CHSE Odisha Class 12 Logic Solutions Chapter 3 Mixed Syllogism

Odisha State Board CHSE Odisha Class 12 Logic Solutions Chapter 3 Mixed Syllogism Questions and Answers.

CHSE Odisha 12th Class Logic Chapter 3 Question Answer Mixed Syllogism

Group – A

Short type Questions with Answers
I. Answer with in Two/Three sentence.

Question 1.
What is pure syllogism?
Answer:
(i) Pure syllogism is that syllogism where all the constituent propositions are of same type :

(ii) Example:
All men are mortal
Ram is a man.
∴ Ram is mortal.

Question 2.
What is called pure categorical syllogism?
Answer:
(i) If both the premises and the conclusion are categorical, the syllogism is called pure categorical.

(ii) Example:
All men are mortal
All students are men
∴ All students are mortal.

Question 3.
What is called pure hypothetical syllogism?
Answer:
(i) If both the premises and the conclusion are hypothetical, the syllogism is called pure hypothetical.

(ii) Example; If there is light, things are visible
If there is sun, there is light
If there is sun, things are visible.

Question 4.
Pure alternative syllogism.
Answer:
(i) If both the premises and the conclusion are alternative, the syllogism is called pure alternative.

(ii) Example : Madhu is either honest or intelligent
Madhu is either not-honest or industrious.
∴ Madhu is either intelligent or industrious.

Question 5.
Pure disjunctive syllogism.
Answer:
(i) If both the premises and the conclusion are disjunctive, the syllogism is called pure disjunctive.

(ii) Example; All Ministers are not both Muslims and Hindus
∴ All ministers are not both not-Muslims and atheists.

Question 6.
What is mixed syllogism?
Answer:
(i) Mixed syllogism is that syllogism where all the constituent propositions are different types.
(ii) Example; If there is sun then there is light.
There is sun .
∴ There is light.

Question 7.
What is called hypothetical – categorical syllogism?
Answer:
(i) Hypothetical – categorical syllogism is that syllogism where the major premise is hypothetical, minor premise is categorical and the conclusion is categorical.

(ii) Example; If it rains he will not come It rains
∴ He will not come.

Question 8.
What is called disjunctive – categorical syllogism?
Answer:
(i) Disjunctive – categorical syllogism is that syllogism where the major premise is disjuctive, the minor premise is categorical, and the conclusion is categorical.

(ii) Example : Ramesh cannot be bom in both January and June Ramesh bom in January Ramesh is not bom in June.

Question 9.
Alternative – categorical syllogism.
Answer:
(i) Where the major premise alternative, the minor premise is categorical and the conclusion is categorical that is called alternative – categorical syllogism.

(ii) Krishna is either a teacher or a politician Krishna is not a teacher.
∴ Krishna is a politician.

Question 10.
Give an example of simple constructive dilemma.
Answer:
If A is B, C is D and If E is F, C is D
Either A is B or E is F
∴ C is D

Question 11.
State the rules of hypothetical – categorical syllogism.
Answer:
(i) There are two rules in case of hypothetical categorical syllogism.

(ii) These are affirming the antecedent and denying the consequent.

Question 12.
What is called affirming the antecedent rule?
Answer:
Affirming the antecedent rule states that when we affirm the antecedent part of the major premise into the minor premise then in this respect we should affirm the consequent part of the major premise in the conclusion.

Question 13.
Fallacy of denying the antecedent.
Answer:
(i) When we deny the antecedent part of the major premise into the minor premise and consequent part of the major premise in the conclusion then we commit the fallacy of denying the antecedent.

(ii) Example, If there is sun then there is light.
There is no sun
∴ There is no light.

Question 14.
What is called simple constructive dilemma?
Answer:
(i) Simple constructive, dilemma is that dilemma where the conclusion is categorical and affirming the antecedent rule is applied.

(ii) If P then q and if r then q
Either p or r
∴ q

Question 15.
What is called complex destructive dilemma?
Answer:
(i) In a dilemma, if the conclusion is an alternative proposition and denying the consequent rule is applied that is called complex destructive dilemma.

(ii) If p then q and if r then s.
Neither q nor s
Neither p nor r.

II. Answer with in Five/Six sentence :

Question 1.
What is dilemma ?
Answer:
Dilemma is a mixed syllogism in which one premise is compound hypothetical the other premise is alternative and the conclusion is either categorical or alternative. As Dilemma is a combination of two hypothetical categorical syllogism, so the rules of this syllogism are observed dilemma. Example :
If A is B, then C is D and if E is f then G is H.
Either A is B or E is f
Either C is D or G is H.

