Class 11

Odisha State Board CHSE Odisha Class 11 Political Science Solutions Unit 2 Basic Concept Long Answer Questions Part 2.

CHSE Odisha 11th Class Political Science Unit 2 Basic Concept Long Answer Questions Part-2

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Give a detail discussion of the various political rights guaranteed to individuals.
Answer:
Political right is one of the important rights of citizen without which human beings cannot manage to lead a civil life. Political rights are essential for the management of government. Various political rights of the citizens are discussed below.

Right to vote:
In a democratic government, normally free option is provided to share in the selection of the political party in whose hand the power of administration would be vested. It implies that every adult citizen should be provided the right of casting vote at the time of election which is restricted for aliens or the culprits. In modem days, democracy, right to vote is the only important way for the working of democracy. The right to vote of citizens provides the means and ways to be an active participant of the citizens.

Right to be Elected:
Right to be elected is the next important stage of popular participation in politics. The right to be elected refers that the law should not forbid any citizen from holding any public office, of course, there might be some sort of legal provisions for holding such public office on the basis of popular election. .

Right to Criticise the Government :
The dialogue was the basis of the ancient democracy existing in Greek city-states Accordingly, the present nation says that every policy and formulation of government should be subject to public scrutiny and criticism. Without right of criticizing the government, there must be an authoritarian trend in politics.

Right to Public Officers :
No citizen should be prohibited from holding public offices on the ground of religion, caste or color. Democracy believes that every human should be provided equal opportunities, None should be neglected on the discriminatory ground which would destroy the very principles of humanity and moral order.

Right to Petition :
Democratic legislature constituted on the basis of popular will is the best illustration of the forum for the ventilation of public grievances. So in a democracy, it has been provided constitutionally that every individual has free option to send a petition individually or collectively to the competent authority.

Right to Residence :
The Individual also enjoys the political right or the right to a residence which in other words would be termed as a permanent member of the state. This permanent membership or residence of an individual is exclusively reserved for citizens and is restricted for aliens who do not enjoy any political rights.

Right to Protection while Staying Abroad:
A citizen can seek the protection of his own life from the home state while staying abroad. Here the case of the repatriation of Indians. The Gulf countries during the tenure of V.P. Singh is a glaring example of the political staying abroad.

Right to Public Meeting:
Every citizen also possesses the right to public meetings and to form associations. A citizen should have a free option to express his opinion freely either may be through public meetings or by forming an association. Normally, the above-mentioned political rights are used to the best possible extent in a democratic setup of government. But in authoritarian states, those political rights are being misused and confused with duties and the collective interest of the society.

Question 2.
Define Human Rights and discuss the various kinds of human rights.
Answer:
Human rights are today considered to be a symbol of a civilized community. These are natural rights, inherent in every individual. These rights are essential for human welfare and prosperity. These rights help man to meet his basic needs of life and to lead a dignified life. They enhance the status of individuals in society and provide him with safeguards that are necessary for the protection of individuals against the arbitrary authority of state.
Every individual, irrespective of social discrimination, enjoys this right. It is a moral right that belongs to individuals, not to any country. Therefore, after the establishment of the UN, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights was adopted and it requested all the nations to secure the guarantee of these rights.
Characteristics :

• These rights are universal in character and valuable for all nations, communities and cultural groups.
• The individual is the centre of human rights.
• Human rights are safer in a democracy
• These are related to development and welfare.

Kinds of Human Rights :
The human rights mentioned in the Universal Declaration can be classified into, civil political, economic and cultural human rights.

Civil Human Rights: Civil human rights include

• the rights to life, liberty and personal security.
• the rights to freedom from slavery and servitude.
• the right to freedom from torture and cruel; inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment.
• the right to equality before law.
• the rights to an effective judicial remedy.
• the right to a fair trial and public hearing by an independent and impartial tribunal.
• the rights to be treated as innocent until proven guilty.
• the right to freedom from arbitrary interference with one’s privacy, family, home 6r correspondence.
• the rights to free movement, and
• the right to property and family etc.

Political Human Rights: These political rights are available only in a democracy. These rights are

• the right to asylum and nationality.
• the right to freedom of speech and expression
• the right to form associations and peaceful assembly
• the right to take part in Govt, and
• the rights to vote and equal access to public service etc.

Economic Hump Rights: Economic human rights include

• the rights to work and reasonable payment.
• the right to rest and leisure,
• the right to a standard of living adequate for health and well-being and
• the right to social security etc.

Cultural Human Rights: Cultural human rights help an individual to preserve and conserve his culture amidst cultural diversities. These rights include.

• the rights to education and cultural protection,
• the rights to participate in the cultural life of the community.
• the right to enjoy the arts and share in scientific advancement and its benefits.
• the right to protection of moral and material interests resulting from scientific literacy or artistic production and
• the right to a social and inter-nation order in which these freedoms can be enjoyed. All these rights are to be enjoyed in conformity with the principles and purposes of the United Nations.

Question 3.
Describe the modes of violation and redressal of human rights.
Or, How human rights are violated? Suggest remedies.
Answer:
There is no one to enforce or safeguard these rights which are useful not only for individuals but also for society as a whole. Human rights are natural in origin, but it was only after the establishment of the United Nations that efforts are made to protect and safeguard them against violation.

Modes of Violation :
Violations of human rights are frequent in various parts of the world. No society or state can claim to be free from such a violation. The various modes of violation of human rights can be discussed below.

• When one nation attacks another or invades another nation and forcefully occupies the territory of the other human rights are violated. The recent military action of the USA on Iraq is a bright example of human rights violation.
• It can be violated by terrorism, aggressive nationalism and regionalism when people of one region or country try to disrupt normal life and peace in another. Pakistan supported terrorism in Kashmir, Al-Quai-da’s activities in Europe and USA, etc. are examples of human rights violations.
• Establishment of military rule.
• Colonial and imperial domination over backward people
• Racial determinations practiced in South Africa
• Conflicts between religious groups, racial groups and communal factions, tribal conflict and ethnic violence, etc. also lead to violation of human rights.
• Slavery arid forced labor, inhuman treatment to women and backward classes
• Child labor
• Ill-treatment of prisoners of war and criminals in jail.
• War, military expeditions, and use of atomic and chemic weapons, and
•  Social evils, customs, and orthodoxy also lead to human rights violations.

Remedial Measures:
These are two different modes of remedies for the violation of human rights.

Punitive Remedy:
Those violating human rights must be punished severely and this fear of punishment will act as a safeguard to human rights.

Preventive Remedy :

• A worldwide awareness program may be launched to generate consciousness among ordinary people about human rights, their value and the dangers of violation. The mass media, educational institutions and non Government organizations may be engaged in this type of activity.
• There is a need of a law to make it obligatory on the part of individuals and institutions not to violate human rights.
• The woman, children and backward classes must be given moral strength and encouragement to face the situation.
• The Govt, officials responsible for such violations may be severely punished and the Govt must be accountable for such acts.
• The human rights commission set up at different levels must work sincerely in that direction. These are Useful arid valuable both for individuals and society so they must be protected with care.

Question 4.
Define citizens and discuss the methods of Acquisition of citizenship.
Answer:
Citizens are the residents of democracy. They are permanent residents of a state and they discharge their responsibilities properly. They enjoy all rights and privileges granted by the state and discharge obligations towards the state and other associations.
‘Citizenships’ refers to the qualities of citizens in a democratic society. A citizen is a person who resides in a state owes allegiance to the state and is protected by the state. He discharges his duties to the state and society and always gives priority to common internals over personal ones. All civil, political, and economic rights are available to a citizen.

Acquisition of Citizenship:
Citizenship can be acquired in two ways

1. Natural Process and
2. Naturalization

Natural process:
In the natural process, citizenship is acquired by birth. It is governed by two principles. Jus Soli and Jus Sanguinis.

Jus Soli (Rule of Place of Birth):
According to this principle, citizenship can be acquired as per one’s place of birth. That means a child born in a state becomes a citizen of that state, if he or she is born in a foreign country he or she will become a citizen of that country irrespective of his or her parental citizenship. This principle is followed in Japan and Argentina.

Jus Sanguinis (Rule of Blood Relationship):
As per this principle, the citizenship of a child is determined on the basis of the citizenship of his parents irrespective of the place of birth. France, Italy, Germany and India follow this principle.

Naturalization:
Naturalization means a formal process of bestowing citizenship on noncitizens. In this process, one has to apply to the Head of State on certain specific grounds and with the approval of the government, he or she can be conferred with citizenship. This process differs from state to state. In naturalization, there are certain conditions and an alien applying for citizenship must satisfy at least one such condition or else he will not be granted with citizenship. These conditions are as follows.

According to Plato “Justice consists in allocating to each individual functions for which he is best fitted in accordance with his natural fitness and training”. Aristotle interpreted justice in the sense of fairness and equality. According to Benn and Peters, “Justice is to treat all men alike except where there are relevant differences between them. Charles Merriam defines justice as, “Consisting of a system of understanding and procedures through which each is accorded what is agreed upon as fair. Barker treats justice as the synthesis of Political values.”

Thus, justice can be explained from a broad and narrow point of view, Broadly, speaking justice is eternal and absolute which is infallible and unchangeable. It is determined according to social needs and circumstances. But from a narrow point of view justice is associated with the legal system and legal process in society. It is concerned with the protection and maintenance of the rights and obligations of individuals by an independent and impartial juridical system.

Types of justice: Justice can be classified into legal, social, economic and political, etc.
Legal justice :
Legal justice means lawyers’ conception of justice. It is associated with the legal system and the judicial process. This type of justice can be realized through the instrumentality of laws. Justice of this nature demands that, the laws of the state should be reasonably fair and proper and every individual should get justice according to the rule of law as opposed to the arbitrary will of men, legal justice stressed upon independent and impartial judiciary and equality before law. Legal justice demands that the laws, the judges and the judiciary must be free from corruption and outside pressures.

Social Justice :
Social justice implies the absence of discrimination among individuals on artificial grounds social justice is related to the general welfare of the community and the state should take steps to promote the interests of the weaker sections of society. Social justice is a balance between individual rights and social control ensuring the fulfillment of the legitimate expectations of the individual under the existing laws and assuring benefits consistent with the unity of the nation and the needs of the society. Again social justice implies that, in case of conflict between social and individual interests, the common interest must prevail. Allen criticized social justice as vague and confusing. Sometimes, it implies the distribution of wealth and equality of opportunity.

Political justice :
Political justice implies that, the people should be given a chance of fair and free participation in the political life of the country. By the provision of universal adult franchise, people are able to participate in the election of their representatives. Grant of equal Political rights and opportunities to influence the policies of the government is a condition of Political justice.

Political Justice further demands that :

• Elections must be free, fair, and regular
• There must be a rule of law as opposed to the rule of men.
• Freedom of speech, expression, assembly, petition, and criticism must be given to all.
• The judiciary must be independent and deliver impartial justice guaranteeing individual rights.
• The press must be free to organize public opinion.
• And the state of Govt must be free from the external pressures of foreign countries.

Economic justice :
Economic justice is the foundation of all other kinds of justice. It seeks to eliminate economic exploitation of the rich to tire poor by providing the basic minimum needs of every individual in society. National every one is treated equally the economy should be so shaped that the benefits are shared by the maximum number of people. Lask defining economic justice has said, no ma I can be entitled to a house of twenty-one rooms until all people are adequately housed. One man even in that environment is not entitled, to a house of twenty rooms because his father is an advocate or an industrial. Economic justice aims at the reduction of the gap between rich and poor and the principle of equal pay for equal work must prevail.
Economic justice further demands that :

• Every citizen shall get a right to adequate means of livelihood.
• Distribution of ownership and control of wealth to achieve the common good.
• The state shall take steps toward social security.
• The state must take care to promote the socio-economic and educational interests of the weaker sections.
• And equality in matters of employment, etc.
• Thus justice can prevail in a society where there is social, economic, political, and legal justice.

Question 5.
Write an essay on Social Justice.
Answer:
The concept of social justice is an essential element of the welfare state. The term is used to denote the organization of society on the basis of ideas of equality and fairness. Social justice seeks to erect a social order in which Social justice is closely related to social equality. It believes in the elimination of inequality and privileges based on birth, wealth, status, religion, sex or color. According to G.D. H. cole, social justice is a way of life ensuring equality in status and opportunities in all aspects of the social life of individuals.
Social justice is related to social equality and social rights. In a liberal democracy, social justice seeks to remove exploitation, oppression, and discrimination.

Nature:

• Social justice reduces inequality and removes special privileges by positive state action.
• It creates a just and fair social order.
• It gives special protection to the weaker sections and backward classes like, scheduled castes and scheduled tribes women and children.
• It makes a balance between individual rights and social control.
• Social justice enjoins upon the state to undertake far-reaching welfare measures to improve a lot of the lower classes.

A welfare state in order to maintain social justice introduces social security measures providing unemployment & sickness allowance- old age pensions, maternity benefits, and accident insurance etc. It allowances equitable distribution of goods and commodities and equal opportunity is given for all aspects of life irrespective of social classes or distinctions.

Social justice in India:
The Indian constitution has introduced a series of measures to ensure social justice.

• The Fundamental Rights and the Directives seek to ensure social justice.
• The Constitution has abolished discrimination on grounds of religion caste, sex or place of birth.
• Untouchability is abolished under Art 14.
• Art 23 prohibits forced labor. The exploitation of backward classes illegal use of women and child labor.
• The interests of minorities are protected under Art. 29.
•  Art. 42 directs the state to provide just and humane conditions of work and . maternity relief. The Govt takes special care for the education and economic interests of the children of the backward classes, and to save them from exploitation and justice.
• The Govt provides for the reservation of seats for S.C. and S.T. in order to promote social justice.
• The Govt has introduced economic planning and given the backward classes social status economic security, and a share in political power.

Question 6.
Define secularism and discuss the western and Indian approaches to secularism
Or, Distinguish between western and Indian aspects of secularism.
Answer:
The term secularism was used for the first time in 185.1 by Holyoke in its Latin
form speculum, this means that the activities of the state must be free from the influence of religion. In the ordinary sense, secularism implies equal treatment to religion and being tolerant towards any religion. As far as the interpretation of the term is concerned the word secularism is interpreted in the west in a different way from that of India. The difference in this approach may be explained below.

Secularism in India:
Indian secularism contains the following features:

• Secularism in India is commonly used to mean equal treatment to religions.
• It believes in the coexistence Of all religions and tolerance towards all religious faith.
• In India the” majority religious communities exercise their superiority over minority communities.
• It does not give scope for religious discrimination, or inequality of exploitation. The exploitation of women & backward classes is strongly resented by secular forces.
• Secularism allows everybody to accept any religion of his own choice and to reject it at will. Every religious community is given full freedom to practice and propagate its religious values and ideas, and to perform religious rights and ceremonies.
• The state has no religion of its own, but it can initiate religious reforms for the abolition of child marriage or untouchability.
• The state never tolerates religious atrocities. Every religious community shall have the liberty in India to preserve its culture by establishing its own educational institution. But, the state is nor completely from religious pulls and pressures.

Western Secularism:
The basic features of western secularism may be discussed below:

• In the western world, there is no state religion nor the state patronize any religion.
• The state remains completely free from religious influence. It neither interferes in the freedom of religion of the people nor allows religious principles to guide state activities.
• No state policy or program violates the religious freedom of the people.
• The state does not provide any grant to any religious institution nor does it obstruct the activities of any religious institutions.
• Religion is considered purely a private affair. No religious community enjoys special status in the west. The state does not tolerate religious exploitation or oppression. However, the basic difference between the two approaches is that while in the western state and religion remain completely detached in our country it is only in pen and paper. In India, there are enough examples of appeasement to religious communities by the government for securing political support. Further, in our country, secularism is used mostly as a vote-catching slogan but that never happens in the west.

Question 7.
Define development and discuss the various models of development.
Or, Write an essay on the models of development.
Answer:
Development is a continuous process of growth. It is a progression from a simpler to a more advanced or complex form of society. It includes all aspects of human growth like, including physical, mental, intellectual, social, and economic development.

Origin :
The process of development started in the post world war era. It was first of set in Europe and western countries and the process thereafter followed in other parts of the world. Depending on the process of development the western states were called developed nations and the states of Asia and Africa developed.

Models of development :
There are three models 6f development, such as

• Capitalist model
• Socialist model and
• A sustainable model of development

Capitalist model of development:
This model of development is working today in the USA, UK, Australia, Canada, and other European countries. It is otherwise known as individual-centric or market-based development.

• In this model economic development is considered to be a condition for political development.
• The capitalist model pleads for the round development of individuals.
• Rapid industrialization, technological development, modernization, employment generation, etc. are the ingredients of the capitalist model of development.
• It further believes in the Liberalisation of the social, political, and economic systems.
• The capitalist model further relies on free market economy and economic competition for growth.

Criticism:
This capitalist model widens the gap between rich and poor countries and here the underdeveloped states are the worst sufferers.

Socialist model of development:
The Socialist model is also known as the Marxist model of development. It is just the opposite of the capitalist model. It is now found in China. Bulgaria, Poland, Romania, Cuba and North Korea.

• It believes in a state-controlled economy, production and means of distribution.
• This model emphasizes on socioeconomic rights Of individuals, equality and social justice.
• It looks after the well-being of the poor working class and depressed classes.
• The state here, exercises control over industry, health, education, communication and transport and distribution system.
• The state can sacrifice the interests of an individual or a group for the greater interests of society. This model was popular from 1920 to1980 but with the downfall of the Soviet Union, this model is losing ground.

Sustainable model of development:
In view of the rapid growth of population, industrialization, urbanization and modern lifestyle energy and natural resources are depleting first. Unplanned social and economic development has led to increasing in environmental pollution. Therefore, a new model of sustainable development has been introduced in place of the capitalist and socialist models.

• The sustainable model believes in socio-economic development with due concern for environmental safety.
•  It insists on the limited use of natural resources like water, air, soil and mineral resources and fossil fuels. Resources must be used with utmost care so that the future generation will not be deprived of those resources.
• It focuses on ensuring a healthy and enduring balance between human needs natural resources and the economic system.
• The development shall meet the needs of the present without keeping the future generation of risk.
• There must be plans to ensure population control. Poverty alleviation, socio-economic justice protection of the environment, biodiversity, and conservation of natural resources.
• This model emphasizes more on creating awareness among people for a secured future life with due importance toward environmental safety.

Odisha State Board CHSE Odisha Class 11 Political Science Solutions Unit 2 Basic Concept Objective Questions and Answers.

CHSE Odisha 11th Class Political Science Unit 2 Basic Concept Objective Questions

Objective Questions With Answers

Question 1.
From which term the word liberty has been derived?
(a) Greek word liber
(b) Latin word liber
(c) French word liber
(d) English word liber
Answer:
(b) Latin word liber

Question 2.
Who says liberty means absence of law.
(a) Ilobbes
(b) Locke
(c) Rousseau
(d) Montesquieu
Answer:
(a) Ilobbes

Question 3.
Which of the following is a safeguard of liberty?
(a) Rule of law
(b) Democratic setup
(c) Constitutional govt.
(d) All of these
Answer:
(d)All of these

Question 4.
What does liberty mean?
(a) Absence of restraints
(b) Unrestrained freedom
(c) Freedom under legal system
(d) None of these
Answer:
(c)Freedom under legal system

Question 5.
Who says liberty and equality are antithetic?
(a) Laski
(b) Pollard
(c) Barker
(d) Lord Acton
Answer:
(d) Lord Acton

Question 6.
Economic equality pre supposes?
(a) Equalisation of income
(b) Adequate opportunity to earn livelihood
(c) Reduction of gap between rich and poor
(d) Equal income for all
Answer:
(b) Adequate opportunity to earn livelihood

Question 7.
What does social equality imply?
(a) Absence of special privilege
(b) Prohibition of discrimination
(c) Equal opportunity to men and women
(d) All the above
Answer:
(d) All the above

Question 8.
Liberty is the product of_________?
(a) Rights
(b) Freedom
(c) Law
(d) Equality
Answer:
(a) Rights

Question 9.
Who enjoy rights in a state?
(a) Citizens
(b) Nationals
(c) Subjects
(d) Leaders
Answer:
(a) Citizens

Question 10.
which of the following is not a political right?
(a) Right to vote
(b) Right to contesting election
(c) Right to form political parties
(d) Right to form association
Answer:
(d) Right to form association

Question 11.
Which of the following is not a legal right?
(a) Civil right
(b) Political right
(c) Moral right
(d) Right to contract
Answer:
(c) Moral right

Question 12.
Which of the following is not a civil right?
(a) Right to property
(b) Right to contract
(c) Right to life
(d) Right to residence
Answer:
(d) Right to residence

Question 13.
Which day is observed every year as world Human Rights Day?
(a) January 8
(b) March 15
(c) November 10
(d) December 10
Answer:
(d) December 10

Question 14.
In which year National Human Right Commission was set up?
(a) 1950
(b) 1951
(c) 1981
(d) 1993
Answer:
(d)1993

Question 15.
What does religious liberty mean?
(a) Equality of all religions
(b) Freedom from Religion
(c) Absence of state religion
(d) All of these
Answer:
(d) All of these

Question 16.
Law is opposed to liberty, who says it?
(a) Hobbes
(b) Rousseau
(c) Locke
(d) Laski
Answer:
(b)Rousseau

Question 17.
Who says “Man is born free but everywhere in chains.
(a) Aristotle
(b) Gandhiji
(c) Rousseau
(d) J.S.Mill
Answer:
(c) Rousseau

Question 18.
Which theory regards liberty as absence of restraint?
(a) Individualism
(b) Socialism
(c) Welfare state
(d) Imperialism
Answer:
(a)Individualism

Question 19.
Which liberty believes in maintenance of world peace and brotherhood?
(a) National liberty
(b) Political liberty
(c) International liberty
(d) Natural liberty
Answer:
(b) Political liberty

Question 20.
Which of the following is not a safeguard of liberty?
(a) Rule of law
(b) Constitutional guarantee of rights
(c) Independentjudiciary
(d) Morality
Answer:
(d)Morality

Question 21.
What does liberty imply?
(a) Absence of restraint
(b) Righttowork
(c) Natural freedom
(d) Reasonable restraints on individual freedom
Answer:
(d) Reasonable restraints on individual freedom

Question 22.
What does liberty mean in a secular state?
(a) Equality to all religions
(b) Absence of state religion
(c) Religious freedom
(d) All of these
Answer:
(d) All of these

Question 23.
Which of the following is the most important safeguard of liberty?
(a) Equality of rights
(b) Interest for rights
(c) Educated citizens
(d) Eternal vigilance
Answer:
(d) Eternal vigilance

Question 24.
Who says ‘Liberty and equality are complementary’?
(a) I.aski
(b) Lord Acton
(c) A.de Tocqueville
(d) Plato
Answer:
(a) I.aski

Question 25.
What is equality?
(a) Absolute equality
(b) Elimination of gap between rich and poor
(c) Equal right to all
(d) Equal rights and liberty to all
Answer:
(d)Equal rights and liberty to all

Question 26.
Who was the advocate of natural liberty?
(a) Hobbes
(b) Locke
(c) Rousseau
(d) J.S.Mill
Answer:
(c) Rousseau

Question 27.
Which of the following is not a safeguard of liberty?
(a) Organised public opinion
(b) Local government
(c) Fundamental rights
(d) Independent judiciary
Answer:
(b) Local government

Question 28.
Which of the following is not a political right?
(a) Right to public meeting
(b) Right to petition the government
(c) Right to form political party
(d) Right to freedom of speech & expression
Answer:
(d) Right to freedom of speech & expression

29. Which is not a nature of right?
(a) Rights are available in society
(b) Rights are absolute
(c) Rights are recognized by society
(d) Rights change with change in time
Answer:
(b) Rights are absolute

Question 30.
What is the nature of human rights?
(a) Social
(b) Political
(c) Economic
(d) Moral
Answer:
(d) Moral

Question 31.
Who is responsible for defending human rights?
(a) state
(b) society
(c) judiciary
(d) All of these
Answer:
(d) All of these

Question 32.
In which year Universal Declaration of Human Rights was approved?
(a) 1945
(b) 1948
(c) 1950
(d) 1952
Answer:
(b) 1948

