଯଥେଷ୍ଟ ଶସ୍ୟ କିମ୍ବା ଆନୁମାନିକ ଆକଳନ :
ଇତୁର ଓଜନ ପ୍ରାୟ 38 କି.ଗ୍ରା.।
1 ଟି ନୋଟବୁକ୍‌ର ମୂଲ୍ୟ ପ୍ରାୟ 20 ଟଙ୍କା ।
ରକିର ଓଜନ ପ୍ରାୟ 45 କି.ଗ୍ରା.।
ଦାନ କରାଯାଇଥିବା 1 କି.ଗ୍ରା. ଶସ୍ୟ କିମ୍ବା ଖାଦ୍ୟର ମୂଲ୍ୟ ପ୍ରାୟ 30 ଟଙ୍କା ।
ପ୍ରତିବ୍ୟକ୍ତି ପାଇଁ ଖାଦ୍ୟ ଖର୍ଚ୍ଚ ପ୍ରାୟ 15 ଟଙ୍କା ।
ଇତ୍ରୁର ନୋଟବୁକ୍ ଦାନ : ତାଙ୍କ ଓଜନ ମୂଲ୍ୟର ନୋଟ୍‌ବୁକ୍ ଦାନର ମୂଲ୍ୟ = 38 × 20 ଟଙ୍କା = 760 ଟଙ୍କା।
ଯଦି ପ୍ରତ୍ୟେକ ଛାତ୍ରଙ୍କୁ ଦୁଇଟି ନୋଟବୁକ୍‌ ଆବଶ୍ୟକ ହୁଏ,
ସାହାଯ୍ୟ ପାଇପାରୁଥିବା ଛାତ୍ରସଂଖ୍ୟା = 760 ÷ 40 = 19 ଜଣ।
∴ ପ୍ରତିବର୍ଷ 19 ଜଣ ଛାତ୍ର ନୋଟ୍‌ବୁକ୍‌ ପାଇପାରିବେ ।
ରକିର ଖାଦ୍ୟଦାନ : ତାଙ୍କ ଓଜନ ମୂଲ୍ୟର ଶସ୍ୟ କିମ୍ବା ଖାଦ୍ୟ ଦାନର ମୂଲ୍ୟ = 45 × 30 = 1350 ଟଙ୍କା।
ପ୍ରତ୍ୟେକ ଖାଦ୍ୟର ମୂଲ୍ୟ = 15 ଟଙ୍କା ।
ଖାଦ୍ୟ ଯୋଗାଇ ପାରୁଥୁବା ଲୋକଙ୍କ ସଂଖ୍ୟା = 1350 ÷ 15 = 90 ଜଣ।
∴ 90 ଜଣ ଲୋକ ଗୋଟିଏ ଥର ଖାଦ୍ୟ ପାଇବେ କିମ୍ବା ବର୍ଷକରେ 90 ରୁ କମ୍ ଏକାଧିକ ଥର ଖାଇପାରିବେ ।

Question 6.
ରକି ଓ ଇଡୁ ଆଉ କେହି କହୁଥିବାର ଶୁଣିଲେ – ଆମେ ଏହି ସ୍ଥାନରେ ପହଞ୍ଚିବା ପାଇଁ 400 କି.ମି. ପଦଯାତ୍ରା କଲୁ । ଆମେ ଆଜି ସକାଳୁ ପହଞ୍ଚିଲୁ । ସେମାନେ କେତେ ସମୟ ପୂର୍ବରୁ ଯାତ୍ରା ଆରମ୍ଭ କରିଥିବେ ?
Solution:
ଯଦି କେହିଜଣେ ପାଦରେ 400 କି.ମି. ଚାଲିଥାନ୍ତି, କେତେ ସମୟ ଲାଗିପାରେ ?
ଆସ ଅନୁମାନ କରିବା ଯେ, ସେମାନେ ପ୍ରତିଦିନ ପ୍ରାୟ 25 ରୁ 30 କି.ମି. ଚାଲେ ।
ଆନୁମାନିକ ଦିନ ସଂଖ୍ୟା = 400 ÷ 25 = 16 ଦିନ ।
କିମ୍ବା ତା’ର ଗତି ଓ ବିଶ୍ରାମ ଉପରେ ନିର୍ଭର କରି 13 ରୁ 20 ଦିନ ହୋଇପାରେ ।
ଆକଳନ ଓ ଗଣନା :
ଦୈନିକ ଅତିକ୍ରାନ୍ତ ଦୂରତା = 30 କି.ମି. (ଧରାଯାଉ)
ଅତିକ୍ରାନ୍ତ ଦୂରତା = 400 କି.ମି. ।
ଦିନସଂଖ୍ୟା = 400 ÷ 30 = 13.3 ଦିନ।
∴ ପ୍ରାୟତଃ 13 ରୁ 14 ଦିନ ।

Page No. 35

Question 1.
ଯଦି ଜଣେ ବ୍ୟକ୍ତି ନିରନ୍ତର ଚାଲିଥାଏ, ତେବେ ସେ ନିଜ ଜୀବନକାଳରେ କେତେଥର ପୃଥିବୀକୁ ପରିକ୍ରମା (ବିଶ୍ଵ ପରିକ୍ରମଣ) କରିପାରିବେ ? ପୃଥ‌ିବୀର ପରିଧ୍ଵକୁ 40,000 କି.ମି. ବୋଲି ଧରି ନିଆଯାଉ ।
Solution:
ଆନୁମାନିକ : ପୃଥ‌ିବୀର ପରିଧ୍ଵ = 40,000 କି.ମି. ।
ହାରାହାରି ଚାଲିବାର ଗତି ଘଣ୍ଟାପ୍ରତି 5 କି.ମି. ।
ପ୍ରତିଦିନ ସର୍ବାଧ‌ିକ ଚାଲିବା ପ୍ରାୟ = 8 ଘଣ୍ଟା ।
ଆସ ଅନୁମାନ କରିବା, 60 ବର୍ଷର (ବୟସ 15ରୁ 75 ମଧ୍ୟରେ)
ଗୋଟିଏ ଦିନରେ ଅତିକ୍ରାନ୍ତ ଦୂରତା = 8 × 5 = 40 କି.ମି. ।
ମୋଟ ଚାଲିଯାଇଥବା ଦିନ = 60 × 365 = 21,900 ଦିନ ।
ତା’ର ଜୀବନକାଳରେ ମୋଟ ଚାଲିଥିବା ଦୂରତା = 21,900 × 40 = 8,76,000 କି.ମି.।
∴ ମୋଟ ପୃଥ‌ିବୀ ପରିକ୍ରମା = 8,76,000 ÷ 40,000 = 21.9 ଥର ।

Page No. 36

Question 1.
3,84,400 କି.ମି.ରେ କେତେ 20 ସେ.ମି. ଅଛି ?
Class 8 Maths Chapter 2 Question Answer Odia Medium ଘାତର ଖେଳ Page 36 Q1
Solution:
ଯଦି ଆମେ ହିସାବ କରୁ, ତେବେ ଫଳାଫଳ 1,92,20,00,000 ପାହାଚ ମିଳିବ । ଏହା 192 କୋଟି 20 ଲକ୍ଷ ପାହାଚ କିମ୍ବା 1 ବିଲିୟନ 992 ମିଲିୟନ୍ ପାହାଚ ସହ ସମାନ । ପ୍ରତ୍ୟେକ ପଦକ୍ଷେପ ପରେ ପୃଥ‌ିବୀଠାରୁ ଦୂରତାରେ ନିର୍ଦ୍ଦିଷ୍ଟ ବୃଦ୍ଧି (ପ୍ରତ୍ୟେକ ପଦକ୍ଷେପ 20) ସେ.ମି. ବୃଦ୍ଧି)କୁ କୈକ ବୃଦ୍ଧି କୁହାଯାଏ ।

Question 2.
ତୁମେ ରେଖକ ବୃଦ୍ଧି ଏବଂ ଘାତାଙ୍କୀୟ ବୃଦ୍ଧିର କିଛି ଉଦାହରଣ ଦେଇପାରିବ କି ?
Solution:
ନିଜେ ଅଭ୍ୟାସ କର ।

Page No. 38-39

Question 1.
ବିଶ୍ଵ ଜନସଂଖ୍ୟା ପ୍ରାୟ 8 × 109 ଓ ଆଫ୍ରିକୀୟ ହାତୀ ସଂଖ୍ୟା ହେଉଛି 4 × 105 ଆମେ କହିପାରିବା କି, ପାଇଁ ପ୍ରାୟ 20,000 ଲୋକ ଅଛନ୍ତି ।
Solution:
ବିଶ୍ଵ ଜନସଂଖ୍ୟା ପ୍ରାୟ = 8 × 109 = 8,00,00,00,000
ଆଫ୍ରିକୀୟ ହାତୀ ସଂଖ୍ୟା = 4 × 105 = 4,00,000
∴ ପ୍ରତ୍ୟେକ ହାତୀ ପାଇଁ ଲୋକ = \(\frac {8,00,00,00,000}{4,00,000}\) = 20,000

Class 8 Maths Chapter 2 Question Answer Odia Medium ଘାତର ଖେଳ

Question 2.
ବୈଜ୍ଞାନିକ ସଂକେତ ବ୍ୟବହାର କରି ଗଣନା କର ଏବଂ ଉତ୍ତର ଲେଖ।
(i) ବିଶ୍ଵରେ ମନୁଷ୍ୟ ଓ ପିମ୍ପୁଡ଼ିମାନଙ୍କ ସଂଖ୍ୟାର ଅନୁପାତ କେତେ?
(ii) ଯଦି ଷ୍ଟଲିଂ ପକ୍ଷୀମାନଙ୍କର ଏକ ଦଳରେ 10,000 ପକ୍ଷୀ ଥାଆନ୍ତି, ତେବେ ବିଶ୍ଵରେ କେତେ ଦଳ ପକ୍ଷୀ ଥାଇପାରନ୍ତି?
(iii) ଯଦି ଗୋଟିଏ ଗଛରେ 104 ସଂଖ୍ୟକ ପତ୍ର ଥାଏ, ତେବେ ପୃଥ‌ିବୀର ସମସ୍ତ ଗଛରେ ଥିବା ପତ୍ର ସଂଖ୍ୟା କେତେ ନିର୍ଣ୍ଣୟ କର।
(iv) ଯଦି ତୁମେ କାଗଜ–ଫର୍ଦଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ଉପରକୁ ଉପର ଥାକ କରି ରଖୁବ, ତେବେ ଚନ୍ଦ୍ରରେ ପହଞ୍ଚିବା ପାଇଁ ତୁମକୁ କେତେ ଫର୍ଦ୍ଦ କାଗଜ’ ଆବଶ୍ୟକ ହେବ?
Solution:
(i) ବିଶ୍ଵରେ ପିମ୍ପୁଡ଼ିମାନଙ୍କ ସଂଖ୍ୟା = 20 କ୍ୱାଡ୍ରିଲିୟନ୍ = 2 × 1016 ପ୍ରାୟ ।
ବିଶ୍ୱରେ ମନୁଷ୍ୟମାନଙ୍କ ସଂଖ୍ୟା = 8 ବିଲିୟନ୍ = 8 × 109 ପ୍ରାୟ ।
ବିଶ୍ଵରେ ମନୁଷ୍ୟ ଓ ପିମ୍ପୁଡ଼ିମାନଙ୍କ ସଂଖ୍ୟାର ଅନୁପାତ = \(\frac{2 \times 10^{16}}{8 \times 10^9}\)
= 0.25 × 107
= 2.5 × 106

(ii) ଷ୍ଟଲିଂ ପକ୍ଷୀସଂଖ୍ୟା = 3.1 × 108 ପ୍ରାୟ ।
ଷ୍ଟଲିଂ ପକ୍ଷୀମାନଙ୍କର ଗୋଟିଏ ଦଳରେ ପକ୍ଷୀସଂଖ୍ୟା = 1 × 104
ବିଶ୍ଵରେ ଥ‌ିବା ଷ୍ଟଲିଂ ପକ୍ଷୀମାନଙ୍କର ଦଳସଂଖ୍ୟା = \(\frac{3.1 \times 10^8}{1 \times 10^4}\) = 3.1 × 104

(iii) ବିଶ୍ଵର ଗଛସଂଖ୍ୟା ପ୍ରାୟ = 3 × 1012
ଗୋଟିଏ ଗଛର ପତ୍ର ସଂଖ୍ୟା ପ୍ରାୟ = 1 × 104
ବିଶ୍ଵର ସମୁଦାୟ ଗଛର ପତ୍ର ସଂଖ୍ୟା = 3 × 1012 × 1 × 104 = 3 × 1016

(iv) ଚନ୍ଦ୍ରର ଦୂରତା = 3.84 × 108 ମିଟର।
ଗୋଟିଏ କାଗଜର ମୋଟେଇ = 1 × 10-4 ମିଟର।
ଚନ୍ଦ୍ରରେ ପହଞ୍ଚିବା ପାଇଁ କାଗଜ ଦରକାର = \(\frac{3.84 \times 10^8}{1 \times 10^{-4}}\) = 3.84 × 1012

Page No. 39

Question 1.
‘‘ତୁମର ବୟସ କେତେ ?” ଇଡୁ ପଚାରିଲା :
‘‘ମୁଁ କିଛି ସପ୍ତାହ ପୂର୍ବରୁ 13 ବର୍ଷ ପୂରଣ କରିଛି’’ ରକି ଉତ୍ତର ଦେଲା ।
‘‘ତୁମର ବୟସ କେତେ ?” ଇଡୁ ପୁଣି ପଚାରିଲା ।
‘‘ଆଜି ମୋତେ 4840 ଦିନ’’ ରକି କହିଲା ।
‘‘ତୁମକୁ କେତେ ବୟସ’’ ଇଡୁ ଆଉ ଥରେ ପଚାରିଲା,
‘‘ମୋର ବୟସ ————– ଘଣ୍ଟା !’’ ରକି କହିଲା ।
Solution:
1 ବର୍ଷ = 365 ଦିନ ।
4840 ଦିନ = \(\frac {4840}{365}\) ବର୍ଷ = 13.26 ବର୍ଷ |
1 ଦିନ = 24 ଘଣ୍ଟା ।
4840 ଦିନ = 24 × 4840 = 116160 ଘଣ୍ଟା
∴ ରକିର ବୟସ 13,26 ବର୍ଷ ଓ 116160 ଘଣ୍ଟା ।

Question 2.
ଇତୁ ‘‘ଆଜି ମୋର ବୟସ 4070 ଦିନ । ତୁମେ ମୋର ଜନ୍ମତାରିଖ ଖୋଜି ପାରିବ କି ?’’
Solution:
ନିଜେ କର ।

Question 3.
ଯଦି ତୁମେ ଏକ ନିୟୁତ ସେକେଣ୍ଡ ବଞ୍ଚୁଛ, ତେବେ ତୁମକୁ କେତେ ବୟସ ହେବ?
Solution:
ମିନିଟ୍ = 60 ସେକେଣ୍ଡ ।
1 ଘଣ୍ଟା = 60 ମିନିଟ୍ = 60 × 60 ସେକେଣ୍ଡ = 3600 ସେକେଣ୍ଡ ।
1 ଦିନ = 24 ଘଣ୍ଟା = 24 × 3600 = 86,400 ସେକେଣ୍ଡ ।
ତୁମେ ବଞ୍ଚ = 1 ନିୟୁତ ସେକେଣ୍ଡ = 10,00,000 ସେକେଣ୍ଡ ।
ଦିନ ସଂଖ୍ୟା = \(\frac {10,00,000}{86,400}\) = 11.57 ଦିନ।

Page No. 40

Question 1.
105 ସେକେଣ୍ଡ = 1.16 ଦିନ ଏବଂ 106 ସେକେଣ୍ଡ = 11.57 ଦିନ । କିଛି ଘଟଣା ବିଷୟରେ ଚିନ୍ତାକର ଯାହାର ସମୟ (i) 105 ସେକେଣ୍ଡ ଏବଂ (ii) 106 ସେକେଣ୍ଡର କ୍ରମରେ ଅଛନ୍ତି, ସେଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ବୈଜ୍ଞାନିକ ସଂକେତରେ ଲେଖ ।
Solution:
(i) 105 ସେକେଣ୍ଡର ଘଟଣାଗୁଡ଼ିକ (ପ୍ରାୟ 1.16 ଦିନ)
(କ) ବହୁସ୍ତରୀୟ ସାଇକେଲ ଚାଳନା ଦୌଡ଼ ପର୍ଯ୍ୟାୟ (ଟୁର ଡି ଫ୍ରାନ୍ସର ଗୋଟିଏ ପର୍ଯ୍ୟାୟ ପରି)
ସମୟ ବ୍ୟବଧାନ : 1 × 105 ସେକେଣ୍ଡ ।
(ଖ) ଏକ କ୍ଷୁଦ୍ର ଚଳଚ୍ଚିତ୍ର ବା ଡକୁମେଣ୍ଟାରୀ ଫିଲ୍ମ କରିବା ।
ସୁଟିଂ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟସୂଚୀ : 1.2 × 105 ସେକେଣ୍ଡ ।

(ii) 106 ସେକେଣ୍ଡର ଘଟଣାଗୁଡ଼ିକ (ପ୍ରାୟ 11.57 ଦିନ)
(କ) ବଡ଼ ଉତ୍ସବର ଅବଧୂ (ଯଥା- କୁମ୍ଭମେଳା କିମ୍ବା ଅଲମ୍ପିକ୍ସ ଉଦ୍‌ଘାଟନୀ ଇଭେଣ୍ଟ)
ସମ୍ପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ ଉତ୍ସବ ଅବଧୂ ପ୍ରାୟ 1 × 106 ସେକେଣ୍ଡ ।
(ଖ) କୁକୁଡ଼ା ଅଣ୍ଡାର ଉଷୁମାଇବା ସମୟ (ଛୁଆ ହେବା ପର୍ଯ୍ୟନ୍ତ) ପ୍ରାୟ 1.2 × 106 ସେକେଣ୍ଡ।

Page No. 42

Question 1.
ବୈଜ୍ଞାନିକ ସଂକେତ ବ୍ୟବହାର କରି ଗଣନ କର ଏବଂ ଉତ୍ତର ଲେଖ।
(i) ଯଦି ପ୍ରତି ସେକେଣ୍ଡରେ ଗୋଟିଏ ତାରା ଗଣାଯାଏ, ତେବେ ବ୍ରହ୍ମାଣ୍ଡର ସମସ୍ତ ତାରା ଗଣନା କରିବା ପାଇଁ କେତେ ସମୟ ଲାଗିବ? ବୈଜ୍ଞାନିକ ‘ସଂକେତ ବ୍ୟବହାର କରି ସେକେଣ୍ଡ ଏକକରେ ଉତ୍ତର ଦିଅ।
(ii) ଯଦି ଜଣେ ବ୍ୟକ୍ତି 10 ସେକେଣ୍ଡରେ ଏକ ଗ୍ଲାସ ପାଣି (200 ମି.ଲି.) ପିଇପାରନ୍ତି, ତେବେ ପୃଥ‌ିବୀରେ ଥିବା ସବୁ ପାଣି ପିଇ ଶେଷ କରିବାକୁ ତାଙ୍କୁ କେତେ ସମୟ ଲାଗିବ?
Solution:
(i) ପର୍ଯ୍ୟବେକ୍ଷଣ ଯୋଗ୍ୟ ସ୍ଥାନରେ ଥିବା ତାରାଗୁଡ଼ିକର ଆନୁମାନିକ ସଂଖ୍ୟା :
ବ୍ରହ୍ମାଣ୍ଡରେ ତାରା ସଂଖ୍ୟା : 1 × 1024 (1 ସେକ୍ସଟିଲିୟନ୍)
ଯଦି ଆମେ ପ୍ରତି ସେକେଣ୍ଡରେ ଗୋଟିଏ ତାରା ଗଣନା କରନ୍ତି,
ତେବେ ଆବଶ୍ୟକ ସମୟ = 1 × 1024 ସେକେଣ୍ଡ ।
(ii) ପୃଥିବୀରେ ଥିବା ମୋଟ ଜଳର ଆୟତନ ହେଉଛି 1.38 × 109 କି.ମି.3
ଘନ କି.ମି.କୁ ମିଲିଲିଟରରେ ପରିଣତ କଲେ = 1.386 × 109 × 1015 ମି.ଲି.। = 1.386 × 1024 ମି.ଲି.।
ପ୍ରତ୍ୟେକ ଗ୍ଲାସ୍ଟର କ୍ଷମତା = 200 ମି.ଲି.।
ଏକ ଗ୍ଲାସ୍ ପାଣି ପିଇବାକୁ ସମୟ ଲାଗେ = 10 ସେକେଣ୍ଡ ।
ସମୁଦାୟ ଗ୍ଲାସ୍ ସଂଖ୍ୟା = 6.93 × 1021
∴ ସବୁ ପାଣି ପିଇ ଶେଷ କରିବାକୁ ସମୟ ଲାଗିବ = 6.93 × 1021 × 10 = 6.93 × 1022 ସେକେଣ୍ଡ।

2.5 ଇତିହାସ ପୃଷ୍ଠାରୁ

ନିଜେ କରି ଦେଖ : (Page No. 44-45)

Question 1.
2224 ÷ 432 ମାନର ଏକକ ସ୍ଥାନରେ ଥ‌ିବା ଅଙ୍କଟି କେତେ? (ସୂଚନା 4 = 22)
Solution:
2224 ÷ 432 = 2224 ÷ (22)32 = 2224 ÷ 264 = 2(224-64) = 2160
[∵ (am)n = amn]
2 ଘାତର ଏକକ ଅଙ୍କ ପ୍ରତି ଚାରି ଘାତରେ ଏକ ପୁନରାବୃତ୍ତି ଢାଞ୍ଚା ଅନୁସରଣ କରେ ।
21 = 2, 22 = 4, 23 = 8, 24 = 16 (ଏକକ ଅଙ୍କ 6),
25 = 32 (ଏକକ ଅଙ୍କ 2), 26 = 64 (ଏକକ ଅଙ୍କ 4)
2ର ଘାତ ହେଉଛି 160। ତେଣୁ = \(\frac {160}{4}\) = 40
ଯେତେବେଳେ ଭାଗଶେଷ 0, ଚକ୍ରରେ ଏକକ ସ୍ଥାନରେ ଥିବା ଶେଷ ଅଙ୍କଟି 6 ହେବ।
∴ 2224 ÷ 432 ମାନର ଏକକ ସ୍ଥାନରେ ଥିବା ଅଙ୍କଟି 6।

Question 2.
ଗୋଟିଏ ପାତ୍ରରେ 5ଟି ବୋତଲ ଅଛି । ପ୍ରତିଦିନ ଗୋଟିଏ ନୂଆପାତ୍ର ଅଣାଯାଉଥାଏ । 40 ଦିନପରେ ସେଥିରେ କେତେ ନୂଆ ବୋତଲ ଥିବ?
Solution:
ଗୋଟିଏ ପାତ୍ରରେ 5ଟି ବୋତଲ ଅଛି ।
40 ଦିନ ପର୍ଯ୍ୟନ୍ତ ପ୍ରତିଦିନ ଗୋଟିଏ ନୂଆପାତ୍ର ଅଣାଯାଉଥାଏ ।
40 ଦିନପରେ ବୋତଲ ସଂଖ୍ୟା = 40ଟି ପାତ୍ର × 5ଟି ବୋତଲ = 200 ବୋତଲ ।

Class 8 Maths Chapter 2 Question Answer Odia Medium ଘାତର ଖେଳ

Question 3.
ନିମ୍ନରେ ଦିଆଯାଇଥବା ସଂଖ୍ୟାକୁ ଦୁଇ କିମ୍ବା ଅଧିକ ଘାତାଙ୍କର ଗୁଣଫଳ ଭାବରେ ତିନୋଟି ଭିନ୍ନଭିନ୍ନ ଉପାୟରେ ଲେଖ । ଘାତାଙ୍କଗୁଡ଼ିକ ଯେକୌଣସି ପୂର୍ବସଂଖ୍ୟା ହୋଇପାରିବ ।
(i) 643
(ii) 1928
(iii) 32-5
Solution:
Class 8 Maths Chapter 2 Question Answer Odia Medium ଘାତର ଖେଳ Page 44 Q3
ବିକଳ୍ପ ଉତ୍ତର :
ଆମେ ଜାଣିଛେ (am)n = amn ଓ am+n = am × an
(i) 643 = (82)3 = 82×3 = 82 × 83
643 = (43)3 = 43×3 = 43 × 43

(ii) 1928 = (64 × 3)8 = (82 × 31)8 = 82×8 × 38 = 816 × 38
1928 = (64 × 3)8 = (43 × 31)8 = 424 × 38
1928 = (64 × 3)8 = (26 × 31)8 = 248 × 38

(iii) 32-5 = (25)-5 = 25×(-5)
(32)-5 = (25)-5 = 2-25 = 2(-5-10-10) = 2-5 × 2-10 × 2-10
(32)-5 = (25)-5 = 2-25 = 2(10-35) = 210 × 2-35

Question 4.
ନିମ୍ନରେ ଦିଆଯାଇଥିବା ପ୍ରତ୍ୟେକ ଉକ୍ତିକୁ ପରୀକ୍ଷା କର ଏବଂ କେଉଁଗୁଡ଼ିକ ‘ସର୍ବଦା ସତ୍ୟ’, ‘ବେଳେବେଳେ ସତ୍ୟ’ କିମ୍ବା ‘ଆଦୌ’ ସତ୍ୟ ନୁହେଁ? ନିର୍ଣ୍ଣୟ କର । ତୁମର ଯୁକ୍ତିକୁ ବର୍ଣ୍ଣନା କର ।
(i) ଘନ ସଂଖ୍ୟାଗୁଡ଼ିକ ମଧ୍ୟ ବର୍ଗ ସଂଖ୍ୟା ଅଟନ୍ତି ।
(ii) ଚତୁର୍ଥ ଘାତାଙ୍କ ବିଶିଷ୍ଟ ସଂଖ୍ୟାଗୁଡ଼ିକ ମଧ୍ୟ ବର୍ଗ ସଂଖ୍ୟା ଅଟନ୍ତି ।
(iii) ଗୋଟିଏ ସଂଖ୍ୟାର ପଞ୍ଚମ ଘାତାଙ୍କ ସେହି ସଂଖ୍ୟାର ଘନଦ୍ଵାରା ବିଭାଜ୍ୟ ।
(iv) ଦୁଇଟି ଘନସଂଖ୍ୟାର ଗୁଣଫଳ ଏକ ଘନସଂଖ୍ୟା ଅଟେ ।
(v) q46 ସଂଖ୍ୟାଟି ଉଭୟ ଚତୁର୍ଥ ଘାତାଙ୍କ ଓ ଷଷ୍ଠ ଘାତାଙ୍କ ଅଟେ । (q ଏକ ମୌଳିକ ସଂଖ୍ୟା ଅଟେ)।
Solution:
(i) ଘନ ସଂଖ୍ୟାଗୁଡ଼ିକ ମଧ୍ୟ ବର୍ଗ ସଂଖ୍ୟା ଅଟନ୍ତି ।
ଉଦାହରଣ : 64 = 43 = 82 ହେଉଛି ଗୋଟିଏ ଘନ ଏବଂ ବର୍ଗ ସଂଖ୍ୟା ।
ଯେପରିକି 8 = 23 ହେଉଛି ଗୋଟିଏ ଘନସଂଖ୍ୟା କିନ୍ତୁ ବର୍ଗସଂଖ୍ୟା ନୁହେଁ ଏବଂ
9 = 32 ହେଉଛି ଗୋଟିଏ ବର୍ଗସଂଖା କିନ୍ତୁ ଘନସଂଖ୍ୟା ନୁହେଁ ।
ତେଣୁ ଏହି ଉକ୍ତିଟି ବେଳେବେଳେ ସତ୍ୟ ।

(ii) ଚତୁର୍ଥ ଘାତାଙ୍କ ବିଶିଷ୍ଟ ସଂଖ୍ୟାଗୁଡ଼ିକ ମଧ୍ୟ ବର୍ଗ ସଂଖ୍ୟା ଅଟନ୍ତି ।
ଏହି ଉକ୍ତିଟି ସର୍ବଦା ସତ୍ୟ ।
ଉଦାହରଣ : ଏକ ଚତୁର୍ଥ ଘାତକୁ x4 ଲେଖାଯାଇପାରିବ ।
ଏହାକୁ (x2)2 ଭାବରେ ପୁନଃ ଲେଖାଯାଇପାରେ, ଯାହା x2ର ବର୍ଗ ।

(iii) ଗୋଟିଏ ସଂଖ୍ୟାର ପଞ୍ଚମ ଘାତାଙ୍କ ସେହି ସଂଖ୍ୟାର ଘନଦ୍ଵାରା ବିଭାଜ୍ୟ।
ମନେକର ସଂଖ୍ୟାଟି = n
ଏହାର ପଞ୍ଚମ ଘାତ = n5 ଏବଂ ଘନ = n3
ଯେହେତୁ n5 = n3 × n2
∴ n5 ଯେକୌଣସି ପୂର୍ବସଂଖ୍ୟା ପାଇଁ n3 ଦ୍ଵାରା ବିଭାଜ୍ୟ।
ତେଣୁ ଏହି ଉକ୍ତିଟି ସର୍ବଦା ସତ୍ୟ।

(iv) ଦୁଇଟି ଘନସଂଖ୍ୟାର ଗୁଣଫଳ ଏକ ଘନସଂଖ୍ୟା ଅଟେ ।
ମନେକର ଘନସଂଖ୍ୟାଦ୍ଵୟ a3 ଓ b3
ସେମାନଙ୍କର ଗୁଣଫଳ = a3 × b3 = (a × b)3
ଯେହେତୁ ଗୁଣଫଳ ଅନ୍ୟ ସଂଖ୍ୟା (a × b)ର ଘନ ଭାବରେ ପ୍ରକାଶ କରାଯାଇପାରେ,
ଏହା ସର୍ବଦା ଗୋଟିଏ ଘନସଂଖ୍ୟା ହେବ।
ତେଣୁ ଉକ୍ତିଟି ସର୍ବଦା ସତ୍ୟ ଅଟେ।

(v) q46 ସଂଖ୍ୟାଟି ଉଭୟ ଚତୁର୍ଥ ଘାତାଙ୍କ ଓ ଷଷ୍ଠ ଘାତାଙ୍କ ଅଟେ । (q ଏକ ମୌଳିକ ସଂଖ୍ୟା ଅଟେ) ।
q46 କୁ ଚତୁର୍ଥ ଘାତରେ ପରିଣତ କରିବା ପାଇଁ 46 ସଂଖ୍ୟାଟି 4 ଦ୍ଵାରା ବିଭାଜ୍ୟ ହେବ, ଯାହା ସମ୍ଭବ ନୁହେଁ ।
q46 କୁ ଷଷ୍ଠ ଘାତରେ ପରିଣତ କରିବା ପାଇଁ 46 ସଂଖ୍ୟାଟି 6 ଦ୍ଵାରା ବିଭାଜ୍ୟ ହେବ, ଯାହା ସମ୍ଭବ ନୁହେଁ ।
∴ q46 ସଂଖ୍ୟାଟି ଉଭୟ ଚତୁର୍ଥ ଘାତାଙ୍କ ଓ ଷଷ୍ଠ ଘାତାଙ୍କ ହୋଇପାରିବ ନାହିଁ । ତେଣୁ ଉକ୍ତିଟି ସତ୍ୟ ନୁହେଁ ।

Question 5.
ନିମ୍ନ ରାଶିଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ସରଳ କର ଏବଂ ଘାତାଙ୍କୀୟ ରୂପରେ ଲେଖ :
(i) 10-2 × 10-5
(ii) 57 ÷ 54
(iii) 9-7 ÷ 94
(iv) (13-2)-3
(v) m5n12(mn)9
Solution:
(i) 10-2 × 10-5 = 10-2-5 = 10-7 [∵ am × an = am+n]
(ii) 57 ÷ 54 = 57-4 = 53 [∵ am ÷ an = am-n]
(iii) 9-7 ÷ 94 = 9-7-4 = 9-11 [∵ am ÷ an = am-n]
(iv) (13-2)-3 = (13)-2×(-3) = (13)6 [∵ (am)n = amn]
(v) m5n12(mn)9 = m5n12m9n9 = m5+9 . n12+9 = m14n21 [∵ (am)n = amn, am × an = am+n]

Question 6.
ଯଦି 122 = 144, ତେବେ ନିମ୍ନଲିଖୂତ ପରିପ୍ରକାଶଗୁଡ଼ିକର ମାନ କେତେ ହେବ?
(i) (1.2)2
(ii) (0.12)2
(iii) (0.012)2
(iv) 1202
Solution:
(i) (1.2)2 = \(\left(\frac{12}{10}\right)^2=\frac{144}{100}\) = 1.44
(ii) (0.12)2 = \(\left(\frac{12}{100}\right)^2=\frac{144}{10000}\) = 0.0144
(iii) (0.012)2 = \(\left(\frac{12}{1000}\right)^2=\frac{144}{10,00,000}\) = 0.000144
(iv) 1202 = (12 × 10)2 = 144 × 100 = 14400

Class 8 Maths Chapter 2 Question Answer Odia Medium ଘାତର ଖେଳ

Question 7.
ସମାନ ମୂଲ୍ୟବିଶିଷ୍ଟ ସଂଖ୍ୟାଗୁଡ଼ିକ ଗୋଲ ବୁଲାଅ-
24 × 36, 64 × 32, 610, 182 × 62, 624
Solution:
Class 8 Maths Chapter 2 Question Answer Odia Medium ଘାତର ଖେଳ Page 44 Q7

Question 8.
ନିମ୍ନଲିଖୁତ ପ୍ରତ୍ୟେକ ସ୍ଥଳରେ ବୃହତ୍ତର ସଂଖ୍ୟାଟିକୁ ଚିହ୍ନଟ କର ।
(i) 43 କିମ୍ବା 34
(ii) 28 କିମ୍ବା 82
(iii) 1002 କିମ୍ବା 2100
Solution:
(i) 43 = 64, 34 = 81
⇒ 81 > 64
∴ 34 > 43

(ii) 28 = 256, 82 = 64
⇒ 256 > 64
∴ 28 > 82

(iii) 1002 = 10000, 2100 = (210)10 = (1024)10
1024 ସଂଖ୍ୟାଟି 100 ଠାରୁ ବଡ଼,
ଏହାର ଘାତ 10 ବୃଦ୍ଧି ହେଲେ, 10000 ଠାରୁ ବଡ଼ ହେବ ।
∴ 2100 > 1002

Question 9.
ଏକ ଡାଏରୀ ଫାର୍ମ ବର୍ଷକୁ 8.5 ବିଲିୟନ ପ୍ୟାକେଟ୍ କ୍ଷୀର ଉତ୍ପାଦନ କରିବାକୁ ଯୋଜନା କରୁଛି । ସେମାନେ ପ୍ରତ୍ୟେକ ପ୍ୟାକେଟ୍‌ ପାଇଁ ଏକ ଅନନ୍ୟ ID (ପରିଚୟ ପତ୍ର) କୋର୍ଡ଼ ଚାହୁଁଛନ୍ତି । ଯଦି ସେମାନେ 0 – 9 ଅଙ୍କଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ବ୍ୟବହାର କରିବାକୁ ସ୍ଥିର କରନ୍ତି, ତେବେ କୋଡ଼ରେ କେତୋଟି ଅଙ୍କ ରହିବ?
Solution:
ଗୋଟିଏ ବର୍ଷରେ ଉତ୍ପାଦିତ ମୋଟ ପ୍ୟାକେଟ୍ ସଂଖ୍ୟା = 8.5 ବିଲିୟନ୍ ।
ଆବଶ୍ୟକ କୋଡ଼୍ ସଂଖ୍ୟା = 8.5 × 109 କୋଡ଼୍ ।
0 ରୁ 9 ପର୍ଯ୍ୟନ୍ତ ଅଙ୍କଗୁଡ଼ିକ ବ୍ୟବହାର କରି ID କୋଡ଼ପାଇଁ ପ୍ରତ୍ୟେକ ସଂଖ୍ୟାର 10ଟି ବିକଳ୍ପ ଅଛି ।
n ସଂଖ୍ୟା ବିଶିଷ୍ଟ କୋଡ଼୍ ତିଆରି କରିବାକୁ ସମ୍ଭାବ୍ୟ ମୋଟ କୋଡ୍ ସଂଖ୍ୟା = 10n
∴ 10n ≥ 8.5 × 109
109 = 1,00,00,00,000
10n ≥ 8.5 × 109ର ସର୍ବନିମ୍ନ ମୂଲ୍ୟ ସନ୍ତୁଷ୍ଟ କରିବାକୁ nର ମୂଲ୍ୟ = 10
∴ କୋଡ଼ର ଅଙ୍କସଂଖ୍ୟା 1010

Question 10.
64 ଏକ ବର୍ଗ ସଂଖ୍ୟା (82) ଏବଂ ଘନସଂଖ୍ୟା (43) ସହ ସମାନ । ଏହିପରି ଅନ୍ୟ କୌଣସି ସଂଖ୍ୟା ଅଛି କି ଯାହା ଉଭୟ ବର୍ଗ ଓ ଘନ ଅଟେ ? ସାଧାରଣ ଭାବେ ଏହିପରି ସଂଖ୍ଯାଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ପ୍ରକାଶ କରିବାର କୌଣସି ଉପାୟ ଅଛି କି?
Solution:
Class 8 Maths Chapter 2 Question Answer Odia Medium ଘାତର ଖେଳ Page 44 Q10
ହଁ ଏହିପରି ଅନେକ ସଂଖ୍ୟା ଅଛି ଯାହା ଉଭୟ ବର୍ଗ ଓ ଘନ ଅଟେ।
ସାଧାରଣ ନିୟମ : ଏକ ସଂଖ୍ୟା ଉଭୟ ପୂର୍ବବର୍ଗ ଏବଂ ପୂର୍ବଘନ ସଂଖ୍ୟା ହେବ, ଯଦି ଏହା ଏକ ପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ ଷଷ୍ଠ ଘାତ ହୁଏ ।
ଅର୍ଥାତ୍ କୌଣସି ପୂର୍ବସଂଖ୍ୟା x ପାଇଁ ଏହାକୁ x6 ଭାବରେ ଲେଖାଯାଇପାରିବ।
ତେବେ ଏକ ସଂଖ୍ୟା ଉଭୟ ପୂର୍ବବର୍ଗ ଓ ପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ ଘନ ହେବ।

Question 11.
ଏକ ଡିଜିଟାଲ ଲକର୍‌ରେ 5 ଅକ୍ଷର ବିଶିଷ୍ଟ ଆଲଫାନ୍ୟୁମେରିକ୍ (ଏଥିରେ ଉଭୟ ଅଙ୍କ ଏବଂ ଅକ୍ଷର ରହିପାରିବ) ପାସ୍କୋର୍ଡ଼ ଅଛି, କୋର୍ଡ଼ଗୁଡ଼ିକର କିଛି ଉଦାହରଣ ହେଉଛି G89PO, 38098, BRJKW ଏବଂ 003AZ । ଏହିପରି କେତୋଟି କୋର୍ଡ଼ ସମ୍ଭବ?
Solution:
ଅକ୍ଷର ସଂଖ୍ୟା (A – Z) = 26
ଅଙ୍କ ସଂଖ୍ୟା (0 – 9) = 10
ତେଣୁ ପ୍ରତ୍ୟେକ ଅକ୍ଷର 36ଟି ଆଲ୍‌ଫାନ୍ୟୁମେରିକ୍ ଅକ୍ଷର ମଧ୍ୟରୁ ଯେକୌଣସି ହୋଇପାରେ ।
ଏହା ସହିତ ପ୍ରତ୍ୟେକ 5ଟି ସ୍ଥାନ ପାଇଁ 36ଟି ବିକଳ୍ପ ଅଛି ।
ମୋଟ୍ କୋଡ଼୍ = 365 = 6,04,66,176
ତେଣୁ, 5 ଅକ୍ଷର ବିଶିଷ୍ଟ 6,04,66,176ଟି ଆଲଫାନ୍ୟୁମେରିକ୍ ପାସ୍‌ର୍ଡ଼ ସମ୍ଭବ ।

Question 12.
ସମଗ୍ର ବିଶ୍ଵରେ ମେଣ୍ଢାମାନଙ୍କ ସଂଖ୍ୟା 2024 ମସିହା ପ୍ରାୟ 109 ଏବଂ ଛେଳିମାନଙ୍କର ସଂଖ୍ୟା ପ୍ରାୟ ସମାନ । ମେଣ୍ଢା ଓ ଛେଳିମାନଙ୍କର ମୋଟ ସଂଖ୍ୟା ନିମ୍ନୋକ୍ତ ବିକଳ୍ପଗୁଡ଼ିକ ମଧ୍ୟରୁ କେଉଁଟି ?
(i) 209
(ii) 1011
(iii) 1010
(iv) 1018
(v) 2 × 109
(vi) 109 + 109
Solution:
ମେଣ୍ଢାମାନଙ୍କ ସଂଖ୍ୟା = 109
ଛେଳିମାନଙ୍କ ସଂଖ୍ୟା = 109
ମେଣ୍ଢା ଓ ଛେଳିମାନଙ୍କର ମୋଟ ସଂଖ୍ୟା = 109 + 109 = 2 × 109
∴ (v) ବିକଳ୍ପଟି ଠିକ୍ ।

Class 8 Maths Chapter 2 Question Answer Odia Medium ଘାତର ଖେଳ

Question 13.
ହିସାବ କର ଏବଂ ବୈଜ୍ଞାନିକ ସଂକେତରେ ଉତ୍ତର ଲେଖ ।
(i) ଯଦି ବିଶ୍ଵର ପ୍ରତ୍ୟେକ ବ୍ୟକ୍ତିଙ୍କ ପାଖରେ 30 ଖଣ୍ଡ ପୋଷାକ ଥାଏ, ତେବେ ମୋଟ ପୋଷାକ ସଂଖ୍ୟା ନିର୍ଣ୍ଣୟ କର।
(ii) ବିଶ୍ଵରେ ପ୍ରାୟ 100 ନିୟୁତ ମହୁଫେଣା ଅଛି; ପ୍ରତ୍ୟେକ ଫେଣାରେ ପ୍ରାୟ 50,000 ମହୁମାଛି ଥାଆନ୍ତି, ତେବେ ମହୁମାଛି ସଂଖ୍ୟା ନିର୍ଣ୍ଣୟ କର।
(iii) ମାନବ ଶରୀରରେ ପ୍ରାୟ 38 ଟ୍ରିଲିୟନ୍ ବ୍ୟାକ୍ଟେରିଆ କୋଷ ଅଛି, ପୃଥୁବୀରେ ଥିବା ସମସ୍ତ ମଣିଷଙ୍କ ଶରୀରରେ ଥିବା ବ୍ୟାକ୍ଟେରିଆ ସଂଖ୍ୟା ନିର୍ଣ୍ଣୟ କର।
(iv) ଜୀବନକାଳରେ ଖାଇବାରେ ବିତାଇଥବା ମୋଟ ସମୟକୁ ସେକେଣ୍ଡ ଏକକରେ ନିର୍ଣ୍ଣୟ କର।
Solution:
(i) ଆମେ ଜାଣୁ ଯେ, ବିଶ୍ଵର ଜନସଂଖ୍ୟା = 8.2 ବିଲିୟନ୍ = 8.2 × 109
ପ୍ରତ୍ୟେକ ବ୍ୟକ୍ତିଙ୍କ ପାଖରେ ଥିବା ପୋଷାକ ସଂଖ୍ୟା = 30 ଖଣ୍ଡ ।
∴ ବିଶ୍ଵର ମୋଟ ପୋଷାକ ସଂଖ୍ୟା = 8.2 × 109 × 30
= 246 × 109
= 2.46 × 1011 ଟି ପୋଷାକ।

(ii) ବିଶ୍ଵର ମହୁଫେଣା ସଂଖ୍ୟା = 100 ନିୟୁତ = 1 × 108
ପ୍ରତ୍ୟେକ ଫେଣାରେ ମୁହମାଛି ଥାଆନ୍ତି = 5,000 = 5 × 104
ମୋଟ ମହୁମାଛି ସଂଖ୍ୟା = 1 × 108 × 5 × 104 = 5 × 1012 ମହୁମାଛି ।

(iii) ମାନବ ଶରୀରରେ ବ୍ୟାକ୍ଟେରିଆ କୋଷ ସଂଖ୍ୟା = 38 ଟ୍ରିଲିୟନ୍ = 3.8 × 1013
ପୃଥ‌ିବୀର ଜନସଂଖ୍ୟା = 8.2 ବିଲିୟନ୍ = 8.2 × 109
ପୃଥ‌ିବୀରେ ଥ‌ିବା ସମସ୍ତ ମଣିଷଙ୍କ ଶରୀରରେ ଥିବା ବ୍ୟାକ୍ଟେରିଆ ସଂଖ୍ୟା = 3.8 × 1013 × 8.2 × 109
= 31.16 × 1013+9
= 31.16 × 1022

(iv) ମନେକର ଦୈନିକ ଖାଇବାରେ ବିତାଉଥବା ହାରାହାରି ସମୟକୁ 1.5 ଘଣ୍ଟା ଧରାଯାଉ ।
ସେକେଣ୍ଡରେ ପ୍ରକାଶ କଲେ = 1.5 × 60 × 60 = 5400 ସେକେଣ୍ଡ = 5.4 × 103 ସେକେଣ୍ଡ ।
ଜଣେ ବ୍ୟକ୍ତିର ଜୀବନକାଳ ସମୟ ଆନୁମାନିକ = 70 ବର୍ଷ ।
ଜୀବନକାଳ ସମୟକୁ ସେକେଣ୍ଡରେ ପ୍ରକାଶ କଲେ = 70 × 365 × 24 × 60 × 60
= 161,148,960,000
= 1.61 × 1011
ଖାଇବାରେ ବିତାଇଥବା ମୋଟ ସମୟ = 5.4 × 103 × 1.61 × 1011
= 8.694 × 103+11
= 8.7 × 1014 ସେକେଣ୍ଡ।

Question 14.
1 ଅରବ / 1 ବିଲିୟନ ସେକେଣ୍ଡ ପୂର୍ବରୁ ତାରିଖ କେତେ ଥିଲା?
Solution:
1 ଅରବ = 109
ମିନିଟ୍ = \(\frac{1,000,000,000}{60}\)
ଘଣ୍ଟା = \(\frac{1,000,000,000}{60 \times 60}\)
ଦିନ = \(\frac{1,000,000,000}{60 \times 60 \times 24}\)
ବର୍ଷ = \(\frac{1,000,000,000}{365 \times 60 \times 60 \times 24}\)
ଆମେ କ୍ୟାଲେଣ୍ଡର ଦେଖୁଲେ ଏହା ପ୍ରାୟ 31 ବର୍ଷ, 8 ମାସ ଓ 15 ଦିନ ହେବ ।
ମନେକର ଆଜିର ଦିନ 1 ଜାନୁୟାରୀ 2026
ଆଜିର ଦିନର 31 ବର୍ଷ, 8 ମାସ ଓ 15 ଦିନ ପୂର୍ବେ ଥୁଲା = 24 ଏପ୍ରିଲ୍ 1994

Class 8 Maths Chapter 2 MCQ Odia Medium

ସମ୍ଭାବ୍ୟ ଚାରୋଟି ଉତ୍ତର ମଧ୍ୟରୁ ଠିକ୍ ଉତ୍ତରଟି ବାଛି ଲେଖ ।

Question 1.
24 ର ମୂଲ୍ୟ କେତେ?
(a) 8
(b) 4
(c) 16
(d) 32
Answer:
(c) 16

Question 2.
10-10 ର ମୂଲ୍ୟ କେତେ?
(a) \(\frac{1}{(10)^{10}}\)
(b) \(\frac{1}{(100)^{10}}\)
(c) (100)10
(d) 1000
Answer:
(a) \(\frac{1}{(10)^{10}}\)

Question 3.
52 × 5-2 ର ମୂଲ୍ୟ କେତେ ?
(a) 1
(b) 5
(c) 54
(d) 5-4
Answer:
(a) 1

Question 4.
(-9)3 × (-9)8 ର ମୂଲ୍ୟ କେତେ?
(a) (-9)5
(b) (-9)-5
(c) (-9)11
(d) (-9)-11
Answer:
(c) (-9)11

Question 5.
625 କୁ ଘାତ ରାଶିରେ ପ୍ରକାଶ କଲେ କେତେ ହେବ ?
(a) 53
(b) 52
(c) 54
(d) 55
Answer:
(c) 54

Question 6.
2.08 × 10-8 ର ସାଧାରଣ ରୂପ କେତେ?
(a) 0.0000208
(b) 0.000028
(c) 0.000208
(d) 0.0002080
Answer:
(a) 0.0000208

Class 8 Maths Chapter 2 Question Answer Odia Medium ଘାତର ଖେଳ

Question 7.
ଯଦି 3 × 102 ଟି ଗଛ ଅଛି ଓ ପ୍ରତ୍ୟେକ ଗଛରେ 104 ଟି ପତ୍ର ଅଛି, ତେବେ ମୋଟ ପତ୍ର ସଂଖ୍ୟା କେତେ ?
(a) 3 × 1016
(b) 3 × 108
(c) 30 × 1012
(d) 1018
Answer:
(a) 3 × 1016

Question 8.
50 ର ମୂଲ୍ୟ କେତେ?
(a) 1
(b) 0
(c) -1
(d) 2
Answer:
(a) 1

Question 9.
1 କୋଟିକୁ 10 ର ଘାତରେ ପ୍ରକାଶ କଲେ କେତେ ହେବ?
(a) 105
(b) 106
(c) 107
(d) 108
Answer:
(c) 107

Question 10.
(2-1 × 3-1)-1 ର ମୂଲ୍ୟ କେତେ?
(a) 4
(b) 5
(c) 6
(d) 1
Answer:
(c) 6

Question 11.
34 × 33 ÷ 35 = _________
(a) -9
(b) \(\frac {1}{9}\)
(c) 34
(d) 9
Answer:
(d) 9

Question 12.
39 × 35 ÷ 97 = ?
(a) 2
(b) 3
(c) 5
(d) 1
Answer:
(d) 1

Question 13.
1000 ଯେଉଁ ଆଧାରର ତୃତୀୟ ଘାତ, ସେହି ଆଧାରର nତମ ଘାତ କେତେ ?
(a) n
(b) 10n
(c) 10n
(d) n10
Answer:
(b) 10n

Question 14.
(-2)n = -512 ଏଠାରେ n ଏକ-
(a) ଗଣନ ସଂଖ୍ୟା
(b) ପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣସଂଖ୍ୟା
(c) ପରିମେୟ ସଂଖ୍ୟା
(d) ବାସ୍ତବ ସଂଖ୍ୟା
Answer:
(a) ଗଣନ ସଂଖ୍ୟା

Question 15.
83 × 42 ÷ 162 = ___________
(a) 2
(b) 4
(c) 8
(d) 16
Answer:
(b) 4

Class 8 Maths Chapter 2 Question Answer Odia Medium ଘାତର ଖେଳ

Question 16.
256 ଯେଉଁ ଆଧାରର ଚତୁର୍ଥ ଘାତ ତା’ର ଘନ କେତେ ?
(a) 8
(b) 16
(c) 32
(d) 64
Answer:
(d) 64

Question 17.
625କୁ ଘାତ ରାଶି ରେ ପରି ଣତ କଲେ _________ ହେବ ।
(a) 252
(b) 53
(c) 54
(d) କେଉଁଟି ନୁହେଁ
Answer:
(c) 54

Question 18.
(-8)3 ର ମାନ _________
(a) 512
(b) -512
(c) 64
(d) -64
Answer:
(b) -512

Question 19.
10 ର ଚତୁର୍ଥ ଘାତ = _________
(a) 10
(b) 1000
(c) 10000
(d) କେଉଁଟି ନୁହେଁ
Answer:
(c) 10000

Question 20.
5ର _________ ଘାତ 625
(a) 2
(b) 4
(c) 3
(d) 5
Answer:
(b) 4

Question 21.
5 ଆଧାରର ଚତୁର୍ଥ ଘାତ _________ ଆଧାରର ଦ୍ବିତୀୟ ଘାତ ସହ ସମାନ ।
(a) 5
(b) 15
(c) 25
(d) 20
Answer:
(c) 25

Question 22.
256 ଯେଉଁ ଆଧାରର ଚତୁର୍ଥ ଘାତ, ତାହାର 2ୟ ଘାତ _________
(a) 4
(b) 8
(c) 32
(d) 16
Answer:
(d) 16

Question 23.
(42 × 43) ÷ 45 କୁ ସରଳ କଲେ _________ ହେବ ।
(a) 40
(b) 1
(c) 41
(d) କେଉଁଟି ନୁହେଁ
Answer:
(b) 1

Question 24.
(64)3 କୁ ମୌଳିକ ଆଧାର ବିଶିଷ୍ଟ ଘାତରାଶିରେ ପ୍ରକାଶ କଲେ _________ ହେବ ।
(a) 43
(b) 49
(c) 26
(d) 218
Answer:
(d) 218

Question 25.
(125)m-1 = _________
(a) 53m-3
(b) 53m-1
(c) 5m-3
(d) 5m-1
Answer:
(a) 53m-3

Class 8 Maths Chapter 2 Question Answer Odia Medium ଘାତର ଖେଳ

Question 26.
କେଉଁ କ୍ଷେତ୍ରରେ n ଏକ ଗଣନ ସଂଖ୍ୟା ହେବ?
(a) 5n = 100
(b) 4n = 1024
(c) 5n = 1250
(d) \(\left(\frac{2}{3}\right)^n=\frac{32}{15}\)
Answer:
(b) 4n = 1024

ସଂକ୍ଷେପରେ ଉତ୍ତର ଲେଖ।

Question 1.
ନିମ୍ନ ଘାତରାଶିମାନଙ୍କର ଆଧାର ଓ ଘାତାଙ୍କ ଦର୍ଶାଇ ମାନ ନିର୍ଣ୍ଣୟ କର ।
(i) (1)15
(ii) (-1)11
(iii) (-1)18
(iv) (9)5
(v) (-2)5
(vi) \(\left(\frac{1}{2}\right)^6\)
(vii) \(\left(\frac{2}{3}\right)^5\)
(viii) (5 × 2)4
(ix) (10)7
(x) (-10)5
Answer:
(i) (1)15 ରେ ଆଧାର 1 ଓ ଘାତାଙ୍କ 15 ଅଟେ ।
(1)15 ର ମାନ = 1 × 1 × 1 × 1 × ….× 1 (15 ଥର) = 1

(ii) (-1)11 ରେ ଆଧାର -1 ଓ ଘାତାଙ୍କ 11
(-1)11 ର ମାନ = -1 [∵ (−1)m = -1, ଯେଉଁଠାରେ m ଏକ ଅଯୁଗ୍ମ ସଂଖ୍ୟା]

(iii) (-1)18 ରେ ଆଧାର -1 ଓ ଘାତାଙ୍କ 18
(-1)18 ର ମାନ = 1 [∵ (-1)m = 1, ଯେଉଁଠାରେ m ଏକ ଯୁଗ୍ମ ସଂଖ୍ୟା)

(iv) (9)5 ରେ ଆଧାର 9 ଓ ଘାତାଙ୍କ 5
(9)5 = 9 × 9 × 9 × 9 × 9 = 59049
∴ (9)5 ର ମାନ = 59049

(v) (-2)5 ରେ ଆଧାର -2 ଓ ଘାତାଙ୍କ 5।
(-2)5 = (-2) × (-2) × (-2) × (-2) × (-2) = -32
∴ (-2)5 ର ମାନ = -32

(vi) \(\left(\frac{1}{2}\right)^6\) ରେ ଆଧାର \(\frac {1}{2}\) ଓ ଘାତାଙ୍କ 6।
\(\left(\frac{1}{2}\right)^6=\left(\frac{1}{2}\right)\left(\frac{1}{2}\right)\left(\frac{1}{2}\right)\left(\frac{1}{2}\right)\left(\frac{1}{2}\right)\left(\frac{1}{2}\right)=\frac{1}{64}\)
∴ \(\left(\frac{1}{2}\right)^6\) ର ମାନ = \(\frac {1}{64}\)

(vii) \(\left(\frac{2}{3}\right)^5\) ରେ ଆଧାର \(\frac {2}{3}\) ଓ ଘାତାଙ୍କ 5।
\(\left(\frac{2}{3}\right)^5=\left(\frac{2}{3}\right)\left(\frac{2}{3}\right)\left(\frac{2}{3}\right)\left(\frac{2}{3}\right)\left(\frac{2}{3}\right)=\frac{32}{243}\)
∴ \(\left(\frac{2}{3}\right)^5\) ର ମାନ = \(\frac {32}{243}\)

(viii) (5 × 2)4 = (10)4
= 10 × 10 × 10 × 10
= 10000
(5 × 2)4 ରେ ଆଧାର 10 ଓ ଘାତାଙ୍କ 4
∴ ମାନ = 10000

(ix) (10)7 ରେ ଆଧାର 10 ଓ ଘାତାଙ୍କ 7।
(10)7 = 10 × 10 × 10 × 10 × 10 × 10 × 10 = 10000000
∴ (10)7 ର ମାନ = 10000000

(x) (-10)5 ରେ ଆଧାର -10 ଓ ଘାତାଙ୍କ 5
(-10)5 = (-10)(-10)(-10)(-10)(-10) = -100000
∴ (-10)5 ର ମାନ = -100000

Question 2.
\(\frac{2^3 \times 3^4}{3 \times 2^5}\) କୁ ସରଳ କର।
Answer:
\(\frac{2^3 \times 3^4}{3 \times 2^5}=\left(\frac{2^3}{2^5}\right) \times\left(\frac{3^4}{3}\right)=\frac{1}{2^{5-3}} \times 3^{4-1}\) = \(\frac{1}{2^2} \times 3^3=\frac{27}{4}\)

Question 3.
ନିମ୍ନଲିଖିତ ରାଶିଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ଏକ ଆଧାର ବିଶିଷ୍ଟ ଘାତ ରାଶି ରୂପେ ପ୍ରକାଶ କର।
(i) (9)3 × (27)4
(ii) (8)3 × (-4)4
(iii) (7)8 × (-7)5
Answer:
(i) (9)3 × (27)4 = (32)3 × (33)4
= 32×3 × 33×4 [∵ (am)n = am×n]
= 36 × 312
= 36+12
= 318

(ii) (8)3 × (-4)4 = 83 × (-1 × 4)4
= 83 × (-1)4 × 44 [∵ (ab)m = am bm]
= (-1)4 × 83 × 44
= 1 × (23)3 × (22)4
= 29 × 28 [∵ (-1)4 = 1]
= 29+8
= 217

(iii) (7)8 × (-7)5
= 78 × (-1 × 7)5 [∵ (ab)m = am . bm]
= 78 × (-1)5 × 75
= (-1)5 × 78 × 75
= -1 × 78+5
= -1 × 713
= (-1)13 × 713
= (-1 × 7)13
= (-7)13

Class 8 Maths Chapter 2 Question Answer Odia Medium ଘାତର ଖେଳ

Question 4.
ମୌଳିକ ଆଧାର ବିଶିଷ୍ଟ ଘାତରାଶିରେ ପ୍ରକାଶ କର।
(i) (9)7
(ii) (125)m-1
Answer:
(i) (9)7 = (32)7 = 32×7 = 314
[∵ 9 ର ଏକ ମୌଳିକ ଗୁଣନୀୟକ 3]

(ii) (125)m-1 = (53)m-1 = 53(m-1) = 53m-3
[∵ 125 ର ଏକ ମୌଳିକ ଗୁଣନୀୟକ 5]

Question 5.
ମାନ ନିର୍ଣ୍ଣୟ କର ।
(i) (311 × 45) ÷ (44 × 36)
(ii) (43 × 42 × 4) ÷ (24 × 23 × 22)
Answer:
(i) (311 × 45) ÷ (44 × 36)
= \(\frac{3^{11} \times 4^5}{4^4 \times 3^6}\)
= \(\frac{3^{11}}{3^6} \times \frac{4^5}{4^4}\)
= 311-6 × 45-4
= 35 × 4
= 243 × 4
= 972

(ii) (43 × 45 × 4) ÷ (24 x 23 x 22)
= 43+2+1 ÷ 24+3+2
= 46 ÷ 29
= (22)6 ÷ 29
= 212 ÷ 29
= 212-9
= 23
= 8

Question 6.
ନିମ୍ନ ଘାତରାଶି ବିଶିଷ୍ଟ ପରିପ୍ରକାଶଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ସରଳ କର।
(i) \(\left(\frac{2}{9}\right)^5 \div\left(-\frac{2}{9}\right)^4\)
(ii) \(\left(\frac{1}{25}\right)^4 \div 5^4\)
(iii) \(\frac{3^8 \times a^5}{27 \times a^2}\) (a ≠ 0)
(iv) (42 × 43) ÷ 45
(v) \(\left(\frac{-2}{3}\right)^9 \div\left(\frac{2}{3}\right)^7\)
(vi) \(\left\{\left(\frac{1}{2}\right)^3\right\}^2 \div\left(\frac{1}{4}\right)^3\)
Answer:
Class 8 Maths Chapter 2 Question Answer Odia Medium ଘାତର ଖେଳ Additional Q6

Question 7.
ନିମ୍ନଲିଖୂତ ରାଶିଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ଏକ ଆଧାର ବିଶିଷ୍ଟ ଘାତ ରାଶି ରୂପେ ପ୍ରକାଶ କର।
(i) \(\frac{7^4}{3^4}\)
(ii) 39 ÷ 49
(iii) \(\left(\frac{\mathrm{a}}{\mathrm{~b}}\right)^7+\left(\frac{\mathrm{b}}{\mathrm{a}}\right)^3\)
(iv) \(\left(\frac{a}{b}\right)^4 \div\left(-\frac{b}{a}\right)^3\)
Answer:
Class 8 Maths Chapter 2 Question Answer Odia Medium ଘାତର ଖେଳ Additional Q7

Class 8 Maths Chapter 2 Question Answer Odia Medium ଘାତର ଖେଳ

Question 8.
ସରଳ କର
(i) (22 × 2)3
(ii) (ab)5 × a3 × b2
(iii) \(\left(\frac{a}{b}\right)^7 \times a^6 \times b^5 \times\left(\frac{b}{a}\right)^6\)
(iv) 39 × 35 ÷ 97
(v) \(\left(\frac{2}{3}\right)^5 \div\left(\frac{2}{3}\right)^8 \times\left(\frac{2}{3}\right)^3\)
Answer:
Class 8 Maths Chapter 2 Question Answer Odia Medium ଘାତର ଖେଳ Additional Q8

Keeping Time with the Skies Class 8 Question Answer Science Chapter 11

Go through BSE Odisha Class 8 Science Solutions Chapter 11 Keeping Time with the Skies Question Answer to understand textbook questions more clearly.