Question 2.
Explain rebuttal of Dilemma.
Answer:
Rebuttal of Dilemma is done by giving a counter dilemma and showing that the opposite conclusion is also possible under the same circumstance.

Dilemma : If you are kind to your wife, your mother is displeased and if you are cruel to your wife, your mother-in-law is displeased.
Either your mother or your mother in-law is displeased.

Counter dilemma: If T and kind to my wife, my mother-in-law is pleased and if I am cruel to my wife, my mother is pleased.
Either I am kind to my wife or I am cruel to my wife.
∴ Either my mother or mother-in-law pleased.

Question 3.
What is called the fallacy of affirming the consequent?
Answer:
When we affirm the consequent part of the major premise in the minor and the antecedent part of the major premise in the conclusion, then the fallacy arises, which is called the fallacy of affirming the consequent.

Example :
If somebody wins a lottery prize he is
happy These school children are happy.
∴ They have own lottery prizes.

Question 4.
Explain the fallacy of Denying the antecedent
Answer:
When we deny the antecedent part of the major premise in the minor and consequent part of the major premise in the conclusion then we commit a fallacy. Which is called the fallacy of denying the antecedent.

Example :
If there is war, the prices are high.
There is no war
∴ The prices are not high.

Question 5.
Give a symbolic example of constructive form of hypothetical categorical syllogism.
Answer:
It A is B then C is D
A is B
∴ C is D

Question 6.
Give a concrete example of simple constructive dilemma.
Answer:
If you are destined to pass, the reading is unnecessary and if you are destined to fail then reading is unnecessary. Either you are destined to pass or you are destined to fail… Reading is unnecessary.

Question 7.
What is alternative categorical syllogism.
Answer:
Alternative categorical syllogism is a kind of mixed syllogism in which the major premise is an alternative proposition, where as the minor premise and the conclusion are categorical propositions.
For example:
Either P or q
∴ \(\frac{\text { Not } P}{q}\)

Question 8.
Name the fallacy in the following argument. If there is rain, the ground is wet
∴ There is no rain
The ground is not wet
Answer:
The above argument is called the fallacy of denying the antecedent.

Question 9.
State the rules of hypothetical categorical syllogism.
Answer:
There are two rules in hypothetical categorical syllogism.
(i) By affirming the antecedent, we affirm the consequent but not conversely.
(ii) By denying the consequent, we deny the antecedent but not conversely.

Question 10.
Write the different forms of dilemma.
Answer:
There are four types of Dilemma such as :
(a) Simple constructive
(b) Simple destructive
(c) Complex constructive
(d) Complex destructive

Question 11.
Give a symbolic example of complex destructive dilemma.
Answer:
It A is B, C is D and if E is F, G is H.
Either C is not D or G is not H
∴ Either C is not B or E is not F,

Question 12.
Briefly explain the fallacy of Dilemma.
Answer:
The format fallacies of dilemma are affirming the consequents or Denying the antecedents in the minor premise. Further they may be rebutted by taking the horns or escaping between the horns or by the process of rebutal Most dilemmas are formally valid but mate rally false and their falsity may be exposed by one or the other of the above methods of rebutation.

Question 13.
What is Modus pones?
Answer:
There are two kinds of Hypothetical categorical syllogism; such as constructive and Destructive. The constructive form of this kind of Syllogism is technically known as modus ponens. In this form of argument we firm the antecedent of the major premise in the minor premise to affirm the consequent in the conclusion.

Question 14.
What is Modus Tolens?
Answer:
The destructive form of Hypothetical categorical syllogism is known as moduls tollens. In this form of argument we deny the consequent of the major premise in the minor premise to deny the antecedent in the conclusion.
For example:
If there is sun then there is light and there is no light therefore, there is no sun.

Question 15.
Which rule governs Alternative categorical Syllogism?
Answer:
The alternative proposition aims at affirming one alternate by denying the denying the other. So the rule of Alternative categorical syllogism is to deny one alternate in the minor premise and to affirm the other alternate in the conclusion.

Question 16.
Write the different forms of Dilemma.
Answer:
There are four types of Dilemma such as :

1. Simple constructive
2. Simple destructive
3. Complex constructive
4. Complex destructive.

Question 17.
Give concrete example of simple constructive dilemma.
Answer:
If you are destined to pass, the reading unnecessary and if you are destined to fail then reading is unnecessary. Either you are destined to pass or fail. Reading is unnecessary.

