Odisha State Board CHSE Odisha Class 12 Education Solutions Chapter 5 John Dewey Questions and Answers.
CHSE Odisha 12th Class Education Chapter 5 Question Answer John Dewey
Group – A
Short type Questions with Answers
I. Answer with in Two/Three sentence:
Question 1.
Who is John Dewey and what is the basis of his educational philosophy?
Answer:
John Dewey is a philosopher and educationist known for his pragmatist views on education. His philosophy is centered on the idea that knowledge is a result of action, and he emphasizes the continuous reconstruction of experiences in the educational process..
Question 2.
What is the central concept of education according to Dewey?
Answer:
Dewey considers experience as the central concept of education. He believes that children learn through their experiences, and education should focus on problem-solving through reflective inquiry.
Question 3.
How does Dewey view knowledge and truth in education?
Answer:
Dewey believes that knowledge is gained through inquiry, reflective thinking, experimentation, and fact-finding. He rejects the notion of an ultimate truth, emphasizing the ever- changing nature of knowledge based on evolving experiences.
Question 4.
What is Dewey’s perspective on change in education?
Answer:
Dewey argues that change is necessary for individual and social development. He believes that education systems, methods, and approaches should adapt to the evolving needs of the times, and education is for the child, not the other way around.
Question 5.
In what way does Dewey envision a democratic society through education?
Answer:
Dewey advocates for the establishment of a democratic society based on education. In an ideal society, he emphasizes the development of social and communal feelings, awareness of duties and rights, and mutual cooperation.
Question 6.
What are the key aspects of Dewey’s educational aims?
Answer:
Dewey’s educational aims include philosophy as a byproduct of education, the idea that education is life itself, and the concept that education is a miniature society promoting social continuity.
Question 7.
According to Dewey, how does education contribute to the development of an individual in society?
Answer:
Dewey believes that education is the process of reconstructing experiences. In a democratic world, education is the right of every individual, leading to continuous development through social and individual experiences.
Question 8.
How does Dewey suggest shaping the curriculum?
Answer:
Dewey suggests that the curriculum should be determined by the child’s instincts and abilities, emphasizing utility, flexibility, experiential learning, and closeness to life. He advocates for a child-centered curriculum.
Question 9.
What methods of teaching does Dewey promote?
Answer:
Dewey promotes teaching methods such as learning by doing, field visits, projects, problem-solving, inquiry-based learning, experimentation, observation, critical analysis, and debate to make the curriculum more integrated and closely connected to the child’s life.
Question 10.
What role does Dewey assign to teachers in education?
Answer:
According to Dewey, teachers are friends, philosophers, and guides. They are major agents for the socialization of the child, representing society and guiding children to effectively live in society.
Question 11.
How does Dewey view discipline in education?
Answer:
Dewey emphasizes social discipline based on the child’s nature, actions, and social accountability. He prefers self-discipline over externally enforced discipline, rejecting artificial or unnatural methods based on fear.
Question 12.
What impact has John Dewey’s philosophy had on modern education?
Answer:
Dewey’s philosophy has significantly influenced modem education, emphasizing the construction of knowledge through the child’s experiences. His ideas align with constructivist approaches, as seen in Vygot sky’s educational theories.
Question 13.
What is the fundamental aim of education according to Dewey?
Answer:
According to Dewey, the fundamental aim of education is the development of capacities in the individual to control the environment and fulfill their possibilities, considering both psychological and social aspects.
Question 14.
How does Dewey describe the relationship between an individual and society in education?
Answer:
Dewey sees an individual as the soul of the body, which is society. He believes in the interdependence of individual and society, with education contributing to the development of both.
Question 15. What does Dewey mean by stating, “Education is life itself and not a preparation for life”?
Answer:
Dewey argues that education is not merely a preparation for future living but is life itself. He emphasizes the importance of practical knowledge that can be used in life, giving priority to behavioral and vocational skills.
