Odisha State Board BSE Odisha Class 10 English Grammar Book Solutions Chapter 4 Non-finite Verb Forms Textbook Exercise Activity Questions and Answers.
BSE Odisha Class 10 English Grammar Solutions Chapter 4 Non-finite Verb Forms
A. Read these lines from your textbook of class IX.
1. (a) felt ashamed to face Mrs. Bethy. (ଶ୍ରୀମତୀ ବେଥଙ୍କୁ ସାମନା କରିବାରେ ମୋତେ ସଙ୍କୋଚ ଲାଗିଲା ।)
(b) I wrote a letter announcing my departure.
(ମୋର ଫେରିଯିବା ବା ପ୍ରସ୍ଥାନ ଘୋଷଣା କରି ମୁଁ ଗୋଟିଏ ପତ୍ର ଲେଖଲି ।)
- The underlined expressions are non-finite verbs. Because these verb forms have no agreement with the subjects. They only state purpose or cause.
- Every simple sentence has a Finite Verb(s) and it always agrees with the subject. [ପ୍ରତ୍ୟେକ ସରଳ ବାକ୍ୟରେ ଗୋଟିଏ ସମାପିକା କ୍ରିୟା ଥାଏ ଏବଂ ସର୍ବଦା subject ବା କର୍ଚ୍ଚାର ପୁରୁଷ ଓ ବଚନ ସହିତ ଏହି ସମାପିକା କ୍ରିୟା (Finite Verb) ର agreement ହୁଏ ।]
Examples:
(i) Seema writes letters. (Simple Sentence)
[ଏଠାରେ ‘writes’ – Finite Verb/Present Simple tense.
Seema-Subject (third person and singular number)]
(ii) He did the work to please me. (Simple sentence)
[ଏଠାରେ ‘did’ – Finite Verb/Past Simple tense.]
(iii) Sehwag has scored two triple centuries in test cricket.
[ଏଠାରେ has scored – Finite Verbs/Present Perfect tense.]
(ପ୍ରଦତ୍ତ ଉଦାହରଣରେ ଆମ୍ଭେମାନେ ଜାଣିବାକୁ ପାଉଛୁ ଯେ ପ୍ରତ୍ୟେକ ବାକ୍ୟରେ ସମାପିକା କ୍ରିୟା ରହିଛି ଯେହେତୁ ଏହାର tense ବା କାଳ ଅଛି ।)
- Apart from Finite Verbs, we have Non-Finite Verbs in the sentence.
[Finite verb ବା ସମାପିକା କ୍ରିୟାକୁ ଛାଡ଼ି, ବାକ୍ୟରେ ଅସମାପିକା କ୍ରିୟା (Non-Finite Verbs) ମଧ୍ଯ ଥାଏ ।] - While Finite Verb has ‘tense’, Non-Finite Verb has ‘no tense’.
[Finite Verb ର Tense ଥାଏ; କିନ୍ତୁ Non-Finite Verb ର tense ନ ଥାଏ ।] - Finite Verb is the indispensable part in a sentence, but Non-Finite Verb is the additional/ optional part in a sentence.
[Finite Verb ହେଉଛି ବାକ୍ୟର ଏକ ଅପରିହାର୍ଯ୍ୟ ଅଙ୍ଗ; କିନ୍ତୁ Non-Finite Verb ହେଉଛି ଏକ ଅତିରିକ୍ତ ବା ଇଚ୍ଛାଧୀନ ଅଙ୍ଗ ।] - A Non-Finite Verb is expressed by forms of a verb.
[Verb ର ରୂପ ବା form ଦ୍ଵାରା Non-Finite Verb ସୂଚିତ ହୁଏ ।]
Examples:
(i) I hope to get a first class. (ମୁଁ ଗୋଟିଏ ପ୍ରଥମ ଶ୍ରେଣୀ ପାଇବାକୁ ଚାହେଁ ।)
[hope-Finite Verb (present simple tense), to get-Non-Finite Verb (form)]
(ii) Seema left going to his house. (ସୀମା ତା’ ଘରକୁ ଯିବା ଛାଡ଼ିଦେଲା ।)
[left-Finite Verb (past simple tense), going-Non-Finite Verb (form)]
(iii) Father got both his eyes examined. (ବାପା ତାଙ୍କ ଆଖ୍ ଦୁଇଟିକୁ ପରୀକ୍ଷା କରାଇନେଲେ ।)
[got -Finite Verb (past simple tense), examined-Non-Finite Verb (form)]
(iv) The headmaster let the boy go home. (ପ୍ରଧାନଶିକ୍ଷକ ବାଳକଟିକୁ ତା’ ଘରକୁ ଯିବାକୁ ଦେଲେ ।)
[let-Finite Verb (past simple tense), go-Non-Finite Verb (form)]
Remember :
A Non-Finite Verb has only form (s) and it has nothing do with the subject.
(ଏକ ଅସମାପିକା କ୍ରିୟାର କେବଳ form ବା ରୂପ ଅଛି ଓ ବାକ୍ୟର subject ବା କର୍ତ୍ତା ସହିତ କୌଣସି ସମ୍ପର୍କ ନାହିଁ ।
See the classification on Non-Finite verbs in the diagram below:
[Non-Finite Verb(s) ର ଶ୍ରେଣୀ ବିଭାଗଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ଲକ୍ଷ୍ୟ କର ।]
(1) To-Infinitives
The following verbs generally take ‘to + infinitive’ immediately after them.
(ତଳଲିଖତ କ୍ରିୟା ପଦଗୁଡ଼ିକ ପରେ ସାଧାରଣତଃ to + Infinitive ବ୍ୟବହୃତ ହୁଏ ।)
| appear begin decide deserve fail prefer forget remember pretend agree attempt desire claim |
demand expect fail want hope intend manage learn need plan prepare refuse wish |
Examples:
(i) I hope to see you again.
(ii) He requested me to help him.