Question 18.
Give the concrete example of simple destructive dilemma.
Answer:
If you read Bhagabad Gita, you should obey norms and if you read Bhagabad Gita, you should practise its ethos.
Either you do not obey its norms or you do practise its ethos.
∴ You do not read Bhagabad Gita.

Question 19.
Give the concrete example of complex destructive dilemma.
Answer:
If students are obedient, they must love their teachers and if the students are sincere, they must labour hard.
Either the students do riot love their teachers of the students do not labour hard.
∴ Either the students are not obedient or the students are not sincere.

Question 20.
Define Dilemma.
Answer:
Dilemma is a mixed syllogism, in which the major premise in a compound hypothetical proposition and the minor premise is Alternative and the conclusion is either categorical or Alternative propositions.
Example :
If A is B, C is D and if E is F.
C is D
Either A is B or E is F
C is D

Question 21.
State the ways of refutation of Dilemma.
Answer:
A Dilemma may be refuted in the following three ways.
(a) Taking by One horn
(b) Taking by Two horns
(c) Escaping between the horns.

Question 22.
Write a concrete example of Rebuttal Dilemma.
Answer:
If you speak the truth, people will hate you and if you tell a lie, God will hate you. Either you speak the truth or tell lies.
∴ Either people will hate you or God will hate you.

Rebuttal: If I speak the truth, God will not hate me and of I tell lies, people will not hate. Either I speak the truth or tell lies.
∴ Either God will not hate me or people will not hate

Question 23.
Name the special syllogistic rules of Figure one.
Answer:
There are two special syllogistic rules in the figure one these are,
(1) Major premise must be universal
(2) Minor premise must be affirmative.

Question 24.
What is Reduction?
Answer:
Reduction is the process of proving the validity of the moods of the imperfect figures with the help of the moods of the perfect first figure. Direct reduction is the process of directly transforming a mood of inperfect figure to a mood of perfect figure. Indirect reduction is the process of showing that some moods of 2nd, 3rd and 4th figures are such that the conclusion cannot be false if the premises are true.

Question 25.
What in the direct Reduction of ‘DIMARIS’.
Answer:
DIMARIS – DARII

Group – B

Long Type Questions With Answers

Question 1.
What is Dilemma ? What are its different form?
Answer:
Dilemma is kind of mixed syllogism in which the major premise is a compound hypothetical proposition, the minor premise is alternative and the conclusion is either categorical or alternative.

There are different kinds of dilemma. Based on the nature of the minor premise, dilemma can be either constructive or destructive. If the minor premise affirms the antecedents of the major premise in the minor premise, the dilemma is called constructive. If the minor premise denies the consequents of the major premise, the dilemma is called destructive.

Again, a dilemma can be simple or complex, depending on the nature of the conclusion. If the conclusion of the dilemma is a categorical proposition, it is called simple dilemma. But if the conclusion is an alternative proposition, the dilemma is complex. So, by combining the above, we get four of dilemma. They are-
(a) Simple constructive
(b) Complex constructive
(c) Simple Destructive and
(d) Complex Destructive
Now, let us discuss the above different kind dilemma in details,

(a) Simple constructive Dilemma :
It is a kind of mixed syllogism in which the major premise is a compound-hypothetical proposition, (i.e. a conjunction of two hypothetical propositions), and the minor premise is a disjunctive proposition in which the antecedents of the major premise are affirmed disjunctively, and the conclusion is a categorical proposition. Symbolically it is of the following form:

The above one is the symbolic example complex constructive Dilemma. The dilemma is complex because its conclusion because the antecedents of major premise are affirmed in the minor premise.

(b) Complex constructive Dilemma :
Complex constructive dilemma is an argument, where the major premise is a compound hypothetical, in the minor premise the antecedents of the major premise are disjunctively affirmed and the conclusion is a disjunctive proposition. It is of the following form :

Concrete example :
If Rakesh is in Cuttack, he is in Odisha and if he is in Kolkata, then he is in Bengal
Rakesh is either in Cuttack or in Kolkata
Therefore, he is either in Odisha or in Bengal.

(c) Simple Destructive Dilemma :
In a simple destructive dilemmatic argument the consequents of the compound hypothetical major are alternatively denied in the minor premise and the conclusion is a categorical proposition. In other words, it is a kind of mixed syllogism in which the major premise is a compound hypothetical proposition and the minor premise is a disjunctive proposition in which the consequents of the major premise are alternatively denied. Finally, the conclusion is a denial of a categorical proposition. Symbolically it is of following form:

The above argument is a symbolic example simple Destructive Dilemma. Here the consequence the major premise are denined in the minor premise is destructive. Again, it is simple because the conclusion is categorical proposition.

