CHSE Odisha Class 12 Education Solutions Chapter 4 Jean Jacques Rousseau

Odisha State Board CHSE Odisha Class 12 Education Solutions Chapter 4 Jean Jacques Rousseau Questions and Answers.

CHSE Odisha 12th Class Education Chapter 4 Question Answer Jean Jacques Rousseau

Group – A

Short type Questions with Answers
I. Answer with in Two/Three sentence:

Question 1.
What does Rousseau emphasize regarding the natural activities of the child in education?
Answer:
Rousseau emphasizes that the goodness in children is innate, and education shouid focus on the natural activities of the child, considering the child as the center c education.

Question 2.
According to Rousseau, what are the sources of education?
Answer:
Nature, Human, and Physical environment are the sources of education according to Rousseau.

Question 3.
How does Rousseau view the child in terms of education during adolescence (12-15 years)?
Answer:
Rousseau suggests a formal curriculum for adolescents, including subjects like Natural Science, Language, Mathematics, Woodwork, Music, Painting, etc., with an emphasis on active work and practical exposure.

Question 4.
What is the curriculum recommended for the youth stage (15-20 years) according to Rousseau?
Answer:
For the youth stage, Rousseau suggests providing moral and religious education through non-traditional and non-formal methods, emphasizing bodily health, music, and hands-on activities.

Question 5.
What method of teaching is recommended for infants (0-5 years) according to Rousseau?
Answer:
Training of senses, counseling method, and play-way method are recommended for infants according to Rousseau.

Question 6.
What is the principle behind the Play-way method in education, as per Rousseau?
Answer:
The Play-way method is driven by the principle that all work and learning should be done in the spirit of‘play,’ focusing on personal and emotional development through joyful learning.

Question 7.
What is the significance of the self-learning method according to Rousseau, and in which stage is it suggested?
Answer:
The self-learning method is suggested for childhood (5-12 years), where children, with the help of teachers, select what and how they will learn, promoting independent learning and considering the students’learning style and pace.

Question 8.
What does Rousseau mean by negative education?
Answer:
Negative education, according to Rousseau, is education without ties and control mechanisms. It involves learning through direct experiences from nature, allowing the child to develop naturally at their own pace.

Question 9.
What is the role of the teacher according to Rousseau?
Answer:
The teacher should act as a motivator, understanding the nature of children, providing guidance without directing, and allowing full freedom for exploration and learning. .

Question 10.
What contribution did Rousseau make to education?
Answer:
Rousseau laid the foundation for child-centered education, advocating for treating children differently than young adults. He emphasized problem-solving, free discipline, and learning through personal experiences.

Question 11.
What is negative education, and what are the key aspects emphasized by Rousseau in this approach?
Answer:
Negative education, according to Rousseau, rejects formal and rigid education. Key aspects include no learning through books, providing enough time for the child to live in nature, no habit formation, and no strict and formal discipline.

Question 12.
Why was Rousseau against same education for men and women?
Answer:
Rousseau believed that men and women have different natural responsibilities. He thought women should focus on household duties, stitching, embroidery, moral, and religious education, rather than receiving the same education as men.

Question 13.
What method did Rousseau suggest for adolescents, emphasizing problem-solving and independent learning?
Answer:
Rousseau recommended the heuristic method for adolescents, where learners use trial and error to solve problems through extensive knowledge sources.

Question 14.
How does Rousseau view the role of punishment in education?
Answer:
Rousseau condemns punishment in education, as it destroys the natural curiosity and intellect of the child. He advocates providing full freedom to children to explore and learn from personal experiences.

Question 15.
What does Rousseau mean by “Let the child move freely in nature and learn from his/her own personal experience”?
Answer:
Rousseau advocates allowing children to freely explore nature and learn through their own experiences, without artificial constraints, fostering natural development.

Question 16.
What did Rousseau recommend for women’s education, and what activities did he emphasize for them?
Answer:
Rousseau recommended moral and religious education for women and emphasized activities such as household duties, stitching, embroidery, and providing advice to their families.

Question 17.
According to Rousseau, what is the role of a teacher in education?
Answer:
Rousseau sees the teacher as a motivator, not just a source of information, guiding children without strict control, understanding their nature, and providing proper guidance.

Question 18.
How does Rousseau view the childhood traits, and what impact did this have on education?
Answer:
Rousseau recognized childhood traits, laying the foundation for child-centered education and modem educational psychology, advocating treating children as children, not young adults.

Question 19.
What curriculum does Rousseau suggest for childhood (5-12 years)?
Answer:
Rousseau suggests a self-learning method for childhood, where children, with teacher guidance, choose what and how they will learn, promoting independent and ownership of learning.

Question 20.
How does Rousseau define the role of women in education, and what education does he advocate for them?
Answer:
Rousseau sees women’s role as serving and helping children grow. He advocates moral and religious education for women, emphasizing household skills and advising children in their upbringing.

II. Answer with in Five/Six sentence :

Question 1.
What is the emphasis of Rousseau on the natural activities of the child in education?
Answer:
Rousseau emphasizes that goodness is an innate quality of children, and all that is good comes from nature. He believes in focusing on the natural activities of the child, considering the child as the center of education. According to Rousseau, the child is not a young adult, and then- nature and abilities should be kept in mind while planning their education. Education should be in harmony with the child’s nature, developing love for nature in them.

Question 2.
Explain Rousseau’s views on the curriculum for the Infancy stage (0-5 years).
Answer:
In the Infancy stage, Rousseau suggests a curriculum that focuses on the full development of the child’s body and senses. The curriculum aims to provide a platform for moral conversation through the mother tongue, without developing any specific habits. It aligns with Rousseau’s belief in learning through direct experience and observation.

Question 3.
What are Rousseau’s recommendations for the Childhood stage (5-12 years) in terms of education?
Answer:
Rousseau suggests a self-learning method for the Childhood stage, where children, with the help of teachers, select what and how they will learn. Learning through self-experience, play-way method, and observation are encouraged. There is no prescribed textbook, and negative education, emphasizing free play, movement, and action, is promoted.

Question 4.
Describe Rousseau’s ideas regarding the Adolescence stage (12-15 years) and its curriculum.
Answer:
Rousseau proposes a formal curriculum for adolescents, including subjects like Natural Science, Language, Mathematics, Woodwork, Music, and Painting. The emphasis is on active work or practical exposure, moving away from traditional lecture-based learning. Education should involve hands-on activities and be relevant to real-life experiences.

