CHSE Odisha Class 11 Biology Solutions Chapter 17 Breathing and Exchange of Gases

Odisha State Board CHSE Odisha Class 11 Biology Solutions Chapter 17 Breathing and Exchange of Gases Textbook Questions and Answers.

CHSE Odisha 11th Class Biology Chapter 17 Question Answer Breathing and Exchange of Gases

Breathing and Exchange of Gases Class 11 Questions and Answers CHSE Odisha

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Choose the correct answer

Question 1.
When does the frog respire by the skin?
(a) While in water
(b) During hibernation
(c) While on land
(d) During all the times
Answer:
(c) While on land

Question 2.
The exchange of gases in the lung alveoli occurs by
(a) active transport
(b) diffusion
(c) passive transport
(d) None of these
Answer:
(b) diffusion

Question 3.
The amount oxygen taken in and carbon dioxide released during quiet breathing in
(a) 500 mL
(b) 3000 mL
(c) 1000 mL
(d) 5000 mL
Answer:
(a) 500 mL

Question 4.
If the CO₂ concentration in the blood increases, the breathing will
(a) increases
(b) stop
(c) decreases
(d) remain unaffected
Answer:
(a) increases

Question 5.
If a tissue is having inadequate supply of oxygen, the condition is called
(a) Hypoxia
(b) Asphyxia
(c) Anoxia
(d) Anemia
Answer:
(a) Hypoxia

Question 6.
The respiratory centre that regulates breathing is located in which part of the brain?
(a) Cerebral hemisphere
(b) Hypothalamus
(c) Diencephalon
(d) Medulla oblongata
Answer:
(d) Medulla oblongata

Question 7.
The quantity of 500 mL of air during quiet breathing in man refers to the
(a) residual volume
(b) vital capacity
(c) tidal volume
(d) dead space air
Answer:
(c) tidal volume

Question 8.
Which structure in pharynx prevents the entry of food into the respiratory tract?
(a) Larynx
(b) Glottis
(c) Gullet
(d) Epiglottis
Answer:
(b) Glottis

Question 9.
Which of the following prevents the collapse of the trachea?
(a) Diaphragm
(b) Muscles in the wall
(c) Cartilaginous rings
(d) None of the above
Answer:
(c) Cartilaginous rings

Question 10.
The enzyme involved in CO₂ transport by blood is
(a) carboxylase
(b) carbonic anhydrase
(c) carboxykinase
(d) None of these
Answer:
(c) carboxykinase

Question 11.
What is the rate of breathing in a normal healthy man at rest?
(a) 15-20 times/min
(b) 20-30 times/min
(c) 10-15 times/min
(d) 40-50 times/min
Answer:
(a) 15-20 times/min

Answer each of the following is one or two words

Question 1.
What type of respiration is seen in the frog during hibernation?
Answer:
Cutaneous respiration

Question 2.
What type of respiration is seen in endoparasites like the liver fluke and the filarial worm?
Answer:
Tracheal respiration

Question 3.
What is the mode of respiration of the frog, while it is in water?
Answer:
Branchial respiration

Question 4.
What type of respiration is seen in insects?
Answer:
Tracheal respiration

Question 5.
In which part of the body is a Schneiderian membrane located?
Answer:
Nasal cavity (nose)

Question 6.
What is the major form of oxygen transport by the blood?
Answer:
Oxyhaemoglobin

Question 7.
What is the major of CO₂ transport by the blood?
Answer:
Bicarbonate

Question 8.
Name the organ in man, which produces speech?
Answer:
Larynx

Question 9.
What is the prosthetic group present in the haemoglobin molecule?
Answer:
Heme

Question 10.
What is the respiratory pigment present in arthropods like the prawn?
Answer:
Haemocyanin

Question 11.
Which muscles in the thoracic wall bring about inspiration?
Answer:
External intercostal muscles

Question 12.
What is the muscular partition that divides the thoracic and abdomnal cavities?
Answer:
Diaphragm

Question 13.
In which part of the mammalian brain the respiratory centre is located?
Answer:
Medulla oblongata

Question 14.
How many pair of spiracles are present in cockroach?
Answer:
10 pairs

Question 15.
What type of gill is found in cartilaginous fish?
Answer:
Lamellibranch

Question 16.
What type of gill is found in the bony fish?
Answer:
Filiform or pectenate

Question 17.
What is the oxygen carrying capacity of the human haemoglobin?
Answer:
16-25 mL O₂/dL

Short Answer Type Questions

Differentiate between

Question 1.
Anabolism and Catabolism
Answer:
Differentiate between anabolism and catabolism are

Anabolism	Catabolism
It is a metabolic process.	It is also a metabolic process.
In this, small molecules are connected with each other to form large molecules.	In this, the large molecules are broken into small monomers.
Anabolism require the ATP produced via catabolism. e.g. photosynthesis, Assimiliation.	Catabolism is independent of anabolism, e.g. respiration, etc.

