CHSE Odisha Class 12 Sociology Unit 4 Social Inequality, Exclusion and Movement Objective & Short Answer Type Questions

Odisha State Board CHSE Odisha Class 12 Sociology Solutions Unit 4 Social Inequality, Exclusion and Movement Objective & Short Answer Type Questions.

CHSE Odisha 12th Class Sociology Unit 4 Social Inequality, Exclusion and Movement Objective & Short Answer Type Questions

Multiple Choice Questions With Answers

Question 1.
In the caste system, occupation is
(a) Changing
(b) Fixed
(c) Discontinued
Ans:
(b) Fixed

Question 2.
Status in the caste system is
(a) achieved
(b) ascribed
(c) None of the above
Ans:
(b) ascribed.

Question 3.
Marriage is the caste system is
(a) Endogamous
(b)Exogamous
(c) None of the above
Answer:
(a) Endogamous.

Question 4.
The word caste owes is the origin to which word.
(a) Greek
(b) Spanish
(c) French
Answer:
(b) Spanish.

Question 5.
Warner and Hunt had not given one of the following classifications of classes.
(a) Upper – middle class
(b) Lower-lower class
(c) Capitalist class
Answer:
(a) Upper – middle class

Question 6.
Who said this waste as a closed class?
(a) MajumdarandMadan
(b)MacIver
(c)Kingsely
Answer:
(a) Majumdar and Madan

Question 7.
Who said this “When the status is wholly predetermined so that men are born to their lot in their life without any hope of changing it then class takes the form of caste”.
(a) C.H. Cooley
(b) Madan
(c) Majumdar
Answer:
(a) C.H. Cooley

Question 8.
Who write in “History of Caste in India”?
(a) Ketkar
(b) C.H. Cooley
(c) Madan
Answer:
(a) Ketkar

Question 9.
Who said this “Classes are aggregates of individuals Who have for same opportunities of acquisition goods, the same exhibited standard of Hv
(a) Max-Weber
(b) MacIver and Page
(c) P. Gisbert
Ans :
(a) Max-Weber

Question 10.
A social class is any portion of a community marked off from the rest by social status”.
(a) Maclver and page
(b) Max-Weber
(c) P. Gisbert
Answer:
(a) Maclver and Page

Question 11.
Who said this “A social class is one or more broad groups of individuals who are ranked by the members of the community in socially superior and inferior positions”.
(a) OgbumandNimkoff
(b) Maclver
(c) P.Gisbert
Answer:
(a) Ogbum and Nimkoff

Question 12.
Who said this “A social class is a category or group of persons having a definite status in society which permanently determines their relation to other groups.
(a) P. Gisbert
(b) Maclver
(c) Max-Weber
Answer:
(a) P. Gisbert

Question 13.
Who said this, “The untouchable castes are those who suffer from various social and political disabilities many of which are traditionally prescribed and socially enforced by the higher castes”.
(a) D.N. Majumdar
(b)Dr. B.R.Ambedker
(c) Mahatma Gandhi
Ans :
(a) D.N. Majumdar

Question 14.
Who said this, “Tribal society is a collection of families bearing the name, speaking a common dialect, occupying or professing to occupy a common territory and it is not usually endogamous though originally it might have been so”.
(a) Imperial Gazette
(b) D.N. Majumdar
(c) W.W. Hunter
Answer:
(a) Imperial Gazette

Question 15.
Who said this “A tribe is a collection of families bearing a common name, members of which occupy of the same territory, speak the same language and observe certain taboos regarding marriage profession or occupation and hence developed a well-assessed system of reciprocity and mutuality of obligation”.
(a) D.N. Majumdar
(b)W.W. Hunter
(c) Imperial Gazette.
Answer:
(a) D.N. Majumdar.

