Odisha State Board CHSE Odisha Class 11 Math Notes Chapter 2 Sets will enable students to study smartly.
CHSE Odisha 11th Class Math Notes Chapter 2 Sets
Set:
Set is an undefined term in mathematics. But we understand set as “a collection of well-defined objects”.
- Set is a collection.
- The objects (called elements) in a set must be well-defined.
Set Notation:
We denote set as capital alphabets like A, B, C, D…..and the elements by the small alphabets like x, y, z ….
- If x is an element of set A we say “x belongs to A” and write ‘x ∈ A’.
- If x is not an element of set A we say “x does not belong to A” and we write ‘x ∉ A’.
Set Representation:
(a) Extension or tabular or Roster Method: In this method, we describe a set listing the elements, separated by commas within curly brackets.
Note: While listing out the elements the repetition of an object has no effect. Thus, we don’t do this.
(b) Intention or set builder or set selector method: In this method: a set is described by a characterizing property p(x) of element x. In this case, the set is described as {x : p(x) holds}
Types Of Set:
(a) Empty of full or void set: It is a set with no element.
- We denote empty set by ‘Φ’
- There is only one empty set.
(b) Singleton set: It is a set with only one element.
(c) Finite set: A set is finite if it has a finite number of elements.
(d) Infinite Set: A set that is not finite is called an infinite set.
(e) Equal sets: Two sets A and B are equal if they have the same elements. Two sets A and B are equal if all elements of A are also elements of B and all elements of B are also elements of A.
(f) Equivalent set: Two finite sets A and B are equivalent if they have the same number of elements.
Subsets: Let A and B be two sets. If every element of A is an element of B then A is called a. subset of B (we write A ⊂ B) and B is called a superset of A (We write B ⊃ A)
Thus A ⊂ B is x ∈ A ⇒ x ∈ B
Note.
(i) A set is a subset of itself.
(ii) Empty set Φ is a subset of every set.
(iii) A is called a proper subset of B if B contains at least one element that is not in A
(iv) If A has n elements then total number of subsets of A = 2n.
Universal set:
A set ‘U’ that contains all sets in a given context is called the universal set.
Power set:
Let A is any set. The collection (or set) of all subsets of A is called the power set of A. We denote it as P(A)
P(A) = { S: S ⊂ A }
Set Operations:
(a) Union of sets :
The union of two sets A and B is the set of all elements of A or B or both.
∴ A ∪ B = {x ∈ A or x ∈ B}
(b) Intersection of sets:
Intersection of two sets A and B is the set of all those elements that belong to both A and B . (or all common elements of A and B)
∴ A ∩ B = {x: x ∈ A and x ∈ B }
Two sets A and B are disjoint if A ∩ B = Φ. Otherwise, A and B are intersecting or overlapping sets.
(c) Difference of sets: The difference of two sets ‘A and B’ is the set of all elements of A which do not belong to B.
∴ A- B = {x: x ∈ A and x ∈ B)
(d) Symmetric difference of two sets: Symmetric difference of two sets A and B is the set (A – B) ∪ (B – A)
∴ A Δ B = (A – B) ∪ (B – A) = (A ∪ B) – (A ∩ B)
(e) Complement of a set: Let the complement of a set A (denoted as A’ or Ac) be defined as U – A
- A’ = {x ∈ U) : x ∉ A)
- x ∈ A’ ⇔ x ∉ A
Laws Of Set Algebra:
(a) Idempotent law: For any set A we have
(i) A ∪ A = A
(ii) A ∩ A = A
(b) Identity laws: For any set A we have
(i) A ∪ Φ = A and
(ii) A ∩ U = A
(c) Commutative laws: For any three sets A, B, and C
(i) A ∪ B = B ∪ A
(ii) A ∩ B = B ∩ A
(d) Associative laws: For any three sets A, B, and C
(i) A ∪ (B ∪ C) = (A ∪ B) ∪ C
(ii) A ∩ (B ∩ C) = (A ∩ B) ∩ C
(e) Distributive laws: For any three sets A, B, and C
(i) A ∪ (B ∩ C) = (A ∪ B) ∩ (A ∪ C)
(ii) A ∩ (B ∪ C) = (A ∩ B) ∪ (A ∩ C)
(f) De-morgans laws: For any two sets A and B
(i) (A ∪ B)’ = A’ ∩ B’
(ii) (A ∩ B)’ = A’ ∪ B’
Some more properties of sets: For any three sets A, B, and C
(a) A ⊂ (A ∪ B) and (A ∩ B) ⊂ A
(b) A ∪ B = B ⇔ A ⊂ B
(c) A ∩ B = A ⇔ A ⊂ B
(d) B ⊂ A and C ⊂ A ⇒ (B ∪ C ) ⊂ A and A ⊂ B, A ⊂ C ⇒ A ⊂ (B ∩ C)
(e) B ⊂ C ⇒ A ∪ B ⊂ A ∪ C and A ∩ B ⊂ A ∩ C
(f) A – B = A ∩ B’
(g) A – B = A ⇔ A ∩ B = Φ
(h) (A – B) ∪ B = A ∪ B and (A – B ) ∩ B = Φ
(i) A ⊆ B ⇔ B’ ⊆ A’
(j) A Δ B = B Δ A
Cardinality or order of a finite set: The cardinality or order of a finite set A (denoted as |A| or O(A) or n (A)) is the number of elements in ‘A’.
Some important results on the cardinality of finite sets and applications of set theory:
If A, B, and C are finite sets and ‘U’ is the finite universal set then a number of elements belonging to at least one of A or B.
(a) |A ∪ B| = |A| + |B| – |A ∩ B|
(b) |A ∪ B| = |A| + |B| for A ∩ B = Φ i.e. for two disjoint sets A and B
(c) Number of elements belonging to at least one of A, B, or C
= |A ∪ B ∪ C|
= |A| + |B| + |C| – |A ∩ B| – |B ∩ C| – |C ∩ A| + |A ∩ B ∩ C|
(d) Number of elements belonging to exactly two of the three sets A, B, and C = |A ∩ B| + |B ∩ C| + |C ∩ A| – 3 |A ∩ B ∩ C|
(e) Number of elements belonging to exactly one of the three sets A, B, and C = |A| + |B| + |C| – 2 |A ∩ B| -2 |B ∩ C| – 2 |C ∩ A| + 3 |A ∩ B ∩ C|
(f) Number of elements belonging to A but not B = |A – B| = |A| – |A ∩ B|
∴ |A| = |A – B| + |A ∩ B|
(g) Number of elements belonging to exactly one of A or B
= |A Δ B| = |A – B| + |B – A|
= |A| + |B| – 2 |A ∩ B|
(h) |A’ ∪ B’| = |U| – |A ∩ B|
(i) |A’ ∩ B’| = |U| – |A ∪ B| = Number of elements belonging to neither A nor B.