Question 2.
Anaerobic respiration and Aerobic respiration
Answer:
Differentiate between anaerobic respiration and aerobic respiration are

Anaerobic respiration	Aerobic respiration
It does not require oxygen.	It takes place in the presence of oxygen.
It may or may not release carbon dioxide.	It always releases carbon dioxide.
It provides less energy.	It provides much more energy.
It takes place in cytoplasm.	It occurs both in cytoplasm (glycolysis) and in the mitochondria (Krebs cycle and Electron Transport Chain).
e.g. In anaerobic bacteria, yeast, muscles and parasitic worms like Ascaris, Fasciola, Taenia.	e.g. In most of plants and animals.

Question 3.
Cutaneous respiration and Pulmonary respiration
Answer:
Differentiate between cutaneous and pulmonary respiration are

Cutaneous respiration	Pulmonary respiration
Respiration occurs across the skin or outer integument of an organism.	It occurs via lung.
It occurs in different form such as ventilation, diffusion and convection.	It includes breathing, exchange of gases in lungs, transport of gases by blood.
It occurs in insect, amphibian, fish, etc.	Humans, etc.

Question 4.
Inspiration and Expiration
Answer:
Differentiate between inspiration and expiration are

Inspiration	Expiration
It is an active process by which fresh air enters the lungs.	It is a passive process by which CO2 is expelled out from the lungs.
It can occur if the pressure with in the lungs is less than the atmospheric pressure.	It takes place when the intra pulmonary pressure is higher than the atmospheric pressure.
In this process diaphragm and external intercostal muscles play an important role.	In this process diaphragm and internal intercostal muscles take part.
This result into decrease in the intra-pulmonary pressure.	This result into increase in the intra pulmonary

Question 5.
External intercostal muscle and internal intercostal muscle
Answer:
Differentiate between and external intercostal muscles and internal intercostal muscles are

External intercostal muscles	Internal intercostal muscles
These muscles occur between the ribs.	These muscles also occur between the ribs.
These muscles contract and pull the ribs and sternum upward and outward.	These muscles contract and pull the ribs downwards and inward.
This increases the volume of the thoracic cavity.	These reduce the size of the thoracic cavity.
These muscles help in inspiration.	These help in expiration.

Question 6.
Quiet breathing and Forced breathing
Answer:
Differentiate between quiet breathing and forced breathing are

Quiet breathing	Forced breathing
During insipiration the diaphragm contracts. External intercostal muscles contract.The ribs move forward and outward. The thoracic volume increases. The intra pulmonary pressure decreases to about -3 mm Hg.	The action of the external intercostal muscles aided by the scaleness and sterrocleidomastoid muscles decreases the intra pulmonary pressure to -20 mm Hg.
During expiration The diaphragm relaxes. Internal intercostal muscle contracts. The ribs move backward and inward. The thoracic volume decreases. The intra pulmonary pressure increases to about +3 mm Hg.	The contraction of the abdominal muscles and internal intercostal muscles decreases the intra pulmonary pressure to about +30 mm Hg.

Question 7.
Tracheal respiration and Branchial respiration
Answer:
Differentiate between tracheal respiration and branchial respiration are

Tracheal respiration	Branchial respiration
Respiration through trachea is called tracheal respiration.	Respiration through gills is called branchial respiration.
It is seen in insects, centipedes, ticks, some mites and spiders.	It is seen in fishes.

Question 8.
Tidal volume and Vital capacity
Answer:
Differentiate between tidal volume and vital capacity are

Tidal volume	Vital capacity
It is the volume of air inspired or expired during normal breathing.	It is the maximum volume of air inspired during forced breathing.
A healthy man can inspire or expire about 6000-8000 mL of air per minute.	Vital capacity varies from 3400 mL-4800 mL
It is lowest in ail pulmonary volumes.	This include tidal volume, inspiratory and expiratory reserve volume.
It shows lung volume.	It shows lung capacity.

Question 9.
Myoglobin and Haemoglobin
Answer:
Differentiate between myglobin and hoemoglobin are

Myoglobin	Haemoglobin
It occurs as a monomeric protein.	It occurs as a tetrameric protein.
It acts as a secondary carrier of oxygen in the muscular tissue.	It is the system wide carrier of oxygen on RBC.
It consists of 8 right handed α-helices and each protein molecule contains on heme prosthetic group.	Haemoglobin is composed of two α-subunits and two ß-subunits. Each α-subunits has 144 residues, and each ß-subunit has 146 residues.
It transport and store oxygen.	It only transport oxygen.
It binds oxygen more tightly and easily.	It binds oxygen loosely and with difficulty.

