CHSE Odisha Class 12 English Grammar Fundamental Rules for Correcting Grammatical Errors

Odisha State Board CHSE Odisha Class 12 Invitation to English 4 Solutions Grammar Fundamental Rules for Correcting Grammatical Errors Textbook Activity Questions and Answers.

CHSE Odisha 12th Class English Grammar Fundamental Rules for Correcting Grammatical Errors

Question 1.
In English Grammar verbs always agree with their subject in persons and numbers.
Example:
(a) I am a teacher.
subject – I
verb – am
(b) He is a student.
subject – He
verb – is
(c) They are farmers.
subject – They
verb – are
So while correcting the errors first underline the subject and verb of each sentence and see whether the verb agrees with its subject.

Question 2.
Prepositions always follow either a noun or an adjective or a verb. So find out preposition in each sentence and see their appropriate use.
Example:
(a) He is jealous of my success.
Adjective – jealous
Preposition – of
(b) The boy always depends on his father’s help.
Adjective – depends
Preposition – on
(c) He has confidence in me.
Noun- Confidence
Preposition – in

Question 3.
To find out errors in sentences articles play important role. In some sentences: there is wrong use of articles i.e., wrong use of ‘a’, ‘an’, ‘the’. So go through the use of articles meticulously and get it corrected.
Example:
A hermit live in a small cottage in a remote village. There is an orchard behind the cottage. The orchard has many rare trees.

Question 4.
Sometimes the use of quantifiers like ‘much’, ‘many’, ‘a lot of, ‘little’, ‘a little’, ‘few’ and ‘a few’ is wrongly used in sentences. It should be corrected carefully.
Example:
(a) They don’t find much time to work in the garden.
Uncountable – time
(b) Is there much water in the pond?
Uncountable – water

From the above examples it is found that ‘much’ is used before uncountable nouns in negative and interrogative sentences.
Example:
(c) He doesn’t have many shirts.
PI. Count. – shirts
(d) Does he have many books in his library.
PI. Count. – books

From the above examples it is found that ‘many’ is used before plural countable noun in negative and interrogative sentences.
Example:
(e) The mechanic repairs a lot of bikes everyday.
PI. Count. – bikes
(f) He has got a lot of money.
Uncountable – money

From the above examples it is found that ‘a lot of can be used with plural countable nouns as well as uncountable nouns in affirmative sentences.

Question 5.
Some verbal expressions like would rather and had better always go with the Bare Infinitive form of a non-finite verbs.
Example:
(a) You would rather go than stay here.
(going, go, gone, to go)
(Choose the correct alternative)
(b) They had better do their duty in time.
(doing, done, do, to do)
(Choose the correct alternative)

Question 6.
An imperative sentence beginning with “Let” can be followed by objective case of a pronoun.
Example:
(a) (i) Let he do whatever he wants to do. (Incorrect)
(ii) Let him do whatever he wants to do. (Correct)
(b) (i) Let you and I solve the problem. (Incorrect)
(ii) Let you and me solve the problem. (Correct).
(c) (i) Let there be no secret between you and we. (Incorrect)
(ii) Let there be no secret between you and us. (Correct)

Pronouns
Subjective case	Objective Case
I	Me
We	Us
You	You
He	Him
She	Her
It	It

Question 7.
The expression “I wish” always goes with “I were” i.e., past simple or “had + past participle” i.e., past perfect.
Example:
(a) (i) I wish I am the king. (Incorrect).
(ii) I wish I were the king. (Correct)
(b) (i) I wish I know your name. (Incorrect)
(ii) I wish I knew /had known your name. (Correct)

Question 8.
When the singular pronouns of first, second and third person go together their order should be “2nd person, third person and first person” i.e., “you + he and I”.
Example: (a) (i) I, you and he are friends. (Incorrect)
(ii) You, he and I are friends. (Correct)
(b) (i) You, they and we must work together. (Incorrect)
(ii) We, you and they must work together. (Correct)

Question 9.
Verbs like absent, apply, acquit, enjoy, resign pride, avail always go with reflexive pronouns (self/selves forms).
I – myself
he – himself
she – herself
you – yourself (singular) yourselves (plural)
we – ourselves
they – themselves
child/animal/ object (singular) – itself.