(d) Complex Destructive Dilemma :
In this kind of dilemma, the major premise is a compound-hypothetical proposition, the minor premise and the conclusion are disjunctive propositions. Moreover, in the minor premise, the con-sequents of the major premise are disjunctively denied.

This is a symbolic form of complex Destructive Dilemma. The Dilemma is complex because conclusion is an alternative proposition. It is destructive because the consequents of the major premise*denied in the minor premise.

These are the four forms of dilemma. We see that looking at how the minor premise is constructive we can know whether the dilemma is constructive destructive. Again, looking at the conclusion, we know whether the dilemma is simple or complex.

Question 2.
How dilemma is refuted? Discuss.
Answer:
A dilemma is either formally valid materially true again a dilemma may be formally involved and materially false. A dilemma may be refuted both formally war or materially way. It is formally refuted when it violates the rules of dilemma and it is materially refuted when it is shown that the premises are materially false. However dilemma may be refuted in the following three ways such as,
(1) Taking by one horn.
(2) Taking by two horn.
(3) Escaping between the horn.

(1) Taking by one horn : Taking by one horn means when one consequent part of the major premise seems to be week. It means when one consequent part does not follow from its one antecedent part, at that time a dilemma is refuted which is called taking by one horn.

Example: If he is intelligent, then he can understand everything else and if he is honest, then he can admit his faults. Either he is intelligent or he is honest
∴ Either he can understand everything else or we can admit his fault.

(2) Taking by two horns : Taking by two horns means when both the consequent parts of the major premise seen to be weak. It means if both consequent part does not follow from its antecedent part does not follow from its antecedent parts then the dilemma is refuted which is called taking by two horns.

Example: If you are fated to be cure then consulting the physician is unnecessary and is you are not fated to be cured then consulting the physician is necessary.
Either you are fated to be cured.
or you are not fated to be cured.
∴ Consulting the physician is necessary.

(3) Escaping between the horns : Escaping between the horns means two puzzlement situation arise then at that time you should help another argument in under to escape from the situation.

Example:
If the day is hot, then you can if go out and if the day is cold then you can not go out.
Either the day is hot or the day is cold .’. You can’t go out.

Question 3.
What is hypothetical – categorical syllogism? Discuss its forms and fallacies.
Answer:
Hypothetical – categorical syllogism is a valid of mixed syllogism in which the major premise is a categorical proposition and the conclusion is a categorical proposition. There are certain rules to be followed for a valid Hypothetical – categorical syllogism which are discussed below.

Rules of Reasoning :
1. By affirming the antecedent of the major premise in the minor premise, we affirm the consequent in the conclusion. Violating this if we affirm the consequent of the major premise in the minor premise, the argument becomes fallacious. It is called the fallacy of affirming the consequent.

When the antecedent is affirmed in the minor premise, so that the consequent is affirmed in the conclusion, it is the constructive form of the argument. It is also called modus ponens.

2. By denying the consequent of the major premise in the minor premise, we deny the antecedent in the conclusion. If we violate this rule and deny the antecedent in the minor premise, the argument becomes fallacious. The fallacy is called the fallacy of denying the antecedent. When the consequent is denied in the minor premise to deny the antecedent in the conclusion, it is the destructive form of the argument or modus Tollens.

Constructive form or modus ponens : For the elaboration of the constructive form of Hypothetical – categorical syllogism let us take the help of examples.

Symbolic example :
Let P and Q stand for any two propositions.
If P then Q
∴ Q

Concrete example :
If there is sun, then there is light.
There is sun
∴ There is light.

The argument given above is a valid form of modus ponens or constructive form of Hypothetical – categorical syllogism. Here the antecedent ‘P’ or There is sun’ is affirmed in the minor premise. In the conclusion the consequent ‘Q’ or ‘There is light’ is affirmed. If we violate this rule and affirm the consequent in the minor premise, we commit the fallacy of affirming the consequent.

Symbolic example of the fallacy :
If P the Q
Not P
∴ Not Q

Concrete example of the fallacy :
If there is sun, there is light.
There is sun.
∴ There is light

The argument is obviously fallacious because presence of light does not necessary imply the presence of sun. There are other sources of light too. The argument is fallacious. The absence of the sun does not mean there will certainly the absence of light. These are the different forms and fallacies of Hypothetical – categorical syllogism.

Question 4.
Explain the disjunctive – categorical syllogism.
Answer:
Disjunctive categorical syllogism is a kind of mixed syllogism in which the major premise is disjunctive, the minor premise is categorical and the conclusion is categorical. It is otherwise called as mixed disjunctive syllogism.

