CHSE Odisha Class 11 Political Science Unit 4 Constitution at Work-I Short Answer Questions

Odisha State Board CHSE Odisha Class 11 Political Science Solutions Unit 4 Constitution at Work-I Short Answer Questions.

CHSE Odisha 11th Class Political Science Unit 4 Constitution at Work-I Short Answer Questions

Very Short-Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is an Election?
Answer:
The election is a process of choosing representatives.

Question 2.
What are the different types of elections?
Answer:
The election is of two types
(a) Direct election
(b) Indirect election.

Question 3.
What is a direct election?
Answer:
Direct election is a process where the voters cast their vote directly in favor of candidates.

Question 4.
What is an indirect election?
Answer:
The indirect election is a process in which the voters elect an intermediary group or body which again elects the true representative.

Question 5.
When the Indian election commission was set up?
Answer:
The Indian election commission was set on 26th January 1950

Question 6.
What is the function of the election commission?
Answer:
The election commission conducts free, fair, and impartial elections for the office of the President, Vice President, members of parliament, and the state legislature.

Question 7.
On what ground is the election? commissioners can be removed?
Answer:
The members of the Election Commission can be removed on grounds of proven misbehavior or incapacity.

Question 8.
Which act regulates the election to the office of president and vice president?
Answer:
The presidential Vice-Presidential Election Act. 1952 regulates the election of the President and Vice President.

Question 9.
By which amendment Act the voting age of votes is reduced from 21 to 18 years?
Answer:
The (51st Amendment Act of 1988 has reduced the voting age from 21 to 18 years.

Question 10.
What is the tenure of office of Election Commissions?
Answer:
The tenure of office of each election commission is 6 years but he may retire before if he attains the age of 65.

Question 11.
How the chief election commissioner can be removed?
Answer:
The chief election commissioner can be removed on grounds of proof, of misbehavior or incapacity if a proposal to that effect is passed in both houses of parliament by a special majority.

Question 12.
What is the voter list of the Electoral roll?
Answer:
The electoral roll or voter list is the list containing the names of valid voters of a constituency.

Question 13.
Where do the candidates file their nominations?
Answer:
The candidates file their nomination before the District Returning Officer.

Question 14.
What is repolling?
Answer:
When polling takes place for the second time after the election in a both is countermanded due to irregularities, it is called repolling.

Question 15.
What do you mean by electoral reforms?
Answer:
Electoral reform is an attempt to restrict the effects of the prevailing electoral process.

Question 16.
What is the relative majority?
Answer:
The relative majority refers to a number that is not about half of the voters who cast their vote in an election but is a majority in comparison to all other contesting candidates.

Question 17.
What is a by-election?
Answer:
When an election to an office is held due to runtime death or resignation of the office bearer before the normal term is known as buy election.

Question 18.
What is a mid-term poll?
Answer:
The election held before the end-of normal figure of Loksabha or Vidhansabha for unusual dissolution of the house is called a mid-term poll.

Question 19.
What is constituency?
Answer:
Constituency refers to an electoral segment constituted by taking the voters in that area from which one candidate is elected.

Question 20.
What is the electorate?
Answer:
Electorate refers to the valid voters of a definite constituency.

Question 21.
What is universal suffrage?
Answer:
Universal suffrage means an extension of voting rights to all adults irrespective of caste, color, sex, education, and property qualification.

Question 22.
To whom does the constitution deprive of voting rights?
Answer:
As per Art. 326, the constitution deprived the voting rights to aliens, criminals, lunatics, and bankrupt persons.

Question 23.
What is a single-member – constituency?
Answer:
One candidate can win in a definite election

Question 24.
What is a general election?
Answer:
The general election is a process where all the voters of the nation or state participate and so the election to Lok sabha and Vidhansabha is called a general election.

Question 25.
Who are the constituents of Parliament?
Answer:
The parliament constitutes of Loksabha, RajyaSabha, and the President of India.

Question 26.
What is a quorum?
Answer:
Quorum means the minimum number of members to be present in any house for a day for transacting its business.