Question 5.
How does Rousseau suggest providing Moral and Religious education for the Youth stage (15-20 years)?
Answer: ”
For the Youth stage, Rousseau recommends providing Moral and Religious education through non-traditional methods, avoiding formal lectures. The curriculum should emphasize bodily health, music, and hands-on activities, aligning with Rousseau’s holistic approach to education.

Question 6.
What is the significance of the “Training of Senses” method in Rousseau’s educational philosophy?
Answer:
Rousseau emphasizes the importance of the “Training of Senses” method, where children aged 1 -5 years are encouraged to use their senses actively. This method involves showcasing the environment to stimulate sensory development. Rousseau believes that understanding and learning in this stage occur primarily through the senses.

Question 7.
Explain the concept of “Play-way method” in Rousseau’s educational philosophy.
Answer:
The “Play-way method” in Rousseau’s philosophy is based on the principle that all work and learning should be done in the spirit of ‘play.’ It promotes personal and emotional development, sustaining children’s interest and attention. This method involves games and activities that require logical thinking and creativity, making learning joyful and preventing boredom.

Question 8.
What is the “Self-learning method,” and for which stage of education did Rousseau suggest its application?
Answer:
Rousseau suggests the “Self-learning method” for the Childhood stage (5-12 years). In this method, children, with teacher guidance, select what and how they will learn. It allows students to take ownership of their learning, considering their style, interests, pace, and abilities.

Question 9.
How does Rousseau advocate “Learning by doing” in education?
Answer:
Rousseau supports “Learning by doing,” emphasizing observation, inquiry, and experimental methods. This approach allows children to have hands-on exposure, engaging multiple senses in the learning process. It promotes the development of communication skills, self-expression, and confidence.

Question 10.
Question: Describe the “Heuristic method” and the stage of education for which it was suggested by Rousseau.
Answer:
The “Heuristic method” is suggested by Rousseau for the stage of adolescence. It involves problem-solving techniques where learners actively seek solutions through trial and error. This method encourages learners to draw answers from various sources, fostering creativity, scientific attitude, and rational thinking.

Question 11.
What role does Rousseau envision for teachers in education?
Answer:
According to Rousseau, teachers are not just sources of information but should act as motivators for learning. Teachers should guide, not direct, understanding the nature of children. They must be tolerant, emotionally aware, and provide proper guidance without controlling the child’s exploration and learning.

Question 12.
How did Rousseau contribute to the field of education?
Answer:
Roussequ discovered and recognized childhood traits, laying the foundation for child- centered education. He advocated child psychology as, a basis for modem education, promoting free and positive discipline. Rousseau eiqphasized that .children should be treated as children, not young adults, advocating for problem-solving and exploration-based learning.

Question 13.
What are the key principles of negative education according to Rousseau?
Answer:
Rousseau emphasizes negative education over positive education, rejecting formal
and rigid methods. Key principles include no learning through books, no time-saving, no habit formation, no social education, no direct moral education, and no strict and formal discipline. Negative education allows children to learn according to their nature and at their own pace.

Question 14.
How did Rousseau view women’s education?
Answer:
Rousseau opposed the same education for men and women, believing their responsibilities were different. He thought women were bom to serve, and men were bom to enjoy. Rousseau recommended teaching women household skills, stitching, embroidery, and moral and religious education, instead of providing them with higher education.

Question 15.
What is Rousseau’s perspective on punishment in education?
Answer:
Rousseau condemns punishment in education, as it destroys the natural curiosity and intellect of the child. He advocates for full freedom for children to explore and leam, without the fear of punishment. Rousseau opposes strict discipline enforcement, promoting a nurturing and creative learning environment.

Question 16.
How did Rousseau contribute to the development of child-centered education?
Answer:
Rousseau’s emphasis on understanding and catering to the nature and abilities of children laid the foundation for child-centered education. He advocated for methods that treat children as children, allowing them to explore, leam through experience, and solve problems independently.

Question 17.
Why did Rousseau stress the importance of providing enough time to the child to live in nature?
Answer:
Rousseau believes in negative education, where children leam naturally and at their own pace. Providing enough time for the child to live in nature aligns with this philosophy, allowing them to explore, experience, and leam from the environment without imposed constraints.

Question 18.
What is Rousseau’s view on formal discipline and control in education?
Answer:
Rousseau opposes strict and formal discipline in education. He believes that children should be given full freedom to do their work in creative ways without interference. Rousseau promotes a learning environment that nurtures creativity and independence, rejecting traditional methods of control.

Question 19.
How did Rousseau contribute to the development of modern educational psychology?
Answer:
Rousseau’s recognition of childhood traits and advocacy for child psychology as the basis of education contributed to the development of modem educational psychology. He emphasized understanding the nature of children and treating them differently from young adults, influencing child-centered educational approaches.

Question 20.
Why did Rousseau advocate for free and positive discipline in education?
Answer:
Rousseau advocated for free and positive discipline to allow children the freedom to explore, leam, and develop naturally. He believed that punishment hinders original curiosity and intellect, emphasizing the importance of nurturing a learning environment that encourages creativity and self-expression.

Group – B

Long Type Questions With Answers

Question 1.
Examine Rousseau’s perspectives on education and its implementation in practice.
Answer:
• Jean-Jacques Rousseau, an influential 18th-century philosopher, made significant contributions to the field of education with his groundbreaking thoughts and ideas. Rousseau’s educational philosophy is primarily expounded in his seminal work, “Emile, or On Education,” where he delves into the nature of human development and the role of education in shaping an individual. This examination will explore Rousseau’s perspectives on education and how his theories have been applied in practice.

• Rousseau’s educational thought is anchored in his deep-seated belief in the inherent goodness of human nature. He argues that individuals are bom free and morally pure, and it is society that corrupts them. This foundational premise significantly influences his views on education. Rousseail contends that education should nurture a child’s natural instincts and allow them to develop in harmony with their innate goodness. He proposes an educational approach that respects the natural progression of a child’s development, emphasizing freedom and spontaneity.

• One of Rousseau’s central concepts is the idea of the “natural man.” He suggests that in their initial state, humans are unspoiled and virtuous. Education, according to Rousseau, should guide individuals back to their authentic selves, fostering the cultivation of their natural capacities rather than imposing external constraints. This notion challenges traditional educational practices prevalent during Rousseau’s time, which often emphasized strict discipline and rote memorization.