II. Answer with in Five/Six sentence :
Question 1.
Who is John Dewey, and what is the foundation of his educational philosophy?
Answer:
John Dewey, a renowned philosopher and educationist of the modem age, based his educational philosophy on the principles of pragmatism. He believed that knowledge results from action and considered change as the fundamental reality of the world. Dewey’s significant contributions to educational thought are found in his notable works such as ‘Democracy and Education’ (1916), ‘Logic’ (1938), and ‘Experience and Education’ (1938).
Question 2.
What is the central concept of Dewey’s educational philosophy?
Answer:
The central concept of Dewey’s educational philosophy is the idea that education should be experience-centered. He argued that children learn through direct, meaningful experiences, and the curriculum should reflect the continuity of life experiences.
Question 3.
How does Dewey view knowledge and truth in education?
Answer:
Dewey posited that knowledge is gained through inquiry, reflective thinking, experimentation, and fact-finding. He rejected the notion of ultimate truth, asserting that truth is an instrument used by humans to solve problems, and as problems change, truth also changes.
Question 4.
What is Dewey’s perspective on the aim of education?
Answer:
According to Dewey, the main aim of education is to make a child capable of solving life’s problems through their experiences. He emphasized that education should contribute to making human life prosperous and happy.
Question 5.
How does Dewey view the relationship between education and democracy?
Answer:
Dewey believed that education should prepare individuals for active citizenship in a democratic society. He envisioned the establishment of a democratic society based on the principles of social cooperation, awareness of duties and rights, and the development of communal feelings.
Question 6.
What role does experiential learning play in Dewey’s philosophy of education?
Answer:
Dewey considered experience as the central concept of education, advocating for learning through direct experiences. He believed that students should actively engage with their environment, and learning by doing is crucial for a deeper understanding of concepts.
Question 7.
What does Dewey propose regarding the curriculum and teaching methods?
Answer:
Dewey suggested that the curriculum should be determined by the child’s instincts, abilities, and interests. He emphasized a child-centered curriculum that includes social issues and is closely linked to the life of the child. Teaching methods should involve experiential learning, inquiry, problem-solving, and critical analysis.
Question 8.
How does Dewey perceive the role of the teacher in education?
Answer:
According to Dewey, the teacher is a friend, philosopher, and guide. The teacher serves as the major agent for the socialization of the child, representing society. The role of the teacher is to motivate and inspire students without imposing personal thoughts, preparing them for effective living in society.
Question 9.
What is Dewey’s stance on discipline in education?
Answer:
Dewey advocates for social discipline based on the child’s nature, actions, and social accountability. He opposes artificial or unnatural enforcement of discipline through fear and emphasizes the importance of self-discipline over externally forced discipline.
Question 10.
How has John Dewey’s philosophy impacted modern education?
Answer:
John Dewey’s philosophy has greatly influenced contemporary education. His emphasis on experiential learning, child-centered curriculum, and the role of the teacher as a guide has shaped modern pedagogical approaches. Dewey’s ideas align with constructivist learning approaches, contributing to the current understanding of how children construct their knowledge through experiences.
Group – B
Long Type Questions With Answers
Question 1.
Describe the contributions of educational thought of Dewey to present educational system.
Answer:
• John Dewey, an influential American philosopher, psychologist, and educational reformer, made significant contributions to the field of education that continue to shape the present educational system. Dewey’s ideas, developed in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, emphasized the importance of experiential learning, the integration of education and democracy, and the promotion of critical thinking;. This overview will explore Dewey’s key contributions and their enduring impact on the contemporary educational landscape.
• One of Dewey’s central contributions was his emphasis on experiential learning. He argued that education should be a dynamic and interactive process that engages students in real-life experiences. Dewey believed that learning is most effective when it is connected to meaningful, hands-on activities, allowing students to actively participate in the construction of knowledge. This perspective has had a profound influence on the present educational system, with modem pedagogical approaches embracing experiential learning methods.