For example; Raja cannot stay both in Odisha and Bihar state at the sometime.
Raja stays in Odisha.
∴ Raja does not stay in the Bihar.

Rule : If we affirm one of the disjuncts in the minor we may deny the other in the conclusion, but not conversely.

Symbolic example :
A cannot both B and C
A is B.
∴ A is rot C.

Concrete example :
A cannot be both honest and cruel.
Joseph is honesty.
∴ Joseph is not cruel.

This form in accordance with the rule. So it is a valid form argument and it is called modus Ponendo Tollens. Let’s take an example in regard to the converse of the rule.

Symbolic example :
A cannot be both B and C
A is not B
∴ A is C

Concrete example :
Suprava cannot be both student of I.A. class and B.A. class.
She is not a student of I. A. class.
She is a student of B.A. class.

In this case we violate the rule and deny one of the disjuncts in the minor premise whereas affirm the other in the conclusion. This is called modus Tollendo Ponens. So this is an invalid form of argument.

Question 5.
State and explain the rules and fallacies of Alternative categoric*! syllogism.
Answer:
Alternative categorical syllogism is a kind of mixed syllogism is a kind of mixed syllogism in which the major premise is an alternative proposition, the minor premise is a categorical proposition and the conclusion is either categorical proposition or alternative proposition.

Rule :
By denying one or more alternants of an alternative proposition, we can affirm the remaining alternants.

(1) Symbolic example
Either A is B or C is D.
A is not B
∴ C is D

Concrete example :
Either the sun is shining or it is raining.
The sun is not shining.
∴ It is raining.

(2) Symbolic example :
A is B or C or D
A is not B
∴ A is either C or D.

Concrete example :
Hari is intelligent or clever or foolish.
Hari is not intelligent
∴ Hari is either clever or foolish.

(3) Symbolic example.
A is B or C or D
A is neither B nor C
∴ A is D.

Concrete example :
Mira is intelligent or clever or foolish.
Mira is neither intelligent nor clever.
∴ Mira is foolish.

Violation of the rule : The rule governing mixed alternative syllogism is violated if by affirming one or more alternants, we deny the remaining alternants.
Symbolic Example;
Either A is B or C.
A is B
∴ A is not C

Concrete example;
Either Elina is clever or foolish Elina is clever.
∴ Elina is not foolish.
This is against the rule governing mixed alternative sylogism. Hence, the argument is invalid.

Group – C

Objective type Questions with Answers
I. Multiple Choice Questions with Answers :

Question 1.
In a simple dilemma, the conclusion is :
(i) Categorical
(ii) Alternative
(iii) Hypothetical
(iv) Either alternative
Answer:
(i) Categorical

Question 2.
The conclusion of a mixed syllogism is always :
(i) Hypothetical
(ii) Disjunctive
(iii) Alternative
(iv) Categorical
Answer:
(iv) Categorical

Question 3.
“When men are pure, Laws are useless. When men are corrupt, Laws are broken. Therefore laws are unnecessary”. This argument in :
(i) Materially true
(ii) Materially false
(iii) Formally true & materially false.
(iv) Formally invalid and materially false.
Answer:
(iii) Formally true & materially false.

Question 4.
Pure syllogism in mainly divided into :
(i) Two types
(ii) Three types
(iii) Four types
(iv) Five types
Answer:
(iii) Four types

Question 5.
Where all the constituent propositions are of categorical that is called what?
(i) Pure categorical syllogism
(ii) Pure hypothetical syllogism
(iii) Pure disjunctive syllogism
(iv) Dilemma
Answer:
(i) Pure categorical syllogism

Question 6.
Where all the constituent propositions are of disjunctive in character that is called which syllogism?
(i) Pure categorical
(ii) Pure hypothetical
(iii) Pure alternative
(iv) Pure disjunctive
Answer:
(iv) Pure disjunctive

Question 7.
If A is B then C is D.
If E is F then A is B.
∴ If E is F then C is D
This is a symbolic example of:

(i) Pure categorical syllogism
(ii) Pure hypothetical syllogism
(iii) Pure alternative syllogism
(iv) Pure disjunctive syllogism
Answer:
(ii) Pure hypothetical syllogism

Question 8.
How many kinds of mixed syllogism are there ?
(i) Two
(ii) Three
(iii) Four
(iv) Five
Answer:
(iii) Four

Question 9.
What is the major premise of mixed hypothetical syllogism?
(i) Hypothetical
(ii) Categorical
(iii) Alternative
(iv) Disjunctive
Answer:
(i) Hypothetical