Example:
(a) (i) He prides on his money. (Incorrect)
(ii) He prides himself on his money. (Correct)

(b) (i) He availed of the chance. (Incorrect)
(ii) He availed himself of the chance. (Correct)

(c) (i) The children are expected to behave in the class. (Incorrect)
(ii) The children are expected to behave themselves in the class. (Correct)

(d) (i) The man resigned to the will of God. (Incorrect)
(ii) The man resigned himself to the will of God. (Correct)

(e) (i) My sister absented from her chemistry class yesterday. (Incorrect)
(ii) My sister absented herself from her chemistry class yesterday. (Correct)

Question 10.
The idiomatic expressions like “with a view to”, “look forward to”, “used to”, “habituated to”, and “objected to” always go with the “V+ing” form of a non-finite verb.
Example:
(a) (i) Sulipta is working hard with a view to win the match. (Incorrect)
(ii) Sulipta is working hard with a view to i. (Correct)
(b) (i) I look forward to see the doctor next month. (Incorrect).
(ii) I look forward to seeing the doctor next month. (Correct)
(c) (i) He is used to get up late. (Incorrect)
(ii) He is used to getting up late. (Correct)

Question 11.
(a) Some nouns look singular but they are originally plural. These nouns are people, police, public, cattle, swine, geese, teeth, oxen, mice and they can take plural verbs after them.
(b) The + Adjective and ‘The + Nationality word’ used as the subjects can take plural verbs.
Example:
(i) The police are on duty.
(ii) The people are shouting.
(iii) The cattle are grazing.
(iv) The poor are helpful.
(v) The wounded have been admitted in the hospital.
(vi) The English are a nation of traders.
(vii) The Japanese are industrious.
(viii) The geese look hungry.
(ix) The swine are the lovers of filth.
(x) When the cat is away, mice dance in joy.
(xi) The blind are the most unfortunate.

Question 12.
Grammatical expressions like “It is no use”, “There is no use” and “There is no point” always go with “-ing” form of non-finite verbs.
Example:
(i) It is no use attending classes today.
(ii) There is no point talking with her.

Question 13.
Some verbs tell us about our feelings, emotions, opinions, relations or about a permanent state. Such verbs are called stative verbs. These verbs are usually used in the simple present form.
(a) Verbs of possession: have, own, possess, belong to, contain, consist.
(b) Verbs of liking/disliking: like, dislike, love, hate, prefer, admire and want.
(c) Verbs of perception: see, hear, smell, taste, feel.
(d) Verbs of thinking: think, believe, understand, know.
(e) Verbs of mental activity: hope, forget, remember.
(f) Verbs of appearance: appear, seem, look (like) resemble.
(g) Some other verbs: depend, weight, cost, measure, sound.

Example:
(i) He belongs to Cuttack.
(ii) A year consists of six seasons.
(iii) Lipsa hates telling a lie.
(iv) Honey tastes sweet.
(v) Rose smells sweet.
(vi) Batu loves this girl.
(vii) Mama resembles her mother.
(viii) He knows me.
(ix) Empty vessel sounds much.
(x) I never believe in ghosts.

Question 14.
Adverb like No sooner, hardly/seldom, little, under no circumstances, nowhere and conjunctions like neither, not only etc. are used with inversion if they are used at the beginning of the sentences, i.e., Adv. + Aux. Verb + Sub. + Main verb.
Example:
(a) (i) No sooner the bell rang than the students came out of the class. (Incorrect)
(ii) No sooner did the bell rang than the students came out of the class. (Correct)

(b) (i) Hardly father had come out of the house when it began to rain. (Incorrect)
(ii) Hardly had father come out of the house when it began to rain. (Correct)

(c) (i) Little he understands my problem. (Incorrect)
(ii) Little does he understand my problem. (Correct)

(d) (i) Under no circumstances I shall compel you to do this work. (Incorrect)
(ii) Under no circumstances shall I compel you to do this work. (Correct)

(e) (i) Not only the robbers captured the city but also destroyed it. (Incorrect)
(ii) Not only did the robbers captured the city but also destroyed it. (Correct)

(f) (i) Neither the girl can dance nor sing. (Incorrect)
(ii) Neither can the girl dance nor sing. (Correct)

Question 15.
Some nouns look like plural but originally they are singular and take singular verbs. News, physics, politics, economics, measles, mathematics, diabetes, gymnastics, mumps, rabies, itches, scabies, electronics, athletics, sports, billiards, hurdles, cards.
Example:
(i) Mathematics is my favourite subjects.
(ii) Diabetes is a disease.
(iii) Gymnastics is good for health.
(iv) Billiards is my favourite indoor game.
(v) Physics is a tough subject.
(vi) The new has been greeted with cheers.
(viii)Politics is dirty game.