• Rousseau’s educational philosophy extends to the concept of the “child of nature” and the “savage.” He argues that education should allow individuals to leam through experience and direct interaction with the environment. He proposes a more hands-on, experiential form of learning, contrasting sharply with the formal and rigid structures of contemporary educational systems. In “Emile,” Rousseau outlines his ideal educational method, emphasizing practical skills and real-life situations to promote holistic development.

• The concept of “negative education” is another key aspect of Rousseau’s thought. This idea suggests that education should involve minimal interference, allowing the child to learn from their own experiences and make choices that align with their natural inclinations. Rousseau posits that too much guidance and intervention can hinder a child’s development, advocating for a more permissive and self-directed approach to education.

• In practice, Rousseau’s ideas have influenced various educational movements and pedagogies. Progressive education, which emerged in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, drew inspiration from Rousseau’s emphasis on the child’s autonomy and experiential learning. Figures like John Dewey incorporated Rousseau’s ideas into their educational theories, advocating for student-centered learning and the integration of real-life experiences into the curriculum.

• Additionally, alternative education models, such as Montessori and Waldorf, reflect Rousseau’s influence. These approaches prioritize the individual needs and development of each child, emphasizing hands-on activities and creative expression. The emphasis on freedom, selfdiscovery, and the development of intrinsic motivation in these models resonates with Rousseau’s vision for education.

• While Rousseau’s educational thought has left a lasting impact, it is not without criticism. Some argue that his ideas are overly idealistic and impractical for the complexities of modern society. Critics contend that an entirely hands-off approach to education may neglect essential skills and knowledge needed for success in the contemporary world.

• In conclusion, Rousseau’s perspectives on education have profoundly shaped the discourse on pedagogy. His emphasis on the innate goodness of human nature, the importance of experiential learning, and the need for minimal interference in a child’s development have influenced various educational movements and alternative models. Despite the criticisms, Rousseau’s ideas continue to inspire discussions on the purpose and methodology of education, leaving an enduring legacy in the field.

Question 2.
Provide a concise overview of Jean-Jacques Rousseau’s educational framework as outlined in his work “Emile.”
Answer:
• “Emile, or On Education” by Jean-Jacques Rousseau presents a revolutionary and influential educational framework that challenges conventional practices of his time. Rousseau’s scheme of education, outlined through the narrative of the fictional character Emile, reflects his profound beliefs about human nature, individual development, and the role of society in shaping individuals. This concise overview will delve into key elements of Rousseau’s educational framework as presented in “Emile.”

• Rousseau begins by asserting his foundational belief in the inherent goodness of human nature. He contends that individuals are bom free and morally pure but become corrupted by society. Emile, the central character in the work, embodies Rousseau’s vision of a child raised according to the principles of natural education. The primary goal of this education is to preserve Emile’s innate virtue and foster a harmonious development that aligns with his natural inclinations.

• The concept of negative education is a cornerstone of Rousseau’s framework. Negative education involves minimal interference and allows the child to learn from direct experiences. Rousseau advocates for a hands-off approach, arguing that excessive guidance hinders a child’s ability to develop their own judgment. By limiting external influences, Emile is meant to discover the world through personal experiences, enabling him to form his own conclusions and values.

• Rousseau divides Emile’s education into stages, each corresponding to different phases of development. The first stage focuses on early childhood, emphasizing sensory experiences and physical development. Rousseau proposes that the child should engage in practical activities that align with their natural instincts, avoiding premature academic instruction. Play and exploration are integral components, fostering the development of motor skills and a connection to the physical world.

• As Emile progresses to the second stage, Rousseau introduces the idea of developing Emile’s emotions and social skills. The emphasis shifts to moral education, with Rousseau proposing that Emile should learn through his own experiences of right and wrong. Rousseau introduces Sophie,’ Emile’s future wife, as a foil to emphasize the natural roles of men and women in society. This stage aims to cultivate empathy, virtue, and an understanding of social dynamics.

• The third stage involves the cultivation of reason and intellectual development. Rousseau suggests that formal education begins at this point, but it should be tailored to Emile’s specific needs and interests. Learning is framed as a joyful pursuit rather than a forced obligation. Rousseau rejects traditional teaching methods, advocating for practical knowledge and experience-based learning. He proposes the study of natural sciences, mathematics, and trades that are directly applicable to Emile’s life.

• Rousseau’s educational framework culminates in Emile’s transition to adulthood. At this stage, Emile is expected to apply the knowledge and virtues instilled throughout his education. Rousseau emphasizes the importance of vocational training and practical skills that align with Emile’s inclinations. The goal is to prepare Emile for a life of self-sufficiency, free from the corrupting influences of society.

• While Rousseau’s educational framework in “Emile” has had a profound impact on educational philosophy, it is not without criticism. Some argue that the emphasis on negative education and the avoidance of societal influences may lead to an incomplete education, neglecting essential knowledge and skills needed for successful integration into society.

• In conclusion, Rousseau’s educational framework in “Emile” challenges traditional educational practices by emphasizing the innate goodness of human nature and advocating for a natural and experiential approach to education. The stages of Emile’s education, from early childhood to adulthood, prioritize the development of virtue, practical skills, and a harmonious connection with the natural world. While not without its critiques, Rousseau’s ideas continue to influence discussions on education, shaping the way we perceive the role of society in the development of individuals.

Question 3.
Provide a brief overview of Jean-Jacques Rousseau’s life, and explore how the spirit of the age and his personal experiences influenced the development of his educational ideas.
Answer:
• Jean-Jacques Rousseau, an 18th-century philosopher, writer, and political theorist, led a tumultuous life that significantly shaped his revolutionary ideas on education. Born in Geneva in 1712, Rousseau’s life experiences and the spirit of the Enlightenment era played pivotal roles in the formation of his groundbreaking educational philosophy.

• Rousseau’s early, life was marked by adversity. Orphaned at a young age, he experienced a fragmented and difficult childhood. His formal education was limited, and he largely educated himself through avid reading and contemplation. This lack of a traditional education became a driving force behind his skepticism towards established educational institutions and methods.

• As the Enlightenment unfolded, Europe was buzzing with intellectual fervor, characterized by a quest for reason, knowledge, and social progress. Rousseau found himself in the midst of this intellectual renaissance, where thinkers were challenging old ideas and advocating for a more rational and just society. The Enlightenment’s emphasis on individualism, reason, and the potential for human improvement resonated deeply with Rousseau, influencing his views on education.

• One of the key factors shaping Rousseau’s educational ideas was his response to the prevailing social and political structures of his time. The 18th century witnessed significant social and economic changes, with the rise of the bourgeoisie and the questioning of absolute monarchy. Rousseau, observing the disparities between the privileged and the marginalized, became critical of the existing social order. His commitment to individual freedom and equality profoundly impacted his educational philosophy.