(iii) They expect to travel by air.
(iv) He plans to visit Japan next year.
(v) The prisoners managed to escape.
(vi) We would prefer not to sit at the front.
(N.B ) (In the negative, ‘‘not’ comes after the to + infinitiveÿ))
(vii) They decided to stay in the open field.
(viii) Never pretend to be foolish.
(ix) Father has reminded me to go to the movie.
(2) -‘Ing’ Non-Infinitives :
The following verbs are usually followed by Verb-‘ing’.
ନିମ୍ନଲିଖତ verbs ଗୁଡ଼ିକ ପରେ ସାଧାରଣତଃ – ing Non-infinitives ବ୍ୟବହୃତ ହୁଏ ।)
| admit (ସ୍ବୀକାର କରିବା) avoid (ଦୂରେଇ ରହିବା) appreciate (ପ୍ରଶଂସା କରିବା) finish (ଶେଷ କରିବା ) consider (ବିବେଚନା କରିବା ) count on (ନିର୍ଭର କରିବା) depend on (ନିର୍ଭର କରିବା) feel like (want ) insist on (declare strongly) look forward to (ପ୍ରତୀକ୍ଷା କରିବା) think of can’t/couldn’t help (avoid) rely on (ନିର୍ଭର କରିବା ) delay (ବିଳମ୍ବ କରିବା) miss (ଛାଡ଼ି ଦେବା)quit (ତ୍ୟାଗ କରିବା) |
approve of (ସ୍ଵୀକାର କରିବା) deny (ଅସ୍ବୀକାର କରିବା) enjoy (ଉପଭୋଗ କରିବା) report (ବିବରଣୀ ଦେବା। ଜଣାଇବା) resent (ଘୃଣା କରିବା) hate resist (ପ୍ରତିରୋଧ କରିବା) risk (ବିପଦ ବରଣ କରିବା) give up (stop for ever) object to (ବିରୋଧ/ପ୍ରତିବାଦ କରିବା) put off (ସ୍ଥଗିତ ରଖୁବା) succeed in (ସଫଳ ହେବା) congratulate on ( ଅଭିନନ୍ଦନ ଜଣାଇବା) would you mind (ଦୟାକରି) keep on (ଚାଲୁ ରଖୁବା ) practise (ଅଭ୍ୟାସ କରିବା) recall (ମନେ ପକାଇବା) |
Examples:
(i) Do you mind waiting a moment?
(ii) Someone suggested going for a walk.
(iii) I enjoyed getting up (ଉଠିବା) early in summer.
(iv) Have you finished doing your homework?
(v) I can’t help feeling depressed (ହତାଶ )sometimes.
(vi) The girl admitted not paying for the tickets.
(vii) Father has given up smoking.
(viii) I look forward to getting a sweet reply from my friend.
(ix) He objected to my behaving so rudely.
(x) Gandhiji succeeded in getting freedom for India.
(xi) The coach congratulated the Indian team on becoming the No.1 team in test format.
(a) Verb + Object (କର୍ମ) + V-‘ing’
Examples:
(i) I hate people laughing at me.
object
(ii) The girl loves young people admiring her beauty.
object
(iii) The job involves (ସଂପୃକ୍ତି) somebody risking his life.
object
(b) ‘Ing’ form in sentences beginning with ‘It’
Examples:
(i) It is no use/ no good arguing him.
(ତା’ ସହିତ ଯୁକ୍ତିକରି କିଛି ଲାଭ ନାହିଁ ।)
(ii) It was quite a thrilling experience visiting the Konark Temple.
(କୋଣାର୍କ ମନ୍ଦିର ବୁଲିଯିବା/ଦର୍ଶନ କରିବା ଏକ ରୋମାଞ୍ଚକାରୀ ଅନୁଭୂତି ଥିଲା ।)
(iii) It may be worth encouraging the boy to study hard.
(ବାଳକକୁ କଠିନ ପରିଶ୍ରମ କରି ପାଠ ପଢ଼ିବାକୁ ଉତ୍ସାହିତ କରିବା ଭଲ ।)
V-ing Form or To-infinitives
Often different verbs having close meanings in themselves take ‘to + infinitives’ or ‘ingform’. (ଅଧ୍କାଂଶ ସମୟରେ ପାଖାପାଖୁ ଅର୍ଥ ପ୍ରକାଶ କରୁଥିବା କ୍ରିୟାପଦଗୁଡ଼ିକ କେତେକ କ୍ଷେତ୍ରରେ To + infinitive ଓ ଆଉ କେତେକ କ୍ଷେତ୍ରରେ ‘ing-form’ ସହିତ ବ୍ୟବହୃତ ହୋଇଥାନ୍ତି ।)
| To + Infinitives | -‘Ing’ Form |
| 1. Raman decided to take a taxi. (‘decide’ takes only ‘to-inf.’’) | 1. Raman suggested taking a taxi. (‘suggested’ takes only a ‘v-ing’ form) |
| 2. We are training to run uphill | 2. We are practising running uphill. (ପାହାଡ଼ ଉପରକୁ) |
| (Here ‘training’ and ‘practicing are same in meaning.) | |
| (ଏଠାରେ chose ଓ admitted ପ୍ରାୟ ସମାନ ଅର୍ଥ ବହନ କରୁଛି ।) | |
| 3. The man chose not to buy a ticket. | 3. The man admitted not buying a ticket. |
| 4. The committee agreed to pay half the cost of blankets. | 4. The committee recommended paying half cost of blankets. |
| 5. I prefer to travel by air. (a particular preference) (ଏକ ନିର୍ଦ୍ଦିଷ୍ଟ ଘଟଣା) |
5. I prefer travelling by air. (a general preference) (ଏକ ସାଧାରଣ ପସନ୍ଦ) |
| 6. I forgot to do the homework. (a particular occasion) (ଏକ ନିର୍ଦ୍ଦିଷ୍ଟ ଘଟଣା) |
6. I forgot doing the homework. (a more common activity) (ଏକ ସାଧାରଣ ଭାବରେ ଘଟୁଥିବା ଘଟଣା ।) |
Either ‘To+Infinitive’ or ‘V-Ing’ form But different Meanings
(ବିଭି ଅର୍ଥରେ – ‘Ing’ ଓ ‘To + Inf’ର ବ୍ୟବହାର)
(ନମ୍ନଲିଖତ verbs ପରେ ବ୍ୟବହୃତ ‘to + infinitives’ ଓ ‘ing form’ ବିଭିନ୍ନ ଅର୍ଥ ପ୍ରକାଶ କରେ ।)