Question 27.
How the members of the Rajya Sabha are elected?
Answer:
The members of RajyaSabha are elected indirectly by state legislative assemblies through proportional representation single transferable vote

Question 28.
What is the consolidated fund?
Answer:
The fund in which all the receipts of income of the union government are deposited is called the consolidated fund of India.

Question 29.
What is a contingency fund?
Answer:
The contingency fund is a reserve fund in the hands of the president from which sanctions can be made to meet any unavoidable situation or natural calamity.

Question 30.
What is the financial year?
Answer:
The financial year is a time period that lasts from April 1 st to March 31 st.

Question 31.
What s question hour?
Answer:
Question hour is the very first hour of every parliamentary ‘ session that continues from 11 AM to 12 Noon every day.

Question 32.
What is zero hours?
Answer:
Zero hour refers1 to one hour of parliamentary business that extends from 12 Noon to 1 PM every working day.

Question 33.
What is an adjournment motion?
Answer:
An adjournment motion is a legislative motion introduced in either house to discuss any matter of public importance in place of the regular course of business in a house.

Question 34.
What is half an hour discussion?
Answer:
Half an hour discussion is a brief discussion on administrative lapses arid negligence in the parliament.

Question 35.
What is a censure motion?
Answer:
A censure motion is a parliamentary motion that condemns corruption and inefficiency of any executive department.

Question 36.
What is the bill?
Answer:
Bill is a draft proposal pending legislation.

Question 37.
What is the public bill?
Answer:
A public bill is a bill that affects all or most of the residents in a state.

Question 38.
What is the private bill?
Answer:
A private bill relates to any private person, company or organization or section of the population.

Question 39.
What is the ordinary bill?
Answer:
The ordinary bill includes all bills except money bills and constitutional amendment bills.

Question 40.
What is an appropriation bill?
Answer:
An appropriation bill is a proposal for sanctioning of funds out of the consolidated fund for any specific department.

Question 41.
What is a vote on Account?
Answer:
A vote on the account is a temporary measure sought by the government if it fails to pass the general.budget before 31st March.

Question 42.
What is territorial representation?
Answer:
Territorial representation is also known- as geographical representation. In this process, the entire state is divided into a number of constituencies and from each such constituency, a representative is elected.

Question 43.
What is functional representation?
Answer:
Functional representation is a form of minority representation. It gives representation to people belonging to various functional groups and associations like industry, trading, corporations, medical association, lawyers, engineers, teachers, etc.

Question 43.
What is proportional representation?
Answer:
Proportional representation is a technique of minority representation. In this method, a political party secures seats in proportion to the votes secured. It is further divided into a single transferable vote system and a list system.

Question 44.
What is universal suffrage?
Answer:
When voting right is extended to all adults irrespective of caste, religion, sex, property and educational qualification, it is called universal suffrage. Art. 326 of the constitution deals with it.

Question 45.
Lok Sabha
Answer:
Lok Sabha is the lower house of the Indian Parliament. It consists of 545 by citizen voters of the country.

Question 46.
Rajya Sabha
Answer:
Rajya Sabha is the upper house oi parliament. It is a permanent chamber and its members are elected indirectly b> state legislative assemblies.

Question 47.
Speaker of Lok Sabha
Answer:
Speaker is the chairman and presiding officer of Lok Sabha. He conducts the proceedings of Lok Sabha.

Question 48.
Answer:
The vice-President of India is the ex-officio chairman of the Rajya Sabha. He presides over the meetings of the Rajya Sabha and conducts its proceedings.

Question 49.
Consolidated fund of India
Answer:
Art. 266 of the constitution deals with the consolidated fund. All incomes, revenues, and taxes collected from various sources are deposited in this fund.

Question 50.
Contingency Fund
Answer:
Art. 267 provides for the contingency fund of India. It is under the disposal of the president and funds can be sanctioned to meet unforeseen expenditures.

Question 51.
What is call-attention motion?
Answer:
During the parliamentary discussion, if some members draw the attention of the house with due permission from the speaker about any vital issue affecting the general interest of the nation it is called a call attention motion. The opposition parties use it as a weapon to obstruct government policies and discussions.

