CHSE Odisha Class 12 Biology Important Questions Chapter 10 Improvement in Food Production

by

Odisha State Board CHSE Odisha Class 12 Biology Important Questions Chapter 10 Improvement in Food Production Important Questions and Answers.

CHSE Odisha 12th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 10 Improvement in Food Production

Improvement in Food Production Class 12 Important Questions CHSE Odisha

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Choose the correct option

Question 1.
Inbreeding increases the frequency of
(a) recessive homozygotes
(b) dominant homozygotes
(c) heterozygotes
(d) Both (a) and (b)
Answer:
(d) Both (a) and (b)

Question 2.
Heterosis is
(a) hybrid inviability
(b) hybrid sterility
(c) hybrid vigour
(d) hybrid incompatibility
Answer:
(c) hybrid vigour

Question 3.
If you want to develop hybrid seeds within a bisexual flower which of the following parts need to be removed from the same flower?
(a) Stigma
(b) Ovary
(c) Anther
(d) Oviduct
Answer:
(c) Anther

Question 4.
Emasculation is one of the major steps during ………… .
(a) hybridisation
(b) pureline selection
(c) micropropagation
(d) crop improvement
Answer:
(a) hybridisation

Question 5.
Nutritional quality of crop plants like rice, maize, etc. is improved through ………… .
(a) biomagnification
(b) bioremediation
(c) biofortification
(d) bioaccumulation
Answer:
(c) biofortification

Question 6.
The capacity of a plant cell to give rise to a new plant is called …………. .
(a) cotipotency
(b) reproduction
(c) budding
(d) regeneration
Answer:
(a) totipotency

Question 7.
Single Cell Protein (SCP) is
(a) protein obtained from a clone of cells
(b) protein obtained from unicellular organisms
(c) biomass obtained from microorganisms
(d) proteins obtained from biomass of microorganisms
Answer:
(c) biomass obtained from microorganisms

Question 8.
Somatic hybridisation can be used for
(a) gene transfer
(b) transfer of cytoplasm
(c) formation of allopolyploids
(d) All of the above
Answer:
(d) All of the above

Question 9.
The emasculation is required for
(a) purelines
(b) cross pollination
(c) natural hybridisation
(d) selective hybridisation
Answer:
(d) selective hybridisation

Question 10.
An example of improved wheat
(a) Jaya
(b) Pusa Swarnim
(c) Sonalika
(d) Pusa Shubra
Answer:
(c) Sonalika

Question 11.
The organic nutrient of a plant tissue culture medium are
(a) sucrose
(b) glucose
(c) fructose
(d) All of these
Answer:
(d) All of these

Question 12.
Embryo like structure produced in vitro culture is called
(a) embryoid
(b) zygote
(c) somatic hybrid
(d) cybrid
Answer:
(a) embryoid

Question 13.
Which one of the following statement regarding pomato is correct ?
(a) It is a product of somatic hybridisation
(b) It is a product of gene manipulation
(c) product of sexual hybridisation
(d) product of cloning
Answer:
(a) It is a product of somatic hybridisation

Question 14.
An indigenous breed of cattle developed through cross breeding is
(a) Red Dane
(b) Karan Swiss
(c) Jersey (d) Rathi
Ans.
(b) Karan Swiss

Question 15.
The cross-breed of cattle is
(a) Ongole
(b) Sunandini
(c) Tharparkar
(d) Kangayam
Ans.
(b) Sunandini

Question 16.
In India, the milk yield of cattle is low due to
(a) inferior breeds
(b) inadequate food
(c) Both (a) and (b)
(d) use of medicines
Answer:
(c) Both (a) and (b)

Question 17.
Which of the following is a disease of cattle?
(a) Ranikhet disease
(b) Coryza
(c) Marek’s disease
(d) All of these
Answer:
(d) All of these

Question 18.
Fowlpox is caused by
(a) ectoparasites
(b) endoparasites
(c) bacteria
(d) virus
Answer:
(d) virus

Question 19.
Which of the following species of bee is commercially cultivated?
(a) Apis dorsata
(b) Apis mellifera
(c) Apis florea
(d) Apis indica
Answer:
(b) Apis mellifera

Question 20.
Which of the following species of honeybee is reared in artificial hives?
(a) Apis indica
(b) Apis dorsata
(c) Apis florea
(d) None of these
Answer:
(a) Apis indica

Question 21.
The term used for birds raised under domesticaton for economic purpose is called
(a) fisheries
(b) poultry
(c) apiculture
(d) aquaculture
Answer:
(b) poultry