Question 10.
What is the major premise of mixed alternative syllogism ?
(i) Hypothetical
(ii) Categorical
(iii) Alternative
(iv) Disjunctive
Answer:
(iii) Alternative

Question 11.
What is the major premise of mixed disjunctive syllogism ?
(i) Hypothetical
(ii) Categorical
(iii) Alternative
(iv) Disjunctive
Answer:
(iv) Disjunctive

Question 12.
How many kinds of dilemma are there ?
(i) Two
(ii) Three
(iii) Four
(iv) Five
Answer:
(iii) Four

Question 13.
How many rules are observed in hypothetical categorical syllogism?
(i) Two
(ii) Three
(iii) Four
(iv) Five
Answer:
(i) Two

Question 14.
When we affirm the consequent part of the major premise in the minor premise then we commit which fallacy?
(i) Denying the antecedent
(ii) Affirming the consequent
(iii) Fallacy accent
(iv) Fallacy of accident
Answer:
(ii) Affirming the consequent

Question 15.
When the antecedent of the major premise is denied in the minor, then which fallacy arises?
(i) Denying the antecedent
(ii) Denying consequent
(iii) Affirming the antecedent
(iv) Affirming the consequent
Answer:
(i) Denying the antecedent

Question 16.
In a mixed syllogism, one of the premises is necessarily;
(i) Categorical
(ii) Alternative
(iii) Hypothetical
(iv) Disjunctive
Answer:
(i) Categorical

Question 17.
If there is smoke, then there is fire,
There is fire.
∴ There is smoke.
The fallacy committed here is:
(i) Fallacy of affirming the consequent.
(ii) Fallacy of affirming the antecedent.
(iii) Both of these.
(iv) None of these.
Answer:
(i) Fallacy of affiring the consequent.

Question 18.
Which of the following is are true of a Dilemma?
(i) One of the premises is a compound hypothetical proposition
(ii) The second premise is an alternative proposition.
(iii) The cpnclusibn is either alternative to categorical
(iv) All of these
Answer:
(iv) All of these

Question 19.
The consequents of the hypothetics propositions in the compound hypothetics proposition are same in:
(i) Simple constructive dilemma.
(ii) Simple destructive dilemma,
(iii) Complex constructive dilemma.
(iv) Complex destructive dilemma.
Answer:
(i) Simple constructive dilemma.

Question 20.
A dilemmawhpse conclusion is alternative must be a ;
(i) Simple dilemma
(ii) Complied dilemma
(iii) Constructive dilemma
(iv) Destructive dilemma
Answer:
(ii) Complied dilemma

Question 21.
A dilemma is refuted by:
(i) Showing that if violates a rule.
(ii) Showing that a premise or both of its premises are materially false.
(iii) Rebuttal
(iv) All of the above
Answer:
(iv) All of the above

Question 22.
Which of the following kinds of Dilemma can only be rebutted?
(i) Simple constructive dilemma
(ii) Simple destructive dilemma
(iii) Complex constructive dilemma
(iv) Complex destructive dileittma
Answer:
(iii) Complex constructive dilemma

Question 23.
Which of the following proposition is the conclusion of simple constructive dilemma?
(i) Categorical
(ii) Alternative
(iii) Hypothetical
(iv) Disjunctive
Answer:
(i) Categorical

Question 24.
Which of the following proposition is the conclusion of complex constructive dilemma?
(i) Categorical
(ii) Alternative
(iii) Hypothetical
(iv) Disjunctive
Answer:
(ii) Alternative

Question 25.
Which of the following proposition is the conclusion of complex destructive dilemma?
(i) Categorical
(ii) Alternative
(iii) Hypothetical
(iv) Disjunctive
Answer:
(ii) Alternative

II. Fill in the blanks :

Question 1.
In a hypothetical categorical syllogism the major premise is ______ proposition.
Answer:
Hypothetical proposition

Question 2.
In an alternative categorical syllogism the major premise in ______ proposition.
Answer:
Alternative proposition

Question 3.
In a Disjunctive categorical syllogism to affirm the one is to ______.
Answer:
Deny the other

Question 4.
In a dilemma if both the alternatives are not exhaustive if is called ______.
Answer:
Escaping between the horns.

Question 5.
In the dilemma the conclusion in ______.
Answer:
Either categorical or Alternative.

Question 6.
Traditionally, syllogisms are divided into ______ types.
Answer:
two

Question 7.
Syllogism is mainly classified into ______ and ______.
Answer:
pure, mixed

Question 8.
In a pure syllogism the constituent propositions are of ______.
Answer:
same type

Question 9.
In a mixed syllogism the constituent propositions are of ______.
Answer:
Different types

Question 10.
Pure syllogism is divided into three type; such as ______ and ______.
Answer:
pure categorical, pure alternative and pure disjunctive.