Question 52.
What is privilege motion?
Answer:
When any minister is actions, behavior or words affect the dignity of any member or the house as a whole it results in a breach of privilege. The opposition may bring a privilege motion to criticize the ruling party.

Question 53.
What is no confidence motion?
Answer:
A no-confidence motion is introduced by any members of Lok Sabha condemning the behavior and role of the government. If it is passed in the Lok Sabha by a simple majority of votes then the government has to resign.

Question 54.
What is the budget?
Answer:
The budget is the annual estimate of the income and expenditure of the government. It has to be passed in both houses of parliament before the beginning of the new financial year.

Question 55.
What are the financial powers of Parliament?
Answer:

• The parliament approves the annual budget of the state.
• Without its approval no new tax can be levied nor exempted.

Question 56.
What is question hour?
Answer:
Question hour is the very first hour of every working day when the parliament is in session. During this hour the members may ask various questions to the government about different issues.

Question 57.
What is an ordinance?
Answer:
The ordinance is an emergency legislation proclaimed either by the president of India or the Governor of any state. It is declared during the recess of parliament.

Question 58.
Joint sitting of Parliament.
Answer:
The joint sitting of Parliament is held as per Art. 108 of the constitution. The President may convene a joint sitting to settle the dispute sing between the two houses over the passage of an ordinary bill.

Question 59
What is a vote on Account?
Answer:
A vote on the account is a temporary measure taken by parliament when the annual budget can’t be passed before 31st March.  In this process, the Govt has to pass budgetary allocation for two to three months.

Question 60.
What is a closure?
Answer:
The program advisory committee of the Lok Sabha determines the time limit for discussing the demand for grants of every department during the budget. If it is not passed within the time then no discussion demand for grants takes place and that is called closure.

Question 61.
What is the guillotine?
Answer:
During budget discussion, if the demand for grants of various departments can it be discussed then those are simply placed for a vote of the house, which is called the guillotine. It marks the end of the discussion on the demand for grants.

Question 62.
What is cut motion?
Answer:
During a discussion of the demand for grants of different departments, the opposition may initiate a cut motion. This motion proposes to bring down the expenditure of a department to Re.l.

Question 63.
What is the point of order?
Answer:
When any member of parliament seeks the intervention of the honorable Speaker citing irregularities in the parliamentary procedure it is called a point of order. It can be introduced for discussion if the speaker gives permission.

Question 64.
Independence of election commission
Answer:
The independence and autonomy of the Election Commission is essential for the conduct of a free and fair poll. Therefore, the constitution has kept the election commission free from politically arid bureaucratic interference.

Question 65.
Qualifications of an MLA.
Answer:
The qualification prescribed by the constitution for being an MLA is He/she must be a citizen of India. He/ she must be above 25 years of. He/she must pass all other qualifications as prescribed by parliament.

Question 66.
How the Vidhansabha exercises control over the state council of ministers?
Answer:
The members of Vidhansabha may ask questions, supplementary questions, motions, and resolutions to criticize the government. It can introduce not confidence motion to remove the ministry from office.

Question 67.
How the legislature controls the purse of the nation?
Answer:
The legislature passes the annual budget and approves all proposals for imposition, repeal, or collection of taxes. The government can’t raise or spent one rupee without the approval of the legislature. It also controls all incomes and expenditures incurred y the executive.

Question 68.
What are the functions of the speaker of Lok Sabha?
Answer:
The speaker of Lok Sabha presides over the Lok Sabha. He conducts the proceedings of the house as an impartial umpire.

Question 69.
How the Lok Sabha exercises control over the union council of ministers?
Answer:
The Lok Sabha exercises control over the Union Council of Ministers by passing a vote of the no-confidence motion. It can also initiate cut motion, call attention motion, censure motion and put questions to ministers to keep the government under control.

Question 70.
What do you mean by the parliament of India?
Answer:
Parliament is the Union Legislature in India. It comprises the Lok Sabha, the Rajya Sabha, and the President of India. It is the most powerful organ of the state.