Question 16.
When the pronoun is the object of a verb or a preposition, it should be in the objective case.
Example:
(a) (i) These books are for you and I. (Incorrect)
(ii) These books are for you and me. (Correct)
(b) (i) Between he and I there is an understanding. (Incorrect)
(ii) Between he and me, there is an understanding. (Correct)

Question 17.
Subject form of the pronouns like (I/he/she/ you/they/we, etc.) is used with the sentences taking than.
Example:
(a) (i) He is taller than me. (Incorrect)
(ii) He is taller than I. (Correct)
(b) (i) I love you more than him. (Incorrect)
(ii) I love you more than he (Correct)

Question 18.
To avoid repetition of a noun, we use that for singular noun and those for the plural noun.
Example:
(a) (i) The climate of Simla is better than Darjeeling. (Incorrect)
(ii) The climate of Simla is better than that of Darjeeling. (Correct)
(b) (i) The roads of Bhubaneswar are wider than Cuttack. (Incorrect)
(ii) The roads of Bhubaneswar are wider than those of Cuttack. (Correct)

Question 19.
‘Each other’, the reciprocal pronoun is used in speaking of two persons/things, ‘one another’ for more than two.
Example:
(a) (i) Jack and Jill love one another. (Incorrect)
(ii) Jack and Jill love each other. (Correct)
(b) (i) The street dogs barked at each other. (Incorrect)
(ii) The street dogs barked at one another. (Correct)

Question 20.
The expressions like each (of), everyone (of), neither of (of the two), either of (of the two), the number of, one of etc. always take singular verb after them.
Example:
(a) (i) Each boy were given a prize. (Incorrect)
(ii) Each boy was given a prize. (Correct)

(b) (i) Each man and each woman have been sent to the workfield. (Incorrect)
(ii) Each man and each woman has been sent to the workfield. (Correct)

(c) (i) Everyone of the cars look attractive. (Incorrect)
(ii) Everyone of the cars looks attractive. (Correct)

(d) (i) Either of the books have a lot of pictures. (Incorrect)
(ii) Either of the books has a lot of pictures. (Correct)

(e) (i) Neither of the girls were called to appear the test. (Incorrect)
(ii) Neither of the girls was called to appear the test. (Correct)

(f) (i) The number of books stolen are forty. (Incorrect)
(ii) The number of books stolen is forty. (Correct)

(g) (i) One of the chairs have a broken leg. (Incorrect)
(ii) One of the chairs has a broken leg. (Correct)

(h) (i) One of my brothers are in the Indian army. (Incorrect)
(ii) One of my brothers is in the Indian army. (Correct)

Question 21.
The name of the shops (books/ opticals) always takes singular verb after them.
Example:
(a) (i) The Books and Books stand on the main road, Bhubaneswar. (Incorrect)
(ii) The Books and Books sstands on the main road, Bhubaneswar. (Correct)
(b) (i) The Giri Opticals have a good name in the whole town. (Incorrect)
(ii) The Giri Opticals has a good name in the whole town. (Correct)
(c) (i) ‘Gulliver’s Travels’ were written by Jonathan Swift. (Incorrect)
(ii) ‘Gulliver’s Travels’ was written by Jonathan Swift. (Correct)

Question 22.
After same or such, relative pronoun as or that is used.
Example:
(a) (i) This isn’t such a good book with I expected. (Incorrect)
(ii) This isn’t such a good book as I expected. (Correct)
(b) (i) This is the same beggar who came to our house last week. (Incorrect)
(ii) this is the same beggar that came to our house yesterday. (Correct)
(c) (i) My problem is the same which yours. (Incorrect)
(ii) My problem is the same as yours. (Correct)

Question 23.
We use relative pronoun that in the noun phrase on antecedent have the + superlative degree, ordinal (like first/second/ tenth /last, etc.) something/ anything/ all/nothing/ somebody etc. (Indefinite pronouns)
Example:
(a) (i) This is the best film which I have ever seen. (Incorrect)
(ii) This is the best film that I have ever seen. (Correct)
(b) (i) Love is something which money can’t buy. (Incorrect)
(ii) Love is something that money can’t buy. (Correct)
(c) (i) She is the most beautiful girl which has ever lived. (Incorrect)
(ii) She is the most beautiful girl that has ever lived. (Correct)
(d) (i) This is all which is yours. (Incorrect)
(ii) This is all that is yours. (Correct)
(e) (i) The second train which left for Puri just now, has faced an accident. (Incorrect)
(ii) The second train that left for Puri just now, has faced an accident. (Correct)

Question 24.
Comparative degree is used for two persons things/ animals and superlative degree for more than two.
Example:
(a) (i) It is the best of the two books. (Incorrect)
(ii) It is better of the two books. (Correct)
(b) (i) He is the better of the three boys. (Incorrect)
(ii) He is the best of the three boys. (Correct)
(c) (i) Which is the best: bread or butter? (Incorrect)
(ii) Which is better: bread or butter? (Correct)
(d) (i) Out of these two watches, which is the best? (Incorrect)
(ii) Out of these two watches, which is better? (Correct)