Class 8 Science Curiosity Chapter 11 Question Answer

Class 8 Science Ch 11 Keeping Time with the Skies Question Answer

Class 8 Science Chapter 11 Keeping Time with the Skies Question Answer

Probe and Ponder Questions

Question 1.
Have you ever seen the Moon during the day? Why do you think it is sometimes visible when the sun is up?
Answer:
Yes, the Moon can often be seen during the day, especially in its waxing and waning phases. This happens because the Moon reflects sunlight and during certain phases it is high enough in the sky while the Sun is also above the horizon, so the bright part of the Moon is visible to us.

Keeping Time with the Skies Class 8 Question Answer Science Chapter 11

Question 2.
Imagine you lived on the Moon instead of Earth. What would you mean by a day, a month or a year?
Answer:

  • A day on the Moon (from one sunrise to the next) would be about 29.5 Earth days.
  • A month might be defined by one complete orbit around Earth (which is also about 27.3 Earth days).
  • A year is the time the Earth takes to complete one orbit around the Sun, which you could still observed from the Moon in about 365 days.

Question 3.
What would happen if Earth had two moons instead of one? How would that change the night sky?
Answer:
If Earth had two moons:

  • The night sky would be brighter and more dynantic.
  • There could be more frequent eclipses.
  • The gravitational pull on Earth would be different, possibly affecting tides.
  • The two moons might cross paths, creating fascinating views or even risks of collision over long periods.

Question 4.
If we didn’t have clocks or calendars, how else could we measure time?
Answer:
We could measure time by:

  • Observing the position of the Sun (sunrise, noon, sunset).
  • Using the phases of the Moon to count months.
  • Tracking stars and constellations that change with the seasons.
  • Using natural events, like plant flowering or animal behaviour to mark the passage of time.

Question 5.
Share your questions …………
Answer:
Here are some fun questions from the chapter.

  • Why does the Moon change shapes?
  • How do festivals link to Moon phases?
  • Can we see statellites at night?
  • Why do some calendars add extra days?

InText Questions

Question 1.
Why does the illuminated portion of the Moon seen from the Earth decrease when it appears closer to the Sun?(Page 174)
Answer:
The Moon does not have its own light; it shines because it reflects sunlight that falls on it. When the Moon appears closer to the Sun in the sky, the side of the Moon that is illuminated by the Sun faces away from the Earth. As a result, from Earth we can see only a smaller part of the bright portion and most of the Moon’s surface visible to us is dark. That is why the illuminated portion of the Moon seen from Earth decreases when it comes closer to the Sun – it appears as a cresent Moon and finally becomes invisible on the new Moon day.

Keeping Time with the Skies Class 8 Question Answer Science Chapter 11

Question 2.
So, changing phases of the Moon is a natural periodic event, with a cycle of almost a month, which can also be used for time keeping. Yes, along with the natural periodic events of day and night and the changing seasons about which we learnt earlier. But how are these periodic events used for keeping time? (Page 178)
Answer:
The natural periodic events – like day and night, phases of the Moon and changing seasons – helps measure time because they repeat regularly after fixed intervals.

  • Day and Night: The rotation of the Earth on its axis causes day and night. One complete rotation takes 24 hours which is used to define one day.
  • Phases of the Moon: The Moon revolves around the Earth and completes one full cycle of phases (from one full Moon to the next) in about 29.5 days, which forms the basis of a month.
  • Changing Seasons: The Earth revolves around the Sun once in about 365 days. This regular change in the position of the Earth causes seasons and gives us a year.
  • Thus, these periodic motions of celestial bodies – the Earth and the Moon acts as natural clocks and calendars that humans have used for keeping time since ancient times.

Question 3.
Why do most Indian festivals fall on different dates every year? (Page 183)
Answer:
Many Indian festivals are linked to the phases of the Moon and hence are based on either lunar or luni-solar calendars, not the regular Gregorian solar calendar that we use daily. A lunar month is about 29.5 days and a lunar year (12 lunar months) has about 354 days, which is 11 days shorter than the solar year of 365 days.

Because of this difference, festivals like Diwali, Holi, Eid-ul-Fitr and Buddha Purnima which follow the Moon’s phases appear on different Gregorian calendar dates each year. To adjust this difference, the luni-solar calendars sometimes add an extra month called Adhika Maasa (extra month) every few years which helps keep the festivals in the same season.

Question 4.
When I look at the night sky in early evening, I see some moving stars. What are they? Is their motion also periodic? (Page 185)
Answer:
The moving ‘stars’ seen in the night sky are actually artificial satellites, not real stars. These are man-made objects launched into space that revolve around the Earth. They reflect sunlight which is why they appear as small moving points of light in the sky. Yes, their motion is periodic. Each satellite orbits the Earth in a fixed path and takes about 100 minutes to complete one round. Artificial satellites are used for communication, weather forecasting, navigation, disaster management and scientific research.

Keeping Time with the Skies Class 8 Questions and Answers

Keep the Curiosity Alive (Pages 187-188)

Question 1.
State whether the following statements are True or False.
(i) We can only see that part of the Moon which reflects sunlight towards us.
(ii) The shadow of Earth blocks sunlight from reaching the Moon, causing phases.
(iii) Calendars are based on various astronomical cycles which repeat predictably.
(iv) The Moon can only be seen at night.
Answer:
(i) True: We can only see the part of the Moon that reflects sunlight towards Earth.
(ii) False: The Earth’s shadow causes lunar eclipses, not the regular phases of the Moon.
(iii) True: Calendars are based on repeating astronomical events like day-night, Moon phases, and seasons.
(iv) False: The Moon can also be seen during the daytime, depending on its phase and position in the sky.

Keeping Time with the Skies Class 8 Question Answer Science Chapter 11

Question 2.
Amol was born on the 6th of May on a full Moon day. Does his birthday fall on the full Moon day every year? Explain your answer.
Answer:
No, Amol’s birthday does not fall on a full Moon Day every year. This is because the Moon’s phases follow a lunar cycle of about 29.5 days, while the calendar year follows the solar cycle of about 365 days. So, the date of the full Moon changes each year in the Gregorian calendar.

Question 3.
Name two things that are incorrect in the figure.
Keeping Time with the Skies Class 8 Question Answer Science Chapter 11.1
Answer:
Two incorrect things are :

  • Stars are shown near the Moon during the daytime, which is incorrect because stars are not visible in the daytime sky.
  • The Moon’s dark part is shaded incorrectly to show a phase. The shadow in the figure suggests it’s caused by Earth’s shadow, which is not true for regular Moon phases; they are caused by the Moon’s position relative to the Earth and Sun, not a shadow.

Question 4.
Look at the pictures of the Moon in the figure, and answer the following questions.
Keeping Time with the Skies Class 8 Question Answer Science Chapter 11.2
(i) Write the correct panel number corresponding to the phases of the Moon shown in the pictures above.
Keeping Time with the Skies Class 8 Question Answer Science Chapter 11.3
(ii) List the picture labels of the phases of the Moon that are never seen from Earth. Hint: You can use your observations from Activity 11.1 or Figure as reference.
Answer:
(i)

Picture label Phase of Moon
C Three days after New Moon
E Full Moon
F Three days after the Full Moon
A A week after the Full Moon
B Day of New Moon

(ii) Picture B (New Moon phase) is never seen from Earth because the illuminated side of the Moon is facing away from us.

Question 5.
Malini saw the Moon overhead in the sky at sunset.
(i) Draw the phase of the Moon that Malini saw.
(ii) Is the Moon in the waxing or the waning phase?
Answer:
(i) At sunset, the Moon is overhead only during the first quarter (a week after New Moon), when the right half is illuminated. So, we need to draw a half Moon (right half bright, left half dark).
(ii) Waxing phase (because it occurs after New Moon and the bright part is increasing).

Keeping Time with the Skies Class 8 Question Answer Science Chapter 11

Question 6.
Ravi said, “I saw a crescent Moon, and it was rising in the East when the Sun was setting.” Kaushalya said, “Once I saw the gibbous Moon during the afternoon in the East.” Who out of the two is telling the truth?
Answer:
Kaushalya is telling the truth because gibbous Moons can be seen in the East during the afternoon. Ravi’s statement is incorrect because Crescent Moons do not rise in the East at sunset. A crescent Moon appears just after the New Moon (waxing crescent) or just before the New Moon (waning crescent). Waxing crescent is visible after sunset in the western sky, not rising in the east, and waning crescent rises just before sunrise, not at sunset.

Question 7.
Scientific studies show that the Moon is getting farther away from the Earth and slower in its revolution. Will luni-solar calendars need an intercalary month more often or less often?
Answer:
Luni-solar calendars will need an intercalary month more often as the Moon moves farther and slower, and it takes longer to complete a cycle. So, a lunar year becomes even shorter compared to the solar year.

Question 8.
A total of 37 full Moons happen during 3 years in a solar calendar. Show that at least two of the 37 full moons must happen during the same month of the solar calendar.
Answer:
Yes, at least two full Moons must happen in the same solar month.

  • A solar calendar has 12 months × 3 years =36 months.
  • 37 full Moons in 36 months, at least one month must have 2 full Moons.

Question 9.
On a particular night, Vaishali saw the Moon in the sky from sunset to sunrise. What phase of the Moon would she have noticed?
Answer:
As the Moon is visible all night long only on a Full Moon, it is a Full Moon.

Question 10.
If we stopped having leap years, in approximately how many years would the Indian Independence Day happen in winter?
Answer:
One leap year adds ∼1 day every 4 years.
Without leap years, the calendar shifts by 1 day every 4 years.
There are roughly 183 days between 15 August (monsoon) and winter (mid-February).
183 days × 4=732 years
In approximately 730-732 years, 15 August would occur in winter.

Keeping Time with the Skies Class 8 Question Answer Science Chapter 11

Question 11.
What is the purpose of launching artificial satellites?
Answer:
Artificial satellites are launched for:

  • Communication
  • Navigation
  • Weather monitoring -Scientific research
  • Disaster management
  • Earth observation

Question 12.
On which periodic phenomenon are the following measures of time based :
(i) day
(ii) month
(iii) year
Answer:
(i) Day → Earth’s rotation
(ii) Month → Moon’s revolution (phases of the Moon)
(iii) Year → Earth’s revolution around the Sun.

Class 8 Science Chapter 11 Question Answer

Activity 1

Activity 1.

Let us explore
Aim: To observe the shape of the moon from full moon day to new moon day.

Procedure:
1. Observe the Moon at sunrise in the western direction starting from the first day after the full Moon.
2. Construct a table same as Table -1 in your notebook. Complete the following details:

  • Date
  • When you saw the Moon (at sunrise or sunset)?
  • Shade the corresponding Circle with pencil to show the bright portion of the Moon as shown in figure.

Table 1: Documenting changes in the Moon’s appearance
Keeping Time with the Skies Class 8 Question Answer Science Chapter 11.4
Answer:
Keeping Time with the Skies Class 8 Question Answer Science Chapter 11.5

Keeping Time with the Skies Class 8 Question Answer Science Chapter 11

Observations:

1. From the second day onwards also document the following:

  • Is the size of bright portion of the Moon increasing or decreasing from the previous day.
  • Yes, there is a change in shape of the moon everyday. Bright portion goes on decreasing.
  • Whether the Moon appears closer to or farther from the Sun in the sky than the day before.

2. After about 15 days, you may not be able to see the Moon at sunrise or sunset. For the next 15 days, carry out this activity at sunset.

Inferences:

  • Moon appear different each day.
  • No, after 15 days, you may not be able to see the moon at sunrise or sunset.
  • After the full moon, the bright face of the moon goes on decreasing every night. By another fifteen days again new moon is formed.
  • The crescent moon goes on increasing everyday, till on the fifteenth day (from the new moon), the full face of the moon is visible.
  • Each morning at sunrise, moon appears closer to the sun’s position in the sky.

Activity 2.

Let us explore
Aim: To show the Moon’s phases with a simple model.
Materials Required: A soft ball, a stick, a torch or lamp as the sun, your own head as the Earth.

Keeping Time with the Skies Class 8 Question Answer Science Chapter 11.7

Procedure:

  • Take a small soft ball and insert a stick into it [(Figure (a)]. This represents the Moon.
  • Move to a dark open place (at night), and ask your teacher or guardian to shine a torchlight towards you from about 3 m which will represent that light is coming from the Sun or stand near an electric lamp. Your head represents the Earth.
  • Hold the ball in your hand, slightly above your head.
  • Shine the torch toward the ball to represent sunlight.
  • As you turn in a circle, the ball (“Moon”) shows a changing illuminated portion to your eyes.

Keeping Time with the Skies Class 8 Question Answer Science Chapter 11

Observations:

Keeping Time with the Skies Class 8 Question Answer Science Chapter 11.8
What does the model show

  • Full Moon: When the ball is held opposite the lamp (behind you compared to the Sun), the side facing you is fully lit-just like a full Moon.
  • New Moon: When the ball is held between your head and the lamp (towards the Sun), you see only the dark side-like a new Moon.
  • Crescent and Gibbous Phases: Turning the ball slowly, the visible portion transitions. Sometimes you see a crescent (less than half lit), other times gibbous (more than half lit).
  • The line between the bright and dark parts is always curved-this matches what we see in the real Moon.

Inference:
The Science behind the phasses

  • Half illuminated, Half Dark: At every moment, half the Moon is lit by sunlight and half is in darkness.
  • Moon’s Revolution: As the Moon revolves around the Earth, the angle between Earth, Moon and Sun changes. The part of the Moon we see as bright changes accordingly.

Activity 3.

Let us measure a day!

Aim: To find the duration of a day by observing the length of the shadow.
Materials Required: A 1m stick.

Keeping Time with the Skies Class 8 Question Answer Science Chapter 11.9

Procedure:

  • Choose a small flat and open area in a ground which receives sunlight during the day. Fix a 1 m stick vertically in it as shown in figure.
  • Let us start observing the shadow at 11:00 a.m. Every minute, mark a dot on the ground at the tip of the stick’s shadow. Keep marking dots until around 1:10 p.m.
  • Identify when the shadow was shortest and find out its time by counting the number of dots. Record this time in Table. Repeat this experiment for the next few days.
  • Now calculate the duration of the solar day. This can be done by finding a difference in time on two consecutive days as shown in Table.

Observations:
Table1: Finding the duration of a solar day
Keeping Time with the Skies Class 8 Question Answer Science Chapter 11.11
Answer:

Date Time of shortest shadow (hh:mm) Duration of day (hh:mm)
22 March 2025
23 March 2025
24 March 2025
25 March 2025
26 March 2025
12:20
12:20
12:19
12:19
12:18
……………
24:00
23:59
23:59
24:00

1. The shortest shadow during the day marks when the sun is at highest point in the sky (noon).
2. Measuring from one day’s noon to the next day gives the length of a day.
3. The average solar day i.e. average duration of the day is about 24 hours.

Keeping Time with the Skies Class 8 Question Answer Science Chapter 11

Inference:
The Month and the Moon

  • The phases of the Moon create another natural cycleone complete phase cycle (from full Moon to next full Moon) takes about 29.5 days (approximately one month).
  • This lunar cycle is the basis for measuring a month. (see figure)

The Year and the Seasons

  • One year is the duration for Earth to make a full revolution around the Sun, which is about 365 \(\frac{1}{4}\) days.
  • The repetition of seasons (spring, summer, autumn, winter) marks the annual cycle.
  • The Earth undergoes one cycle of seasons during this time, which can be used to define a solar year (see figure).

Activity 4.

Let us identify
Aim: To observe artificial satellites.
Materials Required: A telescope.

Procedure:

  • Go to a location that has a clear view of sky; along with an adult. There should not be any obstruction of trees or tall buildings.
  • To identify satellites in the sky, look for a small, bright, continuously moving dot in the sky, typically before sunrise or after sunset.

Observations:

  • Can be seen without a telescope or with binoculars.
  • Satellite-tracking mobile apps or websites help identify visible satellites in your location and when they will be passing above you in the sky.

Keeping Time with the Skies Class 8 Extra Questions and Answers

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
How does the Moon’s position in the sky change each day?
Answer:
The Moon’s position shifts slightly eastward each day, so it is not in the same place at the same time. This is why its rise and set times also change daily.

Question 2.
Why does the Moon sometimes appear in the daylight?
Answer:
The Moon can rise before sunset, sometimes in the afternoon. In such cases, it is visible in the sky while the Sun is still up.

Question 3.
What does the simple ball-and-lamp model of the Moon help us understand?
Answer:
The model shows how sunlight falls on the Moon and creates different phases. By turning with the ball, we can see changes in the illuminated portion, similar to what happens in reality.

Question 4.
Why is the line between the bright and dark portions of the Moon always curved ?
Answer:
The Moon is spherical, so the dividing line between sunlight and shadow is curved. This curve is visible from Earth during all phases.

Question 5.
Why are Moon phases not caused by Earth’s shadow ?
Answer:
Moon phases happen because we see varying parts of its sunlit side as it orbits. Earth’s shadow only causes a lunar eclipse, which is rare.

Question 6.
Why don’t we have eclipses every full Moon or new Moon?
Answer:
The Moon’s orbit is tilted compared to Earth’s orbit. This tilt means the Sun, Earth and Moon usually don’t line up perfectly.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Explain the waxing and waning periods of the Moon and how they form a monthly cycle.
Answer:

  • The waxing period is when the bright portion of the Moon increases, starting from the new Moon and becoming full in about two weeks. The waning period is when the bright portion decreases, starting from the full Moon and becoming new Moon in about two weeks.
  • Together, waxing and waning make a repeating cycle every month. This cycle takes about 29.5 days from one full Moon to the next.
  • These changes occur because of the Moon’s revolution around Earth and the changing angle between the Sun, Earth and Moon.

Question 2.
Explain how the motion of the Sun in the sky helps in measuring a day.
Answer:

  • The Sun appears to rise in the east, move across the sky and set in the west because Earth rotates on its axis. The highest position of the Sun in the sky, when shadows are shortest, marks noon.
  • The time from one noon to the next is called a mean solar day. This length is about 24 hours, which is the basic unit for measuring time in days. This daily cycle has been used since ancient times to keep track of time.

Case-Study Based Questions

1. Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions that follow :

Anita kept a Moon observation diary for a week. On Day 1, she saw a thin crescent on the right side. By Day 4, half of the Moon was visible. By Day 7, almost the full Moon was visible.

(a) Which phase did Anita observe on Day 1?
Answer:
Waxing Crescent

(b) What is the name of the phase on Day 4?
Answer:
First Quarter

(c) Was the Moon waxing or waning during these days?
Answer:
Waxing

Picture Based Questions

I. Look at the pictures and answer the following questions:
Keeping Time with the Skies Class 8 Question Answer Science Chapter 11.12

(a) Identify the pictures (i) and (ii).
Answer:
(i) Warli painting
(ii) Dhokra Brass Sculpture

(b) Write the name of painting given below and the state from given where it is associated ?
Answer:
Keeping Time with the Skies Class 8 Question Answer Science Chapter 11.13
Madhubani painting. It is a famous painting associated to Bihar.

Keeping Time with the Skies Class 8 MCQ

Multiple Choice Questions (Mcqs)

Question 1.
Phases of the moon occur because:
(a) We can see only that part of the Moon which reflects light towards us.
(b) Our distance from the Moon keeps changing.
(c) The shadow of the earth covers only a part of the Moon’s surface.
(d) The thickness of the Moon’s atmosphere is not constant.
Answer:
(a) We can see only that part of the Moon which reflects light towards us.

Question 2.
What do they call the Moon when it’s more than half lit but not full ?
(a) Crescent
(b) Gibbous
(c) Quarter
(d) Eclipse Moon
Answer:
(b) Gibbous

Question 3.
What is the sequence of phases starting from New Moon?
(a) New Moon → Full Moon → Waxing → Crescent → First quarter
(b) New Moon → Waxing Crescent → First Quarter → Full Moon
(c) Full Moon → Waxing Gibbous → New Moon
(d) First quarter → Full Moon → New Moon
Answer:
(b) New Moon → Waxing Crescent → First Quarter → Full Moon

Keeping Time with the Skies Class 8 Question Answer Science Chapter 11

Question 4.
What causes the phases of the Moon ?
(a) The Earth’s rotation
(b) The Moon’s rotation
(c) The Moon’s orbit around the Earth
(d) The Sun’s movement
Answer:
(c) The Moon’s orbit around the Earth

Question 5.
How long does one complete cycle of Moon phases take?
(a) 7 days
(b) 15 days
(c) 29.5 days
(d) 365 days
Answer:
(c) 29.5 days

Assertion and Reasoning

These questions consist of two statements, each printed as Assertion (A) and Reason (R). While answering these questions, you are required to choose any one of the following four responses.

(a) Assertion (A) and Reason (R) both are correct and reason is correct explanation for assertion.
(b) Assertion (A) and Reason (R) both are correct and reason is not correct explanation for assertion.
(c) Assertion (A) is correct but the Reason (R) is wrong.
(d) Assertion (A) is wrong but the Reason (R) is correct.

1. Assertion (A): The Moon appears to change shape throughout the month.
Reason (R): The Earth casts different shadows on the Moon each night.
Answer:
(c) Assertion (A) is correct but the Reason (R) is wrong.

Keeping Time with the Skies Class 8 Question Answer Science Chapter 11

2. Assertion (A): The full Moon rises at sunset and sets at sunrise.
Reason (R): The full Moon is directly opposite the sun in the sky.
Answer:
(a) Assertion (A) and Reason (R) both are correct and reason is correct explanation for assertion.

Fill in the blanks

1. The Moon does not have its own light, it………… the sunlight.
Answer:
reflects

2. The changing shapes of the Moon that we see from Earth are called ………….
Answer:
Phases

3. A full cycle of the Moon’s phases takes about ……….. days.
Answer:
29.5

Keeping Time with the Skies Class 8 Question Answer Science Chapter 11

4. Waxing Moon is best seen at ………….
Answer:
Sunset

5. Waning Moon is best seen at ………….
Answer:
sunrise.

True or False

1. A lunar eclipse occurs when the Moon comes between the Earth and the Sun.
Answer:
False

2. The Full Moon appears once every lunar cycle.
Answer:
True

3. A Moon’s surface is smooth and shiny.
Answer:
False

4. We can sometimes see the Moon during the daytime.
Answer:
True

5. The Moon always shows the same side to the Earth.
Answer:
True

Class 8 Maths Chapter 1 Question Answer Odia Medium ବର୍ଗ ଓ ଘନ

Students can use Class 8 Math Solution Odia Medium and Class 8 Maths Chapter 1 Question Answer Odia Medium ବର୍ଗ ଓ ଘନ to check their answers after solving exercises.

8th Class Maths Chapter 1 Question Answer Odia Medium

Class 8 Maths Chapter 1 Odia Medium

Page No. 1

Question 1.
ପ୍ରକ୍ରିୟା ଆରମ୍ଭ ହେବା ପୂର୍ବରୁ ଖୋଇନାମ ଜାଣିପାରିଥିଲେ ଯେ ଶେଷରେ କେଉଁ ଲକରଗୁଡ଼ିକ ଖୋଲା ରହିବ । ସେ କିପରି ଜାଣିପାରିଲେ?
Solution:
ଯଦି କୌଣସି ଲକରକୁ ଅଯୁଗ୍ମ ସଂଖ୍ୟକ ଥର ଖୋଲାଯାଏ ବନ୍ଦ କରାଯାଏ, ତେବେ ଏହା ଖୋଲା କିମ୍ବା ବନ୍ଦ ରହିବ । ଏକ ଲକରକୁ ବନ୍ଦ ବା ଖୋଲାଯିବାର ସଂଖ୍ୟା ଲକର ନମ୍ବରର ଗୁଣନୀୟକର ସଂଖ୍ୟା ସହିତ ସମାନ । ମନେକର ଲକରକୁ 6 ଥର ପାଇଁ, ପ୍ରଥମ ବ୍ୟକ୍ତି ଖୋଲନ୍ତି, ଦ୍ଵିତୀୟ ବ୍ୟକ୍ତି ଏହାକୁ ବନ୍ଦ କରନ୍ତି, ତୃତୀୟ ବ୍ୟକ୍ତି ଏହାକୁ ଖୋଲନ୍ତି ଏବଂ ଷଷ୍ଠ ବ୍ୟକ୍ତି ଏହାକୁ ବନ୍ଦ କରନ୍ତି । 1, 2, 3 ଓ 6 ପ୍ରତ୍ୟେକ ରେ ଗୋଟିଏ ଲେଖାଏଁ ଗୁଣନୀୟକ । ଯଦି ଗୁଣନୀୟକ ସଂଖ୍ୟା ଯୁଗ୍ମ, ତେବେ ଲକରକୁ ଏକ ଯୁଗ୍ମ ସଂଖ୍ୟକ ଲୋକଙ୍କଦ୍ୱାରା ଖୋଲା ବା ବନ୍ଦ କରିହେବ ଏବଂ ଶେଷରେ ଏହା ବନ୍ଦ ରହିବ।
ଗୋଟିଏ ସଂଖ୍ୟାର ପ୍ରତ୍ୟେକ ଗୁର୍ଣନୀୟକର ଏକ ‘ସହଭାଗୀ ଗୁଣନୀୟକ’ ଥାଏ, ଯେଉଁ ଦୁଇଟିର ଗୁଣଫଳ ସଂଖ୍ୟାଟି ସହିତ ସମାନ ହୋଇଥାଏ ।
6 = 1 × 6 = 2 × 3
ଗୁଣନୀୟକଗୁଡ଼ିକ ହେଲେ : 1, 2, 3 ଏବଂ 6।

Class 8 Maths Chapter 1 Question Answer Odia Medium ବର୍ଗ ଓ ଘନ

Question 2.
ପ୍ରତ୍ୟେକ ସଂଖ୍ୟାର ଯୁଗ୍ମ ସଂଖ୍ୟକ ଗୁଣନୀୟକ ଥାଏ କି?
Solution:
ନା, ପ୍ରତ୍ୟେକ ସଂଖ୍ୟାର ଯୁଗ୍ମ ସଂଖ୍ୟାକ ଗୁଣନୀୟକ ନ ଥାଏ । ଉଦାହରଣ : 1, 4, 9
1 = 1 × 1
ଏକମାତ୍ର ଗୁଣନୀୟକ
ହେଉଛି ।
4 = 1 × 4 = 2 × 2
ଗୁଣନୀୟକଗୁଡ଼ିକ ହେଲେ
1, 2 ଏବଂ 4
9 = 1 × 9 = 3 × 3
ଗୁଣନୀୟକଗୁଡ଼ିକ ହେଲେ
1, 3 ଏବଂ 9
କେତେକ କ୍ଷେତ୍ରରେ, 2 × 2 ଭଳି ଯୋଡ଼ିରେ ଥିବା ସଂଖ୍ୟାଗୁଡ଼ିକ ସମାନ।

Page No. 2

Question 1.
ଉପରୋକ୍ତ ତଥ୍ୟକୁ ଆଧାର କରି ତୁମେ ଅଯୁଗ୍ମ ସଂଖ୍ୟକ ଗୁଣନୀୟକ ଥିବା ଅଧିକ କିଛି ସଂଖ୍ୟା ପାଇବ କି?
Class 8 Maths Chapter 1 Question Answer Odia Medium ବର୍ଗ ଓ ଘନ Page 2 Q1
Solution:
ହଁ । 36ରେ ଏକ ଗୁଣନୀୟକ ଯୋଡ଼ି ହେଉଛି 6 × 6 ଅଛି, ଯେଉଁଠାରେ ଉଭୟ ସଂଖ୍ୟା 6 ଅଟେ । ଯଦି 6 ବ୍ୟତୀତ 3 ରେ ପ୍ରତ୍ୟେକ ଗୁଣନୀୟକର ଏକ ଭିନ୍ନ ସହଭାଗୀ ଗୁଣନୀୟକ ଅଛି, ତେବେ କହିବା 36 ରେ ଏକ ଅଯୁଗ୍ମ ସଂଖ୍ୟକ ଗୁଣନୀୟକ ଅଛି ।
ନିମ୍ନଲିଖୂତ ସମସ୍ତ ସଂଖ୍ୟାର ଏକ ଅଯୁଗ୍ମ ସଂଖ୍ୟକ ଗୁଣନୀୟକ ଅଛି : 1 × 1, 2 × 2, 3 × 3, 4 × 4,…..
କୌଣସି ସଂଖ୍ୟାକୁ ସେହି ସଂଖ୍ୟାଦ୍ଵାରା ଗୁଣିଲେ, ଗୁଣଫଳକୁ ଉକ୍ତ ସଂଖ୍ୟାର ବର୍ଗ ବା ଏକ ‘ବର୍ଗସଂଖ୍ୟା’ କୁହାଯାଏ।
କେବଳ ବର୍ଗସଂଖ୍ୟାଗୁଡ଼ିକର ଏକ ଅଯୁଗ୍ମ ସଂଖ୍ୟକ ଗୁଣନୀୟକ ଥାଏ, କାରଣ ସେମାନଙ୍କର ପ୍ରତ୍ୟେକର ଏକ ଗୁଣନୀୟକ ଥାଏ, ଯାହାର ବର୍ଗ ସେହି ସଂଖ୍ୟା ସହ ସମାନ ହୋଇଥାଏ । ତେଣୁ, ଯେଉଁ ଲକରର ସଂଖ୍ୟା ଏକ ବର୍ଗ ସଂଖ୍ୟା, ତାହା ଖୋଲା ରହିବ ।

Page No. 3

Question 1.
ଖୋଲାଥିବା ଲକର ସଂଖ୍ୟାଗୁଡ଼ିକ ଲେଖ।
Solution:
1, 4, 9,…………….

Class 8 Maths Chapter 1 Question Answer Odia Medium ବର୍ଗ ଓ ଘନ

Question 2.
ଖୋଇନାମ୍ ସଙ୍ଗେସଙ୍ଗେ ଏହି 10ଟି ଲକରରୁ ଶବ୍ଦ ସୂଚନା ସଂଗ୍ରହ କଲେ ଓ ବୁଝିପାରିଲେ।
ଠିକ୍ ଦୁଇଥର ଛୁଆଁ ଯାଇଥିବା ପ୍ରଥମ ପାଞ୍ଚୋଟି ଲକର ସଂଖ୍ୟାର ନାମ କୁହ ।
କେଉଁଗୁଡ଼ିକ ଏହି ପାଞ୍ଚୋଟି ଲକର?
Solution:
ପାଞ୍ଚଟି ଲକର୍ ସଂଖ୍ୟା ହେଲା 2, 3, 5, 7 ଓ 11 । ଯେଉଁ ଲକରଗୁଡ଼ିକ କେବଳ ଦୁଇଥର ଖୋଲା ବା ବନ୍ଦ ହୋଇଛି ତାହା ହେଉଛି ମୌଳିକ ସଂଖ୍ୟା, କାରଣ ପ୍ରତ୍ୟେକ ମୌଳିକସଂଖ୍ୟାର ଗୁଣନୀୟକ ହେଉଛି 1 ଓ ସେହି ସଂଖ୍ୟା । ତେଣୁ କୋଡ୍ ହେଉଛି 2-3-5-7-11।

1.1 ବର୍ଗ ସଂଖ୍ୟା (Square Numbers)

Page No. 4

Question 1.
ପ୍ରଥମ 30ଟି ସ୍ଵାଭାବିକ ସଂଖ୍ୟାର ବର୍ଗ ନିର୍ଣ୍ଣୟ କରି ନିମ୍ନ ସାରଣୀଟିକୁ ପୂରଣ କର । (ପ୍ରଶ୍ନ ସହିତ ଉତ୍ତର)
Class 8 Maths Chapter 1 Question Answer Odia Medium ବର୍ଗ ଓ ଘନ Page 4 Q1
Solution:

12 = 1 112 = 121 212 = 441
22 = 4 122 = 144 222 = 484
32 = 9 132 = 169 232 = 529
42 = 16 142 = 196 242 = 576
52 = 25 152 = 225 252 = 625
62 = 36 162 = 256 262 = 676
72 = 49 172 = 289 272 = 729
82 = 64 182 = 324 282 = 784
92 = 81 192 = 361 292 = 841
102 = 100 202 = 400 302 = 900

Question 2.
ତୁମେ ଏଠାରେ କେଉଁ ପ୍ରକାରର ସଂରଚନା ଲକ୍ଷ୍ୟ କରୁଅଛ? ଅନ୍ୟମାନଙ୍କ ସହିତ ଆଲୋଚନା କର ଓ ଅନୁଧାରଣ କର।
Solution:
ଏହି ସଂରଚନାରୁ ଆମେ ଜାଣିଲୁ, ଦୁଇଟି ପାଖାପାଖୁ ସଂଖ୍ୟାର ଯୋଗଫଳ ଗୋଟିଏ ବର୍ଗ ସଂଖ୍ୟା।
ତା’ର ପରବର୍ତୀ ପୂର୍ବ ବର୍ଗସଂଖ୍ୟା ଦୁଇଟି ଅଯୁଗ୍ମ ସଂଖ୍ୟାର ଯୋଗଫଳ।
ଉଦାହରଣ : 12 = 1
22 = 1 + 3 = 4
32 = 1 + 3 + 5 = 9
42 = 1 + 3 + 5 + 7 = 16
52 = 16 + 9 = 25
62 = 25 + 11 = 36
72 = 36 + 13 = 49
………………………………….
………………………………….
………………………………….
282 = 729 + 55 = 784
292 = 784 + 57 = 841
302 = 841 + 59 = 900

Question 3.
ଏହି ସଂଖ୍ୟାଗୁଡ଼ିକର ଏକକ ସ୍ଥାନରେ କେଉଁସବୁ ଅଙ୍କ ଅଛି?
Solution:
ଏହି ସଂଖ୍ୟାଗୁଡ଼ିକର ଏକକ ସ୍ଥାନରେ 0, 1, 4, 5, 6 କିମ୍ବା 9 ଅଙ୍କଗୁଡ଼ିକ ରହିଥାଏ । 2, 3, 7 କିମ୍ବା 8 କୌଣସି ସଂଖ୍ୟାର ଏକକ ସ୍ଥାନ ଅଙ୍କ ହୋଇ ନ ଥାଏ ।

Question 4.
ଏକକ ସ୍ଥାନର 0, 1, 4, 5, 6 କିମ୍ବା 9 ଥିଲେ, ପ୍ରତ୍ୟେକ କ୍ଷେତ୍ରରେ ସଂଖ୍ୟାଟି ପୂର୍ବବର୍ଗ ସଂଖ୍ୟା ହୋଇଥାଏ କି ?
Solution:
ନା, ଏକକ ସ୍ଥାନରେ 0, 1, 4, 6 କିମ୍ବା ୨ ଥୁଲେ ପ୍ରତ୍ୟେକ କ୍ଷେତ୍ରରେ ସଂଖ୍ୟାଟି ପୂର୍ବବର୍ଗ ହୋଇପାରିବ ନାହିଁ । ଉଦାହରଣ 16 ଓ 36 ସଂଖ୍ୟାଦ୍ଵୟର ଏକକ ସ୍ଥାନରେ 6 ଅଛି ଓ ସଂଖ୍ୟାଦ୍ୱୟ ପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣବର୍ଗ ସଂଖ୍ୟା । ମାତ୍ର 26 ଓ 46 ର ଏକକ ସ୍ଥାନରେ 6 ଥିଲେ ମଧ୍ୟ ସଂଖ୍ୟାଦ୍ଵୟ ପୂର୍ବବର୍ଗ ନୁହଁନ୍ତି ।

Question 5.
5ଟି ସଂଖ୍ୟା ଲେଖ, ଯାହାର ଏକକ ଅଙ୍କକୁ ଦେଖ୍ ନିର୍ଣ୍ଣୟ କରିପାରିବ ଯେ ସେମାନେ ବର୍ଗ ସଂଖ୍ୟା ନୁହନ୍ତି?
Solution:
5 ଟି ସଂଖ୍ୟା 12, 32, 153, 4508, ଓ 9057
ଏଗୁଡ଼ିକର ଏକକ ଘରେ 2, 3, 7, 8 ଥିଲେ ଏମାନେ ବର୍ଗ ସଂଖ୍ୟା ନୁହଁନ୍ତି ।
ଯଦି ଗୋଟିଏ ସଂଖ୍ୟାର ଏକକ ସ୍ଥାନରେ 1 କିମ୍ବା 9 ଥାଏ, ତେବେ ତାହାର ବର୍ଗସଂଖ୍ୟାର ଏକକ ଘର 1 ହୋଇଥାଏ।
6 ରେ ଶେଷ ହେଉଥ‌ିବା ବର୍ଗ ସଂଖ୍ୟାଗୁଡ଼ିକ : 16 = 42, 36 = 62, 196 = 142, 256 = 162, 576 = 242 ଏବଂ 676 = 262

Page No. 5

Question 1.
ନିମ୍ନଲିଖୁତ ସଂଖ୍ୟାମାନଙ୍କ ମଧ୍ୟରୁ କେଉଁଗୁଡ଼ିକର ଏକକ ସ୍ଥାନରେ 6 ରହିବ?
(i) 382
(ii) 342
(iii) 462
(iv) 562
(v) 742
(vi) 822
Solution:
ଆମେ ଜାଣିଛେ, ଯଦି ଗୋଟିଏ ସଂଖ୍ୟାର ଏକକ ସ୍ଥାନର ଅଙ୍କଟି 4 ଓ 6 ଥାଏ, ତେବେ ତାହାର ବର୍ଗସଂଖ୍ୟାର ଏକକ ଘରେ 6 ରହିବ।
ତେଣୁ (ii) 342 (iii) 462 (iv) 562 (v) 742 ସଂଖ୍ୟାଗୁଡ଼ିକର ବର୍ଗସଂଖ୍ୟାର ଏକକ ସ୍ଥାନରେ 6 ରହିବ।

Class 8 Maths Chapter 1 Question Answer Odia Medium ବର୍ଗ ଓ ଘନ

Question 2.
ପୂର୍ବରୁ ତୁମେ ପୂରଣ କରିଥିବା ସାରଣୀରୁ ସଂଖ୍ୟା ଏବଂ ସେମାନଙ୍କର ବର୍ଗଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ଲକ୍ଷ୍ୟକରି ଏହିପରି ଅଧିକ ସଂରଚନା ଖୋଜ।
Solution:
ଆମେ ପୂରଣ କରିଥିବା ସାରଣୀରୁ ସଂଖ୍ୟା ଏବଂ ସେମାନଙ୍କର ବର୍ଗଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ଲକ୍ଷ୍ୟକରି ଜାଣିଲୁ ଯେ-
(1) ଯଦି କୌଣସି ସଂଖ୍ୟାର ଏକକ ଘରେ 3 ଓ 7 ଥାଏ, ତେବେ ତାହାର ବର୍ଗସଂଖ୍ୟାର ଏକକ ଘରେ 9 ରହିବ।
(2) ଯଦି କୌଣସି ସଂଖ୍ୟାର ଏକକ ଘରେ 2 ଓ ୫ ଥାଏ, ତେବେ ତାହାର ବର୍ଗସଂଖ୍ୟାର ଏକକ ଘରେ 4 ରହିବ।
(3) ଯଦି କୌଣସି ସଂଖ୍ୟାର ଏକକ ଘରେ 5 ଥାଏ, ତେବେ ତାହାର ବର୍ଗସଂଖ୍ୟାର ଏକକ ଘରେ 5 ରହିବ।
ନିମ୍ନଲିଖୁତ ସଂଖ୍ୟା ଓ ସେମାନଙ୍କର ବର୍ଗଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ବିଚାର କର।
Class 8 Maths Chapter 1 Question Answer Odia Medium ବର୍ଗ ଓ ଘନ Page 5 Q1

Question 3.
ଯଦି ଗୋଟିଏ ସଂଖ୍ୟାର ଶେଷରେ 3ଟି ଶୂନ ଥାଏ, ତେବେ ତା’ର ବର୍ଗର ଶେଷରେ କେତୋଟି ଶୂନ ରହିବ?
Solution:
ଯଦି ଗୋଟିଏ ସଂଖ୍ୟାର ଶେଷରେ 3ଟି ଶୂନ ଥାଏ, ତେବେ ତା’ର ବର୍ଗର ଶେଷରେ ଟି ଶୂନ ରହିବ ।
ଉଦାହରଣ – 10002 = 1000000

Question 4.
ଏକ ସଂଖ୍ୟାର ଶେଷରେ ଥ‌ିବା ଶୂନମାନଙ୍କର ସଂଖ୍ୟା ଏବଂ ତାହାର ବର୍ଗର ଶେଷରେ ଥିବା ଶୂନମାନଙ୍କର ସଂଖ୍ୟା ବିଷୟରେ ତୁମେ କ’ଣ ଲକ୍ଷ୍ୟ କରୁଛ? ଏପରି ସବୁବେଳେ ହୋଇଥାଏ କି? ଆମେ କହିପାରିବା କି ବର୍ଗଗୁଡ଼ିକର ଶେଷରେ କେବଳ ଏକ ଯୁଗ୍ମ ସଂଖ୍ୟକ ଶୂନ ରହିବ?
Solution:
ଆମେ ଜାଣିଛୁ ଯେ, ଗୋଟିଏ ସଂଖ୍ୟାର ଶେଷରେ ଯେତୋଟି ଶୂନ ଥିବ ତା’ର ବର୍ଗର ଶେଷରେ ତା’ର ଦୁଇଗୁଣ ଶୂନ ରହିବ। ହଁ, ଏହା ସବୁବେଳେ ସମ୍ଭବ। ଆମେ କହିପାରିବା ଯେ ବର୍ଗଗୁଡ଼ିକର ଶେଷରେ କେବଳ ଏକ ଯୁଗ୍ମ ସଂଖ୍ୟକ ଶୂନ ରହିବ।

Question 5.
ଗୋଟିଏ ସଂଖ୍ୟା ତା’ର ବର୍ଗ ମଧ୍ୟରେ ଥିବା ସମ୍ପର୍କ ବିଷୟରେ ତୁମେ କ’ଣ କହିପାରିବ?
Solution:
ଆମେ କହିପାରିବା ଯେ ଗୋଟିଏ ସଂଖ୍ୟାକୁ ସେହି ସଂଖ୍ୟା ସହିତ ଗୁଣନ କଲେ ଆମେ ସେହି ସଂଖ୍ୟାର ବର୍ଗ ପାଇପାରିବା।

Question 6.
କ୍ରମିକ ବର୍ଗସଂଖ୍ୟାଗୁଡ଼ିକ ମଧ୍ୟରେ ଥିବା ପାର୍ଥକ୍ୟଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ଖୋଜିବା । ତୁମେ କ’ଣ ଲଧ୍ୟ କରୁଛ?
Solution:
ଦୁଇଟି କ୍ରମିକ ବର୍ଗ ସଂଖ୍ୟା ମଧ୍ୟରେ ପାର୍ଥକ୍ୟ-
4 – 1 = 3, 9 – 4 = 5, 16 – 9 = 7, 25 – 16 = 9
Class 8 Maths Chapter 1 Question Answer Odia Medium ବର୍ଗ ଓ ଘନ Page 5 Q6
1 = 1 = 12
1 + 3 = 4 = 22
1 + 3 + 5 = 9 = 32
1 + 3 + 5 + 7 = 16 = 42
1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + 9 = 25 = 52
1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + 9 + 11 = 36 = 62

Page No. 6

Question 1.
ଏହି ସଂରଚନା ଆଧାରରେ 362 ନିର୍ଣ୍ଣୟ କର । 352 = 1225।
Solution:
ପ୍ରଶ୍ନରୁ ଆମେ ଜାଣୁଛୁ ଯେ, 1225 ହେଉଛି ପ୍ରଥମ 35ଟି ଅଯୁଗ୍ମ ସଂଖ୍ୟାର ଯୋଗଫଳ।
362 ର ମୂଲ୍ୟ ଜାଣିବା ପାଇଁ ଆମକୁ 1225 ରେ 36 ତମ ଅଯୁଗ୍ମ ସଂଖ୍ୟାକୁ ଯୋଗ କରିବାକୁ ପଡ଼ିବ।
ଅର୍ଥାତ୍ 1225 + 71 = 1296 (36 ତମ ଅଯୁଗ୍ମ ସଂଖ୍ୟା = 71)।

Question 2.
ତୁମେ 36 ତମ ଅଯୁଗ୍ମ ସଂଖ୍ୟା କିପରି ପାଇବ?
Solution:
ପ୍ରଥମ ଅଯୁଗ୍ମ ସଂଖ୍ୟା = 2 × 1 – 1 = 1
ଦ୍ଵିତୀୟ ଅଯୁଗ୍ମ ସଂଖ୍ୟା = 2 × 2 – 1 = 3
ତୃତୀୟ ଅଯୁଗ୍ମ ସଂଖ୍ୟା = 2 × 3 – 1 = 5
ଚତୁର୍ଥ ଅଯୁଗ୍ମ ସଂଖ୍ୟା = 2 × 4 – 1 = 7
ପଞ୍ଚମ ଅଯୁଗ୍ମ ସଂଖ୍ୟା = 2 × 5 – 1 = 9
ଷଷ୍ଠ ଅଯୁଗ୍ମ ସଂଖ୍ୟା = 2 × 6 – 1 = 11
ଏହି କ୍ରମଟିକୁ ଆଗକୁ ବଢ଼ାଇଲେ ଆମେ ପାଇବା 36 ତମ ଅଯୁଗ୍ମ ସଂଖ୍ୟା = 2 × 36 – 1 = 71

Question 3.
n ତମ ଅଯୁଗ୍ମ ସଂଖ୍ୟା କେତେ ହେବ?
Solution:
n ତମ ଅଯୁଗ୍ମ ସଂଖ୍ୟା = 2n – 1 (‘n’ ଏକ ଅଯୁଗ୍ମ ସଂଖ୍ୟା)
ତେଣୁ 36 ତମ ଅଯୁଗ୍ମ ସଂଖ୍ୟା = 2 × 36 – 1 = 72 – 1 = 71

Class 8 Maths Chapter 1 Question Answer Odia Medium ବର୍ଗ ଓ ଘନ

Question 4.
ଏପରି ଗୋଟିଏ ସଂଖ୍ୟା ନେବା ଯାହା ଗୋଟିଏ ବର୍ଗ ସଂଖ୍ୟା ହୋଇ ନଥୁବ।
Solution:
ମନେକର ସଂଖ୍ୟାଟି = 38, ଏଥୁରୁ 1 ରୁ ଆରମ୍ଭ କରି କ୍ରମାଗତ ଭାବେ ଅଯୁଗ୍ମ ସଂଖ୍ୟାକୁ ବିୟୋଗ କଲେ,
38 – 1 = 37, 37 – 3 = 34, 34 – 5 = 29, 29 – 7 = 22, 22 – 9 = 13, 13 – 11 = 2, 2 – 13 = -11
ଏଥୁରୁ ଆମେ ଜାଣିଲେ, 38 କୁ 1 ରୁ ଆରମ୍ଭ କରି କ୍ରମିକ ଅଯୁଗ୍ମ ସଂଖ୍ୟାମାନଙ୍କର ଯୋଗଫଳ ଭାବେ ପ୍ରକାଶ କରିପାରିବା ନାହିଁ । ଯଦି ଗୋଟିଏ ଗଣନ ସଂଖ୍ୟାକୁ ।
ରୁ ଆରମ୍ଭ କରି କ୍ରମିକ ଅଯୁଗ୍ମ ସ୍ଵାଭାବିକ ସଂଖ୍ୟାର ଯୋଗଫଳ ଭାବେ ପ୍ରକାଶ କରାଯାଇପାରିବ ନାହିଁ, ତେବେ ତାହା ଏକ ପୂର୍ବବର୍ଗ ହୋଇପାରିବ ନାହିଁ ।