Question 11.
In a syllogism if all the constituents propositions are categorical that is ______ syllogism.
Answer:
pure categorical

Question 12.
In a syllogism if all the propositions are disjunctive that is called ______ syllogiosm.
Answer:
pure disjunctive

Question 13.
In a syllogism if all the propositions are of alternative that is called ______.
Answer:
pure alternative

Question 14.
There are ______ kinds of mixed syllogism.
Answer:
four

Question 15.
In a mixed hypotheical syllogism the major premise is ______.
Answer:
hypothetical proposition

Question 16.
In a mixed disjunctive syllogism the major premise is ______.
Answer:
disjunctive proposition

Question 17.
In a mixed alternative syllogism the minor premise is ______ .
Answer:
categorical proposition

Question 18.
In a mixed hypothetical syllogism the minor premise is ______.
Answer:
categorical proposition

Question 19.
In a dilemma the major premise is ______.
Answer:
a compound hypothetical proposition

Question 20.
In a dilemma the minor premise is ______.
Answer:
Alternative

Question 21.
In a dilemma the conclusion is ______.
Answer:
Higher alternative or categorical

Question 22.
In a mixed hypothetical syllogism to affirm the antecedent is to ______.
Answer:
affirm the consequent

Question 23.
In a mixed hypothetical syllogism to deny the consequent is to ______.
Answer:
Deny the antecedent

Question 24.
In a mixed alternative syllogism to deny any one is to ______.
Answer:
affirm the other

Question 25.
In a mixed disjunctive syllogism to affirm the one is to ______.
Answer:
deny the other

Question 26.
There are ______ forms of dilemma.
Answer:
four

Question 27.
The dilemma is constructive if ______.
Answer:
The antecedants are affirmed in the minor premise.

Question 28.
The dilemma is destructive if ______.
Answer:
The consequents are denied in the minor premise.

Question 29.
The dilemma is simple if ______.
Answer:
The conclusion is and alternative proposition

Question 30.
The dilemma is complex if ______.
Answer:
The conclusion is an alternative proposition.

Question 31.
A hypothetical syllogism is constructive of ______.
Answer:
The antecedent k difirmed in the minor premise.

Question 32.
A hypothetical syllogism is destructive if ______.
Answer:
The antecedent is affirmed in the’minor premise.

Question 33.
The dilemma is formally valid if ______.
Answer:
The rules are correctly observed.

Question 34.
In a dilemma if one consequent does not follow from the antecedent it is called ______.
Answer:
Taking by one horn

Question 35.
In a dilemma if both the consequents do not follow from the antecedent it is called ______.
Answer:
taking by both the honors

Question 36.
In a dilemma if both the alternatives are not exhaustive it is called ______.
Answer:
Escaping between the horns

Question 37.
There are two rules in mixed hypothetical syllogism, such as ______ and ______.
Answer:
Affirming the antecedent, Denying the consequent.

Question 38.
In a dilemma, if the antecedents are affirmed in the premise, it is called from ______.
Answer:
Constructive

Question 39.
In a dilemma, if the consequents are affirmed then ______ fallacy arises.
Answer:
Aflfirmin the consequent

Question 40.
In a dilemma, if the consequents are denied in the premise, it is called ______.
Answer:
Destructive

Question 41.
In a dilemma, if the antecedents are denied in the premise then ______ fallacy arises.
Answer:
Denying the antecedent

Question 42.
If the conclusion of a dilemma is categorical proposition that is called ______ dilemma.
Answer:
Simple

Question 43.
If the conclusion of a dilemma is alternative proposition that is called ______ dilemma.
Answer:
Complex

Question 44.
A dilemma is said to be ______ when is incorrectness is exposed.
Answer:
Rebutted

Question 45.
According to logicians, only ______ form of dilemma can be rebutted.
Answer:
Complex constructive

Question 46.
A dilemma is materially refuted if it is shown that a premise or both the premise are ______.
Answer:
Materially false

Question 47.
The ______ of a dilemma are like the two homess of a dangerous animal.
Answer:
Alternants

III. Correct the Sentences:

Question 1.
In pure syllogism all the constituent propositions are of different types.
Answer:
In mixed syllogism all the constituent propositions are of different types.

Question 2.
In mixed syllogism all the constituent propositions are of same types.
Answer:
In Pure Syllogism all the constituent propositions are of same types.