• Dewey also advocated for a curriculum that reflects the interconnectedness of subjects and real-world applications. He proposed a departure from traditional, compartmentalized subject areas in favor of an integrated curriculum that addresses the holistic development of students. This idea has influenced contemporary educational practices, leading to interdisciplinary approaches and project-based learning initiatives that seek to provide a more comprehensive and interconnected educational experience.
• Furthermore, Dewey’s philosophy emphasized the integration of education and democracy. He believed that schools should prepare students for active participation in a democratic society by fostering critical thinking, problem-solving, and a sense of social responsibility. Dewey argued that education should Hot only transmit knowledge but also cultivate the skills and dispositions necessary for informed citizenship. This perspective has influenced current educational goals, with an increased emphasis on developing students’ civic and social competencies.
• Dewey’s contributions extended to the concept of “progressive education.” He critiqued traditional education for its emphasis on rote memorization and passive learning, advocating for a more student-centered and inquiry-based approach. Progressive education values the individual needs and interests of students, encouraging them to explore, question, and construct their own understanding of the world. This approach has influenced the design of modem classrooms, with an increased focus on student engagement, collaboration, and personalized learning experiences.
• In addition, Dewey’s thoughts on the teacher’s role have left a lasting impact on the educational system. He proposed that teachers should act as facilitators, guiding students in their learning journey rather than dictating information. This shift in the teacher-student dynamic has contributed to contemporary teaching methodologies that emphasize a more collaborative and student-centered approach. Professional development programs for educators often include training in facilitating inquiry-based learning and promoting student autonomy.
• Dewey’s influence on educational psychology is also noteworthy. He proposed a theory of learning that emphasized the active and social nature of knowledge acquisition. Dewey’s ideas on the importance of context, interaction, and reflection in the learning process have informed modem educational psychology research and instructional design. Concepts such as situated learning, social constructivism, and reflective practice in teaching draw inspiration from Dewey’s insights.
• Despite Dewey’s significant contributions, it is essential to acknowledge that the implementation of his ideas in the present educational system is not uniform. Challenges exist in fully realizing Deweyan principles due to various factors such as standardized testing, administrative constraints, and differing interpretations of progressive education. Nevertheless, Dewey’s legacy persists, and his ideas continue to shape educational philosophy, curriculum design, and teaching practices.
• In conclusion, John Dewey’s contributions to the educational thought have had a profound and enduring impact on the present educational system. His emphasis on experiential learning, the integration of education and democracy, progressive education, and the evolving role of teachers has influenced pedagogical approaches, curriculum design, and the overall philosophy of education. Dewey’s ideas remain relevant and continue to inspire ongoing discussions and reforms in the field of education.
Question 2.
Explain the principles of curriculum suggested by John Dewey.
Answer:
John Dewey, a prominent American philosopher, psychologist, and educational reformer, proposed a set of principles for curriculum design that aimed to align education with the needs of a democratic society and the developmental needs of the individual learner. Dewey’s ideas, developed in the early 20th century, continue to be influential in shaping educational practices. Here, we will explore the key principles of curriculum suggested by John Dewey.
• Experience-Centered Learning : Dewey advocated for an experience-centered curriculum, where learning is rooted in the direct, meaningful experiences of students. He believed that education should reflect the continuity of life experiences and that the curriculum should be designed to connect with the everyday world of the learner. By making learning relevant to students’ lives, the curriculum becomes a dynamic and engaging process that promotes active participation and understanding.
• Integration of Subjects : Dewey challenged the traditional compartmentalization of subjects and proposed an integrated curriculum. He argued that subjects should not be taught in isolation but rather as interconnected components of a holistic educational experience. This integration reflects the interconnected nature of real-life situations and helps students see the relationships between different areas of knowledge, fostering a more comprehensive understanding of the world.