Question 16.
Who said this “The tribe is a well-organised social structure where the human group lives in the defined physical environment. It is a collection of families which have a common name, which normally claims descent from a common ancestral living in a defined territory speaking a common dialect and is endogamous”.
(a) Imperial Gazette
(b) D.N. Majumdar
(c) W.W. Hunter
Answer:
(c) W.W. Hunter

One Word Answers

Question l.
A system of stratification in which mobility up and down the status ladder at least ideally may not occur.
Answer:
Caste system

Question 2.
An endogamous group membership of which is hereditary.
Answer:
Caste system

Question 3.
A class is somewhat strictly hereditary.
Answer:
Caste system

Question 4.
Restrictions in social intercourse.
Answer:
Caste system

Question 5.
Mention any one characteristic of the caste system.
Answer:
Endogamy

Question 6.
Mention one demerit of the caste system.
Answer:
Hinders social progress

Question 7.
Mention any one merit of the caste system.
Answer:
Helped in the integration of society.

Question 8.
Mention any one factor responsible of the caste system.
Answer:
Industrialisation

Question 9.
Mention any one changing aspect of the caste system.
Answer:
Change in endogamy.

Question 10.
Mention any one characteristic of the class.
Answer:
Universal

Correct The Sentences

Question l.
Caste is based on wealth.
Answer:
Caste is based on birth.

Question 2.
Class is based on birth.
Answer:
Class is based on birth

Question 3.
Class in an open system.
Answer:
Caste is a closed system

Question 4.
Class is a closed system.
Answer:
Class is an open system.

Question 5.
Caste choice of occupation.
Answer:
Caste determines occupation.

Question 6.
Class system determines occupations.
Answer:
Class system is the choice of occupations

Question 7.
Caste prescribes on such rules regarding eating, drinking and social interaction among its members.
Answer:
Caste prescribes certain rules regarding eating, drinking and social interaction among its members.

Question 8.
Caste is a simple social system.
Answer:
Caste is a complex social system.

Question 9.
Caste is old to Indian society.
Answer:
Caste is unique to Indian society.

Question 10.
Caste and class close in Indian society.
Answer:
Caste and class co-exist in Indian society.

Question 11.
Caste is a secular system.
Answer:
Caste is a sacred system.

Question 12.
Class is a sacred system.
Answer:
Class is a secular system.

Question 13.
Class consciousness is an important feature of the caste system.
Answer:
Class consciousness is an important feature of the class system.

Question 14.
A social class is a relatively temporary group.
Answer:
A social class is a relatively permanent group.

Question 15.
In a class system, there are two modes of feeling.
Answer:
In a class system, there are three modes of feeling.

Question 16.
A social class is a social phenomenon.
Answer:
Social class is a universal phenomenon.

Fill In The Blanks

l. Caste is based on ______.
Answer: Birth

2. Caste is based on _______.
Answer: Wealth

3. Caste is a _______ system.
Answer: Closed

4. Caste is a _______ of its members.
Answer: Occupation

5. Caste is a ________ social system.
Answer: Complex

6. Caste and class _______ in Indian society.
Answer: Co-exist

7. A social class is _______ a permanent group.
Answer: relatively

8. A social class is essentially a _______ group.
Answer: status

9. The term varna literally means ________.
Answer: Colour

10. Caste groups are _______ groups.
Answer: Open

11. Caste which means ______ of ________.
Answer: Breed, Lineage

12. A social class is an ______ group.
Answer: Open

13. Class is a ______ phenomenon.
Answer: Universal

Very Short-Answer Type Questions

Question l.
What do mean by caste?
Answer:
The word caste owes its origin to the Spanish word Cast which means breed, race, strain or a Complex of hereditary qualities. The Portuguese applied this term to the classes of people in India known by the name of Jati.

Question 2.
Caste taboos
Answer:
Caste are required to observe certain taboos and moral rules. Castes that fail to observe these rules lose status, while the caste that follows them gains status. For example, taboo, eating, taboo and the commensality taboo (Which is concerned with the persons from whom one may accept cooked food or with whom one may take food, the food taboo which prescribed what kinds of food a man may eat).

Question 3.
Class
Answer:
Class is a major type of stratification found especially in the modem civilized countries. It is a social group within the collectivity. It is a product of economic process and division of labour. It emerged in its present form as the result of industrialisation. It is based upon rule and differentiation.