• Rousseau’s groundbreaking work, “Emile, or On Education,” published in 1762, is a comprehensive exploration of his educational ideas. In “Emile,” Rousseau criticizes the prevailing educational systems of his time, which he saw as rigid, authoritarian, and stifling to individual growth. He presents a radical alternative, envisioning an education that aligns with human nature and promotes the development of a virtuous and autonomous individual.

• The spirit of the age, marked by the Enlightenment’s emphasis on reason and. individual rights, greatly influenced Rousseau’s rejection of societal norms and his advocacy for a more natural and humane approach to education. He believed that individuals are inherently good and that society corrupts them. This sentiment is evident in “Emile,” where Rousseau proposes a system of education that preserves the child’s innate virtue and allows them to develop in harmony with their natural inclinations.

• Rousseau’s personal experiences, particularly his unconventional lifestyle and relationships, also played a role in shaping his educational ideas. His own struggles with societal expectations and his belief in personal freedom contributed to his rejection of traditional norms in education. Rousseau’s unconventional life choices, including his relationships with women and his views on family life, are reflected in his educational philosophy, challenging established norms and advocating for a more individualized and natural approach.

In conclusion, Jean-Jacques Rousseau’s life was marked by personal challenges, self education, and a deep engagement with the intellectual currents of the Enlightenment. The spirit of the age, characterized by a quest for reason, individualism, and social progress, influenced Rousseau’s rejection of traditional educational methods and inspired his groundbreaking ideas in “Emile.” His emphasis on the innate goodness of individuals and the need for a more natural, experiential, and individualized approach to education continues to resonate and shape discussions in the field of education.

Group – C

Objective type Questions with Answers
I. Multiple Choice Questions with Answers:

Question 1.
Where was Jean Jacques Rousseau born?
(i) France
(ii) Italy
(iii) England
(iv) Germany
Answer:
(ii) Italy

Question 2.
Which school of thought does Rousseau belong to?
(i) Idealism
(ii) Realism
(iii) Naturalism
(iv) Pragmatism
Answer:
(iii) Naturalism

Question 3.
Which book by Rousseau describes the process of education through an imaginary child named Emile?
(i) The Social Contract
(ii) Discourse on Inequality
(iii) The New Heloise
(iv) Emile
Answer:
(iv) Emile

Question 4.
What does Rousseau consider the only pure and ennobling influence on children?
(i) School
(ii) Society
(iii) Nature
(iv) Family
Answer:
(iii) Nature

Question 5.
What term did Rousseau use to describe the period of education from five to twelve years?
(i) Age of Reason
(ii) Age of Innocence
(iii) Age of Understanding
(iv) Age of Discovery
Answer:
(ii) Age of Innocence

Question 6.
According to Rousseau, what is the ultimate need of life during the age of reason (twelve to fifteen)?
(i) Knowledge
(ii) Self-preservation
(iii) Exploration
(iv) Creativity
Answer:
(ii) Self-preservation

Question 7.
Which education stage is termed as the ‘Age of Reason’ by Rousseau?
(i) Infancy
(ii) Five to Twelve years
(iii) Twelve to Fifteen years
(iv) Fifteen to Twenty years
Answer:
(iii) Twelve to Fifteen years

Question 8.
What does Rousseau emphasize during the education stage from Fifteen to Twenty years?
(i) Scientific subjects
(ii) Arts and crafts
(iii) Languages
(iv) Mathematics
Answer:
(ii) Arts and crafts

Question 9.
What is the principle behind Rousseau’s concept of ‘Negative Education’?
(i) Teaching virtues
(ii) Protecting against vice and mistake
(iii) Providing direct experiences
(iv) Promoting idleness
Answer:
(ii) Protecting against vice and mistake

Question 10.
What is the primary focus of Negative Education according to Rousseau?
(i) Teaching truth
(ii) Shielding from evil
(iii) Moral development
(iv) Academic excellence
Answer:
(ii) Shielding from evil

Question 11.
Which book by Rousseau discusses the origin of inequality among men?
(i) The Social Contract
(ii) Discourse on Inequality
(iii) The New Heloise
(iv) Emile
Answer:
(ii) Discourse on Inequality

Question 12.
What does Rousseau say about traditional and formal education?
(i) It is divine
(ii) It is undesirable
(iii) It is essential
(iv) It is natural
Answer:
(ii) It is undesirable

Question 13.
Which of Rousseau’s books discusses the progress of art and science?
(i) The Social Contract
(ii) Discourse on Inequality
(iii) The New Heloise
(iv) The Progress of Art and Science
Answer:
(iv) The Progress of Art and Science

Question 14.
What did Rousseau believe about the nature of man?
(i) Intrinsically evil
(ii) Intrinsically neutral
(iii) Intrinsically good
(iv) Intrinsically lazy
Answer:
(iii) Intrinsically good

Question 15.
In Rousseau’s concept of education, what is the significance of physical hindrances during the age from five to twelve years?
(i) They promote idleness
(ii) They encourage exploration
(iii) They curb indiscreet desires
(iv) They limit artistic development
Answer:
(iii) They curb indiscreet desires

Question 16.
Who emphasized the importance of natural activities of the child in education?
(i) John Dewey
(ii) Jean-Jacques Rousseau
(iii) Maria Montessori
(iv) Plato
Answer:
(ii) Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Question 17.
According to Rousseau, what is considered innate in children?
(i) Knowledge
(ii) Goodness
(iii) Wisdom
(iv) Intellect
Answer:
(ii) Goodness

Question 18.
What does Rousseau believe should be the focus in planning a child’s education?
(i) Adult responsibilities
(ii) Strict discipline
(iii) Nature and abilities of children
(iv) Formal curriculum
Answer:
(iii) Nature and abilities of children

Question 19.
In Rousseau’s view, what is a child during their education?
(i) A young adult
(ii) An independent individual
(iii) A blank slate
(iv) Not a young adult
Answer:
(iv) Not a young adult

Question 20.
According to Rousseau, what are the sources of education?
(i) Books and lectures
(ii) Nature, Human, and Physical environment
(iii) Schools and institutions
(iv) Parents and family
Answer:
(ii) Nature, Human, and Physical environment

Question 21.
What concept does Rousseau associate with the best learning?
(i) Rote memorization
(ii) Learning by doing and experience
(iii) Competitive exams
(iv) Lecture-based education
Answer:
(ii) Learning by doing and experience