Page No. 7

Question 1.
1 ରୁ 100 ମଧ୍ୟରେ କେତୋଟି ବର୍ଗ ସଂଖ୍ୟା ଅଛି ? 101 ରୁ 200 ମଧ୍ଯରେ କେତୋଟି ଅଛି ? ତୁମେ ପୂର୍ବରୁ ପୂରଣ କରିଥବା ବର୍ଗଗୁଡ଼ିକର ସାରଣୀ ବ୍ୟବହାର କରି ପ୍ରତ୍ୟେକ 100ର ସଂଭାଗରେ କେତୋଟି ବର୍ଗସଂଖ୍ୟା ଅଛି ଗଣି ଲେଖ । 1000 ରୁ କମ୍ ସବୁଠାରୁ ବଡ଼ ବର୍ଗ ସଂଖ୍ୟାଟି କିଏ?
Class 8 Maths Chapter 1 Question Answer Odia Medium ବର୍ଗ ଓ ଘନ Page 7 Q1
Solution:
Class 8 Maths Chapter 1 Question Answer Odia Medium ବର୍ଗ ଓ ଘନ Page 7 Q1.1
1000 ରୁ କମ୍ ସବୁଠାରୁ ବଡ଼ ବର୍ଗ ସଂଖ୍ୟାଟି = 961

Question 2.
ତୁମେ ତ୍ରିଭୁଜାକାର ସଂଖ୍ୟା ଏବଂ ବର୍ଗ ସଂଖ୍ୟା ଆଗକୁ ବଢ଼ାଅ ଓ ପରବର୍ତ୍ତୀ ସଂଖ୍ୟା ମଧ୍ୟରେ କିଛି ସମ୍ପର୍କ ଲକ୍ଷ୍ୟ କରିପାରୁଛ କି? ଏହି ସଂରଚନାକୁ କେତେ ହେବ ଚିତ୍ରରେ ଦର୍ଶାଅ।
Class 8 Maths Chapter 1 Question Answer Odia Medium ବର୍ଗ ଓ ଘନ Page 7 Q2
Solution:
Class 8 Maths Chapter 1 Question Answer Odia Medium ବର୍ଗ ଓ ଘନ Page 7 Q2.1

Question 3.
ଗୋଟିଏ ବର୍ଗକ୍ଷେତ୍ରର କ୍ଷେତ୍ରଫଳ 49 ବର୍ଗ ସେ.ମି.। ଏହାର ବାହୁର ଦୈର୍ଘ୍ୟ କେତେ?
Solution:
ଆମେ ଜାଣିଛୁ 7 × 7 = 49, କିମ୍ବା 72 = 49
ତେଣୁ 49 ବର୍ଗ ସେ.ମି. କ୍ଷେତ୍ରଫଳ ବିଶିଷ୍ଟ ଏକ ବର୍ଗକ୍ଷେତ୍ରର ପ୍ରତ୍ୟେକ ବାହୁର ଦୈର୍ଘ୍ୟ 7 ସେ.ମି.। ଆମେ 7 କୁ 49 ର ବର୍ଗମୂଳ କହୁ ।

Page No. 8

Question 1.
64 ର ବର୍ଗମୂଳ କେତେ?
Solution:
ଆମେ ଜାଣିଛୁ 8 × 8 = 64 ।
ତେଣୁ 8 ହେଉଛି 64 ର ବର୍ଗମୂଳ ।
ସେହିପରି (–8) × (–8) = 64
(-8)2 = 64
∴ 82 = 64 ଓ (-8)2 = 64
∴ 64 ର ବର୍ଗମୂଳଗୁଡ଼ିକ ହେଉଛି +8 ଓ –8।

Question 2.
ମନେକର, 576 କିମ୍ବା 327 ଭଳି ସଂଖ୍ୟା, ପୂର୍ବବର୍ଗ ସଂଖ୍ୟା କି ନୁହେଁ କିପରି ଜାଣିବା ? ଯଦି ଏହା ଏକ ପୂର୍ବବର୍ଗ ସଂଖ୍ୟା, ତେବେ ଆମେ ଏହାର ବର୍ଗମୂଳ କିପରି ନିର୍ଣ୍ଣୟ କରିବା?
Solution:
576 ର ମୌଳିକ ଗୁଣନୀୟକଗୁଡ଼ିକ ନେଲେ,
576 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 = (2 × 2) × (2 × 2) × (2 × 2) × (3 × 3)
ଏଠାରେ ସମାନ ସଂଖ୍ୟାର ଚାରିଯୋଡ଼ି ଅଟେ । ଏଠାରେ କୌଣସି ମୌଳିକ ଗୁଣନୀୟକ ବଳକା ନାହିଁ । ତେଣୁ 576 ଏକ ପୂର୍ବବର୍ଗ ସଂଖ୍ୟା ।
∴ \(\sqrt{576}=\sqrt{2^2 \times 2^2 \times 2^2 \times 5^2}\)
= 2 × 2 × 2 × 3
= 24
ସେହିପରି, 327 = 3 × 109
ଏହା ପୂର୍ବବର୍ଗ ସଂଖ୍ୟା ନୁହେଁ।

Class 8 Maths Chapter 1 Question Answer Odia Medium ବର୍ଗ ଓ ଘନ

Question 3.
ଆମେ ସମସ୍ତ ବର୍ଗ ସଂଖ୍ୟାଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ କ୍ରମରେ ତାଲିକାଭୁକ୍ତ କରିପାରିବା ଏବଂ 576 ସେମାନଙ୍କ ମଧ୍ୟରେ ଅଛି କି ନାହିଁ ତାହା ଜାଣିପାରିବା ।
Solution:
202 = 400, 212 = 441, 222 = 484, 232 = 529, 242 = 576
ମାତ୍ର ଏହି ପ୍ରକ୍ରିୟା ବଡ଼ ସଂଖ୍ୟା ପାଇଁ ପ୍ରଯୁଜ୍ୟ ହେବ ନାହିଁ ।

Question 4.
1 ରୁ ଆରମ୍ଭ କରି କ୍ରମିକ ଅଯୁଗ୍ମ ସଂଖ୍ୟାମାନଙ୍କର ଯୋଗଫଳ ଭାବେ ପ୍ରତ୍ୟେକ ବର୍ଗ ସଂଖ୍ୟାକୁ ପ୍ରକାଶ କରିପାରିବା। ଉଦାହରଣ : √81
Solution:
ମନେକର √81
81 – 1 = 80, 80 – 3 = 77, 77 – 5 = 72, 72 – 7 = 65, 65 – 9 = 56, 56 – 11 = 45, 45 – 13 = 32, 32 – 15 = 17, 17 – 17 = 0
81 ରୁ ଆମେ 1 ରୁ ଆରମ୍ଭ କରି କ୍ରମାଗତ ଭାବେ ୨ ଥର ଅଯୁଗ୍ମ ସଂଖ୍ୟା ବିୟୋଗ କରିବା ପରେ ଆମେ 0 ପାଇଲୁ ।
ତେଣୁ √81 = 9

Page No. 9

Question 1.
ଗୋଟିଏ ପୂର୍ବ ସଂଖ୍ୟାକୁ ତା’ ନିଜ ସହିତ ଗୁଣନ କଲେ ଏକ ପୂର୍ଷ ବର୍ଗ ସଂଖ୍ୟା ମିଳିଥାଏ । ଗୋଟିଏ ସଂଖ୍ୟାକୁ ଏହାର ମୌଳିକ ଗୁଣନୀୟକମାନଙ୍କର ଗୁଣଫଳ ଭାବରେ ପ୍ରକାଶ କଲେ, ଏହା ପୂର୍ବବର୍ଗ କି ନୁହେଁ, ଜାଣିବା ସହଜ ହେବ କି?
Solution:
ହଁ, ଯଦି ଆମେ ସଂଖ୍ୟାଟିର ମୌଳିକ ଗୁଣନୀୟକଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ସମାନ ଯୋଡ଼ି ସଂଖ୍ୟାରେ ଭାଗକରିବା, ତେବେ ପ୍ରତ୍ୟେକ ଭାଗର ମୌଳିକ ଗୁଣନୀୟକମାନଙ୍କର ଗୁଣଫଳ ହଁ, ସଂଖ୍ୟାଟିର ବର୍ଗମୂଳ ହୋଇଥାଏ । ଏହି ପ୍ରକ୍ରିୟାଟି ସହଜ ହୋଇଥାଏ ।

Question 2.
324 ଏକ ପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ ବର୍ଗ କି?
Solution:
324 = 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 3
ଏହାକୁ ନିମ୍ନମତେ ଭାଗ ଭାଗ କରିପାରିବା ।
324 = (2 × 3 × 3) × (2 × 3 × 3) = (2 × 3 × 3)2 = 182
ଆମେ ମୌଳିକ ଗୁଣନୀୟକଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ଯୋଡ଼ିରେ ଲେଖୁଲେ,
\(\sqrt{324}=\sqrt{2 \times 2 \times 3 \times 3 \times 3 \times 3}=\sqrt{(2 \times 3 \times 3)^2}\) = 18
∴ 324 ଏକ ପୂର୍ବବର୍ଗ ସଂଖ୍ୟା।

Question 3.
156 ଗୋଟିଏ ପୂର୍ବବର୍ଗ କି?
Solution:
156 କୁ ମୌଳିକ ଗୁଣନୀୟକମାନଙ୍କର ଗୁଣଫଳରେ ପ୍ରକାଶ କଲେ,
156 = 2 × 2 × 3 × 13
ଆମେ ଏହି ଗୁଣନୀୟକଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ଯୋଡ଼ିରେ ପ୍ରକାଶ କରିପାରିବା ନାହିଁ ।
ତେଣୁ, 156 ଗୋଟିଏ ପୂର୍ବବର୍ଗ ନୁହେଁ ।

Question 4.
ମୌଳିକ ଗୁଣନୀୟକ ନିଷ୍କ୍ରିୟ କରି 1156 ଏବଂ 2800 ପୂର୍ବବର୍ଗ କି ନୁହେଁ ପରୀକ୍ଷା କର।
Solution:
(a) 1156 କୁ ମୌଳିକ ଗୁଣନୀୟକମାନଙ୍କର ଗୁଣଫଳରେ ପ୍ରକାଶ କଲେ,
1156 = 2 × 2 × 17 × 17 = (2 × 17)2
ଆମେ ଏହି ଗୁଣନୀୟକଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ଯୋଡ଼ିରେ ପ୍ରକାଶ କରିପାରିବା
ତେଣୁ 1156 ଗୋଟିଏ ପୂର୍ବବର୍ଗ।

(b) 2800 କୁ ମୌଳିକ ଗୁଣନୀୟକମାନଙ୍କର ଗୁଣଫଳରେ ପ୍ରକାଶ କଲେ, ଆମେ ପାଇବା
2800 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 5 × 5 × 7
ଆମେ ଏହି ଗୁଣନୀୟକଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ଯୋଡ଼ିରେ ପ୍ରକାଶ କରିପାରିବା ନାହିଁ ।
ତେଣୁ, 2800 ଗୋଟିଏ ପୂର୍ଣବର୍ଗ ସଂଖ୍ୟା ନୁହେଁ ।
(i) 1600 = (40)2 ଓ 2500 = (50)2 ମଧ୍ୟରେ √1936 ଅଛି, ତେଣୁ 40 < 1936 < 50
(ii) 1936ରେ ଶେଷ ଅଙ୍କ 6 । ତେଣୁ ବର୍ଗମୂଳର ଶେଷ ଅଙ୍କ 4 କିମ୍ବା 6 ହେବ । ଏହା 44 କିମ୍ବା 46 ହୋଇପାରେ।
(iii) ଯଦି ଆମେ 452 ର ମୂଲ୍ୟ ଜାଣିବା, ତେବେ ଆମେ ଏହାକୁ 40 – 50 ସଂଭାଗରେ ରଖୁବା, ଯାହା ମଧ୍ଯ 40 – 45 ବା 45 – 50 ର ସଂଭାଗ ହୋଇପାରେ ।
ଆମେ ଲେଖୁପାରିବା
452 = (40 + 5) (40 + 5)
= 402 + 2 × 40 × 5 + 52
= 1600 + 400 + 25
= 2025
(iv) 2025 > 1936, ତେଣୁ 40 < √1936 < 45
(v) ଏଥୁରୁ ଆମେ ଜାଣିପାରିବା √1936 = 44

Question 5.
ସୋନୁ ଓ ବିଜୁ ଏକ କେଳ ଖେଳନ୍ତି । ଜଣେ ଗୋଟିଏ ସଂଖ୍ୟା କହିଲେ ଅନ୍ୟ ଜଣେ ତା’ର ବର୍ଗମୂଳ କହି ଉତ୍ତର ଦିଏ । ସୋନୁ 25 କହି ଖେଳ ଆରମ୍ଭ କଲା ଓ ବିଜୁ ସାଙ୍ଗେସାଙ୍ଗେ ଉତ୍ତର 5 ଦେଲା । ତା’ପରେ ବିଜୁ କହିଲା 81, ସୋନୁ ଉତ୍ତର ଦେଲା ୨ । ସୋନୁ 250 କହିବା ପର୍ଯ୍ୟନ୍ତ ଖେଳ ଚାଲିଥିଲା । 250 ଗୋଟିଏ ପୂର୍ବବର୍ଗ ସଂଖ୍ୟା ନ ହୋଇଥିବାରୁ ବିଜୁ ଏହାର ଉତ୍ତର ଦେଇପାରିଲା ନାହିଁ ।
କେଉଁଟି 250ର ର୍ବଗମୂଳର ନିକଟତମ ସଂଖ୍ୟା
Solution:
ଏଥିପାଇଁ 250ର ବର୍ଗମୂଳ କେତେ ହେବ, ତାହା ଆକଳନ କରିବାକୁ ପଡ଼ିବ।
ଆମେ ଜାଣିଛୁ ଯେ, 100 < 250 < 400 ଏବଂ √100 = 10 ଓ √400 = 20
ତେଣୁ, 10 < √250 < 20
ତଥାପି ଆମେ ସେହି ସଂଖ୍ୟାର ନିକଟତର ହୋଇନାହୁଁ, ଯାହାର ବର୍ଗ 250।
ଆମେ ଜାଣୁ ମେ 152 = 225 ଏବଂ 162 = 256।
ତେଣୁ 15 < √250 < 16
225 ତୁଳନାରେ 250 ର ଅଧ୍ଵକ ନିକଟତର ହେଉଛି 256,
ତେଣୁ, 250 ର ମୂଲ୍ୟ ପ୍ରାୟ 16, ଯଦିଓ ଏହା 16 ଠାରୁ ସାମାନ୍ୟ କମ୍।

Class 8 Maths Chapter 1 Question Answer Odia Medium ବର୍ଗ ଓ ଘନ

Question 6.
ଅଞ୍ଛଳ ପାଖରେ 125 ବର୍ଗ ସେ.ମି. କ୍ଷେତ୍ରଫଳ ବିଶିଷ୍ଟ ଖଣ୍ଡିଏ ବର୍ଗାକୃତି କପଡ଼ା ଅଛି । ଏଥରୁ 15 ସେ.ମି. ଦୈର୍ଘ୍ୟର ବର୍ଗାକୃତି କପଡ଼ା କଟାଯାଇପାରିବ କି ? ଯଦି ନୁହେଁ, ସେ ଜାଣିବାକୁ ଚାହାନ୍ତି ଯେ, ଏହି କପଡ଼ା ଖଣ୍ଡରୁ କେଉଁ ସର୍ବାଧ‌ିକ ଆକୃତିର ରୁମାଲ କାଟିହେବ, ଯାହାର ପାର୍ଶ୍ଵର ଲମ୍ବ ପୂର୍ବସଂଖ୍ୟା ହେଉଥ‌ିବ?
Solution:
125 ଏକ ପୂର୍ବବର୍ଗ ସଂଖ୍ୟା ନୁହେଁ ।
ନିକଟତମ ପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣବର୍ଗ ସଂଖ୍ୟାଗୁଡ଼ିକ ହେଲେ 112 = 121 ଓ 122 = 144
ତେଣୁ ଏହି କପଡ଼ାରୁ ଅତି ବେଶୀରେ 11 ସେ.ମି. ଦୈର୍ଘ୍ୟର ବର୍ଗାକୃତି ରୁମାଲଟିଏ ପ୍ରସ୍ତୁତ କରାଯାଇପାରିବ।

ନିଜେ କରି ଦେଖ (Page No. 10-11)

Question 1.
ନିମ୍ନଲିଖ୍ୟାତ ସଂଖ୍ୟାଗୁଡ଼ିକ ମଧ୍ୟରୁ କେଉଁଗୁଡ଼ିକ ପୂର୍ବବର୍ଗ ସଂଖ୍ୟା ନୁହେଁ?
(i) 2032
(ii) 2048
(iii) 1027
(iv) 1089
Solution:
(i) 2032 ସଂଖ୍ୟାର ଏକକ ଘରେ 2 ଥିବାରୁ ସଂଖ୍ୟାଟି ପୂର୍ବବର୍ଗ ସଂଖ୍ୟା ନୁହେଁ।
(ii) 2018 ସଂଖ୍ୟାର ଏକକ ଘରେ 8 ଥିବାରୁ ସଂଖ୍ୟାଟି ପୂର୍ଣବର୍ଗ ସଂଖ୍ୟା ନୁହେଁ।
(iii) 1027 ସଂଖ୍ୟାର ଏକକ ଘରେ 7 ଥିବାରୁ ସଂଖ୍ୟାଟି ପୂର୍ବବର୍ଗ ସଂଖ୍ୟା ନୁହେଁ।
(iv) 1089 ସଂଖ୍ୟାର ଏକକ ଘରେ 9 ଥିବାରୁ ସଂଖ୍ୟାଟି ଗୋଟିଏ ପୂର୍ଣବର୍ଗ ସଂଖ୍ୟା ଅଟେ।

Question 2.
642, 1082, 2922 ଓ 362 ମଧ୍ୟରୁ କେଉଁଟିର ଶେଷ ଅଙ୍କ 4 ହେବ?
Solution:
(i) 64 ସଂଖ୍ୟାର ଏକକ ଘର ସଂଖ୍ୟା = 4
∴ 42 = 4 × 4 = 16 (ଶେଷ ଅଙ୍କଟି = 6)
(ii) 108 ସଂଖ୍ୟାର ଏକକ ଘର ସଂଖ୍ୟା = 8
∴ 82 = 8 × 8 = 64 (ଶେଷ ଅଙ୍କଟି = 4)
(iii) 292 ସଂଖ୍ୟାର ଏକକ ଘର ସଂଖ୍ୟା = 2
∴ 22 = 2 × 2 = 4 (ଶେଷ ଅଙ୍କଟି = 4)
(iv) 36 ସଂଖ୍ୟାର ଏକକ ଘର ସଂଖ୍ୟା = 6
∴ 62 = 6 × 6 = 36 (ଶେଷ ଅଙ୍କଟି = 6)
ତେଣୁ, ଯେଉଁ ସଂଖ୍ୟାଗୁଡ଼ିକର ବର୍ଗ 4ରେ ଶେଷ ହୁଏ, ସେଗୁଡ଼ିକ ହେଉଛି 1082 ଓ 2092

Question 3.
1252 = 15625, ତେବେ 1262 ର ମାନ କେତେ ହେବ?
(i) 15625 + 126
(ii) 15625 + 262
(iii) 15625 + 253
(iv) 15625 + 251
(v) 15625 + 512
Solution:
ଏଠାରେ 1262 = (125 + 1)2
= (125)2 + 2 × 125 × 1 + (1)2 [∵ ଯେହେତୁ (a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2]
= 15625 + 250 + 1
= 15625 + 251
ତେଣୁ, (iv) ଉତ୍ତରଟି ଠିକ୍।

Question 4.
441 ବର୍ଗମିଟର କ୍ଷେତ୍ରଫଳ ବିଶିଷ୍ଟ ଗୋଟିଏ ବର୍ଗକ୍ଷେତ୍ରର ବାହୁର ଦୈର୍ଘ୍ୟ କେତେ?
Solution:
ବର୍ଗକ୍ଷେତ୍ରର କ୍ଷେତ୍ରଫଳ = ବାହୁ × ବାହୁ = 441
⇒ ବାହୁ2 = 441 ବର୍ଗ ମିଟର
⇒ ବାହୁ = √441 ବର୍ଗମିଟର।
441 = (3 × 3) × (7 × 7)
⇒ √441 = 3 × 7 = 21 ମିଟର।
∴ ବର୍ଗକ୍ଷେତ୍ରର ବାହୁର ଦୈର୍ଘ୍ୟ = 21 ମିଟର।
Class 8 Maths Chapter 1 Question Answer Odia Medium ବର୍ଗ ଓ ଘନ Page 10 Q4

Question 5.
4, 9 ଓ 10 ଦ୍ଵାରା ବିଭାଜ୍ୟ କ୍ଷୁଦ୍ରତମ ବର୍ଗସଂଖ୍ୟାଟି କେତେ?
Solution:
4, 9 ଓ 10 ଦ୍ଵାରା ବିଭାଜ୍ୟ କ୍ଷୁଦ୍ରତମ ବର୍ଗସଂଖ୍ୟାଟି ପାଇବାକୁ ହେଲେ
4, 9 ଓ 10 ର ଲ.ସା.ଗୁ. ନିର୍ଣ୍ଣୟ କରିବାକୁ ହେବ।
Class 8 Maths Chapter 1 Question Answer Odia Medium ବର୍ଗ ଓ ଘନ Page 10 Q5
ଲ.ସା.ଗୁ. = 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 × 5 = 180
180 ର ମୌଳିକ ଗୁଣନୀୟକ ଗୁଡ଼ିକ = (2 × 2) × (3 × 3) × 5
ଯେହେତୁ 5 ସଂଖ୍ୟାଟି ଯୋଡ଼ିରେ ନାହିଁ, 180 ସଂଖ୍ୟାଟି ପୂର୍ବବର୍ଗ ସଂଖ୍ୟା ନୁହେଁ ।
ପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ ବର୍ଗସଂଖ୍ୟାଟି ପାଇବାକୁ ହେଲେ, 180 କୁ 5 ଦ୍ଵାରା ଗୁଣନ କରିବାକୁ ହେବ = 180 × 5 = 900
∴ 4, 9 ଓ 10 ଦ୍ଵାରା ବିଭାଜ୍ୟ କ୍ଷୁଦ୍ରତମ ବର୍ଗସଂଖ୍ୟାଟି 900।

Class 8 Maths Chapter 1 Question Answer Odia Medium ବର୍ଗ ଓ ଘନ

Question 6.
କେଉଁ କ୍ଷୁଦ୍ରତମ ସଂଖ୍ୟାଦ୍ଵାରା 9408କୁ ଗୁଣନ କଲେ, ଗୁଣଫଳ ଏକ ପୂର୍ବବର୍ଗ ସଂଖ୍ୟା ହେବ? ଗୁଣଫଳର ବର୍ଗମୂଳ ନିର୍ଣ୍ଣୟ କର ।
Solution:
9408 = (2 × 2) × (2 × 2) × (2 × 2) × 3 × (7 × 7)
9408 ସଂଖ୍ୟାର ମୌଳିକ ଗୁଣନୀୟକଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ଯୋଡ଼ିରେ ସଜାଇଲେ 3 ବଳିପଡ଼ିବ।
9408 କୁ 3 ଦ୍ଵାରା ଗୁଣନ କଲେ ଆମେ ପୂର୍ବବର୍ଗ ସଂଖ୍ୟା ପାଇବା
ପୂର୍ବବର୍ଗ ସଂଖ୍ୟା = 9408 × 3 = 28224
Class 8 Maths Chapter 1 Question Answer Odia Medium ବର୍ଗ ଓ ଘନ Page 10 Q6
ବର୍ତ୍ତମାନ \(\sqrt{28224}=\sqrt{(2 \times 2) \times(2 \times 2) \times(3 \times 3) \times(3 \times 3) \times(7 \times 7)}\)
= 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 × 7
= 252
∴ ସଂଖ୍ୟାଟି 252।

Question 7.
ନିମ୍ନଲିଖତ ସଂଖ୍ୟାଗୁଡ଼ିକର ବର୍ଗ ମଧ୍ୟରେ କେତୋଟି ସଂଖ୍ୟା ରହିବ?
(i) 16 ଓ 17
(ii) 99 ଓ 100
Solution:
(i) 162 ଓ 172 ମଧ୍ୟରେ ଥିବା ସଂଖ୍ୟା = 2 × 16 = 32
(ii) 992 ଓ 1002 ମଧ୍ୟରେ ଥିବା ସଂଖ୍ୟା = 2 × 99 = 198

Question 8.
ନିମ୍ନଲିଖୁତ ସଂରଚନାରେ ଖାଲିଥିବା ସ୍ଥାନରେ ଠିକ୍ ସଂଖ୍ୟା ଲେଖୁ ପୂରଣ କର।
(i) 12 + 22 + 22 = 32
(ii) 22 + 32 + 62 = 72
(iii) 32 + 42 + 122 = 132
(iv) 42 + 52 + 202 = (____)2
(v) 92 + 102 + (____)2 = (____)2
Solution:
(i) 12 + 22 + 22 = 32
(ii) 22 + 32 + 62 = 72
(iii) 32 + 42 + 122 = 132
(iv) 42 + 52 + 202 = (21)2
(v) 92 + 102 + (90)2 = (91)2

Question 9.
ପାର୍ଶ୍ଵରେ ଦିଆଯାଇଥ‌ିବା ଚିତ୍ରରେ କେତୋଟି ଛୋଟ ବର୍ଗ ଚିତ୍ର ଅଛି? ଭକ୍ତ ସଂଖ୍ୟାର ମୌଳିକ ଗୁଣନୀୟକଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ଲେଖ।
Class 8 Maths Chapter 1 Question Answer Odia Medium ବର୍ଗ ଓ ଘନ Page 10 Q9
Solution:
ଗୋଟିଏ ଧାଡ଼ିରେ ଥୁବା ବର୍ଗଚିତ୍ର ସଂଖ୍ୟା = 9
ଗୋଟିଏ ସ୍ତମ୍ଭରେ ଥିବା ବର୍ଗଚିତ୍ର ସଂଖ୍ୟା = 9
ଗୋଟିଏ ବଡ଼ ବର୍ଗଚିତ୍ର ମଧ୍ୟରେ ଥ‌ିବା ଛୋଟ ବର୍ଗଚିତ୍ର = 5 × 5 = 25
ସମୁଦାୟ ଛୋଟ ବର୍ଗଚିତ୍ର = 9 × 9 × 25 = 2025
2025 ର ମୌଳିକ ଗୁଣନୀୟକଗୁଡ଼ିକ = 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 5 × 5 = 452

1.2 ଘନ ସଂଖ୍ୟା (Cubic Numbers)

Page No. 11

Question 1.
ଉଦାହରଣ : 1 ସେ.ମି. ବାହୁ ବିଶିଷ୍ଟ କେତୋଟି ସମଘନକୁ ନେଲେ 3 ସେ.ମି. ବାହୁ ବିଶିଷ୍ଟ ଗୋଟିଏ ସମଘନ ପ୍ରସ୍ତୁତ ହୋଇପାରିବ?
Solution:
1 ସେ.ମି. ବାହୁ ବିଶିଷ୍ଟ 3ଟି ସମଘନକୁ ନେଲେ 3 ସେ.ମି. ବାହୁ ବିଶିଷ୍ଟ ଗୋଟିଏ ସମଘନ ପ୍ରସ୍ତୁତ ହୋଇପାରିବ।

Question 2.
9 ଏକ ଘନ ସଂଖ୍ୟା ହେବ କି?
Class 8 Maths Chapter 1 Question Answer Odia Medium ବର୍ଗ ଓ ଘନ Page 11 Q2
Solution:
ଆମେ ଜାଣିଛେ, 2 × 2 × 2 = 8 ଏବଂ 3 × 3 × 3 = 27
ଏଥୁରୁ ଜଣାପଡୁଛି, ୨ ଗୋଟିଏ ଘନ ସଂଖ୍ୟା ନୁହେଁ ବା
10 ଠାରୁ 26 ମଧ୍ଯରେ କୌଣସି ଘନ ସଂଖ୍ୟା ନାହିଁ ।

Question 3.
4 ଏକକ ଦୈର୍ଘ୍ୟ ବିଶିଷ୍ଟ ଗୋଟିଏ ସମଘନରେ କେତୋଟି ଏକକ ସମଘନ ରହିବ?
Class 8 Maths Chapter 1 Question Answer Odia Medium ବର୍ଗ ଓ ଘନ Page 11 Q3
Solution:
ଏଥିରେ 64ଟି । ଘନ ଏକକ ବିଶିଷ୍ଟ ସମଘନ ଅଛି। ତୁମେ (ଏକକ ସମଘନ) ଭଲଭାବେ ଲକ୍ଷ୍ୟ କଲେ ଜାଣିପାରିବେ, ଏହାର ପ୍ରତ୍ୟେକ ସ୍ତରରେ (4 × 4)ଟି ଏକକ ସମଘନ ଅଛି । ଅର୍ଥାତ୍ ପ୍ରତ୍ୟେକ ସ୍ତରରେ (4 × 4) ବା 16 ଟି ଏକକ ସମଘନ ଅଛି । ଏହିପରି 4ଟି ସ୍ତର ଅଛି, ଅର୍ଥାତ୍ ମୋଟ ଏକକ ସମଘନ ସଂଖ୍ୟା 4 × 4 × 4 = 64 ହେବ।

Class 8 Maths Chapter 1 Question Answer Odia Medium ବର୍ଗ ଓ ଘନ

Question 4.
ନିମ୍ନ ସାରଣୀଟିକୁ ପୂରଣ କର । (ପ୍ରଶ୍ନ ସହିତ ଉତ୍ତର)
Class 8 Maths Chapter 1 Question Answer Odia Medium ବର୍ଗ ଓ ଘନ Page 11 Q4
Solution:

13 = 1 113 = 1331
23 = 8 123 = 1728
33 = 27 133 = 2197
43 = 64 143 = 2744
53 = 125 153 = 3375
63 = 216 163 = 4096
73 = 343 173 = 4913
83 = 512 183 = 5832
93 = 729 193 = 6859
103 = 1000 203 = 8000

Page No. 13

Question 1.
ବର୍ଗସଂଖ୍ୟା ପରି, 1 ଅଙ୍କ, 2 ଅଙ୍କ ଏବଂ 3 ଅଙ୍କ ବିଶିଷ୍ଟ କେତୋଟି ଘନ ସଂଖ୍ୟା ଅଛି କହିପାରିବ କି?
Solution:
ଏକ ଅଙ୍କ ବିଶିଷ୍ଟ ଘନସଂଖ୍ୟା, 13 = 1, 23 = 8
ଦୁଇ ଅଙ୍କ ବିଶିଷ୍ଟ ଘନସଂଖା, 33 = 27, 43 = 64
ତିନି ଅଙ୍କ ବିଶିଷ୍ଟ ଘନସଂଖ୍ୟା, 53 = 125, 63 = 216, 73 = 343, 83 = 512, 93 = 729
∴ ଏକ ଅଙ୍କବିଶିଷ୍ଟ 2ଟି, ଦୁଇ ଅଙ୍କବିଶିଷ୍ଟ 2ଟି ଓ ତିନି ଅଙ୍କବିଶିଷ୍ଟ 5ଟି ଘନସଂଖ୍ୟା ଅଛି।

Question 2.
ଗୋଟିଏ ଘନସଂଖ୍ୟାର ଶେଷ ଅଙ୍କ ଦୁଇଟି ଶୂନ (0 0) ହୋଇପାରିବ କି? ବୁଝାଅ।
Solution:
ନା। ଗୋଟିଏ ଘନସଂଖ୍ୟାର ଶେଷରେ ଯେତେ ଶୂନ ଥାଉ ନା କାହିଁକି,
ସେହି ଶୂନ ସଂଖ୍ୟା ସର୍ବଦା 3ର ଗୁଣିତକ ହେବା ଆବଶ୍ୟକ।
ଉଦାହରଣ : 10ର ଘନ = 10 × 10 × 10 = 1000

Question 3.
ସଂଖ୍ୟାଗୁଡ଼ିକର ଘନସଂଖ୍ୟା ନିର୍ଣ୍ଣୟ କର : \(\left(\frac{4}{6}\right)^3\), (13.08)3 ଓ (-6)3
Solution:
\(\left(\frac{4}{6}\right)^3=\left(\frac{4}{6}\right) \times\left(\frac{4}{6}\right) \times\left(\frac{4}{6}\right)=\left(\frac{64}{216}\right)\)
(13.08)3 = 13.08 × 13.08 × 13.08 = 2237.810112
(-6)3 = -6 × -6 × -6 = -216

Question 4.
1729ର ଦୁଇଟି ପରବର୍ତୀ ଟାକ୍ସିକ୍ୟାବ୍ ସଂଖ୍ୟା ହେଲେ 4104 ଓ 13832। ଏହି ଦୁଇଟି ସଂଖ୍ୟାକୁ କେଉଁ ଦୁଇ ଉପାୟରେ ଦୁଇଟି ଘନର ଯୋଗଫଳ ଭାବେ ପ୍ରକାଶ କରାଯାଇପାରିବ, ଚେଷ୍ଟାକର।
Solution:
ଦିଆଯାଇଥବା ଟାକ୍ସିକ୍ୟାବ୍ ସଂଖ୍ୟା ହେଲେ 4104 ଓ 13832
∴ 4104 = 23 + 163 = 93 + 153
ଏବଂ 13832 = 23 + 243 = 183 + 203

Page No. 14

Question 1.
ଯୋଗ ନକରି ତୁମେ ଏହି ସଂଖ୍ୟାମାନଙ୍କର ଯୋଗଫଳ କେତେ କହିପାରିବ କି?
Solution:
ହଁ, ଏହା 103 ହେବ।

Question 2.
ଗୋଟିଏ ସଂଖ୍ୟା ଘନ କି ନୁହେଁ, ଆମେ କିପରି ଜାଣିବା?
Solution:
ବର୍ଗସଂଖ୍ୟା ଭଳି ମୌଳିକ ଗୁଣନୀୟକର ଉତ୍ପାଦକୀକରଣକୁ ବ୍ୟବହାର କରି ସଂଖ୍ୟାଟି ଘନ କି ନୁହେଁ ଆମେ ଜାଣିପାରିବା।

Question 3.
3375 ଏକ ପୂର୍ଣ ଘନ ସଂଖ୍ୟା କି ନୁହେଁ ପରୀକ୍ଷା କରି ଦେଖୁବା।
Solution:
ଆମେ 3375ରେ ମୌଳିକ ଗୁଣନୀୟକ ନିର୍ଣ୍ଣୟ କରିବା।
3375 = 3 × 3 × 3 × 5 × 5 × 5
ଏବେ ଆମେ ଏହି ଗୁଣନୀୟକଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ତିନୋଟି ଲେଖାଏଁ ଗ୍ରୁପ୍‌ରେ ସମାନ ଭାଗ କରିବା।
ତେଣୁ, 3375 = (3 × 5) × (3 × 5) × (3 × 5) = (3 × 5)3 = 153
ଯେହେତୁ ସମସ୍ତ ମୌଳିକ ଗୁଣନୀୟକଗୁଡ଼ିକ ତିନୋଟି ଲେଖାଏଁ ଗ୍ରୁପ୍‌ରେ ରହିବେ,
3375 ଏକ ପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣଘନ ସଂଖ୍ୟା ହେବ।
ଅନ୍ୟ ଏକ ଉପାୟରେ ମଧ୍ୟ ଏହାକୁ ଲେଖୁପାରିବା
3375 = (3 × 3 × 3) × (5 × 5 × 5)3 = 33 × 53
ଅର୍ଥାତ୍ \(\sqrt[3]{3375}\) = 15

Class 8 Maths Chapter 1 Question Answer Odia Medium ବର୍ଗ ଓ ଘନ

Question 4.
500 ଏକ ପୂର୍ଣ ଘନ ସଂଖ୍ୟା କି?
Solution:
500 = 2 × 2 × 5 × 5 × 5
ଏଠାରେ ଗୁଣନୀୟକଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ତିନୋଟି ଲେଖାଏଁ ସମାନ ଭାଗ କରାଯାଇପାରିବ ନାହିଁ ।
ତେଣୁ 500 ଗୋଟିଏ ଗୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ ଘନ ସଂଖ୍ୟା ନୁହେଁ ।

Page No. 15

Question 1.
ଏହି ସଂଖ୍ୟାଗୁଡ଼ିକର ଘନମୂଳ ନିର୍ଣ୍ଣୟ କର।
(i) \(\sqrt[3]{64}\)
(ii) \(\sqrt[3]{512}\)
(iii) \(\sqrt[3]{729}\)
Solution:
(i) 64 ର ମୌଳିକ ଗୁଣନୀୟକ = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2
64 = (2 × 2 × 2) × (2 × 2 × 2) = 23 × 23
ଅର୍ଥାତ୍ \(\sqrt[3]{64}\) = 2 × 2 = 4

(ii) 512 ର ମୌଳିକ ଗୁଣନୀୟକ = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2
512 = (2 × 2 × 2) × (2 × 2 × 2) × (2 × 2 × 2) = 23 × 23 × 23
ଅର୍ଥାତ୍ \(\sqrt[3]{512}\) = 2 × 2 × 2 = 8

(iii) 729 ର ମୌଳିକ ଗୁଣନୀୟକ = 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 3
729 = (3 × 3 × 3) × (3 × 3 × 3) = 33 × 33
ଅର୍ଥାତ୍ \(\sqrt[3]{729}\) = 3 × 3 = 9

Question 2.
ତୁମେ କ’ଣ ଲକ୍ଷ୍ୟ କରୁଛ?
Class 8 Maths Chapter 1 Question Answer Odia Medium ବର୍ଗ ଓ ଘନ Page 15 Q2
Solution:
Class 8 Maths Chapter 1 Question Answer Odia Medium ବର୍ଗ ଓ ଘନ Page 15 Q2.1

1.3 ଇତିହାସ ପୃଷ୍ଠାରୁ

ନିଜେ କରି ଦେଖ (Page No. 16-17)

Question 1.
27000 ଓ 10678 ର ଘନମୂଳ ନିର୍ଣ୍ଣୟ କର।
Solution:
27000 ର ମୌଳିକ ଗୁଣନୀୟକ = 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 5 × 5 × 5
27000 = (2 × 2 × 2) × (3 × 3 × 3) × (5 × 5 × 5) = 23 × 33 × 53
∴ \(\sqrt[3]{27000}\) = 2 × 3 × 5 = 30
10678 ର ମୌଳିକ ଗୁଣନୀୟକ = 2 × 2 × 2 × 11 × 11 × 11
10678 = (2 × 2 × 2) × (11 × 11 × 11) = 23 × 113
∴ \(\sqrt[3]{10678}\) = 2 × 11 = 22
Class 8 Maths Chapter 1 Question Answer Odia Medium ବର୍ଗ ଓ ଘନ Page 16 Q1

Question 2.
କେଉଁ ସଂଖ୍ୟାଦ୍ଵାରା 1323କୁ ଗୁଣନ କଲେ, ଗୁଣଫଳ ଗୋଟିଏ ଘନସଂଖ୍ୟା ହେବ।
Solution:
Class 8 Maths Chapter 1 Question Answer Odia Medium ବର୍ଗ ଓ ଘନ Page 16 Q2
1323 = 3 × 3 × 3 × 7 × 7
ମୌଳିକ ଗୁଣନୀୟକୁ ତିନୋଟି ଲେଖାଏଁ ଶ୍ରେଣୀରେ ସମାନ କଲେ, ଆଉ ଗୋଟିଏ? ଦରକାର ହୋଇଥାଏ।
ତେଣୁ 1323 କୁ 7 ଦ୍ଵାରା ଗୁଣନ କଲେ ଏହା ଗୋଟିଏ ଘନସଂଖ୍ୟା ହେବ।
ଘନସଂଖ୍ୟା = 1323 × 7 = 9261
∴ 1323କୁ 7 ସଂଖ୍ୟାଦ୍ଵାରା ଗୁଣନ କଲେ, ଗୁଣଫଳ ଗୋଟିଏ ଘନସଂଖ୍ୟା ହେବ।

Question 3.
ଭୁଲ୍ (✗) କି ଠିକ୍ (✓), କାରଣ ସହ ଦର୍ଶାଅ।
(i) ଯେକୌଣସି ଅଯୁଗ୍ମ ସଂଖ୍ୟାର ଘନ ଏକ ଯୁଗ୍ମ ସଂଖ୍ୟା।
(ii) ଏପରି କୌଣସି ପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ ଘନ ସଂଖ୍ୟା ନାହିଁ, ଯାହାର ଶେଷ ଅଙ୍କ 8 ହେବ।
(iii) ଗୋଟିଏ ଦୁଇଅଙ୍କ ବିଶିଷ୍ଟ ସଂଖ୍ୟାର ଘନ, ତିନି ଅଙ୍କ ବିଶିଷ୍ଟ ସଂଖ୍ୟା ହୋଇପାରେ।
(iv) ଗୋଟିଏ ଦୁଇ ଅଙ୍କ ବିଶିଷ୍ଟ ସଂଖ୍ୟାର ଘନ ସାତ କିମ୍ବା ଅଧିକ ଅଙ୍କ ବିଶିଷ୍ଟ ହୋଇପାରେ।
(v) ଘନ ସଂଖ୍ୟାଗୁଡ଼ିକର ଅଯୁଗ୍ମ ସଂଖ୍ୟକ ଗୁଣନୀୟକ ଥାଏ।
Solution:
(i) ଯେକୌଣସି ଅଯୁଗ୍ମ ସଂଖ୍ୟାର ଘନ ଏକ ଯୁଗ୍ମ ସଂଖ୍ୟା। (✗)
କାରଣ – ଅଯୁଗ୍ମ ସଂଖ୍ୟାର ଘନ ଏକ ଅଯୁଗ୍ମ ସଂଖ୍ୟା।
ଅର୍ଥାତ ଗୋଟିଏ ଅଯୁଗ୍ମ ସଂଖ୍ୟାକୁ ତିନିଥର ଗୁଣନ କଲେ, ଗୁଣଫଳ ଏକ ଅଯୁଗ୍ମ ସଂଖ୍ୟା ହୋଇଥାଏ।
ଉଦାହରଣ – 33 = 27, 53 = 125, 73 = 343

(ii) ଏପରି କୌଣସି ପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ ଘନ ସଂଖ୍ୟା ନାହିଁ, ଯାହା ଶେଷ ଅଙ୍କ 8 ହେବ। (✗)
କାରଣ – ଗୋଟିଏ ସଂଖ୍ୟାର ଏକକ ଘରେ 2 ଥିଲେ ତାହାର ଘନ ସଂଖ୍ୟାର ଏକକ ଘରେ 8 ର େବ।
ଉଦାହରଣ : 23 = 8, 123 = 1728, 223 = 10648

(iii) ଗୋଟିଏ ଦୁଇଅଙ୍କ ବିଶିଷ୍ଟ ସଂଖ୍ୟାର ଘନ, ତିନି ଅଙ୍କ ବିଶିଷ୍ଟ ସଂଖ୍ୟା ହୋଇପାରେ। (✗)
କାରଣ – ଗୋଟିଏ ଦୁଇ ଅଙ୍କ ବିଶିଷ୍ଟ ସଂଖ୍ୟାର ଘନ, ଚାରି କିମ୍ବା ଛଅ ଅଙ୍କ ବିଶିଷ୍ଟ ସଂଖ୍ୟା ହୋଇପାରେ।
ଉଦାହରଣ – ମନେକର ଦୁଇ ଅଙ୍କ ବିଶିଷ୍ଟ ସାନ ସଂଖ୍ୟା = 10
10 ସଂଖ୍ୟାର ଘନ = 103 = 1000 (ଚାରି ଅଙ୍କ ବିଶିଷ୍ଟ ସଂଖ୍ୟା)

(iv) ଗୋଟିଏ ଦୁଇ ଅଙ୍କ ବିଶିଷ୍ଟ ସଂଖ୍ୟାର ଘନ ସାତ କିମ୍ବା ଅଧ‌ିକ ଅଙ୍କ ବିଶିଷ୍ଟ ହୋଇପାରେ । (✗)
କାରଣ – ଗୋଟିଏ ଦୁଇ ଅଙ୍କ ବିଶିଷ୍ଟ ସଂଖ୍ୟାର ଘନ ଚାରି କିମ୍ବା ଛଅ ଅଙ୍କ ବିଶିଷ୍ଟ ସଂଖ୍ୟା ହୋଇପାରେ।
ଉଦାହରଣ – ମନେକର ଦୁଇ ଅଙ୍କ ବିଶିଷ୍ଟ ବଡ଼ ସଂଖ୍ୟା = 99
99 ସଂଖ୍ୟାର ଘନ = 993 = 970299 (ଛଅ ଅଙ୍କ ବିଶିଷ୍ଟ ସଂଖ୍ୟା)

(v) ଘନ ସଂଖ୍ୟାଗୁଡ଼ିକର ଅଯୁଗ୍ମ ସଂଖ୍ୟକ ଗୁଣନୀୟକ ଥାଏ । (✗)
କାରଣ – ଘନ ସଂଖ୍ୟାଗୁଡ଼ିକର ଅଯୁଗ୍ମ କିମ୍ବା ଯୁଗ୍ମ ସଂଖ୍ୟକ ଗୁଣନୀୟକ ଥାଏ।
ଉଦାହରଣ – 27 = 3 × 3 × 3 (ଅଯୁଗ୍ମ ସଂଖ୍ୟକ ଗୁଣନୀୟକ)
64 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 (ଯୁଗ୍ମ ସଂଖ୍ୟକ ଗୁଣନୀୟକ)

Class 8 Maths Chapter 1 Question Answer Odia Medium ବର୍ଗ ଓ ଘନ

Question 4.
ମନେକର 1331 ଗୋଟିଏ ପୂର୍ବଘନ ସଂଖ୍ୟା। ଉତ୍ପାଦକ ନିଶ୍ଚୟ ନକରି ତୁମେ ଏହାର ଘନମୂଳ ଅନୁମାନ କରିପାରିବ କି? ସେହିପରି 4913, 12167 ଓ 32768ର ଘନମୂଳ ନିର୍ଣ୍ଣୟ କର।
Solution:
(i) 1331
ସଂଖ୍ୟାକୁ ବାମରୁ ଆରମ୍ଭ କରି ଦୁଇଭାଗ କଲେ ପ୍ରଥମ ଭାଗରେ ତିନୋଟି ଅଙ୍କ ଓ ଦ୍ଵିତୀୟ ଭାଗରେ ଗୋଟିଏ ଅଙ୍କ ରହିବ।
∴ 1331 ସଂଖ୍ୟାର ଶେଷ ଅଙ୍କ = 1, ତେଣୁ ଏହାର ଘନମୂଳର ଶେଷ ଅଙ୍କ! ହେବ।
ପ୍ରଥମ ତିନୋଟି ଅଙ୍କ 331 ପ୍ରଥମ ଭାଗ ଓ 1 ହେଉଛି ଦ୍ଵିତୀୟ ଭାଗ।
∴ 331 ର ଏକକ ସ୍ଥାନୀୟ ଅଙ୍କଟି = 1 ଓ ଦ୍ଵିତୀୟ ଭାଗ ‘1’ ଯାହା 13 = 1, ଏହାର ଘନମୂଳ 1 ହେବ।
∴ √1331 = 11
∴ 1331ର ଘନମୂଳ = 11

(ii) 4913
ଏଠାରେ ପ୍ରଥମ ଭାଗ 913 ଓ ଦ୍ଵିତୀୟଭାଗ 4।
913 ସଂଖ୍ୟାର ଶେଷ ଅଙ୍କ = 3, ତେଣୁ ଏହାର ଘନମୂଳର ଶେଷ ଅଙ୍କ 7 ହେବ। (73 = 243)
ଶେଷ ତିନୋଟି ଅଙ୍କ (913)କୁ ଛାଡ଼ି ଦେଲେ ଆଉ ବାକି ରହିଲା 4
13 = 1 ଏବଂ 23 = 8
4 ହେଉଛି 1 ଓ 8 ମଧ୍ୟରେ, ତେଣୁ ଦଶକ ସ୍ଥାନୀୟ ଅଙ୍କ 1 ହେବ ।
∴ 4913ର ଘନମୂଳ = 17

(iii) 12167
12167 ସଂଖ୍ୟାର ଶେଷ ଅଙ୍କ = 7, ତେଣୁ ଏହାର ଘନମୂଳର ଶେଷ ଅଙ୍କ 3 ହେବ । (33 = 27)
ଶେଷ ତିନୋଟି ଅଙ୍କ (167) କୁ ଛାଡ଼ି ଦେଲେ ଆଉ ବାକି ରହିଲା 12
23 = 8 ଏବଂ 33 = 27 ତେଣୁ, 23 < 12 < 33
ଦଶକ ସ୍ଥାନୀୟ ଅଙ୍କ 2 ହେବ।
∴ 12167ର ଘନମୂଳ = 23

(iv) 32768
32678 ସଂଖ୍ୟାର ଶେଷ ଅଙ୍କ = 8, ତେଣୁ ଏହାର ଘନମୂଳର ଶେଷ ଅଙ୍କ 2 ହେବ।
ଶେଷ ତିନୋଟି ଅଙ୍କ (768) କୁ ଛାଡ଼ି ଦେଲେ ଆଉ ବାକି ରହିଲା 32
33 = 27 ଏବଂ 43 = 64 ତେଣୁ, 27 < 32 < 64
ଦଶକ ସ୍ଥାନୀୟ ଅଙ୍କ 3 ହେବ।
∴ 32678ର ଘନମୂଳ = 32

Question 5.
ନିମ୍ନଲିଖୁତ ମଧ୍ୟରୁ କେଉଁଟି ସବୁଠାରୁ ବଡ଼? କାରଣ ଉପସ୍ଥାପନ କର।
(i) 673 – 663
(ii) 433 – 423
(iii) 672 – 662
(iv) 432 – 422
Solution:
(i) 673 – 663 = 1 + 67 × 66 × 3
(ii) 433 – 423 = 1 + 43 × 42 × 3
(iii) 672 – 662 = 67 + 66 = 133
(iv) 432 – 422 = 43 + 42 = 85
ଆମେ ଜାଣିଲେ ଯେ 673 – 663 ସବୁଠାରୁ ବଡ଼।
କାରଣ (n + 1)3 – n3 = 1 + (n + 1) × 3n
(n + 1)2 – n2 = n + n + 1 = 2n + 1

Class 8 Maths Chapter 1 MCQ Odia Medium

ସମ୍ଭାବ୍ୟ ଚାରୋଟି ଉତ୍ତର ମଧ୍ୟରୁ ଠିକ୍ ଉତ୍ତରଟି ବାଛି ଲେଖ ।

Question 1.
25 ର ଗୁଣନୀୟକ କେଉଁଟି ?
(a) 15
(b) 10
(c) 5
(d) 20
Answer:
(c) 5

Question 2.
କେଉଁଟି ଏକ ପୂର୍ବବର୍ଗ ସଂଖ୍ୟା ନୁହେଁ ?
(a) 121
(b) 169
(c) 146
(d) 225
Answer:
(c) 146

Question 3.
ଏକ ସଂଖ୍ୟାର ଶେଷ ଅଙ୍କ ୬ ହେଲେ ଏହାର ବର୍ଗର ଏକକ ଘର ଅଙ୍କଟି କେତେ?
(a) 3
(b) 1
(c) 0
(d) 2
Answer:
(b) 1

Question 4.
କେଉଁଟି ଏକ ଯୁଗ୍ମ ସଂଖାର ବର୍ଗ ?
(a) 441
(b) 529
(c) 484
(d) 225
Answer:
(c) 484

Question 5.
13 ଓ 14 ର ବର୍ଗ ମଧ୍ଯରେ କେତୋଟି ସଂଖ୍ୟା ଅଛି?
(a) 27
(b) 28
(c) 29
(d) 26
Answer:
(d) 26

Class 8 Maths Chapter 1 Question Answer Odia Medium ବର୍ଗ ଓ ଘନ

Question 6.
ଯଦି 452 = 2025 ତେବେ 462 କେତେ?
(a) 2025 + 46
(b) 2025 + 462
(c) 2025 + 232
(d) 2025 + 91
Answer:
(d) 2025 + 91

Question 7.
1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + 9 + 11 + 13 ର ମୂଲ୍ୟ କେତେ?
(a) 49
(b) 28
(c) 56
(d) 55
Answer:
(a) 49

Question 8.
1982 – 1972 ର ମୂଲ୍ୟ କେତେ?
(a) 393
(b) 395
(c) 295
(d) 293
Answer:
(b) 395

Question 9.
196 ର ବର୍ଗମୂଳ କେତେ ?
(a) 16
(b) 18
(c) 14
(d) 24
Answer:
(c) 14

Question 10.
24 ର ଘନ କେତେ?
(a) 17,576
(b) 2,744
(c) 13,824
(d) 13,844
Answer:
(c) 13,824

Question 11.
ନିମ୍ନୋକ୍ତ କେଉଁଟି ଏକ ପୂର୍ଣ ଘନ ସଂଖ୍ୟା?
(a) 1727
(b) 1728
(c) 2164
(d) 3475
Answer:
(b) 1728

Question 12.
ଯୁଗ୍ମ ଗଣନ ସଂଖ୍ୟାମାନଙ୍କର ଘନ କେଉଁ ସଂଖ୍ୟା ହେବ ?
(a) ଅଯୁଗ୍ମ ସଂଖ୍ୟା
(b) ଯୁଗ୍ମ ସଂଖ୍ୟା
(c) ଯୁଗ୍ମ ବା ଅଯୁଗ୍ମ ସଂଖ୍ୟା
(d) କହି ହେବ ନାହିଁ
Answer:
(b) ଯୁଗ୍ମ ସଂଖ୍ୟା

Question 13.
23 ର ଘନର ଏକକ ସ୍ଥାନୀୟ ଅଙ୍କଟି କେତେ?
(a) 9
(b) 8
(c) 7
(d) 3
Answer:
(c) 7

Question 14.
21 + 23 + 25 + 27 + 29 ର ମୂଲ୍ୟ କେତେ?
(a) 225
(b) 841
(c) 125
(d) 135
Answer:
(c) 125

Question 15.
233 – 223 ର ମୂଲ୍ୟ କେତେ ?
(a) 1519
(b) 1529
(c) 259
(d) 1421
Answer:
(a) 1519

Class 8 Maths Chapter 1 Question Answer Odia Medium ବର୍ଗ ଓ ଘନ

Question 16.
6859 ର ଘନମୂଳ କେତେ?
(a) 29
(b) 17
(c) 19
(d) 13
Answer:
(c) 19

Question 17.
\(\frac{\sqrt[3]{64}+\sqrt[3]{125}}{\sqrt[3]{27}}\) ର ମୂଲ୍ୟ କେତେ?
(a) 3
(b) 7
(c) 8
(d) 9
Answer:
(a) 3

ଶୂନ୍ୟସ୍ଥାନ ପୂରଣ କର ।

Question 1.
1456 ର ବର୍ଗର ଏକକ ସ୍ଥାନୀୟ ଅଙ୍କଟି __________
Answer:
6

Question 2.
26 ତମ ଅଯୁଗ୍ମ ସଂଖ୍ୟାଟି __________
Answer:
51

Question 3.
24025 ର ବର୍ଗମୂଳ __________ ଅଙ୍କ ବିଶିଷ୍ଟ ।
Answer:
3

Question 4.
125 କୁ __________ କ୍ଷୁଦ୍ରତମ ସଂଖ୍ୟାଦ୍ଵାରା ଗୁଣନ କଲେ ଏକ ପୂର୍ବବର୍ଗ ସଂଖ୍ୟା ହେବ?
Answer:
5

Question 5.
73 – 63 ର ମୂଲ୍ୟ __________
Answer:
127

Question 6.
72 କୁ __________ କ୍ଷୁଦ୍ରତମ ସଂଖ୍ୟା ଦ୍ଵାରା ଭାଗକଲେ ଏକ ପୂର୍ବବର୍ଗ ସଂଖ୍ୟା ହେବ?
Answer:
2

Question 7.
90 ର ଘନରେ __________ ଟି ଶୂନ ରହିବ ।
Answer:
3

Question 8.
25 ର ଗୁଣନୀୟକ __________
Answer:
5

ସଂକ୍ଷେପରେ ଉତ୍ତର ଲେଖ।

Question 1.
1 ଓ 50 ମଧ୍ୟରେ କେତୋଟି ପୂର୍ବବର୍ଗ ସଂଖ୍ୟା ଅଛି?
Answer:
1 ରୁ 50 ମଧ୍ୟରେ 6 ଟି ପୂର୍ବବର୍ଗ ସଂଖ୍ୟା ଅଛି।
ସେଗୁଡ଼ିକ ହେଲା – 4, 9, 16, 25, 36 ଓ 49 ।

Question 2.
38 ତମ ଅଯୁଗ୍ମ ସଂଖ୍ୟା କେତେ ?
Answer:
n ତମ ଅଯୁଗ୍ମ ସଂଖ୍ୟାର ସାଧାରଣ ରୂପ = 2n – 1
∴ 38 ତମ ଅଯୁଗ୍ମ ସଂଖ୍ୟାଟି = 2 × 38 – 1
= 76 – 1
= 75

Question 3.
63 କୁ ଅଯୁଗ୍ମ ସଂଖ୍ୟାମାନଙ୍କର ଯୋଗଫଳ ରୂପେ ପ୍ରକାଶ କର।
Solution:
ଦତ୍ତ ଅଛି 63 = 6 × 6 × 6 = 216
∴ n = 6 ଓ n – 1 = 6 – 1 = 5
∴ (6 × 5) + 1 = 30 + 1 = 31
∴ 31 ରୁ ଆରମ୍ଭ କରି ଅଯୁଗ୍ମ ସଂଖ୍ୟାଗୁଡ଼ିକ ହେଲେ
∴ 31 + 33 + 35 + 37 + 39 + 41 = 216

Question 4.
16 ର ଘନ କେତେ?
Solution:
16 ର ଘନ = 16 × 16 × 16 = 4096

Class 8 Maths Chapter 1 Question Answer Odia Medium ବର୍ଗ ଓ ଘନ

Question 5.
173 – 163 ର ମୂଲ୍ୟ ନିର୍ଣ୍ଣୟ କର ।
Solution:
173 – 163
ଆମେ ଜାଣୁ b3 – a3 = 1 + 3ab, b > 0
ଯେତେବେଳେ a ଓ b ଦୁଇଟି ନିକଟତମ ସଂଖ୍ୟା
a = 16 ଓ b = 17 ର ପ୍ରୟୋଗ କଲେ
173 – 163 = 1 + 3 × 16 × 17 = 817

Question 6.
ଦର୍ଶାଅ ଯେ 29 ଏକ ପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣବର୍ଗ ସଂଖ୍ୟା ନୁହେଁ ।
Solution:
ଆମେ ଜାଣୁ 29 = (1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + 9) + 4
ଏଠାରେ 29 କ୍ରମିକ ଅଯୁଗ୍ମ ସଂଖ୍ୟାମାନଙ୍କର ଯୋଗଫଳ ହେବ ନାହିଁ । ତେଣୁ 29 ଏକ ପୂର୍ବବର୍ଗ ସଂଖ୍ୟା ନୁହେଁ ।

Question 7.
9 + 11 + 13 + 15 + 17 + 19 ର ଯୋଗଫଳ ନିର୍ଣ୍ଣୟ କର।
Solution:
ଆମେ ଜାଣୁ 1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + 9 + 11 + 13 + 15 + 17 + 19 = 102
କିନ୍ତୁ 1 + 3 + 5 + 7 = 42
∴ 9 + 11 + 13 + 15 + 17 + 19 = (1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + 9 + 11 + 13 + 15 + 17 + 19) – (1 + 3 + 5 + 7)
= 102 – 42
= 100 – 16
= 84

Question 8.
ଯଦି 452 = 2025 ତେବେ 462 ନିର୍ଣ୍ଣୟ କର ।
Solution:
ଆମେ ଜାଣୁ 2025 ସଂଖ୍ୟାଟି ପ୍ରଥମ 45 ଟି ଅଯୁଗ୍ମ ସଂଖ୍ୟାର ଯୋଗଫଳ
∴ n ତମ ଅଯୁଗ୍ମ ସଂଖ୍ୟା = 2n – 1
46 ତମ ଅଯୁଗ୍ମ ସଂଖ୍ୟା = 2 × 46 – 1 = 92 – 1 = 91
452 ରେ 91 ଯୋଗକଲେ ଏହା 462 ହେବ
∴ 462 = 2025 + 91 = 2116

Light: Mirrors and Lenses Class 8 Question Answer Science Chapter 10

Go through BSE Odisha Class 8 Science Solutions Chapter 10 Light: Mirrors and Lenses Question Answer to understand textbook questions more clearly.