Question 71.
What are the two special powers of the Rajya Sabha?
Answer:
Rajya Sabha can pass a resolution by 2/3rds majority authorizing the parliament to make law on the state list. It can pass a resolution in respect of the creation or abolition of posts of All India Services.

Question 72.
What are the privileges of Members of Parliament?
Answer:
Members of Parliament enjoy unrestricted freedom to express their views in the house. During their tenure, they can’t be detained for any civil offense during and 40 days before and after the session of the house.

Question 73.
What is an appropriation bill?
Answer:
The appropriation bill contains all the demands for grants of all the departments and the amount charged to the consolidated fund of India. The Parliament by approval of this bill allows the government to incur expenditures for various departments under the government.

Question 74.
What is Finance Bill?
Answer:
The finance bill contains all proposals for taxation in the budget. It is introduced after the enactment of the Appropriation bill. The passage of the finance bill marks the end of the budget process.

Question 75.
How the second chamber of a state legislature can be created or abolished?
Answer:
The second chamber of a State legislature can be created or abolished if a proposal to that effect is passed in the concerned State Legislative Assembly by 2/3rds of its members present and voting. After that parliament reserves the right to take the final decision.

Question 76.
How the members of Lok Sabha are elected?
Answer:
The members of Lok Sabha are elected directly by the people through single-member constituencies on the basis of a universal adult franchise. They are elected through a simple majority vote system.

Short-Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Distinguish between direct and indirect elections.
Answer:
Direct election is a single election where the voters directly cast their votes in favor of the actual representative. But indirect election involves two elections, the first one by voters to elect the intermediary group, and by the second the true representatives are elected. In direct election close contact between the voters and the representatives is established. But in the indirect election so contact is established.

Direct election makes people conscious and responsible, but indirect election does not stimulate public interest. Direct election is suitable for developed countries but indirect election is useful for backward countries. Direct election is expensive but indirect election is less expensive.

Question 2.
Election Commission.
Answer:
The Indian constitution under Art. 324 has provided for an independent election commission. It ensures free, fair, and impartial elections in India. It conducts an election for President. Vice President Parliament and the state legislature. It comprises three members appointed by the president. It recognizes political parties and allows party symbols.

Question 3.
Functions of the election commission.
Answer:
The election commission discharges the following functions

• Preparation and revision of electoral rolls.
• Conduct of elections to the office of president, Vice-President, Parliament and state legislature
• Recognition of political parties and allotment of party symbols.
• Appointment of Returning officers, observers, election officers, and polling officers.

Question 4.
Independence of Election commission.
Answer:
The Indian constitution has secured the independence of the election commission. The members of the election commission are appointed by the president as per the law made by the parliament. They can’t be removed from office unless a proposal to that effect is passed in both houses of parliament by a special majority. The salary and allowances of the members of the election commission can’t be lowered during their term of office. They enjoy equal status as that of the judges of the Supreme Court.

Question 5.
Electoral reforms.
Answer:
Electoral reforms are necessary for every democratic system because with changes in time the drawbacks of the election process need modification. The Government of India has therefore introduced some reforms in the election process and some more reforms are self-indispensable. The voting age of voters has been reduced from 21 to 18. Electronic voting machines have been introduced to conduct free and fair polls and speedy counting of results. The voters have been given photo identity cards. To avoid fake candidates number of proposers and seconders has been increased and the security deposit has also been hiked.

Question 6.
Chief Election Commissioner.
Answer:
The senior member of the election commission is known as the chief election commissioner. He is appointed and removed in the same process and enjoys equal powers with the other two members He enjoys a 6 years term and retires at the age of 65 years. He is removed on grounds of proven misbehavior or incapacity if a resolution to that effect is passed in both houses of parliament by a special majority. He has to coordinate the activities of the other two members of the election commission.

Question 7.
Features of an ideal election system.
Answer:

1. After ideal election system is vital for the success of democracy.
2. It must be free from political and . bureaucratic influence.
3. There should be an independent judiciary to adjudicate election disputes.
4. Public trust and support towards the election commission is an indicators of an ideal electoral system.
5. It must have efficient administrative machinery to ensure free polling.