Question 22.
How does Rousseau describe education for children in the infancy stage (0-5 years)?
(i) Rigid and formal
(ii) Curriculum-driven
(iii) Involving the development of the child’s body and senses
(iv) Focused on prescribed textbooks
Answer:
(iii) Involving the development of the child’s body and senses

Question 23.
What does Rousseau suggest for education during childhood (5-12 years)?
(i) Strict discipline
(ii) Negative education
(iii) Rigid curriculum
(iv) Learning through direct experience and observation
Answer:
(iv) Learning through direct experience and observation

Question 24.
What method does Rousseau recommend for the youth stage (15-20 years)?
(i) Competitive exams
(ii) Moral and religious education through traditional lectures
(iii) Heuristic method
(iv) Negative education
Answer:
(ii) Moral and religious education through traditional lectures

Question 25.
What is the focus of the heuristic method suggested by Rousseau?
(i) Rote memorization
(ii) Problem-solving and self-directed learning
(iii) Lecture-based education
(iv) Strict discipline
Answer:
(ii) Problem-solving and self-directed learning

Question 26.
According to Rousseau, what is the role of the teacher in education?
(i) Source of information
(ii) Strict disciplinarian
(iii) Motivator for learning
(iv) Instructor of prescribed textbooks
Answer:
(iii) Motivator for learning

Question 27.
What term does Rousseau use for the method that involves trial and error to solve problems?
(i) Heuristic method
(ii) Play-way method
(iii) Inquiry-based method
(iv) Negative education
Answer:
(i) Heuristic method

Question 28.
What does Rousseau mean by “negative education”?
(i) Strict discipline
(ii) Learning through books
(iii) Learning through direct experience without interference
(iv) Competitive exams
Answer:
(iii) Learning through direct experience without interference

Question 29.
What did Rousseau emphasize in the method of training the senses?
(i) Strict control
(ii) Use of textbooks
(iii) Engagement in practical work
(iv) Lecture-based learning
Answer:
(iii) Engagement in practical work

Question 30.
Which stage does Rousseau recommend self-learning for?
(i) Infancy
(ii) Childhood
(iii) Adolescence
(iv) Youth
Answer:
(ii) Childhood

Question 31.
What is the focus of learning by doing, observation, inquiry, and experimental methods?
(i) Strict discipline
(ii) Memorization of facts
(iii) Hands-on exposure and understanding through experience
(iv) Rote learning
Answer:
(iii) Hands-on exposure and understanding through experience

Question 32.
What is Rousseau’s view on women’s education ?
(i) Same education as men
(ii) Higher education
(iii) Household and moral education
(iv) Technical and enlightened education
Answer:
(iii) Household and moral education

Question 33.
What did Rousseau believe about punishment in education?
(i) It is essential for discipline
(ii) It fosters curiosity and intellect
(iii) It should be strict and frequent
(iv) It destroys natural curiosity and intellect
Answer:
(iv) It destroys natural curiosity and intellect

Question 34.
What does Rousseau consider the role of a woman with literary education?
(i) A boon to society
(ii) Essential for progress
(iii) A plague to her family and servants
(iv) A symbol of enlightenment
Answer:
(iii) A plague to her family and servants

Question 35.
What concept did Rousseau lay the foundation for in education?
(i) Teacher-centered education
(ii) Student-centered education
(iii) Discipline-centered education
(iv) Rote memorization
Answer:
(ii) Student-centered education

Question 36.
According to Rousseau, what should be the nature of discipline in education?
(i) Strict and controlling
(ii) Negative and hands-off
(iii) Positive and encouraging .
(iv) Rigid and formal
Answer:
(ii) Negative and hands-off

Question 37.
What is the key trait that Rousseau discovered and recognized in children?
(i) Independence
(ii) Curiosity
(iii) Childhood traits
(iv) Obedience
Answer:
(iii) Childhood traits

Question 38.
What term did Rousseau use for education that does not involve ties and control mechanisms?
(i) Positive education
(ii) Formal education
(iii) Negative education
(iv) Competitive education
Answer:
(iii) Negative education

Question 39.
What does Rousseau emphasize regarding time in education?
(i) Time-saving
(ii) Strict timetable
(iii) Enough time for the child to live in nature
(iv) Time management
Answer:
(iii) Enough time for the child to live in nature

Question 40.
What did Rousseau advocate for women instead of higher education?
(i) Technical skills
(ii) Literary education
(iii) Moral and religious education
(iv) Professional education
Answer:
(iii) Moral and religious education

II. Fill in the blanks :

Question 1.
Rousseau emphasized the _____ of the child in education.
Answer:
Child as the centre

Question 2.
According to Rousseau, goodness is an _____ quality of children.
Answer:
Innate

Question 3.
Education, according to Rousseau, is the gardening of _____ .
Answer: Children

Question 4.
In the curriculum for infancy (0-5 years), emphasis is on the development of the child’s body and _____.
Answer:
Senses

Question 5.
Rousseau suggests that in childhood (5-12 years), learning should occur through _____ and observation.
Answer:
Direct experience

Question 6.
In the adolescence stage (12-15 years), Rousseau recommended a formal curriculum that includes subjects like Natural Science, Language, Mathematics, Woodwork, Music, and _____.
Answer:
Painting

Question 7.
For youth (15-20 years), Rousseau emphasized education in bodily health, _____, and hands on activities.
Answer:
Music

Question 8.
According to Rousseau, in the stage of infancy, the child learns most from the _____.
Answer:
Senses

Question 9.
The Chinese proverb mentioned by Rousseau highlights the importance of training the _____ of a child.
Answer:
Senses

Question 10.
The play-way method is based on the principle that all work and learning should be done in the spirit of _____.
Answer:
Play

Question 11.
In the childhood stage (5-12 years), Rousseau suggested the use of the _____ method, where the child takes possession of their learning.
Answer:
Self-learning

Question 12.
Negative education, as advocated by Rousseau, emphasizes learning through _____ experiences.
Answer:
Direct

Question 13.
Learning by doing, observation, inquiry, and experimental methods help develop the child’s _____ skills.
Answer:
Communication

Question 14.
The heuristic method, suggested for adolescents, involves _____ to solve problems.
Answer:
Trial and error

Question 15.
According to Rousseau, a teacher should act as a _____ for learning, not just a source of information.
Answer:
Motivator

Question 16.
Rousseau emphasized that children should be _____ not directed, by teachers.