- remember
- forget
- try
- regret
- mean
- stop
- go on
- need
| V +To + Infinitives | V +Ing form |
| (i) I must remember to post the letter today. (“Remember to post” means to first remember and then to post) |
(i) I remember seeing him in the * meeting hall. (“remember seeing means to first see and then remember it later) |
| (ii) I forgot to sign the bill. (a necessary action) |
(ii) I’ll never forget visiting the zoo with my father. (memories of the past) |
| (iii) People tried to put out the fire. (to attempt an action) |
(iii) First people tried throwing water on the flame, but that didn’t work. (to do something which might solve a problem) |
| (iv) I regret to inform you that your application has been rejected. ( ‘regret to inform’ means being sorry for giving bad news at present) |
(iv) I regret wasting so much time on visiting theatres. ( ‘regret wasting’ means feeling sorry for some past action) |
| (v) At the next square (ଛକ), the man stopped to buy a book. (to stop to do something) |
(v) You had better (should) stop dreaming. (end an action.) |
| (vi) The teacher introduced himself and went on to discuss, the first lesson. (to do the next thing) |
(vi) The teacher told the girls to be quiet but they just went on talking. (continue doing something) |
| (vii) I need to leave by nine. (necessary to do something) |
(vii) The grass needs cutting. It has grown very long. (needs to be done) |
(3) Bare Infinitives
A bare infinitive is simply the base form like go, eat, dance, etc. of the verb.
(Bare-infinitive ହେଇଛି କ୍ରିୟା ପରେ ମୂଳରୂପ; ଯଥା – go, eat, dance ଇତ୍ଯାଦି ।)
Patterns with Bare-infinitive:
(i) Verbs make, let, have take an ‘Object + bare infinitive’.
(କ୍ରିୟାପଦ; ଯଥା – make, let, have object ବା କର୍ମ ସହିତ bare infinitive ରେ ବ୍ୟବହୃତ ହୁଏ ।)
(a) I made the girl dance. (ମୁଁ ଝିଅକୁ ନଚାଇଲି ।)
(the girl = object, dance = bare-infinitive)
(b) The teacher let the pupils go home early.(ଶିକ୍ଷକ ପିଲାମାନଙ୍କୁ ଶୀଘ୍ର ଘରକୁ ଯିବାକୁ ଦେଲେ ।)
(thepupils = object, go = bare-infinitive)
(c) I’ll have the driver bring home your suitcase. (ମୁଁ ତୁମର ସୁକେଶ୍ୱକୁ driver ଦ୍ବାରା ଘରକୁ ମଗାଇ ଆଣିବି ।)
(ii) Verbs of perception such as see, hear,feel etc. take an object + bare infinitive after them.
[Verbs of perception ବା ଇନ୍ଦ୍ରିୟଜନିତ କ୍ରିୟାପଦ ପରେ object ବା କର୍ମ + bare infinitive ବ୍ୟବହୃତ ହୁଏ ।]
(a) We saw the terrorists leave the building.
( terrorists = object, leave = bare infinitive)
(ଆମ୍ଭେମାନେ ଆକ୍ରମଣକାରୀମାନଙ୍କୁ କୋଠାଘର ଛାତ ଦେଇ ବାହାରିଯିବାର ଦେଖୁଲୁ ।)
(b) I heard someone knock on the door. (କେହି ଜଣେ କବାଟ ଠକ୍ ଠକ୍ କରିବାର ମୁଁ ଶୁଣିଲି ।)
(someone = object, knock= bare infinitive)
(c) He felt someone touch his shoulders. (କେହି ଜଣେ ତା’ କାନ୍ଧ ଛୁଇଁବାର ସେ ଅନୁଭବ କଲା)
( someone = object, touch = bare infinitive)
(iii) A bare infinitive is usually used after‘except’ and ‘but’.
(‘Except’ ଓ ‘but’ ପରେ ସାଧାରଣତଃ bare infinitive ବ୍ୟବହୃତ ହୋଇଥାଏ ।)
(a) Our maid-servant does everything except do the washing-up.
(do = bare infinitive)
(= ଆମର ଚାକରାଣୀ ବାସନକୁସନ ମାଜିବା ଛଡ଼ା ଅନ୍ୟସବୁ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟକରେ ।)
This old man does nothing but shout all day.
(shout=bare infinitive)
(= ଏହି ବୁଢ଼ାଟି ଦିନସାରା ଚିତ୍କାର ଛାଡ଼ିବା ବ୍ୟତୀତ କିଛି କରେନାହିଁ ।)
Look at the following sentences :
(i) Will you help me carry the luggage ? (informal)
(carry = bare infinitive)
(ii) Will you help me to carry the luggage ? (formal)
(to carry = to infinitive)
N.B: With the verb of perception in Active Voice, the bare infinitive is changed into a to + infinitive.
(Active voice ରେ verb ofperception ଥ୍ଲେ Passive Voice ରେ Bare infinitiveg To + infinitive ରେ ପରିଣତ କରାଯାଏ ।)
Active Voice = I heard him cry.
(him = object, cry = bare infinitive)
Passive Voice = He was heard to cry, (to + infinitive)
(4) -‘EN’ forms
-‘En’ ବା -‘Ed’ is the third form of the base verb used as non-infinitive.