• Problem-Solving and Critical Thinking : Dewey emphasized the development of problem-solving skills and critical thinking as central goals of education. The curriculum, according to Dewey, should provide students with opportunities to engage in real-world problem-solving activities. This approach not only enhances cognitive abilities but also prepares students for active participation in a democratic society by instilling a habit of reflective inquiry and reasoned judgment.
• Active and Experimental Learning : Dewey advocated for learning through doing, experimentation, and firsthand experiences. He believed that students learn best when they actively engage with their environment and construct knowledge through hands-on experiences. The curriculum, therefore, should incorporate opportunities for students to explore, experiment, and discover, fostering a deeper understanding of concepts and promoting a sense of agency in the learning process.
• Social and Cooperative Learning : Dewey recognized the social nature of learning and emphasized the importance of social interactions in the curriculum. He believed that collaboration and cooperative learning were essential for developing social intelligence and interpersonal skills. The curriculum should include activities that encourage teamwork, communication, and shared problem-solving, preparing students for active participation in a democratic community.
• Relevance to Learner’s Experience : The curriculum, according vo Dewey, should be responsive to the experiences, interests, and needs of individual learners. Recognizing the diversity of learners, he proposed a flexible curriculum that accommodates different learning styles and allows for personalization based on the unique backgrounds and interests of students. This principle supports the idea that education should be student-centered and tailored to individual developmental stages.
• Continuous and Lifelong Learning : Dewey viewed education as a lifelong process, extending beyond formal schooling. The curriculum, therefore, should foster a love for learning and equip students with the skills and attitudes necessary for continuous intellectual and personal development throughout their lives. This principle aligns with Dewey’s vision of education as a means of cultivating active, informed, and engaged citizens.
• Democratic Citizenship Education : Dewey believed that education should prepare students for responsible citizenship in a democratic society. The curriculum should emphasize the values of democracy, social justice,_and ethical responsibility. By providing experiences that promote civic engagement, the curriculum contributes to the development of individuals who are not only knowledgeable but also actively participate in the democratic processes of their community and society.
In conclusion, John Dewey’s principles of curriculum design revolve around the central idea of education as a dynamic, experiential, and socially grounded process. His emphasis on connecting learning to life experiences, integrating subjects, fostering critical thinking, and promoting active and cooperative learning has left a lasting impact on educational philosophy and practice. Dewey’s vision continues to influence discussions on curriculum development, pedagogy, and the overarching goals of education in contemporary settings.
Question 3.
Examine the foundational principles that define John Dewey’s educational philosophy and how these key characteristics have influenced contemporary approaches to teaching and learning.
Answer:
Examine the foundational principles that define John Dewey’s educational philosophy and how these key characteristics have influenced contemporary approaches to teaching and learning. John Dewey, a prominent American philosopher, psychologist, and educational reformer, developed a comprehensive educational philosophy that has had a profound and lasting impact dn the field. His ideas, shaped in the early 20th century, reflect a holistic approach to education that emphasizes experience, experimentation, and the integration of learning with the needs of a democratic society. Here, we will outline the key characteristics of John Dewey’s educational philosophy.
• Experiential Learning : At the core of Dewey’s philosophy is the concept of experiential learning. Dewey argued that education should be rooted in the direct experiences of the learner. He believed that learning is most effective when it occurs in real-life contexts, allowing students to actively engage with the material. Dewey’s emphasis on experiential learning challenges traditional rote memorization methods, advocating for a curriculum that reflects the dynamic and interactive nature of genuine experiences.
• Learning by Doing: Dewey believed in the importance of learning through doing and active engagement with the environment. He asserted that students should not passively bsorb information but should participate actively in the learning process. By engaging in hands-on activities and practical experiences, students not only gain a deeper understanding of concepts but also develop problem-solving skills and critical thinking abilities.