Question 10.
Deoxyhaemoglobin and Oxyhaemoglobin
Answer:
Differentiate between oxyhaemoglobin and deoxyhoemoglobin are

Oxyhaemoglobin	Deoxyhaemoglobin
It is the form of haemoglobin, loosely combined with oxygen, present in arterial and capillary blood.	It is the form of haemoglobin that has released its oxygen.

Question 11.
Carbaminohaemoglobin and Carboxyhaemoglobin.
Answer:
Differentiate between carbaminoheamoglobin and carboxyhaemoglobin are

Carbaminoheamoglobin	Carboxyhaemoglobin
It is the combination of carbon dioxide and haemoglobin (CO2 HHb).	it is formed when inhaled carbon monoxide combines with haemoglobin in the blood (COHb Hb).
It is one of the forms in which carbon dioxide exists in the blood. This chemical complex is after the release of oxygen by the haemoglobin to a tissue cells.	In the body when inhaled carbon monoxide occupies the sites on the haemoglobin molecules that normally bind with oxygen and which is not readily displaced form-the molecules.

Question 12.
Substrate level phosphorylation and Oxidative phosphorylation
Answer:
Differentiate between substrate level phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation

Substrate level phosphorylation	Oxidative phosphorylation
It directly transfers a phosphate group from substrate to ADP to produce ATP.	It is a process by which energy released by chemical oxidation of nutrients is used for the synthesis of ATP.
Energy is generated from a coupled reaction for this process.	Energy generated from the reaction of electron transport chain is used for this process.
A small difference of redox potential is generated in substrate level phosphorylation.	A large difference is generated to power this phosphorylation.
This occurs under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions.	This occurs under aerobic conditions.
Substrates are partially oxidised.	Electron donors are completely oxidised
Substrate level phosphorylation occurs in mitochondria.	Oxidative phosphorylation occurs in the mitochondira.
This does not use O2 or NADH for the formation of ATP.	This uses O2 and NADH to produce ATP.

Question 13.
Asthma and Emphysema
Answer:
Differentiate between asthma and emphysema are

Asthma	Emphysema
It is usually due to an allergic reaction to foreign substances that affect the respiratory tract.	It is an inflation or abnormal distension of the bronchioles or alveolar sacs of the lungs.
Allergens stimulate the release of histamine from the mast cells.	Major causes are cigarette smoking and the inhalation of the other smoke.
It causes contraction of bronchiolar smooth muscles.	Many of the septa between the alveoli are destroyed and much of the elastic tissue of the lungs is replaced by connective tissue.
The symptoms of asthma may be coughing, wheezing, etc.	The exhalation becomes more difficult. The lungs remain inflated.

Write Short Notes

Question 1.
Cutaneous respiration
Answer:
Cutaneous Respiration
Many small organisms obtain O₂ by diffusion through their body surfaces. They do not have any specialised respiratory organ nor do they have blood circulation. In animals that have defined circulatory system and readily permeable vascular skins gaseous exchange takes place through integument. Animals like earthworm, leeches and newly hatched fish fries, obtain their oxygen through their skin, Apart from these animals like some amphibians and fishes also rely on cutaneous respiration during emergencies or use it as alternative to the gills or lungs.

Question 2.
Haldane effect
Answer:
Haldane effect states that binding of oxygen with haemoglobin tends to displace CO₂ from the blood.
It is quantitatively more important in promoting CO₂ transport than the Bohr’s effect in O₂ transport. Thus, Haldane effect and Bohr’s effect complement each other.

Question 3.
Bohr effect
Answer:
Bohr effect:
The Bohr effect refers to the observation that causes increase in the CO₂ partial pressure of blood or decreases blood pH resulting in a lower affinity of haemoglobin for oxygen. This manifests as a right ward shift in the oxygen-haemoglobin dissociation curve and yields enhanced unloading of oxygen by haemoglobin.

Question 5.
Chloride shift/Hamburger phenomenon
Answer:
Hamburger’s Phenomenon This is the phenomenon in which an exit of bicarbonate ions considerably changes ionic balance between the plasma and erythrocytes. ‘This ionic balance is restored by the diffusion of chloride ions from the plasma into the erythrocytes.

Question 6.
Residual volume
Answer:
(iv) Residual Volume (RV) It is the volume of air remaining in the lungs even after a forcible expiration. It is about 1100-1200 mL. It cannot be measured by spirometry.