[‘-En’ ବା ‘-Ed’ ହେଉଛି ମୂଳ କ୍ରିୟାର ତୃତୀୟ ରୂପ ଯାହାକି non-infinitive verb ରୂପେ ବ୍ୟବହାର କରାଯାଏ ।]
‘-En’ or ‘-Ed’ form is used after the verbs had or got with ‘an object’ to mean “to do get something done by somebody.”
[verb ର -Ed ବା -En form ‘had” ଓ ‘got’ verb ଓ object (କର୍ମ) ସହିତ ବ୍ୟବହୃତ ହୋଇଥାଏ, ଯାହାର ଅର୍ଥ ନିଜ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ ଅନ୍ୟ ଦ୍ବାରା କରାଇବା]
Examples:
(i) I had my letter typed. (ମୁଁ ମୋ ଚିଠିଟିକୁ ଟାଇପ୍ କରାଇଲି)
(my letter = object, typed = ‘-en’ non-finitive)
(ii) You should have vourphoto taken. (ତୁମେ ତୁମର ଫଟୋ ଉଠାଇନେବା ଉଚିତ ।)
(yourphoto = object , taken= ‘-en’ non-infinitive)
(iii) Father got both his eyes examined. (ବାପା ତାଙ୍କର ଆଖ୍ ଦୁଇଟିକୁ ପରୀକ୍ଷା କରାଇଲେ ।)
(both his eyes =object, examined= ‘-en’ non-infinitive)
Difference between ‘Bare’ Infinitive and ‘Ing’ form
| ‘BARE’ Infinitive (Completed action) (ସମାପ୍ତ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ) |
‘-ING’ Form/ Non-Infinitive (Incomplete action) (ଅସମାପ୍ତ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ) |
| Examples: I saw him cross the road. (ମୁଁ ତାକୁ ରାସ୍ତା ଅତିକ୍ରମ କରିବାର ଦେଖୁଲି ।) |
I saw him crossing the road. (ତାକୁ ରାସ୍ତା ଅତିକ୍ରମ କରୁଥିବାର ଦେଖୁଲି ।) |
Breaking of a sentence into two Simple Sentences :
(ଗୋଟିଏ ବାକ୍ୟକୁ ଦୁଇଟି ସରଳ ବାକ୍ୟରେ ରୂପାନ୍ତରିତ କରିବାର ପ୍ରକ୍ରିୟା)
(i) Use ‘will’ omitting ‘to + infinitive ’.
(To + infinitive କୁ ଉଠାଇ ‘will’ ବ୍ୟବହାର କରାଯାଏ)
(ii) Use Past Simple Tense placing Bare-infinitive.
(Bare-infinitive କୁ ଉଠାଇ Past Simple Tense ରେ ପରିବର୍ତ୍ତନ କରାଯାଏ)
Questions with Answers :
(i) I want my friend to get the prize, (‘to get’ = to + infinitive)
Answer:
My friend will get the prize. I want it.
(ii) India expects her people to do their work sincerely, (to do- to + ‘infinitive’)
Answer:
Her people will do their work sincerely. India wants it.
(iii) Our teacher made the girl do the sum. (do = bare infinitive)
Answer:
The girl did (past simple) the work.
Our teacher made it.
Know about Bare infinitives / Zero infinitives :
(i) The expressions like had better, had rather, would rather, sooner than, rather than
carry infinitives without ‘to ’.
Examples:
- I would rather die than beg.
- You had better take your father’s permission.
- The king had ratherfight than surrender. (ଆତ୍ମସମର୍ପଣ କରିବା ଅପେକ୍ଷା ବରଂ ଯୁଦ୍ଧକଲେ)
- I would rather wait till my friend comes.
(ii) Bare infinitive or Zero infinitive is used after dare and need in interrogative and negative forms.
(ପ୍ରଶ୍ନସୂଚକ ଓ ନାସ୍ତିବାଚକ ବାକ୍ୟରେ Modals ‘dare’ ଓ ‘need’ ପରେ bare infinitive ବ୍ୟବହୃତ ହୁଏ ।
Dare you speak like this? (ତୁ ଏଭଳି କଥା କହି ପାରୁଛୁ ?)
You needn’t go near the hill. (ତୁମେ ପାହାଡ଼ ପାର୍ଶ୍ଵକୁ ଯିବା ଦରକାର ନାହିଁ ।)
(iii) If two infinitives are joined by ‘and’, the ‘to’ of the second is normally dropped.
(ଦୁଇଟି infinitive ‘and’ ଦ୍ଵାରା ଯୋଗ ହୋଇଥିଲେ ଦ୍ଵିତୀୟ infinitive ପୂର୍ବରୁ ସାଧାରଣତଃ ‘to’ କୁ ଉଠାଇ ଦିଆଯାଏ ।)
Go there and work hard (to work).
I intend (ଚାହୁଁଛି) to start today and do (to do) the needful.
To + Infinitive
Broadly speaking infinitives are oftwo kinds :
ମୁଖ୍ୟତଃ infinitives (with ‘to’) are of two kinds.
1. Simple infinitive
It may be :
(i) the Subject to a verb (କ୍ରିୟାର କର୍ତ୍ତା ରୂପେ) :
To smoke (ଧୂମପାନ କରିବା) is bad for health.
To drink (ମଦ୍ୟପାନ କରିବା) tells upon health (ଖରାପ କରିଥାଏ).
(ii) Object ofa verb (ଏକ କ୍ରିୟାର କର୍ମ ରୂପେ) :
Children love to play (ଖେଳିବାକୁ).
I intend (ଚାହୁଁଛି) to take part (ଅଂଶଗ୍ରହଣ କରିବାକୁ) in the event (କ୍ରୀଡ଼ାରେ).