Class 8 Science Curiosity Chapter 10 Question Answer

Class 8 Science Ch 10 Light: Mirrors and Lenses Question Answer

Class 8 Science Chapter 10 Light: Mirrors and Lenses Question Answer

Probe and Ponder Questions

Question 1.
Can we make mirrors which can give enlarged or diminished images?
Answer:
Yes, we can make mirrors that produce ehnlarged or diminished images. Specially, concave mirrors can form both enlarged and diminished images depending on the object’s distance from the mirror, while convex mirrors always produce diminished images. Concave mirrors give magnified images when the object is close (between the pole and the focal point) and diminished images when the object is far (beyond the centre of curvature). Convex mirrors always form virtual, erect and similar images.

Question 2.
On side-view mirrors of vehicles, there is a warning that says “Objects in mirror are closer than they appear”. Why is this warning written there?
Answer:
The warning “Objects in mirror are closer than they appear” is written on the side-view mirrors of vehicles because these mirrors are typically convex. Convex mirrors make objects appear smaller and therefore seem farther away than they really are. The warning reminds drivers to allow extra distance when judging how near other vehicles or objects are.

Light: Mirrors and Lenses Class 8 Question Answer Science Chapter 10

Question 3.
Why is there a curved line on some reading glasses?
Answer:
The curved line on reading glasses is due to the convex shape of the lens. These lenses are thicker in the middle and thinner at the edges, causing light rays to converge (bend inward) and improve near vision for individuals with presbyopia. This curvature is essential for correcting the vision by focusing light properly on the retina.

Question 4.
Share your questions ………….
Answer:
Here are some fun questions you might think of from the chapter:

  • How does a magnifying glass make things look bigger?
  • Why do spoons act like funny mirrors?
  • Can lenses in our eyes change shape?
  • What happens if you use a concave mirror to focus sunlight?

InText Questions

Question 1.
How can we distinguish between concave and convex mirrors? (Page 155)
Answer:
To distinguish between concave and convex mirrors, observe how they reflect light and the images they form. Concave mirrors curve inward, causing parallel light rays to converge at a focal point and can form both real (inverted) and virtual (erect) images depending on object distance.

Light Mirrors and Lenses Class 8 Question Answer Science Chapter 10.1
Convex mirror curve outward, causing parallel light rays to diverge and always form virtual, erect and diminished images. A simple test is to hold the mirror near an object and move it; a concave mirror can magnify objects when close while a convex mirror always makes them appear smaller.

Question 2.
Do you remember learning about the use of telescope in the chapter ‘Beyond Earth’ in Curiosity, Grade 6? (Page 156)
Answer:
Yes, some laws govern image formation by mirrors, including plane, concave and convex mirrors. These laws are based on the laws of reflection, which state that the angle of incidence (the angle at which light hits the mirror) is equal to the angle of reflection (the angle at which light bounces off the mirror). Additionally, the incident ray, the reflected ray, and the normal (an imaginary line perpendicular to the mirror’s surface at the point of incidence) all lie in the same plane.

Question 3.
We have observed images formed by three types of mirrors-plane, concave, and convex. But are there any laws which govern the image formation? (Page 157)
Answer:
Yes, the two laws of reflections which govern the image formation.

Light: Mirrors and Lenses Class 8 Question Answer Science Chapter 10

Question 4.
Are laws of reflection applicable to spherical mirrors also? (Page 160)
Answer:
Yes, the laws of reflection apply to spherical mirrors. The same rules-angle of incidence equals angle of reflection and the incident ray, reflected ray and normal lie in the same plane – hold at every point on a spherical mirror’s surface. Using these laws and simple geometry we can predict where an image will form for concave and convex spherical mirrors.

Question 5.
We explored the images of an object formed by curved mirrors. But how do objects look when viewed through transparent materials with curved surfaces? (Page 162)
Answer:
When we view the printed letters by a magnifying glass which is a convex lens, it appear bigger in size. In case of concave lens the image is smaller than object.

Question 6.
What changes can be seen in the objects when viewed through lenses? (Page 163)
Answer:
Image formed by a convex lens can be enlarged, diminished or of the same size as the object and it may be erect or inverted, depending upon the distance of the object from the lens. But image formed by a concave lens is always erect and diminished in size.

Question 7.
Do lenses also converge or diverge the light beam? Can it also burn a paper ? (Page 163)
Answer:
Yes, lenses can both converge and diverge light beams. Convex (convering) lenses bring parallel rays together at a focus, while concave (diverging) lenses cause parallel rays to spread out as if they came from a virtual focus.
Light Mirrors and Lenses Class 8 Question Answer Science Chapter 10.2

Question 8.
Since a convex lens converges a light beam, can it also burn a paper? (Page 164)
Answer:
Yes. A convex lens can concentrate sunlight to a small spot and raise the temperature there enough to scorch or even ignite paper. This is the same principle used in a magnifying glass to focus sunlight.

Question 9.
Where all are the lenses used ? (Page 165)
Answer:
Lenses are used in many devices such as eyeglasses, cameras, microscopes, telescopes, projectors, magnifying glasses and medical instruments. Different lens types (convex or concave) are chosen depending on whether the light needs to be converged or diverged.

Light: Mirrors and Lenses Class 8 Questions and Answers

Keep the Curiosity Alive (Pages 166-169)

Question 1.
What is the angle made by the reflected ray with the mirror?
Light Mirrors and Lenses Class 8 Question Answer Science Chapter 10.3
(i) 40°
(ii) 50°
(iii) 45°
(iv) 60°
Answer:
(ii) If the incident ray makes a 40° angle with the normal, then :
Angle of incidence (i) =40°
According to the law of reflection,
Angle of reflection (r) = Angle of incidence
(i) = 40°
Now, Angle between reflected ray and mirror = 90° angle of reflection
= 90°-40°=50°

Light: Mirrors and Lenses Class 8 Question Answer Science Chapter 10

Question 2.
The figure shows three different situations where a light ray falls on a mirror:
Light Mirrors and Lenses Class 8 Question Answer Science Chapter 10.4
(i) The light ray falls along the normal.
(ii) The mirror is tilted, but the light ray still falls along the normal to the tilted surface.
(iii) The mirror is tilted, and the light ray falls at an angle of 20° from the normal.
Draw the reflected ray in each case (Use a ruler and protractor for accurate drawing). What is the angle of reflection in each case?
Answer:
(i) Light ray falls along the normal Angle of incidence = 0°
Angle of incidence =0°
Angle of reflection =0°
The ray retraces its path. It reflects straight back along the same line.

(ii) The mirror is tilted, but the light ray still falls along the normal to the tilted surface.
Even though the mirror is tilted, the ray is still perpendicular to the surface.
Angle of incidence = 0°
Angle of reflection = 0°
The ray again retraces its path – the tilt doesn’t affect the reflection if the ray is normal to the surface.

(iii) The mirror is tilted, and the light ray falls at 20° from the normal.
Angle of incidence =20°
By the law of reflection:
Angle of reflection =20°
The reflected ray will make a 20° angle with the normal, on the opposite side.

Question 3.
In the figure, the cap of a sketch pen is placed in front of three types of mirrors.
Light Mirrors and Lenses Class 8 Question Answer Science Chapter 10.5
Match each image with the correct mirror.
Light Mirrors and Lenses Class 8 Question Answer Science Chapter 10.6
Answer:

Image Mirror
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
Convex mirror
Concave mirror
Plane mirror

Question 4.
In the Figure, the cap of a sketch pen is placed behind a convex lens, a concave lens, and a flat transparent glass piece- all at the same distance.
Light Mirrors and Lenses Class 8 Question Answer Science Chapter 10.7
Match each image with the correct type of lens or glass.
Light Mirrors and Lenses Class 8 Question Answer Science Chapter 10.8
Answer:

Image Lens/glass type
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
Convex lens
Concave lens
Flat transparent glass piece

Light: Mirrors and Lenses Class 8 Question Answer Science Chapter 10

Question 5.
When the light is incident along the normal on the mirror, which of the following statements is true:
(i) Angle of incidence is 90°
(ii) Angle of incidence is 0°
(iii) Angle of reflection is 90°
(iv) No reflection of light takes place in this case
Answer:
(ii) When light hits a surface at a 90° angle (perpendicular), it is considered to be incident normally.
Angle of incidence = Angle of reflection: In reflection, the angle of the reflected light is always equal to the angle of the incident light. Since the light is hitting the mirror normally (at a 0° angle of incidence), the reflected light will also be at a 0° angle of reflection.

Question 6.
Three mirrors-plane, concave, and convex, are placed in the figure. Based on the images of the graph sheet formed in the mirrors, identify the mirrors and write their names above the mirrors.
Light Mirrors and Lenses Class 8 Question Answer Science Chapter 10.9
Answer:
Light Mirrors and Lenses Class 8 Question Answer Science Chapter 10.11

Question 7.
In a museum, a woman walks towards a large convex mirror (Figure). She will see that :
(i) her erect image keeps decreasing in size.
(ii) her inverted image keeps decreasing in size.
(iii) her inverted image keeps increasing in size, and eventually it becomes erect and magnified.
(iv) her erect image keeps increasing in size.
Light Mirrors and Lenses Class 8 Question Answer Science Chapter 10.10
Answer:
The correct answer is (i) her erect image keeps decreasing in size. Because a convex mirror always forms a virtual, erect, and diminished image.

Question 8.
Hold a magnifying glass over the text and identify the distance at which you can see the text bigger than they are written. Now move it away from the text. What do you notice? Which type of lens is a magnifying glass?
Answer:
A magnifying glass uses a convex lens to make text appear larger. When we hold the magnifying glass close to the text and then slowly move it away, the image of the text will first appear larger and sharper, then progressively get larger and more blurred, and finally invert and appear smaller again.

Question 9.
Match the entries in Column I with those in Column II.
Light Mirrors and Lenses Class 8 Question Answer Science Chapter 10.12
Answer:

Column I Column II
(i) Concave mirror (a) Spherical mirror with a reflecting surface that curves inwards.
(ii) Convex mirror (b) It forms an image which is always erect and diminished in size.
(iii) Convex lens (c) An object placed behind it may appear inverted at some distance.
(iv) Concave lens (d) The object placed behind it always appears diminished in size.

Question 10.
The following question is based on Assertion/Reason.
Assertion: Convex mirrors are preferred for observing the traffic behind us.
Reason: Convex mirrors provide a significantly larger view area than plane mirrors.
Choose the correct option:
(i) Both Assertion and Reason are correct, and Reason is the correct explanation for Assertion.
(ii) Both Assertion and Reason are correct, but Reason is not the correct explanation for Assertion.
(iii) Assertion is correct, but Reason is incorrect.
(iv) Both Assertion and Reason are incorrect.
Answer:
(i) Both Assertion and Reason are correct, and Reason is the correct explanation for Assertion.

Light: Mirrors and Lenses Class 8 Question Answer Science Chapter 10

Question 11.
In the Figure, note that O stands for object, M for mirror, and I for image.
Light Mirrors and Lenses Class 8 Question Answer Science Chapter 10.13
Which of the following statements is true?
(i) Figure (a) indicates a plane mirror, and Figure (b) indicates a concave mirror.
(ii) Figure (a) indicates a convex mirror and Figure (b) indicates a concave mirror.
(iii) Figure (a) indicates a concave mirror and Figure (b) indicates a convex mirror.
(iv) Figure (a) indicates a plane mirror, and Figure (b) indicates a convex mirror.
Answer:
(ii) Figure (a) indicates a convex mirror and Figure (b) indicates a concave mirror.

Question 12.
Place a pencil behind a transparent glass tumbler (Figure a). Now fill the tumbler halfway with water (Figure b). How does the pencil appear when viewed through the water? Explain why its shape appears changed.
Light Mirrors and Lenses Class 8 Question Answer Science Chapter 10.14
Answer:
When we place a pencil behind a transparent glass tumbler and fill the tumbler halfway with water, the pencil will appear to be bent or broken at the point where it enters the water. The submerged portion of the pencil might also appear slightly thicker or shifted from its actual position. This phenomenon is called refraction of light.

Why it Happens
Change in medium: Light travels at different speeds in different materials (media). Air is an optically rarer medium, meaning light travels faster in it, compared to water, which is an optically denser medium where light travels more slowly.

Bending of Light (Refraction): When light rays from the pencil travel from the water (denser medium) into the air (rarer medium) and then into our eyes, their speed changes. This change in speed causes the light rays to bend or deviate from their original path. Specifically, when light goes from a denser medium to a rarer medium, it bends away from the normal (an imaginary line perpendicular to the surface at the point where light enters the new medium).

Apparent Position: Because our brains interpret light rays as traveling in straight lines, the bending of light at the water-air interface makes the submerged part of the pencil appear to be at a different location than its actual position, creating the illusion of a bent or broken pencil.

The extent of this bending depends on the angle at which we view the pencil and the difference in optical density between the two media (water and air). If we view the pencil straight from above, we won’t observe the bending as the light rays would be traveling perpendicular to the surface, and refraction would be minimal.

Class 8 Science Chapter 10 Question Answer

Activity 1.

Let us explore
Aim: To study the image of an object formed by a curved reflecting surface.
Materials Required: A highly polished large stainless steel spoon.
Light Mirrors and Lenses Class 8 Question Answer Science Chapter 10.15
Procedure:

  • Take a highly polished large stainless steel spoon and hold its curved surface close to your face. Can you see your image in it?
  • You will notice that the image of your face is different from the image you see in a plane mirror.
  • Now, observe the image, by moving spoon slowly away from your face. Do you observe any change in the image?
  • Repeat the same steps by flipping the spoon.

Observations:

  • When we looked at the inner side of spoon which is curved inwards, we observed that the image was inverted.
  • When we looked at the outer side of the spoon which is bulges outwards, the image of our face was erect but smaller in size.

Inferences:

  • Curved mirrors are a part of hollow glass sphere.
  • The reflecting surface of the spherical mirror may be curved inwards or outwards.

Light: Mirrors and Lenses Class 8 Question Answer Science Chapter 10

Activity 2.

Let us distinguish

Aim: To distinguish between concave and convex mirror.
Materials Required: A concave mirror, a convex mirror.Light Mirrors and Lenses Class 8 Question Answer Science Chapter 10.16

Procedure:

  • Keep a concave and a convex mirrors on a table whose reflecting surfaces facing upwards.
  • Now look at them from the side, keeping your eye at their level, so that you can identify whether the reflecting surface is curved inwards or outwards.

Observations:

  • The Reflecting surface of one mirror is curved inwards.
  • The Reflecting surface of other mirror is curved outwards.

Inference:

Concave mirror Convex mirror
1. Reflecting surface is curved inwards. 1. Reflecting surface is curved outwards.
2. A thin layer of aluminium is coated on outer curved surface. 2. A thin layer of aluminium is coated on inner curved surface.
3. It forms both type of images: erect and inverted. 3. It forms only erect images at all distances.


Activity 3.

Let us explore
Aim: To study the characteristics of images formed by spherical mirrors.
Materials Required: A concave mirror, a convex mirror, two small wooden blocks, a small toy or some other object.

Light Mirrors and Lenses Class 8 Question Answer Science Chapter 10.17

Procedure:

  • Take two mirrors and hold them side by side in an upright position on a table.
  • Keep the object in front of them at a small distance (3-4 cm away) as shown in Figure (a).
  • What kind of images do you see in each mirror? Are the images of the same size as the object? Are they erect? Do you see lateral inversion in the images?
  • Note down your observation.
  • Now, move the object gradually from the mirror.
  • What changes do you see in the images in both the mirrors? Do the images become smaller or larger? Do they continue to be erect? Again, note down your observations.
  • Repeat the above steps with each mirror separately.

Observations:

1. When object is close to the mirror.

Concave Convex
(i) Enlarged size (Larger) (i) Diminished size (Smaller)
(ii) Erect (ii) Erect
(iii) Lateral inversion is seen. (iii) Lateral inversion is seen.

2. When object is moved away:

Concave Convex
(i) The size decreases as the distance increases. (i) Smaller at all distance.
(ii) Inverted (ii) Remains erect
(iii) Lateral inversion is seen. (iii) Lateral inversion is seen.

Inference :
For a Convex Reflecting Surface:

  • An erect and smaller image is formed.
  • The image remains erect and smaller at all distances.

For a Concave Reflecting Surface:

  • At smaller distance, the image is erect and enlarged.
  • At larger distances, the image formed is inverted. The size of the image decreases as the distance from the spoon increases.

Conclusion: Common in Both: Lateral inversion (left-right reversal) is observed in the images.

Light: Mirrors and Lenses Class 8 Question Answer Science Chapter 10

Activity 4.

Let us experiment
Aim: To verify the first laws of reflection.
Materials Required: A drawing board, a white sheet of paper, a comb, a torch, a strip of plane mirror.

Light Mirrors and Lenses Class 8 Question Answer Science Chapter 10.18

Procedure:

  • Fix a white sheet of paper on a drawing board.
  • Take a comb and close all its openings except one in the middle.
  • Hold the comb perpendicular to the sheet of paper.
  • Throw light from a torch through the opening of the comb from one side. With slight adjustment of the torch and the comb you will see a ray of light along the paper on the other side of the comb.
  • Keep the comb and the torch steady.
  • Place a strip of plane mirror in the path of the light ray.
  • What do you observe ?
    After striking the mirror, the ray of light is reflected in another direction.
  • After striking the mirror, the ray of light is reflected in another direction. The light ray, which strikes any surface, is called the incident ray. The ray that comes back from the surface after reflection is known as the reflected ray.
  • Daw lines showing the position of the plane mirror, the incident ray and the reflected ray on the paper. Remove the mirror and the comb. Draw a line making an angle of 90° to the line representing the mirror at the point where the incident ray strikes the mirror. This line is known as the normal to the reflecting surface at that point.
  • The angle between the normal and incident ray is called the angle of incidence (∠i). The angle between the normal and the reflected ray is known as the angle of reflection (∠r).
  • Measure the angle of incidence and the angle of reflection.
  • Repeat the activity several times by changing the angle of incidence.

Light Mirrors and Lenses Class 8 Question Answer Science Chapter 10.19

Observations:

S.No Angle of incidence (∠i) Angle of Reflection (∠r)
1. 30° 30°
2. 35° 35°
3. 45° 45°
4. 50° 50°
5. 60° 60°

Inference: Angle of incidence is always equal to the angle of reflection. This is known as the law of reflection.
Incident ray of light: Ray of light which falls on a polished surface.
Reflected ray of light: Ray of light which gets reflected from a polished surface.
Normal is a line at right angle to the reflecting surface at the point of incidence.
Angle of incidence: Angle made by incident ray with the normal.
Angle of reflection: Angle made by reflected ray with the normal.

Light Mirrors and Lenses Class 8 Question Answer Science Chapter 10.20

Laws of Reflection: There are two laws of reflection :
Law 1: The angle of reflection (∠r) is equal to the angle of incidence (∠i)
Law 2: The incident ray, the reflected ray and the normal at the point of incidence all lie in the same plane.

Light: Mirrors and Lenses Class 8 Question Answer Science Chapter 10

Activity 5.

Let us experiment

Aim: To verify the second law of reflection, i.e. the Incident ray, Reflected ray and the normal all lie in the same plane.
Materials Required: A mirror strip, holder, ray box.

Light Mirrors and Lenses Class 8 Question Answer Science Chapter 10.21

Procedure:

  • Fix a white sheet of paper on a drawing board in such a way that a small portion of it project a little beyond the edge of the drawing board.
  • Place the plane mirror strip on the sheet of paper and hold it vertically with a mirror stand.
  • Throw a ray of light on the mirror using a ray box.
  • Look at the reflected ray. The reflected ray extends the projected portion of the paper.
  • Make a cut in the middle of the projected portion of the sheet.
  • Bend that portion of the projected sheet on which the reflected light falls.
  • The reflected ray of light is not seen on the bent portion of the sheet.

Inference: The entire sheet fixed on to the drawing board represents a plane. The incident, reflected ray and the normal lie in the plane of paper.

Activity 6.

Let us explore
Aim: To observe the reflection of multiple parallel rays fall on the plane mirror and spherical mirrors.
Materials Required: A plane mirror, a concave mirror, a convex mirror, stands for mirrors, a torch, a comb, a paper clip.

Light Mirrors and Lenses Class 8 Question Answer Science Chapter 10.22
Procedure:

  • Arrange the setup as mentioned in Activity 4 again.
  • Instead of a single slit, you have to leave many opening of the comb uncovered so that you may obtain multiple parallel beams of light.
  • Now, we will fall these multiple parallel beams of light upon the plane mirror, concave mirror, and convex mirror, respectively. Observe the reflected beams. Is your observation same as what is shown in figure (b), (c) and (d)?

Observations:

Case I: Multiple reflected beams are also parallel [Figure (b)].
Case II: When multiple beams of light fall upon a concave mirror, the multiple refiected beams get closer, that is, they converge [Figure (c)].
Case III: In the case of a convex mirror, the multiple reflected beams spread, that is, they diverge [Figure (d)].

Inference:

  • Spherical mirror also follows the laws of reflection.
  • A concave mirror converge (get closer) the multiple beam of light after reflection.
  • A convex mirror diverge (spread) the multiple beam of light after reflection.
  • But in a plane mirror multiple reflected beam of light remains parallel.

Light: Mirrors and Lenses Class 8 Question Answer Science Chapter 10

Activity 7.

Let us explore

Aim: To show that concave mirror is a converging mirror.
Materials Required: A concave mirror, a sheet of thin paper or newspaper.

Procedure:
1. Take a concave mirror and move its reflecting surface towards the Sun. Let the light of the Sun be reflected by the mirror on the sheet of paper.
Light Mirrors and Lenses Class 8 Question Answer Science Chapter 10.23
2. We should adjust the distance of the paper so that you can get a sharp bright spot on it see in figure.
3. You must hold the mirror and the sheet of paper contineously for a few minutes. Does the paper start to burn producing smoke?
Observation: The bright spot is formed on the paper and paper get ignited after few minutes.

Inference:

  • Bright spot is due to concentration of reflected light from the sun. i.e., reflected light converged at a point after reflection.
  • This produce sufficient heat at this point which can ignite the paper.
  • Bright spot is actually the image of the sun.

Precaution:

  • You should always perform this activity under the guidance of a teacher or an adult.
  • We should not look towards the Sun or into the mirror reflecting the Sun.
  • We should focus the reflected light only on a piece of paper, not towards anyone’s face or eyes.

Activity 8.

Let us explore
Aim: To read the printed letters through glass/plastic strip.
Materials Required: A flat strip of glass or clear plastic, such as a flat scale, few drops of oil, dropper, water and a paper or book.

Light Mirrors and Lenses Class 8 Question Answer Science Chapter 10.24

Procedure:

  • Take a glass or plastic strip.
  • Spread few drops of oil on it and rub it to leave a very thin coating. We can also use wax instead of oil.
  • Now with the help of a dropper or our finger, put a few drop of water on the oiled/waxed spot. (The oil/wax will help the water form a nice round drop.)
  • Observe the water drop. What is the shape of its surface? Is it flat or curved inward or curved outward?
  • Now, observe the paper underneath the glass/plastic strip. The paper or book should be directly under the water drop (see figure).
  • Now, look down through the water drop at the text below. Do you find some change in the size of the letters just below the water drop? Do they look enlarged or smaller?

Observation:

  • The surface of the water drop is curved outside.
  • The letters under the water drop appear than the letters nearby.

Inference:

  • The curved drop of water acts like a simple lens.
  • This is similar to magnifying glass which is also a lens that helps in reading small print making the letters appear larger.

Activity 9.

Let us experiment
Aim: To show the formation of images by a lens when the objects are placed at different distances.
Materials Required: A convex lens, a concave lens, a lens holder or stand and a smaller object.

Light Mirrors and Lenses Class 8 Question Answer Science Chapter 10.25

Procedure:
(A) For a convex lens

  • Take a convex lens and mount it on a lens stand. Place it on a table.
  • Place a lighted candle at a known distance (say 50 cm) from the lens.
  • Place a white paper screen on the other side of the lens.
  • Move the screen towards or away from the lens to get a sharp image of the candle flame.
  • Since the image is obtained on the screen, therefore the image formed is real. Note down the positions of the lens, the candle, and that of the screen.
  • Now move the candle by 10 cm towards the lens and try to obtain its image on the screen by moving the screen. Note down the positions of the lens, the candle and the screen.
  • Repeat the experiment by changing the position of the candle and that of the screen.

Light: Mirrors and Lenses Class 8 Question Answer Science Chapter 10

Observation:
Light Mirrors and Lenses Class 8 Question Answer Science Chapter 10.26

Inference:

  • Convex lens forms a real and inverted image of the object when placed away from the lens.
  • Convex lens forms virtual and erect image when the object is placed very near to the lens.

Procedure:

  • Mount a concave lens on a lens stand and keep it on a table.
  • Place a lighted candle at a known distance (say 50 cm) from the lens.
  • Place white paper sheet on the other side of the lens.
  • Move the screen towards or away from the lens and look for the image of the candle flame. Image of the candle flame is not seen on the screen.
  • Now fix the position of the screen and move the candle towards the lens. Image of the candle flame is not seen on the screen.
  • Remove the screen and look into the concave lens from that side. An erect virtual and smaller image is seen through the concave lens.
  • Look into the concave lens for different distances from the lens and record your observations.
    (i) When the object is far off from the lens.
    (ii) When the object is nearer to the lens.

Observations and Inference:

  • The image formed by a concave lens cannot be obtained on a screen. Therefore, the images formed by a concave lens are virtual.
  • The image formed by a concave lens for all distances from the lens is erect and smaller in size than the object.

Activity 10.

Let us investigate
Aim: To show that convex lens is a congerging lens and concave lens is a diverging lens.
Materials Required: A thin transparent glass plale, a convex lens, a concave lens, a torch and a comb, a paper clip, two books of same size, white sheet of paper.
Light Mirrors and Lenses Class 8 Question Answer Science Chapter 10.27

Procedure:

  • Hold a comb upright with a paper clip to obtain multiple parallel beams of light.
  • With the help of two books placed adjacent to each other, fix the glass plate or lens upright in between them see in figure and spread paper sheets on both books.
  • Now pass the multiple parallel beams of light through the thin glass plate, convex lens, and concave lens one by one as shown in figure. Does the parallel beam of light pass through without any change in its direction in all three cases?
  • Note down and analyse your observations.

Observation:

  • The beam of light passes through the thin glass place without any deviation (i.e., no change in its path).
  • In the convex lens, beam of light converges after passing through it (i.e., come closer).
  • In concave lens, beam of light diverges after passing through it (i.e., beam spread).

Inference: A convex lens is called a converging lens and a concave lens is called a diverging lens. We draw the following figures for above Activity-10.
Light Mirrors and Lenses Class 8 Question Answer Science Chapter 10.28

Activity 11.

Let us investigate
Aim: To show that a convex lens converges sunlight at a point and can burn a piece of paper.
Materials Required: A convex lens, a sheet of thin paper or newspaper.

Light Mirrors and Lenses Class 8 Question Answer Science Chapter 10.29

Procedure:

  • Hold a comb upright with a paper clip to obtain multiple parallel beams of light.
  • With the help of two books placed adjacent to each other, fix the glass plate or lens upright in between them see in figure and spread paper sheets on both books.
  • Now pass the multiple parallel beams of light through the thin glass plate, convex lens, and concave lens one by one as shown in figure. Does the parallel beam of light pass through without any change in its direction in all three cases?
  • Note down and analyse your observations.

Observation:

  • The beam of light passes through the thin glass place without any deviation (i.e., no change in its path).
  • In the convex lens, beam of light converges after passing through it (i.e., come closer).
  • In concave lens, beam of light diverges after passing through it (i.e., beam spread).

Light: Mirrors and Lenses Class 8 Question Answer Science Chapter 10

Inference:

  • Bright spot is due to concentration of reflected light from the sun. i.e., reflected light converged at a point after reflection.
  • This produce sufficient heat at this point which can ignite the paper.
  • Bright spot is actually the image of the sun.

Precautions: Do not look at the Sun directly or through the lens as it may damage your eyes.

Light: Mirrors and Lenses Class 8 Extra Questions and Answers

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
State the characteristics of the image formed by a plane mirror.
Answer:

  • Plane mirror forms an erect image.
  • It forms a virtual image.
  • Size of the image is same as that of the object.
  • Image gets formed at the same distance behind the mirror as the object stands in front of it.
  • Image formed is a laterally inverted image. i.e. right hand side of the object seems to be the left hand side and vice versa.

Question 2.
What is a virtual image ? Give one situation where a virtual image is formed.
Answer:
The image which cannot be taken on a screen is called a virtual image. When some object is placed very close to the concave mirror we do not get any image of that object on the white screen placed in front of the mirror. Such image is called a virtual image.

Question 3.
What is the difference between virtual images produced by concave, plane and convex mirrors ?
Answer:
Virtual image produced by concave mirror is magnified, that produced by plane mirror is of the same size and the virtual image produced by convex mirror is diminished.

Question 4.
State one way in which the image formed in a convex mirror is similar to that in plane mirror and one way in which it is different.
Answer:
Similarity: Both convex mirror and plane mirror always form a virtual and erect image of an object.
Difference: Convex mirror always forms an image which is smaller than the object but a plane mirror always forms an image which is of the same size as the object.

Light: Mirrors and Lenses Class 8 Question Answer Science Chapter 10

Question 5.
Which type of mirror is used as a shaving mirror ? Support your answer with reason.
Answer:
Concave mirrors are used as shaving mirrors to see a large image of the face. This is because when the face is held within the focus of a concave mirror, then an enlarged image of the face is seen in the concave mirror. This helps in making a smooth shave.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
How can you distinguish between plane mirror, convex mirror and concave mirror by merely looking at the image formed in each case ?
Answer:
To distinguish between a plane mirror, a convex mirror and a concave mirror, the given mirror is held near the face and the image is seen.

  • If the image is upright and same size as the object and, so it does not change in size when the mirror is moved, then the mirror is a plane mirror.
  • If the image is upright magnified and it becomes inverted when the mirror is moved away from the face, then the mirror is a concave mirror.
  • If the image is upright and diminished and it remains upright when the mirror is moved away from the face, then the mirror is a convex mirror.

Question 2.
Write the uses of solar concentrator.
Answer:

  • Solar concentrators are devices which can concentrate sunlight to a small area with the help of mirrors and lenses.
  • The concentrated sunlight is utilised to heat a liquid to produce steam which can be used to generate electricity or for providing heat for various purposes, such as large scale cooking or for solar furnaces.
  • Solar furnaces are even used for melting steel! Do you remember learning in an earlier chapter, about electric furnaces for melting steel?

Case-Study Based Questions

1. Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions that follow :

If the reflecting surface of a spherical mirror is concave, it is called a concave mirror. If the reflecting surface is convex, then it is a convex mirror. The inner surface of a spoon acts like a concave mirror, while its outer surface acts like a convex mirror. The image of an object formed by a plane mirror cannot be obtained on a screen. Let us investigate if it is also true for the image formed by a concave mirror. The image formed by a plane mirror could not be obtained on a screen. Such an image is called a virtual image.

(i) Which of the following can be used to form a real image ?
(a) Concave mirror only
(b) Plane mirror only
(c) Convex mirror only
(d) Both concave and convex mirrors
Answer:
(a) Concave mirror only

(ii) Which of the statement is ture :
(a) If reflecting surface is convex then this a covex mirror
(b) Inner surface of spoon acts like concave
(c) Outer surface is spoon acts like convex mirror
(d) All of these
Answer:
(d) All of these

(iii) Which of the statement is false :
(a) The image formed by plane mirror can be obtained on screen
(b) Plane mirror image can not be obtained on screen
(c) An inverted image can be obtained by plan mirror
(d) None of these
Answer:
(b) Plane mirror image can not be obtained on screen

Light: Mirrors and Lenses Class 8 Question Answer Science Chapter 10

(iv) A spherical mirror having reflecting surface curved outward is a :
(a) plane mirror
(b) concave mirror
(c) convex mirror
(d) either concave or convex
Answer:
(c) convex mirror

Picture Based Questions

I. Observe the following picture and answer the questions.
Light Mirrors and Lenses Class 8 Question Answer Science Chapter 10.30.
(i) Angle of incidence is equal to angle of reflection. This is one of the :
(a) law of refraction
(b) normal law
(c) both (a) and (b)
(d) angle of reflection
Answer:
(d) angle of reflection

(ii) The angle between the normal and the reflected ray is called :
(a) angle of refraction
(b) angle
(c) angle of incidence
(d) angle of reflection
Answer:
(d) angle of reflection

(iii) Define angle of incidence?
Answer:
The angle between the normal and the incident ray is called angle of incidence.

Light: Mirrors and Lenses Class 8 MCQ

Multiple Choice Questions (Mcqs)

Question 1.
A virtual image: ………..
(a) can be formed on the screen
(b) cannot be formed on the screen
(c) is formed only by the plane mirror
(d) is formed only by the convex mirror
Answer:
(b) cannot be formed on the screen

Question 2.
Which of the following would you prefer to use while reading small letters found in a dictionary ?
(a) A concave mirror
(b) A concave lens
(c) A convex mirror
(d) A convex lens
Answer:
(d) A convex lens

Question 3.
The image of an object formed by a plane mirror is:
(a) virtual
(b) real
(c) diminished
(d) upside down
Answer:
(a) virtual

Question 4.
A diverging mirror is:
(a) a plane mirror
(b) a convex mirror
(c) a concave mirror
(d) none of the above
Answer:
(b) a convex mirror

Light: Mirrors and Lenses Class 8 Question Answer Science Chapter 10

Question 5.
The image formed by spherical mirror is virtual. The mirror will be:
(a) concave
(b) convex
(c) either concave or convex
(d) none of the above
Answer:
(c) either concave or convex

Assertion and Reasoning

These questions consist of two statements, each printed as Assertion (A) and Reason (R). While answering these questions, you are required to choose any one of the following four responses.

(a) Assertion (A) and Reason (R) both are correct and reason is correct explanation for assertion.
(b) Assertion (A) and Reason (R) both are correct and reason is not correct explanation for assertion.
(c) Assertion (A) is correct but the Reason (R) is wrong.
(d) Assertion (A) is wrong but the Reason (R) is correct.

1. Assertion (A): When the object is placed very close to the lens, the image formed is virtual, erect and magnified.
Reason (R): This happens because the convex lens can form real and inverted image when the object place very close.
Answer:
(a) Assertion (A) and Reason (R) both are correct and reason is correct explanation for assertion.

2. Assertion (A): The light ray, which strikes any surface, is called the incident ray.
Reason (R): The ray that comes back from the surface after reflection is known as the reflected ray.
Answer:
(b) Assertion (A) and Reason (R) both are correct and reason is not correct explanation for assertion.

Fill in the blanks

1. An image that cannot be obtained on a screen is called ………….
Answer:
virtual image

2. Light travels in ………… lines.
Answer:
straight

3. Convex mirrors are ………… in the middle than at the edges whereas concave lenses are ………… in the middle than at the edges.
Answer:
thicker, thinner

4. The rear view mirror/side mirror in automobiles is a ………… mirror.
Answer:
convex

Light: Mirrors and Lenses Class 8 Question Answer Science Chapter 10

5. The inner surface of a steel spoon acts as a ………… mirror.
Answer:
concave

True or False

1. A concave lens can be used to produce an enlarged and erect image.
Answer:
False

2. A convex lens always produces a real image.
Answer:
False

3. The sides of an object and its image formed by a concave mirror are always interchanged.
Answer:
True

4. An object can be seen only if it emits light.
Answer:
False

5. A concave mirror can not be used as a magnifying mirror.
Answer:
False

BSE Odisha 8th Class Science Solutions Chapter 1 ବିଜ୍ଞାନ ଜଗତର ଅନ୍ଵେଷଣ

Go through 8th Class Science Book Odia Medium Question Answer and Class 8 Science Chapter 1 Question Answer Odia Medium ବିଜ୍ଞାନ ଜଗତର ଅନ୍ଵେଷଣ to understand textbook questions more clearly.

8th Class Science Chapter 1 Question Answer Odia Medium

Class 8 Science Chapter 1 Odia Medium

ପାଠ୍ୟପୁସ୍ତକସ୍ଥ ଅନୁସନ୍ଧାନ ଓ ଚିନ୍ତନ ପ୍ରଶ୍ନୋତ୍ତର

Question 1.
ତୁମେ ଜଳରେ ଖାଉଥ‌ିବା ପୁରୀର ଗୋଟିଏ ପାର୍ଶ୍ଵ ଅନ୍ୟ ପାର୍ଶ୍ଵ ଅପେକ୍ଷା ପତଳା କାହିଁକି ?
ଉ-
ପୁରୀ ବେଲିବା ସମୟରେ ଅସମାନ ଚାପ କିମ୍ବା ଛାଣିବା ସମୟରେ ତେଲର ତାପମାତ୍ରା ପ୍ରଭାବରେ ଏପରି ହୋଇପାରେ । ବାଷ୍ପର ଚାପ ଯେଉଁ ପଟେ ବେଶୀ ପଡ଼େ, ସେ ପଟ ପତଳା ହୋଇଯାଇପାରେ ।

Question 2.
ସମୁଦ୍ର ବେଳାଭୂମିରେ ଓ ମରୁଭୂମିରେ ଥିବା ବାଲି ସଂଖ୍ୟା ଅଧ୍ବକ ନା ଆମ ଗ୍ୟାଲେକ୍ସିରେ ଥିବା ତାରାମାନଙ୍କ ସଂଖ୍ୟା ଅଧିକ ?
ଉ-
ପୃଥ‌ିବୀର ସମୁଦ୍ର ବେଳାଭୂମି ଓ ମରୁଭୂମିରେ ଥ‌ିବା ବାଲି କଣିକାର ସଂଖ୍ୟା ଆମ ଗ୍ୟାଲେକ୍ସିରେ (Milky Way) ଥ‌ିବା ତାରାମାନଙ୍କ ସଂଖ୍ୟା ଠାରୁ ବହୁତ ଅଧିକ ହୋଇଥାଏ । ଗୋଟିଏ ଗ୍ୟାଲେକ୍ସିରେ ପ୍ରାୟ ୧୦୦-୪୦୦ ବିଲିୟନ୍ ତାରା ଥାଆନ୍ତି, କିନ୍ତୁ ପୃଥ‌ିବୀରେ ଥ‌ିବା ବାଲି କଣିକାର ସଂଖ୍ୟା ଅଗଣିତ ।

Question 3.
ପ୍ରକୃତି କାହିଁକି ଏତେ ବିଶାଳ ବିବିଧତା ସୃଷ୍ଟି କରିଛି ?
ଉ-
ବିଭିନ୍ନ ପରିବେଶରେ ଖାପ ଖୁଆଇ ବଞ୍ଚିବା ପାଇଁ ଏବଂ ପରିସଂସ୍ଥାର (Ecosystem) ସନ୍ତୁଳନ ରକ୍ଷା କରିବା ପାଇଁ ପ୍ରକୃତିରେ ଏତେ ବିଶାଳ ବିବିଧତା ସୃଷ୍ଟି ହୋଇଛି । ପ୍ରତ୍ୟେକ ଜୀବ (କୀଟପତଙ୍ଗ ଠାରୁ ଆରମ୍ଭକରି ତିମି ପର୍ଯ୍ୟନ୍ତ) ପରସ୍ପର ଉପରେ ଏବଂ ପରିବେଶ ଉପରେ ନିର୍ଭରଶୀଳ ହୋଇଥିବାରୁ ଏହି ବିବିଧତା ଜରୁରୀ ଅଟେ ।

Question 4.
ବିଶ୍ଵ ସମ୍ପର୍କରେ ଜିଜ୍ଞାସୁ କରାଉଥ‌ିବା ଆଉ କିଛି ପ୍ରଶ୍ନ ତୁମ ମନରେ ଅଛି କି ?
ଉ-
ଆମ ମନରେ ଅନେକ ପ୍ରଶ୍ନ ଅଛି, ଯେପରିକି- ‘ଆକାଶର ରଙ୍ଗ କାହିଁକି ନୀଳ ଦେଖାଯାଏ ?? ‘ବର୍ଷା କିପରି ହୁଏ ?’’ ‘ଗଛରୁ ଫଳ କିପରି ଖସୁଛି ?’’ । ନିଜ ମନରେ ଆସୁଥ‌ିବା ଯେକୌଣସି ବୈଜ୍ଞାନିକ କୌତୁହଳ ବିଷୟରେ ଏଠାରେ ଚିନ୍ତା କରିପାରିବ ।

BSE Odisha 8th Class Science Solutions Chapter 1 ବିଜ୍ଞାନ ଜଗତର ଅନ୍ଵେଷଣ

ନିର୍ଦ୍ଦିଷ୍ଟ ଉତ୍ତରମୂଳକ ପ୍ରଶ୍ନୋତ୍ତର

(କ) ଚାରୋଟି ବିକଳ୍ପ ଉତ୍ତର ମଧ୍ୟରୁ ଠିକ୍ ଉତ୍ତରଟି ବାଛି ଲେଖ ।

Question 1.
ବିଜ୍ଞାନ ଜଗତକୁ ଜାଣିବାପାଇଁ ପ୍ରଥମ ପଦକ୍ଷେପ କ’ଣ ଥିଲା ?
(a) ଘୋଷିବା
(b) ଜିଜ୍ଞାସା ବା କୌତୁହଳ
(c) ପରୀକ୍ଷା ଦେବା
(d) ଉତ୍ତର ଲେଖୁବା
ଉ-
(b) ଜିଜ୍ଞାସା ବା କୌତୁହଳ

Question 2.
ଯେଉଁ ଜୀବମାନଙ୍କୁ ଆମେ ଖାଲି ଆଖିରେ ଦେଖିପାରିବା ନାହିଁ, ସେମାନଙ୍କୁ କ’ଣ କୁହାଯାଏ ?
(a) ବୃହତ୍ ଜୀବ
(b) ଅଣୁଜୀବ
(c) କୀଟପତଙ୍ଗ
(d) ଜଳଚର ଜୀବ
ଉ-
(b) ଅଣୁଜୀବ

Question 3.
ଇସ୍ତ୍ରୀ ଓ ହିଟର ବିଦ୍ୟୁତର କେଉଁ ପ୍ରଭାବ ଯୋଗୁଁ କାମ କରିଥାଏ ?
(a) ଚୁମ୍ବକୀୟ ପ୍ରଭାବ
(b) ତାପନ ପ୍ରଭାବ
(c) ରାସାୟନିକ ପ୍ରଭାବ
(d) ଆଲୋକ ପ୍ରଭାବ
ଉ-
(b) ତାପନ ପ୍ରଭାବ

Question 4.
ବାୟୁ ଚାପରେ ଅତ୍ୟଧିକ ପାର୍ଥକ୍ୟ ଘଟିଲେ କ’ଣ ସୃଷ୍ଟି ହୁଏ ?
(a) ବର୍ଷା
(b) ଶୀତ
(c) ଘୂର୍ଣ୍ଣିବାତ୍ୟା
(d) ଭୂମିକମ୍ପ
ଉ-
(c) ଘୂର୍ଣ୍ଣିବାତ୍ୟା

Question 5.
ଖାଇବା ଲୁଣ କି ପଦାର୍ଥ ?
(a) ମୌଳିକ
(b) ଯୌଗିକ
(c) ମିଶ୍ରଣ
(d) ଦ୍ରବଣ
ଉ-
(b) ଯୌଗିକ

Question 6.
ଆଲୋକ ଦର୍ପଣରୁ ପଛକୁ ଫେରି ଆସିବା ପ୍ରକ୍ରିୟାକୁ କ’ଣ କୁହାଯାଏ ?
(a) ପ୍ରତିସରଣ
(b) ପ୍ରତିଫଳନ
(c) ବିଚ୍ଛୁରଣ
(d) ଶୋଷଣ
ଉ-
(b) ପ୍ରତିଫଳନ

Question 7.
ମଣିଷ ପ୍ରଥମେ କ୍ୟାଲେଣ୍ଡର କାହାକୁ ଆଧାର କରି ତିଆରି କରିଥିଲା ?
(a) ତାରାମାନଙ୍କ ଗତି
(b) ଚନ୍ଦ୍ରକଳା ଓ ସୂର୍ଯ୍ୟଙ୍କ ଗତି
(c) ବାୟୁର ଗତି
(d) ସମୁଦ୍ରର ଜୁଆର
ଉ-
(b) ଚନ୍ଦ୍ରକଳା ଓ ସୂର୍ଯ୍ୟଙ୍କ ଗତି

Question 8.
ପୁରୀ ଛାଣିବା ବେଳେ ଫୁଲିବାର ମୁଖ୍ୟ କାରଣ କ’ଣ ?
(a) ତେଲର ଥଣ୍ଡା ପଣ
(b) ଅଟା ଭିତରେ ଥିବା ଜଳୀୟ ବାଷ୍ପର ଚାପ
(c) ବାୟୁମଣ୍ଡଳୀୟ ଚାପ
(d) ଲୁଣର ପରିମାଣ
ଉ-
(b) ଅଟା ଭିତରେ ଥିବା ଜଳୀୟ ବାଷ୍ପର ଚାପ

Question 9.
ଆମ ପରିବେଶରେ ଜୀବ ଓ ନିର୍ଜୀବ ବସ୍ତ ମିଶି କ’ଣ ଗଠନ କରନ୍ତି ?
(a) ପରିସଂସ୍ଥା
(b) ସମାଜ
(c) ପରିବାର
(d) ଜଙ୍ଗଲ
ଉ-
(a) ପରିସଂସ୍ଥା

Question 10.
ନିମ୍ନୋକ୍ତ କେଉଁଟି ବିଦ୍ୟୁସ୍ରୋତର ଚୁମ୍ବକୀୟ ପ୍ରଭାବ ଯୋଗୁ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ କରେ ?
(a) ଗ୍ରିଜର
(b) କ୍ରେନ୍
(c) ଇସ୍ତ୍ରୀ
(d) ହିଟର
ଉ-
(b) କ୍ରେନ୍

Question 11.
କେଉଁ ପ୍ରକ୍ରିୟା କୁଣ୍ଡଳୀରେ ଚୁମ୍ବକୀୟ କ୍ଷେତ୍ର ବୃଦ୍ଧିର କାରଣ ନୁହେଁ ?
(a) କୁଣ୍ଡଳୀର ଘେରସଂଖ୍ୟା ବୃଦ୍ଧି
(b) ଉଚ୍ଚ ପ୍ରତିରୋଧଥ‌ିବା ପରିବାହୀ
(c) ବିଦ୍ୟୁତ୍ ସ୍ରୋତ ବୃଦ୍ଧି
(d) ସଲିନଏଡ୍ ମଧ୍ଯରେ ଲୁହାରଡ୍‌ର ସ୍ଥିତି
ଉ-
(b) ଉଚ୍ଚ ପ୍ରତିରୋଧଥ‌ିବା ପରିବାହୀ

Question 12.
ବୈଦ୍ୟୁତିକ ଇସ୍ତ୍ରୀ ବା ହିଟରରେ କେଉଁ ପଦାର୍ଥ ବ୍ୟବହାର ହୁଏ ?
(a) ଏଲୁମିନିୟମ୍
(b) ତମ୍ବା
(c) ନିକ୍ରୋମ
(d) ଇସ୍ପାତ
ଉ-
(c) ନିକ୍ରୋମ

Question 13.
ପଥରଟି ଜଳରେ ବୁଡ଼ିଯାଏ କିନ୍ତୁ ପ୍ଲାଷ୍ଟିକ ବଲ ଜଳରେ ଭାସିବାର କାରଣ କ’ଣ ?
(a) ପଥର ଓଜନିଆ
(b) ପ୍ଲାଷ୍ଟିକ ବଲ୍‌ ଆକାରରେ ବଡ଼
(c) ପଥରର ସାନ୍ଦ୍ରତା ଜଳର ସାନ୍ଦ୍ରତାଠାରୁ ଅଧୂକ
(d) ପଥର ନରମ
ଉ-
(c) ପଥରର ସାନ୍ଦ୍ରତା ଜଳର ସାନ୍ଦ୍ରତାଠାରୁ ଅଧୂକ

(ଖ) ଶୂନ୍ୟସ୍ଥାନ ପୂରଣ କର ।

1. ରୋଗ ପ୍ରତିରୋଧ ପାଇଁ ଶିଶୁମାନଙ୍କୁ __________ ଦିଆଯାଏ ।
ଉ-
ଟିକା

2. ବୈଦ୍ୟୁତିକ ପଙ୍ଖା ବିଦ୍ୟୁତ୍‌ର __________ ପ୍ରଭାବ ଦ୍ଵାରା ଘୂରେ ।
ଉ-
ଚୁମ୍ବକୀୟ

3. ବିଶୁଦ୍ଧ ପଦାର୍ଥକୁ __________ କୁହାଯାଏ ।
ଉ-
ମୌଳିକ

4. __________ କୁ ଆଧାର କରି କ୍ୟାଲେଣ୍ଡର ପ୍ରସ୍ତୁତ କରାଯାଇଛି ।
ଉ-
ଚନ୍ଦ୍ରକଳା

5. ପରୀକ୍ଷଣ ସମୟରେ ଯାହାକୁ ବଦଳାଯାଏ, ତାକୁ __________ କୁହାଯାଏ ।
ଉ-
ପରିବର୍ତ୍ତନୀୟ କାରକ

6. __________ ପଦାର୍ଥର ନିର୍ଦ୍ଦିଷ୍ଟ ଆକାର ନଥାଏ କିନ୍ତୁ ଆୟତନ ଥାଏ ।
ଉ-
ତରଳ

(ଗ) ଠିକ୍ ଉତ୍ତର ପାଖରେ ( ✓) ଚିହ୍ନ ଓ ଭୁଲ୍ ଉତ୍ତର ପାଖରେ (✗) ଚିହ୍ନ ଦିଅ ।

1. ଅଣୁଜୀବମାନେ ସର୍ବଦା ଆମର କ୍ଷତି କରନ୍ତି ।
ଉ-

2. ବାୟୁ ସବୁ ଦିଗରେ ଚାପ ପ୍ରୟୋଗ କରେ ।
ଉ-

3. ଲେନ୍ସ ମଧ୍ୟ ଦେଇ ଗଲେ ଆଲୋକର ପ୍ରତିସରଣ ହୁଏ ।
ଉ-

4. ଜଳବାୟୁ ପରିବର୍ତ୍ତନ ପାଇଁ ମଣିଷର କାର୍ଯ୍ୟକଳାପ ଦାୟୀ ।
ଉ-

(କ) ‘କ’ ପ୍ରଶ୍ନ ସହିତ ‘ଖ’ ପ୍ରଶ୍ନକୁ ମିଳକ କର ।

Question 1.