Question 25.
We use Fewer/Few/ A Few to denote number and less for quantity.
Example:
(a) (i) There are no less than twenty boys in this class. (Incorrect)
(ii) There are no fewer than twenty boys in this class. (Correct)
(b) (i) He takes no fewer than one litre of milk. (Incorrect)
(ii) He takes no jess than one litre of milk, (milk – u.n.) (Correct)

Question 26.
When comparative degree is used in the superlative sense, it is followed by ‘any other’.
Example:
(a) (i) Akram is better than any bowler. (Incorrect)
(ii) Akram is better than any other bowler. (Correct)
(b) (i) Raman is better than any student in the class. (Incorrect)
(ii) Raman is better than any other student in the class. (Correct)

Question 27.
Comparative Adjectives like senior, junior, superior, inferior take to after them instead of than’.
Example:
(a) (i) My father is senior than you in service. (Incorrect)
(ii) My father is senior to you in service. (Correct)
(b) (i) I am junior than her. (Incorrect)
(ii) I am junior to her. (Correct)
(c) (i) This book is inferior than that book. (Incorrect)
(ii) This book is inferior to that book. (Correct)

Question 28.
When expression of measurement, amount, and quantity are used as adjectives, the nouns occuring after the hyphen (-) are always singular.
Example:
(a) (i) The Prime Minister went on a three day state visit to America. (Incorrect)
(ii) The Prime Minister went on a three day state visit to America. (Correct)
(b) (i) A seven-members jury decided the case. (Incorrect)
(ii) A seven-members jury decided the case. (correct)
(c) (i) I came upon a hundred-rupees note. (Incorrect)
(ii) I came upon a hundred-rupee note. (Correct)

Question 29.
We usually use ‘but’ (not ‘than’) after ‘else’.
Example:
(a) (i) It is nothing else than pride. (Incorrect)
(ii) It is nothing else but pride. (Correct)
(b) (i) Call me anything else than a thief. (Incorrect)
(ii) Call me anything else but a thief. (Correct)

Question 30.
‘Very’ is used with adjectives and adverbs in the positive degree with precedent and much is used with Adjectives and adverbs in the comparative degree with past participle.
Example:
(a) (i) She is very slower than Reena. (Incorrect)
(ii) She is much slower (c.d) than Reena. (Correct)
(b) (i) You are very older than me. (Incorrect)
(ii) You are much older (c.d.) than me. (Correct)
(c) (i) The policeman was walking much slowly. (Incorrect)
(ii) The policeman, was walking very slowly. (Correct)

Question 31.
The verb ‘know’ is followed by ‘how to + infinitive’.
Example:
(a) (i) The professor knows to teach the topic. (Incorrect)
(ii) The professor knows how to teach the topic. (Correct)
(b) (i) An expert pilot knows to land the flight in hostile weather. (Incorrect)
(ii) An expert pilot knows how to land the flight in hostile weather. (Correct)

Question 32.
When a noun or pronoun is placed before a gerund (verb + ing working like a noun is called ‘gerund’), it (that noun/pronoun) should be put in the ‘possessive case’, (my/his/her/our/their/teacher’s/one’s etc)
Example:
(a) (i) Please excuse me being late. (Incorrect)
(ii) Please excuse my being late. (Correct)
(b) (i) I would like you stopping smoking. (Incorrect)
(ii) I would like your stopping smoking. (Correct)
(c) (i) The professor disliked us coming late. (Incorrect)
(ii) The professor disliked our coming late. (Correct)

Question 33.
Certain verbs looking alike have different meanings. They are as follows :
Example:
(a) (i) He hanged the lamp on the wall. (Incorrect)
(ii) He hung the lamp on the wall. (Correct)
(b) (i) The criminal was hung for murder. (Incorrect)
(ii) The criminal was hanged for murder. (Correct)
(c) (i) The hens have laid no eggs today. (Incorrect)
(ii) The hens have lain no eggs today. (Correct)
(d) (i) Let me lay on the bed. (Incorrect)
(ii) Let me lay on the bed. (Correct)
Look at the list of following verbs with their past and perfect or past participle forms.

Present	Past	P.P. / Perfect
lie (rest/lie down)	lay	lain
lay (place, arrange/deposit)	laid	laid
lie (to tell a lie)	lied	lied
hang (put up)	hung	hung
hang (execute the order of death sentence)	hanged	hanged
flow (water)	flowed	flowed
fly (bird)	flew	flown
flee (run away).	fled	fled
bear (put up with/tolerate)	bore	borne
bore (make a hole/make tied)	bored	bored
find (to discover)	found	found
found (establish)	founded	founded
fall (drop in the ground)	fell	fallen
fell (cut down a tree)	felled	felled
feel (sensitize)	felt	felt
fill (to pour till the end)	filled	filled
awake (intransitive verb)	awoke	awoke
awake (transitive verb)	awaked	awaked