Question 22.
Which of the following breed of buffalo has maximum milk fat percentage in its milk?
(a) Nagpuri
(b) Bhadawari
(c) Mehsana
(d) Murrah
Answer:
(d) Murrah

Question 23.
High milk yielding varieties of cows are obtained by
(a) superovulation
(b) artificial insemination
(c) use of surrogate mothers
(d) All of the above
Answer:
(d) All of the above

Question 24.
Artificial insemination is better than natural insemination in cattle because
(a) semen of good bulls can be provided everywhere
(b) there is no likelihood of contagious diseases
(c) it is economical
(d) All of the above
Answer:
(a) semen of good bulls can be provided everywhere

Question 25.
Which of the following about breeding is incorrect?
(a) By inbreeding purelines cannot be evolved
(b) Continued inbreeding, especially closed inbreeding reduces fertility and productivity
(c) Cross breeding allows desirable qualities of different breeds to be confined
(d) Inbreeding exposes harmful recessive genes that are eliminated by selection
Answer:
(a) By inbreeding purelines cannot be evolved

Question 26.
Which one of the following methods of selection is mainly useful for cross pollinated crops?
(a) Mass selection
(b) Pureline selection
(c) Progeny selection
(d) Clonal selection
Answer:
(b) Pureline selection

Question 27.
Which one of the following breeds of buffaloes is in most demand?
(a) Surti
(b) Jaffrabadi
(c) Murrah
(d) Bhadawari
Answer:
(c) Murrah

Question 28.
Heterosis cannot be maintained in sexually reproducing plants as it disappears on
(a) outbreeding
(b) inbreeding
(c) cross-breeding
(d) None of these
Answer:
(c) cross-breeding

Question 29.
Bagging is done to
(a) achieve desired pollination
(b) prevent contamination of unwanted pollen
(c) avoid self-pollination
(d) avoid cross-pollination
Answer:
(b) prevent contamination of unwanted pollen

Question 30.
A nutritional disease, which is found in poultry birds is
(a) rickets
(b) Ranikhet
(c) fowl cholera
(d) aspergillosis
Answer:
(a) rickets

Question 31.
In honeybees, the drones develop from
(a) fertilised egg
(b) unfertilised egg
(c) schizogony
(d) asexual reproduction
Answer:
(a) fertilised egg

Correct the statements, if required, by changing the underlined word(s)

Question 1.
The genetically superior individuals are called clones.
Answer:
hybrids

Question 2.
Selection is mixing out plants with desirable characters in a population.
Answer:
sorting out

Question 3.
Hybridisation is a cross between genetically similar organisms.
Answer:
genetically dissimilar

Question 4.
Hybridisation is one of the best methods adopted for crop improvement.
Answer:
Correct, no change

Question 5.
An amorphous mass of parenchyma cells developed by tissue culture is called embryo.
Or
In tissue culture, amorphous mass of thin-walled parenchymatous cells developing from proliferating cells is called explant.
Answer:
Callus

Question 6.
Naked plant cell without cell wall is called plasmalemma.
Answer:
Protoplast

Question 7.
Tissue culture technique was first attempted by Hanning.
Answer:
Haberlandt

Question 8.
Mutational variations are the ones produced during tissue culture.
Answer:
Somaclonal

Question 9.
NDRI is situated in Lucknow.
Answer:
Karnal

Question 10.
The giant honeybee, yielding maximum honey is Apis mellifera.
Answer:
Apis dorsata

Question 11.
In honeybee, the process of development of male bee without fertilisation is termed as swarming.
Answer:
Parthenogenesis

Question 12.
The branch of agriculture which deals with feeding shelter, health and breeding of domestic animals is called animal husbandry.
Answer:
It is correct

Question 13.
Animal food is generally rich in micronutrients.
Answer:
vitamins and roughage

Question 14.
Removal of stamens before release of pollen grains from the plants is called anthesis.
Answer:
emasculation

Question 15.
Mass selection is the simplest method of plant breeding applied mainly in case of self-pollinated crops.
Answer:
cross-pollinated

Express in one or two word(s)

Question 1.
Name the hormones used in tissue culture.
Answer:
2,4-D(auxin) and cytokinin

Question 2.
What is the use of polyethylene glycol in somatic hybridisation?
Answer:
Promotes protoplast fusion

Question 3.
Name an alga used as single cell protein.
Answer:
Chlorella

Question 4.
Which organs are develop during organogenesis?
Answer:
Root and shoot

Question 5.
The birds reared for meat purpose.
Answer:
Broilers.

