Odisha State Board CHSE Odisha Class 12 Biology Important Questions Chapter 4 Reproductive Health Important Questions and Answers.
CHSE Odisha 12th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 4 Reproductive Health
Reproductive Health Class 12 Important Questions CHSE Odisha
Very Short Answer Type Questions
Choose the correct option
Question 1.
A sexually transmitted disease symptomised by the development of chancre on the genitals is caused by
(a) Hepatitis -B virus
(b) Treponema pallidum
(c) HIV
(d) Neisseria
Answer:
(b) Treponema pallidum
Question 2.
The preventive measures of sexually transmitted diseases include
(a) sex hygiene
(b) avoiding multiple sex partners
(c) use of condom
(d) All of the above
Answer:
(d) All of the above
Question 3.
Which of the following is the component of oral pills?
(a) Progesterone
(b) Oxytocin
(c) Relaxin
(d) FSH
Answer:
(a) Progesterone
Question 4.
Oral contraceptives check ovulation by inhibiting the secretion of
(a) follicle stimulating hormone
(b) luteinizing hormone
(c) Both (a) and (b)
(d) All of the above
Answer:
(c) Both (a) and (b)
Question 5.
Which one is not a terminal birth control method?
(a) Vasectomy
(b) Tubectomy
(c) Hysterectomy
(d) Copper-T
Answer:
(d) Copper-T
Question 6.
What is the surgical method for preventing pregnancy in which vas deferens is incised?
(a) Tubectomy
(b) Vasectomy
(c) Sterilisation
(d) Hysterectomy
Answer:
(b) Vasectomy
Question 7.
AIDS cannot be spread from one person to other through
(a) sexual contacts
(b) blood transfusion
(c) placental contacts
(d) kissing each other
Answer:
(d) kissing each other
Question 8.
One of the legal methods of birth control is
(a) by having coitus at the time of day break
(b) by a premature ejaculation during coitus
(c) abortion by taking an appropriate medicine
(d) by abstaining from coitus from day 10-17 of the menstrual cycle
Answer:
(d) by abstaining from coitus from day 10-17 of the menstrual cycle
Question 9.
What is a safe period?
(a) A week before and after menses
(b) A week before menses
(c) Two weeks after menses
(d) Two weeks before menses
Answer:
(b) A week before menses
Question 10.
The ovulation time during menstrual cycle is marked by
(a) changes in cervical mucous
(b) changes in body temperature
(c) changes in eating habit
(d) changes in behavioural habits
Answer:
(d) changes in behavioural habits
Question 11.
GIFT was first attempted by
(a) Steptoe
(b) Edwards
(c) Both (a) and (b)
(d) None of these
Answer:
(c) Both (a) and (b)
Question 12.
ZIFT is a spin-off of
(a) GIFT
(b) ICSI
(c) IVF
(d) IUI
Answer:
(a) GIFT
Question 13.
Blockage of Fallopian tube can be identified using
(a) blood test
(b) hysterosalpingography
(c) ovarian reserve testing
(d) general physical testing
Answer:
(b) hysterosalpingography
Correct the statements, if required, by changing the underlined word (s)
Question 1.
Oral pills are very popular contraceptives among the rural women.
Answer:
Oral pills are very popular contraceptives among the urban women.
Question 2.
Surgical methods of contraception prevent gamete formation.
Answer:
The surgical methods of contraception prevent gamete transfer from the organs of production to the site of fertilisation.
Question 3.
Vaults are hormone releasing IUDs.
Answer:
LNG-20
Question 4.
The mixing of the sperm and egg is called ICSI.
Answer:
insemination
Question 5.
Follicular atresia is done to remove eggs from woman’s body
Answer:
Follicular aspiration
Question 6.
The first Indian test tube baby was Rahul.
Answer:
Kumari Harsha
Fill in the blanks
Question 1.
A contraceptive device consisting of a small thimble-shaped cup that is placed over the uterus to prevent the entrance of spermatozoa …………… .
Answer:
cervical cap
Question 2.
A surgical procedure performed on males in which the vas deferens are cut and tied is known as …………… .
Answer:
vasectomy
Question 3.
Removal of gonads, often referring to the removal of male testes is called ……………… .
Answer:
castration
Question 4.