Question 34.
Indirect questions have the usual Wh-word + subject + verb order.
Example:
(a) (i) Tell me where are you going. (Incorrect)
(ii) Tell me where you are going. (Correct)
(b) (i) Father asked the servant where had he gone. (Incorrect)
(ii) Father asked the servant where he had gone. (Correct)
(c) (i) Can you tell me why does the girl cry bitterly. (Incorrect)
(ii) Can you tell me why the girl cries bitterly. (Correct)
(d) (i) The gentleman asked the station master when was the next train. (Incorrect)
(ii) The gentleman asked the station master when next train was. (Correct)

Question 35.
The past tense in the Principal Clause or Main Clause is used with the same past tense in the Subordinating or Dependent Clause.
Example:
(a) (i) She knew that I am coming. (Incorrect)
(ii) She knew that I was coming. (Correct)
(b) (i) Father said that he won’t go to office that day. (Incorrect)
(ii) Father said that he wouldn’t go to office that day. (Correct)
(c) (i) The doctor asked the patient if he (the patient) has taken medicine at regular
intervals. (Incorrect)
(ii) The doctor asked the patient if he had taken medicine at regular intervals.(Correct)

Question 36.
It is time + subject + past tense verb.
Example:
(a) (i) It is time you go to bed. (Incorrect)
(ii) It is time you went to bed. (Correct)
(b) (i) It is time the doctor operates the patient. (Incorrect)
(ii) It is time the doctor operated the patient. (Correct)

Question 37.
After imperatives (order, advice, request) we use won’t you? (to invite people to do things) and will you/would you/could you? (to tell people to do things).
Example:
(a) (i) Do sit down, will you? (Incorrect)
(ii) Do sit down, won’t you? (Correct)
(b) (i) Give me sufficient time, won’t you? (Incorrect)
(ii) Give me sufficient time, will you? (Correct)
(c) (i) Shut up, can you? (Incorrect)
(ii) Shut up, can’t you? (Correct)

Question 38.
Certain verbs in English are not used in their progressive forms. They are :
Example:
(a) (i) I amn’t seeing you these days. (Incorrect)
(ii) I don’t see you these days. (Correct)

(b) (i) This bag is containing a lot of story books. (Incorrect)
(ii) This bag is contains a lot of story books. (Correct)

(c) (i) Are you appearing disappointed? (Incorrect)
(ii) Do you appear disappointed? (Correct)

(d) (i) Why is the girl hating me so much? (Incorrect)
(ii) Why does the girl hate me so much? (Correct)

(e) (i) Honey is tasting sweet. (Incorrect)
(ii) Honey tastes sweet. (Correct)

(f) (i) Rose is smelling sweet. (Incorrect)
(ii) Rose smells sweet. (Correct)

(g) (i) We are not believing in ghost. (Incorrect)
(ii) We don’t believe in ghost. (Correct)

(h) (i) I am loving this girl. (Incorrect)
(ii) I love this girl. (Correct)

Question 39.
Would rather + subject takes past simple tense of the verb.
Example:
(a) (i) I would rather you resign the job. (Incorrect)
(ii) I would rather you resigned the job. (Correct)
(b) (i) I would rather he leaves this place. (Incorrect)
(ii) I would rather he left this place. (Correct)

Some incorrect words/expressions and their correct use.

Incorrect – Correct
arm (weapon) – arms
blotting – blotting paper
boarding – boarding school
bowel – bowels
foundation – foundations
arrear – arrears
furnitures – furniture
luggages – luggage
earning – earnings
breads – pieces/slices/loaves of bread
equipments – equipment
informations – information
gentries – gentry
machineries – machinery/machines
poetries – poetry
sceneries – scenery
traffics – traffic
scissor – scissors
trouser – trousers
a coward man – a coward/ a cowardly man
a miser man – a miser/ a miserly man
a man of letter – a man of letters(literate)
arrear bill – arrears bill
birth date – date of birth
cousin brother/sister – cousin
custom duty – customs duty
famous criminal – notorious criminal
in the campus – on the campus
in the committee – on the committee
in leave – on leave
in holiday – on holiday
tennis field – tennis court
Cheque of Rs. 200/- – Cheque for Rs. 200/-
no place (bus/train etc.) – no room (bus/train etc.)
today morning/ – this morning/afternoon/
afternoon/evening – evening
this night – tonight
two dozens pens – two dozen pens
saving bank – savings bank
make noise – make a noise
tell lie – tell a lie/tell lies
white hair – grey hair
miles after miles – mile after mile
in hurry – in a hurry
bad in studies – bad at studies
strong/weak of/ good in – strong/weak in/ good at
what to speak of – not to speak of
with bag and baggage – bag and baggage
with heart and soul – heart and soul
with tooth and nail (Completely) – tooth and nail
with black and blue (mercilessly/beat) – black and blue
clever in figure works – clever at figure works
build a home – build a house
cut jokes – crack jokes
cut the pencil – mend the pencil
cook bread – bake bread
describe about – describe
discuss about – discuss
attack on – attack
give a speech – deliver a speech
goodbye – bid goodbye
eat the poor – feed the poor
give order – give orders
make a goal – score a goal
rise the lid – raise the lid
see the pulse – feel the pulse
to have headache – to have a headache
to have temperature – to have a temperature
speak a lie – tell a lie
make prayers – say prayers
ladies bicycle – ladies’ bicycle
women’s college – womens’ college
family members – members of the family
passing marks – pass marks
decrease fear – allay fear
in class tenth – in class ten/in the tenth class
lecture (person) – lecturer
out of orders – out of order (technically defect)
deny request/invitation – refuse request/invitation
refuse stealing/lying – deny stealing/lying
refuse – reject/not to accept
deny – not acknowledge/tell that something is untrue.
a furniture – a piece of furniture
a luggage – a piece of luggage
an information – a piece of information.
a wood – a piece of wood
a grass – a blade of grass
a chocolate – a bar of chocolate
a paper – a sheet of paper
a news – a piece of news/some news
a work – a piece of work / some work
a bread – a slice of bread
a meat – a piece of meat
a toothbrush – a stick of toothbrush
a toothpaste – a tube of toothpaste