Question 4.
Define caste
Answer:
“When the status is wholly predetermined so that when are home to their lot in their life without any hope of changing it then class takes the form of caste”.

Question 5.
Define class.
Answer:
Max- Weber “classes are aggregate of individuals who have the same opportunities of acquiring goods the same exhibited standard of living”.

Question 6.
What is Scheduled Caste?
Answer:
The Scheduled Castes who comprise the bulk of untouchables are technically outside the four-fold vama scheme. These castes were imputed with the maximum degree of ritual and social impurity while their occupations were treated as the lowest defiling occupation in the hierarchy.

Question 7.
Define Schedule Caste.
Answer:
The untouchable castes are those who suffer from various social and political disabilities, many of which are traditionally prescribed and socially enforced by the higher castes”.

Question 8.
Who are the Tribes?
Answer:
Tribe refers to the indigenous Janas. They are commonly designed as Adivasi (original settlers) and Girijan (hill dwellers.) Girijan (hill dwellers. Vampjati( forest caste men), Adimjati (primitive castes Janjati (folk communities), Anusuchit janjati (Scheduled Tribes).

Question 9.
Define tribe,
Answer:
According to the Imperial Gazette “Tribal society is a collection of families bearing a name, speaking a common dialect occupy a common territory and it is not usually endogamous though originally it might have been so”.

Question 10.
Hierarchy and Hereditary:
Answer:
Hierarchy is one of the most original and basic features of the caste system. Hierarchy refers to an organisation with grades or classes ranked one above the other. The castes are arranged on the basis of superiority and inferiority to each other. Each caste is a hereditary group. The membership of the caste is confined only to those who are born into it by an endogamous marriage relation. The status of an individual is determined by virtue of his birth. The rights and privileges that is socially due to an individual is determined hereditarily.

Question 11.
Openness Vs. Closeness.
Answer:
The caste system is strictly a closed structure. One’s position and status is determined once for all by virtue of his birth in a particular caste. No amount of material possession or personal qualities can bring him up in the social hierarchy or caste. On the other handed class system is an open structure. Here the status and position of a man is determined on the basis of bis personal qualities, material possessions and achievements in different aspects of social life, the class system gives enough scope for upward and downward mobility.

Question 12.
Divine Sanctions Vs Secular Norms
Answer:
Whatever may be the origin of caste, it can be told without the fear of contradiction that it derives its strength of continuity from divine sanctions. The beliefs like, one has to observe Jati, Dharma (Caste duties) to have a better birth till future, life, it is the God who has created caste distinctions to punish those who had done bad deeds in past life etc.

Have given a religious and divine sanction to the caste system. But there is no such dogmatic belief in the class system. It is based on purely objective things like wealth, power and position and it is quite free from religious considerations or controls.

Question 13.
Rigidity Vs Flexibility.
Answer:
The caste system is too rigid with regard to the rules of social intercourse. The taboos of eating and drinking and norms of inter-caste marriage are strictly followed. A lot of restrictions are imposed upon the members of a particular caste with regard to their relationship with the members of other castes. Taking of water or cooked food from the hands of a man of a lower caste is punishable. Caste endogamy is strictly maintained by prohibiting inter-caste marriage.

Question 14.
Caste and Democracy.
Answer:
‘Caste is basically a social institution. Politics and Government are related aspects. It plays its role in these areas of democracy. On the other hand, democracy is basically a political system, with social justice and equality as its main objective. But since both these systems emerge from social life, it is quite natural and inevitable that they get interrelated.

Question 15.
Segmental division.
Answer:
Caste groups are segmental groups. They have well-defined boundaries. So to say, each caste is an autonomous group independent of the other. The status of an individual is determined by his birth. No amount of power, prestige and wealth can change the position. The membership of a caste, therefore, is unchangeable and immutable. Further, each, in a way has its own way of life.

Question 16.
Caste Council
Answer:
The Caste Council consists of elder members of the caste, the recognised leaders who command the respect and confidence of their community. It functions to settle caste disputes. Matter- such as breaking the marriage promise, refusing by the husband to take his wife to his house adultery by the wife, killing cows insulting Brahmins, having illicit sexual relations with people of other castes, non-payment of debt, defying the customs of the caste regarding feasts etc.