Question 6.
Breeding between unrelated individuals.
Answer:
Outbreeding.

Question 7.
The important monosaccharide present in – honey.
Answer:
Levulose.

Question 8.
Name the strategy used to increase the homozygosity in cattles for desired traits.
Answer:
Inbreeding

Question 9.
Name an exotic breed of cow.
Answer:
Jersey

Question 10.
List any two economically important products for human obtained from Apis indica.
Answer:
Honey and beeswax

Question 11.
Name any two poultry diseases.
Answer:
Fowl pox and Ranikhet disease

Fill in the blanks

Question 1.
During hybridisation, emasculated buds need to be ……….. .
Answer:
bagged

Question 2.
Technique for production of disease-free plants is …………… .
Answer:
tissue culture

Question 3.
Crosses between the plants of the same variety are called ………. .
Answer:
inter-varietal

Question 4.
The most convenient way of removal of stamens is ……… .
Answer:
emasculation

Question 5.
Continued close inbreeding reduces fertility and productivity which is called ……….. .
Answer:
inbreeding depression

Question 6.
Milk yielding cattle breeds are known as ………. breeds.
Answer:
milch

Question 7.
Exotic breed of poultry bird is ……….. .
Ans. playmouth rock

Question 8.
The juvenile bees are reared in ……….. chamber of the honeycomb.
Answer:
brood

Question 9.
In bees, dance is meant for ………… .
Answer:
direction and distance

Question 10.
The loss of vigour due to continuous inbreeding is known as …………… .
Answer:
inbreding depression

Question 11.
The characteristic flight of the queen bee during fertilisation is known as ……………… .
Answer:
nuptial flight

Question 12.
Culturing of honeybee on commercial basis is known as …………. .
Answer:
apiculture

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Write note on hybridisation with 2-3 important points.
Answer:
It is possible by cross hybridising the two parents to produce hybrids that genetically combine the desired characters in a single plant. It is known to be a time consuming and tedious process as it involves collection of pollen grains from the desired plants (male parent) and have to be placed on the stigma of the selected flower (female parent) to incorporate desired traits.

It is also not necessary that the hybrids do combine desired characters. The chances of desirable combination is usually only one in few hundred to a thousand crosses carried out.

Some of the objectives of hybridisation are as follows

  • To produce variations in progeny which are useful.
    It is achieved by recombination of characters.
  • To make the use of hybrid vigour which is the superiority of progeny over its parents.
  • To develop high yielding varieties which are also resistant to diseases.

Question 2.
Write a short note on emasculation.
Answer:
Emasculation It is the process of removal of stamens of a flower, without affecting the female reproductive organs. Emasculation is usually done in bisexual flowers before the anthers mature and stigma has become receptive. It can be done by various methods, such as, hand emasculation, suction method, hot water emasculation, alcohol treatment, cold treatment and genetic emasculation. Among these methods, hand and suction method are mostly used.

For example, in Triticum (wheat) flowers may be exposed to some chemical like 2,4-dichloro phenoxyacetic acid, maleic hydrozide or a panicle of Sorghum is dipped in lukewarm (50°C) water for 10 minutes, etc. These methods are applied on those cases where the methods of physical nature could not be applied.

Question 3.
(i) Mention two ways of inducing artificial mutation in a crop field.
(ii) List two steps that help in introducing the desired mutation into the crop.
Answer:
(i) Artificial mutation can be induced in a crop field by

  • Using chemicals (like aniline).
  • Radiations (like gamma-radiations).

(ii) Two steps that help in introducing the desired mutation into the crops are

  • Screening the plant for resistance.
  • Selecting the desirable plants for multiplication and for breeding.

Question 4.
How has mutation breeding helped in improving the production of mung bean crop?
Answer:
Mutation breeding is a phenomenon by which genetic variation is achieved through changes in base sequences within genes.
This creates a new character or trait absent in parental generation. It is the process of breeding by artificially inducing mutations using chemicals or radiations, e.g. in moong bean, resistance to yellow mosaic virus and powdery mildew were introduced by this method.

Question 5.
Discuss the importance of testing of new plant varieties in a geographically vast country like India.
Answer:
Before the new plants are generated through the plant breeding programmes, they need to be evaluated for their yield and other agronomic traits of quality, disease resistance, etc. The testing is done on the farmer’s field for atleast three growing seasons, at different locations in the country representing all the agroclimatic zones, where the crop is usually grown.