Question 33.
What is the value of liberty?
(a) Public opinion
(b) Eternal vigilance
(c) Legal Consciousness
(d) Economic equality
Answer:
(b) Eternal vigilance

Question 34.
Who says liberty is the opposite of over-government?
(a) H.J. Laski
(b) P.B. Seeley
(c) J.S.Mill
(d) Johnlocke
Answer:
(b) P.B. Seeley

Question 35.
Which of the following is not a safeguard of liberty?
(a) Rule of law
(b) Free media
(c) Alert public opinion
(d) Social equality
Answer:
(d) Social equality

Question 36.
Which type of equality is established by abolition of untouchability?
(a) Social equality
(b) Political equality
(c) Economic equality
(d) Caste equality
Answer:
(a)Social equality

Question 37.
Which of the following revaluations was the first of its kind against inequality?
(a) American war of Independence
(b) France Revolution
(c) Glorious Revolution
(d) Russian Revolution
Answer:
(b) France Revolution

Question 38.
In which century the concept of equality developed first?
(a) 16th century
(b) 17th century
(c) 18th century
(d) 19th century
Answer:
(c) 18th century

Question 39.
By entry into public service which type of justice prevails?
(a) Legal justice
(b) Political justice
(c) Social justice
(d) Economic justice
Answer:
(b) Political justice

Question 40.
Who was the advocate of distributive justice?
(a) Plato
(b) Aristotle
(c) Milton
(d) Socrates
Answer:
(b) Aristotle

Question 41.
What type of right is Right to Residence?
(a) Civil right
(b) Political right
(c) Economic right
(d) Natural right
Answer:
(b) Political right

Question 42.
The western model of development is otherwise known as _________?
(a) Socialist development
(b) Capitalist development
(c) Material development
(d) Liberal development
Answer:
(b) Capitalist development

Question 43.
What is sustainable development?
(a) Present oriented development
(b) Future oriented development
(c) Balanced development with hope for future
(d) Slow and steady development
Answer:
(c) Balanced development with hope for future

Question 44.
What is development?
(a) Individual developments
(b) Social development
(c) Sustainable development
(d) Industrial development
Answer:
(c) Sustainable development

Question 45.
From which Latin term secular has come from?
(a) secular
(b) saicular
(c) saculum
(d) saecutam
Answer:
(c) saculum

Question 46.
what is Indian concept of secularism?
(a) Equal treatment to all religions
(b) Freedom from religious discrimination
(c) Religious tolerance and freedom
(d) All of these
Answer:
(d) All of these

Question 47.
What is western conception of secularism?
(a) Religious freedom
(b) Religious tolerance
(c) Non interference in religious sphere
(d) Unity of all religions
Answer:
(c) Non interference in religious sphere

Question 48.
Which of the following is a principle of capitalist model of development?
(a) Centrally controlled economy
(b) Abolition of economic inequality
(c) Welfare state
(d) Liberal society economy and administration
Answer:
(d) Liberal society economy and administration

Question 49.
What is sustainable development?
(a) Development of society
(b) Development of individual
(c) Modernisation
(d) Development of society, economic and environment
Answer:
(d) Development of society, economic and environment

Question 50.
Which model of development believes in free market economy?
(a) Capitalist development
(b) Socialist development
(c) Sustainable development
(d) None of these
Answer:
(a) Capitalist development

Question 51.
Which development model believes in environmental safety?
(a) Socialist development
(b) Capitalist development
(c) Sustainable development
(d) None of these
Answer:
(c) Sustainable development

Answer The Following Questions 

Question 1.
From which word the term liberty derived?
Answer:
Latin word liber

Question 2.
What is negative liberty?
Answer:
Absence of restraint

Question 3.
The freedom which gives an individual the opportunity to participate actively in the affairs of state is _________?
Answer:
Political liberty

Question 4.
What is the other name of legal equality?
Answer:
Civil equality

Question 5.
What is the essence one man one vote?
Answer:
Political equality

Question 6.
What is the motto of justice?
Answer:
Let right be done

Question 7.
Which type of justice eliminates the gap between rich and poor?
Answer:
Economic justice

Question 8.
Which type justice can be maintained by abolition of untouchability?
Answer: Social justice

Question 9.
Reservation of scheduled caste, and scheduled tribes, is meant to ensure which form of justice?
Answer:
Social justice

Question 10.
What emerges from the product of rights?
Answer:
Liberty

Question 11.
who says ’man is born free but everywhere in chains?
Answer:
Rousseau

Question 12.
‘Might is right’ symbolizes which type of liberty?
Answer:
Natural liberty

Question 13.
What does national liberty imply?
Answer:
Independence of the state

Question 14.
Absence of special privilege implies which type of equality?
Answer:
Negative equality

Question 15.
Discrimination based on sex and color prohibits which type of equality.
Answer:
Social equality

Question 16.
Who says ‘Liberty and equality are opposed to each other.
Answer:
Lord Acton and A. De Tocqueville

Question 17.
Who says ‘Liberty and equality are complementary.
Answer:
Laski and Barker.

Question 18.
Which body approved the universal declaration of human rights?
Answer:
UN General Assembly

Question 19.
Which type of justice can be realized by universal suffrage?
Answer:
Political justice

Question 20.
John Austin and Thomas Hobbes were the exponents of which form of justice?
Answer:
Legal justice

Question 21.
Who says ’Rights are the conditions of social life?
Answer:
Laski

Question 22.
A socialist state opposes which right?
Answer:
Right to property

Question 23.
Which was the first written document on Human Rights?
Answer:
Magnacarta of 1215 AD

Question 24.
Which day is observed as World Human Rights Day?
Answer:
December, 10

Question 25.
Which type of right gives you the opportunity to ask for something from your friend?
Answer:
Moral right

Question 26.
Rights are valueless without which right?
Answer:
Right to life

Question 27.
Which model of development gives priority to market based development?
Answer:
Capitalist model

Question 28.
Which model of development thinks of the present as well as future?
Answer:
Sustainable development

Question 29.
Which secularism approach pleads for separation of Religion from politics?
Answer:
Western Secularism

Question 30.
In which country secularism is considered a slogan for vote bank politics?
Answer:
India

Fill in the blanks

1. Liberty is derived from the___________word liber.
Answer: Latin

2. National liberty means ___________.
Answer: Independence

3. Liberty is the product of___________.
Answer: Rights

4. Liberty means absence of ___________.
Answer: Restraints

5. __________ is not license.
Answer: Liberty

6. Absence of restraint means ___________ liberty.
Answer: Negative

7. Reasonable restraint on the liberty of individual is, __________ liberty.
Answer: Positive

8. Liberty and __________ are complementary.
Answer: Equality

9. Eternal vigilance is the price of ___________.
Answer: Liberty

10. Equality means absence of ___________.
Answer: Special privilege

11. one man one vote is a principle of equality, ___________.
Answer: Political

12. __________ equality is necessary for the successful working of democracy.
Answer: Political

13. The state grants __________for the development of individual personality.
Answer: Rights

14. Right to property is a __________ right.
Answer: Civil

15. Right to vote is a __________ right.
Answer: Political

16. In a __________ state economic rights are secured.
Answer: Socialist

17. Human Rights are __________ rights.
Answer: Moral

18. Political rights are enjoyed only by __________ in a state.
Answer: Citizens

19. The term justice has been derived from the Latin word __________.
Answer: equality

20. _________ was the advocate of natural liberty.
Answer: Rousseau

21. Political liberty is valueless without __________.
Answer: Economic

22. Right to freedom of religion seeks to make India a __________ state.
Answer: Secular

23. Rule of law is a condition of __________.
Answer: Safeguard of Liberty

24. Law is a condition of __________.
Answer: Liberty

25. __________ eliminates all discriminations based on caste, religion and regionalism.
Answer: Social equality

26. Sex discrimination violates ___________ equality.
Answer: Social

27. The state by providing basic minimum needs for all establishes __________ justice.
Answer: Economic

28. The eliminates social discriminations to ___________ ensure justice.
Answer: Social

29. Right to life is a __________ right.
Answer: Civil

30. Right to residence is a __________ right.
Answer: Political

31. Right to property is a _________ right.
Answer: Civil

32. Right to freedom of speech and expression is a _________ right.
Answer: Civil

33. Right to rest and leisure is a _________ right.
Answer: Economic

34. _________ model of development believes in free economic competition.
Answer: Capitalist

35. Economic inequality considers in a _________ model of development.
Answer: Capitalist

36. _________ development model gives protection to the working class.
Answer: Socialist

37. __________ development model ensures due regard to environmental safety.
Answer: Sustainable

38. Protection of minorities is the catchword of __________ secularism.
Answer: Indian

39. __________ secularism rejects violence and bloodshed in the name of religion.
Answer: Indian

40. The National Human Rights Commission was set up in the year __________.
Answer: 1993

Answer In One Sentence

Question 1.
What is liberty?
Answer:
Liberty means freedom enjoyed by the people under the law of state.

Question 2.
What is equality?
Answer:
Equality means absence of special privilege and equal opportunity to all.

Question 3.
what is negative liberty?
Answer:
Negative liberty means absence of restraint on individual freedom.

Question 4.
What is positive liberty?
Answer:
The rights and freedom guaranteed by the state to the individuals for their development is known as positive liberty.

Question 5.
What is political liberty?
Answer:
Political liberty consists of those political rights through which an individual takes active part in the affairs of state.

Question 6.
What is economic liberty?
Answer:
Economic liberty means the freedom of an individual from economic exploitation and insecurity.

Question 7.
What is civil liberty?
Answer:
Civil liberty consists of those rights which an individual enjoys as a member of civil society.

Question 8.
What is moral liberty?
Answer:
Moral liberty means respect for moral values and principles and the freedom to act as per the instruction of conscience,

Question 9.
What is natural liberty?
Answer:
Natural liberty is an abstract idea which people enjoyed in the imaginary state of nature.

Question 10.
What is National liberty?
Answer:
National liberty means freedom from foreign control or independence of the state.

Question 11.
What is rule of law?
Answer:
Rule of law means law is sovereign and all individuals are equally subjected to it.

Question 12.
What is separation of power?
Answer:
Separation of power means distribution of powers between executive, legislation and judiciary in a state.

Question 13.
What is decentralization of power?
Answer:
Decentralization of power means division of responsibility between Union Government, State and local bodies.

Question 14.
What is natural equality?
Answer:
Natural equality implies that God has gives all individuals with equal psychological traints mental ability and capacity.

Question 15.
What is legal equality?
Answer:
Legal equality means equality before law and equal protection of law to one and all.

Question 16.
What is social equality?
Answer:
Social equality means giving equal social opportunities and privileges to all.

Question 17.
What is political equality?
Answer:
Political equality means equal opportunity to all citizens to participate in the affairs of state.

Question 18.
What is economic equality?
Answer:
Economic equality means to give fair and adequate opportunity to an for work and to earn their livelihood.

Question 19.
What is international equality?
Answer:
International equality means grant of equal status to each state in the international sphere irrespective of its physical and maternal strength.

Question 20.
What is justice?
Answer:
Justice implies rituality, fair treatment to all and maintenance of social discipline.

Question 21.
What is legal justice?
Answer:
The justice maintained by the legal system is called legal justice.

Question 22.
What is social justice?
Answer:
Social justice believes in an ideal social order in which social equality and rights are enjoyed by all.

Question 23.
what is political justice?
Answer:
Political justice refers to the freedom and opportunity provided to each individual to participate in the political life of the community.

Question 24.
What is economic justice?
Answer:
Economic justice means freedom from economic Exploitation inequality and die opportunity to earn one’s livelihood.

Question 25.
What is distributive justice?
Answer:
Distributive justice means to give every individual his due on the basis of his caliber and efficiency.

Question 26.
What is corrective justice?
Answer:
Corrective justice means to give compensation to a sufferer and to rectify the wrong done to an individual.

Question 27.
What is right?
Answer:
Rights are the conditions of social life which the state guarantees to all individuals.

Question 28.
What is moral right?
Answer:
The rights which are based on the moral values and conscience of an individual are called moral right.

Question 29.
What is a legal rights?
Answer:
The rights which are guaranteed through the law of state are called legal rights.

Question 30.
What is civil right?
Answer:
Civil right comprises of those rights which enable an individual to lead a decent social life.

Question 31.
What is political right?
Answer:
Political rights are those rights which enable an individual to participate actively in the affairs of state.

Question 32.
What is economic right?
Answer:
The economic rights are those opportunities which provide economic security and necessity to an individual.

Question 33.
What is human right?
Answer:
Human rights are those universal natural rights which enable an individual to lead a dignified life in society.

Question 34.
What is universal declaration of Human Rights?
Answer:
Universal declaration of human rights is a solemn affirmation by the world community about the value and importance of human rights.

Question 35.
What is development?
Answer:
Development is an indication of social political, economic and cultural progress of a nation.

Question 36.
What is sustainable development?
Answer:
Sustainable development refers to a process of development ensuring socio economic progress of the nation along with protection of environment.

Question 37.
What is socialist model of development?
Answer:
Socialist model of development refers to socio economic progress of the nation with state control over production and distribution.

Question 38.
What is capitalist development model?
Answer:
Capitalist model of development believes in industrial technological development of the nation under a liberal free market economy.

Question 39.
What is secularism?
Answer:
Secularism is a policy of keeping die state administration and policy-making process free from religious influence.

Odisha State Board CHSE Odisha Class 11 Political Science Solutions Unit 4 Constitution at Work-I Long Answer Questions Part-1.

CHSE Odisha 11th Class Political Science Unit 4 Constitution at Work-I Long Answer Questions Part-1

Long Questions With Answers

Question 1.
Describe the importance of election in a democracy.
(Or)
Examine the role and significance of elections in a democratic country.
Answer:
An independent and efficient election system is essential for the success of democracy. It is through election people exercise their-sovereign power and decide the future of government the electoral process determines the future of a country. Free and fair elections elect competent representatives who can take the nation forward. Defective electoral machinery may invite the downfall of democracy.

Importance of Elections :

Election gives an opportunity to the votes to serve the nation. The voters discharge their duty by exercising voting rights and they elect those representatives who can change government policies and programs. This election helps in organizing public opinion. It is through an election that parties capture ruling power. Through elections, people get an opportunity either to support or oppose, the government.

It offers an opportunity to the votes to dethrone a ruling party out of office peacefully. Thus, an ideal electoral system strengthens the nation-building process. Election brings political stability, economic progress, and social integrity. It brings the ruler’s arid rule closer. The representatives are convinced about the problems facing the people. Election develops public trust on the government and defends the interests of citizens.

In order to win in elections the representatives do everything to satisfy the voters. Participation of voters in the electoral process promotes their political consciousness and they come to realize problems facing the state and other contemporary crises. The election also enhances the rate of political participation. During elections in a democracy a large number of people become active participants they either contest for political office or cry on a campaign for candidates or exercise, voting right.

Thus, the election as a whole makes people politically conscious and responsible. It makes citizens active and develops in them a spirit of service and sacrifice- The more the rate of participation the more success for the political system. It makes people repose their faith on the democratic process.

Question 2.
Narrate the Challenges to free and fair elections in India.
(Or)
Describe the deficiencies facing the Indian election System.
(Or)
Examine the problems facing the Indian electoral process.
Answer:
The new constitution of India has set up an independent and impartial election commission under Art. 324 of the constitution. The commission was set up in 1950 and the first general election was held in 1952. Since then 15 general elections have been conducted successfully under, the guidance and supervision of the election commission The Commission during the last 66 years has proved its efficiency, impartiality, and fairness. But still, the same obstacles are there which affect the integrity of the system.

These challenges and issues need to be discussed below. Challenges or threats to Indian Election System :
Use of Black money:
Election in India has become too costly because most of the political parties and candidates are making use of black money to win o the voters. The situation has become so acute that no ordinary citizen can venture to contest in ckcPwTha money power has affected the success of democracy.

Violence and muscle power :
The second major challenge is the use of muscle power and electoral violence to win elections. Most of the political parties today do not hesitate to give tickets to mafia dons and local goons to contest for the party. All moral ‘slogans of pacifying politics. Mabon, the World safe for women and children are more election slogans.

But no party sincerely contests election on moral grounds. The influx of criminals and anti-socials has increased so much that the election commission has come forward with proposals not to give party tickets to persons having criminal backgrounds.

Caste, Religion, Communal and Regional feelings:
Political parties in India are either based on caste religion community or regional feelings or extend favor, to such narrow feelings to win elections. Parties in the name of 3yizJjng elections create discord and disintegration within the state. The current problems j.tsanj out in k4be4 University ¡NU and NIT in Janimu and Kashmir and bright examples of Political parties encouraging divisive politics. This is not a good sign for the future of Indian democracy.

Defects in the electoral process:
Free and fair election in India is affected badly due to rigging and booth Capturing in various pooling stations. Despite police protection, such practices occur regularly putting a question – mark on the efficiency of the Election Commission.

Abuse of power by the ruling party :
During elections the party in power to center and states tend to abuse power for their political galaxy This poses a challenge to the fairness of the election commission Besides, political parties in India try to win over voters by influencing the poor, illiterate, and women voters So in order to increase the efficiency of election commission all these issues must be resolved by legal and other means.

Question 3.
Define universal suffrage and discuss its merits and demerits.
Answer:
Universal suffrage is a basis for the grant of voting right. When voting right is extended to all adults irrespective of their caste, religion, sex, discrimination, and educational or property qualifications it is called universal suffrage. It is found today in almost every democracy. However, it never gives voting rights to lunatics criminals, aliens, and others.

Merits:
The merits of universal suffrage may be discussed below:
Universal suffrage is in tune with the tune meaning of democracy. It believes in the principle of one man one vote. Universal suffrage establishes political equality. It demands that the right to vote should be equally distributed among all. It is not right to exclude some class or group from exercising franchise on the ground that they are poor, illiterate, or weaker.

The end of the state is common welfare. It is the common people that should determine the content of welfare, Because what touches all should also be decided by all. If one class is given the power to rule then it will always one class given the power to rule then it will always define general good in terms of its own. So if the universal voting right is given then all can have a share in the government.

It enables the minorities to protect their rights by electing their representatives for the national legislature; their feelings are voiced and their grievances are explained on the floor of chambers of parliament. Adult suffrage adds to the dignity and a sense of responsibility and political and civic education. A vote will give them an opportunity to understand the politics of the country and compute the political problems.

Universal franchise helps in bringing national units. and solidarity. Adult suffrage is the means through which people are bound together into a whole
The government as is backed by the majority feels strong which makes the administration stronger.

Demerits:
Universal suffrage is condemned for the following reason by Sidgwick, Mill, Maine, and others.

Universal adult suffrage may impede the scientific progress of the nation. Because the general people cannot make the best choice of candidate and those who shall be elected will be conservative enough to stand in the way of the progress and prosperity of the nation. Sir Henry Maine giving the argument said that universal suffrage would be in vogue in the UK during the scientific inventions and discoveries England could not have advanced so far.

He said universal suffrage could have prohibited the spinning jenny and the power loom. The right to vote for the uneducated ones is meaningless. Because the masses do not have the capacity to understand political problems and they can not elect the right type of representatives. So it should be given to those having the knowledge to make the best use of it. Universal voting right it is hoped, may lead to the loss of individual liberty, order, and civilization.

J.S. Mill argued for education and property qualification of votes. He said, education would make them conscious and property would make them responsible Mill said, no taxation without representation. That means those who do not pay taxes to the state should not vote taxes if they are given the voting right then public property and funds are likely to be spent lavishly.

If all are given the right to vote, then they shall be exploited by selfish individuals and political parties. They will be motivated by emotion and passion and it will be suicidal for democracy. The universal franchise may lead to the rule of ignorance. As the majority are illiterate they will represent an ignorant fellow and the government would be of the ignorant.

An audit franchise will lead to political corruption. Because the poor and the ignorant ones will sell their favor at the cost of tea or meal.
But, in spite of the drawbacks, this has been the order of the day. And ordinary people in poor underdeveloped countries have justified themselves as judicious voters and they have contributed to the success of democracy.

Question 4.
Give your arguments against women’s suffrage.
(Or)
What Is women’s suffrage? Discuss its merits
and demerits.
Answer:
When voting right is granted to all adult women irrespective of any discrimination, it is called women surface, Generally, it was a feeling with the men that women as are weaker to men in physical capacity they should not be given the right to vote. But gradually, women became educated, and they no more remained bound within the four walls, they entered into public service and at present being treated as equals.

Thus, the political emancipation of women was achieved in the first quarter of the 20th century in England and USA and gradually it spread to other states. The women in England got the right to vote in 1918, those above 30 years of age, but in 1928 the age limit was reduced. In USA voting right was conferred upon women in 1920, in France in 1946, and in Switzerland in 1970. However, scholars differ as to the contention about whether women’s franchise is just or not.

Arment of Favour :

First of all, it is argued that women should be given the right to vote to exercise their civil rights. If they will be denied the right to vote then they could not be good citizens and cannot be treated at poor as men. So to protect them from men’s subjugation voting right is necessary. As women today are equal to men in every respect, they are joining the armed forces, and police, they are intelligent and clever, and it is illegal to deny them voting right.

The right to vote does not require physical strength but moral and mental fitness to decide whether an individual is capable or not so it is wrong to deprive women of voting right on the ground of their physical weakness. The right to vote for women will enable them to defend themselves and their civil rights. Voting right for women is useful for them as it will save them from the exploitation of men. Women in politics will definitely purify the system. Corruption, favoritism, and illegal activities will be reduced.

Demerits :
The drawbacks of women’s suffrage are as fiction:

Women’s suffrage disturbs the peace of family life. Women are homemakers, if they will join politics then their household activitie&wiil be neglected. Women’s suffrage will also deprive children of their care and protection. If women join politics then their feminine qualities like tolerance, simplicity, love, and affection will give way to rude behavior, and stress. It will completely disturb the trust and relationship between husband – wife.

Women always remain dependent on men for most of their necessities so if they join politics what can they do for others. Women are conservative and emotional. So they will not handle the stress and strains of a political leader throughout the year. However, women’s suffrage has been in tune with democracy. As they constitute almost half of the population it will be an injustice to deny voting rights to adult women.

Question 5.
What is proportional representation? Examine its merits and demerits.
Answer:
Proportional representation is a form of minority representation. In this system, all groups, factions, and sections of the population are given representation in proportion to the votes secured by them during the election. It is a model of the indirect election that seeks to rectify the defects of the majority vote system.
Proportional representation can be of two types:

• The hare system or single transferable vote system.
• the list system.

The Hare System (single transferable vote system):
This model was developed in 1857 by Thomas Hare of England and it is known as the Hare System of representation. This is useful only for the multi-member constituency where each candidate needs to secure a fixed quota of votes. In this system, each voter has only one vote but exercises this vote in order of preference. The number of preferences is equal to the number of candidates.

Way:-The Quota is determined in the following way:

\(\text { Quota }=\frac{\text { Total number of valid votes }}{\text { Number of state }+1}+1\)

At the time of counting the 1st preference votes are counted first and those who reach the quota are declared elected. If some seats remain vacant then the 2nd choice of those voters who voted for successful candidates are transferred to others. Then counting starts and those who reach the quota are declared elected. Due to this transfer of preferences, it is called a single transferable vote system. The President and vice President arid Rajya Sabha members are elected in this method.

(b) List system:
The list system is useful only for multi-member constituencies. Here every party has to prepare a list Of candidates to be elected. The voters vote for the party without knowing the candidates. After the election seats are divided among the parties in proportion to votes secured by each party. For example, if the total number of valid votes is a hundred and the number of seats is 5 then the quota is \(\frac{100}{5}=20\).

If a party has secured forty votes it will get two seats. If all the seats are not filled up then the party that has the largest fractional surplus gets the remaining seat. This list system is followed in US Presidential elections in Belgium, France, Sweden, and Switzerland.

Merits :
In this system, the defects of the single-member constituency model is rectified. It makes the legislature a true mirror of the nation because all groups and parties are duly represented. It provides an opportunity to minorities to represent in the legislature. In this system, no vote is wasted. It develops a civil interest in the people.