Question 8.
Importance of election for a democracy.
Answer:

• An independent election system is vital for the success of democracy.
• It enables voters to elect efficient and capable representatives.
• Election leads to the formation of a stable government and a good election system makes people repose their faith on government.
• Election lets the representatives enact good laws.
• An ideal election system keeps criminals and evil-minded people away from the democratic process.

Question 9.
Challenges to Indian Election Commission.
Or, Problems with the Indian electoral system
Answer:
The Indian election commission is now facing a few challenges which obstruct its efficiency, and these are

• Use of black money & muscle power in elections.
• The prevailing pattern of the relative majority system
• Abuse of power by central and state employees.
• Defects in the preparation of pectoral rolls.
• Influence of caste, religion, language, communal and regional feelings electoral process. Entry of criminals and anti-socials into the process.

Question 10.
Universal suffrage
Answer:
Universal suffrage is the very basis of representation in a democracy. It believes in the granting of voting rights to all adults irrespective of their caste, color, sex, religious discrimination, and education or property qualification. It supports the one-man-one-vote principle. It ensures more participation of younger people and women in elections and this makes democracy real.

Question 11.
Merits of Universal suffrage.
Answer:
Universal suffrage makes democracy successful. It ensures political, equality and justice. It promotes political awareness among people and develops the self-respect of each voter. Universal suffrage makes the legislature a true representative chamber of various interest groups. It enables women and backward classes to safeguard their own interests.

Question 12.
Demerits of Adult Suffrage.
Answer:
The drawbacks of adult suffrage are as follows:
Universal suffrage gives voting rights to poor illiterate people who do not understand the value of a vote. So it tends to be abusing voting rights. It often results in the selling of votes for a meager amount. Those backward people make a mockery of their voting right. It makes democracy weak because illiterate votes can’t judge good candidates. Universal suffrage further affects the dignity of women and their feminine qualities.

Question 13.
Women suffrage.
Answer:
Women’s suffrage means a grant of voting rights to women. Women’s suffrage makes women equal to men. It develops a spirit of service and sacrifice in women. Women’s Suffrage was first of all granted in the USA in 1919. England in 1928, Switzerland in 1970. India in 1950 and European countries from 1940-50.

Question 14.
Merits of Women suffrage.
Answer:
John Stuart Mill Sidquick and Esmein support women’s suffrage on the following grounds. As in a democracy, women are treated at par with men, There is no, ground to deprive them of voting right. Women’s suffrage will make them safeguard their own rights and privilege. Today women are capable of doing everything even if they are joining- the army and airforce, so it will be an injustice today for them to vote right.

Women’s suffrage will bring a major change in the social setup. Women are less tolerant of corruption. Crime and favoritism so by giving them political rights they can abolish exploitation and inequality in society.

Question 15.
Demerits of women suffrage.
Answer:
Women’s suffrage may lead to disruptions in family life. It will lead to neglect of children and the old. Women joining politics may develop a rift between husband and wife. As women are by nature fearful and apprehensive they may not discharge their duties properly. Unless they are educated it is not at all justifiable to give them voting right.

Question 16.
What is a direct election?
Answer:
Direct election is a process where the citizen voters directly cast their vote at a pooling booth to elect their representatives. It gives the opportunity and freedom to each voter to vote for his / her candidate of choice. In this election, the person who gets the maximum vote is declared elected. Direct election is democratic and it is seen everywhere. The members of Lok Sabha and Vidhan Sabha are elected by direct election.

Question 17.
Merits of direct election.
Answer:
Direct election gives every voter the freedom to vote for the candidate of his choice. In this process, each Voter gets the satisfaction that he is selecting the government. It establishes close contact between the votes and representatives. It promotes political consciousness. It makes voters accountable and develops the attitude of service.

Question 18.
Demerits of direct election
Answer:
The poor and ignorant people while casting their vote can not make the proper choices of representatives. Indirect election votes are swayed by election waves and do not make good choices. It is too much expensive, so poor people rarely get a chance to win. Violence and muscle power influence the outcome of a direct election.