‘କ’ ସ୍ତମ୍ଭ ‘ଖ’ ସ୍ତମ୍ଭ
1. ପର୍ଯ୍ୟବେକ୍ଷଣ (କ) ଉତ୍ତର ପାଇବାପାଇଁ କାମ କରିବା
2. ପ୍ରଶ୍ନ ପଚାରିବା (ଖ) ଘଟଣାକୁ ଧ୍ୟାନର ସହ ଦେଖୁବା
3. ପରୀକ୍ଷଣ (ଗ) ଶେଷ ନିଷ୍ପଭି
4. ସିଦ୍ଧାନ୍ତ (ଘ) କାହିଁକି ଓ କିପରି

ଉ-

‘କ’ ସ୍ତମ୍ଭ ‘ଖ’ ସ୍ତମ୍ଭ
1. ପର୍ଯ୍ୟବେକ୍ଷଣ (ଖ) ଘଟଣାକୁ ଧ୍ୟାନର ସହ ଦେଖୁବା
2. ପ୍ରଶ୍ନ ପଚାରିବା (ଘ) କାହିଁକି ଓ କିପରି
3. ପରୀକ୍ଷଣ (କ) ଉତ୍ତର ପାଇବାପାଇଁ କାମ କରିବା
4. ସିଦ୍ଧାନ୍ତ (ଗ) ଶେଷ ନିଷ୍ପଭି

(ଘ) ଗୋଟିଏ ଶବ୍ଦରେ ଉତ୍ତର ଦିଅ ।

1. ପୃଥ‌ିବୀର କେଉଁ ବଳ ବସ୍ତୁକୁ ନିଜ ଆଡ଼କୁ ଆକର୍ଷିତ କରେ ?
ଉ-
ମାଧ୍ୟାକର୍ଷଣ ବଳ

2. ଆଲୋକ ଗୋଟିଏ ମାଧ୍ୟମରୁ ଅନ୍ୟ ମାଧ୍ୟମକୁ ଗଲେ ବଙ୍କେଇ ଯିବାକୁ କ’ଣ କୁହାଯାଏ ?
ଉ-
ପ୍ରତିସରଣ

3. ଜୀବମାନଙ୍କ ମଧ୍ୟରେ ଥ‌ିବା ଭିନ୍ନତାକୁ କ’ଣ କୁହାଯାଏ ?
ଉ-
ଜୈବ ବିବିଧତା

4. ବାୟୁମଣ୍ଡଳର କେଉଁ ସ୍ତର ସୂର୍ଯ୍ୟଙ୍କ ଅତିବାଇଗଣୀ ରଶ୍ମିକୁ ଅଟକାଏ ?
ଉ-
ଓଜୋନ୍ ସ୍ତର

5. ଏକ ବୃକ୍ଷର ‘ମୂଳ’ ଚିତ୍ର ବିଜ୍ଞାନରେ କାହାର ପ୍ରତୀକ ?
ଉ-
ଦୃଢ଼ ଭିଭିଭୂମି ଏବଂ ପରମ୍ପରା

ସଂକ୍ଷିପ୍ତ ଉତ୍ତରମୂଳକ ପ୍ରଶ୍ନୋତ୍ତର

Question 1.
ଘଡ଼ଘଡ଼ି କ’ଣ ? ଝଡ଼ କିପରି ଘଡ଼ଘଡ଼ିରେ ପରିଣତ ହୁଏ ?
ଉ-
ଶବ୍ଦ ଓ ବିଜୁଳି ସହ ସଂଯୁକ୍ତ ଝଡ଼ ବର୍ଷାକୁ ଘଡ଼ଘଡ଼ି କହନ୍ତି । ଯେତେବେଳେ ପବନ ଶକ୍ତିଶାଳୀ ହୁଏ, ବିଦ୍ୟୁତ ବିସର୍ଜନ ଘଟେ ସେତେବେଳେ ‘ଝଡ଼’ ଘଡ଼ଘଡ଼ିରେ ପରିଣତ ହୁଏ ।

Question 2.
ବାତ୍ୟାର ଆଖୁ ପାଖରେ ପାଣିପାଗର ଦୁଇଟି ପ୍ରକୃତି ଲେଖ ?
ଉ-
ବାତ୍ୟାର ଆଖ୍ ଚାରିପଟେ ଦ୍ରୁତବେଗରେ ପବନ ସହ ଘୂର୍ଣାୟମାନ ବୃଷ୍ଟି ଦେଖାଯାଏ । କିନ୍ତୁ କେନ୍ଦ୍ରସ୍ଥଳରେ ଥ‌ିବା ଆଖୁ ପାଖରେ ପବନ ଶାନ୍ତ ରହେ ଯେଉଁଠାରେ ପାଗ ସାଧାରଣ ଓ ପବନର ବେଗ ନଗଣ୍ୟ ଥାଏ ।

Question 3.
ଦୁଇଟି ପ୍ଲାଷ୍ଟିକ ନଳୀକୁ କପଡ଼ାରେ ଘଷିଲେ ସେମାନେ ପରସ୍ପରଠାରେ ଦୂରେଇ ଯାଆନ୍ତି କାହିଁକି ?
ଉ-
ଯେତେବେଳେ ପ୍ଲାଷ୍ଟିକ ନଳୀଦ୍ଵୟ ଗୋଟିଏ କପଡ଼ାରେ ଘଷାଯାଏ ଉଭୟ ଏକ ପ୍ରକାର ଚାର୍ଜ (ଋଣାତ୍ମକ) ପ୍ରାପ୍ତ ହୁଅନ୍ତି । ସମଚାର୍ଜ ପରସ୍ପରକୁ ବିକର୍ଷଣ କରୁଥିବାରୁ ପ୍ଲାଷ୍ଟିକ ନଳୀଦ୍ଵୟ ନିକଟବର୍ତ୍ତୀ ହେଲେ ପରସ୍ପରକୁ ବିକର୍ଷଣ କରନ୍ତି ।

Question 4.
ମାଧ୍ୟାକର୍ଷଣ ବଳ ଧୂଳିକଣା ଉପରେ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ କରେ କି ?
ଉ-
ଧୂଳିକଣା ଉପରେ ମାଧ୍ୟାକର୍ଷଣ ବଳ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟକରେ । ଧୂଳିକଣା ଗୁଡ଼ିକ ଅତି କ୍ଷୁଦ୍ର ଓ ହାଲୁକା ହେଲେ ମଧ୍ୟ ସେଗୁଡ଼ିକର ବସ୍ତୁତ୍ଵ ଥାଏ । ଯେକୌଣସି ପଦାର୍ଥର ବସ୍ତୁତ୍ଵ ଥିଲେ ଏଥିରେ ଆକର୍ଷଣ ବଳ ଅନୁଭୂତ ହୁଏ । ପୃଥ‌ିବୀ ଏହି କଣିକାଗୁଡ଼ିକ ନିମ୍ନକୁ ଆକର୍ଷଣ କରେ ଯାହାଦ୍ଵାରା ସେଗୁଡ଼ିକ ଭୂପୃଷ୍ଠରେ ଜମା ହୋଇଯାଆନ୍ତି ଏବଂ ବାୟୁସ୍ରୋତରେ ଭାସିବାର ଦେଖାଯାଏ ନାହିଁ ।

Question 5.
ଇଷ୍ଟରେ କେଉଁ ବିଶେଷଗୁଣ ରହିଥିବାରୁ ଏହାକୁ କେକ୍ ତିଆରିରେ ବ୍ୟବହାର କରାଯାଏ ?
ଉ-
(i) ଇଷ୍ଟ ଏକ ପ୍ରକାର ଅଣୁଜୀବ ଅଟେ । ଉଷ୍ମ ପରିବେଶରେ ଇଷ୍ଟର ଉତ୍ତମ ବୃଦ୍ଧି ହୁଏ । ଅନ୍ୟ ଜୀବମାନଙ୍କ ପରି ଇଷ୍ଟ ମଧ୍ୟ ଶ୍ଵାସକ୍ରିୟା କରେ ଏବଂ ଖାଦ୍ୟକୁ ଭାଙ୍ଗି ନିଜର ବୃଦ୍ଧିପାଇଁ ଶକ୍ତି ନିର୍ଗତ କରେ ।
(ii) ଏହି ପ୍ରକ୍ରିୟାରେ ଅଙ୍ଗାରକାମ୍ଳ ନିର୍ଗତ ହୋଇ ଏହାର ଗ୍ୟାସୀୟ ଫୋଟାକା ଦ୍ଵାରା ଅଟାକୁ ନରମ ଓ ହାଲୁକା କରିଥାଏ । ଏହା ଅଳ୍ପ ପରିମାଣରେ ସୁରାସ୍କାର ବା ଆଲ୍‌କହଲ ମଧ୍ୟ ଉତ୍ପାଦନ କରେ । ଏହି ବିଶେଷ ଗୁଣ ଯୋଗୁଁ ଇଷ୍ଟକୁ ରୁଟି ଓ କେକ୍ ତିଆରିରେ ବ୍ୟବହାର କରାଯାଇଥାଏ ।

Question 6.
ସାଧାରଣ ଲୁଣ (ଖାଇବା ଲୁଣ) ଓ ଚିନି ମୌଳିକ ନା ଯୌଗିକ ?
ଉ-
ସାଧାରଣ ଲୁଣ (Common salt) ଏବଂ ଚିନି ଉଭୟ ଯୌଗିକ ଲୁଣ, ସୋଡ଼ିୟମ କ୍ଲୋରିନ ନାମକ ଦୁଇଟି ମୌଳିକର ରାସାୟନିକ ସଂଯୋଗରୁ ସୃଷ୍ଟି । ସେହିପରି ଚିନିରେ କାର୍ବନ, ଉଦ୍‌ଜାନ ଏବଂ ଅମ୍ଲଜାନ ପରମାଣୁ ନିର୍ଦ୍ଦିଷ୍ଟ ଅନୁପାତରେ ରହିଥାଆନ୍ତି ।

BSE Odisha 8th Class Science Solutions Chapter 1 ବିଜ୍ଞାନ ଜଗତର ଅନ୍ଵେଷଣ

Question 7.
ଚୂନପାଣି ମଧ୍ୟକୁ ଅଙ୍ଗାରକାମ୍ଳ ଗ୍ୟାସ ଅତିକ୍ରମ କରାଇଲେ କ’ଣ ଘଟେ ?
ଉ-
ଚୂନପାଣି ମଧ୍ୟକୁ ଅଙ୍ଗାରକାମ୍ଳ ଗ୍ୟାସ ଅତିକ୍ରମ କରାଇଲେ ଚୂନପାଣି (କ୍ୟାଲସିୟମ ହାଇଡ୍ରେକ୍‌ସାଇଡୁ) ଏବଂ ଅଙ୍ଗାରକାମ୍ଳ ମଧ୍ୟରେ ରାସାୟନିକ ପ୍ରତିକ୍ରିୟା ଘଟେ । ଚୂନପାଣି ଦୁଧୂ ରଙ୍ଗ ଧାରଣ କରେ ଏବଂ ଯେଉଁ ଅବକ୍ଷେପ (Precipiate) ସୃଷ୍ଟିହୁଏ ତାହା ହେଉଛି କ୍ୟାଲସିୟମ କାର୍ବୋନେଟ ।
କ୍ୟାଲସିୟମ ହାଇଡ୍ରକ୍‌ସାଇଡ଼ + କାର୍ବନ ଡାଇଅକ୍‌ସାଇଡ୍ (ଅଙ୍ଗାରକାମ୍ଳ) → କ୍ୟାଲସିୟମ କାର୍ବୋନେଟ + ଜଳ

Question 8.
କଠିନ ପଦାର୍ଥର କାହିଁକି; ନିର୍ଦ୍ଦିଷ୍ଟ ଆକୃତି ଥାଏ ?
ଉ-
କଠିନ ପଦାର୍ଥର ଅଣୁଗୁଡ଼ିକ ମଧ୍ୟରେ ଆନ୍ତଃକଣିକା ସ୍ଥାନ ଅତି ନଗଣ୍ୟ । କଣିକାଗୁଡ଼ିକ ଦୃଢ଼ଭାବରେ ବନ୍ଧା (Closely packed) । କଣିକାଗୁଡ଼ିକ ମଧ୍ୟରେ ଆନ୍ତଃକଣିକା ଆକର୍ଷଣ ସର୍ବାଧ‌ିକ । କଣିକାଗୁଡ଼ିକ ମୁକ୍ତ ଭାବରେ ଗତି କରି ନପାରି କେବଳ ନିଜ ନିଜ ସ୍ଥାନରେ କମ୍ପିତ ହୁଅନ୍ତି । ଏଣୁ କଠିନ ପଦାର୍ଥର ନିର୍ଦ୍ଦିଷ୍ଟ ଆକାର ଥାଏ ।

Question 9.
ଯେତେବେଳେ ଗଳନାଙ୍କର କୌଣସି କଠିନ ପଦାର୍ଥ, ତରଳ ପଦାର୍ଥରେ ପରିଣତ ହୁଏ, ସେତେବେଳେ କଣିକାଗୁଡ଼ିକ ମଧ୍ୟରେ ଥ‌ିବା ଆକର୍ଷଣ ବଳରେ କି ପରିବର୍ତ୍ତନ ଦେଖାଯାଏ ?
ଉ-
କଠିନ ପଦାର୍ଥର ଗଳନାଙ୍କରେ ତାପୀୟ ଶକ୍ତିର ପ୍ରଭାବରେ କଣିକାମାନଙ୍କ ମଧ୍ୟରେ ଆକର୍ଷଣ ବଳ ହ୍ରାସ ପାଏ । କଣିକାଗୁଡ଼ିକ ମୁକ୍ତଭାବରେ ଗତି କରିବାକୁ ସକ୍ଷମ ହେବାରୁ କଠିନ ପଦାର୍ଥ ତରଳରେ ପରିଣତ ହୁଏ ।

Question 10.
ପଦାର୍ଥର ନିର୍ଦ୍ଦିଷ୍ଟ ଆକୃତି ନଥାଇ ମଧ୍ୟ ନିର୍ଦ୍ଦିଷ୍ଟ ଆୟତନ ଥାଏ । ଏହା କିପରି ସମ୍ଭବ ?
ଉ-
ତରଳ ପଦାର୍ଥର କଣିକାଗୁଡ଼ିକ ମୁକ୍ତଭାବରେ ପ୍ରବହମାନ ହେବାଯୋଗୁ ଏହାର ନିର୍ଦ୍ଦିଷ୍ଟ ଆକର ନଥାଏ, ଏହା କେବଳ ଧାରଣ ପାତ୍ରର ଆକୃତି ଗ୍ରହଣ କରେ କିନ୍ତୁ କଣିକାଗୁଡ଼ିକ ସର୍ବଦା ନିର୍ଦ୍ଦିଷ୍ଟ ସ୍ଥାନରେ ସୀମାବଦ୍ଧ ଥ‌ିବାରୁ ତରଳର ଆୟତନରେ ପରିବର୍ତ୍ତନ ଘଟେନାହିଁ ।

Question 11.
ଦ୍ରବଣ କିପରି ପ୍ରସ୍ତୁତ କରାଯାଏ ? ଉଦାହରଣ ଦିଅ ।
ଉ-
(i) କଣିକାଗୁଡ଼ିକ ପରସ୍ପର ସହିତ ମିଶିଗଲେ ଦ୍ରବଣ ସୃଷ୍ଟି ହୁଏ ।
(ii) ଉଦାହରଣ : ଚିନି ପାଣିରେ ଦ୍ରବୀଭୂତ ହୋଇ ମିଳେଇଯାଏ ଏବଂ ଏହାକୁ ମିଠା କରେ ।

Question 12.
ଚନ୍ଦ୍ରକଳା କିପରି ସୃଷ୍ଟି ହୁଏ ?
ଉ-
(i) ପୃଥ‌ିବୀ, ଚନ୍ଦ୍ର ଏବଂ ସୂର୍ଯ୍ୟର ଆପେକ୍ଷିକ ସ୍ଥିତି ବଦଳିବା ଯୋଗୁଁ ଚନ୍ଦ୍ରକଳା ଦେଖାଯାଏ ।
(ii) ସୂର୍ଯ୍ୟାଲୋକ ପଡୁଥୁବା ଚନ୍ଦ୍ରର ଅଂଶ କ୍ରମାଗତ ଭାବେ ବଦଳୁଥ‌ିବାରୁ ଆମେ ଚନ୍ଦ୍ରର ଭିନ୍ନ ଭିନ୍ନ ରୂପ ଦେଖୁ ।

Question 13.
ପରିସଂସ୍ଥାରେ ଜୀବମାନଙ୍କର ନିର୍ଭରଶୀଳତା ବୁଝାଅ
ଉ-
(i) ଛୋଟ କୀଟପତଙ୍ଗ ଠାରୁ ଆରମ୍ଭ କରି ବଡ଼ ତିମି ପର୍ଯ୍ୟନ୍ତ ସମସ୍ତେ ପରସ୍ପର ଉପରେ ନିର୍ଭରଶୀଳ ।
(ii) ସମସ୍ତ ଜୀବ ବଞ୍ଚିବାପାଇଁ ବାୟୁ, ଜଳ ଏବଂ ସୂର୍ଯ୍ୟକିରଣ ଉପରେ ନିର୍ଭର କରନ୍ତି ।

Question 14.
ବୈଜ୍ଞାନିକ ପଦ୍ଧତିର ମୁଖ୍ୟ ସୋପାନଗୁଡ଼ିକ କ’ଣ କ’ଣ ?
ଉ-
(i) ପର୍ଯ୍ୟବେକ୍ଷଣ ବା ଘଟଣାକୁ ଲକ୍ଷ୍ୟ କରିବା ।
(ii) ପ୍ରଶ୍ନ ପଚାରିବା
(iii) ପରୀକ୍ଷଣ କରିବା ।
(iv) ସିଦ୍ଧାନ୍ତରେ ଉପନୀତ ହେବା ।

ପାର୍ଥକ୍ୟ ଦର୍ଶାଅ :

Question 15.
ମୌଳିକ ଓ ଯୌଗିକ :

ମୌଳିକ : ଯୌଗିକ
(i) ଏହା ଏକ ବିଶୁଦ୍ଧ ପଦାର୍ଥ ଅଟେ । (i) ଦୁଇ ବା ଅଧିକ ଉପାଦାନର ସଂଯୋଗରେ ଏହା ଗଠିତ ।
(ii) ଏଥିରେ କେବଳ ଗୋଟିଏ ପ୍ରକାରର କଣିକା ଥାଏ । (ii) ଏଥୁରେ ଭିନ୍ନ ଭିନ୍ନ ମୌଳିକର ପରମାଣୁ ଏକାଠି ବାନ୍ଧି ହୋଇ ରହନ୍ତି ।
(iii) ଉଦାହରଣ : ସୁନା, ଲୁହା, ଅମ୍ଳଜାନ । (iii) ଉଦାହରଣ : ଜଳ, ଲୁଣ ।

କାରଣ ଦର୍ଶାଅ :

Question 16.
ଘୂଷ୍ଣିବାତ୍ୟା ସୃଷ୍ଟି ହୁଏ କାହିଁକ ?
ଉ-
(i) ବାୟୁମଣ୍ଡଳରେ କୌଣସି ସ୍ଥାନରେ ବାୟୁ ଚାପ ହଠାତ୍ କମିଗଲେ ସେଠାରେ ଲଘୁଚାପ ସୃଷ୍ଟି ହୁଏ ।
(ii) ଉଚ୍ଚ ଚାପ ଅଞ୍ଚଳରୁ ବାୟୁ ଦ୍ରୁତ ଗତିରେ ସେହି ଲଘୁଚାପ ଅଞ୍ଚଳକୁ ପ୍ରବାହିତ ହୁଏ ।
(iii) ଚାପରେ ଏହି ବୃହତ୍ ପାର୍ଥକ୍ୟ ଯୋଗୁଁ ପ୍ରବଳ ବେଗରେ ପବନ ବହି ଘୂର୍ଣ୍ଣିବାତ୍ୟା ସୃଷ୍ଟି କରେ ।

Question 17.
ପୁରି ଫୁଲିବାର ପରୀକ୍ଷଣ : ରୋଷେଇ ଘର ମଧ୍ଯ ଏକ ବିଜ୍ଞାନାଗାର ହୋଇପାରେ । ଗରମ ତେଲରେ ପୁରି ଛାଣିଲେ, ଅଟା ଭିତରେ ଥିବା ପାଣି ବାଷ୍ପରେ ପରିଣତ ହୁଏ । ଏହି ବାଷ୍ପ ବାହାରକୁ ବାହାରିବାକୁ ଚେଷ୍ଟା କରି ପୁରିକୁ ଫୁଲାଇ ଦିଏ । ଏହି ପରୀକ୍ଷଣ ମାଧ୍ୟମରେ ଆମେ ପର୍ଯ୍ୟବେକ୍ଷଣ ଓ ନିୟନ୍ତ୍ରିତ ପରୀକ୍ଷଣ ବିଷୟରେ ଶିଖୁରିବା ।

ଦୀର୍ଘ ଉତ୍ତରମୂଳକ ପ୍ରଶ୍ନୋତ୍ତର

Question 1.
ପଦାର୍ଥର ତିନୋଟି ଅବସ୍ଥା ମଧ୍ୟରେ ପାର୍ଥକ୍ୟ ଦର୍ଶାଅ ।
ଉ-
(i) କଠିନ ଅବସ୍ଥା – ଏହାର ନିର୍ଦ୍ଦିଷ୍ଟ ଆକାର ଏବଂ ଆୟତନ ଥାଏ । କଣିକାଗୁଡ଼ିକ ଖୁବ୍ ପାଖାପାଖି ଏବଂ ଦୃଢ଼ ଭାବରେ ବାନ୍ଧି ହୋଇ ରହନ୍ତି (ଯଥା : ବରଫ, ପଥର) ।
(ii) ତରଳ ଅବସ୍ଥା – ଏହାର ନିର୍ଦ୍ଦିଷ୍ଟ ଆୟତନ ଥାଏ କିନ୍ତୁ ନିର୍ଦ୍ଦିଷ୍ଟ ଆକାର ନଥାଏ । ଏହା ଯେଉଁ ପାତ୍ରରେ ରହେ, ତାହାର ଆକାର ଧାରଣ କରେ । କଣିକାଗୁଡ଼ିକ ଅଳ୍ପ ଦୂରରେ ଥାଆନ୍ତି (ଯଥା : ଜଳ, କ୍ଷୀର) ।
(iii) ଗ୍ୟାସୀୟ ଅବସ୍ଥା – ଏହାର ନିର୍ଦ୍ଦିଷ୍ଟ ଆକାର କିମ୍ବା ଆୟତନ କିଛି ନଥାଏ । କଣିକାଗୁଡ଼ିକ ମୁକ୍ତ ଭାବରେ ବହୁତ ଦୂରରେ ଥାଆନ୍ତି ଏବଂ ଦ୍ରୁତ ଗତି କରନ୍ତି (ଯଥା- ବାୟୁ ଓ ଅମ୍ଳଜାନ) ।
(iv) ତାପ ପାଇଲେ ପଦାର୍ଥ ଗୋଟିଏ ଅବସ୍ଥାରୁ ଅନ୍ୟ ଅବସ୍ଥାକୁ (କଠିନ → ତରଳ → ଗ୍ୟାସ) ପରିବର୍ତ୍ତନ ହୋଇପାରେ ।

Question 2.
ଆଲୋକର ପ୍ରତିସରଣ କ’ଣ ? ଗୋଟିଏ ଉଦାହରଣ ସହ ବୁଝାଅ ।
ଉ-
(i) ଆଲୋକ ରଶ୍ମି ଗୋଟିଏ ସ୍ୱଚ୍ଛ ମାଧ୍ୟମରୁ (ଯଥା- ବାୟୁ) ଅନ୍ୟ ଏକ ସ୍ୱଚ୍ଛ ମାଧ୍ୟମକୁ (ଯଥା- ଜଳ କିମ୍ବା କାଚ) ଗତି କଲାବେଳେ ଏହାର ଗତିପଥରେ ପରିବର୍ତ୍ତନ ହୁଏ ବା ବଙ୍କେଇ ଯାଏ । ଏହାକୁ ଆଲୋକର ପ୍ରତିସରଣ କୁହାଯାଏ ।
(ii) ବିଭିନ୍ନ ମାଧ୍ୟମରେ ଆଲୋକର ବେଗ ଅଲଗା ଅଲଗା ହୋଇଥିବାରୁ ଏପରି ଘଟେ ।
(iii) କାଚ ଗ୍ଲାସ୍‌ରେ ଅଧା ପାଣି ଭର୍ତ୍ତି କରି ସେଥିରେ ଗୋଟିଏ ପେନ୍‌ସିଲ୍‌ ବୁଡ଼ାଇଲେ ପାଣି ଓ ବାୟୁର ସଂଯୋଗ ସ୍ଥଳରେ ପେନ୍‌ସିଲ୍‌ଟି ଭାଙ୍ଗି ଗଲା ପରି ବା ବଙ୍କା ଦେଖାଯାଏ ।
(iv) ଚଷମା ଓ କ୍ୟାମେରାରେ ବ୍ୟବହୃତ ଲେନ୍ସ ଏହି ନିୟମରେ କାମ କରେ ।

Question 3.
ଜଳବାୟୁ ପରିବର୍ତ୍ତନର କାରଣ ଓ ପ୍ରଭାବ ସମ୍ପର୍କରେ ଲେଖ ।
ଉ-
କାରଣ :
(i) ମଣିଷର କାର୍ଯ୍ୟକଳାପ ଯଥା ଗାଡ଼ିମୋଟର ଚଳାଚଳ, କଳକାରଖାନା ଧୂଆଁ ଏବଂ ଜଙ୍ଗଲ କ୍ଷୟ ଯୋଗୁଁ ବାୟୁମଣ୍ଡଳରେ ଅଙ୍ଗାରକାମ୍ଳ (CO₂) ପରିମାଣ ବଢୁଛି ।
(ii) ଏହା ସବୁଜ ଗୃହ ପ୍ରଭାବ ସୃଷ୍ଟି କରି ପୃଥିବୀର ତାପମାତ୍ରା ବଢ଼ାଉଛି ।

ପ୍ରଭାବ :
(iii) ତାପମାତ୍ରା ବଢ଼ିବା ଯୋଗୁଁ ମେରୁ ଅଞ୍ଚଳର ବରଫ ତରଳୁଛି, ଯାହା ଫଳରେ ସମୁଦ୍ର ପତ୍ତନ ବୃଦ୍ଧି ପାଉଛି ।
(iv) ପାଣିପାଗର ଅନିୟମିତତା ଦେଖାଦେଉଛି (ଯଥା- ଅଧିକ ବାତ୍ୟା, ମରୁଡ଼ି) ।

BSE Odisha 8th Class Science Solutions Chapter 2 ଅଣୁଜୀବ ଜଗତ

Go through 8th Class Science Book Odia Medium Question Answer and Class 8 Science Chapter 2 Question Answer Odia Medium ଅଣୁଜୀବ ଜଗତ to understand textbook questions more clearly.

8th Class Science Chapter 2 Question Answer Odia Medium

Class 8 Science Chapter 2 Odia Medium

ଜିଜ୍ଞାସା ବଜାୟ ରଖ

Question 1.
ଏକ କୋଷର ବିଭିନ୍ନ ଅଂଶ ତଳେ ଦିଆଯାଇଛି ।
ପାର୍ଶ୍ୱସ୍ଥ ଚିତ୍ରରେ ଉପଯୁକ୍ତ ସ୍ଥାନରେ ସେଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ଲେଖ । (ପ୍ରଶ୍ନ ସହ ଉତ୍ତର)
BSE Odisha 8th Class Science Solutions Chapter 2 ଅଣୁଜୀବ ଜଗତ 1
(a) ନ୍ୟଷ୍ଟି
(b) କୋଷଜୀବକ
(c) ହରିତ୍ରବକ
(d) କୋଷଭିଭି
(e) କୋଷଝିଲ୍ଲୀ
(f) ନ୍ୟୁକ୍ଲି ଅଏଡ଼୍
ଉ-
କେବଳ ଉଦ୍ଭିଦ କୋଷରେ:

  • କୋଷପ୍ରାଚୀର
  • ହରିତଲବକ
  • ବଡ଼ ରସଧାନୀ (ଭାକ୍ୟୁଓଲ୍)

ଉଭୟ ଉଦ୍ଭିଦ ଓ ପ୍ରାଣୀ କୋଷରେ:

  • କୋଷଝିଲ୍ଲୀ
  • କୋଷଜୀବଦ୍ରବ୍ୟ (ସାଇଟୋପ୍ଲାଜମ୍)
  • ନ୍ୟୁକ୍ଲିଅସ୍ (କେନ୍ଦ୍ରକ)

କେବଳ ପ୍ରାଣୀ କୋଷରେ:
ସେଣ୍ଟ୍ରୋସୋମ୍ / ସେଣ୍ଟ୍ରିଓଲ୍

Question 2.
ଆନନ୍ଦ ଦୁଇଟି ପରୀକ୍ଷାନଳୀ ନେଇ ସେଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ କ ଏବଂ ଖ ଭାବରେ ଚିହ୍ନିତ କଲା । ସେ ପ୍ରତ୍ୟେକ ପରୀକ୍ଷାନଳୀରେ ଦୁଇ ଚାମଚ ଲେଖାଏଁ ଚିନି ଦ୍ରବଣ ପକାଇଲା । ପରୀକ୍ଷାନଳୀ ‘ଖ’ ରେ, ସେ ଏକ ଚାମଚ ଇଷ୍ଟ ପକାଇଲା । ତା’ପରେ ସେ ପ୍ରତ୍ୟେକ ପରୀକ୍ଷାଳନୀର ମୁହଁରେ ଦୁଇଟି ଅଳ୍ପ ଫୁଲାଯାଇଥିବା ବେଲୁନ୍ ବାନ୍ଧିଦେଲା । ତା’ପରେ ସେ ଏହାକୁ ନେଇ ସୂର୍ଯ୍ୟକିରଣରୁ ଦୂରରେ ଏକ ଉଷ୍ମ ସ୍ଥାନରେ ରଖୁଲା ।
(i) ୩-୪ ଦିନ ପରେ କ’ଣ ହେବ ବୋଲି ତୁମେ ଅନୁମାନ କରୁଛ ? ସେ ଦେଖୁଲା ଯେ ପରୀକ୍ଷାନଳୀ ‘ଖ’ ସହିତ ସଂଲଗ୍ନ ବେଲୁନ୍ ଫୁଲିଯାଇଥିଲା । ଏହାର ସମ୍ଭାବ୍ୟ କାରଣ କ’ଣ ହୋଇପାରେ ?
(a) ପରୀକ୍ଷା ନଳୀ’‘ଖ’ ରେ ପାଣି ବାଷ୍ପୀଭୂତ ହୋଇଗଲା ଏବଂ ବେଲୁନ୍‌କୁ ଜଳୀୟ ବାଷ୍ପରେ ପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ କଲା ।
(b) ଉଷ୍ମ ବାୟୁମଣ୍ଡଳ ପରୀକ୍ଷା ନଳୀ ‘ଖ’ ଭିତରେ ଥ‌ିବା ବାୟୁକୁ ବିସ୍ତାରିତ କଲା, ଯାହା ବେଲୁନକୁ ଫୁଲାଇଲା ।
(c) ଇଷ୍ଟ ପରୀକ୍ଷାଳନୀ ‘ଖ’ ଭିତରେ ଏକ ଗ୍ୟାସ୍ ଉତ୍ପାଦନ କଲା ଯାହା ବେଲୁନ୍‌କୁ ଫୁଲାଇଲା ।
(d) ଚିନି ଉଷ୍ମ ପବନ ସହିତ ପ୍ରତିକ୍ରିୟା କରି ଏକ ଗ୍ୟାସ୍ ଉତ୍ପାଦନ କଲା
ଉ-
(c) ଇଷ୍ଟ ପରୀକ୍ଷାଳନୀ ‘ଖ’ ଭିତରେ ଏକ ଗ୍ୟାସ୍ ଉତ୍ପାଦନ କଲା ଯାହା ବେଲୁନ୍‌କୁ ଫୁଲାଇଲା ।

(ii) ସେ ଆଉ ଏକ ପରୀକ୍ଷାନଳୀ ନେଲା, ଯାହାର ୧/୪ ଅଂଶ ଚୂନ ପାଣିରେ ପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ ଥିଲା । ସେ ପରୀକ୍ଷାଳନୀ ‘ଖ’ ରୁ ବେଲୁନକୁ ଏପରି ଭାବରେ ବାହାର କଲା ଯେପରି ବେଲୁନ ଭିତରେ ଥ‌ିବା ଯାଇପାରିବ ନାହିଁ । ସେହି ବେଲୁନକୁ ଚୂନ ପାଣି ଥୁବା ପରୀକ୍ଷାନଳୀ ମୁହଁରେ ବାନ୍ଧିଦେଲା ଭାବରେ ହଲାଇଲା । ସେ କ’ଣ ଜାଣିବାକୁ ଚାହୁଁଛି ବୋଲି ତୁମେ ଭାବୁଛ ?
ଉ –
ଆନନ୍ଦ ପରୀକ୍ଷା କରିବାକୁ ଚାହୁଁଥିଲା ଯେ, ଉତ୍ପାଦିତ ଗ୍ୟାସ୍ ଅଙ୍ଗାରକାମ୍ଳ କି ନୁହେଁ । ଏଠାରେ ଉତ୍ପାଦିତ ଗ୍ୟାସ୍ ଚୂନ ପାଣି ସହ ପ୍ରତିକ୍ରିୟା କରି କ୍ୟାଲସିୟମ୍ କାର୍ବୋନେଟ୍ ପ୍ରସ୍ତତ କରୁଅଛି । ଫଳରେ ଚୂନପାଣି କ୍ଷୀର ଭଳି ବର୍ଷ ଧାରଣ କରୁଅଛି ।

Question 3.
ଜଣେ ଚାଷୀ ତାଙ୍କ କ୍ଷେତରେ ଗହମ ଚାଷ କରୁଥିଲେ । ସେ ଭଲ ଅମଳ ପାଇବା ପାଇଁ ସେ ମାଟିରେ ଯବକ୍ଷାରଜାନଯୁକ୍ତ ସାର ମିଶାଇଲେ । ପାଖ ପଡ଼ିଆରେ ଆଉ ଜଣେ ଚାଷୀ ବିରି ଫସଲ କରୁଥିଲେ, କିନ୍ତୁ ସେ ଭଲ ଫସଲ ପାଇବା ପାଇଁ ଯବକ୍ଷାରଜାନ ସାର ମିଶାଇବାକୁ ପସନ୍ଦ କଲେ ନାହିଁ । ଏହାର କାରଣଗୁଡ଼ିକ ଭାବିପାରୁଛ କି ?
ଉ –
ବିରି ହେଉଛି ଏକ ଡାଲି ଜାତୀୟ ଫସଲ । ଡାଲି ଜାତୀୟ ଉଦ୍ଭିଦର ଚେରର ଗଣ୍ଠିରେ ରାଇଜୋବିୟମ୍ ବୀଜାଣୁ ସହଜୀବୀ ଭାବରେ ବାସ କରେ । ଏହି ବୀଜାଣୁ ବାୟୁମଣ୍ଡଳରୁ ଯବକ୍ଷାରଜାନକୁ ଆଣି ଉଭିଦକୁ ଯୋଗାଇଥାଏ । ତେଣୁ ବିରି ଫସଲ କଲାବେଳେ ମାଟିରେ କୃତ୍ରିମ ଯବକ୍ଷାରଜାନ ଯୁକ୍ତ ସାର ମିଶେଇବାର ଆବଶ୍ୟକତା ନଥାଏ । ଏହି କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ ରାଇଜୋବିୟମ୍ ବୀଜାଣୁ ଦ୍ଵାରା ପ୍ରାକୃତିକ ଉପାୟରେ ଆପେ ଆପେ ହୋଇଥାଏ ।

Question 4.
ତନ୍ମୟୀ ନିଜ ବଗିଚାରେ ଦୁଇଟି ଗାତ ‘କ’ ଓ ‘ଖ’ ଖୋଳିଲା । ଗାତ ‘କ’ ରେ ଫଳ ଓ ପନିପରିବା ଚୋପା ସହିତ ଶୁଖୁଲା ପତ୍ର ମିଶାଇ ପକାଇଲା । ଗାତ ‘ଖ’ରେ ଫଳ ଓ ପନିପରିବା ଚୋପା ସହିତ ଶୁଖୁଲା ପତ୍ର ମିଶ୍ରଣ କଲା ନାହିଁ । ତା’ପରେ ଉଭୟ ଗାତକୁ ମାଟିରେ ଘୋଡ଼ାଇ ଦେଲା ପର୍ଯ୍ୟବେକ୍ଷଣ କଲା । ସେ କ’ଣ ପରୀକ୍ଷା କରିବାକୁ ଚେଷ୍ଟା କରୁଛି ?
ଉ –
(i) ଏଠାରେ ତନ୍ମୟୀ କମ୍ପୋଷ୍ଟର ପ୍ରଭାବ ପରୀକ୍ଷା କରିବାକୁ ଚେଷ୍ଟା କରୁଅଛି । ଗାତ ‘କ’ ରେ ସବୁଜ ଅଳିଆ ଏବଂ ଶୁଖୁଲା ପତ୍ରର ମିଶ୍ରଣ ପଚନ ପାଇଁ ଆବଶ୍ୟକ ହେଉଥ‌ିବା କାର୍ବନ -ଯବକ୍ଷାରଜାନ ସନ୍ତୁଳନ ପ୍ରଦାନ କରିଥାଏ ।
(ii) ଗାଛ (କ) ରେ ଉପସ୍ଥିତ ପଦାର୍ଥର ଅଭାବ ରହିଥାଏ, ତେଣୁ ଏହା ଧୀରେ ଧୀରେ ପରିବର୍ତ୍ତିତ ଏବଂ ନୂତନ ରୂପ ଧାରଣ କରିଥାଏ । ସୁତରାଂ ଏହା ପ୍ରମାଣିତ ହେଉଛି ଯେ, କାର୍ବନ ସମୃଦ୍ଧ ଏବଂ ଯସାୟନିକ ସମୃଦ୍ଧ ସାମଗ୍ରୀ ଉପରେ ଉପସ୍ଥିତି ରହିଲେ ଅଣୁଜୀବମାନଙ୍କ ଦ୍ୱାରା ଅପଘଟନ ବୃଦ୍ଧିତ ହୋଇଥାଏ ।

Question 5.
ନିମ୍ନଲିଖିତ ଅଣୁଜୀବମାନଙ୍କୁ ଚିହ୍ନଟ କର ।
(i) ମୁଁ ସବୁ ପ୍ରକାର ପରିବେଶରେ ଏବଂ ତୁମ ଅନ୍ତନଳୀ ଭିତରେ ରହେ ।
(ii) ମୁଁ ଦୁଧ ଏବଂ ପିଠାକୁ ଫୁଲାଇ ଦିଏ ଓ ନରମ କରେ ।
(iii) ମୁଁ ଭାକ୍ସିନ୍‌ର ସହାୟତାରେ ତେଣ୍ଟେରେ ଗୁହଁ ଏବଂ ସେମାନଙ୍କ ବୃଦ୍ଧି ପାଇଁ ପୋଷକ ଯୋଗାଇଥାଏ ।
ଉ –
(i) ଜୀବାଣୁ
(ii) ଇଷ୍ଟ
(iii) ରାଇଜୋବିୟମ୍

Question 6.
ଅଣୁଜୀବମାନଙ୍କୁ ସେମାନଙ୍କ ବୃଦ୍ଧି ପାଇଁ ସର୍ବୋତ୍ତମ ତାପମାତ୍ରା, ବାୟୁ ଏବଂ ଆର୍ଦ୍ରତା ଆବଶ୍ୟକ ବୋଲି ଜାଣିବା ପାଇଁ ଏକ ପରୀକ୍ଷା ପ୍ରସ୍ତୁତ କର ।
ଉ –
ପରୀକ୍ଷଣ : ୩ଟି ପାର୍ଥକ୍ୟ ଶଙ୍ଖ ସଂଗ୍ରହ କରାଯାଉ ।

  • 1ମ ଦିନ ଉଷ୍ଣ ଓ ଆର୍ଦ୍ର ପରିବେଶରେ (ବିଦ୍ୟୁତ ନିକଟରେ) ରଖାଯାଉ ।
  • 2ୟ ଦିନ ଶୁଷ୍କ ପରିବେଶରେ (ତଳ ଭିତରେ) ରଖାଯାଉ ।
  • 3ୟ ଦିନ ଥଣ୍ଡା ପରିବେଶରେ (ରେଫ୍ରିଜେରେଟରରେ) ରଖାଯାଉ ।
  • ପର୍ଯ୍ୟବେକ୍ଷଣ : 3 ଦିନ ପରେ ଦେଖାଯିବ ଯେ, ୧ମ ପାର୍ଥର ଶଙ୍ଖରେ ସର୍ବାଧିକ ପରିମାଣରେ କବକର ବଂଶବିସ୍ତାର ହୋଇଛି ।
  • ସିଦ୍ଧାନ୍ତ : ତାପମାତ୍ରା, ଆର୍ଦ୍ରତା ଓ ବାୟୁ ଉପଯୁକ୍ତ ପରିମାଣରେ ମିଳିଲେ କବକମାନଙ୍କର ବୃଦ୍ଧି ତ୍ୱରାନ୍ୱିତ ହୋଇଥାଏ ।

Question 7.
ଦୁଇ ଖଣ୍ଡ ପାଉଁରୁଟି ନିଅ । ସେଥିରୁ ଖଣ୍ଡେ ହାତଘଣ୍ଟା ଜାଗା ପାଖରେ ଏକ ପ୍ଲେଟ୍‌ରେ ରଖ । ଅନ୍ୟ ଖଣ୍ଡକୁ ଫ୍ରିଜ୍‌ରେ ରଖ । ତିନି ଦିନ ପରେ ତୁଳନା କର । ତୁମର ପର୍ଯ୍ୟବେକ୍ଷଣକୁ ଲେଖ । ତୁମର ପର୍ଯ୍ୟବେକ୍ଷଣକୁ ବ୍ୟାଖ୍ୟା କର ।
ଉ –
ପର୍ଯ୍ୟବେକ୍ଷଣ : ହାତଘଣ୍ଟା ଜାଗାପାଖରେ ପ୍ଲେଟ୍‌ରେ ରଖାଯାଇଥିବା ପାଉଁରୁଟିରେ କବକର ବୃଦ୍ଧି ଅଧିକ ପରିମାଣରେ ହୋଇଥାଏ । କିନ୍ତୁ ଫ୍ରିଜ୍‌ରେ ରଖାଯାଇଥିବା ପାଉଁରୁଟିରେ କବକର ବୃଦ୍ଧି ହୋଇ ନଥାଏ ।
ବ୍ୟାଖ୍ୟା : ହାତଘଣ୍ଟା ସ୍ଥାନରେ ଉଷ୍ମ ଓ ଆର୍ଦ୍ର ପରିବେଶ ଥିବାରୁ କବକର ବଂଶବିସ୍ତାର ପାଇଁ ଅନୁକୂଳ ହୋଇଥାଏ । କିନ୍ତୁ ଫ୍ରିଜ୍‌ରେ ଥଣ୍ଡା ପରିବେଶ କବକମାନଙ୍କ ବଂଶବିସ୍ତାର ପାଇଁ ପ୍ରତିକୂଳ ସ୍ଥାନ ହୋଇଥାଏ ।

Question 8.
ପାଉଁରୁଟି ଲକ୍ଷ୍ୟ କଲା ଯେ ସେତେବେଳେ କିଛି ଗୋଟିଏ ଦିନ ପାଇଁ ଫ୍ରିଜ୍‌ରେ ରଖି ଦିଆଯାଏ, ତାହା ଅଧିକ ଖଟା ହୋଇଥାଏ । ଏହି ପର୍ଯ୍ୟବେକ୍ଷଣରେ ଦୁଇଟି ସମ୍ଭାବ୍ୟ ବ୍ୟାଖ୍ୟା କ’ଣ ହୋଇପାରେ ?
ଉ –
(i) ଦହିରେ ଅଣୁଜୀବମାନେ ବଂଶବିସ୍ତାର କରି ଲାକ୍ଟିକ୍ ଅମ୍ଳ ସୃଷ୍ଟି କରିଥାନ୍ତି । ଏହି ଅମ୍ଳ ମାତ୍ରା ଅଧିକ ହୋଇଥିବାରୁ ଦହି ଖଟା ଲାଗିଥାଏ ।
(ii) ଉଷ୍ମ ତାପମାତ୍ରାରେ ବଂଶବିସ୍ତାର ଦ୍ରୁତ ହୋଇଥାଏ, ତେଣୁ ଅଣୁଜୀବ ଦ୍ରୁତ ବଢ଼ିବାରୁ ଦହି ଅଧିକ ଖଟା ହୋଇଥାଏ ।

Question 9.
ଚିତ୍ର ୨.୧୫ ରେ ଦିଆଯାଇଥିବା ଚିତ୍ରକୁ ଦେଖ ଏବଂ ନିମ୍ନଲିଖତ ପ୍ରଶ୍ନଗୁଡ଼ିକର ଉତ୍ତର ଦିଅ ।
BSE Odisha 8th Class Science Solutions Chapter 2 ଅଣୁଜୀବ ଜଗତ 3
(i) ଫ୍ଲାସ୍କ ‘କ’ ରେ ଥବା ଚିନି ଦ୍ରବଣରେ କ’ଣ ଦେଖୁଛ ?
ଉ –
ଫ୍ଲାସ୍କ ‘କ’ ରେ ଚିନି ଦ୍ରବଣରେ କିଣ୍ବନ ପ୍ରକ୍ରିୟା ସମ୍ପାଦିତ ହୁଏ । ଏହି ପ୍ରକ୍ରି ୟାରେ ବାୟୁମଣ୍ଡଳକୁ ଅଙ୍ଗାରକାମ୍ଳ ଗ୍ୟାସ ନିର୍ଗତ ହୋଇଥାଏ । ଏହି ପ୍ରକ୍ରିୟାରେ ଅଳ୍ପ ପରିମାଣରେ ଆଲକହଲ ମଧ୍ୟ ଉତ୍ପାଦିତ ହୋଇଥାଏ ।

(ii) ଚାରି ଘଣ୍ଟା ପରେ ତୁମେ ପରୀକ୍ଷାନଳୀ ‘ଖ’ ରେ କ’ଣ ଦେଖୁବ ? ଏହା କାହିଁକି ଘଟିଲା ବୋଲି ତୁମେ ଭାବୁଛ ?
ଉ –
4 ଘଣ୍ଟା ପରେ ‘ଖ’ ପରୀକ୍ଷାନଳୀରେ ଚୂନପାଣି ଦୁଗ୍ଧ ବର୍ଷ ଧାରଣ କରୁଥିବାର ଦେଖାଯାଇଥାଏ । କାରଣ କିଣ୍ବନ ପ୍ରକ୍ରିୟାରୁ ସୃଷ୍ଟି ହେଉଥ‌ିବା ଅଙ୍ଗାରକାମ୍ଳ ଗ୍ୟାସ୍ ପ୍ଳାସ୍କ (କ) ରୁ ପରୀକ୍ଷାନଳୀ (ଖ) ମଧ୍ୟକୁ ଆସି ଚୂନପାଣି ସହ ପ୍ରତିକ୍ରିୟା କରିଥାଏ । ତେଣୁ ଏଠାରେ ଅଙ୍ଗାରକାମ୍ଳ ଗ୍ୟାସର ଉପସ୍ଥିତି ସୁନିଶ୍ଚିତ ହୋଇପାରୁଛି ।

(iii) ପ୍ଳାସ୍କ ‘କ’ ରେ ଯଦି ଇଷ୍ଟ ମିଶ୍ରଣ କରା ନ ଯାଏ ତେବେ କ’ଣ ହେବ ?
ଉ –
ଫ୍ଲାସ୍କ (କ) ରେ ଯଦି ଇଷ୍ଟ ମିଶ୍ରଣ କରା ନଯାଏ, ତେବେ କିଣ୍ବନ ପ୍ରକ୍ରିୟା ସମ୍ପାଦିତ ହେବ ନାହିଁ ଓ ଅଙ୍ଗାରକାମ୍ଳ ଗ୍ୟାସ ପରୀକ୍ଷା ନଳୀ (ଖ) ମଧ୍ୟକୁ ଯିବ ନାହିଁ । ଏଠାରେ ଥିବା ଚୂନ ପାଣିର ବର୍ଷରେ କୌଣସି ପରିବର୍ତ୍ତନ ହେବନାହିଁ ।

ଆବିଷ୍କାର, ଡିଜାଇନ୍ ଏବଂ ବିତର୍କ କର

Question 1.
ଭାରତରେ ବାୟୋଗ୍ୟାସ୍ ଉତ୍ପାଦନର ଏକ ଦୀର୍ଘ ଇତିହାସ ଅଛି । ଆମର ସର୍ବପୁରାତନ ବାୟୋଗ୍ୟାସ୍ ପ୍ଲାଣ୍ଟ ମଧ୍ୟରୁ ଗୋଟିଏ ୧୮୫୦ ଦଶକର ଶେଷ ଭାଗରେ ସ୍ଥାପିତ ହୋଇଥିଲା । ଭାରତ ସରକାଙ୍କ ନୂତନ ଏବଂ ନବୀକରଣ ଯୋଗ୍ୟ ଶକ୍ତି ମନ୍ତ୍ରଣାଳୟ ଦ୍ଵାରା ଆରମ୍ଭ ହୋଇଥିବା ବାୟୋଗ୍ୟାସ୍ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟକ୍ରମ ବିଷୟରେ ତଥ୍ୟ ସଂଗ୍ରହ କର ।
ଉ –
ବାୟୋଗ୍ୟାସ୍ ପ୍ଲାଣ୍ଟର ଗଠନ :
(i) ଅମ୍ଳଜାନ ଅନୁପସ୍ଥିତିରେ ଜୈବ ପଦାର୍ଥର ବିଘଟନ ଦ୍ଵାରା ନିର୍ଗତ ଗ୍ୟାସର ମିଶ୍ରଣକୁ ଜୈବଗ୍ୟାସ (Biogas) କୁହାଯାଏ ।
(ii) ବିଶେଷ କ୍ଷେତ୍ରରେ ଗୋବରରୁ ଏହି ଗ୍ୟାସ ମିଳୁଥିବାରୁ ଓ ଗୋବର ପ୍ରାରମ୍ଭିକ ପଦାର୍ଥ ଭାବେ ବ୍ୟବହାର କରାଯାଉଥ‌ିବାରୁ ଏହାକୁ ସାଧାରଣରେ ଗୋବର ଗ୍ୟାସ ବୋଲି ମଧ୍ୟ କୁହାଯାଇଥାଏ ।
ଗୋବର ଗ୍ୟାସ୍ ପ୍ଲାଣ୍ଟର ଗଠନ : ଗୋବର ଗ୍ୟାସ୍‌ ପ୍ଲାଣ୍ଟର ନିମ୍ନଲିଖ୍ଯ ଅଂଶ ରହିଥାଏ । ଯଥା- ପ୍ରବେଶ ପାତ୍ର, ଡାଇଜେଷ୍ଟ କୂପ, ଧାତୁ ନିର୍ମିତ ଡୋମ୍ ଓ ନିର୍ଗମ ନଳୀ ।

(i) ପ୍ରବେଶ ପାତ୍ର :
ଏଥ‌ିରେ ଗୋବର ଓ ପାଣି 4:5 ଆୟତନ ଅନୁପାତ ରେ ମି ଶା। ଇ ଭଲଭାବରେ ଫେଣ୍ଟି ମଣ୍ଡ କରାଯାଏ ଓ ଏହି ମଣ୍ଡକୁ ପ୍ରବେଶ ପାତ୍ରରେ ଭର୍ତ୍ତି କରାଯାଏ ।
ଏହି ମିଶ୍ରଣ ଏକ ନଳଭିତର ଦେଇ ଆପେ ଆପେ ଡାଇଜେଷ୍ଟର କୂପକୁ ଚାଲିଯାଏ ।

(ii) ଡାଇଜେଷ୍ଟର କୂପ :
ଏହାର ଚାରିକାନ୍ଥ ଇଟା ଓ ସିମେଣ୍ଟରେ ତିଆରି ହୋଇଥାଏ । ଏହାର ପ୍ରାୟ ଏକ ତୃତୀୟାଂଶ ଭୂମିର ଉପରକୁ ଓ ଦୁଇ ତୃତୀୟାଂଶ ଭୂମିଠାରୁ ତଳକୁ ଥାଏ । ଗୋବର ଓ ପାଣିର ମିଶ୍ର ଣ ଏଠାରେ ଜମା ହୁଏ ।