Demerits :
Proportional representation encourages: smaller parties and thus leads to political stability. No party secures a majority in the legislature giving way to coalition ministries. Here the voters elect candidates, whom they do not know. It encourages factionalism and disintegration. It is not suitable for federations. The system of proportional representation enhances the power of party leaders.

They prepare a list of candidates, so the representatives are more loyal to the party bosses than to voters. It breeds corruption. The vested interests can easily control party high commands. In proportional representation, it is not possible to hold by-elections as it requires a multi-member constituency. It encourages divisive forces in society and contributes to the aggravation of successful sectionalism.

Question 6.
What is geographical or territorial representation? Discuss its merits and demerits.
Answer:
Territorial representation is otherwise known as geographic representation and it is found prevailing in most countries having representative governments. In this model, the whole country is divided into geographical areas or constituencies having approximately equal populations. From each constituency a single representative is elected by majority vote, The constituency may be single-member or multi-member, The territorial limits of the constituencies are fixed from time to time with the growth in population and voters.

Merits of Territorial Representation:
Territorial representation is simple and convenient. As the area of the constituency is limited it facilitates intimate contact between the voters and the representative. It is economical as much less amount is required for the restricted area. It ensures a stable majority in the legislature which is conducive to a strong and stable government.

Demerits:
The territorial representation is defective on the following grounds:
It narrows down the list of candidates available to the voter. In this method, no outsider can contest an election even if he or is experienced. Gerry’s meandering is the greatest defect of territorial representation. In this system boundary of the constituencies is manipulated by the ruling party for its advantage. It encourages parochialism in the representatives. They try to secure the local interests of their constituency and neglect national interests.

In this system professions and occupations are not represented. In this system a candidate requires a relative majority to win a seat, thus it leads to the permanent voicelessness of a perpetual minority.

Question 7.
What is functional representation? Examine its advantages and disadvantages.
(Or)
Give your views for and against functional representation.
Answer:
Functional representation is another type of minority representation which is a protest against territorial representation. Proportional representation represents only political minorities, hence, a functional representation that accords with the representation of all Occupation are- expected to be a better alternative to territorial representation.

Functional representation was advocated by Wallas, Webbs, Duguit and G.D.H. Cole, etc. According to them, the Parliament is elected by various professional vocational and functional groups like industry trading corporations, medical associations and lawyers associations, etc. This system was adopted by the Russian leaders after the Bolshevik Revolution.

Mussolini in Italy organized the Italian senate, on these lines. The German constitution of 1919 established an Economic council representing the special interests of labor, capital, and consumers. The Vidhan Parishads in Indian states are also organized on the basis of functional representation.

Advantages of Functional Representation:
The system of functional representation is advantageous on the following grounds:

In modem democracies, vocational groups play an important role so these groups should have representatives in the parliament. Most of the laws that parliament pass deal with industry, agriculture, trade, commerce, and other vocational interests. But these interests find no representation in parliament even though they are affected by the legislation. As the economic sector is playing an important role today functional representation should be adopted as the ideal basis of representation.

Disadvantages:
The system has been popular owing to its glaring detects as discussed below :

Functional representation is found to be inconsistent with national sovereignty. Esme says a legislative assembly elected on the basis of functional representation is expected to represent the interests of a particular group’s profession or interest but not of the nation. These groups within parliament fight for their sectional interests rather than adopt a national outlook.

If functional representation is followed, the then-the legislature shall turn into an area of conflict and every representative will blow his own trumpet and talk of his own group. It can serve no purpose. This system is based on unsound principles. One representative can not represent all shades or opinions. Laski says, how can a doctor talk of foreign policy since there is no medical view of foreign policy. Each representative shall be parochial in outlook and cannot serve the country at all.

There can be no adequate basis to provide adequate representation to various interests and vocations should the medical profession be placed on equal footing with the steel industry, agriculture, or otherwise. This system limits the choice of voters to professionals. Functional representation undermines the unity of the community.

Every voter is first of all a citizen of the country then he is a lawyer, a teacher or a farmer, but if his profession counts first then he will forget about the goal of the nation. On account of the following defects, functional representation is rarely followed. This system can only be supplemented with any other method.

Question 8.
What is direct Election? Discuss its merits and demerits.
Answer:
An election can be of two types. Direct and indirect election. In a direct election, the voters directly cast their votes in favor of the candidate. It is a simple process where the votes go to the pooling booth and press the button on the EVM against their candidate of choice. The candidate who secures the maximum vote is declared elected. Direct election is found in most of countries of the world today. The members of Lok Sabha and Vidhan Sabha in India, the members of the British House commons and US senate, and the House of Representatives are elected in this process.

Merits :

• In a direct elections, people participate in politics directly and become politically conscious.
• It establishes direct contact between the voters and the candidates. The representatives remain answerable to the people and work for their interests.
• It generates public opinion, interest, and initiative among voters.
• The voters remain more responsible.

Demerits :
The drawbacks of the indirect election are as follows:

• Direct election is not useful for poor, ignorant voters as they fail to choose proper candidates.
• It confuses voters as different parties talk differently to influence votes. Here parties divide voters on caste, religion, and communal lines to seek their favor.
• It tends to be influenced by falsehood & corruption parties go on condemning the character of opposition candidates. It pollutes the entire electoral atmosphere.
• Direct election is costly and more prone to violence. However, this is the best available option in a democracy.

Question 9.
What is an indirect election? Discuss its merits and demerits.
Answer:
The indirect election is a process where the voters do not directly elect the real representatives. It involves two elections. First, the voter elects an intermediary group and then this group elects the real representatives. The President and Vice President and the members of Rajya Sabha are elected in this method.

Merits :
The indirect election is peaceful for which more educated and learned persons participate in the process as candidates. In this method, the voters who vote for the real candidates are conscious, clever and literate so they can not be influenced by false propaganda or lured by money or muscle power. It is suitable for poor, backward, and underdeveloped countries. It is less expensive. It is suitable for electing top political offices.

Demerits :
The indirect election also suffers from the following defects.

The indirect election is less democratic as it never involves more people. In this process, no political awareness is created. It makes voters indolent and inactive. In this method, party decisions prevail over individual preferences. The voters do not have contact with the representatives. In this method, parties try to influence the group through money and power. So it is prone to corruption and bribery. However, this method has limited utility and can be used for the same posts.

Question 10.
Distinguish between direct and indirect elections.
Answer:
Elections in general can be direct or indirect. In the direct election, the voters participate directly and cast their votes in polling stations in favor of their liking; candidates. Those who secure the maximum votes in a constituency are declared elected. But, indirect election involves two elections. First people elect an intermediate body, which by the second election elects the real representatives.

Direct election establishes close contact between voters and representatives. But in an indirect election, no such contact can be established. Direct election promotes the political consciousness of voters and makes them responsible and conscious. But, the indirect election does not stimulate public interest. Direct election is suitable for educated and advanced countries, but the indirect election is useful for backward countries with ignorant and illiterate voters.

Direct election is expensive but indirect elections are less expensive. Direct election involves violence, corruption, booth capturing, rigging, and the use of illegal means to win elections. But in the indirect election, these things do not occur. In a direct election, the voters are free to make choices but in an indirect election, they have no choice but to act on party instructions. Direct election is more democratic than indirect elections. However, we find both practices in almost every state.

Question 11.
Discuss the electoral reforms which are yet to be introduced.
(Or)
Suggest reforms to rectify the Indian election system.
Answer:
The Indian election system is suffering from a member of defects, some of which are structural and others are operational. The election commission in concurrence with the union government has already introduced some reforms and some more are yet to be introduced. So, the proposed reforms should be enumerated below: Reforms suggested not introduced :

In order to reduce the vote-seat gap alternative systems must be followed like, the second ballot system or alternate vote system. To increase voter turnout during elections voting must be compulsory and voters must be encouraged to participate in voting. To eliminate the use of black money a poll fund should be created and donations to political parties must be open to all.

Special courts must be set up to speed up settling election disputes. Steps are taken to reduce the scope of defections. To enhance women’s representation, 33% reservation of seats for women must be introduced. Those violating the election code of conduct must be punished. Election campaigns should be monitored closely to keep it healthy. All these reforms will definitely improve the election system in India.

Question 12.
Discuss the Organisation of the Central Election Commission.
Answer:
For every democratic polity like India, a free and independent electoral machinery is indispensable. The constitution, therefore, provides for an independent Election Commission Under Art. 324 and incorporated several steps for keeping it free from political and executive influences.

Composition:
The constitution under Art. 324 (2) states that the Election Commission of India shall consist of a Chief Election Commissioner and such other commissioners as the president may from time to time determine.

Membership:
Initially, the election commission was a one-man commission and it was only after 1989 its membership increased to three. Besides the chief election commissioner, there are two election commissioners and all of them enjoy equal authority.

Mode of appointment and removal:
The chief election commissioner and other members of the election commission are appointed- by the president as per the rules framed by the parliament. The constitution was silent about the qualification of the members and their terms of office. They hold office at the pleasure of the president. However, once appointed the members of the election commission to continue in office till they attain the age of 65 years or complete 6 years in office, whichever is earlier

They can resign from office at any time or can be removed by the president only on grounds of ‘proved misbehavior and incapacity. The president can’t on his own remove any member unless a proposal to that effect is passed in both houses, of parliament by 2/3rds majority of members present and voting. Thus, the election commission acts as an independent and autonomous body. Which ensures free and fair elections.

Odisha State Board CHSE Odisha Class 11 Political Science Solutions Unit 4 Constitution at Work-I Short Answer Questions.

CHSE Odisha 11th Class Political Science Unit 4 Constitution at Work-I Short Answer Questions

Very Short-Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is an Election?
Answer:
The election is a process of choosing representatives.

Question 2.
What are the different types of elections?
Answer:
The election is of two types
(a) Direct election
(b) Indirect election.

Question 3.
What is a direct election?
Answer:
Direct election is a process where the voters cast their vote directly in favor of candidates.

Question 4.
What is an indirect election?
Answer:
The indirect election is a process in which the voters elect an intermediary group or body which again elects the true representative.

Question 5.
When the Indian election commission was set up?
Answer:
The Indian election commission was set on 26th January 1950

Question 6.
What is the function of the election commission?
Answer:
The election commission conducts free, fair, and impartial elections for the office of the President, Vice President, members of parliament, and the state legislature.

Question 7.
On what ground is the election? commissioners can be removed?
Answer:
The members of the Election Commission can be removed on grounds of proven misbehavior or incapacity.

Question 8.
Which act regulates the election to the office of president and vice president?
Answer:
The presidential Vice-Presidential Election Act. 1952 regulates the election of the President and Vice President.

Question 9.
By which amendment Act the voting age of votes is reduced from 21 to 18 years?
Answer:
The (51st Amendment Act of 1988 has reduced the voting age from 21 to 18 years.

Question 10.
What is the tenure of office of Election Commissions?
Answer:
The tenure of office of each election commission is 6 years but he may retire before if he attains the age of 65.

Question 11.
How the chief election commissioner can be removed?
Answer:
The chief election commissioner can be removed on grounds of proof, of misbehavior or incapacity if a proposal to that effect is passed in both houses of parliament by a special majority.

Question 12.
What is the voter list of the Electoral roll?
Answer:
The electoral roll or voter list is the list containing the names of valid voters of a constituency.

Question 13.
Where do the candidates file their nominations?
Answer:
The candidates file their nomination before the District Returning Officer.

Question 14.
What is repolling?
Answer:
When polling takes place for the second time after the election in a both is countermanded due to irregularities, it is called repolling.

Question 15.
What do you mean by electoral reforms?
Answer:
Electoral reform is an attempt to restrict the effects of the prevailing electoral process.

Question 16.
What is the relative majority?
Answer:
The relative majority refers to a number that is not about half of the voters who cast their vote in an election but is a majority in comparison to all other contesting candidates.

Question 17.
What is a by-election?
Answer:
When an election to an office is held due to runtime death or resignation of the office bearer before the normal term is known as buy election.

Question 18.
What is a mid-term poll?
Answer:
The election held before the end-of normal figure of Loksabha or Vidhansabha for unusual dissolution of the house is called a mid-term poll.

Question 19.
What is constituency?
Answer:
Constituency refers to an electoral segment constituted by taking the voters in that area from which one candidate is elected.

Question 20.
What is the electorate?
Answer:
Electorate refers to the valid voters of a definite constituency.

Question 21.
What is universal suffrage?
Answer:
Universal suffrage means an extension of voting rights to all adults irrespective of caste, color, sex, education, and property qualification.

Question 22.
To whom does the constitution deprive of voting rights?
Answer:
As per Art. 326, the constitution deprived the voting rights to aliens, criminals, lunatics, and bankrupt persons.

Question 23.
What is a single-member – constituency?
Answer:
One candidate can win in a definite election

Question 24.
What is a general election?
Answer:
The general election is a process where all the voters of the nation or state participate and so the election to Lok sabha and Vidhansabha is called a general election.

Question 25.
Who are the constituents of Parliament?
Answer:
The parliament constitutes of Loksabha, RajyaSabha, and the President of India.

Question 26.
What is a quorum?
Answer:
Quorum means the minimum number of members to be present in any house for a day for transacting its business.

Question 27.
How the members of the Rajya Sabha are elected?
Answer:
The members of RajyaSabha are elected indirectly by state legislative assemblies through proportional representation single transferable vote

Question 28.
What is the consolidated fund?
Answer:
The fund in which all the receipts of income of the union government are deposited is called the consolidated fund of India.

Question 29.
What is a contingency fund?
Answer:
The contingency fund is a reserve fund in the hands of the president from which sanctions can be made to meet any unavoidable situation or natural calamity.

Question 30.
What is the financial year?
Answer:
The financial year is a time period that lasts from April 1 st to March 31 st.

Question 31.
What s question hour?
Answer:
Question hour is the very first hour of every parliamentary ‘ session that continues from 11 AM to 12 Noon every day.

Question 32.
What is zero hours?
Answer:
Zero hour refers1 to one hour of parliamentary business that extends from 12 Noon to 1 PM every working day.

Question 33.
What is an adjournment motion?
Answer:
An adjournment motion is a legislative motion introduced in either house to discuss any matter of public importance in place of the regular course of business in a house.

Question 34.
What is half an hour discussion?
Answer:
Half an hour discussion is a brief discussion on administrative lapses arid negligence in the parliament.

Question 35.
What is a censure motion?
Answer:
A censure motion is a parliamentary motion that condemns corruption and inefficiency of any executive department.

Question 36.
What is the bill?
Answer:
Bill is a draft proposal pending legislation.

Question 37.
What is the public bill?
Answer:
A public bill is a bill that affects all or most of the residents in a state.

Question 38.
What is the private bill?
Answer:
A private bill relates to any private person, company or organization or section of the population.

Question 39.
What is the ordinary bill?
Answer:
The ordinary bill includes all bills except money bills and constitutional amendment bills.

Question 40.
What is an appropriation bill?
Answer:
An appropriation bill is a proposal for sanctioning of funds out of the consolidated fund for any specific department.

Question 41.
What is a vote on Account?
Answer:
A vote on the account is a temporary measure sought by the government if it fails to pass the general.budget before 31st March.

Question 42.
What is territorial representation?
Answer:
Territorial representation is also known- as geographical representation. In this process, the entire state is divided into a number of constituencies and from each such constituency, a representative is elected.

Question 43.
What is functional representation?
Answer:
Functional representation is a form of minority representation. It gives representation to people belonging to various functional groups and associations like industry, trading, corporations, medical association, lawyers, engineers, teachers, etc.

Question 43.
What is proportional representation?
Answer:
Proportional representation is a technique of minority representation. In this method, a political party secures seats in proportion to the votes secured. It is further divided into a single transferable vote system and a list system.

Question 44.
What is universal suffrage?
Answer:
When voting right is extended to all adults irrespective of caste, religion, sex, property and educational qualification, it is called universal suffrage. Art. 326 of the constitution deals with it.

Question 45.
Lok Sabha
Answer:
Lok Sabha is the lower house of the Indian Parliament. It consists of 545 by citizen voters of the country.

Question 46.
Rajya Sabha
Answer:
Rajya Sabha is the upper house oi parliament. It is a permanent chamber and its members are elected indirectly b> state legislative assemblies.

Question 47.
Speaker of Lok Sabha
Answer:
Speaker is the chairman and presiding officer of Lok Sabha. He conducts the proceedings of Lok Sabha.

Question 48.
Answer:
The vice-President of India is the ex-officio chairman of the Rajya Sabha. He presides over the meetings of the Rajya Sabha and conducts its proceedings.

Question 49.
Consolidated fund of India
Answer:
Art. 266 of the constitution deals with the consolidated fund. All incomes, revenues, and taxes collected from various sources are deposited in this fund.

Question 50.
Contingency Fund
Answer:
Art. 267 provides for the contingency fund of India. It is under the disposal of the president and funds can be sanctioned to meet unforeseen expenditures.

Question 51.
What is call-attention motion?
Answer:
During the parliamentary discussion, if some members draw the attention of the house with due permission from the speaker about any vital issue affecting the general interest of the nation it is called a call attention motion. The opposition parties use it as a weapon to obstruct government policies and discussions.

Question 52.
What is privilege motion?
Answer:
When any minister is actions, behavior or words affect the dignity of any member or the house as a whole it results in a breach of privilege. The opposition may bring a privilege motion to criticize the ruling party.

Question 53.
What is no confidence motion?
Answer:
A no-confidence motion is introduced by any members of Lok Sabha condemning the behavior and role of the government. If it is passed in the Lok Sabha by a simple majority of votes then the government has to resign.

Question 54.
What is the budget?
Answer:
The budget is the annual estimate of the income and expenditure of the government. It has to be passed in both houses of parliament before the beginning of the new financial year.

Question 55.
What are the financial powers of Parliament?
Answer:

• The parliament approves the annual budget of the state.
• Without its approval no new tax can be levied nor exempted.

Question 56.
What is question hour?
Answer:
Question hour is the very first hour of every working day when the parliament is in session. During this hour the members may ask various questions to the government about different issues.

Question 57.
What is an ordinance?
Answer:
The ordinance is an emergency legislation proclaimed either by the president of India or the Governor of any state. It is declared during the recess of parliament.

Question 58.
Joint sitting of Parliament.
Answer:
The joint sitting of Parliament is held as per Art. 108 of the constitution. The President may convene a joint sitting to settle the dispute sing between the two houses over the passage of an ordinary bill.

Question 59
What is a vote on Account?
Answer:
A vote on the account is a temporary measure taken by parliament when the annual budget can’t be passed before 31st March.  In this process, the Govt has to pass budgetary allocation for two to three months.

Question 60.
What is a closure?
Answer:
The program advisory committee of the Lok Sabha determines the time limit for discussing the demand for grants of every department during the budget. If it is not passed within the time then no discussion demand for grants takes place and that is called closure.

Question 61.
What is the guillotine?
Answer:
During budget discussion, if the demand for grants of various departments can it be discussed then those are simply placed for a vote of the house, which is called the guillotine. It marks the end of the discussion on the demand for grants.

Question 62.
What is cut motion?
Answer:
During a discussion of the demand for grants of different departments, the opposition may initiate a cut motion. This motion proposes to bring down the expenditure of a department to Re.l.

Question 63.
What is the point of order?
Answer:
When any member of parliament seeks the intervention of the honorable Speaker citing irregularities in the parliamentary procedure it is called a point of order. It can be introduced for discussion if the speaker gives permission.

Question 64.
Independence of election commission
Answer:
The independence and autonomy of the Election Commission is essential for the conduct of a free and fair poll. Therefore, the constitution has kept the election commission free from politically arid bureaucratic interference.

Question 65.
Qualifications of an MLA.
Answer:
The qualification prescribed by the constitution for being an MLA is He/she must be a citizen of India. He/ she must be above 25 years of. He/she must pass all other qualifications as prescribed by parliament.

Question 66.
How the Vidhansabha exercises control over the state council of ministers?
Answer:
The members of Vidhansabha may ask questions, supplementary questions, motions, and resolutions to criticize the government. It can introduce not confidence motion to remove the ministry from office.

Question 67.
How the legislature controls the purse of the nation?
Answer:
The legislature passes the annual budget and approves all proposals for imposition, repeal, or collection of taxes. The government can’t raise or spent one rupee without the approval of the legislature. It also controls all incomes and expenditures incurred y the executive.

Question 68.
What are the functions of the speaker of Lok Sabha?
Answer:
The speaker of Lok Sabha presides over the Lok Sabha. He conducts the proceedings of the house as an impartial umpire.

Question 69.
How the Lok Sabha exercises control over the union council of ministers?
Answer:
The Lok Sabha exercises control over the Union Council of Ministers by passing a vote of the no-confidence motion. It can also initiate cut motion, call attention motion, censure motion and put questions to ministers to keep the government under control.

Question 70.
What do you mean by the parliament of India?
Answer:
Parliament is the Union Legislature in India. It comprises the Lok Sabha, the Rajya Sabha, and the President of India. It is the most powerful organ of the state.

Question 71.
What are the two special powers of the Rajya Sabha?
Answer:
Rajya Sabha can pass a resolution by 2/3rds majority authorizing the parliament to make law on the state list. It can pass a resolution in respect of the creation or abolition of posts of All India Services.

Question 72.
What are the privileges of Members of Parliament?
Answer:
Members of Parliament enjoy unrestricted freedom to express their views in the house. During their tenure, they can’t be detained for any civil offense during and 40 days before and after the session of the house.

Question 73.
What is an appropriation bill?
Answer:
The appropriation bill contains all the demands for grants of all the departments and the amount charged to the consolidated fund of India. The Parliament by approval of this bill allows the government to incur expenditures for various departments under the government.

Question 74.
What is Finance Bill?
Answer:
The finance bill contains all proposals for taxation in the budget. It is introduced after the enactment of the Appropriation bill. The passage of the finance bill marks the end of the budget process.

Question 75.
How the second chamber of a state legislature can be created or abolished?
Answer:
The second chamber of a State legislature can be created or abolished if a proposal to that effect is passed in the concerned State Legislative Assembly by 2/3rds of its members present and voting. After that parliament reserves the right to take the final decision.

Question 76.
How the members of Lok Sabha are elected?
Answer:
The members of Lok Sabha are elected directly by the people through single-member constituencies on the basis of a universal adult franchise. They are elected through a simple majority vote system.

Short-Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Distinguish between direct and indirect elections.
Answer:
Direct election is a single election where the voters directly cast their votes in favor of the actual representative. But indirect election involves two elections, the first one by voters to elect the intermediary group, and by the second the true representatives are elected. In direct election close contact between the voters and the representatives is established. But in the indirect election so contact is established.

Direct election makes people conscious and responsible, but indirect election does not stimulate public interest. Direct election is suitable for developed countries but indirect election is useful for backward countries. Direct election is expensive but indirect election is less expensive.

Question 2.
Election Commission.
Answer:
The Indian constitution under Art. 324 has provided for an independent election commission. It ensures free, fair, and impartial elections in India. It conducts an election for President. Vice President Parliament and the state legislature. It comprises three members appointed by the president. It recognizes political parties and allows party symbols.

Question 3.
Functions of the election commission.
Answer:
The election commission discharges the following functions

• Preparation and revision of electoral rolls.
• Conduct of elections to the office of president, Vice-President, Parliament and state legislature
• Recognition of political parties and allotment of party symbols.
• Appointment of Returning officers, observers, election officers, and polling officers.

Question 4.
Independence of Election commission.
Answer:
The Indian constitution has secured the independence of the election commission. The members of the election commission are appointed by the president as per the law made by the parliament. They can’t be removed from office unless a proposal to that effect is passed in both houses of parliament by a special majority. The salary and allowances of the members of the election commission can’t be lowered during their term of office. They enjoy equal status as that of the judges of the Supreme Court.

Question 5.
Electoral reforms.
Answer:
Electoral reforms are necessary for every democratic system because with changes in time the drawbacks of the election process need modification. The Government of India has therefore introduced some reforms in the election process and some more reforms are self-indispensable. The voting age of voters has been reduced from 21 to 18. Electronic voting machines have been introduced to conduct free and fair polls and speedy counting of results. The voters have been given photo identity cards. To avoid fake candidates number of proposers and seconders has been increased and the security deposit has also been hiked.