Question 17.
Rousseau’s contribution to education laid the foundation for _____ education in the modem period.
Answer:
Child-centered

Question 18.
Negative education, according to Rousseau, rejects the idea of learning through _____
Answer:
Books

Question 19.
Rousseau opposed strict discipline and favored providing _____ to children.
Answer:
Full freedom

Question 20.
Rousseau’s concept of woman education emphasized teaching household skills, stitching, embroidery, and education of _____.
Answer:
Religion

Question 21.
Rousseau believed that women are born to serve, and men are bom to _____.
Answer:
Enjoy

Question 22.
In the context of women’s education, Rousseau stated, “A woman of literary education is the _____ of her family.”
Answer:
Plague

Question 23.
Negative education, according to Rousseau, involves providing _____ time for the child to live in nature.
Answer:
Enough

Question 24.
Rousseau was against the same education for men and women, stating that their nature of responsibilities is _____.
Answer:
Different

Question 25.
Rousseau advocated moral and religious education for _____.
Answer:
Women

II. Correct the Sentences

Question 1.
Jean Jacques Rousseau was born in Italy on 28th June 1712 and one of the famous philosophers of Naturalism school of thought.
Answer:
Jean Jacques Rousseau was born in Geneva on 28th June 1712 and was one of the famous philosophers of the Naturalism school of thought.

Question 2.
His famous book, ‘Emile’, is in the field of child education.
Answer:
His famous book, ‘Emile,’ is focused on child education.

Question 3.
Here he described the process of education through education of an imaginary child ‘Emile’ who Was given education in a natural environment away from the society and school.
Answer:
Here he described the process of education through the upbringing of an imaginary child ‘Emile,’ who was educated in a natural environment away from society and school.

Question 4.
According to him, nature is the only pure, clean and ennobling influence on children.
Answer:
According to him, nature is the only pure, clean, and ennobling influence on children.

Question 5.
He was a supporter of‘Negative Education.
Answer:
He was a proponent of ‘Negative Education.

Question 6.
Give me a twelve-year-old child who does not know anything.
Answer:
“Give me a twelve-year-old child who knows nothing.”

Question 7.
In the stage of infancy according to Rousseau education does not rise from without; it mainsprings from inside.
Answer:
In the stage of infancy, according to Rousseau, education does not come from without; it springs from inside.

Question 8.
The way bothering of sea leads the distant storm, this disquieting change is announced by the whisper of emerging passions.
Answer:
Like the distant storm leads to the troubling of the sea, this disquieting change is announced by the whisper of emerging passions.

Question 9.
In the infancy stage child should get engage in’practical work, in the actual work, it will make them have in-hand learning and more concentration which will bring joyful learning for them, there will be no scope of boredom for them.
Answer:
In the infancy stage, the child should engage in practical work. Actual hands-on learning increases concentration and brings joyful learning, eliminating boredom.

Question 10.
As it is a psychological sound method for the child to have learning.
Answer:
It is a psychologically sound method for the child to have learning.

Question 11.
According to him, a teacher is not the source of information but must act as a motivator for learning.
Answer:
According to him, a teacher is not just the source of information but must also act as a motivator for learning.

Question 12.
Rousseau discovered and recognized the childhood traits.
Answer:
Rousseau discovered and recognized childhood traits.

Question 13.
He was the forerunner of modem educational psychology.
Answer:
He was a forerunner of modem educational psychology.

Question 14.
He laid the foundation of free and positive discipline.
Answer:
He laid the foundation of free and progressive discipline.

Question 15.
Rousseau was not in favor of same education for men and women as he believed that their nature of responsibilities is totally different,
Answer:
Rousseau was not in favor of the same education for men and women as he believed that their nature and responsibilities are totally different.

III. Answer the following questions in one word :

Question 1.
What is the emphasis of Rousseau on the natural activities of the child in education?
Answer:
Rousseau emphasizes that goodness is innate in children, and all that is good comes from nature.

Question 2.
According to Rousseau, what is the role of the child in the center of education?
Answer:
The child should be at the center of education, and their nature and abilities should guide the educational process.

Question 3.
What does Rousseau believe about the sources of education?
Answer:
Rousseau suggests that nature, human, and physical environment are the sources of education.

Question 4.
What is the curriculum recommended by Rousseau for the infancy stage (0-5 years)?
Answer:
The curriculum for infancy should focus on the development of the child’s body and senses without developing any habits.

Question 5.
What is the key principle for childhood education (5-12 years) according to Rousseau?
Answer:
Learn everything through direct experience and observation, without prescribed textbooks.

Question 6.
What does Rousseau mean by “negative education” in childhood?
Answer:
Negative education means allowing children to learn without providing predefined answers, encouraging them to solve problems on their own.

Question 7.
What subjects are suggested by Rousseau for the adolescent stage (12-15 years)?
Answer:
Natural Science, Language, Mathematics, Woodwork, Music, Painting, etc., with an emphasis on practical exposure.

Question 8.
What areas does Rousseau propose for the education of youth (15-20 years)?
Answer:
Moral and religious education, bodily health, music, and hands-on activities.

Question 9.
What is the significance of the “Training of Senses” in Rousseau’s method of teaching?
Answer:
It emphasizes the importance of sensory learning for children aged 1-5 years, using the environment to engage their senses.

Question 10.
Which method did Rousseau recommend for the infancy stage, emphasizing practical work and concentration?
Answer:
Play-way method.

Question 11.
What is the focus of the self-learning method suggested by Rousseau for childhood (5-12 years)?
Answer:
Students take ownership of their learning, selecting what and how they will learn with the help of a teacher.

Question 12.
How does Rousseau propose learning through self-experience in education?
Answer:
Children should solve problems using their experiences, fostering a sense of success and motivation.

Question 13.
Which method involves trial and error and encourages problem-solving among adolescents?
Answer:
Heuristic method.

Question 14.
What role does Rousseau assign to the teacher in education?
Answer:
The teacher is a motivator for learning, guiding rather than directing children, understanding their nature, and providing proper guidance.

Question 15.
According to Rousseau, what did he contribute to the field of education?
Answer:
He discovered childhood traits, laid the foundation for child-centered education, and advocated free and positive discipline.

Question 16.
What is the essence of negative education according to Rousseau?
Answer:
Negative education avoids formal and rigid structures, allowing children to learn according to their nature and pace.

Question 17.
Why was Rousseau against strict discipline enforcement on children?
Answer:
He believed in providing full freedom to children for exploring and learning, without destroying their natural curiosity and intellect.