Conventional vasectomy is called ……….. surgery.
Answer:
scalpel
Question 5.
Surgical removal of both the testes is called ………….. .
Answer:
vasectomy
Question 6.
The ejaculatory duct obstruction in males is confirmed by ………….. .
Answer:
ultrasound
Question 7.
Fertility treatment with donor eggs is usually done using …………….. .
Answer:
IVF
Question 8.
Success rate of ZIFT is …………. .
Answer:
64.8%
Question 9.
In …………….. egg is fertilised outside the body and then inserted into oviduct.
Answer:
in vitro technique
Express in one or two word(s)
Question 1.
Give the name of STD, which can be transmitted through contaminated blood.
Answer:
AIDS.
Question 2.
Name the IUD that promotes the cervix hostility to sperms.
Answer:
Progestasert
Question 3.
Name the technique other than amniocentesis which is used to determine genetic disorder in foetus.
Answer:
Chorionic villi sampling.
Question 4.
Name the causative agent of AIDS.
Answer:
HIV
Question 5.
Name the organisation that developed Saheli pill.
Answer:
CDRI
Question 6.
Enlist two possible causes of fertility in relation to ovulation.
Answer:
Polycystic ovarian syndrome and hyperprolactinemia.
Question 7.
Give the full form of ZIFT.
Answer:
ZIFT stands for Zygote Intra Fallopian Transfer.
Question 8.
Name the test performed to find out how effective the eggs are after ovulation.
Answer:
Ovarian reserve testing
Short AnswerType Questions
Question 1.
Write note on sexually transmitted diseases.
Answer:
Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs) spread from one person to other through intimate contact. STDs can affect male or female of any age and background. These diseases are also known as Venereal Diseases (VDs) or Reproductive Tract Infections (RTIs) or Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs). STDs are major threat to a healthy society as these are reported to be high among youths of age 15-24 years. Except HIV, hepatitis-B and genital herpes, all other diseases are completely curable.
Question 2.
Why STDs are considered as self-invited diseases?
Answer:
Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs) can be considered self-invited diseases because one could be free of these infections, by following the simple principles given below
- Avoid sex with unknown partners/multiple partners.
- Always use condoms during coitus.
- In case of doubt one should go to a qualified doctor for early detection and get complete treatment if diagnosed with disease.
If all the above said precautions are not strictly adopted by people, they are inviting STDs to infect them.
Question 3.
All Reproductive Tract Infections (RTIs) are STDs, but all STDs are not RTIs. Justify with example.
Answer:
Among the common STDs, hepatitis-B and AIDS are not infections of the reproductive organs though their mode of transmission could be through sexual contact also.
All other diseases like gonorrhoea, syphilis, genital herpes, hepatitis-B are transmitted through sexual contact and are also infections of the reproductive tract so, these are STDs as well as RTIs, whereas, AIDS and hepatitis are STDs, but not RTIs.
Question 4.
Write a note on barrier and surgical method of birth control.
Answer:
Barrier methods These methods prevent sperms and ovum, from physically meeting in order to prevent fertilisation. These methods are available for both males and females. These are as follows
- Condoms These are made of thin rubber or latex sheath used to cover the penis in males and vagina and cervix in females.
- Cervical caps These are also made of rubber and are inserted into the female reproductive system to cover the cervix during intercourse.
Surgical (sterilisation) methods These are the terminal methods used by male/female partner to prevent any more pregnancies.
These are the permament methods, which block the transport of gametes and thereby contraception. It is available in the form of vasectomy in men and tubectomy in womem.
Question 5.
Removal of gonads cannot be considered as a contraceptive option. Why?
Answer:
Removal of gonads cannot be considered as a contraceptive option because it not only stops the production of gametes, but also stops the secretion of many other-hormones which are required for normal body function. This is also an irreversible method that means once these are removed, then these cannot be replaced and the person will remain infertile for whole life.
Question 6.
Is the use of contraceptives justified? Give reasons.
Answer:
Use of contraceptives is justified due to the following reasons
- In the absence of contraceptives, the population growth rate will rise at explosive rate and there will be scarcity of even the basic necessities.
- Contraceptives provide an option for planning the family by spacing the pregnancies and avoiding unwanted pregnancies.
- Contraceptives also guard against STDs to some extent.