Rewrite the following passage, correcting all the grammatical errors in it:

Question 1.
The streets crowd by traffic even before the daybreak. Taxis have been bringing tired people from the airport and the railway station to hotels. They hope sleeping for a few hours before their busy day in the big city is beginning. Trucks are bringing fresh fruits and vegetables in the city. Ships loaded with food and fuel tie up in the dock. Towards morning the streets are quieter, and they are never deserted in the big city.
Answer:
The streets are crowded by traffic even before the daybreak. Taxis bring tired people from the airport and the railway station to the hotels. They hope to sleep for a few hours before their busy day in the big city begins. Trucks bring fresh fruits and vegetables to the city. Ships loaded with food and fuel tied up at the dock. Towards the morning the streets are quieter, and they are never deserted in the big city.

Question 2.
Every country in the world want rapid economic development today. Some economists tells us that it is possible to remove poverty and make everyone prosperous, provide we adopt the right economic policies. The key to prosperity, we are also told, lies in rapid and large-scale industrialization: setting up more factories which will churn out an endless stream of consumer good – products designed to make life more pleasant; motor cars to carried us in comfort and at high speed along smooth super highways; air conditioners to keeps us cool in summer, television sets which will keep us informed as well as entertain and so on. It is believed that as more and more consumers buy the goods that these factories will produce, more and more workers find employment in them; and as their levels of income rise, they will, in their turn create a farther demand for yet more goods. In this way, everyone becomes rich. There are no limits to economical growth and prosperity.
Answer:
Every country in the world wants rapid economic development today. Some economists tell us that it is possible to remove poverty and make everyone prosperous, provided we adopt the right economic policies. The key to prosperity, we are also told, lies in rapid and large-scale industrialization: setting up more factories which will churn out an endless stream of consumer goods – products designed to make life more pleasant; motor cars to carry us in comfort and at high speed along smooth super highways.

air conditioners to keep us cool in summer, television sets which will keep us informed as well as entertained and so on. It is believed that as more and more consumers buy the goods that these factories will produce, more and more workers find employment in them; and as their level of income rises, they will, in their turn create a further demand for yet more goods. In this way, everyone becomes rich. There are no limits to economical growth and prosperity.

Question 3.
Thrift means regulating expenses by such a way that there might be some saving in income. There could be no hard and fast standards for what shall be one’s expenditure and saving. It varied according to one’s circumstances. The rich man may neglect the duty of saving in special occasions because he has power to make up for this neglect. And people with limited income need thrift the most. It gives them strength by relieving them of anxieties for the future. Good housewives in poor families are found to lay off something from daily expenses.
Answer:
Thrift means regulating expenses in such a way that there might be some saving in income. There should be no hard and fast standard for what could be one’s expenditure and saving. It varies according to one’s circumstances. The rich man may neglect the duty of saving on special occasions because he has the power to make up for this neglect. And people with limited income need thrift the most. It gives them strength by relieving them from anxieties for future. Good housewives in poor families are found laying off something from daily expenses.

Question 4.
Preschools have offered good basic education as well as help the child in becoming much independent but confident. Parents may rely in preschools for all-round development of the children. The pre-primary education of the child generally began in home by parents and grandparents. But the picture changes rapidly.
Answer:
Preschools offer good basic education as well as help the child in becoming much independent and confident. Parents rely on preschools for an all-round development of their children. The pre-primary education of the child begins at home by parents and grandparents. But the picture has changed rapidly.