Question 18.
What was Rousseau’s view on the education of women?
Answer:
Rousseau believed in different education for men and women, emphasizing women’s roles in serving and providing moral and religious education.

Question 19.
What did Rousseau advocate instead of providing women with higher education?
Answer:
Women should be taught household skills, stitching, embroidery, and education of religion.

Question 20.
According to Rousseau, what was the role of women with literary education in the family?
Answer:
He stated, “A woman of literary education is the plague of her family, her servants, and everybody.”

Introduction

“Everything is good as it comes from the hands of the Author of Nature but everything degenerates in the hands of man.” Rousseau.
Jean Jacques Rousseau was born in Italy on 28th June 1712 and one of the famous philosophers of Naturalism school of thought. His ideas on education have been clearly understood through his books. He has written six great books and they are :

1. The progress of Art and Science
2. The Origin of Inequality among Men
3. Discourse on Inequality
4. The New Heloise
5. Social Contract
6. Emile ences of his school life as teachers used to give corporal punishment to children and he was afraid of teachers. As the school environment was not amicable to the growth of children, he considered school education is of no use.

According to him, nature is the only pure, clean and ennobling influence on children. Human society is thoroughly corrupt. Therefore, man should be freed from the bondage of society and should live in the nature. Human nature is basically good and it must be given ample opportunities for the free development in an open atmosphere. His famous book, ‘Emile’, is in the field of child education. Here he described the process of education through education of an imaginary child ‘Emile’ who was given education in a natural environment away from the society and school. In this book, psychological principles of education were given more importance as the child was left free to explore nature so that she could develop physically as well as mentally in the lap of nature.

Educational Thoughts of Rousseau:
Rousseau’s philosophy was literally based on the principle that all is worthy when it comes from God’s hand, but due to its impact of the society, it gradually degenerates. He underlined that traditional and formal education was human made and hence undesirable and he was in contradiction of this educational system. He believes that school is the expansion of the child’s inner disposition and it is not about communicating information or looking for knowledge. He also said that the first and the most significant part of education, precisely that which the whole world disregards is that of preparing a child to receive instruction.

He was in contradiction of serving knowledge to students deprived of understanding. He believed that the child takes his particular conducts of seeing, thinking and experiencing. They must not levy principles or methods to be followed. They should be free to comprehend and study the content the way they like. He was a supporter of ‘Negative Education.’ Explaining his new system of education, Rousseau said, ‘Give me a twelve-year-old child who does not know anything. By 15 years of age, I will teach him so much as other children read in 15 years 29 of early life’.

1. Education for 1st five years: In the stage of infancy according to Rousseau education does not rise from without; it mainsprings from inside. It is because of progress in the inner faculties and body organs that start the real education of environment. The first education is the free and without confining the natural behaviour of in the routines actions of the child in the physical environment. The prominent thing is that the child is allowed to follow the inner instinct to act and that he experiences the results of his behaviour directly.

2. Education from five to twelve years : Rousseau said to take the child in one and only dependency on possessions, and you will observe the natural order in the enlargement of his education. Place first physical hindrances in the mode of indiscreet desires and let his penalties spring from his own activities. Without dismal of wrongdoing, be gratified to prevent it. Experience or inability apart from anything else must take the place of law for him. Gratify the wants, not for his demands but because of his individual needs. He should have no consciousness of compliance when he acts, nor of mastery when someone work for him. Let the child experience freedom likewise in his actions.

3. Age of twelve to fifteen : This age period, Rousseau called the ‘Age of Reason,’ for-the rise of the reason is its most important characteristic. Self-preservation is the ultimate need of life, the natural manifestation of deep-seated, biological animosity. Our first dispositions are naturally self-ward, and all our behaviour is for individual well-being. Sensory experiences do not form the source of mental life. It is not coming from without, but what happens from within that produces human behaviour and defines the progression of development.

4. Education from Fifteen to Twenty : Man is not destined to be a child always. With the passage of time which is set by nature, he passes out of his childhood. The way bothering of sea leads the distant storm, this disquieting change is announced by the whisper of emerging passions. By the good symbols of varying disposition go physical patent changes. His expression progresses and takes on the print of a final character. The slight soft down on his cheeks grows darker and firmer. His voice breaks, or rather, get lost.

He is neither child nor man, and he speaks like neither. His eyes, organs of the soul, which have earlier had nothing, find language and experience as they light up with a new fire. For scholarly education, no convinced course of study should be projected. Those subjects which mark a real influence to the self-preservation of the individual should give better attention. Geography and astronomy are the first subjects of care, and these should be educated by the direct experience from nature. This is formerly followed by the physical sciences. This further primes to agriculture and, arts and crafts. When the student has a noble associate with these, he is proficient in cabinet making.

5. Negative Education : It involves, not in teaching the moralities of virtue and truth, but in protecting the heart counter to vice and the mind counter to mistake.’ With him, free development of the nature, powers and natural inclinations of the child brings the whole education among them. According to Rousseau, negative education is that education which shapes the faculties and organs which exists as the tools of knowledge, before giving the direct experience. It makes path for motive by the appropriate exercise of the senses. Negative education does not involve a time of idleness. It does not spring intrinsic worth but preserves the individual from evil. It does not teach truth, rather it shields the individual from the mistake. It facilitates the individual to opt the way which will lead them to reality, when they will reach to the age to understand it. It will similarly aid them to make a pathway of goodness when they attained the capability of identifying and loving it.

Concept of Education: Rousseau suggested the given practices in education:

1. Complete freedom to the child/learner.
2. No imposed physical punishment, only the child can experience natural punishment, that can subsequently help/teach the child to do the right and good things.
3. Follow the natural law(s), because neglect or violation invariably leads to pain and suffering.
4. Naturally possessed fine character.

Aims of Education – The following aims of education were suggested by Rousseau:

• Emphasis on natural activities of the child : According to Rousseau, “Goodness is an innate quality of the children.

• All that is good which we get from nature.” : Child as the centre of education. Nature and abilities of children should be kept in mind while planning for their education. Child is not a young adult. .

• Emphasis on Nature : According to Rousseau, Nature, Human and Physical environment are the sources of education. Learning by doing and getting experience is the best learning. Education is gardening of children. As plants develop through care and nutrients and human develop through education. Children must realize their weaknesses, inabilities and dependence so that they can overcome these with hard work and efforts. Rousseau wants life of hard work and not comfort, luxury and weakness. According to him the child should be provided education according to child’s nature and love towards nature should be developed in the child. Love of nature will develop all other faculties in the child. He considered natural education as the real education and criticized regular and artificial education imparted in the schools.