(iii) Complement ofa verb (ଏକ କ୍ରିୟାପଦର ପୂରକ ରୂପେ) :
(after ‘be’ verbs is, am, are, was, were)
My foremost ( ସର୍ବପ୍ରଧାନ) duty is to build my character (ତିଆରି କରିବା).
His desire (ଇଚ୍ଛା) was to deliver the speech (ବକ୍ତୃତାଦେବା).
(iv) Object ofa preposition (ଏକ ବିଭକ୍ତିର କର୍ମ ରୂପେ) :
The meeting is about to start, (about – preposition) (ସଭାଟି ଆରମ୍ଭ ହେବା ଉପରେ)
2. Qualifying infinitive
It is called qualifying infinitive because it is used to qualify a verb, a noun or an adjective.
(i) After the verb ‘be’ (is, are etc) to express a command, order or plan (ନିର୍ଦ୍ଦେଶ, ଆଦେଶ ବା ଯୋଜନା ଅର୍ଥରେ ‘be’ verb ପରେ ।
You are to stay here, (are – ‘be’ verb) (are to stay = must stay here) (ଏଠାରେ ରହିବାକୁ ହେବ ।)
→ Neelima is to go there, (must go there)
→ The orientation program is to start next month, (a plan).
(ii) a purpose (ଉଦ୍ଦେଶ୍ୟ ଅର୍ଥରେ)
→ Father wants to call on uncle. (ଦେଖାକରିବାକୁ । ଦେଖାକରିବା ପାଇଁ)
→ Saroj went to the shop to buy medicine. (କିଣିବାପାଇଁ)
(iii) to qualify noun (ଏକ ବିଶେଷ୍ୟ ପଦକୁ ବିଶେଷିତ କରିବାପାଇଁ)
→ The girl has reason (noun) to smile. (ଝିଅର ହସିବା ପଛରେ କାରଣ ଅଛି ।)
→ It is time (noun) to close the counter.
(iv) to qualify an adjective (ଗୋଟିଏ ବିଶେଷଣ ପଦକୁ ବିଶେଷିତ କରିବାପାଇଁ)
→ The tea is too hot to drink, (hot = adjective) (ଚାହାଟି ଏତେ ଗରମ ଯେ ପିଇ ହେଉନାହିଁ)
→ This house is decent to live in. (decent = adjective) (ରହିବାପାଇଁ ଘରଟି ସୁନ୍ଦର ହୋଇଛି ।)
(v) equivalent to an adjective clause.
a. Lend (ଧାର ଦିଅନ୍ତୁ) ।me some books that may read.
Answer:
Lend me some book to read.
b. He has no dresses which he can wear.
Answer:
He has no dresses to wear.
Non-Finite Verb Clause (ଅସମାପିକା କ୍ରିୟା ବାକ୍ୟଖଣ୍ଡ) :
A non-finite verb clause begins with non-finite verb forms.
Examples:
(i) They made Seema write the letter. (ସେମାନେ ସୀମାଦ୍ଵାରା ଚିଠିଟି ଲେଖାଇଲେ ।)
(ii) I did not notice you raiseyour hand. (ମୁଁ ତୋତେ ତୋର ହାତ ଉଠାଇବାର ଦେଖଲି ନାହିଁ ।)
(iii) Please let us go home. (ଦୟାକରି ଆମ୍ଭମାନଙ୍କୁ ଘରକୁ ଯିବାକୁ ଦିଅନ୍ତୁ ।)
(iv) You had better leave this place. (ତୁମର ଏହି ଯାଗା ଛାଡ଼ି ଚାଲିଯିବା ଭଲ ।)
(v) The teacher found the girlsplaying on theground. (ଶିକ୍ଷକ ଝିଅମାନଙ୍କୁ ପଡ଼ିଆରେ ଖେଳୁଥିବାର ଦେଖିଲେ)
Non-finitive verbs (to + infinitives) directly followed by a noun/pronoun + a verb
Help :
(i) Please help me roll the stone, (bare infinitive)
(ii) No one can help you to pass the exam, (to + infinitive)
See/find: We saw/found them eating (ଖାଇବାର) their lunch, (action in progress)
Get :
(i) I got him to do it. (to + infinitive) (ମୁଁ ତାହାଦ୍ୱାରା ଏହା କରାଇଲି)
(ii) He got the car moving (participle infinitive)
(iii) We got our food cooked, (past participle infinitive) (ଆମ୍ଭେମାନେ ଆମ୍ଭମାନଙ୍କର ଖାଦ୍ୟ ରନ୍ଧାଇ ନେଲୁ।)
Verbs of Perception (ଇନ୍ଦ୍ରିୟାନୁଭୂତଜନିତ କ୍ରିୟାପଦ)
(These verbs don’t take the progressive form (+ ing)
See :
(i) I saw them cross (ଅତିକ୍ରମ କରିବାର ) the road, (crossing completed)
(ii) I saw them crossing (ଅତିକ୍ରମ କରୁଥିବାର) the road, (crossing not completed)
Imagine : (i) I imagine (think/suppose, ମନେ କରୁଛି) this to be the explanation.
Process Verbs :
Keep :
(i) He kept listening to the radio.
(ii) She kept me (pronoun) waiting for an hour. ( ଅପେକ୍ଷା କରୁଥିଲା)
Start :
(i) He started to sing, (but was stopped.)
(ii) He started singing (singing continued for some time)
(iii) Please start the clock going, (clock-noun)
Begin :
(i) As soon as he came down from the university, he began writing novels
(ଉପନ୍ୟାସ), (intentional action, ଉଦ୍ଦେଶ୍ୟମୂଳକ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ)
(ii) Suddenly it began to rain. (intentional action, ଉଦ୍ଦେଶ୍ୟହୀନ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ)
(iii) I am beginning to grow old. (ମୁଁ ବୁଢ଼ା ହୋଇ ଯାଇଛି ।)
Finish :
(i) He finished writing the letters at 9.30 a.m.