Question 5.
Once a lion was enjoy a nap in his den. A mouse came out in its hole in the den. It start frisking about. In so doing it leap upon the lion’s face. The lion’s sleep disturbs. He wake up furious. He caught the mouse and had been killed it, but the mouse entreated “Your Majesty, I humbly beg your pardon, I’m a poor and little subject of you. But a tiny creature as 1 am, I shall be of some help to you in time. So, please let me go.” The lion laughed aloud for this, but he released the mouse all the same.
Answer:
Once a lion was enjoying a nap in his den. A mouse came out of its hole in the den. It started frisking about. In so doing it leapt upon the lion’s face. The lion’s sleep was disturbed. He woke up furiously. He caught the mouse and was about to kill it. But the mouse entreated “Your Majesty, I humbly beg your pardon, I’m a poor and little subject of yours. But a tiny creature as I am, I shall be of some help to you in time. So, please let me go.” The lion laughed aloud for this and he released the mouse all the same.

Question 6.
Man is at first like an animal. His power then rested only in physical strength. But in this respect he was no match to many beasts. So he has to live in constant fear of them. In course of time came knowledge and it gave him the power to get mastery the entire animal kingdom. He invented weapons with which he not only scared off beasts but even killed them. He learnt how to hunt beasts like a deer which may run more faster than he did Now man could achieve things which were considered impossible then.
Answer:
Man was at first like an animal. His power then rested only on physical strength. But in this respect he was no match for many beasts. So he had to live in constant fear of them. In course of time came knowledge and it gave him a power to get mastery upon the entire animal kingdom. He invented weapons with which he not only scared off beasts but also killed them. He learnt how to hunt beasts like a deer who could run faster than he. Now man has achieved things which were considered impossible then.

Question 7.
The foodbazar took the entire responsibility in sending a farmer’s produce to the customer, without depending on a chain of middlemen. The private company with its vast resources could set in cold storages, acquire refrigerated trucks to transport the produce to cities. In the end of the food chain there are airconditioned supermarkets where consumers can buy the produce at good condition. A kilo of tomato which a customer will buy for 10 rupees may be available for only 7 rupees in a supermarket. Don’t imagine that any private company will do all this out from charity or love towards the farmers. In time food chains might come on away from the cities and closer to the farms.
Answer:
The foodbazar is taking the entire responsibility of sending a farmer’s produce to the customer, without depending on a chain of middlemen. The private company with its vast resources can set up cold storages and acquire refrigerated trucks to transport the produce to cities. At the end of the food chain there are airconditioned supermarkets where consumers can buy the produce in good condition. A kilo of tomato which a customer will buy for 10 rupees can be available for only 7 rupees in a supermarket. We can’t imagine that any private company will do all this out of charity or love for the farmers. With time food chains may come away from the cities and closer to the farms.

Question 8.
A big fat hen lived of a farmyard in a village. A dove also lived in a large tree besides the same farmyard. Soon both of them became good friend. They use to meet every evening to share their thoughts. Oneday, the hen see by a fox. He enters the farmyard secretly and was able to catch the hen. The clever fox put the hen in a sack, carried at his back and the hen started crying aloud in protest. The dove heard the crying of the hen from the top of the tree. She at once realised that the hen fell in danger. The dove thought off an idea to save her friend. She went ahead and lay on the path motionless as of she was dead. The fox put his sack down at the wayside and went near the dove. In the meantime, the hen managed to escape, and hide behind a bush. When the fox was about to catch the ‘dead’ dove, he surprised to see that the dove quickly flew away. In the evening the dove met the hen at the farmyard and the two began to laugh for the foolishness of the fox.
Answer:
A big fat hen lived in a farmyard in a village. A dove also lived in a large tree beside the same farmyard. Soon both of them became good friends. They used to meet every evening to share their thoughts. Oneday, the hen was seen by a fox. He entered the farmyard secretly and was able to catch the hen. The clever fox put the hen in a sack, carried on his back and the hen started crying aloud in protest. The dove heard the cry of the hen from the top of the tree.

She at once realised that the hen had fallen into danger. The dove thought of an idea to save her friend. She went ahead and lay on the path motionless as if she was dead. The fox put his sack down on the wayside and went near the dove. In the meantime, the hen managed to escape, and hid behind a bush. When the fox was about to catch the ‘dead’ dove, he was surprised to see that the dove quickly flew away. In the evening the dove met the hen at the farmyard and the two began to laugh for the foolishness of the fox.