Question 19.
Indirect election.
Answer:
The indirect election is a process where the voters elect their representatives indirectly that is through an intermediary group. It involves two elections, first, the intermediary group is elected and by second the group elects the real representatives. The Indian President, Vice-President and members of the Rajya Sabha are elected in this method.  It is less expensive and more representative. It may be carried out either by list system.

Question 20.
Minority Representation.
Answer:
Minority representation refers to the representation of minorities. Proportional representation is a technique of minority representation. Each group and party secures seats in proportion to the votes secured. It enables each minority to safeguard its interests.

Question 21.
Merits of indirect election.
Answer:
Indirect election eliminates the evils of the party system, therefore more capable and efficient representatives are elected. Here merit of the candidates counts over the election wave. It is suitable for poor and backward countries. It is less influenced by the evils of party politics.

Question 22.
Demerits of Indirect Election.
Answer:
The indirect election is undemocratic as the voters are not given the scope to elect representatives directly. There is no direct contact between the voters and representatives. It discourages voters in a democracy. Here the party dominates over individual choice. It encourages corruption, bribery, and illegal activities.

Question 23.
Single transferable vote system.
Answer:
A single transferable vote system is a form of proportional representation. It was invented by Thomas Hare of England. It is suitable for multi-member constituencies. In this system, each voter cast his vote in order of preference. The 1st preference votes are taken into account first, and those who secure the required quota of votes are declared elected. Here the 2nd preference vote is transferred to another candidate for which it is called a single transferable vote system.

Question 24.
Proportional Representation.
Answer:
Proportional representation is a form of indirect election. It rectifies the defects of a single-member constituency. In this system, a representative is elected on the basis of votes cast in his favor. So every vote is taken into consideration. It provides an opportunity to smaller parties and groups to win some seats in proportion to their votes. No vote is wasted in this system.

Question 25.
Demerits of Proportional representation.
Answer:
Propositional Representation is a complex process that ordinary voters can not understand. It encourages small parties and factionalism in a democracy. If encourages a multi-party system and most of the time coalition ministries are formed. It establishes no links or relationships between voters and representatives. In this system, the voters are bound by partly decisions and policies.

Question 26.
Communal Representation.
Answer:
Communal representation means the formation of electoral constituencies on the basis of Hindu, Muslim, Christian and Sikh religious communities, This system was encouraged by Britishers during pre-independence In this system, representatives are elected from every religious community. It can be ensured by reservation of seats bn communal lines. The Indian constitution has rejected communal representation.

Question 27.
Functional Representation.
Answer:
Functional Representation means the election of representatives from specific functional groups and units. It is an alternative to the system of territorial representation. This type of representation is prevailing in socialist and communist countries where representatives are chosen from farmers. It tends to neglect general interest for the sake of functional gr I p interest.

Question 28.
Challenges to Indian Election System.
Answer:
The Indian election system is facing, a lot of challenges in the nature

• Lot-of challenges in the nature of
• Increase in corruption and entry of criminals into politics.
• Politicization of caste, religion, communal and regional issues.
• Increasing violence, booth capturing arid rigging during the poll.
• Most of political parties are trying to misguide and confuse voters especially the poor and weaker sections of society.

Question 29.
Difference between money bill and finance bill.
Answer:
The difference between money bills and financial bills is more systematic than real. Art. 110 deals with money bills while Art. li 7 deals with financial bills. Financial bills are mostly bills dealing with income and expenditure and some portions of money bills also deal with similar issues. But all financial bills are not many bills. A finance bill is a mixture of an ordinary bill and a money bill. Money bills can’t be amended by Rajya Sabha but financial bills can be.

Question 30.
Ordinary Bill and Money Bill.
Answer:
An ordinary bill may be a public bill or a private bill, but a money bill is always a public bill. Ah, the ordinary bill can be introduced into either House of Parliament, but a money bill can only be introduced into the Lok Sabha. A money bill is introduced with the prior permission of the President, but an ordinary bill requires no such permission. The President may or may not approve an ordinary bill, but can’t disapprove a motley bill. The Rajya Sabha can reject an ordinary bill, but it can’t reject a money bill.