Avoid (ଦୂରେଇ ରହିବା) :
(i) Sheela avoided making the same mistake again.
Verbs like complete, delay (ବିଳମ୍ବ କରିବା), escape (ଖସିଯିବା), practice, so belong to this group.
Examples: Let’s go fishing. (ଚାଲ ମାଛ ଧରି ଯିବା।)
Stand / sit: Theystood / sat talking.
Can’t help: (have no control over)
I can’t help falling asleep. (ମୁଁ ନ ଶୋଇ ରହି ପାରିବି ନାହିଁ)
Verbs of effort (ଚେଷ୍ଟା) and achievement (କୃତିତ୍ଵ / ସଫଳତା)
manage: We managed to reach the village before dark. (ପହଞ୍ଚିବାରେ ସଫଳ ହେଲୁ)
try :
(i) Try to work harder. (Make an attempt)
(ii) A man tried walking more briskly (ଅଧୁକ କ୍ଷିପ୍ର ବେଗରେ).
fail: She failed (ଅସଫଳ ହେଲା) to understand my point.
Verbs of Attitude (ମନୋଭାବ)
like :
(i) I like riding (ଘୋଡ଼ା ଚଢ଼ିବା) (like – enjoy)
(ii) I like to go to the temple every day. (I think it right)
(iii) I like going to the temple. (I enjoy my visits)
regret (ଦୁଃଖ କରିବା) :
(i) I regret to say that he is a fool. (I am sorry, but I have to say that)
(ii) I regret saying that he is a fool. (I am sorry that I said that)
miss: I don’t miss going to the library on Sunday.
risk: I can’t risk telling you the secret. (ତୁମକୁ ଗୁପ୍ତ କଥା କହି ମୁଁ ନିଜକୁ ବିପଦରେ ପକାଇ ପାରିବି ନାହିଁ ।)
mind :
(i) We don’t mind sitting on the floor. (don’t object to it.)
(ଚଟାଣ ଉପରେ ବସିବାରେ ଆମ୍ଭମାନଙ୍କର ଆପତ୍ତି ନାହିଁ)
(ii) Would you mind lending me your pen? (Please lend me your pen.)
enjoy: We enjoy travelling in holidays.
- Causative verbs (ପ୍ରେରଣାର୍ଥକ କ୍ରିୟା) : They mean making someone do something.
- help: We helped clean (ସଫା କରିବାରେ) the room.
make :
(i) Sangeeta made me finish my work early.
(ii) I was made to finish my work early. (Passive)
(ମୋ ଦ୍ଵାରା କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ ସହଜରେ ଶେଷ କରାଗଲା।)
(iii) You must make your views known.
let : I won’t let you go home so early. (ମୁଁ ତୁମକୁ ଏତେ ଶୀଘ୍ର ଘରକୁ ଯିବାକୁ ଦେବି ନାହିଁ ।)
have :
(i) I have my hair cutonce a month. (I get my hair cut once a montyh)
(ମୁଁ ମାସକୁ ଥରେ ମୋର କେଶ କଟାଏ।)
(ii) They had all the prisoners shot
Functions of Non-Finite Verbs (ଅସମାପିକା କ୍ରିୟାର କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ)
(i) As a Subject (କର୍ରାରୂପେ)
Examples:
- Digging is hard work, {-‘mg’ non-infinitive)
- To find fault with others is easy, (to + infinitive)
(ii) As an object (କର୍ମ ରୂପେ)
Examples:
- She plans to buy some presents for her sister. (to + infinitive)
- He would like to stay here for some days, {to + infinitive)
(iii)
(a) As a complement to the (ପୂରକ ରୂପେ) Verb ‘be’ (is/was)
Examples:
- Our duty is protecting our motherland, {-‘ing’ form)
- My aim is to be a doctor, {to + infinitive)
(b)With verbs ‘let’ and ‘make’
Examples:
- The clerk made the girl fill in the form, {bare infintive)
- The police officer let the gentleman go. {bare infintive)
(iv) As an Adjunct (ଅତିରିକ୍ତ ଶବ୍ଦ ରୂପେ)
Examples:
- They killed the snake to save the child, {to + infinitive)
- I saw the beggar cross to the other side, {bare infinitive)
Activity – 1
Underline the non-finite verbs in the following sentences:
(a) He has been answering questions.
Answer:
been answering
(b) They must have finished doing their homework.
Answer:
have finished doing (ନିଶ୍ଚିତ ଶେଷ କରିଥ୍)
(c) She may have been helped by her brother.
Answer:
have been helped ସାହାଯ୍ୟ କରାଯାଇଥାଇ ପାରେ)
(d) You should have been studying English Grammar more thoroughly.
Answer:
have been studying (ପଢ଼ିବା ଉଚିତ ହୋଇଥାନ୍ତା)
(e) The film must have been screened by now.
Answer:
have been screened (ନିଶ୍ଚିତ ପ୍ରଦର୍ଶିତ ହୋଇଥବ)
Activity – 2
Break the following sentences into two simple sentences each.
(a) I want my friend to get the medal.
Answer:
My friend will get the medal. I want it.
(b) She helped me do the exercise.
Answer:
I did the exercise. She helped me.
(c) I hate telling lies.
Answer:
Telling lies is a sin (ପାପ). I hate it.
(d) I expect to write a story by tomorrow.
Answer:
I will write a story by tomorrow. I expect it.
(e) I expect you to write a story by tomorrow.
Answer:
You will write a story by tomorrow. I expect it.
(f) Our teacher made us write the story.
Answer:
We wrote the story. Our teacher made it.
(Note: while breaking a sentence into two simple sentences, to + infinitive is replaced by will + main and bare infinitive by Past Simple tense.)
Activity – 3
What are the functions (କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ) of the non-finite verbs clauses in the following sentences?
[The Junctions are: subject, object, complement, and adjunct]
(a) She plans to buy some presents for her sister.
Answer:
to buy- object
(b) Don’t allow others to get into the room.