Question 17.
Hierarchy.
Answer:
The concept of hierarchy forms the crux of the caste groups. Dumont believes that the hierarchical division of caste is based on the concept of purity and pollution and according to, the given caste occupies a particular position in the caste hierarchy.

Short-Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Analyse the characteristics of the caste system.
Answer:

Segmental Division:
A caste group is a segmental group. Under the caste system, society is divided into several small social groups known as castes, each caste is a well-developed social group.

Hierarchy:
In a caste society, all the castes are arranged into a hierarchy on the basis of their social importance. At the top of the hierarchy is Brahmanism whereas untouchable castes are at the bottom. In between them, many other castes exist.

Restrictions on Food:
Under the caste system caste imposes restrictions on its members with regard to food, drink and social intercourse.

Restrictions in civil and religious privileges:
In a caste-based society, there is an unequal distribution of privileges and disabilities along its members. Higher caste people enjoy all the privileges while lower caste people suffer from all kinds of disabilities.

Restrictions on occupation:
Under a caste system choice of occupation is not free. Each caste is traditional with a particular occupation.

Caste endogamy:
Every caste imposes restrictions on its members to marry one’s own caste or sub-caste.

Question 2.
Analyse the functions of caste that do not perform for individuals.
Answer:
Caste provides fixed social status to individuals. Under the caste system, the status of an individual is determined by their birth. His status is constant at all times. Caste provides social security to individuals. Every caste provides necessary social security to its members from its birth to death. It acts as health insurance. Caste guides an individual in his day- to day activities.

Every caste provides a specific behavioural pattern for its members to be followed on different fixed occasions. Caste determines the occupation of the individual. Every caste provides specific occupations for its members to follow. Caste provides mental security to individuals. Caste by prescribing and providing facilities to its member guarantees mental security to individuals.

Question 3.
Analyse the functions of caste in social life.
Answer:
Caste transmits and preserves culture. Every caste has its own culture to which it transmits, from generation to generation. At the same time, it also preserves culture. The caste system establishes social unity. It unites different people in a larger society and at the same time maintains their separate identities.

The caste system brings stability to society. It saves Hindu society from outside invasion, internal conflict and all sorts of problems. It makes religious conversion almost impossible. The caste system brings political stability to society. It acts as a constitution for Hindus. It saves Hindu culture from foreign forces. It continues to maintain political unity since ancient times.

The caste system serves as a unique system of division of labour. It makes provisions for all funds of work. It distributes all works among different castes. It also provides a religious explanation for the social division of labour as a result all perform their work smoothly.
By prescribing marriage within one’s own case or group it maintains the purity of blood.

Question 4.
Briefly discuss the different dysfunctions of caste.
Answer:
The caste system retorts social progress. Under the caste system individual has no freedom of any sort. At the same time, it does not accept change easily. With all the above, its rigidity stands as an obstacle to social progress. The caste system hinders economic progress. Under the caste system, an individual cannot choose his occupation freely.

Individual occupations are determined by caste, as a result, their efficiency suffers and thereby hampers economic progress. The caste system creates political disunity in society. It encourages individuals by loyalties towards one’s own caste and thereby casteism is created which ultimately threatens the unity and integrity of Indian society. The caste system perpetuates social inequalities in society.

Members of higher caste use castes as an instrument to keep their position in that as a result of which inequalities persist. The caste system also creates untouchability in society. It is the ugliest expression of the caste system. It keeps some members of Hindu society as untouchables. The condition of women was very pitiable under the caste system. The caste system also stands as an obstacle in the way of modernisation.

Question 5.
Briefly discuss the factors affecting caste systems.
Answer:
Modern education has played an important role in undermining the importance of caste in Indian society. it is based on democratic values like equality, liberty and fraternity. Industrialisation also quality affects the caste system. Caste is based on the rural economy. Hence, the industrial economy cuts to the roots of the caste system. Occupational caste cannot serve large-scale industrialisation.