Question 6.
Chief Election Commissioner.
Answer:
The senior member of the election commission is known as the chief election commissioner. He is appointed and removed in the same process and enjoys equal powers with the other two members He enjoys a 6 years term and retires at the age of 65 years. He is removed on grounds of proven misbehavior or incapacity if a resolution to that effect is passed in both houses of parliament by a special majority. He has to coordinate the activities of the other two members of the election commission.

Question 7.
Features of an ideal election system.
Answer:

1. After ideal election system is vital for the success of democracy.
2. It must be free from political and . bureaucratic influence.
3. There should be an independent judiciary to adjudicate election disputes.
4. Public trust and support towards the election commission is an indicators of an ideal electoral system.
5. It must have efficient administrative machinery to ensure free polling.

Question 8.
Importance of election for a democracy.
Answer:

• An independent election system is vital for the success of democracy.
• It enables voters to elect efficient and capable representatives.
• Election leads to the formation of a stable government and a good election system makes people repose their faith on government.
• Election lets the representatives enact good laws.
• An ideal election system keeps criminals and evil-minded people away from the democratic process.

Question 9.
Challenges to Indian Election Commission.
Or, Problems with the Indian electoral system
Answer:
The Indian election commission is now facing a few challenges which obstruct its efficiency, and these are

• Use of black money & muscle power in elections.
• The prevailing pattern of the relative majority system
• Abuse of power by central and state employees.
• Defects in the preparation of pectoral rolls.
• Influence of caste, religion, language, communal and regional feelings electoral process. Entry of criminals and anti-socials into the process.

Question 10.
Universal suffrage
Answer:
Universal suffrage is the very basis of representation in a democracy. It believes in the granting of voting rights to all adults irrespective of their caste, color, sex, religious discrimination, and education or property qualification. It supports the one-man-one-vote principle. It ensures more participation of younger people and women in elections and this makes democracy real.

Question 11.
Merits of Universal suffrage.
Answer:
Universal suffrage makes democracy successful. It ensures political, equality and justice. It promotes political awareness among people and develops the self-respect of each voter. Universal suffrage makes the legislature a true representative chamber of various interest groups. It enables women and backward classes to safeguard their own interests.

Question 12.
Demerits of Adult Suffrage.
Answer:
The drawbacks of adult suffrage are as follows:
Universal suffrage gives voting rights to poor illiterate people who do not understand the value of a vote. So it tends to be abusing voting rights. It often results in the selling of votes for a meager amount. Those backward people make a mockery of their voting right. It makes democracy weak because illiterate votes can’t judge good candidates. Universal suffrage further affects the dignity of women and their feminine qualities.

Question 13.
Women suffrage.
Answer:
Women’s suffrage means a grant of voting rights to women. Women’s suffrage makes women equal to men. It develops a spirit of service and sacrifice in women. Women’s Suffrage was first of all granted in the USA in 1919. England in 1928, Switzerland in 1970. India in 1950 and European countries from 1940-50.

Question 14.
Merits of Women suffrage.
Answer:
John Stuart Mill Sidquick and Esmein support women’s suffrage on the following grounds. As in a democracy, women are treated at par with men, There is no, ground to deprive them of voting right. Women’s suffrage will make them safeguard their own rights and privilege. Today women are capable of doing everything even if they are joining- the army and airforce, so it will be an injustice today for them to vote right.

Women’s suffrage will bring a major change in the social setup. Women are less tolerant of corruption. Crime and favoritism so by giving them political rights they can abolish exploitation and inequality in society.

Question 15.
Demerits of women suffrage.
Answer:
Women’s suffrage may lead to disruptions in family life. It will lead to neglect of children and the old. Women joining politics may develop a rift between husband and wife. As women are by nature fearful and apprehensive they may not discharge their duties properly. Unless they are educated it is not at all justifiable to give them voting right.

Question 16.
What is a direct election?
Answer:
Direct election is a process where the citizen voters directly cast their vote at a pooling booth to elect their representatives. It gives the opportunity and freedom to each voter to vote for his / her candidate of choice. In this election, the person who gets the maximum vote is declared elected. Direct election is democratic and it is seen everywhere. The members of Lok Sabha and Vidhan Sabha are elected by direct election.

Question 17.
Merits of direct election.
Answer:
Direct election gives every voter the freedom to vote for the candidate of his choice. In this process, each Voter gets the satisfaction that he is selecting the government. It establishes close contact between the votes and representatives. It promotes political consciousness. It makes voters accountable and develops the attitude of service.

Question 18.
Demerits of direct election
Answer:
The poor and ignorant people while casting their vote can not make the proper choices of representatives. Indirect election votes are swayed by election waves and do not make good choices. It is too much expensive, so poor people rarely get a chance to win. Violence and muscle power influence the outcome of a direct election.

Question 19.
Indirect election.
Answer:
The indirect election is a process where the voters elect their representatives indirectly that is through an intermediary group. It involves two elections, first, the intermediary group is elected and by second the group elects the real representatives. The Indian President, Vice-President and members of the Rajya Sabha are elected in this method.  It is less expensive and more representative. It may be carried out either by list system.

Question 20.
Minority Representation.
Answer:
Minority representation refers to the representation of minorities. Proportional representation is a technique of minority representation. Each group and party secures seats in proportion to the votes secured. It enables each minority to safeguard its interests.

Question 21.
Merits of indirect election.
Answer:
Indirect election eliminates the evils of the party system, therefore more capable and efficient representatives are elected. Here merit of the candidates counts over the election wave. It is suitable for poor and backward countries. It is less influenced by the evils of party politics.

Question 22.
Demerits of Indirect Election.
Answer:
The indirect election is undemocratic as the voters are not given the scope to elect representatives directly. There is no direct contact between the voters and representatives. It discourages voters in a democracy. Here the party dominates over individual choice. It encourages corruption, bribery, and illegal activities.

Question 23.
Single transferable vote system.
Answer:
A single transferable vote system is a form of proportional representation. It was invented by Thomas Hare of England. It is suitable for multi-member constituencies. In this system, each voter cast his vote in order of preference. The 1st preference votes are taken into account first, and those who secure the required quota of votes are declared elected. Here the 2nd preference vote is transferred to another candidate for which it is called a single transferable vote system.

Question 24.
Proportional Representation.
Answer:
Proportional representation is a form of indirect election. It rectifies the defects of a single-member constituency. In this system, a representative is elected on the basis of votes cast in his favor. So every vote is taken into consideration. It provides an opportunity to smaller parties and groups to win some seats in proportion to their votes. No vote is wasted in this system.

Question 25.
Demerits of Proportional representation.
Answer:
Propositional Representation is a complex process that ordinary voters can not understand. It encourages small parties and factionalism in a democracy. If encourages a multi-party system and most of the time coalition ministries are formed. It establishes no links or relationships between voters and representatives. In this system, the voters are bound by partly decisions and policies.

Question 26.
Communal Representation.
Answer:
Communal representation means the formation of electoral constituencies on the basis of Hindu, Muslim, Christian and Sikh religious communities, This system was encouraged by Britishers during pre-independence In this system, representatives are elected from every religious community. It can be ensured by reservation of seats bn communal lines. The Indian constitution has rejected communal representation.

Question 27.
Functional Representation.
Answer:
Functional Representation means the election of representatives from specific functional groups and units. It is an alternative to the system of territorial representation. This type of representation is prevailing in socialist and communist countries where representatives are chosen from farmers. It tends to neglect general interest for the sake of functional gr I p interest.

Question 28.
Challenges to Indian Election System.
Answer:
The Indian election system is facing, a lot of challenges in the nature

• Lot-of challenges in the nature of
• Increase in corruption and entry of criminals into politics.
• Politicization of caste, religion, communal and regional issues.
• Increasing violence, booth capturing arid rigging during the poll.
• Most of political parties are trying to misguide and confuse voters especially the poor and weaker sections of society.

Question 29.
Difference between money bill and finance bill.
Answer:
The difference between money bills and financial bills is more systematic than real. Art. 110 deals with money bills while Art. li 7 deals with financial bills. Financial bills are mostly bills dealing with income and expenditure and some portions of money bills also deal with similar issues. But all financial bills are not many bills. A finance bill is a mixture of an ordinary bill and a money bill. Money bills can’t be amended by Rajya Sabha but financial bills can be.

Question 30.
Ordinary Bill and Money Bill.
Answer:
An ordinary bill may be a public bill or a private bill, but a money bill is always a public bill. Ah, the ordinary bill can be introduced into either House of Parliament, but a money bill can only be introduced into the Lok Sabha. A money bill is introduced with the prior permission of the President, but an ordinary bill requires no such permission. The President may or may not approve an ordinary bill, but can’t disapprove a motley bill. The Rajya Sabha can reject an ordinary bill, but it can’t reject a money bill.

Question 31.
Bill and Act.
Answer:
Bill is a draft proposal for legislation. It is the preliminary stage of an Act, but Act is the final stage of a bill. A bill is a legislative proposal that after parliamentary action becomes an Act. A bill is not enforceable either by the executive or judiciary but an Act is enforced by the executive and applied in law courts. A bill carries no legal sanction but an Act carries legal sanction.

Question 32.
How does the legislature act as the custodian of the national purse?
Answer:
Without the approval of the budget by the legislature, no money can be raised or spent by the government. Without legislative sanction, no expenditure can be charged out of the consolidated fund, and no tax can be levied or exempted. It maintains a strict vigil over financial transactions made by executives. It appoints legislative committees like public accounts. Committee and Estimates Committee for the purpose.

Question 33.
How the Union Parliament is organized?
Answer:
Union Parliament is bicameral in structure, its Lower House is called Lok Sabha, and its Upper House as Rajya Sabha. Lok Sabha is the popular house and its members are elected directly by the citizen voters for five years. Rajya Sabha is the Upper House and its strength is 250 of which 238 members are elected indirectly from states and Union Territory Legislative Assembles for six years. The rest 12 are nominated by President.

Lok Sabha enjoys a five years tenure but Rajya Sabha is permanent.

Question 34.
What are the required qualifications for a member of the Rajya Sabha?
Answer:
A member of the Rajya Sabha is required to possess the following qualifications.

• He must be a citizen of India.
• He must be above 30 years of age.
• He should not be insolvent or of unsound mind,
• He should not hold any office or profit either under the Union of State Gate.

Question 35.
What are the required qualifications for a member of the Lok Sabha?
Answer:
A member of Lok sabha should satisfy the following qualifications.

• He must be a citizen of India.
• He must be above 25 years of age.
• He must not be insolvent or of unsound mind.
• He must not hold any office of profit either under the Union Govt or of slate.

Question 36.
Joint sitting of Parliament.
Answer:
The President summons the joint sitting of parliament under Art. 108 . to resolve the deadlock between the two houses of parliament over the passage of an ordinary bill. The meeting is held in. the central Hall of Parliament with the speaker of Lok Sabha in the chair. The matter is discussed and finally, a vote is taken. The decision of the majority is taken for granted. The Lok Sabha due to its, numerical strength usually wins.

Question 37.
Role of Rajya Sabha in the passage of a money bill.
Answer:
Rajya Sabha is the second chamber of the union parliament and it plays an insignificant role in the passage of a money bill. No money bill can be introduced into the House. A bill after approval of Lok Sabha comes to the house and it is given a period of 14 days to approve the bill. The House can’t amend or reject a money bill, but can suggest amendments. The lower house may consider such a suggestion or not. Under no circumstances it can delay a money bill beyond 14 days.

Question 38.
Write the special powers of RajyaSabha.
Answer:

• Under Art. 249, Rajya Sabha can pass a resolution authorizing the Parliament to enact laws on any item of state list in the national interest.
• The House can initiate a proposal for the removal of the Vice President.
• Under Art. 312, it can pass a resolution authorizing the union Govt, either for the creation of addition of posts belonging to all Indian services.

Question 39.
What is a No-confidence motion?
Answer:
No confidence motion is an instrument in the hands of the Lok Sabha to control the ministry. It is moved by the members of the opposition bench to criticize and remove the government. It is initialed by at least l/4th members of the House and the Speaker gives a 14 days notice to the Govt. On the appointed date, the matter is discussed vividly and a final vote is taken. If the majority of the members are present and the voting vote is in favor of the motion the govt, resigns.

Question 40.
What are the functions of the Speaker of Lok Sabha?
Answer:

• The Speaker is the presiding officer of the Lok Sabha.
• He presides over its meetings and maintains decorum
• He conducts the business of the House.
• He protects the privileges and freedom of the members
• He interprets the rules of business of the House and decides on the admissibility of questions, resolutions and motions.
• In case of a tie, he casts his vote.

Question 41.
Estimate Committee.
Answer:
The estimates committee is a parliamentary committee. It consists of 30 members elected from Parliament. It examines the estimates of various ministries and suggests alternative policies to bring efficiency and economy to administration. The committee also works to bring about improvements in organization and efficiency in administration.

Question 42.
What are the privileges of members of Parliament?
Answer:
The members of parliament enjoy the following privileges. They enjoy freedom of speech, and for that, no legal action can be taken. They are immune from all legal proceedings for any act committed inside the House. No, a member can be arrested or detained by the public authority during – the session without the permission of the speaker.

Question 43.
Appropriation Bill.
Answer:
After a discussion of demands for grants, the Appropriation Bill is prepared by taking the demands passed by Lok Sabha and expenditure charged upon the Consolidated Fund of India. This bill is presented to the Lok Sabha and it has to pass through all the stages as any other bill.

Question 44.
Finance Bill.
Answer:
All the taxation proposals contained in the budget are known as Finance Bill. It is presented to the Lok Sabha after the enactment of the Appropriation Bill. It is passed in the same process as money bills. The passing of finance bills marks the completion of the budget.

Question 45.
What is a Vote on Account?
Answer:
The financial year of the Govt ends on 31 st March and as per the rules, the Budget must be passed by 31st March. If for any reason the budget can’t be passed within the time then the Govt can seek an affirmative vote from the Parliament to make necessary expenditures on Adhoc basic. This is called Vote on Account.

Question 46.
What are the required qualifications for membership of the Legislative Assembly?
Answer:
As per 173 of the constitution, a member of the State Legislative Assembly is required to satisfy the following qualifications He must be a citizen of India. He must be above 25 years of age. He must possess all other qualifications as prescribed by the law of Parliament.

Question 47.
What, are the disqualifications for membership of the State Legislative Assembly?
Answer:
A person shall be disqualified for membership of a State Legislative Assembly if.He/she holds any office of profit either under the State or Union government. He /she is of unsound mind. He/she is an undischarged insolvent. He/she has voluntarily acquired the citizenship of a foreign state. He/she is disqualified by any law made by Parliament.

Question 48.
How the membership of an MLA can be terminated?
Answer:
Termination of membership of an MLA is a controversial issue and the final decision in this regard is given by the State Governor. The Governor before disqualifying a member has to obtain the view of the Election Commission and act accordingly. His decision is final and can not be questioned in any court of law. The membership of a disqualified member shall be terminated by the Assembly by passing a resolution to that, effect.

Question 49:
What are the required qualifications of a member of the Legislative Council?
Answer:
A person should possess the following qualifications to become a member of the legislative council. He must be a citizen of India. He/she must be above 30 years of age. He/she must possess such other qualifications as may be prescribed by the law of parliament.

Question 50.
How the Second Chamber of the State Legislature can be abolished?
Answer:
The Second Chamber of a State Legislature can be abolished in accordance with Art. 169 of the Constitution. It can be done if a resolution to that effect is passed by a majority of the total membership of the Assembly and a two-thirds majority of members present and voting of the concerned state legislative assembly. This resolution must be followed by the Act of Parliament after which the President orders for the abolition of the Second Chamber.

Question 51.
Which states in India have bicameral legislature?
Answer:
Five of 25 states in India have a bicameral legislature. These states are

• Uttar Pradesh.
• Bihar.
• Maharastra.
• Jammu and Kashmir.

Question 52.
Legislative Council is a superfluous chamber.
Answer:
Legislative Council is the Second Chamber of a State Legislature. It is a weak chamber that exercises limited and negligible influence over the lower chamber in the legislative sphere. It can neither check the money bills nor ordinary bills against the wish of the Lower House. It has no control over the executive. It does not participate in the amendment of the Constitution and the election of the President. Thus, in comparison to the Lower House, the Legislative Council is weaker in all aspects for which it is criticized as a superfluous chamber.

Question 53.
What are the functions of the Speakers of the Legislative Assembly?
Answer:
Speaker is the Presiding officer of the Legislative Assembly and he performs the following functions. He presides over the sessions of the Assembly. He maintains decorum in the House and interprets the rules of business. He is the final authority to admit questions, motions, and resolutions. He conducts the proceedings and votes within the House He can cast his vote in case of a tic. He safeguards the privileges of the members of the House.

Odisha State Board Elements of Mathematics Class 11 CHSE Odisha Solutions Chapter 1 Mathematical Reasoning Ex 1(a) Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

CHSE Odisha Class 11 Math Solutions Chapter 1 Mathematical Reasoning Exercise 1(a)

Question 1.
Choose the correct answer from the given choices:

(i) Negation of ‘Paris is in France and London is in England’ is :
(A) Paris is in England and London is in France.
(B) Paris is not in France or Landon is not in England.
(C) Paris is in England or London is in France.
(D) Paris is not in France and London is not in England.
Solution:
(A) Paris is in England and London is in France.

(ii) The conditional (p ∧ q) → p is :
(A) a tautology
(B) a contradiction
(C) neither a tautology nor a contradiction
(D) none of these
Solution:
(A) a tautology

(iii) Which of the following is a contradiction?
(A) (p ∧ q) ∧ ~ (p ∧ q)
(B) p ∨ (~ p ∧ q)
(C) (p → q) → p
(D) None of these
Solution:
(A) (p ∧ q) ∧ ~ (p ∧ q)

(iv) Which of the following is logically equivalent to ~ (~ p → q)?
(A) p ∧ q
(B) p ∧ ~ q
(C) ~ p ∧ q
(D) ~ p ∧ ~ q
Solution:
(D) ~ p ∧ ~ q

(v) (~(~p) ∧ q) is equivalent to
(A) ~ p ∧ q
(B) p ∧ q
(C) p ∧ ~ q
(D) ~ p ∧ ~ q
Solution:
(B) p ∧ q

(vi) If p: It rains today, q: I go to school, r: I shall meet any friend, and s’: I shall go to a movie, then which of the following is the proposition.
If it does not rain or if I do not go to school, then I shall meet a friend and go to a movie.
(A) ∼ (p ∧ q) → (r ∧ s)
(B) ~ (p ∧ q) → (r ∧ s)
(C) ~ (p ∧ q) → (r ∨ s)
(D) None of these
Solution:
(A) ~ (p ∧ q) → (r ∧ s)

(vii) Which of the following is true?
(A) p → q ≡ (~p → ~q)
(B) ~ (p → ~ q) ≡ (~ p ∧ q)
(C) ~ (~p ~ q) ≡ (~ p ∧ q)
(D) ~ (p ↔ q) ≡ [~(p → q)∧~(q → p)]
Solution:
(C) ~ (~p ~ q) ≡ (~ p ∧ q)

(viii)The Inverse of the proposition p ∧ ~ q) → r is:
(A) ~ r (~ p ∨ q)
(B) ~ p ∨ q → ~ r
(C) r → (p ∧ ~q)
(D) None of these
Solution:
(B) ~p ∨ q → ~ r

(ix) The contrapositive of (p ∨ q) → r is
(A) r → (p ∨ q)
(B ) ~r → (p ∨ q)
(C) ~ r → (~p ∧ ~q)
(D) p → (q ∨ r)
Solution:
(C) ~ r → (~p ∧ ~q)

(x) Which of the following is inverse of the proposition: “If a number is a prime, then it is odd.
(A) if a number is not prime, then it is odd.
(B) if a number is not a prime, then it is not odd.
(C) if a number is not odd then it is not a prime.
(D) if a number is not odd, then it is a prime.
Solution:
(B) if a number is not a prime, then it is not odd.

Question 2.
Give examples, five in each case, of , sentences that are
(i) propositions
Solution :
Examples of a proposition:
(a) Rama is a boy.
(b) He is ten years old.
(c) He is reading in class six.
(d) He has 2 brothers and 3 sisters.
(e) 2 + 3 ≥ 5

(ii) not-propositions
Solution:
Examples of not-proposition:
(a) How old are you?
(b) What is he to you?
(c) Read mindfully.
(d) What a beautiful girl!
(e) May God offer you long life.

Question 3.
Illustrate the use of all connectives and the modified ‘not’ in five separate examples of propositions.
Solution:
Conjunction: Hari and Madhu are two friends.
Disjunction: Hari or Madhu stand first in their class.
Implication: If I will be the king, then I will make you my queen.
Double Implication: I will love you if you will love me.
Negation: I don’t like her.

Question 4.
Try to construct an example of a proposition involving all connectives and also the modifier ‘not’.
Solutions:
If she do not come and take my help, then she neither understands the problem nor solves them but she can create other problems.

Question 5.
Which of the following sentences are propositions and which are not? Write with reasons :
(i) 2 < 5.
(ii) Is 9 < 3?
(iii) x is greater than 100.
(iv) Why are you crying?
(v) May God grant you long life.
(vi) Cuttack is a big city.
(vii) It is possible that there is life on Mars.
(viii)Ram is a friend of Hari.
(ix) x² –  x + 1=0
(x) Oh! What scenery!
(xi) You must go to school every day.
(xii) It was raining yesterday.
Solution:
(i) 2 < 5 is a proposition, as it is true.

(ii) Is 9 < 3? Is not a proposition, as it is neither true nor false.

(iii) “x is greater than 100” is not a statement as x is not defined.

(iv) Why are you crying? Is not a statement as it is neither true nor false.

(v) “May God grant you long life” is not a statement as it is neither true nor false.

(vi) “Cuttack is a big city” is not a statement, as it contains the word ‘big’ (not defined).

(vii) “It is possible that there is life on Mars” is not a proposition. (To date it is not confirmed)

(viii)Ram is a friend of Hari. It is a statement as it is true or false.

(ix) “x² – x + 1 = 0” is not a statement as ‘x’ is not defined.

(x) Oh! What scenery! It is not a statement as it is neither true nor false.

(xi) You must go to school every day. It is not a statement as it is neither true nor false.

(xii) It was raining yesterday. It is not a proposition as it is not known to which day yesterday means.

Question 6.
Write down negations of each of the following.
(i) If you read, you will pass.
(ii) John is a friend of Thomas.
(iii) Fifteen is greater than five.
(iv) Either Pramod is clever or he is laborious.
(v) Money is necessary for happiness.
(vi) It is raining and Mahanadi is flooded.
(vii) Pen is might than a sword.
(viii) |x| is equal to either x or – x.
(ix) It is raining and it is cool.
(x) 3 + 6 > 8 and 2 + 3 < 6.
Solution:
(i) It is not true that if you read, you will pass.
(ii) John is not a friend of Thomas.
(iii) Fifteen is not greater than five.
(iv) Pramod is not clever and also not laborious.
(v) Money is not necessary for happiness.
(vi) It is neither raining nor Mahanadi is flooded.
(vii) Pen is not more mighty than a sword.
(viii) |x| is neither x nor – x
(ix) It is not raining or it is not cool.
(x) 3 + 6 ≤ 8 or 2+ 3 ≥ 6.