Question 9.
The food bazaar is taking entire responsibility in sending the farmer’s produce to the consumer. The private company with its vast resource, may set up cold storages, acquire fleets of refrigerated trucks to transport the produce into cities and even construct roads for speedy transportation. In the end of the food chain, there have been air-conditioned supermarkets where consumers could buy produce of high quality, in good condition, at comparatively reasonable prices, in clean and hygienic surrounding. A kilo of tomatoes which a customer could buy from a vegetable-vendor for ten rupees must be available, weighed but neatly packed for only t 7.50 in a super-market. Out of that amount, the farmer is likely to have got at least ? 3.50 a much higher price than he would get if he would sell his produce to a middleman.
Answer:
The food bazaar is taking an responsibility in sending a farmer’s produce to the consumer. The private company with its vast resources, can set up cold storages, acquire a fleet of refrigerated trucks to transport the produce to the cities and even construct roads for speedy transportation. At the end of the food chain, there are air-conditioned supermarkets where consumers can buy produce of high quality, in good condition, in a comparatively reasonable prices, in a clean and hygienic surrounding.

A kilo of tomato which a customer can buy from a vegetable-vendor for ten rupees may be available, weighed but neatly packed for only t 7.50 in a super-market. Out of that amount, the farmer is likely get at least ? 3.50 a much higher price than he would get if he would sell his produce to a middleman.

Question 10.
Few years ago I was spending a week at Port Blair. The week had been over but I was in the airport ready for leaving when I discovered, in my dismay, that I forgot one of my suitcase in my hotel. Quickly, I jumped into a taxi and had explained my situation to the taxi driver. We sped away in the direction of my hotel. Suddenly the taxi driver slowed down so that he would talk with the driver of a truck moving through a road next to us. The truck contained live chickens.
Answer:
A few years ago I was spending a week in Port Blair. As the week was over but 1 was in the airport ready to leave when I discovered, to my dismay, that I had forgotten one of my suitcases in my hotel. Quickly, I jumped into a taxi and explained my situation to the taxi driver. We sped away in the direction of my hotel. Suddenly the taxi driver slowed down so that he might talk to the driver of a truck moving through the road next to us. The truck carried live chichens.

Question 11.
Rahul and Ramesh were best friend studying in school. Rahul was good in sports but poor in studies. Ramesh is good at both. At any competition, Ramesh always managed to win. As a result, Rahul became jealous with Ramesh. The sports day was near. Rahul and Ramesh were practising for it. Rahul was not sure if he score a win over Ramesh. Slowly they talked less among themselves. Ramesh asked him the reason many time but Rahul always put him of with a excuse or other. One day before the sports event, Rahul hit at a plan to defeat Ramesh. He went to the ground before anyone has arrived there. He dug a small pit on the path where Ramesh was supposed to run. Then he covered it with leaves and went back to his classroom. When the race started. Ramesh was ahead of Rahul but after sometimes he stepped on the pit and fell down. Rahul took over him. He was very happy as his plan worked and he had own the first prize. Soonafter, Rahul realized his fault and begged forgiveness.
Answer:
Rahul and Ramesh were best friends when studying in school. Rahul was good at sports but poor in studies. Ramesh was good at both. In any competition, Ramesh always managed to win. As a result, Rahul became jealous of Ramesh. The sports day was near. So Rahul and Ramesh were practising for it. Rahul was not sure if he would score a win over Ramesh. Gradually they talked less between themselves. Ramesh asked him the reason many a time but Rahul always put him off with an excuse or other.

One day before the sports event, Rahul hit upon a plan to defeat Ramesh. He went to the ground before anyone had arrived there. He dug a small pit on the path where Ramesh was supposed to run. Then he covered it with leaves and went back to his classroom. When the race started. Ramesh was ahead of Rahul but after sometime he stepped on the pit and fell down. Rahul took over him. He was very happy as his plan worked and he had won the first prize. Soonafter, Rahul realized his fault and begged forgiveness.

Question 12.
Generally the word ‘superstition’ was used as the term of disgrace or reproach to senseless belief based in ignorant fear. We look down to the uncivilized people because they worshipped the different aspect of nature and are filled in awe by things that are simple enough for us. Many Hindus considered a sneeze, the cry of a lizard as ominous. For the Westerners, number 13 is so unlucky that it can be avoided by all means. If the cat crosses their path they call up their tour. Indeed, every community is subject to some superstition and we could not conceive for any community being completely free of it.
Answer:
Generally the word ‘superstition’ is used as a term of disgrace or reproach to senseless belief based on ignorant fear. We look down upon the uncivilized people because they worshipped different aspects of nature and were fdled with awe by the things that are simple enough for us.

Many Hindus consider a sneeze, the cry of a lizard as ominous. For the Westerners, number 13 is so unlucky that it should be avoided by all means. If the cat crosses their path they call off their tour. Indeed, every community is subject to some superstition and we can not conceive of any community completely free from it.