The material is evaluated in comparison to the best available local crop cultivar known as a check or reference cultivator.

Question 6.
What is meant by biofortification? Explain.
Answer:
It is a method of breeding crops with higher levels of vitamins, minerals, healthier fats to improve public health. The objective of breeding for improved nutritional quality is to enhance

  • Protein, oil content and quality.
  • Vitamin content.
  • Micronutrients and mineral content.

Question 7.
Why are biofortified maize and wheat considered nutritionally improved?
Answer:
Biofortified maize and wheat are considered nutritionally improved, because of following reasons

  • Maize hybrids have twice the amount of amino acid, lysine and tryptophan as compared to existing maize hybrids.
  • Atlas-66 has been used as a donor for developing wheat varieties with improved protein content.

Question 8.
Enumerate four objectives for improving the nutritional quality of different crops for the health benefits of the human population by the process of ‘biofortification’.
Answer:
Four objectives for improving nutritional quality of crops

  • Protein content and quality.
  • Oil content and quality.
  • Vitamin content.
  • Micronutrient and mineral content.

Question 9.
Write a note on single cell protein.
Answer:
Microbial biomass passess about 45-55% protein, but in certain bacteria, the protein content may be upto almost 80%. The term ‘single cell protein’ refers to microbial biomass which acts as a source of mixed proteins. They are extracted from pure or mixed culture of organisms or cells.

SCP act as a supplement or alternative source of protein that is not supplied by the traditional or conventional agriculture production. Mirobes are being grown commercially as a sources of SCP. They are

  • Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae
  • Filamentous fungi Eusarum graminearum
  • Bacteria Methylophilus methybtrophus
  • Cyanobacteria Spirulina
  • Algae Chlorella

Question 10.
How can healthy potato plants be obtained from a desired potato variety which is viral infected? Explain.
Answer:
Healthy potato plants can be obtained from a desired potato variety which is viral infected with the help of tissue culture.
The apical and axillary meristems of the infected plant remain virus free. Hence, they are removed and grown in vitro to obtain healthy potato plants. This is one of the application of tissue culture.

Question 11.
Write a note on micropropagation with 2-3 important points.
Answer:
Micropropagation or Clonal Propagation:
By the process of plant tissue culture which requires lesser space and lesser time, a large population of plants could be raised. Also since the plants produced are genetically identical, this process is also called as clonal propagation. Examples of plants cutlivated micropropagation include grapes, bamboo, coffee, banana, cardamoms, etc.

Question 12.
(i) Why are the plants raised through micropropagation termed as somaclones?
(ii) Mention two advantages of this technique.
Answer:
(i) The plants produced by micropropagation are genetically identical to the original plant from which they are grown, so they are called somaclones.

(ii) Advantages of this technique are

  • More number of plants can be produced in a short time
  • Disease free plants can be developed from diseased plants. Also seedless plants can be multiplied.

Question 13.
Why are plants obtained by protoplast culture called somatic hybrids?
Answer:
Plants obtained by protoplast culture are called somatic hybrids because they are formed by the fusion of isolated protoplasts from two different varieties of plants, each having a desirable character, to obtain a hybrid protoplast which can be further grown to form a plant.

Question 14.
Name the steps represented in the following process.
CHSE Odisha Class 12 Biology Important Questions Chapter 10 Improvement in Food Production 1
Answer:
A – Collection of germplasm.
B – Cross hybridisation among selected plants.
C – Selection and testing of superior recombinants.

Question 15.
Explain in brief the role of animal husbandry in human welfare.
Answer:
Domesticated animals of any breed or population of animal, which are intentionally kept in an agricultural setting for the benefit of human beings are referred to as ‘lifestock’. The agricultural practice of breeding and raising livestock is called animal husbandry.

It deals with care and breeding of animals like buffaloes, cows, pigs, horses, cattle, sheep, camels, goats, etc. by humans for various products like milk, meat, wool, etc. Poultry farming and fisheries are also considered as the

part of animal husbandry. According to a survey, about 70% of world’s livestock population is in India and China. Despite this huge production, their contribution to the world farm produce is only 25%, i.e the productivity per unit is very low.

Question 16.
What is meant by the term breed? What are the objectives of animal breeding?
Answer:
A breed is a group of animals related by descent and similar in most character like general appearance, features, size configuration, etc. Red Dane, Jersey, Brown Swiss are the examples of foreign breeds of cow.