Answer:
to get into – object/ adjunct
(c) He killed a snake to save the child.
Answer:
to save – adjunct
(d) I heard her sing a song.
Answer:
sing – complement
(e) To find fault with others is easy.
Answer:
To find (fault) – subject
(f) He is to go abroad next month.
Answer:
to go – complement (after the ‘be’ verb ‘is’)
Activity – 4
Complete the following sentences by adding a non-finite clause using the words given in the brackets.
(Non-finite clause ଯୋଗକରି ନିମ୍ନଲିଖତ ବାକ୍ୟଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ପୂରଣ କର ।)
(a) They made ________________ (I /do /it)
Answer:
They made me do it. (do – bare infinitive)
(b) The gardener won’t let ________________ (they / touch / the flowers)
Answer:
The gardener won’t let them touch the flowers. (touch-bare infinitive)
(c) We heard ______________ (the beggar/curse / the rude boys)
Answer:
We heard the beggar curse the rude boys. (curse – bare infinitive)
(d) The clerk does not allow _______________ (anyone / see / the files)
Answer:
The clerk does not allow anyone to touch the files. (to touch – to infinitive)
(e) Please remind (ମନେପକାଇଦେବା) ____________________ (he / write / the letter)
Answer:
Please remind (ମନେପକାଇଦେବା) him to write the letter. (to write – to infinitive)
Activity – 5
Complete the following sentences using the non-finite verbs given in brackets. Some of these non-finite verbs may go with a noun phrase of your choice.
(a) The teacher doesn’t let_____________ (make) a noise in the class.
Answer:
the pupils make
(b) I would like _______________ (meet) my uncle.
Answer:
to meet
(c) Hot weather makes___________(feel) uncomfortable.
Answer:
people /me feel
(d) Please remind _____________ (phone) Ashok tomorrow.
Answer:
me to phone
(e) The film was very sad. It made_____________ (cry).
Answer:
me / the audience
(f) Lata’s parents have always encouraged ___________________ (study).
Answer:
her (Lata) to study
(g) He would like _____________ (come) to the party.
Answer:
to come
Activity – 6
Fill in the blanks with to + verb (to + infinitive), j + verb (bare/zero infinitive), or verb+ing.
(a) I enjoy __________________ (play) on the river bank.
Answer:
playing
(b) Where do you want__________________ (go) ?
Answer:
to go
(c) I learned ______________ (swim) when I was eight years old.
Answer:
swimming (ସନ୍ତରଣ)
(d) I am trying ________________ (study). Please stop- (talk).
Answer:
to study (ପଢ଼ିବାକୁ), talking (କଥାବାର୍ତ୍ତା)
(e) I don’t mind ______________ (travel) by bus but I prefer- (travel) by train.
Answer:
travelling (ଯାତ୍ରାକରିବା)
(f) She would not let me ________________ (read) the letter.
Answer:
read (ସେ ମୋତେ ଚିଠିଟି ପଢ଼ିବାକୁ ଦେବ ନାହିଁ ।)
(g) Good bye. I hope ________________ (see) you soon.
Answer:
to see (ଦେଖା କରିବାକୁ)
Activity – 7
Fill in the blanks with to + verb or $ + verb, using the verbs given in the list. Select the appropriate ones.
[climb, do, go, cry, clean, come, walk, laugh, sleep, hear]
(a) He is very funny, He makes me _______________.
Answer:
laugh (ହସାଏ)
(b) Please stay with me. I don’t want you _______________.
Answer:
to go (ଯିବାକୁ)
(c) Do you want to go on a bicycle? No, let’s _________________.
Answer:
walk (ଚାଲିକରିଯିବା)
(d) Don’t wake up tomorrow morning. Let me_________________ for some more time.
Answer:
sleep (ଶୋଇନିଏ)
(e) I helped my brother _______________ his room.
Answer:
clean (ସଫା କରିବାରେ)
(f) Talk quietly. I don’t want anybody ________________ us.
Answer:
to hear (ଶୁଣିବାକୁ)
(g) We persuaded our teacher ____________ with us.
Answer:
to come (ଯିବାପାଇଁ)
(h) I saw him ________________ over the wall.
Answer:
climb (ଚଢ଼ିବାର)
Activity – 8
Read the following sentences and the hints are given in the brackets. Write another sentence with a related meaning using the hints given. The first one has been done as an example.
(a) Please don’t tell anyone that I have been punished. (I / not / want / anyone / know)
Answer:
I don’t want anyone to know about it.
(b) I was sure that Ashok would help me. (I / had/asked / him / help me)
Answer:
I had asked Ashok to help me.
(c) “Don’t touch that wire”, the man said to me. (man / told / not / touch)
Answer:
The man told me not to touch that wire.
(d) My father said that I could use his watch. (Father / allow/use / his watch)
Answer:
Father allowed me to use his watch.
(e) He told me that it would be good if I told the police about this accident. (He / advise / report / to the police)
Answer:
He advised me to report to the police.
(f) There is a football match between Mohan Bagan and East Bengal. (You / want / East Bengal / win ?)
Answer:
Do you want East Bengal to win the football match?
Activity – 9
Put the verb given in brackets in the proper form, by using + verb, ø + verb or verb-ing, whichever is appropriate.
(a) When you see Mr. Dash, remember. him my regards (ନମସ୍କାର). (give)
Answer:
to give (ଜଣାଇବାକୁ)
(b) I hate _______________what I have heard about you. (repeat)
Answer:
to repeat (ପୁଣିଥରେ କହିବାକୁ)
(c) I prefer ______________ alone. (be)
Answer:
being (ରହିବାପାଇଁ)
(d) I prefer ______________ silent in this case. (remain)
Answer:
to remain (ରହିବାକୁ)
(e) I hate _______________ lies. (tell)
Answer:
telling (କହିବାକୁ)
(f) Don’t forget _______________ the letter. (post)
Answer:
to post (ଡାକରେ ପଠାଇବାକୁ)
(g) Can you ever forget __________________ that important letter without any postage on it? (post)
Answer:
to post
Non-finite Verb Forms Additional questions with answers
Pick out the non-finite verbs in the following sentences.
