CHSE Odisha Class 12 Biology Important Questions Chapter 16 Biodiversity and its Conservation

Odisha State Board CHSE Odisha Class 12 Biology Important Questions Chapter 16 Biodiversity and its Conservation and Environment Important Questions and Answers.

CHSE Odisha 12th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 16 Biodiversity and its Conservation

Biodiversity and its Conservation Class 12 Important Questions CHSE Odisha

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Choose the correct option

Question 1.
Indian Giant squirrel in endemic to
(a) Uttar Pradesh
(b) West Bengal
(c) Madhya Pradesh
(d) Manipur
Answer:
(c) Madhya Pradesh

Question 2.
Species richness in any habitat is related to
(a) genetic diversity
(b) species diversity
(c) ecosystem diversity
(d) None of these
Answer:
(b) species diversity

Question 3.
As per IUCN nomenclature, diversity of species across a wide geographical range is called
(a) alpha
(b) beta
(c) gamma
(d) community
Answer:
(c) gamma

Question 4.
Biodiversity is rich in tropics because of
(a) high humidity
(b) stable climate
(c) older community
(d) All of these
Answer:
(d) All of these

Question 5.
The organisation which publishes the Red List of species is
(a) WWF
(b) ICFRE
(c) IUCN
(d) UNEP
Answer:
(c) IUCN

Question 6.
Red Data List was initiated in
(a) 1859
(b) 1963
(c) 1985
(d) 1977
Answer:
(b) 1963

Question 7.
As per the Red List published by the World conservation union, Indian Cheetah is categorised as …………. .
(a) vulnerable
(b) extinct
(c) critically endangered
(d) endangered
Answer:
(b) extinct

Question 8.
Diversity at the level of community and ecosystem is
(a) α – diversity
(b) β – diversity
(c) γ – diversity
(d) All of these
Answer:
(b) β – diversity

Question 9.
Red Data Book is mainted by
(a) CITES
(b) WCU
(c) CBD
(d) IUPAC
Answer:
(b) WCU

Question 10.
Which one is endangered species?
(a) Asiatic lion
(b) Sparrow
(c) Elephant
(d) Dodo
Answer:
(a) Asiatic lion

Question 11.
Which one of the following is not included under in situ conservation?
(a) Wildlife sanctuary
(b) Zoological garden
(c) Biosphere reserve
(d) National park
Answer:
(b) Zoological garden

Question 12.
Conservation and maintenance of wildlife within the natural ecosystem is
(a) in situ conservation
(b) ex situ conservation
(c) botanical gardens
(d) All of the above
Answer:
(a) in situ conservation

Question 13.
In a national park, protection is provided to
(a) entire ecosystem
(b) only fauna
(c) only flora
(d) Both (b) and (c)
Answer:
(a) entire ecosystem

Question 14.
In which zone, limited permitted?
(a) Core zone
(b) Buffer zone
(c) Manipulation zone
(d) Restoration zone
Answer:
(b) Buffer zone

Question 15.
Ramsar convention was held in
(a) India
(b) Iran
(c) Indonesia
(d) Isroel
Answer:
(b) Iran

Question 16.
Bandipur national park is situated in
(a) Kerala
(b) Odisha
(c) Karnataka
(d) Rajasthan
Answer:
(c) Karnataka

Question 17.
The objective of ‘Ramsar convention’ was
(a) forest conservation
(b) wildlife conservation
(c) wetland conservation
(d) biodiversity conservation
Answer:
(c) wetland conservation

Fill in the blanks

Question 1.
Diversity within a community is ……….. .
Answer:
α-diversity.

Question 2.
…………, a struggling shrub from tropical America was introduced as ornamental plant in India has become invasive in the wild.
Answer:
Lantana

Question 3.
A taxon facing high risk of extinction in the wild is ………… .
Answer:
vulnerable

Question 4.
Beaver is a ……….. species
Answer:
keystone

Question 5.
In India hotspots include Western Ghats and ………… .
Answer:
Eastern Himalayas.