Objectives of animal breeding are

  • To increase the yield of animals.
  • To produce disease resistant varieties of animals.
  • To improve the desirable qualities of the animal produce such as milk, etc., having high protein content, etc.

Question 17.
What is the difference between breed and species? Give an example for each category.
Answer:
Breed is a specific group of animals or plants having homogeneous appearance, behaviour and other characteristics that distinguishes it from other animals or plants of the same species, e.g. Red Dane, Jersey, Brown Swiss are some common breeds of cow.

Species is one of the basic units of biological classification and a taxonomic rank. It can be defined as the largest group of organisms capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring, e.g. lion, cow, dog.

Question 18.
Enumerate any six essentials of good, effective ‘dairy farm management practices?
Answer:
Dairying is the management of animals for milk and its products for human consumption. Dairy farming integrated with agricultural farming has been the base of Indian economy since long time. It mainly deals with the processes and systems to improve quality and quantity of milk. Milk yield mainly depends on the quality of breeds. The dairy farm management includes the following main processes

  1. Selection of good breeds with high yielding potential (under the climatic conditions of the area) and resistance to various diseases.
  2. Cattle should be housed-well, have sufficient water and should be kept in diseased-free conditions.
  3. They should be fed in a scientific manner with an emphasis on quality and quantity of fodder.
  4. Regular inspection and keeping proper records of all the activities of dairy is also important.
  5. Regular visits of a veterinary doctor is necessary.
  6. Stringent cleanliness and hygiene of both the cattle and the handler are very important during milking, storage and transport of milk and its products.

Question 19.
Enlist the steps involved in inbreeding of cattle. Suggest two disadvantages of this practice.
Answer:
The mating of closely related animals within the same breed for 4-6 generations is called inbreeding. The strategies for inbreeding are

  1. Superior males and females of the same breed are identified and then mated.
  2. The progeny obtained from such type of matings are evaluated and superior males and females among them are identified for further mating.
  3. In case of cattle, more milk per lactation is the criteria for superior female for cow and buffalo. Whereas a superior male is the one who give rise to superior progeny.

When the inbreeding is repeated it is called upgrading. Inbreeding is advantageous in the introduction of beneficial genes without changing the original genetic composition. But, inbreeding has disadvantages also. Inbreeding may lead to the expression of harmful effects of the deleterious gene. This results in inbreeding depression as it brings harmful recessive genes together. It cause decrease fertility and hybrid vigour of, in cattle.

Question 20.
State the disadvantage of inbreeding among cattle. How it can be overcome?
Or
How does inbreeding depression set in? Mention the procedure you would suggest to reverse this.
Answer:
Inbreeding depression usually reduces fertility and even productivity. It sets in due to continued inbreeding especially close inbreeding.
When inbreeding depression takes place or happens, selected animals of the breeding population should be mated with the unrelated superior animals of the same breed. This will help to restore the fertility and yield.

Question 21.
Why interspecific crosses are rare in nature and intergeneric crosses almost unknown?
Answer:
In interspecific crosses, male and female animals of two different related species are mated. The resultant progeny may combine desirable features of both the parents are infertile. Thus are rare in nature.
The same applies to intergeneric crosses. It is the crossing of two different animals/plants of different genus. It is almost unknown in nature as the gametes show species specificity.

Question 22.
What is artificial insemination? Mention two ways in which it is useful in breeding of dairy animals.
Answer:
Artificial insemination is a method of improvement in animals by using controlled breeding methods. During this process, the semen collected from the selected superior quality male parent is injected into the reproductive tract of selected female parent by the breeder. Breeding of dairy animals by the artificial insemination methods is useful in following two main ways

  1. The bull of superior quality can be made to inseminate with many cows so, as to produce a large number of offsprings with desired trait.
  2. The offsprings produced by artificial insemination have higher yield as compared to the normal offspring.

Question 23.
What is meant by transgenic animals?
Answer:
Refer to text on page no. 280.

Question 24.
What is the utility of transgenic animals?
Answer:
Transgenic animals are used to obtain various products like CC-antitrypsin, haemoglobin, iron binding protein, lacteferrin, etc. In Japan, gynogenesis is being used to improve fish size.

Question 25.
What is apiculture? How is it important in our lives?
Answer:
Refer to text on page no. 280.

Question 26.
Briefly describe swarming in honeybees.
Answer:
During early summer, when the beehive becomes loaded with honey and overcrowded by bees, the queen leave the hive with some drones and workers to establish a new colony at some other new place. This process is called as swarming.

