CHSE Odisha Class 12 Biology Solutions Chapter 13 Applications of Biotechnology

Odisha State Board CHSE Odisha Class 12 Biology Solutions Chapter 13 Applications of Biotechnology Textbook Questions and Answers.

CHSE Odisha 12th Class Biology Chapter 13 Question Answer Applications of Biotechnology

Applications of Biotechnology Class 12 Questions and Answers CHSE Odisha

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
Golden rice is produced by rice plant having a transgene encoding an enzyme in biosynthetic pathway of
(a) P-carotene
(b) luciferin
(c) glyphosate
(d) Bt protein
Answer:
(a) P-carotene

Question 2.
Fruit ripening is delayed by preventing the expression of the enzyme
(a) luciferase
(b) polygalacturonase
(c) nitrogenase
(d) adenosine deaminase
Answer:
(b) polygalacturonase

Question 3.
Humulin is manufactured by
(a) Pfizer
(b) Hoechst
(c) Eli Lilly
(d) Aventis
Answer:
(c) Eli Lilly

Question 4.
Genetic correction of inflicted cells is made in vitro and then reimplanted into its natural environment. This therapy is known as
(a) ex vivo gene therapy
(b) in vivo therapy
(c) in vitro therapy
(d) in toto therapy
Answer:
(a) ex vivo gene therapy

Question 5.
The first genetic disorder treated by gene replacement therapy is
(a) Familial Hypercholesterolemia (FH)
(b) Cystic Fibrosis (CF)
(c) Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD)
(d) Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID)
Answer:
(d) Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID)

Question 6.
Patent is not granted for
(a) a novel invention
(b) an invention having an industrial application
(c) a discovery made by previously existing knowledge
(d) an invention having an inventive step
Answer:
(c) a discovery made by previously existing knowledge

Question 7.
Which of the following is not related to biosafety?
(a) Convention on Biological Diversity
(b) Cartagena Protocol
(c) World Trade Organisation
(d) UNICEF
Answer:
(d) UNICEF

Question 8.
Which of the following patent cases, India is not directly or indirectly connected with?
(a) Soybean patent case
(b) Neem patent case
(b) Turmeric patent case
(d) Chakraborty patent case
Answer:
(a) Soybean patent case

Question 9.
The supermouse is a genetically modified animal with
(a) insulin transgene
(b) lipid biosynthesis transgene
(c) growth hormone transgene
(d) steroid hormone transgene
Answer:
(c) growth hormone transgene

Question 10.
Which is the nodal centre for Indian biosafety network?
(a) Department of Biotechnology
(b) Department of Science and Technology
(c) Indian Agricultural Research Institute
(d) Department of Forest and Environment
Answer:
(a) Department of Biotechnology

Fill in the blanks

Question 1.
The mass of undifferentiated plant cells in a plant tissue culture media is known as ……………..
Answer:
Callus

Question 2.
Herbicide resistant plants are generated by plant tissue culture technique by transferring …………… gene of a bacterium into a plant protoplast.
Answer:
glyphosate

Question 3.
A bacterium species of ……………. genus is genetically engineered to prevent frost formation in plants.
Answer:.
Pseudomonas

Question 4.
A bioluminescent plant is generated by transferring ………….. gene of a firefly into plant protoplasts.
Answer:
luciferase

Question 5.
Golden rice producing plant is a transgenic plant, whose cells have a transgene encoding …………
Answer:
ß-carotene

Question 6.
Delayed ripening in tomato is due to the inhibition of expression of an enzyme ……………..
Answer:
polygalacturonase

Question 7.
The first recombinant human vaccine produced and marketed is …………. vaccine.
Answer:
hepatitis-B

Question 8.
Recombinant insulin in the trade name of Humulin is manufactured by …………….
Answer:
Eli Lilly Corporation

Question 9.
Monoclonal antibody is synthesised and secreted by a cell known as ……….
Answer:
B-lymphocytes

Question 10.
Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID) is expressed due to the absence of an enzyme, …………… .
Answer:
adenosine deaminase

Question 11.
A forensic analysis of DNA for establishing the identity of a person is known as …………….. .
Answer:
DNA fingerprinting

Question 12.
An immunological technique, applied to detect the presence of very minute quantity of antigen in the serum is known as …………. .
Answer:
ELISA

Question 13.
A biopesticide, known as Bt protein is expressed by a bacterial species, ………… .
Answer:
Bacillus thuringiensis

Question 14.
A legal right, privilege and authority granted to a person for a limited period for an invention is known as …………. .
Answer:
patent

Question 15.
The use of novel biological resource of a sovereign country without its due permission is known as …………….. .
Answer:
biopiracy

Express in one or two word(s)

Question 1.
The tomato plant variety that bears tomatoes exhibiting delayed ripening.
Answer:
Flaw savr

Question 2.
The somatic hybrid cell, which produces monoclonal antibodies.
Answer:
Hybridoma