Question 7.
Vital capacity
Answer:
Vital Capacity (VC)
It is the maximum volume of air a person can breathe in after a forced expiration, or the maximum volume of air a person can breathe out after a forced inspiration.
This includes TV+ IRV+ ERV.
It varies from 3400-4800 mL depending upon age, sex and height of individual.

Question 8.
Role of diaphragm in respiration
Answer:
Role of Diaphragm in Respiration During inspiration diaphragm is lowered by the contraction of its muscle fibres and becomes flat.This causes an increases in the volume of thoracic chamber in the antero-posterior axis. During expiration diaphragm muscles fibres relax making it convex, decreasing volume of the thoraic cavity.

Question 9.
Advantages and disadvantages of cutaneous respiration
Answer:
Advantage and Disadvantage of Cutaneous respiration Cutaneous respiration is advantages to small animals to obtain 02 by diffusion through their body surfaces as they do not have specialised respiratory organ nor do they have blood circulation. Its major disadvantage is that a lot of water loss occurs in this way.

Question 10.
Counter current flow in gill respiration
Answer:
Counter Current Flow in Gill Respiration It means the blood flows through the gills in the opposite direction as the water flowing over the gills. This flow pattern ensures that as the blood progresses through the gills and gains oxygen from the water, it encounters increasingly fresh water with a higher oxygen concentration, so that it able to continuously offload oxygen into the blood.

Question 11.
Structure and functions of larynx
Answer:
Larynx It is the upper part of trachea. It allows the air to pass into lungs. Nasopharynx opens through glottis of the larynx into trachea. Glottis is a slit-like aperture that remains open except during swallowing.
The glottis bears a leaf-like cartilaginous flap, the epiglottis at its anterior region. It closes the glottis to check the entry of food during swallowing.
Larynx helps in sound production and hence, called the sound box.

Question 12.
Bronchial tree
Answer:
Bronchial Tree It is the branching system of bronchi and bronchioles, conducing air from the wind pipe into the lungs. The bronchial tree is named for its resemblance to the branches of a tree as larger tubes perpetually concede of smaller tube in an intricate framework of branches.

Question 13.
Control of ventilation
Answer:
Control of Ventilation It refers to the physiological mechanism involved in the control of ventilation, which refers to the movement of air into and out of the lungs, ventilation facilitates respiration. It is under dual control, i. e. nervous and chemical control.

Question 14.
Hering-Breur reflex
Answer:
Herring-Breurer reflex Inspiration is controlled by the stretch receptors located in the bronchial tree and the lung wall, which limit maximum inspiration. These receptors send impulses to the inspiratory centre to inhibit it when maximum inflation has reached. Impulses also reach the expiratory centre to stimulate it. External intercostal muscles relax as a result. This is known as Herring Breures Reflex.

Question 15.
Structure of haemoglobin
Answer:
Structure of Haemoglobin Heamoglobin is the oxygen binding protein of red blood cells and is a globular protein with quaternary structure. Hemoglobin consists of four polypeptide subunits, i.e. 2 alpha chains and 2 beta chains.

Question 16.
Myoglobin
Answer:
Myoglobin It is a protein found in the muscle cells of animals. It functions as an oxygen-storage unit, providing oxygen to the working muscles. In humans myoglobin is only found in the bloodstream after,muscles injury.

Question 17.
Role of haemoglobin as a buffer
Answer:
Role of Haemoglobin as a Buffer Haemoglobin act as buffer at the level of the lungs, where O₂ is more. Haemoglobin release H⁺ and combines with O₂ (Oxyhaemoglobin is a stronger acid). The released H⁺ can combine with bicarbonate to form H₂O and CO₂ (catalysed by carbonic anhydrase enzyme). This CO₂ formed is removed by lungs.

Question 18.
Carbon monoxide poisoning
Answer:
The affinity of deoxyhaemoglobin (containing Fe²⁺) for carbon monoxide is about 250 times greater than that of oxygen. Thus, haemoglobin quickly takes up any available carbon monoxide in preference to oxygen to form a stable compound called carbon monoxyhaemoglobin or carboxyhaemoglobin. If it happens, vital organs like the heart and brain starve without oxygen.

This result in carbon monoxide poisoning. The body gets collapsed unless exposure to carbon monoxide is quickly stopped and pure oxygen and a small amount of CO₂ is inhaled. This mainly happens due to automobile pollution.

Some drugs and oxidising agents oxidise the normal ferrous valency state of iron (Fe²⁺) of haemoglobin. Thus, formation of methaemoglobin occurs normally.