1. We saw Seema writing the letter.
Answer:
writing
2. They have been staying in this town.
Answer:
been staying
3. They must have finished doing their homework.
Answer:
have finished doing
4. I got my bicycle repaired.
Answer:
repaired
5. The film must have been screened by now.
Answer:
have been screened
6. I forgot doing the homework.
Answer:
doing
7. I will win the match.
Answer:
win
8. Swimming is a good exercise.
Answer:
swimming
9. Minu helped me do the exercise.
Answer:
do
10. I heard her sing a song.
Answer:
sing
Write the functions of the non-finite verbs in the following sentences
1. Don’t allow others to get into the room.
Answer:
object
2. To find fault with others is easy.
Answer:
subject
3. He is to go abroad next week.
Answer:
complement
4. She made cakes to feed her son.
Answer:
adjunct
5. He let out a part of his house to make some extra money.
Answer:
adjunct
6. I expect him to arrive on time.
Answer:
object
7. I undertake to finish the work.
Answer:
object
8. To err is human.
Answer:
subject
9. He appears to be a gentleman.
Answer:
complement
10. He was about to die.
Answer:
complement
Fill in the blanks using the correct form of non-finite verbs given in the brackets.
1. To see him is ________________ him. (love)
Answer:
to love
2. The children expect ______________. (succeed)
Answer:
to succeed
3. You had better not _______________ here. (remain)
Answer:
remain
4. He did nothing but _______________ (laugh)
Answer:
laugh
5. I felt something ______________ past me. (slip)
Answer:
slip
6. I dare not ___________ into your eyes. (look)
Answer:
look
7. I would rather climb the stairs than ___________ the lift. (take)
Answer:
take
8. I came here ____________ the matter with Suresh Babu. (discuss)
Answer:
to discuss
9. The police left no stone unturned ____________ the missing child. (trace Out)
Answer:
to trace out
10. l am very happy ______________ your results. (know)
Answer:
to know
11. I wouldn’t help _________________. (laugh)
Answer:
laughing
12. The law forbids ________________ others, (cheat)
Answer:
cheating
13. She denied ________________ stolen my watch. (have)
Answer:
having
14. I have never heard him ______________ a lie. (tell)
Answer:
tell
15. Our headmaster didn’t let us _______________ home. (go)
Answer:
go
16. Pooja helped me _______________ the room. (clean)
Answer:
clean
17. Her mother made her _______________ .(cry)
Answer:
cry
18. Teachers train us _______________ good citizens. (be)
Answer:
to be
19. Never fail _________________ your elders. (respect)
Answer:
to respect
20. I smelt something _______________. (bum)
Answer:
burning
21. My shirt needs _______________ .(wash)
Answer:
washing
22. You had better _______________ the place. (leave)
Answer:
leave
23. Would you mind _______________ letters? (post)
Answer:
posting
24. I have already given up ______________ .(smoke)
Answer:
smoking
25. He would hate ______________ us. (join)
Answer:
to join
26. The teacher didn’t allow us _______________ noise in the class. (make)
Answer:
to make
27. My father had his photograph ________________ .(enlarge)
Answer:
enlarged
28. I got my shoes _________________. (mend)
Answer:
mended
29. He had his blood _________________ .(examine)
Answer:
examined
30. I didn’t mind _______________ suggestions. (make)
Answer:
making
31. I regret ________________ it. (say)
Answer:
saying
32. Mahesh advised him _________________ care of his health. (take)
Answer:
to take
33. Theboykepton __________________ the bell. (ring)
Answer:
ringing
34. I enjoy __________________ short stories. (read)
Answer:
reading
35. The commander ordered the soldiers _________________ on. (march)
Answer:
to march
36. We anticipated his _______________ .(come)
Answer:
coming
37. I would like ______________ my uncle. (meet)
Answer:
to meet
38. Please stop ______________ .(talk)
Answer:
talking
39. I hope ________________ you soon. (see)
Answer:
to see
40. They made me ______________ it. (do)
Answer:
do
41. She would not let me _____________ the letter. (read)
Answer:
read
42. The weather makes me _______________ uncomfortable. (feel)
Answer:
feel
43. The man told me not _______________ the wire. (touch)
Answer:
to touch
44. I heard her _______________ a patriotic song. (sing)
Answer:
sing
45. I will have the gardener ____________ these trees.(plant)
Answer:
plant
46. I didn’t notice you _______________ your hand. (raise)
Answer:
raise
47. I hate ____________ lies. (tell)
Answer:
telling
48. I felt _______________ .(insult)
Answer:
insulted
49. He insisted on _____________ in that river. (swim)
Answer:
swimming
50. ________________ of his help, I returned home. (assure)
Answer:
assured
Complete the following sentences by adding a non-finite clause using the words given in the brackets.
1. They made ________________ (I/do/it)
Answer:
me do it
2. The gardener won’t let __________________ (they/touch/the flowers)
Answer:
them touch the flowers
3. We heard ______________ (the beggar/curse/the rudeboys)
Answer:
the beggar cursing the rude boys
4. The clerk doesn’t allow _______________ (anyone/see/the files)
Answer:
anyone to see the files
5. Please remind ________________ (he/write/the letter)
Answer:
him to write the letter
6. Good bye. I hope ____________ (see/you/soon)
Answer:
to see you soon
7. I want _____________ (he/get/the medal)
Answer:
him to get the medal
8. I found _______________ (he/carry/a bag)
Answer:
him carrying
a bag
9. They expected ______________ (I /travel/ by air)
Answer:
me to travel by air
10. The teacher made ________________ (we/write/the answers)
Answer:
us write the answers