Question 6.
The Earth Summit was held in …………. 1992.
Answer:
Brazil

Question 7.
The outer part of biosphere reserve is called ………… .
Answer:
buffer zone.

Question 8.
Wildlife Protection Act was enacted in the year ………. by Government of India.
Answer:
1972

Question 9.
Panna biosphere reserve is located in ……….. .
Answer:
Madhya Pradesh

Question 10.
Private ownership is not permitted in ………… .
Answer:
National Parks

Correct the statement, if required by changing the underlined word

Question 1.
Species diversity decreases as we move away from the equator.
Answer:
Correct statement

Question 2.
Eichhomia called as ‘Terror of Bengal’ is a keystone species.
Answer:
alien species.

Question 3.
The number of species per unit area is ß-diversity.
Answer:
species richness

Question 4.
Zoos, botanical gardens, culture collections are types of ex situ biodiversity conservation.
Answer:
in situ

Question 5.
Exploitation of soil and flora is done in a wildlife sanctuary.
Answer:
Conservation of fauna and flora

Question 6.
The transitional zone of a biosphere reserve is strictly protected to maintain the ecological diversity and integity.
Answer:
core zone

Question 7.
In situ conservation is the conservation of biological diversity outside the boundaries of their natural habitats.
Answer:
ex situ conservation

Express in one or two words

Question 1.
Diversity among individuals of a species.
Answer:
Genetic diversity

Question 2.
The extinction of these species reduces abundance of other species in the community
Answer:
keystone species.

Question 3.
The variety of species within a community.
Answer:
Species diversity

Question 4.
The scientist who developed the concept of hotspots of biodiversity?
Answer:
Norman Myers.

Question 5.
A protected area dedicated to animals life only.
Answer:
Wildlife sanctuaries.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Write briefly about the three levels of biological diversity.
Answer:
There are three levels of biological diversity

• Genetic diversity Variations in the genetic composition of individuals within a species or. among species is known as genetic diversity.
• Species diversity It pertains to the variety of species present in a particular area or ecosystem.
• Ecosystem diversity It refers to diversity of habitats, e.g. terrestrial and aquatic ecosystem.

Question 2.
State the importance of species diversity to the ecosystem.
Answer:
The importance of species diversity to the ecosystem are

• Increased biodiversity provides resistance to the ecosystem against natural disasters.
• Ecosystem with more species shows more yields and greater productivity with variation of biomass.
• Community with more species generally tends to be more stable than those with less species.

Question 3.
Species diversity decreases as we move away from the equator towards the poles. What could be the possible reasons?
Answer:
Species diversity decreases as we move towards the poles, because

1. temperature decreases and conditions become harsh.
2. both the amount and intensity of solar radiation decreases.
3. vegetation decreases.
4. less resources available to support species. Speciation is generally a function of time and environmental stability, so if conditions are too harsh, it is difficult for the species to survive and adapt. This results in decrease in biodiversity towards the poles.

Question 4.
Explain giving three reasons why tropic show, greatest levels of species diversity.
Or
Give three hypothesis for explaining, why tropics show greatest level of species richness.
Answer:
It is the variety in the number and richness of a species of a region. Sometimes, a species remains confined to a particular area and is found only in that area. Such species are said to be endemic, e.g., Indian giant squirrel is endemic to Panchmarhi hills in Madhya Pradesh.

The IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources) recognises three types of species diversity, i.e.

1. Alpha (α) diversity It refers to the variety of species within a community. It is also referred to as species richness, i.e., the number of species per unit area.
2. Beta (β) diversity It refers to the diversity of species among communities.
3. Gamma (γ) diversity It refers to the diversity of species across a wide geographical range.

Question 5.
How is biodiversity important for ecosystem functioning?
Answer:
Nature always key a check on these activities to maintain a state of equilibrium (homeostasis), which further helps in the sustainable development of resources. However, overexploitation of biolgical resources by humans leads to destabilisation of ecosystem balance.
For example,

1. Decreased flora of an area leads to CO₂ increase in the atmosphere which causes temperature elevation of that area.
2. Increased carnivore population decreases the . herbivore population by predation which then increase the vegetation.
3. Declined population of microflora prevents the recycling between complex organic matter and simple inorganic matter.