Question 3.
Genetically engineered rice, rich in vitamin-A.
Answer:
Golden rice

Question 4.
An insecticidal protein, produced by Bacillus thuringiensis.
Answer:
Cry protein

Question 5.
A broad spectrum herbicide that is used world over.
Answer:
Glyphosate

Question 6.
The biotech company, which commercially manufactured the first recombinant human insulin.
Answer:
Genentech

Question 7.
The first genetic disorder that was treated by gene therapy.
Answer:
SCID

Question 8.
The gene transfer into the mammalian fertilised egg with a micropipette.
Answer:
Microinjection

Question 9.
The gene transfer method practiced by passing intermittent pulses of electric current through the medium containing plant protoplasts.
Answer:
Electroporation

Question 10.
The corn was genetically engineered by transferring Bt protein gene into plant protoplasts. The brand was marketed and later was withdrawn due to safety reasons.
Answer:
Star Link corn

Question 11.
The biosafety protocol that was drafted in 1995 and adopted in 2000.
Answer:
Cartagena Protocol

Short Answer Type Questions

Answer each of the following within 50 words

Question 1.
What is golden rice?
Answer:
Golden rice is a transgenic variety of rice with an elevated level of ß-carotene (provitamin-A), a precursor of vitamin-A. The genes encoding the enzymes of the ß-carotene biosynthetic pathway are introduced into rice plant cells in culture. The transgenic rice plants generated produce rice with ß-carotene.

Question 2.
What is Flavr Savr tomato?
Ans.
Fruit ripening in tomato and other fruits and vegetables are delayed by manipulating a gene, involved in softening and ripening. A variety of tomato plant has been successfully engineered, which bears tomatoes, known as Flavr Savr tomatoes. This variety exhibits delayed ripening.

Question 3.
What does the recombinant hepatitis-B vaccine contain?
Answer:
Hepatitis-B vaccine contains surface antigen proteins (HBs Ag) extracted from Hepatitis-B Virus (HBV).

Question 4.
What do you understand by ex vivo gene therapy?
Answer:
Ex vivo gene therapy The affected cells are removed from the body and transformed by the remedial gene in vitro. The transformed cells are grown in a cell culture medium to a sufficient number and then returned to the body by transfusion or transplantation.

Question 5.
What do you mean by a biopesticide? Give an example.
Answer:
Biopesticides are the type of pesticides produced from an organism. They are equally potent but do not inflict a damage on the environment, e.g. a species of bacteria with insecticidal properties is Bacillus thuringiensis. It produces insecticidal cry protein or Bt protein.

Question 6.
What is a supermouse?
Answer:
R L Brinster and R Palmiter (1982) successfully created the first transgenic mouse by transferring the rat growth hormone gene into the fertilised mouse egg by microinjection. This act was carried out in vitro.

Following the transfer, the fertilised egg was implanted into the uterus of a pseudopregnant mouse.
The mouse gave birth to mice that were relatively larger in size, possibly due to an increased synthesis of growth hormone directed by the rat growth homone transgene. This mouse was called supermouse because of its abnormal growth.

Question 7.
Explain biopiracy.
Answer:
Illegal transfer of biological resources has been termed as biopiracy. It describes a practice, in which indigenous knowedge and processes used by indigenous people of a region is used by others for profit without permission from and with little or no compensation or recognition to the indigenous people themselves. This is an illegal practice and enforceable in the court of law.

Question 8.
Ennumerate and explain in brief two biosafety issues, biotechnology is confronted with.
Answer:
Biosafety in a broad sense, refers to the prevention of loss of biological integrity of biological processes and products, harvested by using living organisms. For example, recombinant insulin was manufactured in a complex biological process putting in thought, knowledge, skill and execution method of the inventor. Secondly, a lot of energy and money was spent in the successful execution of the process. Therefore, the right of the inventor needs to be protected by law considering it as a property.

On the other hand, insulin that is manufactured a prescribed trial process to prove that it is suitable for human use. Another potential hazard was the release of Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) into the wild. There was a threat that it might sexually reproduce with organisms of its own species and exchange genes, consequently changing the structure of the gene pool.
This might have produced an adverse effect on organic evolution. Thus, normal biological diversity might be destabilised.

Question 9.
Describe the evolution of Indian Patent Act.
Answer:
India enacted the Patent Act in 1970. The Act has undergone amendments in 1999, 2002, 2005 and 2006. The headquarter for the same is in KolKata, West Bengal. The nodal centre for Indian biosafety network is the Department of Biotechnology, Government of India.

Question 10.
Describe the neem patent case.
Answer:
Neem Patent Case:
The multinational agribusiness company, WR Grace of New York and United States Department of Agriculture, Washington DC filed, for a European patent for the fungicidal use of neems oil in the European Patent Office (EPO). It was stated that neem oil controlled fungal growth on plants.

The plea was accepted and a patent was granted. However, following the publication, Dr. Vandana Shiva of Research Foundation for Science and Technology and Natural Resource Policy, New Delhi and others filed a legal opposition to the grant of patent in the EPO.