The spread of urbanisation has made it impossible to practise caste restorations. Caste rules cannot be observed in urban society. Modem means of transportation also help in weakening the caste system by making it impossible to observe caste rules while travelling through it. A number of new social movements were launched against the caste system which helps in its disintegration.

Indian constitution has posed a grave threat to the very continuance of the caste system in Indian society. It makes many special provisions for its disintegration. The new legal system established by the Britishers also helps in weakening caste rigidity and its influence. The increasing importance of wealth also helps in weakening the observance of caste rules.

Question 6.
Briefly analyse a few changes that are being brought in the caste system in recent years.
Answer:
In recent years a number of changes are being introduced in the caste system as a result of the impact of many factors. These changes are discussed below. There is a change in the restrictions regarding the choice of occupation. Now every member of every caste is free to choose the occupation of his liking. There is a sharp decline in the supremacy of the Brahmins in society.

They are no more enjoying their traditional highest position in society. There is also a change in caste rigidity. It becomes more flexible. There is a change in the status of lower caste people as a result of a number of governmental efforts. There is also a change in the restrictions imposed on mental selection. Inter-caste marriages are encouraged. The caste system lost its control over its members. People are to more obeying their caste rules.

Question 7.
What is the class like? Discuss its characteristics.
Answer:
Social classes constitute an important aspect of social structure in modem Indian society. These social classes have always been present throughout the age, but the social classes as we see them today originated under British rule. Social class refers to the horizontal division of people who share a similar position in society.

Wealth, income, education, and occupation are some of the dying basic determinants of class. Social class is relatively open. There are social classes in society. These classes are hierarchically ranked in the forms of wealth and income.

Characteristics:
Class is a status group:
A social class is essentially a status group. Class is related to the status of the position of an individual in relation to others.

Achieved in nature:
Class is achieved and not ascribed like that of caste factors like income: occupation, wealth, and education.

Question 8.
Discuss the characteristics of the Tribe.
Answer:
The following characteristics of the tribe may be noted.

Definite common topography:
A tribe lives within a definite locality having similar physical features and natural environment it is because of this common habitat they develop similar socio-psychological traits.

A sense of unity:
The individuals of a tribe have a strong sense of unity. Because of the same habitat, and socio-psychological traits they develop a strong sense of solidarity among themselves.

A common name:
Each tribe has a name of its own. Its individual members are identified by the same common name outside the tribe.

A common language:
Each tribe becomes distinct from the others in its language and dialect. Because all the members speak a common language, their sense of unity and solidarity becomes more strong.

Common religious belief:
Each tribe claims a common ancestry and worships the ancestor in the form of a tribe. Religious beliefs and practices have great authoritative control over the members of the tribe. Religions guide the socio-economic as well as the political life of tribes to a great extent.

Endogamic practices:
Generally, a tribe is an endogamous group. The members of a tribe are usually many within their own tribe. But now- a – days because of the frequency of inter¬tribal contacts, the inter-tribe marriage rate is increasing. Even the tribes are also being seen marrying people from other religions like Christianity, Hinduism and Islam.

Political organisation:
Each tribe has a political organisation. This is helped and assisted by a group of other dominant members. The political organisation has its roots in the common need of the people for protection. All the intra- group conflicts are resolved by this organisation. All the important decisions about the tribe’s way of living are taken in this organisation. The authority of the chief is questionable and binding on the members.

Common culture:
Because of a common habit, common language and common religion, a tribe develops a common culture with a distinct way of life for itself.

Question 9.
Distinctions between caste and class.
Answer:
Caste is based on birth while class is based on wealth. Caste determines the occupation of its members. But on the other hand, there is no restriction on the choice of an occupation in the caste system. Caste is a closed system but class is an open system. The caste system is believed to be created by God and supported by religions while the class system is secular in nature. Caste society has a Caste Council but class society does not have such a council.

Question 10.
Distinguish between Caste and Tribe.
Answer:
A caste is a social group whereas a tribe is a territorial group. There are differences in the rank and status of the members of a tribe. But in caste, the status of all its members is generally conceived to be equal. Though a tribe, like a caste, is an endogamous group, endogamy is not strictly enforced in a tribe as it is in a caste. A tribe is always a politically organised group whereas a caste is never a politically organised group, though it performs many political families.