Question 6.
What is a keystone species? Give an example.
Answer:
A keystone species is a species that has a disproportionately large effect on its environment relative to its abundance. Such species are important in maintaining the structure of an ecological community by affecting other organisms in an ecosystem and helping to determine the abundance of other species in the community, e.g. beaver (a mammal) who creates dams, modifies nutrient cycling, influences decomposition dynamics which ultimately influences the plants and animals of that area.

Question 7.
Write an account on loss of biodiversity in the world.
Answer:
The loss of biodiversity is a global crisis. Extinction of species is a natural phenomenon aided by the physical changes in the environment. However, the accelerated rates of species extinctions, that the world is facing now are largely due to human activities.

Till now, five episodes of mass extinction of species have occured in the history of biological evolution. The sixth episode of extinction of species however, is credited to human activities, which otherwise would not have occurred.

Question 8.
How does habitat fragmentation cause depletion of biodiversity?
Answer:
When large habitats are broken up into small fragments due to the various human activities, mammals and birds requiring large territories and certain animals with migratory habits are badly affected, leading to their population decline.

Question 9.
Briefly classify the extinction processes.
Answer:
The extinction of species is a natural process. Many species have disappeared and new ones have evolved to take over their place. There are three types of extinction processes

1. Natural extinction When there is change in environmental conditions, certain species disappear and others, (which are more adapted to changed conditions) take their place. This loss of species that occurred in the geological past at a very slow rate is known as natural extinction.
2. Mass extinction There have been several periods in the earth’s geological history when large number of species become extinct due to catastrophes, e.g. extinction of dinosaurs in end cretaceous period.
3. Anthropogenic extinctions Recently more number of species is disappearing from the face of the earth due to human activities. Man-made mass extinction represents a very severe depletion of biodiversity.

Question 10.
Since the origin of life on earth, there were five episodes of mass extinction of species.
(i) How is the ‘sixth extinction’, presently in progress, different from the previous episodes?
(ii) Who is mainly responsible for the ‘sixth extinction’?
(iii) List any four points that can help to overcome this disaster.
Answer:
(i) The current species extinction rate are estimated to be 100-1000 times faster than in pre-human times.
(ii) Human activities.
(iii) To prevent sixth extinction to take place we should

• prevent habitat loss and fragmentation.
• check over exploitation.
• prevent alien species invasion.
• prevent coextinction.
• conservation and preservation of species

Question 11.
How is diversity at all levels generally conserved?
Ans.
Diversity is recognised by gene pool, species and biotic community. The ecosystem is affected by changes due to the pollution, climatic changes and overexploitation, etc. There is need to prevent further destruction or degradation of habitats in order to conserve the biodiversity. These are on site (in situ) and off site (ex situ) strategies of conservation. Protected areas like national parks, sanctuaries and biosphere reserves also helps to maintain diversity.

Question 12.
State the significances of ex situ conservation.
Answer:
Ex situ conservation is outside conservation strategy, in which zoos help in captive breeding of organisms which are endangered, whereas botanical gardens have seed gene banks, tissue culture labs and other technologies for storing and growing germplasm.

Question 13.
There are many animals that have become extinct in the wild, but continue to be maintained in zoological parks.
(i) Which type of biodiversity conservation is observed in this case?
(ii) Name any other two ways, which help in this type of conservation?
Answer:
(i) It is an example of ex situ (off site) conservation. In this approach, threatened plants and animals are taken out of their natural habitat and placed in suitable settings and given special care.
(ii) Ciyopreservation and tissue culture are two ways that help in ex situ conservation.