Question 7.
Translate the following propositions into symbolic form, stating the prime components in each case.
(i) If you do not work hard, you will repent.
(ii) Jamini will be rewarded if and only if he is punctual.
(iii) If there is a will, there is a way.
(iv) Time and tide wait for none.
(v) 29 is a prime number which is a sum of two squares.
(vi) Life is short, but virtue is lasting.
(vii) If the boy is poor, then he will be hungry and if he is hungry, then he cannot be honest.
(viii) A year consists of twelve months while a month does not consist of more than thirty-one days.
(ix) If the government cannot solve the unemployment problem, then public opinion will rise against it which will lead to a strengthening
of opposition.
(x) Chinu and Minu went to Calcutta, but Minu came back earlier since she lost all her money
Solution:
(i) Let p: You work hard, q: you will repent. Then the given statement is ~ p → q.
(ii) Let p: Jamini will be rewarded, q: He is punctual. The given statement is p ↔ q.
(iii) Let p: There is a will, q: There is a way.
∴ The given statement is p → q.
(iv) Let p: Time waits for none. q: Tide waits for none.
∴  Solution is p ∧ q.
(v) Let p: 29 be a prime number. q: It is a sum erf two squares
∴  Solution is p ∧ q.
(vi) Let p: Life is short. q: Virtue is lasting.
Solution is q ∧ q.
(vii) Let p: The boy is poor. q: He will be hungry. r: He can be honest.
Solution is (p → q) ∧ (q → ~r)
(viii) Let p: A year consists of twelve 9. months. q: A month consists of more than 31 days.
∴ Solution is p ∧ ~ q.
(ix) Let p: The Government can solve the unemployment problem. q: Public opinion will rise against it. r: It will lead to a strengthening
of opposition.
∴  Solution is (p → q) → r.
(x) Let p: Chinu went to Calcutta. q: Minu went to Calcutta. r: Minu came back earlier. s: She lost all her money.
Solution is (p ∧ q) ∧ (s → r).

Question 8.
Let p, q, and r denote respectively the statements: “you are honest”, “you are laborious” and “you will receive a promotion”, Translate the following statements into English language :
(i) (p ∨ q) → r
(ii) ~ r → ~ p
(iii) ~ (p ∨ q) → ~ r
(iv) |r ∨ (~ p)| → ~ q
(v) p ∧ q ∧ r
Solution:
Let p: You are honest. q: You are laborious. r: You will receive a promotion.
(i) (p ∨ q) → r. It’s the English language is “If you are honest or laborious then you will receive a promotion.”
(ii) If you will not receive a promotion, then you are not honest.
(iii) If you are neither honest nor laborious then you will not receive a promotion.
(iv) If you will receive a promotion or you are not honest then you are not, laborious.
(v) You are honest and laborious and you will receive a promotion.

Question 9.
Construct truth tables for the following and indicate which of these are tautologies :
Solution:
(i) p ∧ q → p ∨ q

p	q	p ∧ q	p ∨ q	p ∧ q ∧ p ∨ q
T	T	T	T	T
T	F	F	T	T
F	T	F	T	T
F	F	F	F	T

∴ It is a tautology.

(ii) p ∧ q → p
Solution:

p	q	p ∧ q	p ∧ q → p
T	T	T	T
T	F	F	T
F	T	F	T
F	F	F	T

∴ It is a tautology.

(iii) p ∧ (p → q) → q
Solution:

p	q	p → q	p ∧ (p → q)	p ∧ (p → q) → q
T	T	T	T	T
F	T	T	F	T
T	F	F	F	T
F	F	T	F	T

∴ It is a tautology.

(iv) p → p ∧ q
Solution:

p	q	p ∧ q	p → (p ∧ q)
T	T	T	T
T	F	F	F
F	T	F	T
F	F	F	T

∴ It is a not tautology.

(v) p → (~p → q)
Solution:

p	q	~p	~p → q	p → (~p → q)
T	T	F	T	T
T	F	F	T	T
F	T	T	T	T
F	F	T	F	T

∴ It is a tautology.

(vi) ~p ∧ (p ∧ q) → q
Solution:

∴ It is a tautology.

(vii) (p ∨ ~q) ∧ (q ∨ ~p)
Solution:

∴ It is a not tautology.

(viii) p → (~ q ∧ r)
Solution:

∴ It is a not tautology.

(ix) (p → q) → [(q → r) → (p → r)]
Solution:

∴ It is a tautology.

(x) p ∨ → ~(p ∧ q)
Solution:

∴ It is a not tautology.

(xi) (p → ~p) → ~p
Solution:

P	~p	p → ~p	(p → ~p) → ~p
T	F	F	T
F	T	T	T

∴ It is a tautology.

(xii) (~ p ∨ p) → (~ q ∨ q)
Solution:

∴ It is a tautology.

(xiii) (p ∧ q) → p) → q
Solution:

p	q	p ∧ q	(p ∧ q) → p	((p → q) → p) → q
T	T	T	T	T
T	F	F	T	F
F	T	F	T	T
F	F	F	T	F

∴ It is a not tautology.

(xiv) (p ↔ q) ∧ (q ↔ r) → (p ↔ r)
Solution:

∴ It is a tautology.

(xv) [p → (p ∨ q)] → [q → (p ∧ q)]
Solution:

Question 10.
If p has truth value T, what can be said about the truth values of
(i) ~p ∧ q → p ∨ q
Solution:

∴ ~p ∧ q → p v q is always true if p is true.

(ii) p ∨ q → ~p ∧ q
Solution:

∴ p ∨ q → ~ p ∧ q is always false it is true.

Question 11.
Determine the truth values of p ↔  ~ q when the biconditional p ↔ q has truth value (i) F, (ii) T.
Solution:

p	q	-q	p ↔ q	p ↔ ~q
T	T	F	T	F
T	F	T	F	T
F	T	F	F	T
F	F	T	T	F

(i) When p ↔ q is False, p ↔ ~ q is True.
(ii) ∴ When p ↔ q is True, p ↔ ~q is False.

Question 12.
State the converse, inverse and contra-positive of each of the following propositions. Stating it as a conditional, wherever necessary.

(i) If A ABC is equilateral, then its three angles are congruent.
Solution:
If A ABC is equilateral, then its three angles are congruent.
Converse: If the three angles of the A ABC are congruent, then it is equilateral.
Inverse: If A ABC is not equilateral, then its three angles are not congruent.
Contrapositive: If the three angles of the A ABC are not congruent, then it is not equilateral.

(ii) If Gopal is clever, then he is rich.
Solution:
Con: If Gopal is rich, then he is clever.
Inv.: If Gopal is not clever, then he is not rich.
Cont: If Gopal is not rich, then he is not clever.

(iii) p → ~ q
Solution:
p → ~ q
Con: ~ q → p
Inv: ~ p → q
Cont: q → ~ p

(iv) Sum of two odd integers is even.
Solution:
If two integers are odd, then their sum is even.
Con: If the sum of two integers is even, then they are odd.
Inv: If two integers are not odd, then their sum is not even.
Cont: If the sum of two integers is not even then they are not odd.

(v) The square of an integer is a natural number.
Solution:
If a number is an integer, then its square is a natural number.
Con: If the square of a number is a natural number, then it is an integer.
Inv: If a number is not an integer, then its square is not a natural number.
Cont: If the square of a number is not a natural number then it is not an integer.

(vi) A parallelogram that is inscribed in a circle is a rectangle.
Solution:
If a parallelogram is inscribed in a circle, then it is a rectangle.
Con: If a parallelogram is a rectangle, then it is inscribed in a circle.
Inv: If a parallelogram is not inscribed in a circle then it is not a rectangle.
Cont: If a parallelogram is not a rectangle, then it is not inscribed in a circle.

(vii) The ground being wet, there has been rainfall at night.
Solution:
If the ground being wet then there has been rainfall at night.
Con: If there has been rainfall at night then the ground being wet,
Inv: If the ground is not wet then there has been no rainfall at night.
Con: If there has been no rainfall at night then the ground is not wet.

Question 13.
Are the following pair of statements negation of each other?
(i) The number π is not a rational number.
(ii) The number π is not an irrational number.
(iii) The number π is a rational number. The number π is an rational number.
Solution:
(i) No (ii) Yes

Question 14.
Write the component statement of the following compound statements and check whether the compound statement is true or false.
(i) 24 is a multiple of 4 and 6
(ii) The school is closed if there is a holiday or a Sunday.
(iii) 7 is a rational number or an irrational number.
(iv) 57 is divisible by 2 or 3.
(v) All things have two eyes and two legs.
(vi) 2 is an even number and a prime number.
(vii) Every parallelogram is a trapezium or a rhombus.
Solution:

(i) The component statement is
p: 24 is a multiple of 4
q: 24 is a multiple of 6
The truth value of the statement is ‘True’

(ii) The component statements are :
p: There is a holiday or a Sunday
q: The School is closed
The truth value of the compound statement is ‘True’.

(iii) The component statements are
p: 7 is a rational number
q: 7 is an irrational number
The truth value of the compound statement is ‘True’.

(iv) The component statements are
p: 57 is divisible by 2
q: 57 is divisible by 3
The truth value of the compound statement is ‘True’.

(v) The component statements are
p: All things have two eyes.
q: All things have two eyes
The truth value of the compound statement is ‘false’

(vi) The component statements are
p: 2 is an even number
q: 2 is a prime number
The truth value of the compound statement is ‘ True.

(vii) The component statements are
p: Every parallelogram is a trapezium
q: Every parallelogram is a rhombus.
The truth value of the compound statement is “false”.

Question 15.
Identify the Quantifiers of the following statements.
(i) There exists a number that is equal to its square.
(ii) For every real number x, x is less than x + 1.
(iii) There exists a capital for every state of India.
(iv) For all x ∈ R , sin² x + cos² x = 1
(v) There exists an even prime number other than 2.
(vi) For every negative integer x, x³ is also a negative integer.
(vii) For every real number x, x² ≠ x.
Solution:
(i) There exists
(ii) for every
(iii) There exists
(iv) for all
(v) There exists
(vi) for every
(vii) for every

Question 16.
Write the negation of the following statement.
(i) Every living person is not 150 years old.
(ii) There exists x∈ N, x + 3 ≠ 10
(iii) All the students completed their homework.
(iv) There exists a number that is equal to its square.
(v) For every real number x, x + 4 is greater than x.
(vi) Everyone who lives in India is an Indian.
Solution:
(i) There exists a living person who is 150 years old.
(ii) for all x ∈ N, x + 3 ≠ 10
(iii) There exists a student who has not completed his homework.
(iv) Each number is not equal to its square.
(v) There exists a real number x, x + 4 is not greater than x.
(vi) There exists a person who lives in India but is not an Indian.

Odisha State Board Elements of Mathematics Class 11 Solutions CHSE Odisha Chapter 2 Sets Ex 2(a) Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

CHSE Odisha Class 11 Math Solutions Chapter 2 Sets Exercise 2(a)

Question 1.
Construct five different examples of sets. Describe each with the help of a proposition.
Solution:
(i) Collection of all the days of a week.
i.e., D = {Sunday, Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, Saturday}
= {x: x is a day of a week}

(ii) Collection of writing instruments
i.e., A = {pen, pencil, paper, ink}
= {x: x is a writing instrument}

(iii) Collection of all kings having more than one queen.
i.e., B = {x: x is a king having more than one queen.}

(iv) Collection of all nationalized political parties i.e., C = {BJP, Congress, CPI, CPI(M), JD(U), JD(S), JP}
= {x: x is a set of nationalized political parties}

(v) Collection of all integers of multiples of 3.
i.e., D = {0, ± 3, ± 6}
= {x: x is a set of all integers of multiples of 3}

(vi) Collection of all fingers of a hand
i.e., E = {x: x is a finger of hand}

Question 2.
Give an example of a set that has exactly 10 elements and express it through a defining property.
Solution:
Collection of all positive prime numbers less than 30 i.e„ A = {2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29} = {x: x is a prime number less than 30}

Question 3.
It is possible to express every set through a defining property? Justify your answer.
Solution:
Yes, it is possible to express every set through a defining property, as every set can be written in the set builder form.

Question 4.
If {x: p₁ (x)} = {x: p₂ (x)}, show for each x, p₁ (x) and p₂ (x) have the same truth value.
Solution:
Given that {x : p₁ (x)} = {x : p₂ (x)}
∴ The two sets have the same element.
So p₁ (x) ≠ p₂ (x) i.e., they have the same truth value.

Question 5.
For each of the following words, write down the set of letters forming that word :
(i) Administration,
(ii) Misrepresentation,
(iii) Mathematics,
(iv) Concurrence,
(v) Demonstration
Solution:
(i) {a, d, i, m, n, o, r, s, t }
(ii) {a, e, i, m, n,o,p, r, s, t }
(iii) {a, c, e, h, i, m, s, t }
(iv) {c, e, n, n, o, r, u }
(v) {a, d, e, i, m, n, o, r, s, t }

Question 6.
State with reason, which of the following are sets and which are not :
(i) All big rivers of India.
(ii) All natural numbers having at least one prime factor.
(iii) All sincere students of Ravenshaw college during the academic year 1998 -99.
(iv) All real numbers with negative squares.
(v) All citizens of India earning more than Rs. 10,000/- per month.
(vi) All college teachers who are citizens of India.
(vii) All finite subsets of the set Z of integers.
(viii)Collection of all possible sets.
(ix) Collection of all winged horses.
(x) Collection of all residents of Odisha who will live for more than 100 years.
Solution:
(i) It is not a set, as the word ‘big’ is not properly defined.
(ii) It is a set, as it is properly defined.
(iii) It is not a set, as the word ‘sincere’ is not properly defined.
(iv) It is a set, as it is well-defined.
(v) It is a set, as it is well-defined.
(vi) It is a set, as it is well-defined.
(vii) It is a set, as it is well-defined.
(viii)It is a set, as it is well-defined.
(ix) It is a set, as is it properly defined.
(x) It is not a set, as we do not know, who will live for more than 100 years.

Question 7.
Write the following sets in the form of lists:
(i) {x: x is a prime number and 1 ≤ x ≤ 100}
(ii) {x: x = is an odd integer}
(iii) {x: x = 1 or x = 2 or x = 3 }
(iv) {x: x = can be written as a sum of two odd integers}
(v) Set of all natural numbers that are divisible by 5.
Solution:
(i) {2, 3, 5, 7, …….. 97}
(ii) {± 1, ± 3, ± 5, ……..}
(iii) {1, 2, 3}
(iv) {2, 4, 6, 8, 10, ………}
(v) {5, 10, 15, 20, ……..}

Question 8.
Write the following sets in the intention (or specification form)
(i) {a}
(ii) Φ
(iii) {1, 2}
(iv) {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
(v) P (Φ)
(vi) {1, 3, 9, 27}
Solution:
(i) {x: x = a}
(ii) {x: x ≠ x}
(iii) {x: x = 1 or x = 2}
(iv) {x: x ∈ N, 1 ≤ x ≤ 5}
(v) {x: x = Φ}
(vi) {x: x =3ⁿ n ∈ Z, 0 ≤ n ≤ 3 }

Question 9.
Determine if set A is a proper subset of the set B where A and B are as given below:

(i) A = { 1, 2, 3, …….}
B = {x: x is a rational number}
Solution:
A is a proper subset of B as all the elements of A are in B.

(ii) A = {x: x is a prime number}
B = {2n – 1: n = 1, 2, 3, …… }
Solution:
A = {x : x is a prime number}
= {2, 3, 5, 7, 11, ……}
B = {2n – 1: n = 1, 2, 3, …. }
= {1, 3, 5, 7, ….}
∴ A ⊄ B, because of 2 ∈ A but 2 ∉.

(iii) A = {-l, 1, 3}
B = {x: x ∈ R and x³ – 2x³ -x + 2 = 0}
Solution:
Solving x³ – 2x² – x + 2 = 0
we have x² (x – 2) – 1 (x – 2) = 0
or, (x – 2) (x²– 1) = 0
∴ x = 1, -1, 2
∴ B ={ -1, 1, 2}
∴ A is not a subset of B.

(iv) A= {1, 2, 3, 4}
B = [n ∈ N, n is a divisor of 60}
Solution:
B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 10, 12, 15, 20, 30, 60}
∴ A ⊂ B

Question 10.
For each of the following pairs of sets A and B, determine if A ⊂ B or A ⊄ B:
Solution:
(i) A = Φ, B = {Φ}
Here A ⊂ B, as Φ is the subset of every set

(ii) A = {x : x is an integer}
= 0, ± 1, ± 2……..
B = {3x : x is an integer}
= {0, ± 3, ± 6,……} A ⊄ B.

(iii) A = {x: x is an odd integer}
B = {x: x is real and not an even integer}
∴ A = {± 1, ± 3, ± 5, …….} and B is the set containing all the real numbers except for even integers.
∴ A ⊂ B

(iv) A = {x : x is an integer which is both even and odd}
B = {x: x is an integer, x ≠ x}
∴ A ⊂ B, … A = Φ and B = Φ)

(v) A = |a, b, c|, B = {|a|, |b|,  |c|}
∴ A ⊄ B

Question 11.
Determine the truth of the falsity of the following propositions with reasons.
(a) {1, 2} € {1,2,3}
(b) A ⊂ A for any set A.
(c) Every set has a proper subset.
(d) Every set in a proper subset of the same set
(e) For any object x, there is a set A such that, x ∈ A.
(f) For any object x, there is a set A such that, x ∉ A.
(g) If A, B, C sets, then either A = B or A ⊂ B or B ⊂ A.
(h) a ∈ {(a)}
(i) a ∈ {(a, b), b}, a ≠ b.
(j) If A is a proper subset of B and B is a subset of C, then A is a proper subset of C.
(k) A ⊂ Φ if and only if A = Φ.
Solution:
(a) {1,2} ∈ {1,2,3} is false, as {1, 2} is not an element of { 1, 2, 3} but it is a subset.
(B) A ⊂ A is false, as A is an improper subset of itself, not a proper subset.
(C) ‘Every set has a proper subset is false as Φ has no proper subset.
(d) Every set is a proper subset of the same set is false.
(e) For any object x, there is a set A such that, x ∈ A. It is true.
(f) For every object x, there is a set A such that, x ∉ A. It is true.
(g) If A, B, C sets, then either A = B or A ⊂ B or B ⊂ A. It is false, as there is a possibility for A ≠ B.
e.g. a = {1, 2}, b = {a, b}
(h) a ∈ {{a}}. It is false as ‘a’ is not an element of the set {(a)}.
(i) as ∈ {{a, b}, b}, a ≠ b It is false, as ‘a’ is not an element of the set {{a, b}, b}
(j) If A is a proper subset of B and B is a subset of C, then A is a proper subset of C.
It is true, as
x ∈ A ⇒ x ∈ B ∴ (A ⊂ B)
and x ∈ B ⇒ x ∈ C ∴ (B ⊂ A)
∴ x ∈ A ⇒ x ∈ C means A ⊂ C.
(k) A ⊂ Φ if and only if A = Φ is true.
Proof:
Necessary part: Given A ⊂ Φ and prove A = Φ.
Now A ⊂ Φ       ….(1)
And Φ is the subset of every set.
So Φ ⊂ A           ….(2)
Combining (1) and (2) we get A = Φ.
Sufficient part: Given A = Φ and to prove A ⊂ C.
A = Φ ⇒ A ⊂ Φ and Φ ⊂ A
Thus A ⊂ Φ.

Question 12.
Write down the power set of
(i) {a, b, c}
(ii) {a, {a}}
(iii) Φ
(iv) {Φ}
(v) {a, {a}, {a,b}}
(vi) {{Φ}}
Solution:
(i) Let A = {a, b, c}
P(A) = {{a}, {b}, {c}, {a, b}, {a, c}, {b, c}, A, Φ}

(ii) Let A = {a, {a}} then P(A) = {{a}, {{a}}, Φ, A}

(iii) P (Φ) = {Φ}

(iv) P({Φ})-= {{Φ}, Φ}

(v) Let A = {a, {a}, {a, b}}
∴ P(A) = {{a}, {{a}}, {{a, b}}, {a}, {a}
{{a}, {a,b}}, {a, {a,b}, A, Φ)}

(vi) Let A = {{Φ}}
∴ P(A) = {A, Φ}

Question 13.
Prove that P(A) ⊂ P(B) if and only if A ⊂ B. When is the inclusion P(A) ⊂ P(B) proper?
Solution:
Necessary Part :
Let P(A) ⊂ P(B),
we shall prove that A ⊂ B.
∴ Let x ∈ A
⇒ {x} ∈ P(A)
⇒ {x} ∈ P(B)  (∴ P(A) ⊂P(B)
⇒ x ∈ B
Sufficient Part:
Let A ⊂ B
Let x ∈ P(A)
⇒ x ⊂ A
⇒x ⊂ B (∴ A ⊂ B)
⇒ x ∈ P(B)
Thus P(A) ⊂ P(B)
The inclusion P(A) ⊂ P(B) is proper when A is a proper subset of B.

Question 14.
A set can be finite or infinite (as understood in an informal way). For instance, {1, 2, 3, 4} is a finite set whereas Z is an infinite set. The number of elements of a set A, denoted by |A|, is called its cardinal number. Without going into the necessary technicalities, we may just observe that
|Φ|  = 0, |{x_1, x_2………,x_n }| = n
Two sets A and B are called similar if they have the same cardinal number. Thus, the sets {1, 2, 3} and {2, 4, 6} are similar. We write A ~ B to express the fact that A and B are similar. Now, answer the following questions.
(i) What are the cardinal numbers of the following sets?
{Φ}, {a, {a, b}}, {Z} {0.5}, {0, {5}}, {a, b, {a, b} }, {{Φ}}, {Φ, {Φ}}
(ii) For any natural number n, give an example of a set A such that |A = n|.
(iii) Determine the cardinal number of the set {x: x is real and x³ – x² + x- 1 = 0 }
Solution:
(i) Cardinal number of the set {Φ} is 1.
Cardinal number of the set {a, {a, b} } is 2.
Cardinal number of the set {z} is 1.
Cardinal number of the set {0,5} is 2.
Cardinal number of {0, {5 } } is 2.
Cardinal number of the set {a, b {a, b}) is 3.
Cardinal number of the set {{Φ}} is 1.
Cardinal number of {Φ, {Φ}} is 2.

(ii) Let A = {1, 2, 3}
∴ | A | = 4 where 4 ∈ N for n = 4.

(iii) Let A = {x : x is real and
x³ – x² + x – 1 = 0 }
Solving, x³ – x² + x – 1 = 0
or, x² ( x – 1) + 1 (x – 1 ) = 0
or, (x- 1) (x² + 1) = 0
x – 1 = 0, x² + 1 = 0
x = 1, ± i
As x is real, we have A = {1}
| A | = 1

Question 15.
Which sets are finite and which are infinite?
(i) The set N of positive natural numbers.
(ii) The set Z of integers.
(iii) The set Q of rational numbers.
(iv) The set R of real numbers.
(v) The set of prime numbers.
(vi) The set of even integers.
(vii) The set of human beings.
(viii)The set of integers less than 10.
Solution:
(i) “The set N of positive natural numbers” is an infinite set.
(ii) “The set Z of integers” is an infinite set.
(iii) “The set Q of rational numbers” is an infinite set.
(iv) “The set R of real numbers” is an infinite set.
(v) “The set of prime numbers” is an infinite set.
(vi) “The set of even integers” is an infinite set.
(vii) “The set of human beings” is a finite set.
(viii)“The set of integers less than 10” is an infinite set.

Question 16.
Verify that
| P (Φ) | = 2⁰
| P ({a}) | = 2¹
| P ({a, b}) | = 2²
| P({a, b, c}) | = 2³
Solution:
(i) Let A = Φ, then P(A) = {Φ}
∴ P(A) = 1 = 2⁰

(ii) Let A = {a} then P(A) = {{a}, Φ}
∴ P(A) = 2 = 2¹

(iii) Let A = {a, b)
then P(A) = {{a}, {b}, {a, b}, Φ}
∴ P(A) = 4 = 2²

(iv) Let A = {a, b, c}
P(A) = {{a}, {b}, {c}, {a, b}, {b, c}, A, Φ}
∴ P(A) = 8 = 2³

Question 17.
Find the number of elements of
(i) P(P(Φ))
(ii) P(P(P(Φ)))
(iii) P(P(P(P(Φ))))
Solution:
(i) We have | P (Φ) | = 2⁰ = 1
∴ | P(P(Φ)) | = 2¹ = 2
(ii) | P(P(P(Φ))) | = 2² = 4
(iii) | P(P(P(P(Φ))) | =2⁴ = 16

Question 18.
Prove by the method of induction that if A has n number of elements, then | P (A) | = 2ⁿ.
Solution:
When n = 1, we have, let A = {a₁}
P (A) = {{ a₁ }, Φ} ⇒ | P(A) | = 2 = 2¹
∴ p₁ is true.
Let p_k be true i.e., if A = {a_1, a_{2, ………..} a_k }
then | A | = k and | P(A) | = 2^k
Now let B = {a_1, a_{2, ………..} a_k, a_k+1  }
∴ | B | =k + 1.
Here A has 2^k subsets. These 2^k subsets are also in B. Which includes the additional elements a_k+1 ∈ B.
So there are 2^k. 2 = 2^k+1 subsets in B.
∴ | P(B) | = 2^k+1
i.e., if | A| = k +1 then | P(A) | = 2^k+1
∴ p_k+1 is true.
∴ p_n is true for all values of n ∈ N.
∴ | P(A) | =2ⁿ if | A | = n.