Question 31.
Bill and Act.
Answer:
Bill is a draft proposal for legislation. It is the preliminary stage of an Act, but Act is the final stage of a bill. A bill is a legislative proposal that after parliamentary action becomes an Act. A bill is not enforceable either by the executive or judiciary but an Act is enforced by the executive and applied in law courts. A bill carries no legal sanction but an Act carries legal sanction.

Question 32.
How does the legislature act as the custodian of the national purse?
Answer:
Without the approval of the budget by the legislature, no money can be raised or spent by the government. Without legislative sanction, no expenditure can be charged out of the consolidated fund, and no tax can be levied or exempted. It maintains a strict vigil over financial transactions made by executives. It appoints legislative committees like public accounts. Committee and Estimates Committee for the purpose.

Question 33.
How the Union Parliament is organized?
Answer:
Union Parliament is bicameral in structure, its Lower House is called Lok Sabha, and its Upper House as Rajya Sabha. Lok Sabha is the popular house and its members are elected directly by the citizen voters for five years. Rajya Sabha is the Upper House and its strength is 250 of which 238 members are elected indirectly from states and Union Territory Legislative Assembles for six years. The rest 12 are nominated by President.

Lok Sabha enjoys a five years tenure but Rajya Sabha is permanent.

Question 34.
What are the required qualifications for a member of the Rajya Sabha?
Answer:
A member of the Rajya Sabha is required to possess the following qualifications.

• He must be a citizen of India.
• He must be above 30 years of age.
• He should not be insolvent or of unsound mind,
• He should not hold any office or profit either under the Union of State Gate.

Question 35.
What are the required qualifications for a member of the Lok Sabha?
Answer:
A member of Lok sabha should satisfy the following qualifications.

• He must be a citizen of India.
• He must be above 25 years of age.
• He must not be insolvent or of unsound mind.
• He must not hold any office of profit either under the Union Govt or of slate.

Question 36.
Joint sitting of Parliament.
Answer:
The President summons the joint sitting of parliament under Art. 108 . to resolve the deadlock between the two houses of parliament over the passage of an ordinary bill. The meeting is held in. the central Hall of Parliament with the speaker of Lok Sabha in the chair. The matter is discussed and finally, a vote is taken. The decision of the majority is taken for granted. The Lok Sabha due to its, numerical strength usually wins.

Question 37.
Role of Rajya Sabha in the passage of a money bill.
Answer:
Rajya Sabha is the second chamber of the union parliament and it plays an insignificant role in the passage of a money bill. No money bill can be introduced into the House. A bill after approval of Lok Sabha comes to the house and it is given a period of 14 days to approve the bill. The House can’t amend or reject a money bill, but can suggest amendments. The lower house may consider such a suggestion or not. Under no circumstances it can delay a money bill beyond 14 days.

Question 38.
Write the special powers of RajyaSabha.
Answer:

• Under Art. 249, Rajya Sabha can pass a resolution authorizing the Parliament to enact laws on any item of state list in the national interest.
• The House can initiate a proposal for the removal of the Vice President.
• Under Art. 312, it can pass a resolution authorizing the union Govt, either for the creation of addition of posts belonging to all Indian services.

Question 39.
What is a No-confidence motion?
Answer:
No confidence motion is an instrument in the hands of the Lok Sabha to control the ministry. It is moved by the members of the opposition bench to criticize and remove the government. It is initialed by at least l/4th members of the House and the Speaker gives a 14 days notice to the Govt. On the appointed date, the matter is discussed vividly and a final vote is taken. If the majority of the members are present and the voting vote is in favor of the motion the govt, resigns.

Question 40.
What are the functions of the Speaker of Lok Sabha?
Answer:

• The Speaker is the presiding officer of the Lok Sabha.
• He presides over its meetings and maintains decorum
• He conducts the business of the House.
• He protects the privileges and freedom of the members
• He interprets the rules of business of the House and decides on the admissibility of questions, resolutions and motions.
• In case of a tie, he casts his vote.

Question 41.
Estimate Committee.
Answer:
The estimates committee is a parliamentary committee. It consists of 30 members elected from Parliament. It examines the estimates of various ministries and suggests alternative policies to bring efficiency and economy to administration. The committee also works to bring about improvements in organization and efficiency in administration.