Question 14.
Which type of conservation measures, in situ or ex situ will help the larger number species to survive? Explain.
Answer:
Out of the two, the in situ conservation measures will help in the survival of larger number of species.
In situ is onsite conservation, which implies that species are conserved in their natural habitat.
To conserve species in their natural habitat, the entire ecosystem has to be conserved, which include other organisms, biotic and abiotic component of the ecosystem associated with the target species.
Hence, in situ conservation helps in the survival of larger number of species.

Question 15.
What do you mean by national park?
Or
Write a note on national park.
Answer:
A national park is an area dedicated to conserve the environment, natural and historical objects and the wildlife therein. It also aims to provide enjoyment in such a manner and by such a means that will leave them unimpaired for the enjoyment of the future generations, e.g. Jim Corbett National Park, Uttarakhand.

Question 16.
What are hotspots of biodiversity?
Or
Write a note on biodiversity hotspots.
Answer:
Hotspots are areas that are extremely rich in species diversity, have high endemism and are under constant threat of extinction. Out of the total hotspots of the world, three are found in India.
They are Eastern Himalayas which extends from North-Eastern India to Bhutan, Western Ghats which include forests that lie in the states such as Karnataka, Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu and Indo-Burma region.

Question 17.
What is biosphere reserve? Mention its zones.
Or
Briefly discuss the four zones of biosphere reserve.
Answer:
A biosphere reserve is a specified area in which multiple use of the land is permitted. It is divided into four stones
(i) Core zone It is the innermost and legally protected where no human activity is allowed.
(ii) Buffer zone Here, limited human activity is allowed, like sustainable and recreational activities.
(iii) Transitional zone Anthropogenic activities like research and sustainable development is allowed.
(iv) Zone of human encroachment Here, normal anthropogenic activities are allowed.

Differentiate between the following (for complete chapter)

Question 1.
Sanctuary reserve and Biosphere reserve.
Answer:
Differences between sanctuary reserve and biosphere reserve are as follows

Sanctuary reserve	Biosphere reserve
Attention is not given to biotic community, i.e. conservation is species oriented.	Attention is focused on biotic community as a whole, i.e. conservation is ecosystem oriented.
Limits are not circumscribed.	Boundaries are circumscribed by the state legislation.
There occurs limited biotic interference.	There occurs no biotic interference except in buffer zone.
Tourism in a sanctuary is permissible.	Tourism is not permissible inside biosphere reserve
Research and scientific management are lacking.	Research and scientific management are carried out.
Proper attention is not given to gene pool conservation of economic species, particularly in plants.	Due attention is given to the conservation of plants as well as animal species.

Question 2.
Beta (β) diversity and Gamma (γ) diversity.
Answer:
Differences between beta diversity and gamma diversity are as follows

Beta (β) diversity	Gamma (γ) diversity
It is diversity of species among communities.	It refers to the diversity of species across a wide geographical range.
It develops due to change in habitat of community along environment gradients.	It represents the total richness of species in all the habitats found within a region, geographical areas or landscape.
When the difference of species between the habitats is greater, it represents greater Beta-diversity.	When each habitat has a unique biota, gamma diversity is equal to average alpha diversity multiplied by the number of such habitats.

Question 3.
Species diversity and Ecological diversity.
Answer:
Differences between species and ecological diversity are as follows

Species diversity	Ecological diversity
It is related to the number, type and distribution of species found in given area.	It is the variety of ecosystems in a biosphere.
It is the trait of the community.	It is the diversity at the level of communities and ecosystems of region.
It is affected not only by the number of individuals, but also by the heterogeneity of the sample.	It is affected directly by the environment.

Question 4.
Alpha (α) diversity and Beta (β) diversity
Answer:
Differences between alpha and beta diversity are as follows

Alpha (α) diversity	Beta (β) diversity
It is the variety of species within a community.	It is diversity of species between communities.
It was defined by Whittaker as the species richness of a place.	It was defined by Whittaker as the extent of species replacement or biotic change along environmental gradients.
A community will have a high alpha diversity, when there is a high number of species and their abundance are much similar.	Beta diversity measures the turnover of species between two sites in terms of gain or loss of species.