Question 11.
Write a short note on tribal problems.
Answer:
Trials in India are facing a large number of problems which continue to greaten. The very existence of tribes. Some of these important problems are as follows. Integration or assimilation of tribes with the national mainstream is an important problem for the tribes in India. Alienation of the tribes from their own land is an important problem of the tribes in India. Landlords or moneylenders of the plains gradually replaced the tribal landlords. Tribals nowadays are also suffering from many, socio-cultural problems.

Question 12.
Write a short note on tribal welfare programmes.
Answer:
The main aim of the tribal welfare programme was to solve different problems of tribal people arising mainly out of uncontrolled cultural contracts. However, at different times as well as non-government agencies. These measures are as follows:

• Elvin suggested the creation of national parks for tribals.
• Indian constitution had made a number of special provisions for the welfare of the tribal people.

Question 13.
What is the peasant movement? Discuss outs types.
Answer:
Agrarian unrest or peasant unrest is not a recent phenomenon since agriculture and land are regarded as the most important subjects the issue of agrarian unrest is to be taken up and handled carefully by the government. A.R. Desai has used the term peasant struggle to refer to agrarian unrest.

Doshi and Jain have pointed out the root of peasant unrest, therefore, lives on the social structure of the peasantry out history and processes of agricultural modernisation. Some of the peasant agitations have taken place in different places mostly for one or the other local causes. Some of these agitations were revolutions, peasant movements and so on.

Peasant discontent as recorded by historians has been a familiar feature of the 19th and 20th centuries. During the first quarter of the 20th century, pie peasant movements became much more violent. These movements were deeply influenced by the struggle for national freedom. While some of these had taken place prior to independence and a few others took place after the Independence.

Types of peasant struggles :
There are different types of peasant struggles depending upon the purpose ideology, organisational base, working style etc.

• The Santhal insurrection was one variety whereas Bardoli Satyagraha represented another variety.
• The Naxalbarti peasant struggle was actually a violent armed struggle.
• In the Moplah Rebellion of Malabar was the influence of Muslim religious leaders.
• The Champaran movement led by Mahatma Gandhi was absolutely a peaceful non-violent struggle.

Question 14.
Kathleen Gough’s classification of peasant struggle.
Answer:
Restorative Rebellion:
Agitations of this type usually consist of an attempt on the part of the agitations to right for the restoration of one-time existing privileges and statuses. Example The Santhal instruction. The Santhals fought against the British not very much for driving them away from India but for restoring their traditional rights. According to Ganga as many as 29 such rebellions took place in India prior to 1857.

Religious movements :
These types of movements took place under the active leadership of religious leaders. People supported and Joined in these agitations with the hope, wherein social equality Justice and brotherhood would be assured for all Example. The Moplah Muslims of Malabar revolted against the Hindu landlords and also the British.

Social Banditry:
It means a type of robbery in which the leaders loot the properties of the rich people and distribute the looted property among the poor, for example, the banditry led by Narasimha Reddy of Karmol in Andhra Pradesh.

The Terrorist Vengeance:
It is based on violence and armed revolt. Here the agitators make a frontal attack on the opponents who are regarded as their enemies. Here the enemies are tortured tyrannized and finally killed Example Noxalite agitations.

Mass Insurrections:
These take place suddenly and came to an end abruptly. They arise without any leader or any organisational base. Whenever they get a solution, may be temporary in nature, and the agitations may come to a sudden end, For Example, The so-called Deccan Revolt that took place in Poona, Ahmed Nagar, Satara and Solapur.

Liberal reformist movement:
Examples are the Champaran Satyagraha, Bardoli Satyagraha, and Kheda Satyagraha in Bihar and Gujurat, etc. This type of movement helps in removing some of the dangerous or at least harmful lords/ legislations. There is no use of violence, bloodshed, or attraction. These movements do not have the intention of creating any conflict or enmity between different communities.