Write brief notes on the following

Question 1.
Flerbicide resistant plants
Answer:
Herbicide resistant plants Herbicide resistant transgenic plants are generated by transferring bacterial herbicide resistant genes into plant cells grown in culture. Glyphosate is the most widely used broad-spectrum herbicide world over.
A glyphosate resistant gene from Petunia plant is transferred into isolated plant cell§ in culture and glyphosate resistant plants are generated.

Question 2.
Humulin
Answer:
Genentech is the first biotech company to manufacture recombinant human insulin in 1978 using bacteriophage vector and E. coli as the cloning and expression host cell. Later, this technology was licenced to Eli Lilly Corporation of USA.

The recombinant human insulin was termed as Humulin. It was approved as the first recombinant drug by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), USA for human use. Since then, several companies all over the world have been manufacturing recombinant human insulin on a commercial basis.

Some noteworthy companies are Novo Nordisk of Denmark; Hoechst and Aventis of Germany and Pfizer of USA. Wokhardt Limited, a pharmaceutical company has been manufacturing human insulin in India under the trade name of Wosulin.

Question 3.
Recombinant vaccine
Answer:
Recombinant Vaccines
An antigcnic agent, which after being administered into an animal, generates an active acquired immune response is called as vaccines. The antigenic agent involved in vaccine production varies from vaccine to vaccine.

They generally belong to three classes-attenuated (inactivated) whole organisms isolated antigenic proteins such as coat proteins of viruses and inactivated touns. The latter two fall under the subunit vaccine class, wherein part of the organism possessing antigenic property is used in the vaccine production.

In these vaccines, a DNA insert encoding an antigen (like bacterial surface proteins) is introduced into a less virulanc host. These elicit an immune response expressing the antigens but do cause infection. The expressed antigens are isolated and puri&d and injectedinto the human hosts as a vaccine. It is called recombinant vaccine.

Question 4.
Gene therapy
Answer:
Gene therapy is a therapy or treatment of a gene, which has been mutated. It is a therapy to correct the damage. A genetic disorder is expressed, when a particular gene is mutated.

The mutant gene, as it is known, encodes a different polypeptide other than a normal. This polypeptide is the root cause of the expression of symptoms of a genetic disorder.
Attempts have been made to rectify or replace the mutant gens, so that they express normally. This replacement process is called gene therapy.

Question 5.
Biopesticide
Answer:
Bacillus thuringiensis is known to produce endotoxins or insecticidal crystalline protein or Cry protein or Bt protein.
Bt protein is hydrolysed by an alkali into 250 kD (kilodalton) units, known as protoxins. Each protoxin consists of two 130 kD polypeptides. The 130 kD polypeptide is digested into a 68 kD toxin polypeptide in an alkaline pH. When catepillars eat the leaves of crop plants, on which the bacterial spores are deposited, they ingest the spores.

The spores germinate in the alimentary canal, the bacteria grow in size and produce Bt protein. This protein is digested into 68kD toxin polypeptides in the intestine of the larva. The action of the poypeptide, eventually kills the larva. The alimentary canal of mammals, including human, produces an acid, which degrades the Bt protein. Thus, it is apparently harmless to human and other mammals. Since, this pesticide is produced from an organism, it has been identified as biopesticide.

Question 6.
Transgenic animals
Answer:
Transgenic animals are those which can grow faster, yield more milk, lay bigger eggs and so on. They are produced by combining traditional breeding with gene technology, which yield encouraging results. It involves selecting, isolating, purifying and transferring beneficial genes of one species to another to harvest a beneficial effect. These animals are the transfer of the beneficial gene (genes) developed. The gene that is transferred is known as a transgene. The transgene is transferred by using one of the several methods of gene transfer in practice. Microinjection is found to be most suitable for animal cells.

Question 7.
Patent
Or What is patent?
Answer:
Patent is an open letter granting legal right, privilege and authority by a sovereign state to a person or an institution for a limited period of time. It is given for an invention using scientific and technical knowledge. All sovereign countries have enacted their own Patent Acts to regulate the use of such properties.

An invention involves new knowledge, while a discovery is an application of the knowledge. For example, the double helical model proposed by Watson and Crick was a discovery and hence, does not qualify to be patented, while new forms of DNA, such as recombinant DNAs have been patented.

Question 8.
Biopiracy
Answer:
Biopiracy is theft or robbery or exploitation of biological and genetic resources indigenous to a country. These biological resources are often the main targets of enterprising businessmen because of their many uses in agriculture, healthcare and chemical industries. The process of biopiracy involves collection of samples of biological resources, which then undergo product development for their use on a commercial scale.

Biopiracy begins with biodiversity prospecting, which is exploration of wild plants and animals for commercially viable genetic and biochemical resources. Genetic resources are the genes found in plants and animals that are of actual or potential value to people.

Through the use of new biotechnologies, genes/germplasm from any plant or animal can be transferred to another. Such genetically engineered organisms (plants, animals and microorganisms) are being used for new industrial applications, pharmaceuticals, farming, cattle breeding and poultry farming.