Question 3.
Mixed Syllogisms are of three types.
Answer:
Mixed syllogisms are of four types.

Question 4.
In a hypothetic 1.1 categorical syl logism, the maj or premise a alternative and the minor premise is categorical.
Answer:
In a hypothetical categorical syllogism, the major premise is hypothetical and the minor premise is categorical proposition.

Question 5.
In a mixed disjunctive syllogism, the major premise is alternative and the minor premise is compound proposition.
Answer:
In a mixed disjunctive syllogism, the major premise is disjunctive proposition and the minor premise is categorical proposition.

Question 6.
The constructive form of the mixed hypothetical syllogism is also called Modus tollens.
Answer:
The constructive form of the mixed hypothetical syllogism is also called Modus Ponens.

Question 7.
The Destructive form of the mixed hypothetical syllogism is also called Pollendo Tollens.
Answer:
The Destructive form of the Mixed hypothetical syllogism is also called Modus Tollens.

Question 8.
There are two forms of dilemma.
Answer:
There are four forms of dilemma.

Question 9.
In case of simple dilemma the conclusion is an alternative proposition.
Answer:
In case of simple dilemma the conclusion is categorical proposition.

Question 10.
In case of complex dilemma the conclusion is categorical proposition.
Answer:
In case of complex dilemma the conclusion is an alternative proposition.

Question 11.
In hypothetical categorical syllogism Ponendo Ponens become valid.
Answer:
In hypothetical categorical syllogism Ponendo Ponens becomes invalid.

Question 12.
In disjunctive – categorical syllogism Tollendo Ponens is valid.
Answer:
In disjunctive – categorical syllogism, Tollendo Ponens is invalid.

Question 13.
In alternative – categorical syllogism, Ponendo Tollens is valid.
Answer:
In alternative categorical syllogism, Ponendo Tollens is invalid.

Question 14.
Simple constructive dilemma can only be refuted.
Answer:
Complex constructive dilemma can only be refuted.

Question 15.
In a mixed disjunctive syllogism, one disjunct is denied to deny the other.
Answer:
In a mixed disjunctive syllogism, one disjunct is affirmed to deny the other.

IV. Answer the following questions in one word:

Question 1.
Syllogisms are mainly classified into how many types?
Answer:
Two

Question 2.
Where all the propositions are of same type that is called what syllogism?
Answer:
Pure

Question 3.
Where all the propositions are of different types that is called what syllogism?
Answer:
Mixed

Question 4.
Mixed syllogism is divided into how many types?
Answer:
Four

Question 5.
How many kinds of dilemma do use have?
Answer:
Four

Question 6.
How many hypothetical propositions are there in the compound hypothetical proposition of a dilemma?
Answer:
Two

Question 7.
What in the method of refutation of a dilemma by constructing its counter dilemma called?
Answer:
Rebuttal

Question 8.
Whether the conclusion of a complex dilemma is alternative or categorical?
Answer:
Alternative

Question 9.
Whether the consequents of the hypothetical propositions in a simple constructive dilemma are same or different?
Answer:
Same

Question 10.
How many alternative propositions are there in a simple dilemma?
Answer:
One

Question 11.
How many alternative propositions are there in a complex dilemma?
Answer:
Two

Question 12.
How many types of rules are there in Hypothtical categorical syllogism?
Answer:
Two

Question 13.
If in a syllogism, one premise is hypothetical and other premise is categorical, what is the name of this mixed syllogism?
Answer:
Hypothetical Categorical

Question 14.
If in a syllogism one premise is disjunctive and other premise is categorical, What is the name of this mixed syllogism.
Answer:
Mixed-Disjunctive

Question 15.
In a mixed hypothetical syllogism, the conclusion is what type of proposition.
Answer:
Categorical

Question 16.
Modus ponens form of mixed hypothetical syllogism is also called what?
Answer:
Constructive

Question 17.
Modus Tollens form of the mixed Hypothetical syllogism is also called what?
Answer:
Destructive

Question 18.
In’ mixed Disjunctive syllogism, the conclusion is what type of proposition.
Answer:
Categorical

Question 19.
If the antecedent part is affirmed, it is called what?
Answer:
Affirming the antecedent

Question 20.
If the consequent part is denied, it is called what?
Answer:
Denying the consequent

Question 21.
If the conclusion of dilemma is categorical, it is called what?
Answer:
Simple

Question 22.
If the conclusion of dilemma is alternative, it is called what?
Answer:
Complex

Question 23.
Which form of dilemma is only rebutted?
Answer:
Complex constructive

Question 24.
How many ways are there by which, a dilemma is refuted?
Answer:
Three