Question 42.
What are the privileges of members of Parliament?
Answer:
The members of parliament enjoy the following privileges. They enjoy freedom of speech, and for that, no legal action can be taken. They are immune from all legal proceedings for any act committed inside the House. No, a member can be arrested or detained by the public authority during – the session without the permission of the speaker.

Question 43.
Appropriation Bill.
Answer:
After a discussion of demands for grants, the Appropriation Bill is prepared by taking the demands passed by Lok Sabha and expenditure charged upon the Consolidated Fund of India. This bill is presented to the Lok Sabha and it has to pass through all the stages as any other bill.

Question 44.
Finance Bill.
Answer:
All the taxation proposals contained in the budget are known as Finance Bill. It is presented to the Lok Sabha after the enactment of the Appropriation Bill. It is passed in the same process as money bills. The passing of finance bills marks the completion of the budget.

Question 45.
What is a Vote on Account?
Answer:
The financial year of the Govt ends on 31 st March and as per the rules, the Budget must be passed by 31st March. If for any reason the budget can’t be passed within the time then the Govt can seek an affirmative vote from the Parliament to make necessary expenditures on Adhoc basic. This is called Vote on Account.

Question 46.
What are the required qualifications for membership of the Legislative Assembly?
Answer:
As per 173 of the constitution, a member of the State Legislative Assembly is required to satisfy the following qualifications He must be a citizen of India. He must be above 25 years of age. He must possess all other qualifications as prescribed by the law of Parliament.

Question 47.
What, are the disqualifications for membership of the State Legislative Assembly?
Answer:
A person shall be disqualified for membership of a State Legislative Assembly if.He/she holds any office of profit either under the State or Union government. He /she is of unsound mind. He/she is an undischarged insolvent. He/she has voluntarily acquired the citizenship of a foreign state. He/she is disqualified by any law made by Parliament.

Question 48.
How the membership of an MLA can be terminated?
Answer:
Termination of membership of an MLA is a controversial issue and the final decision in this regard is given by the State Governor. The Governor before disqualifying a member has to obtain the view of the Election Commission and act accordingly. His decision is final and can not be questioned in any court of law. The membership of a disqualified member shall be terminated by the Assembly by passing a resolution to that, effect.

Question 49:
What are the required qualifications of a member of the Legislative Council?
Answer:
A person should possess the following qualifications to become a member of the legislative council. He must be a citizen of India. He/she must be above 30 years of age. He/she must possess such other qualifications as may be prescribed by the law of parliament.

Question 50.
How the Second Chamber of the State Legislature can be abolished?
Answer:
The Second Chamber of a State Legislature can be abolished in accordance with Art. 169 of the Constitution. It can be done if a resolution to that effect is passed by a majority of the total membership of the Assembly and a two-thirds majority of members present and voting of the concerned state legislative assembly. This resolution must be followed by the Act of Parliament after which the President orders for the abolition of the Second Chamber.

Question 51.
Which states in India have bicameral legislature?
Answer:
Five of 25 states in India have a bicameral legislature. These states are

• Uttar Pradesh.
• Bihar.
• Maharastra.
• Jammu and Kashmir.

Question 52.
Legislative Council is a superfluous chamber.
Answer:
Legislative Council is the Second Chamber of a State Legislature. It is a weak chamber that exercises limited and negligible influence over the lower chamber in the legislative sphere. It can neither check the money bills nor ordinary bills against the wish of the Lower House. It has no control over the executive. It does not participate in the amendment of the Constitution and the election of the President. Thus, in comparison to the Lower House, the Legislative Council is weaker in all aspects for which it is criticized as a superfluous chamber.

Question 53.
What are the functions of the Speakers of the Legislative Assembly?
Answer:
Speaker is the Presiding officer of the Legislative Assembly and he performs the following functions. He presides over the sessions of the Assembly. He maintains decorum in the House and interprets the rules of business. He is the final authority to admit questions, motions, and resolutions. He conducts the proceedings and votes within the House He can cast his vote in case of a tic. He safeguards the privileges of the members of the House.