Question 7.
Define spermicides. Also, mention their use and mode of contraceptive action.
Answer:
The chemicals that are used to kill the sperms to prevent physical meeting of sperms and eggs are called spermicides. They are available in the form of creams, jellies and foams and are applied to the uterine lining to kill the sperms.
Question 8.
Why intensely lactating mothers do not generally conceive? Explain.
Answer:
Yes, breastfeeding is one of the natural contraceptive methods. It reduces fertility by affecting the production of certain reproductive hormones. It is known to suppress the production of Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH) and Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH). The release of these hormones triggers ovulation. Breast feeding also leads to increase level of prolactin, a hormone that inhibits ovulation.
So, even when a woman ovulates, her likelihood of conceiving is low if she is breast feeding.
Question 9.
Mention three advantages of lactational amenorrhea as a contraceptive method.
Answer:
The three advantages of lactational amenorrhea as a contraceptive method are mentioned as below
- If the mother is breast feeding completely, she would not ovulate, so chances of conception would be low.
- It does not require the use of any pill or devices for birth control.
- It does not have any side effects.
Question 10.
How is tubectomy effective in birth control?
Or What is tubectomy?
Answer:
Tubectomy is a surgical method of female fertilisation, where small part of Fallopian tubes is removed or tied up through a small incision in the abdomen or vagina in female. This process is irreversible and do not allow the reunion of both the ends to block the passage of ova through them. Thus, tubectomy is an effective method of birth control.
Question 11.
Classify the following contraceptive measures into different methods of birth control.
(i) Saheli
(ii) Tubectomy
(iii) Vasectomy
(iv) Diaphragm
(v) Cervical caps
Answer:
(i) Oral pills
(ii) Surgical method
(iii) Surgical method
(iv) Barrier method
(v) Barrier method
Question 12.
Write note on amniocentesis.
Or What is amniocentesis? How is it misused?
Answer:
Amniocentesis is a prenatal diagnostic test to detect the chromosomal pattern of the cells in the amniodc fluid that surrounds the developing foetus in the womb.
It is misused to determine the sex of pre-born child that leads to female foeticide of an unborn girl child.
This ban is necessary as this sex determination technique has been misused to kill girl child before birth.
The ban is justified to prevent female foeticide which could lead to change in sex ratio of the population.
Question 13.
If implementation of better techniques and new strategies are required to provide more efficient care and assistance to people, then why is there a statutory ban on amniocentesis? Write the use of this technique and give reason to justify the ban.
Answer:
Amniocentesis is one such technique that helps to determine any chromosomal abnormalities or genetic disorder and sex as well as foetal infections, by using minute amount of amniotic fluid, surrounding the foetus. Though implementation of better techniques and new strategies are required to provide more efficient care and assistance to people, but there is a statutory ban on amniocentesis to legally check female foeticide. This ban is necessary as this sex determination technique has been misused to kill girl child before birth.
The ban is justified to prevent female foeticide which could lead to change in sex ratio of the population.
Question 14.
Describe sexually transmitted diseases.
Answer:
Sexually Transmitted Diseases
- Chlamydia
- Ganital herpes [Caused by Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV)]
- Genital warts
- Gonorrhoea
- Hepatitis-B [caused by Hepatitis-B Virus (HBV)]
- HIV and AIDS
- Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)
- Public lice infection (caused by crabs)
- Syphilis
- Trichomoniasis
Question 15.
What will happen, if gametes are directly transferred to the uterus?
Answer:
The procedure of GIFT involves the transfer of female gamete to the Fallopian tube. Gametes cannot be transferred to the uterus to achieve the same result because the uterine environment is not congenital for the survival of the gamete. If directly transferred to the uterus, they will undergo degeneration or could be phagocytosed and hence, viable zygote would not be formed.
Question 16.
Explain, how surrogacy is helpful in case of an infertile woman?
Or What is surrogate mother?
Answer:
Surrogacy is a practice in which a woman (a surrogate mother) bears a child for a couple unable to produce children, usually because the wife is infertile or unable to carry a pregnancy to full term.
The surrogate mother is impregnated with the use of artificial insemination or through the implantation of the embryo produced by in vitro fertilisation.
Question 17.
Why is ZIFT a boon to childless couples? Explain the procedure of ZIFT.