(iii) ଧାତୁନିର୍ମିତ ଡୋମ୍ :
ସାଧାରଣତଃ ଏହି ଡୋମ୍‌ ଇସ୍ପାତରେ ତିଆରି ।
ଏବେ ସିମେଣ୍ଟ ଓ କଂକ୍ରିଟରେ ଡୋମ୍ ନିର୍ମାଣ କରାଯାଉଛି । ଏହା କୂପକୁ ସମ୍ପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣରୂପେ ଘୋଡ଼ାଇ ବାୟୁରୋଧୀ କରିଦିଏ ।
ଅମ୍ଳଜାନ ଅନୁପସ୍ଥିତିରେ ବଢ଼ି ପାରୁଥବା ମିଥାନୋଜେନ ଓ ଅନ୍ୟାନ୍ୟ ବ୍ୟାକ୍ଟେରିଆ ଏହି ମିଶ୍ରଣରୁ କିଣ୍ବନ ଦ୍ଵାରା ମିଥେନ୍ , କାର୍ବନ ଡାଇଅକ୍‌ସାଇଡ୍, ହାଇଡ୍ରୋଜେନ୍ , ହାଇଡ୍ରୋଜେନ ସଲଫାଇଡ୍ ଗ୍ୟାସ୍ ଉତ୍ପନ୍ନ କରନ୍ତି । ଏଥ‌ିରେ ମିଥେନ୍ଽଗ୍ୟାସ୍ ଶତକଡ଼ା ପ୍ରାୟ 65-75 ଭାଗ ଥାଏ । ଗ୍ୟାସ୍ ଚାପରେ ଡୋମ୍ ଉପରକୁ ଉଠେ ।

(iv) ନିର୍ଗମ ନଳୀ :
ଏହି ଧାତବନଳୀ ବାଟଦେଇ ଗ୍ୟାସ୍ ରୋଷେଇଘର ଚୂଲାକୁ ଯାଏ ।
ନିୟନ୍ତ୍ରିତ ଚାପରେ ଏହାକୁ ଜଳାଇବାର ବ୍ୟବସ୍ଥା ହୋଇଥାଏ ।
(a) ଗୋବର ଗ୍ୟାସ୍ ଏକ ଅତ୍ୟନ୍ତ ଉତ୍କୃଷ୍ଟ ଧରଣର ଜାଳେଣି ଓ ଶୁଖୁଲା ଗୋବରଠାରୁ ଜାଳେଣି ହିସାବରେ ପ୍ରାୟ 6 ଗୁଣ ଦକ୍ଷ । ଏଥ‌ିରେ ଧୂଆଁ ହୁଏନାହିଁ । ଫଳରେ ଘର କଳା ହୁଏ ନାହିଁ । ଧୂମବିହୀନ ହୋଇଥିବାରୁ ଚକ୍ଷୁ ବା ଶ୍ଵାସସମ୍ପର୍କିତ ରୋଗ ହେବାର ଆଶଙ୍କା ନଥାଏ ।

(b) ଗୋବର ବିନିଯୋଗ ହୋଇଯାଉଥ‌ିବାରୁ ଗୋବରଦ୍ଵାରା ପରିବେଶ ପ୍ରଦୂଷଣ ହେବାର ଆଶଙ୍କା ଥାଏ ବା ଗୋବର ଜମି ରହି ମଶା, ମାଛି ଜନ୍ମ ହୁଏନାହିଁ । ଗୋବରକୁ ସିଧା ଖତ କଲେ ଶତକଡ଼ା ପ୍ରାୟ 50 ଭାଗ ନଷ୍ଟ ହୁଏ । ଗୋବର ଗ୍ୟାସ୍ ବାହାର କଲାପରେ ଖଦାକୁ ଖତଭାବେ ବ୍ୟବହାର କରାଯାଇପାରେ ଓ ଏଥିରେ ମାତ୍ର ଶତକଡ଼ା 25 ଭାଗ ନଷ୍ଟହୁଏ ।

(c) ଗୋବର ଖଦାର ଦୁର୍ଗନ୍ଧ ନଥାଏ ଓ ଏହା ମାଟିରେ ଭଲଭାବେ ମିଶିପାରେ । ଜୈବଗ୍ୟାସରୁ ରୋଷେଇ କରିବା, ବତି ଜଳାଇବା ବ୍ୟତୀତ ଜେନେରେଟର ଚଳାଇ ବିଦ୍ୟୁତ୍ ଉତ୍ପାଦନ କରାଯାଇପାରେ ଓ ବୈଦ୍ୟୁତିକ ଉପକରଣ ମଧ୍ଯ ଚଳାଯାଇପାରେ ।

Question 2.
ଭାରତର କିଛି ଅଞ୍ଚଳରେ କିଣ୍ବନ କରାଯାଇଥିବା ସୋୟାବିନ୍ ଓ ବାଉଁଶ କାଣ୍ଡ ପରି ଖାଦ୍ୟ ସାମଗ୍ରୀକୁ ପାରମ୍ପରିକ ଖାଦ୍ୟ ଭାବରେ ବ୍ୟବହୃତ କରାଯାଏ । ତୁମ ପିତାମାତା ଏବଂ ଶିକ୍ଷକଙ୍କ ସହାୟତାରେ କିଣ୍ବନ ପ୍ରକ୍ରିୟାକୁ ବ୍ୟବହାର କରି ପ୍ରସ୍ତୁତ ହୋଇଥିବା ତୁମ ଅଞ୍ଚଳର କିଛି ପାରମ୍ପରିକ ଖାଦ୍ୟ ସାମଗ୍ରୀର ତାଲିକା କର । ଏହି କିଣ୍ଡିତ ଖାଦ୍ୟ ସାମଗ୍ରୀ ପ୍ରସ୍ତୁତିରେ ବ୍ୟବହୃତ ଉପାଦାନ, ସେଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ପ୍ରସ୍ତୁତ କରିବାର ପଦ୍ଧତି, ଖାଦ୍ୟର କିଣ୍ବନ ପାଇଁ ଦାୟୀ ଅଣୁଜୀବ ତଥା କିମ୍ବିତ ଖାଦ୍ୟର ପୁଷ୍ଟିକର ଗୁରୁତ୍ଵ ଅନୁସନ୍ଧାନ କର ।
ଉ –
(i) ଭାରତର ମଣିପୁର ଅଞ୍ଚଳରେ କିତ୍ସିତ ସୋୟାବିନ ଓ ବାଉଁଶ କାଣ୍ଡକୁ ପାରମ୍ପରିକ ଖାଦ୍ୟ ଭାବରେ ଗ୍ରହଣ କରାଯାଇଥାଏ ।
(ii) ଏହି ପ୍ରକ୍ରିୟାରେ କଟାଯାଇଥିବା କୋମଳ ବାଉଁଶ ଡାଳକୁ 3-12 ମାସ ପାଇଁ ବନ୍ଦ ପାତ୍ରରେ ରଖ୍ କିଣ୍ବନ କରାଯାଏ । ଏହାର ସ୍ଵାଦ ଖଟା ଓ ରଙ୍ଗ ଧଳା ହୋଇଥାଏ ।
(iii) ଏହି ଖାଦ୍ୟ ପ୍ରୋବାୟୋଟିକ୍ସରେ ପରିପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ ଅଟେ । ଏହା ପୁଷ୍ଟିସାର ପାଚନ କ୍ଷମତାକୁ ଉନ୍ନତ କରେ ଏବଂ ଜୀବାଣୁ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ ମାଧ୍ୟମରେ ପୁଷ୍ଟିକର ମୂଲ୍ୟ ବୃଦ୍ଧି କରିଥାଏ ।
(iv) ବିଭିନ୍ନ ପର୍ବପର୍ବାଣୀରେ ଏହାକୁ ଏକ ପୁଷ୍ଟିକର ଖାଦ୍ୟ ଭାବରେ ବ୍ୟବହାର କରାଯାଏ । ଏହାକୁ ପ୍ରସ୍ତୁତ କରିବା ସମୟରେ ପରିଷ୍କାର କରିବା, ସୋୟାବିନ୍‌କୁ ଫୁଟାଇବା, ଭିଜାଇବା ଓ ପ୍ରାକୃତିକ ଉପାୟରେ କିଣ୍ବନ କରିବା ସୋପାନଗୁଡ଼ିକ ଅନ୍ତର୍ଭୁକ୍ତ ଅଟେ ।

Question 12.
ଏକ ବର୍ଷକ କାଚ ଓ ଅଣୁବୀକ୍ଷଣ ଯନ୍ତ୍ର କିମ୍ବା ଫୋଲ୍ଡସ୍କୋପ୍ ବ୍ୟବହାର କରି ଏକ ଛତୁର ବିଭିନ୍ନ ଅଂଶ ଅଧ୍ୟୟନ କର । ବରିଷ୍ଠ ଶ୍ରେଣୀର ଶିକ୍ଷାର୍ଥୀମାନଙ୍କ ସାହାଯ୍ୟ ନିଅ ଏବଂ ତୁମ ସ୍କୁଲ ପରୀକ୍ଷାଗାରରେ ଅଣୁବୀକ୍ଷଣ ଯନ୍ତ୍ର, ଫୋଲ୍ଡସ୍କୋପ୍ ତଳେ ଛତୁର ବିଭିନ୍ନ ଅଂଶ/ଆଭ୍ୟନ୍ତରୀଣ ଗଠନ ଅନୁଧ୍ୟାନ କର ।
ଉ –
(i) ଛତୁ ହେଉଛି ଏକ ଖାଦ୍ୟ ଉପଯୋଗୀ ପୁଷ୍ଟିକର କବକ । ଏଥ‌ିରେ ପୁଷ୍ଟିସାର, ଭିଟାମିନ – B, ଭିଟାମିନ – D ଏବଂ ପ୍ରଦୂର ମାତ୍ରାରେ ଆଣ୍ଟି ଅକ୍ସିଡାଣ୍ଟ ରହିଥାଏ ।
(ii) ଏହାର କମ୍ କ୍ୟାଲୋରୀ, ପୁଷ୍ଟିସାର, ସେଲେନିୟମ୍ ଏବଂ ପୋଟାସିୟମ୍ ପରି ଧାତୁସାରର ଉପସ୍ଥିତି ଏହାକୁ ସ୍ଵାଦିଷ୍ଟ କରିଥାଏ ।
(iii) ବଟମ୍ ଛତୁ ସବୁଠାରୁ ସାଧାରଣ କିନ୍ତୁ ଓଏଷ୍ଟର ଏବଂ ଧାନ ନଡ଼ା ଛତୁ ମଧ୍ଯ ଲୋକପ୍ରିୟ ଅଟେ ।
(iv) ଏହା ଶରୀରରେ ରୋଗ ପ୍ରତିରୋଧକ ଶକ୍ତି ବୃଦ୍ଧି କରିବା ସହିତ ଶରୀରରେ ଥ‌ିବା କୋଷଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ କ୍ଷତିରୁ ବଞ୍ଚାଇଥାଏ ।
(v) ଏକ ଛତୁ 2 ମିଲିମିଟରରୁ କମ୍ ବ୍ୟାସର ଏକ ନୋଡ୍ୟୁଲ୍‌ରୁ ବିକଶିତ ହୁଏ । ଏହାକୁ ପ୍ରାଇମୋଡ଼ିୟମ୍ କୁହାଯାଏ ।
(vi) ଏହା ମାଇସେଲିୟମ୍ ମଧ୍ୟରେ ସୂତାପରି ହାଇଫାର ପିଣ୍ଡ ଦ୍ଵାରା ଏହା ଗଠିତ ହୋଇଥାଏ ।
(vii) ପ୍ରାଇମୋଡ଼ିୟମ୍ ଏକ ଅଣ୍ଡା ସଦୃଶ ଏକ ଗୋଲାକାର ଆକୃତିରେ ବିସ୍ତାରିତ ହୁଏ, ଯାହାକୁ ବଟମ୍ କୁହାଯାଏ ।
(viii) ଏକ ହାଇମୋନିୟମ୍ ହେଉଛି ସୂକ୍ଷ୍ମ ଜୀବାଣୁ ବାହକ କୋଷଗୁଡ଼ିକର ସ୍ତର ଯାହା ଗିଳ୍ପର ପୃଷ୍ଠକୁ ଆଚ୍ଛାଦିତ କରିଥାଏ । ଏଥ‌ିରେ ସ୍କୋର (ରେଣୁ) ଗଠିତ ହୁଏ ।
(ix) ଏହି ରେଣୁଗୁଡ଼ିକର ଗୋଟିଏ ମୁଣ୍ଡରେ ଏକ ପେଟ୍ୟୁସନ ରହିଥାଏ ଓ ଏହାକୁ ଆପିକୁଲସ୍ କୁହାଯାଏ ।
(x) ଏହାର ଅଙ୍କୁରଣରୁ ହାଇଫା ବାହାରି ପରେ ବଡ଼ ଛତୁରେ ପରିଣତ ହୋଇଥାଏ ।

Question 13.
ଜଣେ ଉଦ୍ୟୋଗୀଙ୍କ ସହିତ ଯୋଗାଯୋଗ କର ଏବଂ ଛତୁଚାଷ ପାଇଁ ପଦକ୍ଷେପଗୁଡ଼ିକ ଶିଖ । ଉ ଛତୁଚାଷ ପ୍ରକ୍ରିୟା :
ଉ –
(i) ବନ୍ଧ୍ୟାକରଣ : ପ୍ରଦୂଷକମାନଙ୍କୁ ମାରିବା ପାଇଁ ସବଷ୍ଟ୍ରେଟ୍‌କୁ ପ୍ରଥମେ ବିଶୋଧୃତ କରାଯାଏ ।
(ii) ଟିକାକରଣ : ସବଷ୍ଟେଟରେ ଅଣ୍ଡା ମିଶ୍ରଣ କରାଯାଏ ।
(iii) ଇନ୍‌କ୍ୟୁବେସନ୍ : ମାଇସେଲିୟମ୍ ବ୍ୟାପିବା ପାଇଁ ଏହାକୁ ଅନ୍ଧାର ଓ ଉଷ୍ମ ସ୍ଥାନରେ ରଖାଯାଏ ।
(iv) ଅମଳ : ପିନ୍‌ହେଡ଼୍ ବାହାରିବାର ୩-୪ ଦିନ ପରେ ଛତୁ ଅମଳ କରାଯାଏ ।

ପାଠ୍ୟପୁସ୍ତକସ୍ଥ ଅନୁସନ୍ଧାନ ଓ ଚିନ୍ତନ ପ୍ରଶ୍ନୋତ୍ତର

Question 1.
ତୁମେ କେବେ ଭାବିଛ କି ଯଦି ତୁମ ଚାରିପାଖରେ ଥିବା ଅଦୃଶ୍ୟ ଜଗତ ତୁମକୁ ଦୃଶ୍ୟ ହୁଏ, ତେବେ କ’ଣ ସବୁ ଦେଖୁ ?
ଉ –
(i) ଯଦି ଆମେ ସମସ୍ତ ଅଣୁଜୀବ (ଜୀବାଣୁ, ଭୂତାଣୁ, କବକ) ମାନଙ୍କୁ ଦେଖିବା ତାହା ଅତ୍ୟନ୍ତ ଆକର୍ଷଣୀୟ ହେବ ।
(ii) ଏହି ଅଣୁଜୀବମାନେ ଆମ ପରିବେଶର ଓ ଆମ ଶରୀର ଭିତରେ କିପରି କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ କରୁଛନ୍ତି ତାହା ଦେଖ୍ହେବ ।
(iii) ଆମ ପରିବେଶ ଓ ଆମ ଶରୀରକୁ ଅଣୁଜୀବମାନଙ୍କ ସଂକ୍ରମଣରୁ ସୁରକ୍ଷା ପ୍ରଦାନ କରାଯାଇପାରିବ ।

Question 2.
ଏହି ଅଦୃଶ୍ୟ ଜଗତର ପର୍ଯ୍ୟବେକ୍ଷଣ ଏଥରେ ଜୀବମାନଙ୍କର ଆକାର, ଜଟିଳତା କିମ୍ବା ଜୀବର ଯେଉଁ ଲକ୍ଷଣ ତାକୁ ‘‘ଜୀବିତ’’ ବୋଲି ପରିଚିତ କରିଥାଏ, ସେ ବିଷୟରେ ତୁମ ଚିନ୍ତାଧାରାକୁ କିପରି ପରିବର୍ତ୍ତନ କରିପାରିବ ବୋଲି ଭାବୁଛ ?
ଉ –
(i) ଏହି ରହସ୍ୟମୟ ବିଶ୍ଵକୁ ପର୍ଯ୍ୟବେକ୍ଷଣ କରିବାଦ୍ୱାରା ଜଣାପଡ଼ିବ ଯେ, ଅତି କ୍ଷୁଦ୍ର ଜୀବମାନେ ମଧ୍ୟ ଗତି, ବଂଶବିସ୍ତାର ଓ ଉତ୍ତେଜନା ପ୍ରତି କିପରି ଜଟିଳ ଆଚରଣ ପ୍ରଦର୍ଶନ କରୁଅଛନ୍ତି ।
(ii) ଏହା ଜୀବ ଭାବରେ କ’ଣ ଯୋଗ୍ୟ ତାହା ସମ୍ବନ୍ଧରେ ଆମର ବୁଝାମଣାକୁ ଗଭୀର କରିବ ଏବଂ ଦେଖାଇବ ଯେ, ଜୀବମାନଙ୍କର ଆକାର ଜୀବନର ଜଟିଳତାକୁ ସୀମିତ କରେ ନାହିଁ ।

Question 3.
ତୁମେ କେବେ ଚିନ୍ତା କରିଛ କି ଏହି କ୍ଷୁଦ୍ର ଜୀବମାନେ ପରସ୍ପର ସହିତ କିପରି ପ୍ରତିକ୍ରିୟା କରନ୍ତି ? ତୁମର ପ୍ରଶ୍ନ ବା ମତାମତ ଲେଖ –
ଉ –
(i) ଅଣୁଜୀବମାନେ ପରସ୍ପର ମଧ୍ୟରେ ନିରନ୍ତର କ୍ରିୟା ସମ୍ପାଦନ କରିଥାନ୍ତି, ଯେତେବେଳେ ପରିବେଶରେ ଅନ୍ୟ ପ୍ରାଣୀମାନେ ସମ୍ବଳ ପାଇଁ ପ୍ରତିଯୋଗୀତା କରିଥାନ୍ତି ବା ଶିକାର କରିଥାନ୍ତି ।
(ii) ଉଦାହରଣ : ବୀଜାଣୁମାନେ ହଜମ କ୍ରିୟାରେ ସାହାଯ୍ୟ କରିଥାନ୍ତି କିମ୍ବା ରୋଗ ସୃଷ୍ଟି କରିପାରନ୍ତି । କବକମାନେ ଜୈବ ପଦାର୍ଥକୁ ବିଘଟିତ କରି ମାଟିକୁ ସମୃଦ୍ଧ କରିଥାନ୍ତି ।
(iii) ଏହି କ୍ରିୟାଗୁଡ଼ିକ ଅନେକ ପରିବେଶଗତ ପ୍ରକ୍ରିୟାର ମୁଳୁଦୁଆ ଗଠନ କରିଥାନ୍ତି ।

ନିର୍ଦ୍ଦିଷ୍ଟ ଉତ୍ତରମୂଳକ ପ୍ରଶ୍ନୋତ୍ତର

(କ) ଚାରୋଟି ବିକଳ୍ପ ଉତ୍ତର ମଧ୍ୟରୁ ଠିକ୍ ଉତ୍ତରଟି ବାଛି ଲେଖ ।

Question 1.
କେଉଁମାନେ ଏକକୋଷୀ, ଗତିଶୀଳ ଓ ଅନିୟମିତ ଆକାର ବିଶିଷ୍ଟ ଅଟନ୍ତି ?
(a) ଏମିବା (ଆଦିପ୍ରାଣୀ)
(b) ପାରାମେସିୟମ୍ (ଆଦିପ୍ରାଣୀ)
(c) ଶୈବାଳ
(d) କବକ (ପାଉଁରୁଟି ଫିମ୍ପି)
ଉ –
(a) ଏମିବା (ଆଦିପ୍ରାଣୀ)

Question 2.
କେଉଁମାନେ ଏକକୋଷୀ ଓ ଗୋଟିଏ ସ୍ଥାନରୁ ଅନ୍ୟସ୍ଥାନକୁ ଗତିକରିବା ପାଇଁ ବିଶେଷ ଅଙ୍ଗର ସାହାଯ୍ୟ ନେଇଥାନ୍ତି ?
(a) ଏମିବା (ଆଦିପ୍ରାଣୀ)
(b) ପାରାମେସିୟମ୍ (ଆଦିପ୍ରାଣୀ)
(c) ବୀଜାଣୁ
(d) ଭୂତାଣୁ
ଉ –
(b) ପାରାମେସିୟମ୍ (ଆଦିପ୍ରାଣୀ)

Question 3.
କେଉଁଟି ଏକକୋଷୀ ଓ ସବୁଜକଣାର ଉପସ୍ଥିତି ଯୋଗୁଁ ସବୁଜ ଦେଖାଯିବା ସହ ବିଶେଷ ଅଙ୍ଗ ସାହାଯ୍ୟରେ ଗତି କରିଥାଏ ?
(a) ଏମିବା
(b) ପାରାମେସିୟମ୍
(c) ୟୁକ୍ଲିନା
(d) ଇଷ୍ଟ
ଉ –
(c) ୟୁକ୍ଲିନା

Question 4.
କେଉଁମାନେ କେବଳ ପୋଷକଜୀବ ଶରୀରରେ ପ୍ରଜନନ କରିବାକୁ ସକ୍ଷମ ଅଟନ୍ତି ?
(a) ଶୈବାଳ
(b) କବକ
(c) ଆଦିପ୍ରାଣୀ
(d) ଭୂତାଣୁ
ଉ –
(d) ଭୂତାଣୁ

Question 5.
ରାଇଜୋବିୟମ୍ ବୀଜାଣୁ ଉଭିଦକୁ କ’ଣ ଯୋଗାଇଥାଏ ?
(a) ଯବକ୍ଷାର ଜାନ
(b) ଉଦ୍‌ଜାନ
(c) ଅମ୍ଳଜାନ
(d) ଅଙ୍ଗାରକାମ୍ଳ ଗ୍ୟାସ୍
ଉ –
(d) ଅଙ୍ଗାରକାମ୍ଳ ଗ୍ୟାସ୍

(ଖ) ଶୂନ୍ୟସ୍ଥାନ ପୂରଣ କର ।

(a) ଦହି ପ୍ରସ୍ତୁତି ପରି କିଣ୍ବନ ପ୍ରକ୍ରିୟାରେ ___________ ବ୍ୟବହୃତ ହୋଇଥାଏ ।
ଉ –
ଲାକ୍ଟୋବାସିଲସ

(b) ___________ ଆମପାଇଁ ଉପକାରୀ କିମ୍ବା ଅପକାର ହୋଇପାରେ ।
ଉ –
ଅଣୁଜୀବ

(c) ବୀଜାଣୁ, କବକ ଓ ଆଦିପ୍ରାଣୀ ବିଭିନ୍ନ ପ୍ରକାରର ___________ ଅଟନ୍ତି ।
ଉ –
ଅଣୁଜୀବ

(d) ___________ ହେଉଛି ଜୀବନର ମୌଳିକ ଏକକ ।
ଉ –
ଜୀବକୋଷ

(e) ବୀଜାଣୁରେ ଏକ ସୁଗଠିତ ___________ ନଥାଏ ।
ଉ –
ନ୍ୟଷ୍ଟି

(ଗ) ଠିକ୍ ଉତ୍ତର ପାଖରେ (✓) ଚିହ୍ନ ଓ ଭୁଲ୍ ଉତ୍ତର ପାଖରେ (✗) ଚିହ୍ନ ଦିଅ ।

(a) ଇଲେକ୍‌ଟ୍ରନ ଅଣୁବିକ୍ଷଣ ଯନ୍ତ୍ର କୋଷକୁ ପ୍ରାୟ ୧୦ ଲକ୍ଷ ଗୁଣ ବୃଦ୍ଧି କରିଥାଏ ।
ଉ –

(b) ବୀଜାଣୁରେ ଏକ ସୁଗଠିତ ନ୍ୟଷ୍ଟି ନଥାଏ ।
ଉ –

(c) କୋଷ ହେଉଛି ଜୀବନର ମୌଳିକ ଏକକ ।
ଉ –

(d) ଅଣୁଜୀବମାନେ କେବଳ ଏକକୋଷ ଅଟନ୍ତି ।
ଉ –

(e) ଅଣୁଜୀବମାନେ ଅଣୁବିକ୍ଷଣ ଯନ୍ତ୍ର ବିନା
ଉ –

(ଘ) ‘କ’ ସ୍ତମ୍ଭ ସହିତ ‘ଖ’ ସ୍ତମ୍ଭକୁ ମିଳନ କର ।

Question 1.

‘କ’ ସ୍ତମ୍ଭ  ‘ଖ’ ସ୍ତମ୍ଭ
(a) ସ୍ପିରୁଲିନା  ଲାକ୍ସୋବାସିଲସ୍ କିଶ୍ଵ ନ
(b) ପ୍ରୋଟୋଜୋଆ  ଅଣୁଜୀବ
(c) ଦହି  ଲୋକପ୍ରିୟ ଖାଦ୍ୟ
(d) ଇଷ୍ଟ  ସରସତିଆ
(e) ସୁପରଫୁଡ୍  କେବଳ ଗୋଟିଏ କୋଷରେ ଗଠିତ

ଉ –

‘କ’ ସ୍ତମ୍ଭ  ‘ଖ’ ସ୍ତମ୍ଭ
(a) ସ୍ପିରୁଲିନା  ସରସତିଆ
(b) ପ୍ରୋଟୋଜୋଆ କେବଳ ଗୋଟିଏ କୋଷରେ ଗଠିତ
(c) ଦହି  ଲାକ୍ସୋବାସିଲସ୍ କିଶ୍ଵ ନ
(d) ଇଷ୍ଟ  ଅଣୁଜୀବ
(e) ସୁପରଫୁଡ୍  ଲୋକପ୍ରିୟ ଖାଦ୍ୟ

ସଂକ୍ଷିପ୍ତ ଉତ୍ତରମୂଳକ ପ୍ରଶ୍ନୋତ୍ତର

Question 1.
ଅଣୁଜୀବ ବିଜ୍ଞାନର ଜନକ କିଏ ? ସେ କେଉଁ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ ସମ୍ପାଦନ କରିବାରେ ପ୍ରଥମ ବ୍ୟକ୍ତି ଥିଲେ ?
ଉ –
(i) 1965 ମସିହାରେ ରବର୍ଟ ହୁକ୍ ଅଣୁବୀକ୍ଷଣ ଯନ୍ତ୍ର ଉଦ୍ଭାବନ କରିଥିଲେ । 1660 ଦଶକରେ ଡଚ୍ ବୈଜ୍ଞାନିକ ଭାନ୍ ଲିଉୱିନ୍‌ହକ୍ ଉନ୍ନତ ଲେନ୍ସ ତିଆରି କରି ଅଧ୍ବକ ଉପଯୋଗୀ ଅଣୁବୀକ୍ଷଣ ଯନ୍ତ୍ର ତିଆରି କରିଥିଲେ ।
(ii) ସେ ବୀଜାଣୁ ଏବଂ ରକ୍ତକୋଷ ଭଳି କ୍ଷୁଦ୍ର ଜୀବନ୍ତ ଜିନିଷ ଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ସ୍ପଷ୍ଟ ଭାବରେ ଦେଖବବା ଏବଂ ବର୍ଣ୍ଣନା କରିବାରେ ପ୍ରଥମ ବ୍ୟକ୍ତି ଥିଲେ । ଏହି କାରଣରୁ ଡଚ୍ ଅଣୁଜୀବ ବିଜ୍ଞାନର ଜନକ ଭାବରେ ଜଣାଯାଏ ।

Question 2.
କେଉଁ ଗୁଡ଼ିକ କୋଷର ମୌଳିକ ଅଂଶ ଅଟନ୍ତି ? ସେମାନଙ୍କର ନାମ ଲେଖ ।
ଉ –
(i) କୋଷଗୁଡ଼ିକର 3 ଟି ମୁଖ୍ୟ ଅଂଶ ଅଛି । ଯଥା- (I) ପତଳା ନାହ୍ୟ ଆସ୍ତରଣ, (II) ଏକ କେନ୍ଦ୍ରୀୟ ଅଞ୍ଚଳ ଓ (III) ଭିତରେ ଥିବା ଏକ ଗୋଲାକୃତି ଅଂଶ ।
(ii) ବାହ୍ୟସ୍ତରକୁ କୋଷଝିଲ୍ଲୀ, ମଧ୍ୟଭାଗରେ ଥ‌ିବା ଗୋଲାକାର ଅଂଶକୁ ନ୍ୟଷ୍ଟି ବା ନ୍ୟୁକ୍ଲିୟସ୍ ଏବଂ କୋଷଝିଲ୍ଲୀ ଓ ନ୍ୟଷ୍ଟି ମଧ୍ୟରେ ଥ‌ିବା ସ୍ଥାନ କୋଷଜୀବକ ବା ସାଇଟୋପ୍ଲାଜମ୍‌ରେ ପୂର୍ଣ ଅଟେ । ଏଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ କୋଷର ମୌଳିକ ଅଂଶ କୁହାଯାଏ ।

Question 3.
ଜୀବକୋଷର ମୌଳିକ ଅଂଶ ଗୁଡ଼ିକ କେଉଁ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ ସମ୍ପାଦନ କରନ୍ତି ସଂକ୍ଷେପରେ ଲେଖ ।
ଉ –
(i) କୋଷଝିଲ୍ଲୀ, ସାଇଟୋପ୍ଲାଜମ୍ ଓ ନିଉକ୍ଲିୟସ୍‌କୁ ଘେରି ରଖେ । କୋଷଝିଲ୍ଲୀ ଗୋଟିଏ କୋଷକୁ ଅନ୍ୟ କୋଷରୁ ପୃଥକ କରେ । ଏହା ଛିଦ୍ରଯୁକ୍ତ ଏବଂ ଜୀବନ ପ୍ରକ୍ରିୟା ପାଇଁ ଆବଶ୍ୟକୀୟ ସାମଗ୍ରୀର ପ୍ରବେଶରେ ସାହାଯ୍ୟ କରେ ଓ ଅଦରକାରୀ ପଦାର୍ଥକୁ ବାହାର କରିଦିଏ ।
(ii) ସାଇଟୋପ୍ଲାଜମ୍‌ରେ କୋଷରୁ ଅନ୍ୟାନ୍ୟ ଉପାଦାନ ଏବଂ ଯୌଗିକ ଗୁଡ଼ିକ ରହିଥାଏ, ଯେପରିକି ଶ୍ଵେତସାର, ପୁଷ୍ଟିସାର ଓ ଚର୍ବି ସହିତ କିଛି ଖଣିଜ ଲବଣ । ଅଧିକାଂଶ ଜୀବନ ପ୍ରକ୍ରିୟା ସାଇଟୋପ୍ଲାଜମ୍‌ରେ ଘଟିଥାଏ ।
(iii) ନ୍ୟଷ୍ଟି କୋଷ ମଧ୍ୟରେ ଘଟୁଥିବା ସମସ୍ତ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟକଳାପକୁ ନିୟନ୍ତ୍ରଣ କରିବା ସହିତ ବୃଦ୍ଧିରେ ମଧ୍ଯ ନିୟନ୍ତ୍ରଣ କରେ । ଉଭିଦ କୋଷରେ ଥ‌ିବା କୋଷଭିତ୍ତିକ ଉଭିଦଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ଦୃଢ଼ତା ଏବଂ ଶକ୍ତିପ୍ରଦାନ କରେ । ଏହି କାରଣରୁ ସମସ୍ତ କୋଷ ପରସ୍ପର ସହିତ ଯୋଡ଼ିହୋଇ ରହିଥାନ୍ତି ।

Question 4.
ଗୋଟିଏ କୋଷ କେବଳ ତରଳ ପଦାର୍ଥର ଏକ ସରଳ ଥଳି ନୁହେଁ– ଏହା ବିଭିନ୍ନ ଅଂଶରେ ଗଠିତ ଏକ ଜଟିଳ ସଂରଚନା – ଉକ୍ତିର ଯଥାର୍ଥତା ପ୍ରତିପାଦନ କର ।
ଉ –
(i) ଉଭିଦ କୋଷରେ ଲବକ ନାମକ କ୍ଷୁଦ୍ର ରଡ୍ ଆକୃତିର ଅଙ୍ଗିକା ରହିଥାଏ । କ୍ଲୋରୋପ୍ଲାଷ୍ଟ ପରି କେତେକ ପ୍ଲାଷ୍ଟିଡ୍‌ରେ ସବୁଜକଣିକା ବା କ୍ଲୋରୋଫିଲ୍ ରହିଥାଏ, ଯାହା ସେମାନଙ୍କୁ ସବୁଜ କରିଥାଏ । ଉଭିଦର ଅଣ ସବୁଜ ଅଂଶରେ ପଦାର୍ଥ ସଂଚୟରେ ପ୍ଲାଷ୍ଟିଡ୍ ସାହାଯ୍ୟ କରେ ।
(ii) ଉଭିଦ କୋଷ ଗୁଡ଼ିକରେ ଗୋଟିଏ ବଡ଼ ଶୂନ୍ୟସ୍ଥାନ ରହିଥାଏ । ଏହାକୁ ରସଧାନୀ ଏହା ଉଦ୍ଭଦ କୋଷକୁ ଗୁରୁତ୍ଵପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ ପଦାର୍ଥ ସଂରକ୍ଷଣ କରିବାରେ, ଅଦରକାରୀ କରିବାରେ ଏବଂ କୋଷର ଆକୃତି ବଜାୟ ରଖିବାରେ ସାହାଯ୍ୟ କରେ । ଏହା ସାମର୍ଥ୍ୟ ପ୍ରଦାନ କରିଥାଏ ।

Question 5.
କୋଷଗୁଡ଼ିକର ଆକୃତି ଓ ଗଠନରେ କେଉଁ ପ୍ରକାର ଭିନ୍ନତା ପରିଲକ୍ଷିତ ହୁଏ ବୁଝାଅ ।
ଉ –
(i) ଆମ ଶରୀରରେ ଥିବା ମାଂସପେଶୀ କୋଷ ଗୁଡ଼ିକ ଏକ ତାକୁଡ଼ି ଆକୃତିର ହୋଇଥାଏ । ସ୍ନାୟୁକୋଷ ଗୁଡ଼ିକ ବହୁତ ଲମ୍ବା ଏବଂ ପ୍ରଶାଖାଯୁକ୍ତ ହୋଇଥାଏ ।
(ii) ସେହିପରି କେତେକ କୋଷ ଗୋଲାକାର, କେତେକ ଲମ୍ବା ଏବଂ ପତଳା ମଧ୍ୟ ହୋଇଥାନ୍ତି । କୋଷ ଗୁଡ଼ିକର ଅନନ୍ୟ ଆକୃତି, ଆକାର ଏବଂ ଗଠନ ସେମାନଙ୍କୁ ସେମାନଙ୍କର ନିର୍ଦ୍ଦିଷ୍ଟ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ କରିବାରେ ସାହାଯ୍ୟ କରିଥାଏ ।
(iii) ଗାଲ ଭିତରେ କୋଷଗୁଡ଼ିକ ପତଳା ଏବଂ ସମତଳ ଅଟନ୍ତି । ଏଗୁଡ଼ିକ ଗାଲ ଭିତର ପାଖରେ ଏକ ସୁରକ୍ଷା ଆସ୍ତରଣ ସୃଷ୍ଟି କରିଥାନ୍ତି । ସ୍ନାୟୁକୋଷ ଗୁଡ଼ିକ ଲମ୍ବା ଆକୃତିର ଓ ଶାଖାପ୍ରଶାଖା ଯୁକ୍ତ ହୋଇଥିବାରୁ ଶରୀରର ବିଭିନ୍ନ ଅଂଶକୁ ଶୀଘ୍ର ବାର୍ତ୍ତା ପ୍ରଦାନ କରିବାରେ ସାହାଯ୍ୟ କରନ୍ତି ।

Question 6.
ପାକସ୍ଥଳୀ କୋଷଗୁଡ଼ିକର ଗଠନ ଓ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ ସମ୍ବନ୍ଧରେ ତଥ୍ୟ ପ୍ରଦାନ କର ।
ଉ –
(i) ପାକସ୍ଥଳୀରେ ଥ‌ିବା ମାଂସପେଶୀ କୋଷଗୁଡ଼ିକ ଖାଦ୍ୟକୁ ମନ୍ଥନ କରିବାରେ ସାହାଯ୍ୟ କରିଥାନ୍ତି ଏବଂ ଭିତର ଆସ୍ତରଣରେ ଥ‌ିବା ଅନ୍ୟ କୋଷଗୁଡ଼ିକ ପାଚକରସ ଏବଂ ଅମ୍ଳ ସୃଷ୍ଟିକରି ଖାଦ୍ୟକୁ ଭାଙ୍ଗିବାରେ ସାହାଯ୍ୟ କରନ୍ତି ।
(ii) ଖାଦ୍ୟନଳୀରେ ମାଂସପେଶୀ କୋଷ ଗୁଡ଼ିକର ଏକ ଗୋଷ୍ଠୀ ତରଙ୍ଗ ପରି ସଙ୍କୁଚିତ ଏବଂ ପ୍ରସାରିତ ହୁଅନ୍ତି । ଏହା ଫଳରେ ଖାଦ୍ୟ ପେଟ ଭିତରକୁ ଠେଲି ହୋଇଯାଏ । ମାଂସପେଶୀ କୋଷଗୁଡ଼ିକ ପତଳା, ନମନୀୟ ଏବଂ ତାକୁଡ଼ି ଆକୃତିର ହୋଇଥିବାରୁ ଏପ୍ରକାର ଗତି ସମ୍ଭବ ହୋଇଥାଏ ।

Question 7.
ଜୀବ ଶରୀରରେ ସଂଗଠନର ସ୍ତରଗୁଡ଼ିକ ସମ୍ବନ୍ଧରେ ସୂଚନା ପ୍ରଦାନ କର ।
ଉ –
(i) ଜୀବର ଶରୀର ଏକ ଜଟିଳ ଉପାୟରେ ସଂଗଠିତ ହୋଇଥାଏ । ସମାନ କୋଷଗୁଡ଼ିକର ,କ ଗୋଷ୍ଠୀ, ଏକ ପ୍ରକାର ଟିସୁ ବା ତନ୍ତୁ ଗଠନ କରେ ।
(ii) ଏକ ଅଙ୍ଗ ଗଠନ ପାଇଁ ବିଭିନ୍ନ ଟିସୁ ସଂଗଠିତ ହୋଇଥାଏ । ଅନେକ ଅଙ୍ଗ ଏକାଠି କାମ କରି ଏକ ଅଙ୍ଗ ସଂସ୍ଥା ଗଠନ କରନ୍ତି । ଯାହା ଶରୀରର ଏକ ପ୍ରମୁଖ ଅଂଶ ଭାବେ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟକରେ ।
(iii) ସମସ୍ତ ଅଙ୍ଗ ସଂସ୍ଥା ଏକାଠି ହୋଇ ଏକ ଉଭିଦ କିମ୍ବା ଏକ ପ୍ରାଣୀ ପରି ଏକ ସମ୍ପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ ଜୀବ ସୃଷ୍ଟି କରିଥାନ୍ତି । ସଂଗଠନର ବିଭିନ୍ନ ସ୍ତର ଗୁଡ଼ିକ ହେଉଛି –
କୋଷ → ଟିସୁ → ଅଙ୍ଗ → ଅଙ୍ଗ ସଂସ୍ଥା → ଜୀବ ।

Question 8.
ଦୁଇଟି ଏକକୋଷୀ ଆଦିପ୍ରାଣୀ ଓ ଗୋଟିଏ ଏକକୋଷୀ ଶୈବାଳର ନାମ ଲେଖୁ ଏହାର ଗଠନ ଓ ସ୍ଥାନାନ୍ତରଣ ପ୍ରକ୍ରିୟା ସମ୍ବନ୍ଧରେ ଲେଖ ।
ଉ –
(i) 01. ଏମିଏବା (ଆଦିପ୍ରାଣୀ) :
ଏହା ଏକ ଏକକୋଷୀ, ଗତିଶୀଳ ଜୀବ ଅଟେ । ଏହାର ଆକାର ଅନିୟମିତ ଆକାର ଅଟେ । କୂଟପାଦ ସାହାଯ୍ୟରେ ଏହା ଗୋଟିଏ ସ୍ଥାନରୁ ଅନ୍ୟ ସ୍ଥାନକୁ ଯାଇଥାଏ ।

(ii) 02. ପାରାମୋସିୟମ୍ (ଆଦିପ୍ରାଣୀ)
ଏହା ଏକ ଏକକୋଷୀ, ଗତିଶୀଳ ଜୀବ ଅଟେ । ଏହାର ଶରୀରରେ ଥିବା ଏକ ବିଶେଷ ଅଙ୍ଗ ସାହାଯ୍ୟରେ ଏହା ଗୋଟିଏ ସ୍ଥାନରୁ ଅନ୍ୟସ୍ଥାନକୁ ଗତି କରିଥାଏ ।

(iii) 03. ଶୈବାଳ (ୟୁଗ୍ଣନା)
ଏହା ଏକ ଏକକୋଷୀ ଜୀବ ଅଟେ । ସବୁଜ କଣାର ଉପସ୍ଥିତି ଯୋଗୁଁ ଏହା ସବୁଜ ଦେଖାଯାଏ । ଶରୀରରେ ଥ‌ିବା ବିଶେଷ ଅଙ୍ଗ (ଫ୍ଲାଜୋଲା) ସହାୟତାରେ ଏହା ଜଳରେ ଗତି କରିପାରେ ।

Question 9.
ଜୈବ ଗ୍ୟାସର ଉତ୍ସ ଭାବେ ଅଣୁଜୀବ କିପରି କାର୍ଯ୍ୟକରେ ବୁଝାଅ ।
ଉ –
(i) ବୀଜାଣୁ ଓ କବକ ପରି ଅନେକ ଅଣୁଜୀବ ଅମ୍ଳଜାନର ଅନୁପସ୍ଥିତିରେ ରହିପାରନ୍ତି । କେତେକ ବୀଜାଣୁ ପରିବେଶ କିମ୍ବା ଘରୁ ନିର୍ଗତ ଅପରିଷ୍କାର ଜଳରେ ଥ‌ିବା ଉଭିଦ ଏବଂ ପ୍ରାଣୀ ଜନିତ ବର୍ଜ୍ୟବସ୍ତକୁ ବିଘଟନ କରିପାରନ୍ତି ।

(ii) ଏହି ପ୍ରକ୍ରିୟା ସମୟରେ ସେମାନେ ଅଙ୍ଗାରକାମ୍ଳ ଓ ଆନୁପାତିକ ଭାବେ ଅତ୍ୟଧ୍ଵ ମିଥେନ୍ ଗ୍ୟାସର ମିଶ୍ରଣ ନିର୍ଗତ କରାଇଥା’ନ୍ତି । ଏହି ଗ୍ୟାସ୍‌କୁ ରୋଷେଇ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ, ଜଳ ଗରମ କରିବା ଏବଂ ବିଦ୍ୟୁତ୍ ଉତ୍ପାଦନ ଭଳି କାର୍ଯ୍ୟରେ ବ୍ୟବହାର କରାଯାଇପାରେ ।

Question 10.
ଇଷ୍ଟରେ କେଉଁ ବିଶେଷଗୁଣ ରହିଥିବାରୁ ଏହାକୁ କେକ୍ ତିଆରିରେ ବ୍ୟବହାର କରାଯାଏ ?
ଉ –
(i) ଇଷ୍ଟ ଏକ ପ୍ରକାର ଅଣୁଜୀବ ଅଟେ । ଉଷ୍ମ ପରିବେଶରେ ଇଷ୍ଟର ଉତ୍ତମ ବୃଦ୍ଧି ହୁଏ । ଅନ୍ୟ ଜୀବମାନଙ୍କ ପରି ଇଷ୍ଟ ମଧ୍ୟ ଶ୍ଵାସକ୍ରିୟା କରେ ଏବଂ ଖାଦ୍ୟକୁ ଭାଙ୍ଗି ନିଜର ବୃଦ୍ଧିପାଇଁ ଶକ୍ତି ନିର୍ଗତ କରେ ।
(ii) ଏହି ପ୍ରକ୍ରିୟାରେ ଅଙ୍ଗାରକାମ୍ଳ ନିର୍ଗତ ହୋଇ ଏହାର ଗ୍ୟାସୀୟ ଫୋଟାକା ଦ୍ଵାରା ଅଟାକୁ ନରମ ଓ ହାଲୁକା କରିଥାଏ । ଏହା ଅଳ୍ପ ପରିମାଣରେ ସୁରାସାର ବା ଆଲ୍‌କହଲ ମଧ୍ୟ ଉତ୍ପାଦନ କରେ । ଏହି ବିଶେଷ ଗୁଣ ଯୋଗୁଁ ଇଷ୍ଟକୁ ରୁଟି ଓ କେକ୍ ତିଆରିରେ ବ୍ୟବହାର କରାଯାଇଥାଏ ।

Question 11.
କେଉଁ କାରଣରୁ ଚାଷୀମାନେ ପର୍ଯ୍ୟାୟ କ୍ରମରେ ଅନ୍ୟ ଫସଲ ପରେ ମୁଗ ବା ବିରି ପରି ଡ଼ାଲିଜାତୀୟ ଫସଲ ଚାଷ କରିଥାନ୍ତି ?
ଉ –
(i) ରାଇଜୋବିୟମ୍ ପରି କେତେକ ବୀଜାଣୁ ଚେରରେ ଗଣ୍ଠି ତିଆରି କରି ସେଥ‌ିରେ ବାସ କରନ୍ତି । ଏହି ଗଣ୍ଠିକୁ ନୋଡୁଲ୍ କୁହାଯାଏ । ଶିମ୍ବ, ମଟର ଏବଂ ମସୁର ପରି ଡ଼ାଲି ଜାତୀୟ ଉଦ୍ଭଦ ମୂଳରେ ଏହିପରି ନୋଡୁଲ୍‌ରେ ରାଇଜୋବିୟମ୍ ବୀଜାଣୁ ରହିଥାଏ ।
(ii) ଏହି ବୀଜାଣୁ ବାୟୁମଣ୍ଡଳୀୟ ଯବକ୍ଷାରଜାନକୁ ଉଭିଦ ଉପଯୋଗୀ କରାଇଥାଏ । ରାସାୟନିକ ସାର ପ୍ରୟୋଗ ବିନା ଏହି ଉଭିଦ ଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ଭଲ ଭାବରେ ବୃଦ୍ଧି କରିବାରେ ସାହାଯ୍ୟ କରିଥାଏ । ଏହି କାରଣରୁ ଚାଷୀମାନେ ପର୍ଯ୍ୟାୟ କ୍ରମରେ ଅନ୍ୟ ଫସଲ ପରେ ମୁଗ ବା ବିରିପରି ଡ଼ାଲି ଜାତୀୟ ଫସଲ ଚାଷ କରିଥା’ନ୍ତି ।

Question 12.
ଜଳରେ ବଢୁଥ‌ିବା ସୂକ୍ଷ୍ମ-ଶୈବାଳ ମାନଙ୍କର ଭୂମିକା କାହିଁକି ବିସ୍ମୟକର ଅଟେ, ବୁଝାଅ ।
ଉ –
(i) ସୂକ୍ଷ୍ମ ଶୈବାଳମାନେ ହେଉଛନ୍ତି ଉଭିଦ ପରି ଅଣୁଜୀବ । ଯେଉଁମାନେ ପାଣି, ମାଟି, ବାୟୁ ଏବଂ ଗଛରେ ମଧ୍ୟ ରହିପାରନ୍ତି । ଏମାନେ ସୂର୍ଯ୍ୟକିରଣ ବ୍ୟବହାର କରି ନିଜର ଖାଦ୍ୟ ନିଜେ ତିଆରି କରନ୍ତି ।
(ii) ଏହି ପ୍ରକ୍ରିୟାରେ ସେମାନେ ଅମ୍ଳଜାନ ନିର୍ଗତ କରନ୍ତି ଯାହାକି ପୃଥ‌ିବୀର ଅମ୍ଳଜାନ ଉତ୍ପାଦନର ଅଧାରୁ ଅଧିକ ଅଟେ । ଏଗୁଡ଼ିକ ପୋଷକ ତତ୍ତ୍ଵରେ ପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ ହୋଇଥିବାରୁ ଅନେକ ଜଳଚର ପ୍ରାଣୀଙ୍କ ପାଇଁ ଖାଦ୍ୟ ଉତ୍ସ ଭାବରେ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ କରିଥାନ୍ତି ।
(iii) ସ୍ଵରିଲୁନା, କ୍ଲୋରେଲା ଏବଂ ଡ଼ାଏଟସ୍ ପରି ସୂକ୍ଷ୍ମ ଶୈବାଳ ଗୁଡ଼ିକ ମଣିଷ ଦ୍ଵାରା ସ୍ଵାସ୍ଥ୍ୟପ୍ରଦ ପୂରକ ଖାଦ୍ୟ ତଥା ଔଷଧ ଭାବରେ ବ୍ୟବହୃତ ହୋଇଥାନ୍ତି । ଏଗୁଡ଼ିକ ପାଣିକୁ ସଫା ରଖୁବାରେ ସାହାଯ୍ୟ କରିବା ସହ ଜୈବ ଇନ୍ଧନ ମଧ୍ଯ ତିଆରି କରିଥାନ୍ତି ।

Question 13.
କୋଷକୁ ଜୀବନର ମୌଳିକ ଏକକ ବୋଲି କାହିଁକି ବିବେଚନା କରାଯାଏ ?
ଉ –
(i)
BSE Odisha 8th Class Science Solutions Chapter 2 ଅଣୁଜୀବ ଜଗତ 4
(ii) ସମସ୍ତ ଜୀବଙ୍କ ଶରୀରକୋଷ ନାମକ କ୍ଷୁଦ୍ର ଏକକରେ ଗଠିତ ଓ କୋଷରେ ଥ‌ିବା ବିଭିନ୍ନ ଉପାଦାନ ଜୀବକୁ ବିଭିନ୍ନ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ କରିବାରେ ସାହାଯ୍ୟ କରେ । ସମସ୍ତ ଉଭିଦ ଏବଂ ପ୍ରାଣୀଙ୍କ ଶରୀର ଅନେକ କୋଷରେ ଗଠିତ । ତେଣୁ ସେମାନଙ୍କୁ ବହୁକୋଷୀ ଜୀବ କୁହାଯାଏ । ବହୁକୋଷୀ ଜୀବମାନଙ୍କରେ କୋଷଗୁଡ଼ିକ ପୃଥକ୍ ଭାବରେ ବିଶେଷ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ କରନ୍ତି କିନ୍ତୁ ବଞ୍ଚିବାର ସମ୍ଭାବନା ବୃଦ୍ଧି କରିବାପାଇଁ ପରସ୍ପର ସହିତ ସହଯୋଗ ମଧ୍ୟ କରନ୍ତି ।

(iii) କିଛି ଅଣୁଜୀବ, ଯେପରିକି ବୀଜାଣୁ ଏବଂ ପ୍ରେଟୋଜୋଆ କେବଳ ଗୋଟିଏ କୋଷରେ ଗଠିତ । ଏମାନଙ୍କୁ ଏକକୋଷୀ ଜୀବ କୁହାଯାଏ । ସେମାନେ ଗୋଟିଏ କୋଷରେ ସେମାନଙ୍କର ବଞ୍ଚିବା ପାଇଁ ଆବଶ୍ୟକ ସମସ୍ତ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ କରନ୍ତି । ଅନ୍ୟାନ୍ୟ ଅଣୁଜୀବ, ଯେପରିକି ଶୈବାଳ ଏବଂ କବକ, ଗୋଟିଏ କିମ୍ବା ଅଧୂକ କୋଷରେ ଗଠିତ । ଉଦାହରଣ ସ୍ଵରୂପ, ଇଷ୍ଟ ଏକକୋଷୀ କବକ ହୋଇଥିଲା ବେଳେ ଫିମ୍ପି ବହୁକୋଷୀ କବକ ଅଟେ ।

(iv) ପ୍ରାଣୀ ଏବଂ ଉଭିଦକୋଷ ପରି ଅଣୁଜୀବଙ୍କ କୋଷଗୁଡ଼ିକ ମଧ୍ୟ କୋଷଝିଲ୍ଲୀ ଦ୍ଵାରା ଆବୃତ୍ତ ହୋଇଥାଏ । କବକ କୋଷଗୁଡ଼ିକର ଅତିରିକ୍ତ ଭାବରେ ଏକ କୋଷଭିଭି ଥାଏ, କିନ୍ତୁ ସେମାନଙ୍କର କ୍ଲୋରୋପ୍ଲାଷ୍ଟ ନ ଥାଏ । ତେଣୁ ସେମାନେ ଆଲୋକ ସଂଶ୍ଳେଷଣ ମାଧ୍ୟମରେ ନିଜର ଖାଦ୍ୟ ପ୍ରସ୍ତତ କରିପାରନ୍ତି ନାହିଁ । ବୀଜାଣୁର ସୁଗଠିତ ନ୍ୟଷ୍ଟି ଓ ନ୍ୟଷ୍ଟିଝିଲ୍ଲୀ ନ ଥାଏ ବରଂ ସେମାନଙ୍କର ଏକ ନ୍ୟୁକ୍ଲିଅଏଡ୍ ଥାଏ (nucleoid) । ଏହି ବୈଶିଷ୍ଟ୍ୟ ସେମାନଙ୍କୁ ଇଷ୍ଟ, ଆଦିପ୍ରାଣୀ, ଶୈବାଳ, କବକ, ଉଭିଦ ଏବଂ ପ୍ରାଣୀଙ୍କ କୋଷଠାରୁ ପୃଥକ୍ କରେ ।

Question 14.
ଗୋଟିଏ ସୁପର୍ ଫୁଡ୍‌ର ନାମ ଲେଖ । ଏହାର ପୋଷକତ୍ଵ ଏବଂ ଆବଶ୍ୟକତା ସମ୍ବନ୍ଧରେ ସୂଚନା ପ୍ରଦାନ କର ।
ଉ –
(i) ସ୍ପିରିଲୁନା ହେଉଛି ଏକ ପ୍ରକାର ନୀଳ-ସବୁଜ ଶୈବାଳ, ଯାହାକୁ ସୁପରଫୁଡ୍ ଭାବରେ ବିବେଚନା କରାଯାଏ । ଏହା ଆମ ଶରୀରପାଇଁ ଅତ୍ୟାବଶ୍ୟକ ଭିଟାମିନ୍ B-12 ର ଏକ ଉତ୍ତମ ଖାଦ୍ୟ ଉତ୍ସ ଅଟେ ।
(ii) ରିଲୁନାରେ ତା’ର ଶରୀର ଓଜନର 60 ପ୍ରତିଶତରୁ ଅଧ‌ିକ ପ୍ରୋଟିନ୍ ଓ ସାମାନ୍ୟ ପରିମାଣରେ ଚର୍ବି ଓ ଶର୍କରା ରହିଥାଏ । ଖାଦ୍ୟ ସୁରକ୍ଷା ଏବଂ ଜୀବିକା ଅର୍ଜନ ସୁନିଶ୍ଚିତ କରିବାପାଇଁ ସୂକ୍ଷ୍ମ ଶୈବାଳ ଉତ୍ପାଦନ ଓ ସଂରକ୍ଷଣ ଏକ ଭଲ ଅଭ୍ୟାସ ଅଟେ ।

Question 15.
ଗୋଟିଏ ପ୍ରାଣୀକୋଷ ଓ ଉଭିଦକୋଷର ନାମାଙ୍କିତ ଚିତ୍ର ଅଙ୍କନ କର । (ବର୍ଣ୍ଣନା ଅନାବଶ୍ୟକ)
ଉ –
BSE Odisha 8th Class Science Solutions Chapter 2 ଅଣୁଜୀବ ଜଗତ 5

Question 16.
ଜୀବ ସଂଗଠନର ବିଭିନ୍ନ ସ୍ତରକୁ ଚିତ୍ରରେ ଦର୍ଶାଅ । (ବର୍ଣ୍ଣନା ଅନାବଶ୍ୟକ)
ଉ –
BSE Odisha 8th Class Science Solutions Chapter 2 ଅଣୁଜୀବ ଜଗତ 6

The Amazing World of Solutes, Solvents, and Solutions Class 8 Question Answer Science Chapter 9

Go through BSE Odisha Class 8 Science Solutions Chapter 9 The Amazing World of Solutes, Solvents, and Solutions Question Answer to understand textbook questions more clearly.