Question 19.
Can you say how many elements P(P(A)) if A has n elements?
Solution:
If | A | = n then | p(A) | =2ⁿ
and | P(P(A)) | = 2⁽²ⁿ⁾ .

Odisha State Board Elements of Mathematics Class 11 CHSE Odisha Solutions Chapter 1 Mathematical Reasoning Ex 1(b) Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

CHSE Odisha Class 11 Math Solutions Chapter 1 Mathematical Reasoning Exercise 1(b)

Question 1.
Check the validity of the following statements.

(i) p: 100 is a multiple of 5 and 4.
(ii) q: 125 is multiple of 5 and 7.
(iii) r: 60 is a multiple of 3 or 5.
Solution:
(i) Here the connective is ‘and’
Step -1: 100 is a multiple of 5 (True)
Step -2: 100 is a multiple of 4 (True)
∴ 100 is a multiple of 5 and 4 is true, i.e. the statement ‘p’ is valid.

(ii) Here the connective is ‘and’
Step – 1: 125 is a multiple of 5 (True)
Step – 2: 125 is a multiple of 7 (false)
∴ The statement ‘q’ is (false), i.e. the statement ‘q’ is not a valid statement

(iii) Here the connective is ‘or’
60 is a multiple of 3 (True)
60 is a multiple of 5 (True)
Thus the component statements are both true.
∴ The statement ‘r’: 60 is a multiple of 3 or is true, i.e. ‘r’ is a valid statement.

Question 2.
Check the validity of the statements given below by the method given against each.
(i) “The sum of an irrational number and a rational number is irrational’’ (by contradiction method).
(ii) “If n is a real number with n > 3, then n² > 9 (by the method of contradiction).
(iii) ‘‘If x, y are integers such that xy is odd then both x and y are odd” (by the method of contrapositive)
(iv) “If x is an integer and x² is even then x is also even” (method of contrapositive).
Solution:
(i) Let the given statement is false.
i.e. the sum of an irrational number and a rational number is rational.
⇒ An irrational number + a rational number = a rational number
⇒ An irrational number = A rational number + rational number = A rational number
Which is absurd.
We arrive at a contradiction.
This is due to our false assumption. Thus, the given statement is true.

(ii) Let the given statement is false.
i.e. for a natural number n > 3 n² > 9
⇒ n² ≤ 3 ⇒ n ≤ 3
(.’. n is a natural number which contradicts the fact that n > 3)
This contradiction is due to our false assumption.
Thus for any natural number
n > 3, n² > 9.

(iii) Let p: x and y are integers such that xy is odd. and q: both x and y are odd. We shall prove the validity of p → q by using the method of contrapositive.
Now ~ q: It is not true that both x and y are odd, i.e. at least one of x (or y) is even.
Let ~ q is true.
Let x is even and x = 2n for some integer n.
⇒ xy = 2ny for some integer n.
⇒ xy is even (not odd)
⇒ ~ p is true.
Thus by the method of contrapositive, we proved ~ q ⇒ ~ p, i.e. p → q is true.

(iv) Let p: x is an integer and x² is even
q : x is even.
Let ~ q is true
⇒ x is not an even integer
⇒ x is an odd integer
Let x = 2n + 1 for some integer ‘n ’
⇒ x² = (2n + 1)² = 4n² + 4n + 1
= 2 (2n² + 2n) + 1
which is odd.
⇒ p is false ⇒ ~ p is true
Thus ~ q ⇒ ~ p
∴ Thus the statement is true.
i.e x is even ⇒x is also even

Question 3.
By giving counter-examples, show that the following statements are not true:
(i) If measures of all the angles of a triangle are equal, then the triangle is an obtuse angled triangle.
(ii) For every real number x and y, x² = y² ⇒ x = y.
(iii) The equation x² – 1 = 0 does not have any root lying between 0 and 2.
Solution:
(i) Let in ΔABC
∠A = ∠B = ∠C = 60°
Clearly, no angle is obtuse.
∴ The triangle is not obtuse-angled.
(ii) for x = – 2, y = 2
x² = y² = 4 but x ≠ y
∴ x² = y² ⇒ x = y
(iii) x = 1 is a root of x² – 1=0
that lies between 0 and 2.
∴ The given statement is false.

Question 4.
Check the validity of “If I do not work, I sleep.
If I am worried, I will not sleep. Therefore, if I am worried, I will work”.
Solution:
Method-1:
Let p: I work
q: I sleep
r: I am worried
“If I do not work, I sleep” can be written as ~ p → q
“If I am worried, I will not sleep” can be written as r → ~ q
‘If I am worried, I will work’’ can be written as r → p
The given statement can be written as [(~ p → q) ∧ (r → ~ q)] → ( r → p)
Let us draw the truth table

As [(~ p → q) ∧ (r → q)] → (r → p)
is a tautology the given statement is logically valid.
Method – 2:
Let p: I do work
q: I sleep
r: I am worried
“If I do not work, I sleep ” can be represented as ~ p → q
“If I am worried, I will not sleep” can be written as r → ~ q
Thus we can write the given statement as
[(~ p → q) ∧ (r → q)] → (r → p)
But a statement and its contrapositive are equivalent.
Thus this can be written as
[(r  → ~ q) ∧  (~ q → p)] → (r → p)
By the principle of syllogism, the given statement is logically valid.

Question 5.
Let a and b be integers. By the law of contrapositive prove that if ab is even then either a is even or b is even:
Solution:
Let p: For integers ‘a and b’ ab is even q: a is even or b is even
we shall check the validity of p → q by the method of contrapositive Let ~ q is true.
⇒ Both a and b are odd
Let a = 2m + 1, b = 2n + 1
for some integers m and n
⇒ ab = (2m + 1) (2n + 1)
= 4mn + 2 (m + n ) + 1
= 2 [2mn + m + n) + 1
Which is odd
⇒  p is false
⇒  ~ p is true
Thus the method of contrapositive p → q is true.
i.e. The given statement is logically valid.

Odisha State Board CHSE Odisha Class 11 Math Solutions Chapter 3 Relations And Functions Ex 3(c) Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

CHSE Odisha Class 11 Math Solutions Chapter 3 Relations And Functions Exercise 3(c)

Question 1.
Give an example of a relation that is not a function.
Solution:
Let the relation ‘f’ be defined from
A = {1, 2, 3} to B = {1, 2} as
f = {(1, 1), (1, 2), (2, 1), (3, 2)}
f is not a function because f (1) = 1,
f(1) = 2 but 1 ± 2 i.e. f is one many.

Question 2.
If X and Y are sets containing m and n elements respectively then what is the total number of functions from X to Y?
Solution:
If |X| = m and |Y| = n then the number of functions from X to Y = |Y|^|X| = n^m

Question 3.
Find the domain of the following functions:
(i)\( \sqrt{9-x^2}\)
Solution:
y = f(x) = \(\sqrt{9-x^2}\)
Clearly, f(x) is well-defined for 9 – x² ≥ 0 ⇒ x² ≤ 3² ⇒ – 3 ≤ x ≤ 3
∴ dom f = [ – 3, 3]

(ii) \(\frac{x}{1+x}\)
Solution:
y = f(x) = \(\frac{x}{1+x}\)
f(x) is well defined for all x ∈ R
∴ dom f = R

(iii) 1 – |x|
Solution:
y = f(x) = 1 – |x|
f(x) is well defined for all x ∈ R
∴ dom f = R

(iv) \(\frac{1}{x^2-1}\)
Solution:
y = f(x) = \(\frac{1}{x^2-1}\)
f(x) is well defined for x² – 1 ≠ 0
⇒ x² ≠ 1
⇒ x² ≠ ± 1
∴ dom f = R – { -1, 1}

(v) \(\frac{\sin x}{1+\tan x}\)
Solution:
y – f(x) = \(\frac{\sin x}{1+\tan x}\)
f(x) is well defined for 1 + tan x
≠ 0
⇒ tan x ≠ – 1
⇒ x ≠ n π + \(\frac{3 \pi}{4}\)
∴ dom f = R – {n π + \(\frac{3 \pi}{4}\)}

(vi) \(\frac{x}{|x|}\)
Solution:
y = f(x) = \(\frac{x}{|x|}\)
f(x) is well defined for |x| ≠ 0
⇒ x ≠ 0
∴ dom f = R – {0}

(vii) \(\frac{1}{x+|x|}\)
Solution:
y = f(x) = \(\frac{1}{x+|x|}\)
f(x) is well-defined for
x + |x| ≠ 0
⇒ |x| ≠ – x
⇒ x is not negative
⇒ dom f = [0, – ∞)

(viii) \(\sqrt{\log \left(\frac{12}{x^2-x}\right)}\)
Solution:
y = f(x) = \(\sqrt{\log \left(\frac{12}{x^2-x}\right)}\)
f(x) is well defined for \(\frac{12}{x^2-x}\) ≥ 1
⇒ 12 ≥ x² – x
⇒ x² – x – 12 ≤ 0
⇒ (x – 4) (x + 3) ≤ 0
Let us draw the signing scheme

⇒ x ∈ [ – 3, 4]
∴ dom f =[-3, 4]

(ix) [x] – x
Solution:
y = f(x) = [x] – x
f(x) is well defined for all x ∈ R
∴ dom f = R

(x) \(\frac{1}{\sqrt{1-x^2}}\)
Solution:
y = f(x) = \(\frac{1}{\sqrt{1-x^2}}\)
f(x) is well defined for 1 – x² > 0
⇒ x² < 1 ⇒ – 1 < x < 1
∴ dom f = (-1, 1)

(xi) log (sin x)
Solution:
y = f(x) = log (sin x)
fix) is well-defined for sin x > 0
⇒ x ∈ (2nπ , (2n + l)π), n ∈ Z

Question 4.
Find the range of the following functions:
(i) \(\frac{x^2-1}{x^2+1}\)
Solution:
Let y = f(x) = \(\frac{x^2-1}{x^2+1}\)
⇒ x² – y + y = x² – 1
⇒  x²y – x² = – (1 + y)
⇒ x² (y- 1)=-(1 + y)
⇒ x² = \(\frac{\ – (1+y)}{y-1}=\frac{1+y}{1-y}\)
⇒ x = ± \(\sqrt{\frac{1+y}{1-y}}\)
Now x is well-defined for
\(\frac{1+y}{1-y}\) ≥ 0

∴ rng f = [-1,1)

(ii) \(\sqrt{x-1}\)
Solution:
y = f(x) = \(\sqrt{x-1}\)
⇒ y² = x- 1
⇒ x = y² + 1
x is well difierid for all y ∈ R but
y ≥ 0
∴ rng f = [0, ∞]

(iii) [x] – x
Solution:
y = f(x) = [x], – x
We have [x] ≤ x < [ x] + 1
⇒ 0 ≤ x – [x] < 1
⇒ 0 ≥ [x] – x > – 1
⇒ -1 < [x] – x ≤ 0
⇒ -1 < y ≤ 0
⇒ rng f = ( – 1 , 0]

(iv) \(\frac{x}{1-x}\)
Solution:
y = f(x) = \(\frac{x}{1-x}\)
⇒ y – xy = x
⇒ xy + x = y
⇒ x (y + 1) = y
⇒ x = \(\frac{y}{y+1}\)
x is well defined for y ≠ – 1
∴ Rng f = R – {- 1}

(v) \(\frac{x}{1+x^2}\)
Solution:
y = f(x) = \(\frac{x}{1+x^2}\)
⇒ y + x²y = x
⇒ x²y – x + y = 0
⇒ x = \(\frac{1 \pm \sqrt{1-4 y^2}}{2 y}\)
x is well defined for 1 – 4y² ≥ 0 and y ≠ 0
⇒ y² ≤ \(\frac{1}{4}\) and y ≠ 0
⇒ – \(\frac{1}{2}\) ≤ y ≤ \(\frac{1}{2}\) and y ≠ 0
but for x = 0 we have y = 0
∴ rng f = \(\left[-\frac{1}{2}, \frac{1}{2}\right]\)

(vi) \(\frac{1}{2-\cos 3 x}\)
Solution:
y = f(x) = \(\frac{1}{2-\cos 3 x}\)
we have – 1 ≤ cos 3x ≤ 1
⇒ 1 ≥ – cos 3x ≥ -1
⇒ – 1 ≤- cos 3x ≤ 1
⇒ 2 – 1 < 2 – cos 3x ≤ 3
⇒ 1 ≤ 2 – cos 3x ≤ 3
⇒ 1 ≥ \(\frac{1}{2-\cos 3 x} \geq \frac{1}{3}\)
⇒ \(\frac{1}{3}\) ≤ y ≤ 1
∴ rng f =[\(\frac{1}{3}\), 1]

(vii) log ₁₀ (1 – x)
Solution:
y = f(x) = log₁₀ (1 – x)
Clearly y ∈ R
∴ rng f = R

(viii) \(\sqrt{1+x^2}\)
Solution:
y = f(x) = \(\sqrt{1+x^2}\)
⇒ y² = 1 + x²
⇒  x² = y² – 1
⇒ x = ± \(\sqrt{y^2-1}\)
x is well defined for y² – 1 ≥ 0
⇒ y² ≥ 1
⇒ – 1 ≥ y ≥ 1
But y > 0
∴ rng f = [1, ∞)

Question 5.
Find the domain and range of the following functions:
(i) \(\frac{x^2}{1+x^2}\)
Solution:
y = f(x) = \(\frac{x^2}{1+x^2}\)
Domain:
f(x) is well defined for all x ∈ R
∴ dom f = R
Range (Method – 1):
y = \(\frac{x^2}{1+x^2}\)
⇒ y + yx² = x²
⇒ x² – yx² = y
⇒ x² (1 – y) = y
⇒ x² = \(\frac{y}{1-y}\)
⇒ x = ± \(\sqrt{\frac{y}{1-y}}\)
x is well-defined for \(\frac{y}{1-y}\) ≥ 0

⇒ y 6 [0. 1)
∴ Rng f = [0,1)
Method – 2:
0 ≤ x² < x² + 1
⇒ 0 ≤ \(\frac{x^2}{x^2+1}\) < 1
⇒ 0 ≤ y ≤ 1
∴ rng f = [0, 1)

(ii) \(\sqrt{2 x-3}\)
Solution:
y = f(x) = \(\sqrt{2 x-3}\)
Domain:
f(x) is well defined for 2x- 3 ≥ 0
⇒ x ≥ 3/2
∴ dom f =[\(\frac{3}{2}\), ∞]
Range:
y = \(\sqrt{2 x-3}\) ⇒ y² = 2x – 3
⇒ 2x = y² + 3
⇒ x = \(\frac{y^2+3}{2}\)
x is well defined for all y ∈ R
But y is not negative.
∴ Rng f = [0, ∞)

(iii) log_e |x – 2|
Solution:
y = f(x) = log |x – 2|
Domain:
f(x) is well defined for |x – 2| >0
⇒ x ≠ 2
∴ dom f = R – {2}
Range:
y = log |x – 2| ∈ R ⇒ rng f = R

Question 6.
Give an example of a step function on [- 1, 3] = {x ∈ R| – 1 ≤ x ≤ 3}.
Solution:
f(x) = \(\left\{\begin{array}{c}
-1,-1 \leq x<0 \\
0,0 \leq x<1 \\
1,1 \leq x<2 \\
2,2 \leq x<3 \\
3,3 \leq x<4
\end{array}\right\}\)

Question 7.
Let X ={ a, b, c}, Y = {1, 2, 3, 4}
(a) Find out which of the following relations are functions and which are not and why?
Solution:
X = [a, b, c}, Y = {1, 2, 3, 4}
(i) {(a, 1), (a, 2), (b, 3), (b, 4)}
Solution:
{(a, 1), (a, 2), (b, 3), (b, 4)} is not a function as ‘a’ has two images in Y.

(ii) {(a, 2), (b, 3), (c, 4)}
Solution:
{(a, 2), (b, 3), (c, 4)} is a function from X to Y as the elements of X has unique images in Y.

(iii) {(a, 3), (b, 1), (a, 4), (c, 2)}
Solution:
{(a, 3), (b, 1), (a, 4), (c, 2)} is not a function as ‘a’ and ‘b’ have two images also domain of the function ≠ X.

(iv) {(a, 1), (b, 1), (c, 1)}
Solution:
{(a, 1), (b, 1), (c, 1)} is a function from X to Y.

(v) {(a, 2), (b. 1), (c, 1)}
Solution:
{(a, 2), (b, 1), (c, 1)} is a function from X to Y.

(vi) {(a, a), (b, b), (c, c)}
Solution:
{(a, a), (b, b), (c, c)} is a function from X to X.

(b) Find the domain and range of those relations in a which are functions.
Solution:
(i) The domain of each function is
X = [a, b, c}
Range of functions

(ii) is {2, 3, 4}.
In (iv) is {1} and in (v) is {1, 2}. The range of function in (vi) is X.

(c) Identify the constant function if any.
Solution:
The function in (iv)
i.e. {(a, 1), ib, 1), (c, 1)} is a constant function.

(d) Identify the identity function if any.
Solution:
The function in (vi)
i.e.{(a, a), (b, b), (c, c)} is an identity function.

Question 8.
Find \(f(\sqrt{2})\) and \(\boldsymbol{f}(-\sqrt{3})\) for the function
\(f(x)=\left\{\begin{array}{l}
x^2, \text { if } x<0 \\
x, \text { if } 0 \leq x \leq 1 \\
\frac{1}{x}, \text { if } x>1
\end{array}\right.\)
Solution:
\(f(\sqrt{2})\) = \(\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\)
\(\boldsymbol{f}(-\sqrt{3})\) = (√3)² = 3

Question 9.
Find x for which the value of f(x) = x² – 4x + 3 is
Solution:
f(x) = x² – 4x + 3
(i) 0
Solution:
f(x) = 0
⇒ x² – 4x + 3 = 0
⇒ (x – 3) (x – 1) = 0
⇒ x =1, 3

(ii) – 1
Solution:
f(x) = – 1
⇒ x² – 4x + 3 = -1
⇒ x² – 4x + 4 = 0
⇒ (x – 2)² = 0
⇒ x = 2

Question 10.
Find the values of x for which the following functions are not defined:
(i) \(\frac{x^2-4}{x-2}\)
Solution:
y = f(x) = \( \frac{x^2-4}{x-2}\)
Clearly f(x) is not defined for x = 2

(ii) \(\frac{\sin x}{x}\)
Solution:
y = f(x) = \(\frac{\sin x}{x}\)
f(x) is not defined for x = 0

(iii) \(\frac{\log \cos x}{\sec x}\)
Solution:
y = f(x) = \(\frac{\log \cos x}{\sec x}\)
f(x) is not defined for cos x ≤ 0
⇒ for x ∈ x \(\left[\frac{\pi}{2}, \frac{3 \pi}{2}\right]\) or \(\left[\frac{5 \pi}{2}, \frac{7 \pi}{2}\right]\)
In general x ∈ \(\left[(4 n+1) \frac{\pi}{2},(4 n+3) \frac{\pi}{2}\right]\), n ∈ Z

Question 11.
Let f(x) = \(\sqrt{1+x}\), g(x) = \(\sqrt{1-x}\)
Find & Also, find the domain in each case.
Solution:
f(x) = \(\sqrt{1+x}\), g(x) = \(\sqrt{1-x}\)
f(x) is well defined for x + 1 ≥ 0
⇒ x ≥ – 1
∴ dom f = [- 1 , ∞) = D₁
g(x) is well defined for 1 – x ≥ 0
⇒ x ≤ 1
⇒ x ∈ (-∞, 1]
∴ dom g (-∞, 1] = D₂
∴ D₁ ∩ D₂ = [-1, 1]
(i) f + g
Solution:
f + g: [-1, 1] → R
defined as (f + g) (x)
= f(x) + g(x) = \(\sqrt{1-x}\) + \(\sqrt{1-x}\)

(ii) f – g
Solution:
f – g :[-1, 1] → R defined as
(f – g) (x) = \(\sqrt{1-x}\) – \(\sqrt{1-x}\)

(iii) fg
Solution:
fg : [ – 1, 1] → R defined as
(fg) (x) > f(x) g(x)
\(\sqrt{1-x}\)\(\sqrt{1-x}\) = \(\sqrt{1-x^2}\)

(iv) f/g
Solution:
f/g : [- 1,1) → R defined as
\(\left(\frac{f}{g}\right)\)(x) = \(\frac{f(x)}{g(x)}=\frac{\sqrt{1+x}}{\sqrt{1-x}}\)
for (i) to (iii) domain = [- 1, 1]
but for (iv) domain = [- 1, 1)

Question 12.
If(x) = log_e \(\left(\frac{1-x}{1+x}\right)\), then prove that f(x) + f(y) = \(\left(\frac{x+y}{1+x y}\right)\)
Solution:
f(x) = log\(\left(\frac{1-x}{1+x}\right)\)
f(x) + f(y) = log\(\left(\frac{1-x}{1+x}\right)\) + \(\left(\frac{1-y}{1+y}\right)\)

Question 13.
Let f = {(-1, 4), (2, 7), (-2, 11}. (0,1), (1, 2) be a quadratic polynomial from Z to Z, find f(x).
Solution:
Let f(x) = ax² + by² + C is the quadratic polynomial
f(-1) = 4 ⇒ a – b + c = 4    …..(1)
f(0) = 1⇒ c = 1                   ….(2)
f(1) = 2 ⇒ a + + c = 2        ….(3)
∴ a – b + 1 = 4 and a + b + 1 = 2
⇒ a – b = 3 and a + b = 1
⇒ a = 2, b = -1
f(x) = 2x² – x + 1
f(2) = 8 – 2 + 1 = 7
f(- 2) = 8 + 2 + 1 = 1 1
Thus the required function is f(x) = 2x² – x + 1

Question 14.
Sketch the graphs of the following functions.
(i) f(x) = x³
(ii) f(x) = 1 + \(\frac{1}{x^2}\)
(iii) f(x) = (x-1)²
Solution:
(i) f(x) = x³

x	0	1	2	– 1	-2	3
y	1	1	8	-1	-8	27

(ii) f(x) = 1 + \(\frac{1}{x^2}\)

x	1	-1	2	– 2	3	-3
y	2	2	5/4	5/4	10/9	10/9

(iii) f(x) = (x-1)²

x	-1	0	1	2	3	4
f(x)	4	1	0	1	4	9

Odisha State Board CHSE Odisha Class 11 Political Science Solutions Unit 1 Understanding Political Theory Short Answer Questions.

CHSE Odisha 11th Class Political Science Unit 1 Understanding Political Theory Short Answer Questions

Very Short-Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is politics?
Answer:
Politics refers to a social, political process which resolves social issues and maintain social orders. It believes in using power for the promotion of self interest.

Question 2.
What are the objectives of politics?
Answer:
Politics seeks to resolve socio-political conflicts. It tries, to bring order out of disorder and restores social integration.

Question 3.
What is the Marxian view of Politics?
Answer:
According to Marx politics is an instrument of class conflict. The rich and powerful make use of it for their self interest.

Question 4.
What is political science?
Answer:
Political science is a social science which studies about state, government and the constitutional system. It also deals with the origin and development of state and its structure and functions.

Question 5.
What is political philosophy?
Answer:
Political philosophy is the abstract of speculative ideas about any political concept or event. It is value oriented study which seeks to explain the ultimate reality.

Question 6.
What is a political system?
Answer:
Political system is a set of arrangement of political actors and institutions in such a way that policy decisions are easily taken. Modern state is a political system as it adjusts itself to the changing environmental stress.