Curriculum:

• Infancy (0-5 years):
  1. A curriculum which leads to the development of the child body as well as senses in full extent. It is required to provide a platform for moral conversation through mother tongue. It must not develop any habit.
• Childhood (5-12 years):
  1. Learn everything through direct experience and observation.
  2. No prescribed text book.
  3. Negative education
  4. Free play, movement and action
  5. No rigid curriculum suggested at this stage
• Adolescence (12-15 Years):
  1. Rousseau Suggested formal curriculum for adolescent the subjects include Natural Science, Language, Mathematics, Woodwork, Music, Painting, etc.
  2. The curriculum must be imparted which involves active work or practical exposure. Not on the book it should be done by them practically.
• Youth (15-20 Years):
  1. For the youth stage, Rousseau suggested providing Moral and religious education to the youth through, not through traditional or formal lectures.
  2. Education must emphasize the curriculum for bodily health, music and hands-on activities.

Methods of Teaching :
In the stage of infancy, the child learns most from the senses, as even it was also supported by Jean Piaget theory of cognitive development. As senses are the only means of understanding and learning the things from the environment for the child during this stage of the child. “When I hear, I forget. When I see, I remember. When I do, I understand.”

• Training of Senses : It is old Chinese proverb which signifies the importance of senses for the gateway of Knowledge. It was suggested by Rousseau to train the senses of a child of l-5years old, for that it is required to showcase the environment and things which can insist the child use their maximum senses. Apart from this the method which was suggested for infant stage was counseling method which may lead them to share their vision, problem and interact with the teacher if they don’t understand anything. Moreover through counseling method only child able to tell the way through which they want to learn, interest, and curiosity. The third method which should be used is Play-way method.

• Play-way method : Drives by the principle that all work and learning should be done in the spirit of‘play’. Play-way is a means of the personal and emotional development of the child that is, development concerning intellect, abilities, skills, and feelings. Children like to play, and it is their natural drives. This means it helps to sustain the interest of the child, able to pay. attention. The games and activities, that are accompanied require the children to think logically and also to put on their creativity.

This helps in maintaining their focus in the class, and their concentration levels improved significantly. In the infancy stage child should get engage in practical work, in the actual work it will make them have in-hand learning and more concentration which will bring joyful learning for them, there will be no scope of boredom for them. As it is a psychological sound method for the child to have learning.

• Self -learning method is suggested for the stage of childhood (5-12 years) where the child, with the help from of teacher, select what and in what way they will learn. It can be done independently or with group learning, but the general concept is that students take possession of their learning. It will include their style of learning, interest, pace, language, the quantity of content, skills, and abilities.

• Learning through self -experience as in the naturalism it is mentioned the negative education in which it is not required to provide self-prepared answer let the child make their answer. Give the child a problem and tell them to resolve without saying the exact solution of it, children should get the platform where they will use their experience to solve the problem. It will generate the feeling of success and motivation when they will learn from their own experience.

• Learning by doing, Observation, inquiry and experimental method gives the children to have the hand on exposure of learning the concept, where maximum senses are involved in carrying out the task and child can become capable enough how to proceed that task in future. They come to know about the rationale of doing the actions, they ask the questions based on their observations; makes hypotheses, consider the generalization of the results they observed, after that communication of results and comprehend the whole experiment done during that particular time. It helps to develop communication skills, self -expression, build confidence among the child.

• Heuristic method : This method was suggested for the stage of an adolescent. The heuristic method is somehow having the principle of problemsolving technique where a child keeps on doing trial and error to solve the problem and come up with the solutions. In this method, a problematic situation is sited formerly to the learners, and they are questioned to seek the resolution for that problem through infinite knowledge sources like a library, laboratory, resources, etc. The role of teacher is to introduce the learning and child will remain active during the transactions of learning.

Children use their creative thinking and visionary power; they strain to elicit out the solution which is relevant followed by some logic. The self-experience may lead to learn them. It leads to developing problem-solving attitude among children when child draws out the answers with themselves, and it nurtures the scientific attitude of the children, they start thinking rationally and logically to overcome from .that problem, by covering all domains, i.e., cognitive, affective and psychomotor, all around development is achieved. It is a very fruitful method for higher class students.

Role of the Teacher :
According to him, a teacher is not the source of information but must act as a motivator for learning. Children should not be directed but guided. Teacher must understand the nature of children. So, he/she should be tolerant and able to check his/her emotions. He/she must not think of keeping the child under his/her control as the child needs to be provided with full freedom for exploring and learning. Proper guidance should be provided by the teacher to the child.

Rousseau’s Contribution to Education :
• He discovered and recognized the childhood traits. He advocated basis of child psychology as the founding step for education of children. This lead to child centered education in the modem period. He was the forerunner of modern educational psychology. He said that children should be treated as children and not as young adults, so methods of providing them education should be different. He said that the children should be given problems to solve without any help and instructions.

• Therefore, let them find out the truths themselves by exploring the environment. He laid the foundation of free and positive discipline. He said, “Let the child move freely in nature and learn from his/her own personal experience and through actual participation in day to day life activities.” He condemned the punishment which destroys original and natural curiosity and intellect of the child due to fear of punishment. He was against strict discipline enforcement on children. He was in favour of providing full freedom to children to do their work in their own creative ways and not interfering in what they are doing.

Negative Education :
He emphasized on negative education as compared to positive education as formal and rigid education tries to prepare the child for adult roles before time by providing lot of information and instructions in an artificial environment. Negative education is without any ties and control mechanism. In this the child learns according to his/her nature and at his/her own pace. In this
type his/her all faculties develop naturally.

Advocating negative education, Rousseau emphasized on the following:

• • 1. No learning through books rather learning through direct experiences from the nature
    2. No time saving (provide enough time to the child to live in nature)
    3. No habit formation
    4. No social education for the children (as the upper class society was corrupt at that time) ?
    5. No direct moral education
    6. No strict and formal discipline
    7. No traditional education method

Woman Education :
Rousseau was not in favor of same education for men and women as he believed that their nature of responsibilities is totally different. He said that women are bom to serve and men are bom to enjoy. The role of women is to bring up children, help them to grow up as adults, to provide them with advice to make their life comfortable and acceptable. So instead of providing women with higher education, they should be taught household, stitching, embroidery and education of religion. He advocated moral and religious education for women. This may be a part of debate. Rousseau said, “A woman of literary education is the plague of her family, her servants and everybody.” It needs critical reflection in the context of present day society with technical and enlightened society.