Class 8 Science Curiosity Chapter 9 Question Answer

Class 8 Science Ch 9 The Amazing World of Solutes, Solvents, and Solutions Question Answer

Class 8 Science Chapter 9 The Amazing World of Solutes, Solvents, and Solutions Question Answer

Probe and Ponder Questions

Question 1.
What do you think is happening in the picture given below?
The Amazing World of Solutes, Solvents, and Solutions Class 8 Question Answer Science Chapter 9.1
Answer:

  • The picture shows Mahatma Gandhi obtaining salt from the sea during the Salt March, accompained by followers.
  • This illustrates the historical process of extracting salt from seawater through evaporation, where seawater acts as a natural solution with salt as the solute and water as the solvan, highlighting concepts of solubility and traditional salt production.

The Amazing World of Solutes, Solvents, and Solutions Class 8 Question Answer Science Chapter 9

Question 2.
What happens when you add too much sugar to your tea and it stops dissolving? How can you solve this problem?
Answer:

  • When too much sugar is added, the tea becomes a saturated solution and excess sugar settles at the bottom as it can no longer dissolve at that temperature.
  • To solve this, heat the tea to increase the solubility of sugar, allowing more to dissolve, as solubility generally increases with temperature for solids in liquids.

Question 3.
Why do sugar and salt dissolve in water but not in oil? Why is water considered a good solvent?
Answer:
Sugar and salt dissolve in water because water mixes evenly with many with many substances and can break them down into smaller particles forming uniform solution. They do not dissolve in oil because oil cannot mix well with them. Water is considered a good solvent because it can dissolve a large number of substances, so it is often called a universal solvent.

Question 4.
Why are water bottles usually tall and cylindrical in shape instead of spherical?
Answer:

  • Water bottles are tall and cylindrical as they are easy to hold, store and use efficiently.
  • They provide better grip, stability and use less material for the same volume compared to spheres, which would roll and be harder to handle.

The Amazing World of Solutes, Solvents, and Solutions Class 8 Question Answer Science Chapter 9

Question 5.
Share your questions …………
Answer:
Based on the chapter, potential questions could include:

  • How does temperature affect the solubility of gases differently from solids?
  • Why does ice float on water despite being a solid?
  • What role does density play in everyday phenomena like hot air balloons?

InText Questions

Question 1.
We know air is a mixture. Would a mixture of gases also be considered a solution? (Page 135)
Answer:
Yes, just like liquid solution where water act as a solvent, gases can also form solution – with air being a common example. Air is a gaseous solution. Since nitrogen is present in the largest amount in the air, it is considered as the solvent, while oxygen, argon, carbon dioxide, and other gases are considered as solutes.

Question 2.
What will happen if we keep on adding more salt in a given amount of water? (Page 136)
Answer:
A stage comes when the added salt does not dissolve completely and undissolved salt settles at the bottom.

Question 3.
Do gases also dissolve in water ? (Page 139)
Answer:
Yes, many gases, including oxygen dissolve in water. All aquatic life like fishes, even plants utilises these dissolved oxygen to sustain.

Question 4.
How many types of mixture are there? What special name is given to uniform mixture? How would you able to see their components?
Answer:
Now I understand that the mixtures we use can be of two types-uniform and nonuniform. Uniform mixtures are called solutions, and their components are not visible separately. In non-uniform mixtures, the components can be seen either with the naked eye or with a magnifying device.

Question 5.
I observed that in some nonuniform mixtures, such as sawdust in water, the sawdust floats, whereas in the mixture of sand and water, the sand sinks. I wonder why that happens? (Page 139)
Answer:
This happens because sawdust is lighter than water but sand is heavier than water. In other words, density of sawdust is less than water but density of sand is more than water.

The Amazing World of Solutes, Solvents, and Solutions Class 8 Question Answer Science Chapter 9

Question 6.
Why are measuring cylinders always designed narrow and tall instead of wider and short like a beaker? (Page 144)
Answer:
A measuring cylinder is designed to be narrow and tall to improve the accuracy and precision of liquid volume measurements. It also minimizes the distortion of the liquid’s curved surface (the meniscus), making it easier for a person to read the volume consistently at eye level.

Question 7.
I wonder how the level of a coloured liquid is measured? (Page 145)
Answer:
For coloured liquids take reading from the top of the meniscus.

Question 8.
What is the maximum amount of solute which a fixed amount of solvent can dissolve ?
Answer:
It is called the solubility.

The Amazing World of Solutes, Solvents, and Solutions Class 8 Questions and Answers

Keep the Curiosity Alive (Pages 149-151)

Question 1.
State whether the statements given below are True [T] or False [F]. Correct the false statement(s).

(i) Oxygen gas is more soluble in hot water rather than in cold water.
Answer:
False: Oxygen is more soluble in cold water.

(ii) A mixture of sand and water is a solution.
Answer:
False: A Mixture of sand and water is not a solution. Sand does not dissolve in water but settles down.

The Amazing World of Solutes, Solvents, and Solutions Class 8 Question Answer Science Chapter 9

(iii) The amount of space occupied by any object is called its mass.
Answer:
False: The amount of space occupied by any object is called its volume

(iv) An unsaturated solution has more solute dissolved than a saturated solution.
Answer:
False: A saturated solution has more solute dissolved than an unsaturated solution.

(v) The mixture of different gases in the atmosphere is also a solution.
Answer:
True.

Question 2.
Fill in the blanks:

(i) The volume of a solid can be measured by the method of displacement, where the solid is ……… in water and the ………… in water level is measured.
Answer:
placed; rise

(ii) The maximum amount………… dissolved in ………… of……….. at a particular temperature is called solubility at that temperature.
Answer:
solute, solvent

The Amazing World of Solutes, Solvents, and Solutions Class 8 Question Answer Science Chapter 9

(iii) Generally, the density ………… with increase in temperature.
Answer:
decrease

(iv) The solution in which glucose has completely dissolved in water, and no more glucose can dissolve at a given temperature, is called a ………… solution of glucose.
Answer:
saturated

Question 3.
You pour oil into a glass containing some water. The oil floats on top. What does this tell you?
(i) Oil is denser than water.
(ii) Water is denser than oil.
(iii) Oil and water have the same density.
(iv) Oil dissolves in water.
Answer:
(ii) Water is denser than oil.
Oil floats because its density is lower than water’s, causing less dense substances to float on denser ones.

Question 4.
A stone sculpture weighs 225 g and has a volume of 90cm3. Calculate its density and predict whether it will float or sink in water.
Answer:
Density of stone =\(\frac{225}{90}\)=2.5 g/cm3
Since this is greater than water’s density ( 1g/cm3 )the sculpture will sink in water.

Question 5.
Which one of the following is the most appropriate statement, and why are the other statements not appropriate?
(i) A saturated solution can still dissolve more solute at a given temperature.
(ii) An unsaturated solution has dissolved the maximum amount of solute possible at a given temperature.
(iii) No more solute can be dissolved into the saturated solution at that temperature.
(iv) A saturated solution forms only at high temperatures.
Answer:
Statement (iii) is most appropriate.
(i) It is not appropriate as a saturated solution cannot dissolve more solute at a given temperature.
(ii) An unsaturated solution can have more solute dissolved at a given temperature.
(iii) Correct.
(iv) A Saturated solution can be formed at all temperatures.

Question 6.
You have a bottle with a volume of 2 litres. You pour 500 mL of water into it. How much more water can the bottle hold?
Answer:
The bottle of 2 litres capacity can hold 1500 mL more of water besides 500 mL.

Question 7.
An object has a mass of 400 g and a volume of 40cm3. What is its density?
Answer:
Density = \(\frac{\text { mass }}{\text { volume }}\)=\(\frac{400}{40}\)=10 g/cm3

Question 8.
Analyse Figures (a) and (b). Why does the unpeeled orange float, while the peeled one sinks? Explain.
The Amazing World of Solutes, Solvents, and Solutions Class 8 Question Answer Science Chapter 9.2
Answer:
An unpeeled orange displaces more water, and so it floats. Peeled orange displaces less water than its weight, so it sinks.

Question 9.
Object A has a mass of 200 g and a volume of 40 cm3. Object B has a mass of 240 g and a volume of 60 cm3. Which object is denser?
Answer:
Density of object A=\(\frac{200}{40}\)= 5g/cm3
Density of object B= \(\frac{240}{60}\)=4g /cm3
Conclusion: Object A is denser, having more density than B.

The Amazing World of Solutes, Solvents, and Solutions Class 8 Question Answer Science Chapter 9

Question 10.
Reema has a piece of modeling clay that weighs 120 g. She first moulds it into a compact cube that has a volume of 60 cm3. Later, she flattens it into a thin sheet. Predict what will happen to its density.
Answer:
The density of flattened clay will decrease as it displaces more liquid.

Question 11.
A block of iron has a mass of 600 g and a density of 7.9g/cm3. What is its volume?
Answer:
We know density =\(\frac{\text { mass }}{\text { volume }}\)
∴ Volume = \(\frac{\text { mass }}{\text { density }} \)
= \(\frac{600 \mathrm{~g}}{7.9 \mathrm{~g} / \mathrm{cm}^3}\)=75.94 cm}3

Question 12.
You are provided with an experimental setup as shown in Figures (a) and (b). On keeping the test tube (Figure b) in a beaker containing hot water ∼70°C, the water level in the glass tube rises. How does it affect the density?
The Amazing World of Solutes, Solvents, and Solutions Class 8 Question Answer Science Chapter 9.3
Answer:
The density of water in setup (b) will decrease.

Class 8 Science Chapter 9 Question Answer

Activity 1

Let us investigate
Aim: To find the capacity of water to dissolve solutes.

Materials Required: A glass tumbler, salt.
The Amazing World of Solutes, Solvents, and Solutions Class 8 Question Answer Science Chapter 9.5

Procedure:

  • Take a clean glass tumbler and half filled with water.
  • Now add one spoonful of salt into it and stir it untill it dissolves completely (see figure).
  • Continue adding a spoonful of salt into the glass tumbler and stir. Observe how many spoons of salt you can add before it stops dissolving completely.
  • Note down your observations in table given below.

The Amazing World of Solutes, Solvents, and Solutions Class 8 Question Answer Science Chapter 9

Observations:
Table: Dissolution of salt in water
The Amazing World of Solutes, Solvents, and Solutions Class 8 Question Answer Science Chapter 9.4
Answer:

Amount of salt taken (teaspoon) Observation (salt dissolves/salt does not dissolve)
One Salt dissolves
Two Salt dissolves
Three Salt dissolves
Four Salt dissolves with difficulty
Five Salt does not dissolve and settle at the bottom

Inferences:

  • After adding a few more spoons of salt, a stage comes when the added salt does not dissolve completely and the undissolved salt settles at the bottom.
  • This indicates water reaches a limit and cannot dissolve more salt. This is called saturated solution.

Activity 2.

Let us experiment (Demonstration activity)
Aim: To show that solubility of substances increases with increase in temperature.
Materials Required: Baking soda (sodium hydrogen carbonate), a glass beaker.

Procedure:

  • First of all we will take about 50 mL of water in a glass beaker and measure its temperature using a laboratory thermometer, say 20°C.
  • Now, add a spoonful of baking soda (sodium hydrogen carbonate) to the water and stir until it dissolves. Continue adding small amounts of baking soda while stirring, till some solid baking soda is left undissolved at the bottom of the beaker.
  • Heat the mixture to 50°C while stirring.
  • Observe the undissolved baking soda dissolving.
  • Add more baking soda until undissolved solid remains again.
  • Heat further to 70°C while stirring and observe again.

Observations:

  • At 20°C: Limited baking soda dissolves; excess remains undissolved.
  • At 50°C: Previously undissolved baking soda dissolves; more can be added before saturation.
  • At 70°C: Even more baking soda dissolves, showing increased capacity.

Inference: Water at 70°C dissolves more baking soda than at 50°C and much more than at 20°C.

Activity 3.

Let us measure
Aim: To measure the mass of objects.
Materials Required: Digital weighing balance, a watch glass, stone or solid objects.

The Amazing World of Solutes, Solvents, and Solutions Class 8 Question Answer Science Chapter 9.7

Procedure:

  • Switch ON the digital weighing balance.
  • Observe the initial reading on the digital weighing balance display.
  • The balance should show a zero reading initially. If not, then we must bring it to zero by pressing the tare or reset button (Figure (a).
  • Now, put a dry and clean watch glass or butter paper on the pan.
  • Note down the reading on the digital weighing balance.
  • Reset the digital weighing balance reading to zero by pressing the tare or reset button as shown in figure (b).
  • Now, carefully place the solid object, such as stone, on the watch glass [Figure (c)].
  • Note the reading displayed on the balance, which gives the mass of the stone, say 15.400 g.
  • Repeat the experiment with different objects like an apple, orange etc.
  • You can use any other type of balance available in your school.

Observations: Mass of different objects are different.
Inference: A digital weighing balance or a balance give the measurement of mass. e.g., Mass of stone =15.400 g
Mass of an apple =150 g

Activity 4.

Let us observe and calculate
Aim: (i) To measure the maximum volume of liquid using a measuring cylinder.
(ii) To find the smallest value that a measuring cylinder can read.
Materials Required: A measuring cylinder.
Procedure: Take a measuring cylinder of 100 mL.

The Amazing World of Solutes, Solvents, and Solutions Class 8 Question Answer Science Chapter 9.8

Observations:

  • There are 10 smaller divisions between 10 mL and 20 mL or between 40 mL and 50 mL.
  • 10 small divisions =10 mL
    So, one small division = \(\frac{10}{10}\)=1 mL
  • It can measure volume upto 100 mL.

The Amazing World of Solutes, Solvents, and Solutions Class 8 Question Answer Science Chapter 9

Inference:

1. What is the maximum volume it can measure?
Answer: The cylinder is marked as 100 mL; therefore, it can measure volume up to 100 mL.

2. What is the smallest volume it can measure?

3. How much is the volume difference indicated between the two bigger marks (for example, between 10 mL and 20 mL )?
Answer: 10 mL

4. How many smaller divisions are there between the two bigger marks?
Answer: 10 smaller divisions
Fig: Measuring cylinder of 100 m L

5. How much volume does one small division indicate?
Answer: 1mL

Activity 5.

Let us measure 50 mL of water
Aim: To measure 50 mL of water.
Materials Required: A dry measuring cylinder, a droper.

Procedure:

  • Take a clean and dry measuring cylinder on a flat surface and pour water slowly to the mark. [see figure (a)]
  • Use a dropper to add or remove water for exact level.
  • If you observe carefully then you will findthat the water inside the measuring cylinder forms a curved surface. This curved surface is called the meniscus [see figure (b)].
  • Keep eyes at level with the bottom of the meniscus for accurate reading.
  • As soon as it reaches the required level-that is, 50 mL – transfer this water to the required container.
  • For coloured liquids read the top of the meniscus.

Observations: Reading of the bottom of the meniscus is observed 50 mL.
Inference: The volume of water is 50 mL.

Determining Volume of Solid Objects with Regular Shapes

  • For cuboid shapes (e.g., notebook, shoe box, dice), measure length (l), width (w), height (h) with a scale.
  • Formula: Volume = l ×w ×h.

The Amazing World of Solutes, Solvents, and Solutions Class 8 Question Answer Science Chapter 9

Activity 6.

Let us calculate
Aim: To determine volume of solid objects with regular shapes (like cube, cuboid).
Materials Required: For cuboid shapes (e.g., notebook, shoe box), For cube: a dice, scale.

Procedure:

  • Take various objects with a cuboid shapes, such as a notebook, a shoe box, or a dice.
  • Now, measure the length (l), width (w), and height (h) of the objects with the help of a scale. Suppose the length of the notebook is 25 cm, the width is 18 cm, and the height is 2 cm.

Observations:

Note book dice shoe box
length (l)
width or breadth (w)
height
25 cm
18 cm
2 cm
1 cm
1 cm
1 cm
10 cm
5 cm
3 cm

Demonstration:
Volume of cuboid =l × w × h
Volume of cube = a3 or (side)3
∴ Volume of Note book =25 × 18 × 2= 900cm3
Volume of a dice =1cm × 1 cm × 1 cm = 1 cm3
Volume of a shoe box =10 × 5 × 3 = 150 cm3

Inference:

Volume of a cuboid = l times w times h
Volume of cube = side × side × side
Note: The values of volume are obtained in units of mL, which can be written in the equivalent unit cm3 for solids.

Activity 7.

Let us measure
Aim: To determine the volume of objects with irregular shapes.
Materials Required: A measuring cylinder, various objects such as a stone, metal keys etc.

Procedure:

  • Take some objects from your surroundings, like stone, metal keys, and so on.
  • Now, pour water in a measuring cylinder up to any desired volume, say 50 mL [Figure (a)] and record the initial volume taken in table.
  • Now, tie the object, say a stone, with the help of a thread and slowly lower it down into the measuring cylinder.
  • Note down your observation.
  • Now, record the final volume after the level rises, say 55 mL, as shown in [Figure (b)].
  • Subtract the initial volume from the final volume after the object is put into the measuring cylinder. This is the volume of the object.

Observations:

Table: Volume of irregular solids

S.No. Object Initial volume of water in the measuring cylinder (mL) (A) Final volume of water in the measuring cylinder (mL) (B) Volume of water displaced in the measuring cylinder (mL) (B-A) Volume of the object
( cm3)
1.
2.
3.
Stone
Metal key
Any other
50 mL 55 mL 5 mL 5cm3

Inference:
Volume of object = Final volume of water – Initial volume of water
∴ Volume of stone =55 mL-50 mL
= 5mL = 5 cm3

The Amazing World of Solutes, Solvents, and Solutions Class 8 Extra Questions and Answers

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
How do you decide which liquid is the solute and which is the solvent when two liquids mix ?
Answer:
The component present in the smaller amount is the solute and the component in the larger amount is the solvent.

Question 2.
Why does sugar dissolve in water but sand does not form a solution?
Answer:
Sugar particles interact with water and disperse evenly to form a clear solution, while sand does not dissolve and settles at the bottom.

The Amazing World of Solutes, Solvents, and Solutions Class 8 Question Answer Science Chapter 9

Question 3.
What does it mean when a solution becomes saturated ?
Answer:
A saturated solution has dissolved the maximum amount of solute at that temperature, so any extra solute remains undissolved.

Question 4.
How can heating turn a saturated solution into an unsaturated one ?
Answer:
Heating usually increases wi bility for many solids, so the solvent can cassolve more solute and the previously saturated solution becomes unsaturated.

Question 5.
Floating of ice is an important phenomenon. How does it helps animals living in lakes and oceans?
Answer:
This is important for animals living in lakes and oceans because ice floats, it forms a layer on top, keeping the water underneath warm enough for fish and other creatures to survive, even in extremely cold weather.

Question 6.
If mass of an object is 16.400 g and its volume is 5cm3, then calculate the density of object.
Answer:
Mass of object =16.400 g
Volume of object =5 cm3
∴ Density = \(\frac{\text { Mass }}{\text { Volume }}\)= \(\frac{16.4 \mathrm{~g}}{5 \mathrm{~cm}^3}\) 5cm3 =3.28 g/cm3

Question 7.
Why hot air balloons rises in the sky ?
Answer:
As temperature increases the volume of gases filled inside the balloons increases and its density decreases. So, density of gases inside the balloon is less than the cool air around it and hence it rises.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Explain with an example how the same substances can form different types of mixtures depending on proportion and how to identify them.
Answer:
(a) Oil and water usually form a non-uniform mixture with separate layers when oil is added in ordinary amounts, so it is not a solution.
(b) However, a very small amount of acetic acid in water forms vinegar, which is a true solution because it is uniform and clear.
(c) To identify them, look for clarity, absence of layers, and particles that do not settle on standing. If the mixture is cloudy or separates, it is not a true solution. If it remains clear and uniform, it is a solution.

Question 2.
Explain how relative density helps predict floating and sinking better than mass alone, using two same-sized objects made of different materials.
Answer:
(a) Mass alone can be misleading because it does not consider volume, but relative density compares a material’s density to water. If a same-sized wooden block and an iron block are placed in water, the wood floats and iron sinks because wood’s density is less than water’s, while iron’s is greater.

(b) Relative density less than 1 means it will float in water; greater than 1 means it will sink. Thus, relative density accurately predicts behavior in a liquid

Case-Study Based Questions

1. Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions that follow : At a picnic, friends make lemonade by stirring sugar into water. After adding too much sugar, they notice some grains settle at the bottom of the glass. They realise no more sugar can dissolve at that temperature, no matter how much they stir.

(a) What does it mean when sugar settles at the bottom and does not dissolve further?
Answer:
It means the solution is saturated; no more sugar can dissolve at that temperature.

(b) What type of solution is formed before and after the sugar settles?
Answer:
Before settling, the solution is unsaturated; after settling, it is saturated.

(c) How can temperature changes affect how much sugar dissolves in water in this scenario?
Answer:
Increasing temperature usually increases solubility; thus, more sugar can dissolve in warmer water, while decreasing temperature may cause sugar to crystallise out.

The Amazing World of Solutes, Solvents, and Solutions Class 8 Question Answer Science Chapter 9

Picture Based Questions

I. Look at the picture and answer the following questions:
The Amazing World of Solutes, Solvents, and Solutions Class 8 Question Answer Science Chapter 9.9
(a) Identify the picture.
(a) Bamboo raft
(b) Wooden raft
(c) Kayaka
(d) None of these
Answer:
(a) Bamboo raft

(b) Why it floats on water ?
Answer:
It floats on water because it is lighter than water.

(c) Why Bamboo was used in it ? Write its uses also?
Answer:
Bamboo was used because it is light, hollow and floats easily on water. People tied bamboo poles together to make rafts and small boats for fishing, trading and crossing water bodies.

The Amazing World of Solutes, Solvents, and Solutions Class 8 MCQ

Multiple Choice Questions (Mcqs)

Question 1.
Which of the following is an example of solution?
(a) Sugar in water
(b) Sand in water
(c) Muddy water
(d) Oil and water
Answer:
(a) Sugar in water

Question 2.
Which of the following is a characteristic of solute ?
(a) It is present in the largest quantity.
(b) It dissolved in the solvent
(c) Both (c) and (d)
(d) It is present in smallest quantity
Answer:
(c) Both (c) and (d)

Question 3.
A solution that contains the maximum amount of solute that can be dissolved at a given temperature is called :
(a) Unsaturated Solution
(b) Saturated Solution
(c) Supersaturated Solution
(d) Dilute Solution
Answer:
(b) Saturated Solution

Question 4.
If a solution has a high concentration of solute, it is considered :
(a) Dilute
(b) Concentrated
(c) Saturated
(d) Unsaturated
Answer:
(b) Concentrated

The Amazing World of Solutes, Solvents, and Solutions Class 8 Question Answer Science Chapter 9

Question 5.
The SI unit of density is: ………….
(a) gram/cm3
(b) kg/m3
(c) cubic metre
(d) g/L
Answer:
(b) kg/m3

Assertion and Reasoning

These questions consist of two statements, each printed as Assertion (A) and Reason (R). While answering these questions, you are required to choose any one of the following four responses.
(a) Assertion (A) and Reason (R) both are correct and reason is correct explanation for assertion.
(b) Assertion (A) and Reason (R) both are correct and reason is not correct explanation for assertion.
(c) Assertion (A) is correct but the Reason (R) is wrong.
(d) Assertion (A) is wrong but the Reason (R) is correct.

1. Assertion (A): Mass is the amount of matter contained in body.
Reason (R): Mass is measured in newton (N) unit.
Answer:
(c) Assertion (A) is correct but the Reason (R) is wrong.

2. Assertion (A): SI unit of density is kg/m
Reason (R): Relative density has no unit.
Answer:
(b) Assertion (A) and Reason (R) both are correct and reason is not correct explanation for assertion.

Fill in the blanks

1. The concentration of a solution is the amount of ………… present per unit volume or per unit mass of the solution/solvent.
Answer:
solute

2. A homogeneous mixture of two or more substances is called ………….
Answer:
solution

3. ………… is the maximum amount of the solute that can be dissolved in a given solution at a given temperature.
Answer:
solubility

The Amazing World of Solutes, Solvents, and Solutions Class 8 Question Answer Science Chapter 9

4. SI unit of density is ………….
Answer:
kg/m3

5. Relative density is the ratio of the density of the substance to the density of ………….
Answer:
water.

True or False

1. The maximum amount of solute that dissolves in a fixed quantity of the solvent is called its solubility.
Answer:
True

2. Relative density do not have any units.
Answer:
True

3. Volume of liquids cannot be measured by a measuring cylinder.
Answer:
False

4. Volume of a solid object with regular shapes are calculated with the help of formulas.
Answer:
True

The Amazing World of Solutes, Solvents, and Solutions Class 8 Question Answer Science Chapter 9

5. The unit of density is cubic metre.
Answer:
True

Proportional Reasoning 1 Class 8 Solutions Maths Ganita Prakash Chapter 7

Students can refer to BSE Odisha Class 8 Math Solution and Ganita Prakash Chapter 7 Proportional Reasoning 1 Class 8 Question Answer to understand textbook questions step by step.

Class 8 Maths Chapter 7 Proportional Reasoning 1 Solutions

Ganita Prakash Class 8 Chapter 7 Solutions

Class 8 Maths Ganita Prakash Chapter 7 Solutions Proportional Reasoning 1

1. PROBLEM SOLVING WITH PROPORTIONAL REASONING
Figure it Out (Page 165 – 167) :

Question 1.
Circle the following statements of proportion that are true.
(i) 4 : 7 :: 12 : 21
(ii) 8 : 3 :: 24 : 6
(iii) 7 : 12 :: 12 : 7
(iv) 21 : 6 :: 35 : 10
(v) 12 : 18 – 28 : 12
(vi) 24 : 8 :: 9 : 3
Answer:
(i) Given statement is 4 : 7 :: 12 : 21.
This is true if \(\frac{4}{7}\) = \(\frac{12}{21}\) or if \(\frac{4}{7}\) = \(\frac{4}{7}\), which is true.
∴ The given statement is true.

(ii) Given statement is 8 : 3 :: 24 : 6.
This is true if \(\frac{8}{3}\) = \(\frac{24}{6}\) or if \(\frac{8}{3}\) = 4, which is false.
∴ The given statement is not true.

(iii) Given statement is 7 : 12 :: 12 : 7.
This is true if \(\frac{7}{12}\) = \(\frac{12}{7}\) which is false.
∴ The given statement is not true.

(iv) Given statement is 21 : 6 :: 35 : 10.
This is true if \(\frac{21}{6}\) = \(\frac{35}{10}\) or if \(\frac{7}{2}\) = \(\frac{7}{2}\), which is true.
∴ The given statement is true.

(v) Given statement is 12 : 18 :: 28 : 12.

This is true if \(\frac{12}{18}\) = \(\frac{28}{12}\) or if \(\frac{2}{3}\) = \(\frac{7}{3}\) or 2 = 7, which is false.
∴ The given statement is not true.

(vi) Given statement is 24 : 8 :: 9 : 3.
This is true if \(\frac{24}{8}\) = \(\frac{9}{3}\) or if 3 = 3, which is true.
∴ The given statement is true.

Question 2.
Give 3 ratios that are proportional to 4 : 9.
__________ : ____________ __________ : ____________ __________ : ____________
Answer:
To find ratios proportional to 4 : 9, we multiply both terms by the same number:
4 × 2 : 9 × 2 = 8 : 18.
4 × 3 : 9 × 3 = 12 : 27.
4 × 5 : 9 × 5 = 20 : 45.
So, three ratios proportional to 4 : 9 are 8 : 18; 12 : 27 and 20 : 45.

Proportional Reasoning 1 Class 8 Solutions Maths Ganita Prakash Chapter 7

Question 3.
Fill in the missing numbers for these ratios that are proportional to 18 : 24.
3 : ________, 12 : ________ ,20 : ________ , 27 : ________
Answer:
(i) Given ratio is 18 : 24.
Let 18 : 24 : : 3 : x
∴ \(\frac{18}{24}\) = \(\frac{x}{3}\) or \(\frac{3}{4}\) = \(\frac{3}{x}\) or x = 4
∴ 24 X or 4 = X or x = 4
∴ Missing number in the ratio : 3 _________ is 4.

(ii) Let 18 : 24 : : 12 : x.
∴ \(\frac{18}{24}\) = \(\frac{12}{x}\) or \(\frac{3}{4}\) = \(\frac{12}{x}\)
or 3x = 48 or x = \(\frac{48}{3}\) = 16
∴ Missing number in the ratio 12 : _________ is 16.

(iii) Let 18 : 24 : : 20 : x.
∴ \(\frac{18}{24}\) = \(\frac{20}{x}\) or \(\frac{3}{4}\) = \(\frac{20}{x}\)
or 3x = 80 or x = \(\frac{80}{3}\)
Missing number in the ratio 20 : ___________ is \(\frac{80}{3}\)

(iv) Let 18 : 24 : : 27 : x.
∴ \(\frac{18}{24}\) = \(\frac{27}{x}\) or \(\frac{3}{4}\) = \(\frac{27}{x}\)
or 3x = 108 or x = \(\frac{108}{3}\) = 36
∴ Missing number in the ratio 27 : ____________ is 36.

Question 4.
Look at the following rectangles. Which rectangles are similar to each other? You can verify this by measuring the width and height using a scale and comparing their ratios.
Proportional Reasoning 1 Class 8 Solutions Maths Ganita Prakash Chapter 7 1
Answer:

Rectangle Width Height Ratio
A 0.5 cm 1.5 cm 0.5 : 1.5 = 1 : 3
B 1.5 cm 1 cm 1.5 : 1 = 3 : 2
C 4.5 cm 2 cm 4.5 : 2 = 9 : 4
D 3.5 cm 1 cm 3.5 : 1 = 7 : 2
E 0.5 cm 1.5 cm 0.5 : 1.5 = 1 : 3

Since rectangles A and E have the same simplified ratio 1 : 3. So, they are similar to each other.

Question 5.
Look at the following rectangle. Can you draw a smaller rectangle and a bigger rectangle with the same width to height ratio in your notebooks? Compare your rectangles with your classmates’ drawings.
Are all of them the same? If they are different from yours, can you think why? Are they wrong?
Proportional Reasoning 1 Class 8 Solutions Maths Ganita Prakash Chapter 7 2
Answer:
For the given rectangle;
Width = 32 mm and height = 18 mm
∴ Ratio is 32 : 18.
We shall draw smaller and bigger rectangles and similar to the given rectangle by considering different ‘factors of change’.
Let the factor of change be \(\frac{1}{2}\).
∴ New width = \(\frac{1}{2}\) × 32 = 16 mm
and New height = \(\frac{1}{2}\) × 18 = 9 mm
A new, similar rectangle is shown in the figure.
Proportional Reasoning 1 Class 8 Solutions Maths Ganita Prakash Chapter 7 3
Let ‘factor of change’ be 2.
∴ New width = 2 × 32 = 64 mm and new height = 2 × 18 = 36 mm
Proportional Reasoning 1 Class 8 Solutions Maths Ganita Prakash Chapter 7 4
A new, similar rectangle is shown in the figure. The rectangles drawn by other classmates are all different, but they are all similar to the given rectangle.

Question 6.
The following figure shows a small portion of a long brick wall with patterns made using coloured bricks. Each wall continues this pattern throughout the wall. What is the ratio of grey bricks to coloured bricks? Try to give the ratios in their simplest form.
Proportional Reasoning 1 Class 8 Solutions Maths Ganita Prakash Chapter 7 5
Answer:
(a) We consider one set of patterns in the given wall.
Proportional Reasoning 1 Class 8 Solutions Maths Ganita Prakash Chapter 7 6
Number of grey bricks in one set of pattern = 2 + 3 + 4 = 9
Number of coloured bricks in one set of pattern = 3 + 2 + 1 = 6
∴ Ratio of grey bricks to coloured bricks = 9 : 6
We have 9 : 6 = 3 : 2
∴ Ratio in the simplest form = 3 : 2

(b) We use one set of patterns on the given wall
Proportional Reasoning 1 Class 8 Solutions Maths Ganita Prakash Chapter 7 7
One set of pattern
Number of grey bricks in one set of pattern
= (\(\frac{1}{2}\) + 1 + 1 + \(\frac{1}{2}\)) + (1 + 1) + (\(\frac{1}{2}\) + 1 + \(\frac{1}{2}\)) + (1 + 1) + (\(\frac{1}{2}\) + 1 + \(\frac{1}{2}\)) + (1 + 1) + (\(\frac{1}{2}\) + 1 + 1 + \(\frac{1}{2}\))
= 3 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 3 = 16
Number of coloured bricks in one set of pattern
= 1 + (1 + 1) + (1 + 1) + (1 + 1) + (1 + 1) + (1 + 1) + 1
= 1 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 1 = 12
∴ Ratio of grey bricks to coloured bricks = 16 : 12
We have 16 : 12 = 4 : 3
∴ Ratio in the simplest form = 4 : 3.

Question 7.
Let us draw some human figures. Measure your friend’s body-the lengths of their head, torso, arms, and legs. Write the ratios as mentioned below-
Proportional Reasoning 1 Class 8 Solutions Maths Ganita Prakash Chapter 7 8
Answer:
My friend’s body measurements :
(i) Head = 22 cm

(ii) Torso (neck to hip) = 50 cm

(iii) Arms (shoulder to fingertip) = 60 cm

(iv) Legs (hip to foot) = 80 cm

1. Head : Torso = 22 : 50
Simplify by dividing both by 2 → 11 : 25.

2. Torso : Arms = 50 : 60
Simplify by dividing both by 10 → 5 : 6.

3. Torso : Legs = 50 : 80
Simplify by dividing both by 10 → 5 : 8.
So the ratios are:

  • Head : Torso = 11 : 25
  • Torso : Arms = 5 : 6
  • Torso : Legs = 5 : 8

Proportional Reasoning 1 Class 8 Solutions Maths Ganita Prakash Chapter 7

Figure it Out (Page 170 – 171) :

Question 1.
The Earth travels approximately 940 million kilometres around the Sun in a year. How many kilometres will it travel in a week?
Answer:
We know that:
1 million = 10 lakh = 10,00,000
and 1 year = \(\frac{365}{7}\) weeks.
940 million kilometres, i.e., 940 × 10,00,000 kilometres, are travelled by the Earth in 1 year, i.e., in \(\frac{365}{7}\) weeks.
Let the fiarth travel x kilometres in 1 week
∴ The ratios 940 × 10,00,000 : \(\frac{365}{7}\) and x : 1 are
in proportion.
⇒ \(\frac{940 \times 10,00,000}{\frac{365}{7}}\) = \(\frac{x}{1}\)
⇒ x = \(\frac{940 \times 10,00,000 \times 7}{365}\)
⇒ x = \(\frac{188 \times 70,00,000}{73}\)
⇒ x = 1,80,27,397 (nearly)
∴ In 1 week, Earth travels nearly 1,80,27,397 kilometres around the Sun.

Question 2.
A mason is building a house in the shape shown in the diagram. He needs to construct both the outer walls and the inner wall that separates two rooms. To build a wall of 10-feet, he requires approximately 1450 bricks. How many bricks would he need to build the house? Assume all walls are of the same height and thickness.
Proportional Reasoning 1 Class 8 Solutions Maths Ganita Prakash Chapter 7 9
Answer:
Number of bricks required for a 10ft wall =1450
∴ Ratio of length of wall to number of bricks = 10 : 1450
Proportional Reasoning 1 Class 8 Solutions Maths Ganita Prakash Chapter 7 10
Total length of walls = AI + CH + DE + FG + IG + AF + CD
= 12 + (9 + 12) + 9 + 12 + (9 + 15) + (9 + 15) + 6 = 108 ft
Let x bricks be required for a 108 ft long wall.
∴ Ratio of length of wall to number of bricks = 108 : x
These ratios are in proportion.
∴ 10 : 1450 :: 108 : x
⇒ \(\frac{10}{1450}\) = \(\frac{108}{x}\)
⇒ \(\frac{1}{145}\) = \(\frac{108}{x}\)
⇒ x = 145 × 108 = 15,660
∴ Number of required bricks = 15,660.

Figure it Out (Page 175) :

Question 1.
Divide ₹4,500 into two parts in the ratio 2 : 3.
Answer:
Given ratio = 2 : 3
Amount to be divided = ₹ 4,500
∴ First part = \(\frac{2}{2 + 3}\) × 4,500
= \(\frac{2}{5}\) × 4,500 = 2 × 900 = ₹ 1,800
∴ Second part= \(\frac{3}{2 + 3}\) × 4,500 = \(\frac{3}{5}\) × 4,500
= 3 × 900 = ₹ 2,700
∴ Two parts are ₹ 1,800 and ₹ 2,700.
Verification:
1,800 : 2,700 = \(\frac{1,800}{2,700}\)
\(\frac{18}{27}\) = \(\frac{2}{3}\) = 2 : 3 and 1,800 + 2,700 = 4,500.

Question 2.
In a science lab, acid and water are mixed in the ratio of 1 : 5 to make a solution. In a bottle that has 240 mL of the solution, how much acid and water does the solution contain?
Answer:
Ratio of acid and water = 1 : 5
Quantity of solution = 240 mL
∴ Quantity of acid = \(\frac{1}{1 + 5}\) × 240
= \(\frac{1}{6}\) × 240 = 40 mL
∴ Quantity of water = \(\frac{1}{1 + 5}\) × 240
= \(\frac{5}{6}\) × 240 = 200 mL
∴ Quantities of acid and water in the solution are 40 mL and 200 mL.
Verification: 4Q
40 : 200 = \(\frac{40}{200}\)
\(\frac{1}{5}\) = 1 : 5 and 40 + 200 = 240.

Question 3.
Blue and yellow paints are mixed in the ratio of 3 : 5 to produce green paint. To produce 40 mL of green paint, how much of these two colours are needed? To make the paint a lighter shade of green, I added
20 mL of yellow to the mixture. What is the new ratio of blue and yellow in the paint?
Answer:
Ratio of blue and yellow paints = 3 : 5
Quantity of green paint = 40 mL
∴ Quantity of blue paint = \(\frac{3}{3 + 5}\) × 40
= \(\frac{3}{8}\) × 40 = 15 mL
∴ Quantity of yellow paint = \(\frac{5}{3 + 5}\) × 40
= \(\frac{5}{8}\) × 40 = 25 mL
Addition of yellow paint to the mixture = 20 mL
∴ New quantity of blue paint =15 mL
∴ New quantity of yellow paint = 25 mL + 20 mL = 45 mL
∴ New ratio of blue and yellow paints
= 15 : 45 = 1 : 3.

Question 4.
To make soft idlis, you need to mix rice and urad dal in the ratio of 2 : 1. If you need 6 cups of this mixture to make idlis tomorrow morning, how many cups of rice and urad dal will you need?
Answer:
Ratio of rice and urad dal = 2 : 1
Total number of cups of mixture = 6
∴ Number of cups of rice = \(\frac{2}{2 + 1}\) × 6
= \(\frac{2}{3}\) × 6 = 4
∴ Number of cups of urad dal = \(\frac{1}{2 + 1}\) × 6
= \(\frac{1}{3}\) × 6 = 2
∴ 4 cups of rice and 2 cups of urad dal are to be mixed.

Proportional Reasoning 1 Class 8 Solutions Maths Ganita Prakash Chapter 7

Question 5.
I have one bucket of orange paint that I made by mixing red and yellow paints in the ratio of 3 : 5. I added another bucket of yellow paint to this mixture. What is the ratio of red paint to yellow paint in the new mixture?
Answer:
Let the capacity of one bucket be x L.
Ratio of red paint and yellow paint = 3 : 5
∴ Quantity of red paint in the bucket = \(\frac{3}{3 + 5}\) × x = \(\frac{3 x}{8}\)
∴ Quantity of yellow paint in the bucket = \(\frac{5}{3 + 5}\) × x = \(\frac{5 x}{8}\)
One bucket of yellow paint is added to the mixture.
∴ New quantity of red paint in the mixture = \(\frac{3 x}{8}\)
∴ New quantity of yellow paint in the mixture = \(\frac{5 x}{8}\)
+ x = \(\frac{13 x}{8}\)
∴ New ratio of red paint and yellow paint in the mixture = \(\frac{3 x}{8}\) : \(\frac{13 x}{8}\) = 3 : 13

Figure it Out (Page 176 – 177) :

Question 1.
Anagh mixes 600 mL of orange juice with 900 mL of apple juice to make a fruit drink. Write the ratio of orange juice to apple juice in its simplest form.
Answer:
Quantity of orange juice = 600 mL
Quantity of apple juice = 900 mL
∴ Ratio of orange juice to apple juice = 600 : 900
Ratio in the simplest form = 600 : 900 = 2:3

Question 2.
Last year, we hired 3 buses for the school trip. We had a total of 162 students and teachers who went on that trip and all the buses were full. This year we have 204 students. How many buses will we need? Will all the buses be full?
Answer:
Number of buses for 162 students and teachers = 3
Since the buses were full, the capacity of 1 bus = \(\frac{162}{3}\) = 54
∴ Ratio of number of seats to the number of buses is 54 : 1.
We have
54 : 1 = 2(54) : 2(1) = 108 : 2
54 : 1 = 3(54) : 3(1) = 162 : 3
54 : 1 = 4(54): 4(1) = 216 : 4
∴ Capacity of 4 buses = 216
∴ For 204 students, we shall need 4 buses.
Since 216 – 204 = 12, we have 12 vacant seats in the buses.

Question 3.
The area of Delhi is 1,484 sq. km and the area of Mumbai is 550 sq. km. The population of Delhi is approximately 30 million and that of Mumbai is 20 million people. Which city is more crowded? Why do you say so?
Answer:
Area of Delhi = 1,484 sq.km
Population of Delhi = 30 million
Area of Mumbai = 550 sq. km
Population of Mumbai = 20 million
∴ Ratio of area to population for Delhi = 1484 : 30
∴ Ratio of area to population for Mumbai = 550 : 20
Factor of change of area = \(\frac{550}{1484}\) = 0.371 (nearly)
Factor of change of population = \(\frac{20}{30}\) = 0.667 (nearly)
Since 0.667 > 0.371, Mumbai is more crowded than Delhi.
Alternative Method:
Ratio of area to population for Delhi = 1484 : 30
Let the density of Delhi and Mumbai be the same, and there be x people in Mumbai.
∴ The ratios 1,484 : 30 and 550 : x are in proportion.
∴ \(\frac{1,484}{30}\) = \(\frac{550}{x}\)
⇒ 1484x = 30 × 550 = 16,500
⇒ x = \(\frac{16500}{1484}\) = 11.118
There should be 11.118 million people in Mumbai. But the population of Mumbai is 20 million.
∴ Mumbai is more crowded than Delhi.

Question 4.
A crane of height 155 cm has its neck and the rest of its body in the ratio 4 : 6. For your height, if your neck and the rest of the body also had this ratio, how tall would your neck be?
Proportional Reasoning 1 Class 8 Solutions Maths Ganita Prakash Chapter 7 11
Answer:
The ratio of the height of the neck and the height of the rest of the body of a crane is 4 : 6. My height is 65 inches, i.e., 165 cm.
Let the ratio of the height of my neck and the height of the rest of my body also be 4 : 6.
∴ Height of my neck = (\(\frac{4}{4 + 6}\) × 165)cm = 66 cm

Question 5.
Let us try an ancient problem from Lilavati. At that time weights were measured in a unit named palas and niskas was a unit of money. “If 2\(\frac{1}{2}\) palas of saffron costs \(\frac{3}{7}\) niskas, O expert businessman! tell me quickly what quantity of saffron can be bought for 9 niskas?”
Answer:
A proportional relationship between the quantity of saffron and its cost is described. The cost of a known quantity of saffron is provided, and the quantity of saffron that can be purchased for a different amount of money is to be determined.

Step 1: Convert Mixed Numbers to Improper Fractions
= The given quantity of saffron, 2\(\frac{1}{2}\) palas, converted to an improper fraction:
→ 2\(\frac{1}{2}\) = \(\frac{2 \times 2+1}{2}\) = \(\frac{5}{2}\)
= The given cost, \(\frac{3}{7}\) niskas.

Step 2 : Set Up the Proportion
A proportion is established relating the quantity of saffron to its cost. Let x be the unknown quantity of saffron.
Proportional Reasoning 1 Class 8 Solutions Maths Ganita Prakash Chapter 7 12

Proportional Reasoning 1 Class 8 Solutions Maths Ganita Prakash Chapter 7

Question 6.
Harmain is a 1-year-old girl. Her elder brother is 5 years old. What will be Harmain’s age when the ratio of her age to her brother’s age is 1 : 2?
Answer:
The current ages are given as Harmain being 1 year old and her brother being 5 years old.
→ The age difference = 5 – 1 = 4 years.
= The difference will remain constant over time.
= Let x be the number of years that pass untill the desired ratio is achieved.
= After x years, Harmain age will be 1 + x years
= After x years, her brother’s age will be 5 + x years
= Ratio is given as 1 : 2.
Can be expressed as \(\frac{1 + x}{5 + x}\) = \(\frac{1}{2}\)
→ 2(1 + x) = 1(5 + x)
→ 2 + 2x = 5 + x
→ 2x – x = 5 – 2
→ x = 3
= Harmain’s age when the ratio is 1 : 2 is found by adding * to her current age.
→ 1 + 3 = 4 years.
Harmain’s age will be 4 years when the ratio of her age to her brother’s age is 1 : 2

Question 7.
The mass of equal volumes of gold and water are in the ratio 37 : 2. If 1 litre of water is 1 kg in mass, what is the mass of 1 litre of gold?
Answer:
The given ratio of the mass of the gold to the mass of water for equal Volumes is 37 : 2
This Can be expressed as \(\frac{\text { Mass of gold }}{\text { Mass of water }}\) = \(\frac{37}{2}\)
= It is stated that 1 litre of water has a mass of 1kg.
Mass of 1 litre of gold = 1kg × \(\frac{37}{2}\)
= \(\frac{37}{2}\) kg = 18.5 kg
= The mass of 1 litre of gold is 18.5 kg.
= Mass of 1L of water is given as 1kg.
= Ratio to find the mass of 1L of gold
= Ratio of mass of equal volumes of gold to water is 37 : 2
\(\frac{\text { Mass of gold }}{\text { Mass of water }}\) = \(\frac{37}{2}\)
= Mass of Gold = Mass of water × \(\frac{37}{2}\)
= Mass of Gold = \(\frac{37}{2}\)kg = 18.5 kg.
So… Mass of 1 litre of gold is 18.5 kg.

Question 8.
It is good farming practice to apply 10 tonnes of cow manure for 1 acre of land. A farmer is planning to grow tomatoes in a plot of size 200 ft by 500 ft. How much manure should he buy? (Please refer to the section on Unit Conversions earlier in this chapter).
Answer:
Let’s Calculate the area of the plot in square feet.
Area = Length × width
Area = 500ft × 200ft = 100,000ft2
Convert the area from Square feet to acres we knew 1 acre = 43560ft2
Area in acres = \(\frac{100000 f^2}{43560 f^2}\) = 2.2956 acres
Calculate the total amount of manure required.
Manure required = 2.2956 acres × 10 tonnes/acres
= 22.956 tonnes.

Question 9.
A tap takes 15 seconds to fill a mug of water. The volume of the mug is 500 mL. How much time does the same tap take to fill a bucket of water if the bucket has a 10-litre capacity?
Answer:
Time taken by the tap for 500 mL of water = 15 seconds
∴ Ratio of volume to time = 500 : 15
We know 1 litre = 1,000 mL
10 litre = 10 × 1,000 = 10,000 mL
Let the time taken to fill a bucket of 10,000 mL be x seconds.
∴ Ratio of volume to time = 10,000 : x
These ratios are proportional.
∴ 500 : 15 :: 10,000 : x
⇒ \(\frac{500}{15}\) = \(\frac{10,000}{x}\)
⇒ 500x = 1,50,000
⇒ x = 300
∴ Time to fill bucket = 300 seconds \(\frac{300}{60}\) = minutes = 5 minutes.

Question 10.
One acre of land costs ₹15,00,000. What is the cost of 2,400 square feet of the same land?
Answer:
We know that 1 acre = 43,560 square feet.
∴ Cost of 43,560 sq. ft. land = ₹15,00,000
∴ Ratio of area of land to cost = 43,560 : 15,00,000
Let the cost of 2,400 sq. ft. of land be ₹x.
∴ Ratio of area of land to cost = 2,400 : x
These ratios are proportional.
∴ 43,560 : 15,00,000 :: 2,400 : x
⇒ \(\frac{43,560}{15,00,000}\) = \(\frac{2,400}{x}\)
⇒ 43,560x = 2,400 × 15,00,000
⇒ x = \(\frac{2,400 \times 15,00,000}{43,560}\)
⇒ x = 82,664.63
∴ Cost of land = ₹82,664.63.

Question 11.
A tractor can plough the same area of a field 4 times faster than a pair of oxen. A farmer wants to plough his 20-acre field. A pair of oxen takes 6 hours to plough an acre of land. How much time would it take if the farmer used a pair of oxen to plough the field? How much time would it take him if he decides to use a tractor instead?
Answer:
Ratio of efficiency of a tractor to a pair of oxen = 4 : 1
Time taken by a pair of oxen to plough 1 acre of field = 6 hours
∴ Time taken by a tractor to plough 1 acre field = \(\frac{6}{4}\) = 1.5 hours
∴ Time taken by a pair of oxen to plough 20 20- acre field = 20 × 6 = 120 hours
∴ Time taken by a tractor to plough a 20-acre field = 20 × 1.5 = 30 hours

Proportional Reasoning 1 Class 8 Solutions Maths Ganita Prakash Chapter 7

Question 12.
The ₹10 coin is an alloy of copper and nickel called ‘cupro-nickel’. Copper and nickel are mixed in a 3 : 1 ratio to get this alloy. The mass of the coin is 7.74 grams. If the cost of copper is ₹906 per kg and the cost of nickel is ₹1,341 per kg, what is the cost of these metals in a ₹10 coin?
Answer:
Ratio of copper and nickel in ₹10 coin = 3 : 1
Mass of one ₹10 coin = 7.74 grams
∴ Mass of copper in one ₹10 coin = \(\frac{3}{3 + 1}\) × 7.74
\(\frac{3}{4}\) × 7.74 = 5.805 grams
Maas of nickel in one ₹10 coin = \(\frac{1}{3 + 1}\) × 7.74
= \(\frac{1}{4}\) × 7.74 = 1.935 grams
Cost of 1 kg copper = ₹ 906
∴ Cost of 1000 grams of copper = ₹ 906
∴ Cost of 5.805 grams copper = \(\frac{906}{1000}\) × 5.805
= ₹5.26
Cost of 1 kg nickel = ₹1341
∴ Cost of 1000 grams of nickel = ₹1341
∴ Cost of 1.935 grams nickel = \(\frac{1341}{1000}\) × 1.935
= ₹2.59
∴ In one ₹10 coin, the cost of copper and the cost of nickel are respectively ₹5.26 and ₹2.59.

Proportional Reasoning 1 Class 8 Extra Questions

Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
The ratio 72 : 96 in its simplest form is:
(a) 2 : 3
(b) 3 : 4
(c) 2 : 5
(d) 1 : 2
Solution:
HCF of 72 and 96 = 24
Now, \(\frac{72}{96}\) = \(\frac{72 \div 24}{95 \div 24}\) = \(\frac{3}{4}\)
(b) 3 : 4

Question 2.
The equivalant ratio, for the ratio 2 : 3 in the simplest form, is :
(a) 24 : 48
(b) 13 : 39
(c) 50 : 75
(d) 36 : 90
Solution:
HCF of 50 and 75 = 25
∴, \(\frac{50}{75}\) = \(\frac{50 \div 25}{75 \div 25}\) = \(\frac{2}{3}\)
∴, equivalant ratio of 2 : 3 is 50 : 75

Question 3.
If 14 : 21 :: 2 : x, then the value of x is :
(a) 1
(b) 2
(c) 14
(d) 3
Solution:
Since, 14 : 21 in the simplest form is 2 : 3.
Hence, x = 3
(d) 3

Question 4.
If 24 : x :: 48 : 72, then the value of x is:
(a) 36
(b) 30
(c) 48
(d) 32
Solution:
For 24 : x : : 48 : 72, we write
\(\frac{24}{x}\) = \(\frac{48}{72}\) ⇒ \(\frac{24}{x}\) = \(\frac{2}{3}\) ⇒ 2x = 2 × 3
⇒ x = \(\frac{24 \times 3}{2}\) ⇒ x = 36
(a) 36

Question 5.
If 15 : 35 = x : y, then x : y is :
(a) 5 : 7
(b) 3 : 7
(c) 1 : 3
(d) 3 : 4
Solution:
Hence, 15 : 35 = \(\frac{15}{35}\) = \(\frac{3}{7}\) = 3 : 7
(b) 3 : 7

Proportional Reasoning 1 Class 8 Solutions Maths Ganita Prakash Chapter 7

Assertion and Reasoning

(a) Assertion (A) and Reason (R) both are true and Reason (R) is the correct explanation for the Assertion (A).
(b) Assertion (A) and Reason (R) both are true but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation for the Assertion (A).
(c) Assertion (A) is true but Reason (R) is false.
(d) Assertion (A) is false but Reason (R) is true.

Question 1.
Assertion (A) : The ratio 60 : 40 can be written as 3 : 2 in simplest form.
Reason (R) : To get the ratio in simplest form we divide both numerator and denominator by the HCF of them.
Solution:
\(\frac{60}{40}\) = \(\frac{60 \div 20}{40 \div 20}\) = \(\frac{3}{2}\) (HCF (60, 40) = 20)
(a) Assertion (A) and Reason (R) both are true and Reason (R) is the correct explanation for the Assertion (A).