Question 7.
What do you mean by political dynamics?
Answer:
Political dynamics include those external forces and influences that affect the political process. Political parties pressure groups, interest groups and lobbyists are known as political dynamics.

Question 8.
What is the nature of politics?
Answer:
Politics is involved with the totality of interests in our social life. Politics believes in resolution of conflict and controversy by use of power.

Question 9.
What is political theory?
Answer:
Political theory constitute of those ideas, concepts and principles that influence the constitution, government and social life in a systematic manner. It stands for the history of political ideas and it is based on reality.

Question 10.
What is the need of studying political theory?
Answer:
The study of political theory makes people think rationally about political issues and to assess the political events of our time. It informs us about the basic knowledge of political ideas institutions and concepts that shape our day to day life.

Question 11.
What is the scope of politics?
Answer:
Scope means the subject matter and politics is concerned with the study of state, government, social, political process. Polity making, power structure and administrative process. It also deals with the shaping and sharing of power in society and politics.

Question 12.
What is formal politics?
Answer:
Formal politics refers to the cooperation of a constitutional system of government and publicity defined institutions and procedures. It encompasses the study of political parties, public policy, war and peace, foreign policy etc.

Question 13.
What is informal politices?
Answer:
Informal politics refers to alliance formation, group structure, exercise of power to protect and promote our goals or interests. It is understood as day to day politics that affect our lifestyle.

Question 14.
How politics differs from political science?
Answer:
Political science is the theory whose application is called politics. Political science deals with the origin, nature, working and future of state or a government but politics is concerned with the real issues affecting the system and their solution.

Question 15.
What is state?
Answer:
State is a sovereign political entity. It is the most powerful and universal of all social institutions.

Question 16.
What is Government?
Answer:
Government is the working element of state. It consists of three organs, such as executive, legislature and judiciary.

Question 17.
What is sovereignty?
Answer:
Sovereignty is the most important element of state. It is the supreme and unlimited power of the state over citizens.

Question 18.
Why man is called a social animal?
Answer:
Man is called a social animal because he lives in society and it is society that creates condition for the moral and material development of individual. Man can not live outside society.

Question 19.
What is individualism?
Answer:
Individualism is a political philosophy of 1 9th century. It pleads for maximum liberty to the individual and minimum role to the state. It believes in the economic theory of laissez flare.

Question 20.
What are the functions of a police state?
Answer:
A police state has to defend the state from external aggression. It also maintains law and order and ensures safety and security to the individuals living in the state.

Question 21.
What is modern individualism?
Answer:
Modern individualism is the individualism of19th century. It gives the state of positive role. It raises its voice against excessive state regulation and control.

Question 22.
What is globalization?
Answer:
Globalization is a policy of economic reforms which aims at reducing trade barriers between the developed and developing countries. It seeks the integration of economies through exchange of ideas, information, technology, labour and capital.

Question 23.
What arc the two main goals of Globalization?
Answer:
The two main goals of Globalization are

• To secure the benefits of free trade open access to markets and equal participation in securing sustainable development for all the people, and
• To reduce trade barriers ensuring free flow of capital labour from one Country to the other.

Question 24.
What do you mean by a welfare state?
Answer:
Welfare state is a social service agency which gurantees basic minimum substance to all. It undertakes volumes of social security measures for the poor and backward people.

Question 25.
Why the individualists regard the state as a necessary evil?
Answer:
The state is regarded as a necessary evil because, It interferes in individual liberty and Curtails individual freedom.

Question 26.
What are the two main drawbacks of a welfare state?
Answer:
A welfare state suffers from bureaucratic despotism. It is too much expensive.

Question 27.
What are the two main utilities of Globalization?
Answer:
Globalization accelerates the pace of economic growth. It helps in dissemination of technological knowledge among nations.

Question 28.
Laissez faires
Answer:
The theory of laissez faire is related to individualism. As an economic theory it seeks to give unrestricted freedom to an individual in the economic sphere

Question 29.
Police state
Answer:
Police state concept is developed out of individualism. The individualists consider the state as a police man and argue for giving it only police functions, hence the states is called a police state.

Question 30.
Globalization
Answer:
Globalization is a process of increasing socio-economic industrial and trade relations among the nations all over the world. It seeks to make the whole world a global village. The main trust of globalization is to give the developed nations a free access into the markets of developing nations.

Question 31.
International Recognition
Answer:
International recognition means the recognition of the international society of nations. It is a formal process by which the existing members of the family of nations accord statehood to a newly born state.

Question 32.
External sovereignty
Answer:
External sovereignty means freedom from outside control or influence. By this aspect of sovereignty a state designs its foreign policy.

Question 33.
Internal sovereignty
Answer:
Internal sovereignty is enforced within the territory of a state. It enables the state to make law for the state administration.

Question 34.
Why state is called a necessary evil?
Answer:
Individualists consider the state as a necessary evil. To them state is necessary for maintenance of law and order and to defend it from aggression. It is an end as it interferes with the liberty of individuals.

Question 35.
What are the two major drawbacks of welfare state?
Answer:
In a welfare state the bureaucracy becomes autocratic and oppressive. It is too costly for a poor and backward country.

Question 36.
Utility of globalization?
Answer:
Globalization accelerates the pace of economic growth. It makes exchange of ideas, capital, raw materials, labour and technology between rich and poor countries easier.

Question 37.
Two major defects of globalization
Answer:
Globalization increases industrialization leading to environmental pollution. It increases unemployment and intervens in the autonomy of states.

Question 38.
What is mixed economy?
Answer:
Mixed economy refers to the coexistence of public and private sector for economic development. This type of economy is found in welfare states.

Question 39.
What is New Deal?
Answer:
New “deal refers to a new programmes of action pursued by USA and other western countries to get rid of economic recession. President Franklin D. Roosevelt of USA was the advocate of this reform programme.

Question 40.
What is Beverage Report?
Answer:
Beverage Report was issued in England in 1942 by William Beverage on social insurance. It envisaged a scheme of social security to fight the evils of want, diseases, ignorance, squalor and idleness.

Question 41.
Negative functions of welfare state
Answer:
A welfare state gives protection against unemployment, poverty and disease. It fights against natural calamities and safeguards children, women and weaker sections of society.

Question 42.
Positive functions of welfare state
Answer:
A welfare state provides the people a wide range of health service and education to the people. It generates employment opportunity and provides social security to old aged and economically disadvantaged sections of society.

Question 43.
What is modern individualism?
Answer:
Modern individualism is 20th century individualism. It regards the state as a positive and useful institution.

Question 44.
What for state is necessary?
Answer:
State exists for the sake of good life of individuals. It maintains order and helps the individual in realization of his potential.

Question 45.
Theoretical Politics and Applied Politics.
Answer:
Scholars like, Sir Frederich Pollock, Jellinek and Willoughby have distinguished between theoretical and applied politics. Theoretical politics deals with the theory of state, but applied politics deal with structure and working of state. The artificial politics deals with law and administration of state but applied politics with the application of law. Theoretical politics is a science but applied politics is an art.

Question 46.
Politics and Political science
Answer:
The two terms ‘Politics’ and ‘Political Science’ are often used interchangeable, but they differ on the following grounds.

• Politics is the practical aspect of Political science
• Political science is the theory which in practice is known as politics.
• Political science is normative but politics deals with operational aspect.
• Political science is an academic discipline and its principles are universal, but politics differs from state to state.
• Politics is an art, but political science is a science,
• The term politics is much broader a concept than that of political science. In the modern age politics is concerned with the study of conflict and cooperation is society with the help of power.

Question 47.
Political science and Political Philosophy
Answer:
Political science differs from political philosophy on the following ways.
Political science is a science of state and government but political philosophy is a science political values and beliefs. Political science is more empirical than normative, but political philosophy is theory oriented. Political science is more concerned with what is and what ought to be but political philosophy prescribes what is good, just and proper. Political science seeks to analyze political phenomena to frame general laws but, political philosophy is value oriented and normative. Political philosophy is a part and parcel of Political science.

Question 48.
State and Government
Answer:
State is a sovereign political entity, but government is an element of state and it fulfills the purpose of state. State is sovereign, but, government exercises sovereign power. State is permanent but government is temporary. State has a definite territory and population but government consists of a few senior citizens and it works within the state. State is abstract but government is concrete. Membership of state is compulsory but not of government.

Question 49.
Individualism and socialism
Answer:

• Under individualism individual is the centre of society but under socialism state is central. Individualism pleads for maximum liberty to the individual but socialism pleads for maximum power to the state. Individualism regards the state as a necessary evil, but socialism holds the state a positive good.
• Individualism gives the state only police functions but socialism gives the state both social economic political and welfare functions. Individualism regards the state as a means, but socialism regards it as an end. Individualism pleads for private property but socialism opposes it.

Question 50.
Traditional and modern individualism
Answer:
Traditional individualism was a philosophy of 17th to 19th century, but modern individualism was a philosophy of 20th century. Traditional individualism was exported by Adamsmith, Herebet Spencer and J.S. Mill, but modern individualism was exposed by Laski, M.P. Follett and Norman Angell.

Traditional individualism regards the state as a necessary evil, but modern individualism regards the state, as a useful institution. Traditional individualism regards the state as a perpetrator of individual liberty, but modern individualism regards it as a coordinator, a facilitator. Traditional individualism insists on individual identity and progress but modern individualism on group identity of individuals. Traditional individualism accords police functions to the state but modern individualism accords welfare functions to the state.

Question 51.
Globalization and internationalism
Answer:
Internationalism stands for increasing cooperation and peaceful co-existence among nations. But, globalization is a process of economic integration of the whole world. Internationalism pleads for avoidance of war and restoration of peace, But, globalization seeks to increase economic and trade relations among nations. Globalization seeks to secure the socio-economic integration and development of all people, but internationalism stands for safety and cooperation of nations. Globalization is an aspect of internationalism.

Question 52.
State and Civil policy
Answer:
State is a sovereign political unit, but civil society is a non governmental voluntary movement for the sake of people. State is sovereign but civil society is not sovereign. State enjoys coercive authority but civil society does not. Civil society exists within the state. State has a territory and population, but civil society has no definite territory nor any fixed population. State can be autocratic but civil society can’t.

Short Questions With Answers 

Question 1.
What is political Science?
Answer:
Political science is a social science deals with the study of state and government. It investigates about the origin and evolution of state, the nature and working of political institutions, processes and principles of conduct. It also analyses about the power structure. It is a science of society and civilization. It is the study of political behaviour and political systems In the modern age it studies about the environment.

Question 2.
Nature of Political Science
Answer:
Political science is a social science. Political science comes closer to a science as it follows scientific method of study. It is an art as it applies the knowledge of science for state administration. It has no agreed principles. It is unpredictable andIts decisions are inexact.

Question 3.
Political Science is a science
Answer:
Political science is considered to be a subject of science because It believes in scientific method. There is systematic study undertaken on the subject. It studies about individual behaviour, institutions and processes It undertakes experimentation and observation of facts; and To a great extent its decisions are exact. So it may not be a science like physics or chemistry but a science like meteorology or astronomy which can’t make accurate predictions.

Question 4.
Scope of Political Science
Answer:
The scope of political science is vast and expending. It covers the study of state government and legal system. It involves the study of various political systems. Political science also deals with political ideas and ideologies. It encompasses the study, of political parties, pressure groups and other non political institutions. It studies about local and municipal bodies, elections, voting behaviour, inter state relations and about war and peace.

Question 5.
Political science begins and ends with state
Answer:
This statement of Gamer confines the study of political science to state. State is the be all and end all of political science. It investigates about the origin and evolution of state nature of state and working of different states. It also deals with the manifestation and development of state. It covers the study of past, present and future of state.

Question 6.
Political Science is a power science
Answer:
Lasswell and Kaplan along with other modern scholars regard political science as a power science. It deals with power relationship of states. Power is the fundamental principles of every conflict and the ultimate means to any solution. Political science seeks to explain the modes of acquisition of power, exercise of power and sharing of power with others.

Question 7.
Political science is an art
Answer:
Political science is by nature an art, because It applies the knowledge of science in day to day political process. The knowledge of political science is essential for politicians, leaders, diplomats, bureaucrats and for a common man. The knowledge of political science is necessary for begin success in real politics. If not only broadens our knowledge but also helps in the development of state.

Question 8.
Significance of Political Science
Answer:
The knowledge of political science is essential for every individual to know about the state government and other political institutions. It broadens our knowledge of politics to understand the complexities of modern state. It promotes political consciousness and awakens people about their rights and duties. It increases the rate of political participation. Political science teaches us about cooperation, tolerance and national integration. It creates ideal citizens.

Question 9.
Political Science is not a science
Answer:
Political science is not a science because, There is no agreement among scholars as to its meaning methods of study, principles and conclusions. Its principles are not universally valid. It studies human behaviour which is unpredictable. It can’t make objective study of political phenomena. Fully scientific method of investigation is impossible in political science. Its predictions are not exact.

Question 10.
Political Science and Philosophy
Answer:
Political science and Philosophy go hand in hand. Political science is a part and parcel of Philosophy. Philosophy is based on certain ideal doctrines and values which the political leaders and policymakers should practice. Philosophy is a science of knowledge and wisdom which make political thinkers and leaders think about the betterment of society. Both Political science and Philosophy cover some common ground, and both seek to promote good life of the citizens. The laws and policies of the government should be philosophically-sound.

Question 11.
Elements of State
Answer:
State is a sovereign political with four basic elements. Population is essential for a state, because it is a community of persons.State is a territorial unit and without a definite territory no state can exist. Government is the most vital element of state which enacts and enforces laws. Sovereignty is the most essential attribute of state which distinguishes it from other organizations. All these elements vest a state with real statehood.

Question 12.
Why the State is necessary? Or Need of the State
Answer:
State is a natural institution which protects the people and tries to ensure conditions for their happiness prosperity and development. It protects the people from internal disorder and external threat. It regulates economy and formulate and implements all financial policies for the well being of citizens. It undertakes steps for the socio economic, political and cultural development of the people. It ensures safety and security to the life liberty and property ofthe citizens. State creates a moral political order where citizens grow and prosper.

Question 13.
State is superior to all associations
Answer:
As a sovereign political unit state is considered superior to all other associations. It regulates and controls the activities of all other organizations. All associations exist and work on the basis of the laws of the state. State has the power to Compel all other associations to do as the state demands.

Question 14.
What is Government?
Answer:
Government is an element of state. It is the political organization of the state. The state has no life but the govt gives life to the state. The state acts through the government. The government fulfills the mission of the state. It may come and go but it gives life to the state.

Question 15.
What is sovereignty?
Answer:
Sovereignty is the supreme power of the state over citizens. Using this power the state enacts laws and runs the administration. It resides only with the state and no other association or organization enjoy it. Sovereignty can be internal or external. Internal sovereignty is exercised upon citizens, nationals and organizations. External sovereignty makes the state take final decisions in the outside world.

Question 16.
Internal and External Sovereignty
Answer:
Sovereignty has two aspects, internal and eternal. Internal sovereignty is exercised within the territorial limits of state. But external sovereignty, is exercised in the international sphere. By means of internal sovereignty the state makes law, but by external sovereignty if formulated foreign policy. It is for internal sovereignty people pay allegiance to state, and for external sovereignty no other state can dictate terms to the other. Due to internal sovereignty no other association or organization can disobey the state. But, due to external sovereignty no foreign state can interfere in the internal affairs of state.

Question 17.
What is a political system?
Answer:
The term political system corresponds to the word state. It includes the working elements of state along with other political forces that influence the state. A political system is a set of inter relationship through which policy decisions are made. It is concerned with power, rule and authority. It includes all governmental and non-governmental organizations, caste groups political parties, pressure groups and the people. Executive, Legislature and Judiciary are the working units of political system.

Question 18.
International Recognition
Answer:
International recognition means the acceptance by the family of nations. It is a formal process of according statehood to a newly born state. It gives a formal recognition to a state to be involved in relationship with other state. It is not an indispensable condition of statehood because, a state can exist even without international recognition. But, it is required for active participation in the field of international cooperation. It is supporting element of state.

Question 19.
State is a called an association of associations
Answer:
State is sovereign political association There are many more associations within the state. As a sovereign and powerful association it coordinates, controls and regulates the activities of other associations. All other associations are subordinated to the sovereign power of the state State is therefore, called an association of associations.

Question 20.
What are the factors responsible for the rise of modern individualism?
Answer:
The factors responsible for the rise of modern individualism are given below The complexities of modern society. The discontentment that developed after the world war. Loss of faith upon parliamentary democracy. Increasing role of bureaucracy. Inability of the individual to face the challenges of modern society.

Question 21.
What are the hindrances before the welfare state?
Answer:
The hindrances faced by a welfare state are Scarcity of production Rapid growth of population Fear of high taxation Increasing corruption Development of narrow loyalties and Environment pollution

Question 22.
What is individualism?
Answer:
Individualism is a political doctrine which grants maximum liberty to the individual against state interference It protects the rights of individuals. Under the system, the state performs only negative functions regulating the activities of individuals. Individualism pleads for free market economy. As a socio political theory it is based on the value of human personality. It believes in the laissez faire theory.

Question 23.
What are the merits of Individualism?
Answer:
Individualism grants maximum liberty to the individual for his self development. It gives economic freedom to the individual to maximize profit. It gives more opportunity to the talented ones. It helps in increasing production ensuring economic progress. This theory creates condition for the survival of the strong and efficient persons. It expresses full faith upon individual ability and character and therefore grants maximum freedom to the individual to mobilize his resources for himself and society.

Question 24.
What are the demerits on Individualism?
Answer:
State is a welfare agency but the individualists regard it as an evil which is wrong. Individualism considers the individual as the best judge, but actually, individual is swayed by emotion and passion. Individualism wrongly holds that individual and society are antithetic. But in practice individual good and social welfare are not contradictory. Individualism pleads for free competition which will result in the exploitation of the poor by the rich, wastage and unemployment. Its biological argument of survival of the fittest is in human.

Question 25.
What are the functions of an individualist state?
Answer:
The individualists give the state only negative functions such as Protection of the individual against external enemies. Maintenance of law and order within the state. And the enforcement of contracts lawfully made. The state protects the life, liberty and property of individuals and safeguards against them from personal injury and slander.

Question 26.
What is modern individualism?
Answer:
The individualism of the 20th century is called modern individualism of the 20th century is called modern individualism. It believes in the increasing role and functions of the state but protects against excessive state regulation and control. Instead of autonomy of individuals, it gives the groups a separate identity. Modern individualists give the state role of a coordination agency.

Question 27.
Why the individualists consider the state as a necessary evil? Or, State is a necessary evil why?
Answer:
The individualists look upon the state as a necessary evil because of the following reasons. The state is necessary for regulating the activities of selfish and egoistic individuals. It must protect the individual from personal harm, injury and slander. It is an evil, as it interferes in individual liberty and curtails individual freedom. It curtails general interest for individual interest.

Question 28.
What is the meaning of a welfare state?
Answer:
Welfare state is a 20th century phenomenon which is the product a compromise between communism and individualism. It guarantees a minimum standard of subsistence without removing incentives to private enterprise. It is a social service agency which undertakes developmental activities relating to social welfare and security. It puts equal emphasis on the individual and society. It regulates national economy through planning.

Question 29.
Write down the features of welfare state.
Answer:
A welfare state is a social service agency which ensures common good. It always seeks to promote people’s welfare. It is a compromise between extremes of individualism and socialism. It believes in democratic procedure principles. It regulates national economy through planning. The state protects the rights of all equally without discrimination. It guarantees the basic minimum needs to every individual.

Question 30.
What are the demerits of Welfare state?
Answer:
Welfare state is an expensive system for which a huge amount of funds are required. It leads to bureaucratic despotism. It magnifies the state at the expenses of respect for the individual. As the state undertakes all types of activities the role of voluntary associations decline.

Question 31.
What are the obligatory functions of a state?
Answer:
To protect the life, liberty and property of the people. To maintain law and order, peace and security. To protect the country from external attack. To administer free and fair justice to all

Question 32.
What are the voluntary functions of a state?
Answer:
The state provides medical help and hygienic conditions to the people. It seeks to spread education all over the countries. The state regulates trade, industry and development of agriculture. It provides for a variety of social security functions such as insurance old age pension, employment generation and sickness and physically disabled allowance etc. The state regulates public utility services like transport, electricity, postal, and air services.

Question 33.
What are the political functions of a Welfare State?
Answer:
A welfare state performs the following political functions It safeguards individual rights. It maintains free, fair and periodic elections. It makes provision for the participation of the masses in public affairs. It coordinates the interests and activities of various groups, associations and parties. It eradicates corruption, nepotism and dishonesty. It generates political awareness.

Question 34.
What is the meaning of Globalization?
Answer:
Globalization is the name for the integration of economics through exchange of ideas, information, technologies, goods, and services. It is a policy of economic reforms which aims at reducing trade barriers between the developed and developing countries. It believes in the integration of nation states within the framework of WTO.

Question 35.
What are the objectives of Globalisation?
Answer:
The objectives of globalization are Socio-economic integration of the whole world. Interesting industrial trade cultural relations among the people all over the world. Securing the benefits of free trade, open access to markets and equal participation in securing sustainable development for all the people. Reduction of trade barriers, to ensure free flow of capital and labour from one country to the other. Exchange of goods and services.

Question 36.
What are the features of Globalization?
Answer:
Globalization stands for liberalization of economy. It stands for free flow of trade relations. Globalization of economic activity. Liberalization of import export system. Privatization of means of production and distribution. Economic reforms and increasing collaborations among nations.

Question 37.
What are the social functions of welfare state?
Answer:
The social functions of welfare state are Establishment of social equality among people. Securing social justice. To make provision for social security and welfare of the poor and backward people. Fighting social evils. Rendering social utility services. Spread of education and protection of public health etc.

Question 38.
What are the economic functions of Welfare state?
Answer:
The economic functions undertaken by a welfare state are Improvement in the economic condition of the people. To draw plans for balanced economic development. Development of agriculture and industry Regulation of trade and commerce. Etc

Question 39.
What a modern state can’t do?
Answer:
A modern welfare state can’t interfere in the following spheres of individual. It can’t curtail religious freedom of the people. It can’t suppress public opinion It can’t interfere in the social customs and fashions of the people. It can’t interfere in personal life of the people, and It can’t interfere in cultural and literacy matters of the people.

Question 40.
What role does the state play in an era of Globalization?
Answer:
The role of modern state has changed in an era of globalization. The state continues to be a Welfare State. It acts as a facilitator and co-ordinator economy and it tries to secure stability in the market through macro economic policies. It provides social services like education health and other welfare activities.

Question 41.
What are the evil impacts of globalization?
Answer:
Globalization gives more importance to corporate business capitalists and multi national corporations. It helps the developed nations to control the world economy. It creates difficulty for the developing countries to complete with developed countries. It leads to increase in the gap between rich and poor. Small and medium range industries will suffer a loss. It will lead to neglect of working class.

Question 42.
What are the merits of globalization.
Answer:
Globalization has accelerated the pace of economic integration of the world. It strengthens international peace and stability. It is the best possible means to secure sustainable development of the world. It enhances socio-economic linkages among nations. It helps in dissemination of technical know how among nations. It seeks to encourage interdependence among nations.

Question 43.
What are the impacts of globalization on Indian Economy?
Answer:
Globalization in India has given rise to export of goods. There are greater flow of foreign investment. Increase in GDP. Neglect of poverty eradication programme. There is sharp decline in employment growth. It resulted in a set back to industry and agriculture.

Question 44.
Good effect of globalization
Answer:
The good effects of globalization on Indian economy are Increase in export of Indian goods and services. Increase in foreign investment coming to India. Consistency in GDP growth. Sharp rise in communication and healthy social order. It is a necessity of modern times.

Question 45
Evil impacts of Globalization and developed nations are exploiting the underdeveloped nations.
Answer:
As a result of globalization the rich and developed nations are exploiting the underdeveloped nations. The foreign countries have entered into Indian markets. The poor people are facing poverty and exploitation. Unemployment has risen. It has badly affected Indian Industry and agriculture. It has given rise to global economic recession.