Or Write a note on ZIFT.
Answer:
Zygote Intra Fallopian Transfer (ZIFT) is a boon to the couple where the female cannot conceive naturally.
In this method, fertilisation is carried out in vitro (in the laboratory conditions) and the zygote nearly embryo so, formed (with upto 8-blastomeres) is transferred into the Fallopian tube.
Question 18.
Enlist five reasons that may cause semen to be abnormal.
Answer:
The following reasons may cause the semen to be abnormal
- Testicular infection, cancer or surgery
- Diseases like-anaemia, diabetes, thyroid malfunctioning
- Overheating of the testicles
- Ejaculation disorders
- Genetic abnormality
Question 19.
How is sperm donation helpful to infertile couples? Explain.
Answer:
Due to change in life style and eating habits, many couples are suffering from infertility, now-a-days, i. e. they are not able to conceive. Infertility may occur in both men and women.
In order to solve the problems related to infertility, the advancement in technologies has come to the rescue. Sperm donation has become boon for the couple, who suffer from infertility and want their own child.
Sperm donation is helpful in following cases in males
- When sperms are blocked by an abnormality in the epididymis and in the testis.
- Sexual dysfunction.
- The absence of sperms in males.
Question 20.
Males in whom testes fail to descend to th*e scrotum are generally infertile. Why?
Answer:
Testes are very sensitive to temperature. If they do not descend into the scrotum prior to adolescence, then they would stop producing sperms and will lead to infertility in males, a condition known as cryptochoridism.
Question 21.
Mention the primary aim of the ‘Assisted Reproductive Technology’ (ART) programme.
Answer:
‘Assisted Reproductive Technology’ (ART) is the collection of certain special techniques. The primary aim of the ART programmes is to assist infertile couples to have children through certain special techniques (like ZIFT, IUT, GIFT, ICSI, AI, etc.) when corrective treatment for infertility problems is not possible.
Question 22.
What is IVF?
Answer:
In Vitro Fertilisation (IVF)
It is a technique in which fertilisation occurs outside the female body. It is followed by the embryo transfer in which embryo is placed inside the uterus. This method is also called as test tube baby technique because sperms are placed with unfertilised eggs in petridish for fertilisation. Donated sperms or eggs can be used in this purpose. IVF techinque can also be employed in gestational surrogacy.
Question 23.
Shyam Lai and his wife have been advised by the gynaecologist to go for artificial insemination. What may have been the reason for the doctor to give such an advice? Explain.
Answer:
It signifies in the case of male infertility, where the sperm count is low. That’s why the couple has been advised to undergo artificial insemination.
Differentiate between the following (for complete chapter)
Question 1.
In vitro and In vivo fertilisation.
Answer:
Differences between in vitro and in vivo fertilisation are as follows
| In vitro fertilisation | In vivo fertilisation |
| Fertilisation of egg with sperm occurs in lab under controlled conditions. | Fertilisation occurs inside human body. |
| It is performed by collecting the contents from a woman’s Fallopian tubes or uterus to mix with sperm. | The mixing of ova and sperm for fertilisation occurs in uterus of woman only. |
| It is an artificial process. | It is a natural process. |
Question 2.
Syphilis and Gonorrhoea.
Answer:
Differences between syphilis and gonorrhoea are as follows
| Syphilis | Gonorrhoea |
| It is a STD caused by pathogen Treponema pallidum. | It is a STD caused by bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae. |
| It generally affects external genital organs, penis of male and vagina of female. | It causes infection in urethra in males and Bartholin’s gland in females. |
| Penicillin may control the disease at primary and secondary stages. | For treatment of disease spectinomycin and tetracycline are given. |
Question 3.
GIFT and ZIFT
Answer:
Differences between GIFT and ZIFT are as follows
| GIFT | ZIFT |
| In this technique eggs are removed from woman’s ovaries and placed in one of the Fallopian tubes, along with man’s semen. | In this technique eggs are removed from ovulating woman’s ovaries and in vitro fertilised. |
| Fertilisation take place in woman’s uterus. | Fertilisation take place outside the uterus. |
| After fertilisation in uterus resulting zygote then implants and women become pregnant. | After invitro fertilisation, resulting zygote placed in the Fallopian tube by the use of laproscopy. |