Question 2.
Assertion (A) : 15 : 20 : : 12 : 16
Reason (R) : a : b :: c : d ⇔ \(\frac{a}{b}\) = \(\frac{c}{d}\)
Solution:
If \(\frac{x}{y}\) = \(\frac{z}{u}\), then x : y and z : u are in proportion.
Hence, x : y : : z : u
(a) Assertion (A) and Reason (R) both are true and Reason (R) is the correct explanation for the Assertion (A).

Case Based Questions

Question 1.
For the mid-day meal in a school with 600 students, the cook usually makes 75 kg of rice. On a certain day, only 120 students came to school.
Proportional Reasoning 1 Class 8 Solutions Maths Ganita Prakash Chapter 7 13
(i) How much rice in grams is cooked for each student?
(ii) How much rice will be cooked if 120 students came to school?
(iii) What is the factor of change in the first term of 600 : 75 : 120:?
(iv) If on a certain day 180 students came to school, then how much rice will be cooked on that day?
Answer:
(i) Since, 75 kg of rice is cooked for 600 students Hence, for 1 student the amount of rice cooked Proportional Reasoning 1 Class 8 Solutions Maths Ganita Prakash Chapter 7 14

(ii) If 120 students come to school, then the amount of rice to be cooked 15. Proportional Reasoning 1 Class 8 Solutions Maths Ganita Prakash Chapter 7 15

(iii) Factor of change in the first term is : \(\frac{120}{600}\) = \(\frac{1}{5}\)

(iv) If 180 students come to school, then the amount of rice to be cooked on that day = \(\frac{1}{8}\) × 180 kg = 22.5 kg

Nature of Matter: Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures Class 8 Question Answer Science Chapter 8

Go through BSE Odisha Class 8 Science Solutions Chapter 8 Nature of Matter: Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures Question Answer to understand textbook questions more clearly.

Class 8 Science Curiosity Chapter 8 Question Answer

Class 8 Science Ch 8 Nature of Matter: Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures Question Answer

Class 8 Science Chapter 8 Nature of Matter: Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures Question Answer

Probe and Ponder Questions

Question 1.
Which of the entities in the picture consist of matter and which of them do not?
Nature of Matter Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures Class 8 Question Answer Science Chapter 8.1
Answer:

  • Entities consisting of matter include physical objects like staircases, air, water, food, clothes, shoes, books, trees, balls and sticks as these have mass and occupy space.
  • They are made of tiny particles. Entities that do not consist of matter include light, heat, electricity, thoughts and emotions as they lack mass and do not occupy space.

Question 2.
How can elements be combined to form a compound?
Answer:

  • Elements combine chemically in fixed ratios to form compounds.
  • For example, hydrogen and oxygen combine in a 2:1 ratio to form water, where the atoms bond tightly, creating a new substance with properties different from the original elements.
  • This requires a chemical reaction, not just physical mixing.

Nature of Matter: Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures Class 8 Question Answer Science Chapter 8

Question 3.
How could the discovery of a compound that absorb carbon dioxide from the air contribute to solving environmental challenges?
Answer:

  • Such a compound could reduce atmospheric carbon dioxide levels, mitigating global warming and climate change.
  • For instance, it might be used in technologies to capture emissions from industries or vehicles, similar to how calcium hydroxide reacts with carbon dioxide to form calcium carbonate.
  • This could help address air pollution and support environmental cleanup efforts.

Question 4.
Share your questions …………………….
Answer:
Based on the chapter, questions could include:

  • What happens when elements like iron and sulfur are heated together?
  • Why does water extinguish fire while its components (hydrogen and oxygen) support combustion?
  • How do alloys like stainless steel improve everyday material?

InText Questions

Question 1.
According to science, how would you classify milk, packed fruit juice, baking soda, sugar, and soil as mixtures or pure substances? (Page 121)
Answer:

  • Milk: Mixture (contains water, fats, proteins, etc.)
  • Packaged fruit juice: Mixture (water sugars, flavors, vitamins, etc.)
  • Baking soda: Pure substance (if chemically pure-only sodium bicarbonate)
  • Sugar: Pure substance (if only sucrose)
  • Soil: Mixture (sand, clay, minerals, organic matter, water, air)

In science, “pure” means that the substance consists of the same kind of particle everywhere in the sample.

Nature of Matter: Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures Class 8 Question Answer Science Chapter 8

Question 2.
Electrolysis of water produces two different gases. Can these collected gases be water vapour ? (Page 122)
Answer:
These gases are Hydrogen and oxygen not water vapour otherwise they would have condensed back to form water.

Question 3.
When electric current is passed through water, it breaks down into hydrogen and oxygen. Is this a chemical change or a physical change? (Page 123)
Answer:
This is a chemical change because the properties of hydrogen and oxygen are different from original substance water and it is irreversible by simple physical method.

Question 4.
After heating sugar in a boiling tube what is left behind? Also, we observe a small droplets of water inside the boiling tube. Where did this water come from?
Answer:
Charcoal (carbon) is left behind in the boiling tube. Water must have come from the dry sugar and not from the air.

Nature of Matter: Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures Class 8 Questions and Answers

Keep the Curiosity Alive (Pages 131-132)

Question 1.
Consider the following reaction where two substances, A and B, combine to form a product C :
A+B →C
Assume that A and B cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical reactions. Based on this information, which of the following statements is correct?
(i) A, B, and C are all compounds, and only C has a fixed composition.
(ii) C is a compound, and A and B have a fixed composition.
(iii) A and B are compounds, and C has a fixed composition.
(iv) A and B are elements, C is a compound, and has a fixed composition.
Answer:
(iv) A and B are elements, C is a compound, and has a fixed composition.
A and B are elements, because elements are pure substances made of only one kind of atom and cannot be broken down chemically. When A and B combine chemically to form C, the result is a compound. A compound is formed when two or more elements combine in a fixed ratio through a chemical reaction. Therefore, A and B are elements, and C is a compound with a fixed composition.

Question 2.
Assertion: Air is a mixture.
Reason: A mixture is formed when two or more substances are mixed, without undergoing any chemical change.
(i) Both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is the correct explanation for Assertion.
(ii) Both Assertion and Reason are true, but Reason is not the correct explanation for Assertion.
(iii) Assertion is true, but Reason is false.
(iv) Assertion is false, but Reason is true.
Answer:
(i) Both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is the correct explanation for assertion.
Air is indeed a mixture because it is composed of various gases like nitrogen. oxygen, and carbon dioxide, which are mixed without any chemical reaction between them. The properties of these individual gases are retained within the air.

Question 3.
Water, a compound, has different properties compared to those of the elements oxygen and hydrogen from which it is formed. Justify this statement.
Answer:
Water has properties which is completely different from hydrogen and oxygen. Like water is liquid in form, whereas hydrogen (H) and oxygen (O) are gases. This is because a compound’s properties depends on its molecular structure.

Nature of Matter: Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures Class 8 Question Answer Science Chapter 8

Question 4.
In which of the following cases are all the examples correctly matched? Give reasons in support of your answers.
(i) Elements – water, nitrogen, iron, air.
(ii) Uniform mixtures – minerals, seawater. bronze, air.
(iii) Pure substances – carbon dioxide, iron, oxygen, sugar.
(iv) Non-uniform mixtures – air, sand, brass, muddy water.
Answer:
(iii) Pure substances – Carbon dioxide, iron, oxygen, and sugar are all pure substances. (Correctly matched).
A pure substance is composed of only one type of particle. Carbon dioxide, iron, and oxygen are all elements, meaning they are made up of only one type of atom. Sugar is a compound. but it is still considered a pure substance because it consists of only one type of molecule.

Question 5.
Iron reacts with moist air to form iron oxide, and magnesium burns in oxygen to form magnesium oxide. Classify all the substances involved in the above reactions as elements, compounds, or mixtures, with justification.
Answer:

  • Iron: Element (pure metal, cannot be broken down).
  • Moist air: Mixture (air gases plus water vapor, components retain properties).
  • Iron oxide: Compound (iron and oxygen combined chemically).
  • Magnesium: Element (pure metal).
  • Oxygen: Element (pure gas).
  • Magnesium oxide: Compound (magnesium and oxygen in fixed ratio).
  • Justification: Elements are simplest substance; compounds form from elements via chemical reactions with new properties; mixtures do not involve chemical bonding.

Question 6.
Classify the following as elements, compounds, or mixtures in the Table.
Carbon dioxide, sand, seawater, magnesium oxide, muddy water, aluminum, gold, oxygen, rust, iron sulfide, glucose, air, water, fruit juice, nitrogen, sodium chloride, sulfur, hydrogen, and baking soda.

Elements Compounds Mixtures

Identify pure substances amongst these and list them below.

pure substances

Answer:
Pure Substances: Aluminium, gold, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, hydrogen, carbon dioxide, magnesium oxide, iron sulfide, glucose, water, sodium chloride, baking soda.

Elements Compounds Mixtures
Aluminium Carbon Dioxide CO2 Sand
Gold Magnesium Oxide (MgO) Seawater
Oxygen Rust (Fe2O3) Muddy Water
Nitrogen Iron Sulfide (FeS) Air
Sulfur Glucose (C6 H12O6 ) Fruit Juice
Hydrogen Water (H2O)
Sodium Chloride(NaCl)
Baking Soda NaHCO3

Question 7.
What new substance is formed when a mixture of iron filings and sulfur powder is heated, and how is it different from the original mixture? Also, write the word equation for the reaction.
Answer:
When iron filings and sulfur powder are heated, they react to form a new substance called ferrous sulfide (FeS), also known as iron sulfide. This is a chemical change, and the resulting compound has different properties from the original iron and sulfur.
The word equation for the reaction is :
Iron + Sulfur → Ferrous Sulfide.

Nature of Matter: Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures Class 8 Question Answer Science Chapter 8

Question 8.
Is it possible for a substance to be classified as both an element and a compound? Explain why or why not.
Answer:
No, a substance cannot be classified as both an element and a compound. Elements are pure substances that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical means, while compounds are formed when two or more different elements are chemically bonded together. The defining characteristic of a compound is that it is composed of multiple elements, whereas an element is a single type of atom. Therefore, a substance cannot be both a single type of atom and a combination of different types of atoms simultaneously.

Question 9.
How would our daily lives be changed if water were not a compound but a mixture of hydrogen and oxygen?
Answer:
Water’s role in life and nature depends on it being a compound with stable properties. If it were a mixture, it would be dangerous and unusable, making life as we know it impossible.

Impact on Daily Life

  • No safe drinking water → Life would not be possible.
  • No water for agriculture →Crops would not grow.
  • No water for cleaning or cooking → Daily tasks would be unsafe.
  • No aquatic life → Fish and underwater plants would die.
  • Increased fire hazards → Hydrogen and oxygen together are explosive.

Question 10.
Analyse the figure. Identify Gas A. Also, write the word equation of the chemical reaction.
Nature of Matter Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures Class 8 Question Answer Science Chapter 8.2
Answer:
By analysing the figure, it is found that there will be a chemical reaction inside the test tube between dilute HCl and Fe.
2HCl+Fe →FeCl2+H2
So the reaction forms Iron Chloride (FeCl2) and the gas above will be Hydrogen (H2).
Hydrochloric Acid + Iron filing → Iron Chloride + Hydrogen (g)
Thus, Gas A = Hydorgen

Question 11.
Write the names of any two compounds made only from non-metals, and also mention two uses of each of them.
Answer:
1. Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
Made of: Carbon and Oxygen (both nonmetals)
Uses:

  • Used in fire extinguishers to put out flames.
  • Used by plants during photosynthesis to make food.

2. Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)
Made of: Sulfur and Oxygen (both nonmetals)
Uses:

  • Used as a preservative in dried fruits and wines.
  • Used in the manufacture of sulfuric acid, an important industrial chemical.

Question 12.
How can gold be classified as both a mineral and a metal?
Answer:
A mineral is a naturally occurring substance with a definite chemical composition.
Gold is found in nature in its native form, often embedded in rocks or alluvial deposits. It is extracted through mining, making it a metallic mineral. Minerals like gold are formed by natural geological processes.

Gold as a Metal
After extraction, gold is refined and used as a metal. It is a pure element (symbol: Au ) with typical metallic properties :

  • Lustrous (shiny)
  • Malleable (can be beaten into sheet)
  • Ductile (can be drawn into wires)
  • Good conductor of electricity
  • Used in jewelry, electronics, and currency.

Class 8 Science Chapter 8 Question Answer

Activity 1.

Let us experiment

Aim: To demonstrate the presence of carbon dioxide in the air.
Materials Required: Calcium oxide (Quick lime), a petri dish a glass tumbler, a glass rod.

Nature of Matter Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures Class 8 Question Answer Science Chapter 8.3
Procedure:

  • For this activity we need a glass tumbler which is half filled with water.
  • Now, add a small amount of calcium oxide (quick lime) slowly to it.
  • Note down your observation.
  • Calcium oxide reacts vigorously with water to form calcium hydroxide and releases heat.
  • Now, stir the mixture with a glass rod to make a solution of calcium hydroxide. This solution is called lime water.
  • Filter it using a filter paper and observe its colour.
  • Leave this colourless solution in a petri dish for a few hours [Figure (a)].
  • We should stirr the solution at regular intervals.
  • Note down your observation. [Figure (b)]

Nature of Matter: Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures Class 8 Question Answer Science Chapter 8

Observations:

  • Glass tumbler becomes hot when calcium oxide is added to it.
  • After sometime, the clear solution of lime water turns milky.

Inferences:

  • Lime water turns milky because carbon dioxide in the air reacts with calcium hydroxide to produce insoluble calcium carbonate (which looks milky).
    Calcium hydroxide + Carbon dioxide → Calcium carbonate + Water
  • It shows the presence of carbon dioxide in the air.

Activity 2.

Let us explore

Aim: To show that air contains dust particles.
Materials Required: A black sheet of paper, a magnifying glass.

Nature of Matter Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures Class 8 Question Answer Science Chapter 8.4

Procedure:

  • Take a black sheet of paper. Remember that it should be free from any visible dust particles.
  • Fix the black sheet of paper on an open window [Figure (a)], or in the near by garden, for a few hours.
  • Note down your observation.
  • You may use a magnifying glass to see the particles.

Observations: We observed that tiny particles settled on its surface.

Inference:

  • This shows that dust particles are suspended in the air.
  • Since they are not an integral part of the air therefore are considered as pollutants. The nature and the amount of dust particles in the air may vary from time to time and from place to place.

Activity 3.

Let us experiment (Demonstration activity)
Aim: To demonstrate that water is composed of two different constituents by passing electricity through it.
Materials Required: 9 V battery, a beaker or a glass tumbler, dilute sulphuric acid.

Procedure:

  • First of all we will take two small test tubes, a beaker or a glass tumbler, and a 9 V battery.
  • Now, fill about 2/3rd of the beaker with water and add a few drops of dilute sulfuric acid to it.
    Nature of Matter Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures Class 8 Question Answer Science Chapter 8.5
    Nature of Matter Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures Class 8 Question Answer Science Chapter 8.6
  • Fill both the small test tubes completely with water taken from the beaker [Figure (a)].
  • Now, keep a 9V battery inside the beaker [Figure (b)].
  • We should take precaution that water cannot be spilled out.
  • Now, carefully place the water-filled test tubes on each of the terminals of the battery [Fig (c)].
  • Now, we will wait for a few minutes.
  • Are you observing the formation of any gas bubbles at both the terminals inside the test tubes?
  • Now, you will continue it for 10-15 minutes.
  • Observe the volume of gas collected in each test tube [Figure (d)].
  • Is the volume of the gas collected the same in both the test tubes?
  • Remove these test tubes one-by-one carefully.
  • Test these gases one-by-one by bringing a burning candle close to the mouth of the test tubes.

Nature of Matter: Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures Class 8 Question Answer Science Chapter 8

Observations:

  • Bubbles at both the terminals inside the test tube are formed.
  • Volume of gas collected in each test tube in 2:1.
  • Electrolysis of water produces two different gases (not water vapor): one that makes a “pop” sound with a flame (hydrogen), the other that makes a flame glow brighter (oxygen).

Nature of Matter Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures Class 8 Question Answer Science Chapter 8.7

Inference:

  • Water breaks down (chemically) into hydrogen and oxygen, proving it is a compound made of two elements.
  • Water is composed of two different constituents-hydrogen and oxygen.

Nature of Matter Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures Class 8 Question Answer Science Chapter 8.8

Precaution:

  • This activity must be performed under the supervision of the teacher.
  • Be careful while handling sulfuric acid. Do not use a lithium-ion battery.
  • Perform gas testing with care. Maintain a safe distance from the set-up.

Activity 4.

Let us experiment

Aim: To show that sugar is a chemical compound and after heating it gives carbon (charcoal) and water.
Materials Required: A test tube, a test tube holder, a teaspoon of sugar.

Nature of Matter Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures Class 8 Question Answer Science Chapter 8.12

Procedure:

  • Take a teaspoon of sugar and put in a boiling tube.
  • Now, start heating gently see figure (a).
  • Note your observation.

Observations:

  • After heating the sugar, it turns into brown [see figure (b)]. After sometime, it begins to char, i.e., it turns blackish [see figure (c)].
  • We can observe a small droplets of water inside the boiling tube near its open end.

Inference:

  • Since we are heating the tube, the water must have come from the dry sugar and not from the air.
  • Charcoal (carbon) is left behind in the boiling tube. We can scoop it out in a watch glass [see figure (c)] and explore if it burns like coal.
  • Sugar decomposes on heating and gives carbon and water.
  • We may conclude that sugar is a chemical compound consisting of the elements carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

Precaution: This activity must be performed in the presence of a teacher.

Activity 5.

Let us experiment (Demonstration activity)
Aim: To differentiate between mixture and compound.

Materials Required: A tripod stand, wire gauze, iron filings, sulfur powder.

Nature of Matter Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures Class 8 Question Answer Science Chapter 8.13

Procedure:

  • In this experiment, we explore how iron and sulfur behave as a mixture before heating and form a compound after heating.
  • This highlights key differences between mixtures (where substances stay separate) and compounds (where they combine chemically into something new). Let’s break it down step by step, starting with the initial mixture.

Demonstration:
Before Heating: Forming Sample A (The Mixture)
To begin, mix iron filings and sulfur powder together to create Sample A. This is a classic example of a mixture, where two substances are simply combined without any chemical change.

Nature of Matter Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures Class 8 Question Answer Science Chapter 8.14

Observations:
Step 1 Appearance

  • You can clearly see both components as separate substances-dark grey (or greyish-black) iron filings and yellow sulfur powder-making it look non-uniform.

Step 2 Magnet test

  • When you bring a magnet near Sample A, it attracts only the iron filings, leaving the sulfur behind. This shows the components retain their individual properties.

Nature of Matter: Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures Class 8 Question Answer Science Chapter 8

Step 3 Acid test

  • Add dilute hydrochloric acid to Sample A. The iron reacts to produce hydrogen gas (which makes a pop sound when ignited); but the sulfur does not react and remains as a yellow solid.

Inference:

  • The above three tests confirm that in a mixture, substances can be separated easily and keep their original traits or properties.
  • The reaction can be represented as – Iron + Dilute Hydrochloric acid → Iron chloride + Hydrogen gas

After Heating: Forming Sample B (The Compound)

  • Take half of Sample ‘A’ in a China dish and heat it gently with continuous stirring. This causes a chemical reaction, resulting in a new black mass called iron sulfide (Sample ‘B’). The transformation shows how elements combine to form a compound with entirely new properties.
  • Let the content of the China dish cool.
  • Place this black mass in a mortar and grind it with the help of a pestle.
  • Observe the appearance, result of magnetic test and acid test.

Nature of Matter Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures Class 8 Question Answer Science Chapter 8.15

Observations:

  • Step 1 – Appearance
    The black mass looks uniform throughout. No separate iron or sulfur visible anywhere.
  • Step 2 – Magnet test
    Unlike Sample A, a magnet has no effect on Sample B. The iron is now chemically bounded and doesn’t lost their magnetic property.
  • Step 3 Acid test
    Add dilute hydrochloric acid to Sample B. It produces hydrogen sulfide gas, which has a distinct rotten egg smell-completely different from the odourless hydrogen.

Nature of Matter Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures Class 8 Question Answer Science Chapter 8.17

Inference:

  • The above three tests confirms that Sample B is a compound, the properties of its constituents do not retain.
  • At this point, iron and sulfur can no longer be separated by physical methods like magnets or simple filtering. A compound has formed, with fixed ratios and unique characteristics that differ from the original elements.
    The reaction can be represented as –

Nature of Matter Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures Class 8 Question Answer Science Chapter 8.18

Iron sulfide Dilute Hydrochloric acid → Iron chloride + Hydrogen sulfide
Nature of Matter Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures Class 8 Question Answer Science Chapter 8.9
Answer:
Nature of Matter Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures Class 8 Question Answer Science Chapter 8.10

Nature of Matter Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures Class 8 Question Answer Science Chapter 8.19

Precautions:

  • Be careful while handling hydrochloric acid.
  • Never smell anything directly.
  • This activity may be demonstrated under the supervision of the teacher. It may be performed in a fume hood or a well-ventilated area. Do not inhale the gases.

Nature of Matter: Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures Class 8 Extra Questions and Answers

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What are metals and non-metals?
Answer:
Metals are elements that are shiny, good conductors of heat and electricity. Whereas. non-metals are dull in appearance and poor conductors of heat and electricity.

Nature of Matter: Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures Class 8 Question Answer Science Chapter 8

Question 2.
What is the main difference between physical and chemical change ?
Answer:
When physical change happens, no new substance forms and it is reversible whereas in a chemical change, new substance is formed and it is irreversible.

Question 3.
What do you mean by metalloids ?
Answer:
Metalloids are elements that have properties of both metals and non-metals. They are known as semimetals. For example; Silicon, Germ.anium.

Question 4.
What do you mean by adulteration ?
Answer:
Adulteration is the illegal act of mixing lower-quality or harmful substances into foods or products that increase quantity or cut costs, but this reduces quality and can be dangerous to health.

Question 5.
How do metals form compounds ?
Answer:
Metals form compounds by donating electrons to non-metals during chemical reactions. This results in ionic bonding, creating substances like metal oxides and metal chlorides.

Question 6.
What is a mineral and how is it different from rock?
Answer:
A mineral is a naturally occurring, inorganic substance with a definite chemical composition and a crystalline structure. In contrast, a rock is a solid material made up of one or more minerals.

Question 7.
What are pure substances ?
Answer:
A pure substance is a type of matter that has a uniform and definite composition. It contains only one kind of particle, either a single element (like oxygen or gold) or a single compound (water or salt) and cannot be separated into other substances by physical means.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Discuss the importance and applications of elements, compounds and mixtures in our daily lives.
Answer:
Elements, compounds and mixtures are the basic building blocks of all matter. They play key roles in daily life and various industries.

Elements Importance: Elements are the simplest form of matter and cannot be further broken down, making them the foundation of all other substances.

Applications:

  • Metals like iron, copper and aluminium are used in construction, wiring and packaging due to their strength, conductivity and malleability.
  • Non-metals like oxygen are essential for respiration and combustion.
  • Silicon is vital for electronics and computer technology.
  • Gold and silver are valued for jewelry and in some electronic components.

Compounds
Importance: Compounds are formed by the chemical combination of elements, resulting in substances with unique properties necessary for life and various technological advancements.

Nature of Matter: Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures Class 8 Question Answer Science Chapter 8

Applications:

  • Water (H2O) is indispensable for life, used for drinking, cooking and industrial processes.
  • Table salt (NaCl) is a fundamental seasoning and food preservative.
  • Sugar (C12H22 O11) is a crucial energy source.
  • Many medicines and pharmaceuticals are pure compounds designed to interact with the body in specific ways.
    Carbon dioxide (CO2) is involved in respiration and photosynthesis.

Mixtures
Importance: Most of the matter encountered daily exists as mixtures. Understanding mixtures is essential for various applications.

Applications:

  • Air, a mixture of gases like Nitrogen and Oxygen, is vital for breathing and weather phenomena.
  • Alloys, like steel and bronze, are mixtures of metals that possess enhanced properties like strength or corrosion resistance, used in construction and various manufactured goods.
  • Food products like milk, juice and granola are mixtures, combining different components for taste, nutrition or texture.
  • Soil is a complex mixture of minerals, organic matter and living organisms, crucial for plant growth.
  • Many everyday products like paints, cleaning solutions and cosmetics are mixtures designed for specific purposes.

Question 2.
Why are compounds considered pure substances, while mixtures are not?
Answer:
Compounds are pure substances because they are made up of only one type of molecule and have a uniform and definite composition throughout. For example, every molecule of water (H2O) is identical, consisting of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom chemically bonded together. This fixed composition results in consistent physical and chemical properties, like a specific boiling point and density.

Mixtures are not pure substances because they consist of two or more substances that are physically blended, not chemically bonded. The components of a mixture retain their individual properties and can be present in varying proportions. For example, air is a mixture of Nitrogen, Oxygen and other gases and amount of each gas can vary.

Case-Study Based Questions

Question 1.
Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions that follow: A mixture contains more than one susbtance (element and/or compound) mixed in any proportion. Mixtures can be separated into pure substances using appropriate separation techniques. Pure substances can be elements or compounds.

An elements is a form of matter that cannot be broken down by chemical reactions into simpler substances. A compound is a substance composed of two or more different types of elements, chemically combined in a fixed proportion. Properties of a compound are different from its constituent elements where as a mixture shows the properties of its constituting elements or compounds.

(i) Which of the following are homogeneous in nature ?
A. Ice
B. Wood
C. Soil
D. Air
(a) A and C
(b) B and D
(c) A and D
(d) C and D
Answer:
(c) A and D

(ii) Two chemical species X and Y combine together to form a product P which contains both X and Y.
X+Y → P
X and Y cannot be broken down into simpler substances by simple chemical reactions. Which of the following concerning the species X, Y and P are correct?
A. P is a compound
B. X and Y are compounds
C. X and Y are elements
D. P has a fixed composition
(a) A, B and C
(b) A, B and D
(c) B, C and D
(d) A, C and D
Answer:
(d) A, C and D

Nature of Matter: Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures Class 8 Question Answer Science Chapter 8

(iii) Give two points of differences between an element and a compound.
Answer:

Element Compound
1. An element is made up of same kind of atoms. 1. A compound is obtained from different kinds of atoms.
2. An element cannot be split by physical or chemical methods. 2. A compound can be split into new substances by chemical methods.

(iv) Which of the following are not compounds?
(a) Chlorine gas
(b) Potassium chloride
(c) Iron
(d) Iron sulphide
(e) Aluminium
(f) Iodine
(g) Carbon
(h) Carbon monoxide
(i) Sulphur powder
Answer:
Chlorine gas, iron, aluminium, iodine, carbon, sulphur powder.

Picture Based Questions

I. Look at the pictures and answer the following questions :
(a) Identify the pictures (i) and (ii).
Nature of Matter Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures Class 8 Question Answer Science Chapter 8.11
Answer:
(i) Graphene aerogel
(ii) Dhokra art

(b) Write the use of figure (i).
Answer:
(i) It is used as an environment cleaner
(ii) It is useful in fabricating energy saving devices and special coating for buildings.

(c) In which states this craft is popular [see figure (ii)] ?
(a) Bihar
(b) Odisha
(c) both (a) and (b)
(d) None of these
Answer:
(c) both (a) and (b)

Nature of Matter: Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures Class 8 MCQ

Multiple Choice Questions (Mcqs)

Question 1.
What is a mixture?
(a) A substance formed by chemical reaction
(b) A single pure substance
(c) A combination of substances without chemical reaction
(d) A new element
Answer:
(c) A combination of substances without chemical reaction

Question 2.
What is a component in a mixture ?
(a) A new element
(b) An individual substance in the mixture
(c) A type of atom
(d) A compound
Answer:
(b) An individual substance in the mixture

Question 3.
Which of the following is a compound ?
(a) Brass
(b) Salt (NaCl)
(c) Air
(d) Lemonade
Answer:
(b) Salt (NaCl)

Question 4.
What is a pure substance ?
(a) Any liquid
(b) Substance with only one type of particle
(c) Mixture of water and sugar
(d) A combination of many substances
Answer:
(b) Substance with only one type of particle

Nature of Matter: Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures Class 8 Question Answer Science Chapter 8

Question 5.
Which of the following statements are true for pure substances?
(i) Pure substances contain only one kind of particles.
(ii) Pure substances may be compounds or mixtures.
(iii) Pure substances have the same composition throughout.
(iv) Pure substances can be exemplified by all elements other than nickel.
(a) (i) and (ii)
(b) (i) and (iii)
(c) (iii) and (iv)
(d) (ii) and (iii)
Answer:
(b) (i) and (iii)

Assertion and Reasoning

These questions consist of two statements, each printed as Assertion (A) and Reason (R). While answering these questions, you are required to choose any one of the following four responses.
(a) Assertion (A) and Reason (R) both are correct and reason is correct explanation for assertion.
(b) Assertion (A) and Reason (R) both are correct and reason is not correct explanation for assertion.
(c) Assertion (A) is correct but the Reason (R) is wrong.
(d) Assertion (A) is wrong but the Reason (R) is correct.

1. Assertion (A): Copper is called an element.
Reason (R): Copper cannot be broken down to simpler substances by chemical reactions.
Answer:
(a) Assertion (A) and Reason (R) both are correct and reason is correct explanation for assertion.

2. Assertion (A): Elements combine and react to form a compound.
Reason (R): The constituents of a compound can be separated easily by physical methods.
Answer:
(c) Assertion (A) is correct but the Reason (R) is wrong.

Fill in the blanks

1. The atoms of most of the elements cannot exist ………….
Answer:
independently

2. Two or more atoms combine and form a stable particle of that element called a ………….
Answer:
molecule

3. Baking powder is a mixture of baking soda and …………acid.
Answer:
tartaric

4. In ancient Indian Texts, Bronze is also known as ………….
Answer:
Kamsya

5. Bronze is an alloy made of copper and ………….
Answer:
tin

True or False

1. The properties of a mixture depend upon the properties of its components and no new substances is formed.
Answer:
True

2. The composition of a compound is always fixed.
Answer:
True

3. Brass is a compound of copper and zinc.
Answer:
False

4. Air is not a mixture.
Answer:
False

Nature of Matter: Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures Class 8 Question Answer Science Chapter 8

5. Lime water turns milky in the presence of carbon dioxide.
Answer:
True

We Distribute Yet Things Multiply Class 8 Solutions Maths Ganita Prakash Chapter 6

Students can refer to BSE Odisha Class 8 Math Solution and Ganita Prakash Chapter 6 We Distribute Yet Things Multiply Class 8 Question Answer to understand textbook questions step by step.

Class 8 Maths Chapter 6 We Distribute Yet Things Multiply Solutions

Ganita Prakash Class 8 Chapter 6 Solutions

Class 8 Maths Ganita Prakash Chapter 6 Solutions We Distribute Yet Things Multiply

IS THIS A MULTIPLF OF?
Figure it Out (Page 142 – 143) :

Question 1.
Observe the multiplication grid below. Each number inside the grid is formed by multiplying two numbers. If the middle number of a 3 x 3 frame is given by the expression pq, as shown in the figure, write the expressions for the other numbers in the grid.
We Distribute Yet Things Multiply Class 8 Solutions Maths Ganita Prakash Chapter 6 1
Answer:

3 × 5 3 × 6 3 × 7
4 × 5 4 × 6 4 × 7
5 × 5 5 × 6 5 × 7
(p – 1)(q – 1) (p – 1)q (p – 1) (q + 1)
P(q – 1) pq P(q + 1)
(p + 1) (q – 1) (p + 1)q (p + 1) (q + 1)

Question 2.
Expand the following products.
(i) (3 + u) (v – 3)
(ii) \(\frac{2}{3}\)(15 + 6a)
(iii) (10a + b) (10c + d)
(iv) (3 – x) (x – 6)
(v) (-5a + b) (c + d)
(vi) (5 + z) (y + 9)
Answer:
(i) (3 + u) (v – 3) = 3(v – 3) + u(v – 3)
= 3v – 9 + uv – 3u = 3v – 3u + uv – 9

(ii) \(\frac{2}{3}\) (15 + 6a) = \(\frac{2}{3}\) × 15 + \(\frac{2}{3}\) × 6a = 10 + 4a

(iii) (10a + b) (10c + d)
= 10a × 10c + 10a × d + b × 10c + b × d
= 100ac + 10ad + 10bc + bd

(iv) (3 – x) (x – 6) = 3(x – 6) – x(x – 6)
= 3x – x2 – 18 + 6x = – x2 + 9x – 18.

(v) (- 5a + b) (c + d)
= (- 5a + b)c + (- 5a + b)d
= – 5ac + bc – 5ad + bd
= – 5ac – 5ad + bc + bd.

(vi) (5 + z) (y + 9)
= (5 + z)y + (5 + z)9
= 5y + zy + 45 + 9z
= 5y + 9z + zy + 45.

We Distribute Yet Things Multiply Class 8 Solutions Maths Ganita Prakash Chapter 6

Question 3.
Find 3 examples where the product of two numbers remains unchanged when one of them is increased by 2 and the other is decreased by 4.
Answer:
Let the two numbers be x and y, then:
x × y = (x + 2) × (y – 4)
xy = (x + 2)y – (x + 2)4
xy = xy + 2y – (4x + 8)
xy = xy + 2y – 4x – 8
xy – xy = 2y – 4x – 8
0 = 2y – 4x – 8
4x + 8 = 2y
2(2x + 4) = 2y
y = 2x + 4.
Examples :
(i) x = 1, y = 6 → Product = 1 × 6 = 6
Check : (1 + 2) × (6 – 4) = 3 × 2 = 6.

(ii) x = 2, y = 8 → Product = 16
Check : (2 + 2) × (8 – 4) = 4 × 4 =16.

(iii) x = 5, y = 14 → Product = 5 × 14 = 70
Check : (5 + 2) × (14 – 4) = 7 × 10 = 70.
Therefore, (1, 6), (2, 8), and (5, 14) are three examples for the given situation.

Question 4.
Expand
(i) (a + ab – 3b2) (4 + b), and
(ii) (4y + 7)(y + 11z – 3).
Answer:
(i) (a + ab – 3b2) (4 + b)
= (a + ab – 3b2)4 + (a + ab – 3b2)b
= 4a + 4ab – 12b2 + ab + ab2 – 3b3
= – 3b3 – 12b2 + ab2 + 4ab + ab + 4a
= – 3b3 – 12b2 + ab2 + 5ab + 4a.

(ii) (4y + 7) (y + 11z – 3)
= (4y + 7)y + (4y + 7)11z – (4y + 7)3
= 4y2 + 7y + 44yz + 77z – (12y + 21)
= 4y2 + 7y + 44yz + 77z – 12y – 21
= 4y2 + 7y – 12y + 44yz + 77z – 21
= 4y2 – 5y + 44yz + 77z – 21.

Question 5.
Expand (i) (a – b) (a + b),
(ii) (a – b) (a2 + ab + b2) and
(iii) (a – b)(a3 + a2b + ab2 + b3), Do you see a pattern? What would be the next identity in the pattern that you see? Can you check it by expanding?
Answer:
(i) (a – b)(a + b) = (a – b)a + (a – b)b
= a2 – ab + ab – b2 = a2 – b2.

(ii) (a – b) (a2 + ab + b2)
= (a – b)a2 + (a – b)ab + (a – b)b2
= a3 – a2b + a2b – ab2 + ab2 – b3 = a3 – b3.

(iii) (a – b)(a3 + a2b + ab2 + b3)
= (a – b)a3 + (a – b)a2b + (a – b)ab2 + (a – b)b3
= a4 – a3b + a3b – a2b2 + a2b2 – ab3 + ab3 – b4
= a4 – b4.
The next identity would be : (a – b)(a4 + a3b + a2b2 + ab3 + b4) = a5 – b5.
By expanding we can check it as :
(a – b) (a4 + a3b + a2b2 + ab3 + b4)
= a(a4 + a3b + a2b2 + ab3 + b4) – b(a4 + a3b + a2b2 + ab3 + b4)
= a5 + a4b + a3b2 + a2b3 + ab4 – a4b – a3b2 – ab4 – b5 = a5 – b5

2. SPECIAL CASES OFTHE DISTRIBUTIVE PROPERTY
Figure it Out (Page 149) :

Question 1.
Which is greater: (a – b)2 or (b – a)2? Justify your answer.
Answer:
Here, (a – b)2 = a2 + b2 – 2ab ……….. (1)
and (b – a)2 = b2 + a2 – 2ba
b2 + a2 = a2 + b2 and ba = ab
(b – a)2 = a2 + b2 – 2ab ……… (2)
Comparing (1) and (2), we get
(a – b)2 = (b – a)2

Question 2.
Express 100 as the difference of two squares.
Answer:
a2 – b2 = 100
(a + b) (a – b) = 100
[100 = 1 × 100, 2 × 50, 4 × 25, 5 × 20, 10 × 10]
We can take anyone
Let us take 50 × 2 = 100
Hence, (a + b) (a – b)= 50 × 2
a + b = 50 ……… (1)
a – b = 2 …….. (2)
Adding (1) and (2)
2a = 52
⇒ a = 26
Substituting a = 26 in (1)
26 + b = 50
⇒ b = 50 – 26 = 24
Let us check 262 – 242 = 676 – 576 = 100
Hence 262 – 242 = 100

Question 3.
Find 4062, 722, 1452, 10972 and 1242 using the identities you have learnt so far.
Answer:
(i) 4062 = (400 + 6)2
= 4002 + 2 × 400 × 6 + 62
= 160000 + 4800 + 36 = 164836

(ii) 722 = (50 + 22)2
= 502 + 2 × 50 × 22 + 222
= 2500 + 2200 + 484 = 5184

(iii) 1452 = (150 – 5)2
= 1502 – 2 × 150 × 5 + 52
= 22500 – 1500 + 25
= 21025

(iv) 10972 = (1100 – 3)2
= 11002 – 2 × 1100 × 3 + 32
= 1210000 – 6600 + 9
= 1203409

(v) 1242 = (100 + 24)2
= 1002 + 2 × 100 × 24 + 242
= 10000 + 4800 + 576
= 15376

We Distribute Yet Things Multiply Class 8 Solutions Maths Ganita Prakash Chapter 6

Question 4.
Do Patterns 1 and 2 hold only for counting numbers? Do they hold for negative integers as well? What about fractions? Justify your answer.
Answer:
Pattern 1
2(a2 + b2) – (a + b)2 + (a – b)2
Case-I
Let a = 4, b = 2
LHS = 2(42 + 22)
= 2 × (16 + 4) = 40
RHS = (4 + 2)2 + (4 – 2)2
= 36 + 4 = 40
∴ Pattern 1 holds for counting numbers.

Case-II
Let a = -4, b = -2
LHS = 2((-4)2 + (-2)2)
= 2 × (16 + 4) = 2 × 20 = 40
RHS = (-4 + (-2))2 + (-4 – (-2))2
= (- 4 – 2)2 + (- 4 + 2)2
= (-6)2 + (-2)2 = 36 + 4 = 40
LHS = RHS
∴ Pattern 1 holds for negative integers also.

Case-III
We Distribute Yet Things Multiply Class 8 Solutions Maths Ganita Prakash Chapter 6 2
The pattern holds for fractions also.

Pattern 2
a2 – b2 = (a + b) (a – b)
Case – I
Let a = 5, b = 3
LHS = 52 – 32 = 25 – 9 = 16
RHS = (5 + 3) (5 – 3) = 8 × 2 = 16
∴ LHS = RHS
∴ Pattern 2 holds for counting numbers.

Case-II
Let a = -5, b = -3
Now, LHS = (-5)2 – (-3)2 = 25 – 9 = 16
and RHS = [(-5) + (-3)] [(-5) – (-3)]
= (- 5 – 3) (- 5 + 3)
= (-8)(-2) = 16
∴ LHS = RHS
∴ Pattern 2 holds for negative integers also.

Case-III
We Distribute Yet Things Multiply Class 8 Solutions Maths Ganita Prakash Chapter 6 3
and RHS = (\(\frac{1}{2}\) + \(\frac{1}{3}\)) (\(\frac{1}{2}\) – \(\frac{1}{3}\))
= (\(\frac{3 + 2}{6}\)) (\(\frac{3 – 2}{6}\))
= \(\frac{5}{6}\) \(\frac{1}{6}\) = \(\frac{5}{36}\)
∴ LHS = RHS
∴ Pattern 2 holds for fractions also.

3. THIS WAY OR THAT WAY, ALL WAYS LEAD TO THE BAY
Figure it Out (Page 154 – 156) :

Question 1.
Compute these products using the suggested identity.
(i) 462 using Identity 1A for (a + b)2
(ii) 397 × 403 using Identity 1C for (a + b) (a – b)
(iii) 912 using Identity 1B for (a – b)2
(iv) 43 × 45 using Identity 1C for (a + b) (a – b)
Answer:
(i) 462 = (40 + 6)2 = 402 + 2 × 40 × 6 + 62
[∵ (a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2]
= 1600 + 480 + 36 = 2116

(ii) 397 × 403 = (400 – 3) (400 + 3)
[∵ (a + b) × (a – b) = a2 – b2] = 4002 – 32 = 160000 – 9 = 159991

(iii) 912 = (100 – 9)2 = 1002 – 2 × 100 × 9 + 92
[∵ (a – b)2 = a2 + b2 – 2ab] = 10000 – 1800 + 81 = 8281

(iv) 43 × 45 = (44 – 1) (44 + 1)
[∵ a2 – b2 = (a + b) × (a – b)]
= 442 – 12 = 1936 – 1 = 1935

Question 2.
Use either a suitable identity or the distributive property to find each of the following products.
(i) (p – 1) (p + 11)
(ii) (3a – 9b) (3a + 9b)
(iii) -(2y + 5) (3y + 4)
(iv) (6x + 5y)2
(v) (2x – \(\frac{1}{2}\))2
(vi) (7p) × (3r) × (p + 2)
Answer:
(i) (p – 1) (p + 11) = p(p + 11) – 1(p + 11)
= p2 + 11p – p – 11 = p2 + 10p – 11

(ii) (3a – 9b) (3a + 9b) = (3a)2 – (9b)2 = 9a2 – 81b2

(iii) – (2y + 5)(3y + 4) = (- 2y – 5) (3y + 4)
= – 2y(3y + 4) – 5(3y + 4)
= – 6y2 – 8y – 15y – 20 = – 6y2 – 23y – 20

(iv) (6x + 5y)2 = (6x)2 + 2(6x) (5y) + (5y)2
= 36x2 + 60xy + 25y2

(v) (2x – \(\frac{1}{2}\))2 = (2x)2 – 2 × 2x × \(\frac{1}{2}\) + (\(\frac{1}{2}\))2
= 4x2 – 2x + \(\frac{1}{4}\)

(vi) (7p) × (3r) × (p + 2) = 7p × 3r × (p + 2)
= 21pr(p + 2) = 21pr × p + 21pr × 2
= 21p2r + 42pr

Question 3.
For each statement identify the appropriate algebraic expression(s).
(i) Two more than a square number.
2 + s (s + 2)2 s2 + 2 s2 + 4 2s2 22s

(ii) The sum of the squares of two consecutive numbers
m2 + n2 (m + n)2
m2 + 1 m2 + (m + 1)2
m2 + (m – 1)2
(m + (m + 1))2 (2m)2 + (2m + 1)2
Answer:
(i) For “Two more than a square number”: The correct expression is s2 + 2.

(ii) For “The sum of the squares of two consecutive numbers”: The correct expression is m2 + (m + 1)2.

Question 4.
Consider any 2 by 2 square of numbers in a calendar, as shown in the figure.
We Distribute Yet Things Multiply Class 8 Solutions Maths Ganita Prakash Chapter 6 4
Find products of numbers lying along each diagonal – 4 × 12 = 48, 5 × 11 = 55. Do this for the other 2 by 2 squares. What do you observe about the diagonal products? Explain why this happens.
Hint: Label the numbers in each 2 by 2 square as

a (a + 1)
a + 7 (a + 8)

Answer:
Case – I

6 7
13 14

Here, 6 × 14 = 84
13 × 7 = 91
Difference = 91 – 84 = 7

Case – II

9 10
16 17

Here, 9 × 17 = 153
16 × 10= 160
Difference = 160 – 153 = 7

We observe that the difference of the diagonal products in both cases is always 7.

Question 5.
Verify which of the following statements are true.
(i) (k + 1) (k + 2) – (k + 3) is always 2.

(ii) (2q + 1) (2q – 3) is a multiple of 4.

(iii) Squares of even numbers are multiples of 4, and squares of odd numbers are 1 more than multiples of 8.

(iv) (6n + 2)2 – (4n + 3)2 is 5 less than a square number.
Answer:
(i) (k + 1)(k + 2) – (k + 3) is a multiple of 2
Let k = 5, Then (5 + 1) (5 + 2) – (5 + 3)
= 6 × 7 – 8 = 42- 8 = 34
34 is a multiple of 2.
∴ The statement is true.

(ii) (2q + 1) (2q – 3) is a multiple of 4.
Let q = 3, Then (6 + 1) (6 – 3)
= 7 × 3 = 21
21 is not a multiple of 4
∴ The statement is false.

(iii) The square of an even number is a multiple of 4.
22 – 4 = 4 × 1
42 = 16 = 4 × 4
62 = 36 = 4 × 9
∴ The statement is true.
The square of an odd number is 1 more than a multiple of 8.
32 = 9 = 8 × 1 + 1
52 = 25 = 8 × 3 + 1
72 = 49 = 8 × 6 + 1
∴ The statement is true.

(iv) (6n + 2)2 – (4n + 3)2 is 5 less than a square number.
Let n = 2, (6 × 2 + 2)2 – (4 × 2 + 3)2
= 142 – 112 = 196 – 121 = 75 = 80 – 5
But 80 is not a square number.
∴ The statement is false.

We Distribute Yet Things Multiply Class 8 Solutions Maths Ganita Prakash Chapter 6

Question 6.
A number leaves a remainder of 3 when divided by 7, and another number leaves a remainder of 5 when divided by 7. What is the remainder when their sum, difference, and product are divided by 7?
Answer:
Let the numbers be x and y.
x = 7a + 3, y = 7b + 5
Sum = x + y
= 7a + 3 + 7b + 5 = 7(a + b) + 8
= 7(a + b) + 7 + 1 = 7(a + b + 1) + 1
∴ The remainder on division by 7 is 1.
Difference = x – y
= (7a + 3) – (7b + 5)
= 7a + 3 – 7b – 5 = 7(a – b) – 2
= 7(a – b) – 1 + 5 (∵ -2 = – 7 + 5)
= 7(a – b – 1) + 5
∴ The remainder on division by 7 is 5.
Product = xy
= (7a + 3) (7b + 5)
= 49ab + 35a + 21b + 15
= (49ab + 35a + 21b + 14) + 1
= 7(7ab + 5a + 3b + 2) + 1
∴ The remainder on division by 7 is 1.

Question 7.
Choose three consecutive numbers, square the middle one, and subtract the product of the other two. Repeat the same with other sets of numbers. What pattern do you notice? How do we write this as an algebraic equation? Expand both sides of the equation to check that it is a true identity.
Answer:
Let us take the numbers 7, 8, 9
Now, 82 – 7 × 9 = 64 – 63 = 1
Let us take the numbers 10, 11, 12
Then 112 – 10 × 12 = 121 – 120 = 1
Generalizing:
Let the numbers be a – 1, a, a + 1
Then a2 – (a + 1) (a – 1) = 1
LHS = a2 – (a + 1)(a – 1)
= a2 – (a2 – 1)
= a2 – a2 + 1 = 1
LHS = RHS
∴ Hence, the identity is correct.

Question 8.
What is the algebraic expression describing the following steps – add any two numbers. Multiply this by half of the sum of the two numbers? Prove that this result will be half of the square of the sum of the two numbers.
Answer:
Let the two numbers be a and b.
Step 1: a + b
Step 2: (a + b) × \(\frac{1}{2}\) (a + b)
∴ (a + b) × \(\frac{1}{2}\) (a + b) = \(\frac{1}{2}\) (a + b)2

Question 9.
Which is larger? Find out without fully computing the product.
(i) 14 × 26 or 16 × 24
(ii) 25 × 75 or 26 × 74
Answer:
(i) Let p = 14 × 26
p’ = 16 × 24
= (14 + 2) (26 – 2)
= 14 × 26 + 2 × 26 – 14 × 2 – 2 × 2
= 14 × 26 + 2(26 – 14 – 2)
= 14 × 26 + 2 × 10
p’ = p + 2 × 10
∴ p’ > p or 16 × 24 > 14 × 26

(ii) Let p = 25 × 75
p’= 26 × 74
=(25 + 1) (75 – 1)
=25 × 75 + 75 × 1 – 25 × 1 – 1 × 1
= p + (75 – 25 – 1) = p + 49
∴ p’ > p or 26 × 74 > 25 × 75

Question 10.
A tiny park is coming up in Dhauli. The plan is shown in the figure. The two square plots, each of area g2 sq. ft., will have a green cover. All the remaining area is a walking path w ft. wide that needs to be tiled. Write an expression for the area that needs to be tiled.
We Distribute Yet Things Multiply Class 8 Solutions Maths Ganita Prakash Chapter 6 5
Answer:
Length = w + g + 2w + g + w = 4w + 2g
Breadth = w + g + w = 2w + g
Area of park = (4w + 2g) (2w + g)
= 8w2 + 4wg + 4wg + 2g2
= 8w2 + 8wg + 2g2
Area of path = Area of park – Area of green cover
= 8w2 + 8wg + 2g2 – 2g2
= 8w2 + 8wg
∴ (8w2 + 8wg) sq. feet area needs to be tiled.

Question 11.
For each pattern shown below,
(i) Draw the next figure in the sequence.
(ii) How many basic units are there in Step 10?
(iii) Write an expression to describe the number of basic units in Step y.
We Distribute Yet Things Multiply Class 8 Solutions Maths Ganita Prakash Chapter 6 6
Answer:
We Distribute Yet Things Multiply Class 8 Solutions Maths Ganita Prakash Chapter 6 7
Step 1: 2 vertical strips of 3 units each + 1 vertical strip of 3 units
= 3 strips of 3 units each
= 9 units squares = (1 + 2)2 unit squares

Step 2: 4 strips of 4 units each
= 16 units squares = (2 + 2)2 unit squares

Step 3: 5 strips of 5 units each
= 25 units squares = (3 + 2)2 unit squares
We Distribute Yet Things Multiply Class 8 Solutions Maths Ganita Prakash Chapter 6 8

Step 4: (i) 6 strips of 6 units each = 2 are vertical and 4 are horizontal
(ii) Number of unit squares in step 10
= (10 + 2)2 = 144

(iii) Number of unit squares in step y = (y + 2)2
(b) (i) We Distribute Yet Things Multiply Class 8 Solutions Maths Ganita Prakash Chapter 6 9
Number of unit squares in step 1 = 5 = 22 + 1
Number of unit squares in step 2 = 11 = 32 + 2
Number of unit squares in step 3 = 19 = 42 + 3
We Distribute Yet Things Multiply Class 8 Solutions Maths Ganita Prakash Chapter 6 10
(ii) Step 1 has (1 + 1)2 + 1 or 5 squares
Step 2 has (2 + 1 )2 + 2 or 11 squares
Step 3 has (3 + 1)2 + 3 or 19 squares
Hence step 10 has (10 + 1)2 + 10 or 131 squares

(iii) Step y has [(y + 1)2 + y] squares

We Distribute Yet Things Multiply Class 8 Solutions Maths Ganita Prakash Chapter 6

We Distribute Yet Things Multiply Class 8 Extra Questions

Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
The product of 28 and 17 increase by which number if the value of 28 is increased by 1?
(a) 17
(b) 28
(c) 45
(d) 11
Solution:
Here, (28 + 1) × 17 = (28 × 17) + 17, which is 17 more than the product 28 × 17.
(a) 17

Question 2.
The product of 28 × 17 increases by what value if 17 is increased by 1?
(a) 17
(b) 28
(c) 45
(d) 11
Solution:
Here, 28 × (17 + 1) = 28 × 17 + 28, which is 28 more than the product 28 × 17.
(b) 28

Question 3.
The product 12 × 15 will increase by what value if both the numbers are increased by 1?
(a) 12
(b) 15
(c) 27
(d) 28
Solution:
Here, (12 + 1) (15 + 1)
= (12 × 15) + 12 × 1 + 1 × 15 + 1 × 1
= (12 × 15) + 12 + 15 + 1
= (12 × 15) + 28
(d) 28

Question 4.
Let a, b, and c be three numbers.
a × (b + c) = a × b + a × c
The propery by which the above happens is :
(a) Commutative
(b) Associative
(c) Distributive
(d) Closure
Solution:
a × (b + c) = a × b + a × c is by distributive property.
(c) Distributive

Question 5.
Expanded form of a (b + c – 1) is :
(a) ab + bc – 1
(b) ab + ab – 1
(c) ab + bc – a
(d) ab + ac – a
Solution:
Here, a (b + c – 1) = ab + ac – a
Answer:
(d) ab + ac – a

Assertion and Reasoning

(a) Assertion (A) and Reason (R) both are true and Reason (R) is the correct explanation for the Assertion (A).
(b) Assertion (A) and Reason (R) both are true but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation for the Assertion (A).
(c) Assertion (A) is true but Reason (R) is false.
(d) Assertion (A) is false but Reason (R) is true.

Question 1.
Assertion (A) : (a + 4) (b + 4) = ab + 4
Reason (R) : (x + y) + (u) = x + y + u
Solution:
∵ (a + 4) (b + 4) = ab + 4a + 4b + 16, So,
Assertion (A) is false.
Answer:
(d) Assertion (A) is false but Reason (R) is true.

Question 2.
Assertion (A) : A number divisible by 4 and another number divisible by 3, have sum which is always divisible by 12.
Reason (R) : A number divisible by 12 can be algebraically represented by ‘12k’, where ‘k’ is an integer.
Solution:
Let the number represented by 4 be represented by 4 m and the number represented by 3 be represented by 3n, where m and n be integers.
Now, 4m + 3n may not be divisible by 12 for all values of m and n.
Answer:
(d) Assertion (A) is false but Reason (R) is true.

We Distribute Yet Things Multiply Class 8 Solutions Maths Ganita Prakash Chapter 6

Case Based Questions

Question 1.
Consider any 2 × 2 square numbers (grid) in a calender, as shown in the figure.
We Distribute Yet Things Multiply Class 8 Solutions Maths Ganita Prakash Chapter 6 11
Answer the following questions based on the above assumptions:
(i) Write the numbers in the highlighted box as they appear.
(ii) Find the products of numbers lying along each diagonal. Find their difference.
(iii) Take any other 2 × 2 square of numbers and write it as the numbers appear- in it.
(iv) Find the product of numbers lying along each diagonal. Find their difference. Are the difference obtained in (ii) and now same?
Answer:
(i)

6 7
13 14

(ii) 6 × 14 = 84, 13 × 7 = 91
Difference = 91 – 84 = 7

(iii) Let us consider

2 3
9 10

(iv) 2 × 10 = 20, 9 × 3 = 27
Difference = 27 – 20 = 7