Question 46.
Nature of politics
Answer:
Politics is concerned with the day to day organized political activities in society. It seeks to resolve the conflicts and controversies arising between two groups or individuals. Power is the be all and end all of politics. Politics is the process of realization of interests or goals by using power. It is found every where in society. In family political parties, religious institutions educational institutions and in all human association. From the point of view of science or art it is by nature an art.

Question 47.
Liberal view of politics
Answer:
The liberals define politics taking the relationship of individual and society into account. Individual is the centre of politics. In society individuals and groups fight with each other for their goals and politics seeks to resolve these conflicts. It brings order out of disorder and promotes the social well being. Politics seeks to bring unity, peace and stability in society.

Question 48.
Marxian view of politics
Answer:
Marxists rejects the liberal view of politics and state that politics results in class struggle. It creates division between rich and poor educated and uneducated and various social grounds. The rich make use of politics to exploit the poor.

Question 49.
Politics is a struggle for power
Answer:
The modern scholars like, Lasswell, Robert Dahl etc. regard politics as a struggle for power. The ongoing conflict between individuals & groups in society for accumulation and use of power is known as politics Politics gives top priority to power & It is concerned with the political process.

Question 50.
What is the scope of politics?
Answer:
Scope implies the subject matter of study of politics and it includes The study of state government, society, socio-political system, policy making etc. The study of conflict, rivatry between individuals and groups. The study of shaping and sharing of power. The study of political process, election, government formation, eradication of poverty corruption, illiteracy, legislation and adjudication etc. Politics also studies about local government, public administration, international policies, war and peace, united nations, foreign policy and relations of national interest.

Question 51.
What is political theory?
Answer:
Political theory refers to the empirical study of political concepts events and issues. It comprises of philosophy, psychology, economics and history within itself. It is factual and based on reality. Political theory is moral reasonable and universal in character. Any systematic statement of political thinkers on any political social issue or event is called political theory.

Question 52.
The usefulness of studying political theory: Or, Significance of studying political theory.
Answer:
The study of political theory is necessary for the study of political events. Issues and conflicts and for their solution. By study of political theory we derive knowledge about political ideals, ideologies and institutions. It also deals with the behaviour of individuals and institutions. It gives us a clear picture of political issues and events where by valid decisions can be made. Political theorem provides stability to the political system and influences politics and society.

Question 53.
What is modern political theory?
Answer:
Modern political theory refers to the theoretical development in the post world war era. It is scientific in nature and based on reality. It believes in modern techniques like, observation, data collection, analysis objective study of politics and empirical study. It is inter disciplinary in character. Modern political theory seeks to make political research based on facts and evidence so that reasonable decisions can be made.

Question 54.
What is classical political theory?
Answer:
Classical political theory is value oriented and moral in character. The uniting of scholars like, Plato, Aristotle, Machiavelli, Hobbes, Hegel, Rousseau, etc. are all classical in character. It gives priority to ethical politics. It seeks to strike a balance between individual liberty and state control individual state relationship & goals of the state.

Question 55.
Elements of politics
Answer:
Politics is the behavioural dimension of political science. Realisation of interest, conflict over interest and using power for realization of interests are the three basic elements of politics In society people fight for their self interest and whenever they use power and influence for the purpose it is called politics. When power is used for socio political and economic purpose it is called politics.

Question 56.
Evolution of Individualism
Answer:
Individualism developed as a practical theory during 19th century. It emerged from the mercantile individualism of18th and 19th century in Britain, France and Germany. The industrial revolution in Britain in 18th century gave rise to free economic competition and gradually individualism emerged. The French physiocrats were the initial exponents of individualism but it was Adamsmith who gave it the shape of a political theory. Besides Smith, Hobbes, J.S. Mill, Spencer, Hayek, Milton, Nozik, etc. developed it into a full fledged philosophy.

Question 57.
Individual is not the best judge
Answer:
According to individualists indivual is the best judge of his ability, power and self interest. But, it is not always correct state is more matured and capable to judge the self interest of individual. Individual is emotional and he may commit any mistake out of emotion but state is conscious and all actions of state are based on reason and free from passion. The state uses its resources for the well being of individuals.

Question 58.
Individual and state are complementary.
Answer:
Individualism find antipathy between individual interest and states interest but actually, the interests of the state and individual is complementary. State has no interests of its own. Its interest is the sum of individual interest. State resolves all conflicts arising among individuals. The state promotes the interests, security and progress of every individual.

Question 59.
What does survival of the fittest mean?
Answer:
Individualism believes in the principle of survival of the fittest. It means that every time there is a competition among individuals and those who are capable, talented and efficient only survive and the rest perish. There is no scope for the weak, indolent and ignorant people in a state. Charles Darwin and Herbert Spencer were the protagonists of this view. It is scientific and justified also

Question 60.
Laissez fair
Answer:
Laissez fair is a French word which means, let the individual free to take economic or financial decisions. From economic point of view, every individual is conscious of his self interest best. When the individual works for his profit he works with all sincerity and commitment. For the development of agriculture industry and business the individual must be given full freedom.

Question 61.
Features of modern individualism
Answer:
Modern individualism is the 20th century individualism. It gives priority to groups than individuals and recognizes the positive role of state. Graham Walls, Normal Angel, Miss Folel were modern individualists. Modern individualism gives more importance to social welfare than individual good. It pleads that the state can eradicate the obstacles facing individuals.

Question 62.
What is New Deal programme?
Answer:
New Deal was the brain child of former US president F.D. Roosevelt. It was a programme for reform which made the state interfere in the economic sphere creating opportunities for employment and ensure greater social security. During the great economic recession in USA in 1930s, President Roosevelt initiated these reforms to enhance the financial condition of individuals. It generated employment opportunities and provided assistance to the diseased, physically challenged and poor people. This new deal plan created condition for a welfare state.

Question 63.
Beverage Report
Answer:
When during the second world war there was world wide recession thousands of people become homeless, unemployed underfed and discussed. In the mean time, William Beverage, a Brithsh national, provided a report in 1942 for introduction of social insurance and national health mission to save the people. As per the report the state shall provide basic minimum health service, insurance and opportunities for income to all. This beverage report led to nationalization of Banks, railways, mines, steel and means of transport etc. It laid the foundation of welfare state.

Question 64.
India is a welfare state.
Answer:
Indian constitution, under Act 38 envisages the goal of a welfare state. The government of India provides basic minimum needs to every individual. Act 39 provides right to work and the right to a decent wage. The state through abolition of poverty, unemployment health service, insurance, social security and spread of education seeks to realize the goal of welfare state. The state also looks after the protection and security of women, children and backward classes.

Question 65.
What were the factors responsible for the evolution of modern Individualism?
Answer:
The following factors led to the evolution of modern Individualism. Problem ridden modern society Public displeasure over the first world war Distruct of parliamentary democracy. Growing importance of Bureaucracy. And the helplessness of the people to face these challenges led to the emergence of modern individualism

Question 66.
Challenges to welfare state
Answer:
The following factors pase a threat to welfare state today Scarcity of production of goods and food grains Population explosion. Increase in rate of taxes. Environmental pollution and Narrow-mindedness of the people

Question 67.
What are the positive impacts of globalization on Indian economy?
Answer:
Globalisation has strengthened Indian economy in the following manner, It has led to the growing demand for Indian goods and services all over the world. Foreign direct investment has increased. Domestic production has increased. There is spread of transport and communication, information and technology. There is growing awareness about human rights and environmental safety.

Odisha State Board CHSE Odisha Class 11 Math Solutions Chapter 3 Relations And Functions Ex 3(b) Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

CHSE Odisha Class 11 Math Solutions Chapter 3 Relations And Functions Exercise 3(b)

Question 1.
Let A = {a, b, c }, |B| = {1, 2}
(a) Determine all the relations from A to B and determine the domain, range, and inverse of each relation.
(b) Determine all the relations from B to A.
(c) Is there any relationship that is both a relation from A to B and B to A? How many?
(d) Of all the relations from A to B, identify which relations are many ones, one-many, and one-one and represent this diagrammatically.
Solution:
(a) A = {a, b, c}, B = {1, 2}
∴ A × B = {(a, 1), (a, 2), (b, 1), (b, 2), (c, 1), (c, 2)}
∴ |A × B| = 6
∴ |P(A × B)| = 2⁶ = 64
∴ There are 64 relations from A to B as any subset of A × B. The domain of these relations is any subset of A. The inverse of these relations is any subset of B × A.
(b) There are 64 relations from B to A as any sub-set of B x A is a relation from B to A.
(c) Φ is the only relation that is from A to B and from B to A.
(d) Some many-one relations are {(a, 1), (b, 1), (c, 1), (b, 2) (c, 2)}, {(a, 2), (b, 2), (c, 2)}.

Question 2.
Are the following sets related?
(i) Φ from A to B.
(ii) A × B from A to B.
(iii) A × Φ from A to Φ.
(iv) Φ × B from Φ to B.
(v) Φ × Φ from Φ to Φ.
(vi) Φ × C from A to B.
(vii) Φ × Φ from A to B.
Determine the domain range and inverse of each of the relations mentioned above
Solution :
(i) Φ from A to B is a relation.
(ii) A × B from A to B is a relation.
(iii) A × Φ from A to Φ is a relation.
(iv) Φ × B from Φ to B is a relation.
(v) Φ × Φ from Φ to Φ is a relation.
(vi) Φ × C from A to B is a relation.
(vii) Φ × Φ from A to B is a relation.
∴ Domain of Φ i.e. D_Φ = Φ
Range of Φ i.e., R_Φ = Φ
Similarly, D_{A × B} = A, R_{A × B} = β
D_{A × Φ} = Φ, R_{A × Φ} = Φ
D _{Φ × B} = Φ = Φ, R _{Φ × B} = Φ
D _{Φ × Φ} = Φ, R _{Φ × C} = Φ
D _{Φ × C} = Φ, R _{Φ × C} = Φ
D _{Φ × Φ} = Φ, R _{Φ × Φ} = Φ
The inverse of the above relations is Φ, B × A, Φ × A, B × Φ, Φ × Φ, C ×  Φ, and Φ × Φ respectively.

Question 3.
Express the following relations on A to B in each case in tabular form :
(i) A = {n ∈ N : n ≤ 10}, B = N
f = {(x, y) ∈ A × B : y = x²}
Solution:
A = {n ∈ N : n ≤ 10}
= {1, 2, 3,…..10}, B = N
∴ B = {1, 2, 3}
∴ f ={(x, y) ∈ A × B : y = x²}
= {(1, 1), (2, 4), (3, 9)…..(10, 100)}

(ii) A = B = R
∴ f = {(x, y) : x² + y² = 1 and |x – y| = 1}
Solution:
A = B = R
∴ f = {(x, y) : x² + y² = 1 and |x – y| = 1}
={(0, 1) (1, 0), (-1, 0), (0, -1)}

(iii) (1, 2, 3, 4), B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
f = {x, y) : 2 divides 3x+y}
Solution:
A = {1, 2, 3, 4}, B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
∴ f = {(x, y) : 2 divides 3x+y}
={(1, 1), (1, 3), (1, 5), (2, 2), (2, 4), (3, 1), (3, 3), (3,5), (4, 2), (4, 4)}

Question 4.
A and B are non-empty sets such that |A| = m, |B| = n. How many relations can be defined from A to B ? (Remember that the number of relations is the number of subsets of (A × B).
Solution:
|A| = m, |B| = n
⇒ |A × B| = mn
A relation is a subset of A to B
∴ Number of relations from A to B
= Number of subsets of A × B
= 2^mn (∴ |A × B| = mn)

Question 5.
Give an example of a relation f such that
(i) dom f – rng f (ii) dom f ⊂ rng f
(iii) dom f ⊃ rng f
(iv) f ∪ f^-1 = Φ
(v) f = f^-1
(vi) f ∪ f^-1 ≠ Φ
Solution:
Let A = { 1, 2, 3} = B
(i) Let f = {(x, y) ∈ A × B : x = y}
∴ Dom f = {1, 2, 3} = Range f

(ii) Let f = {(1, 1), (1, 2), (2, 3)}
on A = (1, 2, 3}
∴ Dom f = {1, 2} ⊂ { 1, 2, 3} = Range f

(iii) Do yourself

(iv) Let f = Φ
∴ f^-1 = Φ = f ∪ f^-1 = Φ

(v) Let f = {(x, y) ∈ A × B; x² + y² = 1}, where A = B = {1, – 1, 0}
= {(1, 0), (0, 1), (-1, 0), (0, -1)}
f^-1 = {(0, 1) (1, 0), (0, -1), (-1, 0)}
=f

(vi) Let f = {(1, 3), (3, 1)} on A = { 1, 2, 3}
∴ f^-1 = {3, 1), (1, 3)},
so that f ∩ f^-1 = Φ.

Question 6.
Let R = {(a, a³) I a is a prime number less than 10}
Fine (i) R, (ii) dom R, (iii) rng R (iv) R^-1 (v) dom R^-1 (vi) rng R^-1
Solution:
R = {(a, a³)} a is a prime number less than 10}
(i) R = {(2, 8), (3, 27), (5, 125), (7, 343)}
(ii) dom R = {2, 3, 5, 7}
(iii) rng R = {8, 27, 125, 343}
(iv) R^-1 = {(8, 2), (27, 3), (125, 5), (343, 7)}
(v) Dom R^-1 = {8, 27, 125, 343} = rng R
(vi) rng R^-1 = {2, 3, 5, 7} = dom R

Question 7.
Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} and Let R be a relation on A defined by R = {(a, b)} a divides b
Find (i) R, (ii) dom R, (iii) rng R (iv) R^-1, (v) Dom R^-1 (vi) rng R^-1
Solution:
A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 6}
R on A is defined by
R = {(a, b) | a divides b}
(i) R = {(1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 3), (1, 4), (1, 6) (2, 2), (2, 4), (2, 6), (3, 3), (3, 6), (4, 4), (6, 6)}
(ii) dom R = {1,2, 3, 4, 6} = A
(iii) rng R = {1, 2, 3, 4, 6} = A
(iv) R^-1 = {(1, 1), (2, 1), (3, 1), (4, 1), (6, 1), (2, 2) (4, 2), (6, 2), (3, 3), (6, 3), (4, 4), (6, 6)}
(v) dom R^-1 = {1, 2, 3, 4, 6} = A
(vi) rng R^-1 = {l, 2, 3, 4, 6} = A

Odisha State Board Elements of Mathematics Class 11 Solutions CHSE Odisha Chapter 11 Straight Lines Ex 11(a) Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

CHSE Odisha Class 11 Math Solutions Chapter 11 Straight Lines Exercise 11(a)

Question 1.
Find the distance between the following pairs of points.
(i) (3, 4), (-2, 1);
Solution:
Distance between points (3, 4) and (-2, 1) is
\(\sqrt{(3+2)^2+(4-1)^2}=\sqrt{25+9}=\sqrt{34}\)

(ii) (-1, 0), (5, 3)
Solution:
The distance between the points (-1, 0) and (5, 3) is
\(\sqrt{(-1-5)^2+(0-3)^2}\)
= \(\sqrt{36+9}=\sqrt{45}=3 \sqrt{5}\)

Question 2.
If the distance between points (3, a) and (6, 1) is 5, find the value of a.
Solution:
Distance between the points. (3, a) and (6, 1) is
\(\sqrt{(3-6)^2+(a-1)^2}=\sqrt{9+(a-1)^2}\)
∴ \(\sqrt{9+(a-1)^2}=5\)
or, 9 + (a – 1)² = 25
or, (a – 1)² = 16
or, a – 1 = ± 4
a = 1 ± 4 = 5 or, – 3

Question 3.
Find the coordinate of the points which divides the line segment joining the points A (4, 6), B (-3, 1) in the ratio 2: 3 internally. Find also the coordinates of the point which divides \(\overline{\mathbf{A B}}\) in the same ratio externally.
Solution:

Question 4.
Find the coordinates of the mid-point of the following pairs of points.
(i) (-7, 3), (8, -4);
Solution:
Mid-point of the line segment joining the points (-7, 3) and (8, -4) are \(\left(\frac{-7+8}{2}, \frac{3-4}{2}\right)=\left(\frac{1}{2},-\frac{1}{2}\right)\)

(ii) (\(\frac{3}{4}\), -2), (\(\frac{-5}{2}\), 1)
Solution:
Mid-point of the line segment joining the points. (\(\frac{3}{4}\), -2) and (\(\frac{-5}{2}\), 1) is,
\(\left(\frac{\frac{3}{4}-\frac{5}{2}}{2}, \frac{-2+1}{2}\right)=\left(\frac{-7}{8}, \frac{-1}{2}\right)\)

Question 5.
Find the area of the triangle whose vertices are (1, 2), (3, 4) (\(\frac{1}{2}\), \(\frac{1}{4}\))
Solution:
Area of the triangle whose vertices are (1, 2), (3, 4) and (\(\frac{1}{2}\), \(\frac{1}{4}\)) is

Question 6.
If the area of the triangle with vertices (0, 0), (1, 0), (0, a) is 10 units, find the value of a.
Solution:
Area of the triangle with vertices (0, 0),(1,0), (0, a), is \(\frac{1}{2}\) × 1 × a = \(\frac{a}{2}\)
∴ \(\frac{a}{2}\) = 10 or a = 20

Question 7.
Find the value of a so that the points (1, 4), (2, 7), (3, a) are collinear.
Solution:
As points (1, 4), (2, 7), (3, a) are collinear, we have the area of the triangle with vertices (1, 4), (2, 7), and (3, a) is zero.
∴ \(\frac{1}{2}\) {1(7 – a) + 2(a – 4) + 3 (4 – 7)} = 0
or, 7 – a + 2a – 8 + 12 – 21 =0
⇒ a = 10

Question 8.
Find the slope of the lines whose inclinations are given.
(i) 30°
Solution:
The slope of the line whose inclination is 30°.
tan 30° = \(\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}\)

(ii) 45°
Solution:
Slope = tan 45° = +1

(iii) 60°
Solution:
Slope = tan 60° = √3

(iv) 135°
Solution:
Slope = tan 135° = – 1

Question 9.
Find the inclination of the lines whose slopes are given below.
(i) \(\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}\)
Solution:
The slope of the line is \(\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}\)
∴ tan θ = \(\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}\) or, θ = 30°
∴ The inclination of the line is 30°

(ii) 1
Solution:
Slope = 1 = tan 45°
∴ The inclination of the line is 45°.

(iii) √3
Solution:
Slope = √3 = tan 60°  ∴ θ = 60°
∴ Inclination = 60°

(iv) – 1
Solution:
Slope = – 1 = tan 135°
∴ Inclination = 135°

Question 10.
Find the angle between the pair of lines whose slopes are ;
(i) \(\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}\), 1
Solution:

(ii) √3, -1
Solution:

Question 11.
(a) Show that the points (0, -1), (-2, 3), (6, 7), and (8, 3) are vertices of a rectangle.
Solution:


∴ The opposite sides are equal and two consecutive sides are perpendicular. So it is a rectangle.

(b) Show that the points (1, 1), (-1, -1), and (-√3, √3) are the vertices of an equilateral triangle.
Solution:

Question 12.
Find the coordinates of the point P(x, y) which is equidistant from (0, 0), (32, 10), and (42, 0).
Solution:

Question 13.
If the points (x, y) are equidistant from the points (a + b, b – a) and (a – b, a + b), prove that bx = ay.

Question 14.
The coordinate of the vertices of a triangle are (α₁, β₁), (α₂, β₂), and (α₃, β₃). Prove that the coordinates of its centroid is \(\left(\frac{\alpha_1+\alpha_2+\alpha_3}{3}, \frac{\beta_1+\beta_2+\beta_3}{3}\right)\)
Solution:

Question 15.
Two vertices of a triangle are (0, -4) and  (6, 0). If the medians meet at the point (2, 0), find the coordinates of the third vertex.
Solution:

∴ \(\frac{6+x}{3}\) = 2, \(\frac{-4+y}{3}\) = 0
⇒ x = 0, y = 4
∴ The coordinates of the 3rd vertex are (0, 4).

Question 16.
If the point (0, 4) divides the line segment joining(-4, 10) and (2, 1) internally, find the point which divides it externally in these same ratios.
Solution:

Question 17.
Find the ratios in which the line segment joining (-2, -3) arid (5, 4) is divided by the coordinate axes and hence find the coordinates of these points.
Solution:

Question 18.
In a triangle, one of the vertices is at (2, 5) and the centroid of the triangle is at (-1, 1). Find the coordinates of the midpoint of the side opposite to the given angular point.
Solution:

Question 19.
Find the coordinates of the vertices of a triangle whose sides have midpoints at (2, 1), (-1, 3), and (-2, 5).
Solution:

∴ x₂ + x₃ – 4 or, x₂ – 4 – 3 = 1
∴ x₁ = – 4 – x₂ = -4 – 1 = -5
Similarly y₁ + y₂ + y₃ = 5 + 1 + 3 = 9
As y₁ + y₂ = 10
we have y₃ = 9 – 10 = – 1
Again y₁ + y₃ = 6
or, y₁ = 6 – y₃ = 6 + 1 = 7
and y₂ = 10 – y₁ = 10 – 7 = 3
∴ The coordinates of A, B, and C are (-5, 7), (1, 3), and (3, -1).

Question 20.
If the vertices of a triangle have their coordinates given by rational numbers, prove that the triangle cannot be equilateral.
Solution:
Let us choose the contradiction method. Let the triangle is equilateral if the co¬ ordinate of the vertices is rational numbers.
Let ABC be an equilateral triangle with vertices A (a, 0), B (a, 0), and C (b, c) where a, b, c are rational.

⇒ a² = b² + c² = \(\frac{a^2}{4}\) + c²
⇒ c² =  a² – \(\frac{a^2}{4}\) = \(\frac{3a^2}{4}\) ⇒ c = \(\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}\) a     ….(2)
Now b = \(\frac{a}{2}\), c = \(\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}\) a
If a is rational then b is rational but c is irrational, i.e., the coordinates of the vertices are not rational, which contradicts the assumption.
Hence assumption is wrong.
So the triangle cannot be equilateral if the coordinate of the vertices is rational numbers.

Question 21.
Prove that the area of any triangle is equal to four times the area of the triangle formed by joining the midpoints of its sides.
Solution:

∴ The area of triangle ABC is four times the area of triangle DEF. (Proved)

Question 22.
Find the condition that the point (x, y) may lie on the line joining (1, 2) and (5, -3).
Solution:

∴ As points A, B, and C are collinear, we have the area of the triangle ABC as 0.
∴ \(\frac{1}{2}\) {1(-3 – y) + 5(y – 2) + x(2 + 3)} = 0
or, – 3 – y + 5y – 10 + 5x = 0
or, 5x + 4y = 13

Question 23.
Show that the three distinct points (a², a), (b², b), and (c², c) can never be collinear.
Solution:
Area of the triangle with vertices (a², a), (b², b) , and (c², c) is
\(\frac{1}{2}\) {a²(b – c) + b²(c – a) c²(a – b)}
= (a – b)(b – c)(a – c)
which is never equal to zero except when a = b = c, hence the points are not collinear.

Question 24.
If A, B, and C are points (-1, 2), (3, 1), and (-2, -3) respectively, then show that the points which divide BC, CA, and AB in the ratios (1: 3), (4: 3) and (-9: 4) respectively are collinear.
Solution:
Let the points P, Q, and R divides \(\overline{\mathrm{BC}}\), \(\overline{\mathrm{CA}}\), in \(\overline{\mathrm{AB}}\) the ratio 1: 3, 4: 3 and -9: 4

Question 25.
Prove analytically :
(a) The line segment joining the midpoints of two sides of a triangle is parallel to the third and half of its length.

Solution:
Let the coordinates of the triangle ABC be (x₁, y₁), (x₂, y₂) and (x₃, y₃)
The points D and E are the midpoints of the sides \(\overline{\mathrm{AB}}\) and \(\overline{\mathrm{AC}}\)

(b) The altitudes of a triangle are concurrent.
Solution:

(c) The perpendicular bisectors of the sides of a triangle are concurrent.
Solution:

(d) An angle in a semicircle is a right angle.
Solution:

∴ The angle in a semicircle is a right angle. (Proved)