Question 27.
Why are beehives kept in a crop field during flowering period ? Name any two crop fields where this is practised.
Answer:
Bees, while collecting nectar from flowers, transfer the pollen grains. Beehives are kept in a crop field during flowering period to enhance the pollination of the crop, which increases the crop yield. Also, bees can easily collect huge amounts of nectar from .the flowers of the crop in a close reach without much foraging.
This in turn increases the production of honey, e.g. this technique is practised in apple and mustard fields.

Question 28.
Social life of honeybees.
Or
Write a note on queen bee.
Answer:
Honeybees are social and polymorphic insects. They are of three main types

  1. Queen It is fertile female. It is diploid as it develops from a fertilised egg. It feeds on royal jelly. It has well-developed ovary for laying eggs.
  2. Drone It is a fertile male. It is haploid as it develops from unfertilised egg by the process of parthenogenesis. It copulates with queen.
  3. Worker It is a sterile female. It is diploid. They are workers of beehives.

Worker bees have some specific structure such as long proboscis to collect nectar pollen basket to collect pollen, wax secreting glands in abdomen to secrete wax and powerful sting for defence.

Question 29.
What is beeswax?
Answer:
Beeswax is a secretory product of hypodermal glands of workers bees abdomen. It is used in the industries for the manufacture of cosmetics, polishes, paints ointments and lubricants.

Differentiate between the following (for complete chapter)

Question 1.
Hybrids and Cybrids.
Answer:
Differences between hybrids and cybrids are as follows

Hybrids Cybrids
When nuclear and cytoplasmic fusion occur, the product is known as hybrid. When only cytoplasmic fusion occurs which may be followed by the loss of any one of the nucleus, it is known as cybrid.

Question 2.
Inbreeding and Outbreeding.
Answer:
Differences between inbreeding and outbreeding are as follows

Inbreeding Outbreeding
Mating of closely related animals of the same breed is called inbreeding. Mating of unrelated animals belonging to different breeds or different species is called outbreeding.
It Increases homozygosity by which the prepotency of inbreed line increases. It increases heterozygosity which results in hybrid vigour.
It reduces genetic variance within lines. It increases genetic variance within lines.

Question 3.
Explant and Callus.
Answer:
Differences between explant and callus are as follows

Explant Callus
These are small pieces of plant part of tissues that are aseptically cut and used to propagate a plant in vitro. It is an unorganised and undifferentiated mass of proliferative cells produced when explants are grown on artificial culture medium in vitro.
Explants are readily available from parent plants. Callus is obtained from culturing of explant within 2-3 weeks.

Question 4.
Callus culture and Suspension culture.
Answer:
Differences between callus culture and suspension culture are as follows

Callus culture Suspension culture
In this culture, cell division in explant forms a callus. Callus is an irregular unorganised and undifferentiated mass of actively dividing cells. It consists of single cells and small groups of cells suspended in a liquid medium.
The culture is maintained in agar medium The culture is maintained in liquid medium
The medium contains growth regulators the auxin such as 2,4-D and cytokinin like BAP. The medium contains growth regulator auxin such as 2, 4-D only.
Callus is obtained within 2-3 weeks. Suspension cultrue grow much’faster than callus culture.
It does not need to be agitated. It must be constantly agitated at 100-250 rpm (revolutions per minute).

Question 5.
Somatic embryogenesis and Somatic hybridisation.
Answer:
Differences between somatic embryogenesis and somatic hybridisation are as follows

Somatic Embryogenesis Somatic hybridisation
A Somatic Embryo (SE) is an embryo derived from a somatic cell, other than zygote. Somatic hybrids are formed through the fusion of protoplasts of two plants belonging to different varieties, species and even genera.
Somatic embryos are obtained usually on culture of the somatic cells in vitro, this process is called somatic embryogenesis The process through which somatic hybrids are formed is known as somatic hybridisation
It is induced by a relatively high concentration of auxin, like 2, 4-D. The fused protoplasts are either cultured in liquid or semi-liquid agar medium plates.

Question 6.
Broilers and Layers.
Answer:
Differences between broilers and layers are as follows

Broilers Layers
These are comprised of both male and females. These are females only.
Broilers are reared for meat production. Layers are reared for egg production.
These attain a body weight of 2.2-2.4 kg within 6 weeks, this is due to faster growth. Layers attain a body weight of approximately 1.5-1.8 kg at sexual maturity (20-2 weeks).

Leave a Comment