• Integration of Subjects : Dewey challenged the traditional compartmentalization of subjects and advocated for an integrated curriculum. He argued that subjects should not be taught in isolation but should be interconnected, mirroring the interconnected nature of real-life situations. An integrated curriculum fosters a more holistic understanding of knowledge, emphasizing the relationships between different disciplines.
• Social and Cooperative Learning : Dewey recognized the social nature of learning and emphasized the importance of social interactions in education. He believed that collaboration and cooperative learning were essential for developing social intelligence and interpersonal skills. Dewey’s philosophy encourages group activities, discussions, and shared problem-solving experiences to prepare students for active participation in a democratic society.
• Problem-Solving and Critical Thinking : Dewey viewed education as a means to cultivate problem-solving skills and critical thinking. He believed that students should be exposed to real-world problems, allowing them to apply their knowledge and develop analytical skills. Problem-solving activities contribute not only to intellectual development but also to the formation of responsible and reflective individuals capable of reasoned judgment.
• Democracy and Education : Dewey’s educational philosophy is deeply intertwined with the principles of democracy. He believed that education should prepare individuals for active citizenship in a democratic society. The curriculum should emphasize democratic values, social justice, and ethical responsibility. Dewey’s vision involves creating an educational environment that mirrors the democratic ideals of equality, cooperation, and civic engagement.
• Personalization and Flexibility : Dewey recognized the diversity of learners and advocated for a personalized and flexible approach to education. He proposed a curriculum that accommodates different learning styles and allows for individualized learning experiences based on students’ backgrounds and interests. This emphasis on personalization aligns with the idea that education should be tailored to the unique needs of each learner.
• Continuous and Lifelong Learning : Dewey viewed education as a lifelong process that extends beyond formal schooling. His philosophy emphasizes the importance of fostering a love for learning and equipping individuals with the skills and attitudes necessary for continudus intellectual and personal development throughout their lives.
In conclusion, John Dewey’s educational philosophy is characterized by its emphasis on experiential learning, active engagement, social interaction, and the integration of subjects. His vision of education as a dynamic, democratic, and lifelong process has left an indelible mark on educational practices and continues to influence discussions on curriculum design, pedagogy, and the broader goals of education.
Question 4.
Evaluate the impact and relevance of John Dewey’s educational philosophy in contemporary educational settings.
Answer:
• John Dewey’s educational philosophy has had a profound and enduring impact on contemporary educational settings, influencing pedagogical approaches, curriculum design, and the overarching goals of education. His ideas, developed in the early 20th century, continue to resonate due to their emphasis on experiential learning, active engagement, and the integration of education with the needs of a democratic society.
• One of the significant contributions of Dewey’s philosophy is the emphasis on experiential learning. In today’s classrooms, educators increasingly recognize the importance of providing students with hands-on, real-world experiences to enhance their understanding and retention of knowledge. The concept of learning by doing aligns with contemporary practices such as project-based learning, experiential activities, and practical applications of theoretical concepts.
• Dewey’s call for the integration of subjects has also found relevance in modern education. Interdisciplinary approaches have gained traction, emphasizing the interconnectedness of knowledge and encouraging students to make connections across different subject areas. The shift .towards a more holistic curriculum that addresses the complexities of the real world reflects Dewey’s vision of an integrated educational experience.
• The focus on social and cooperative learning, another hallmark of Dewey’s philosophy, aligns with the contemporary understanding of the importance of collaboration and communication skills. Group projects, collaborative problem-solving, and interactive learning environments have become prevalent in today’s classrooms, reflecting Dewey’s belief in the social nature of learning and the development of interpersonal skills.
• Dewey’s emphasis on problem-solving and critical thinking remains highly relevant in the current educational landscape. The increasing emphasis on 21st-century skills, such as critical thinking, creativity, and problem-solving, reflects Dewey’s vision of education as a means to cultivate individuals capable of addressing complex challenges in an ever-evolving world.
• The democratic ideals embedded in Dewey’s philosophy also resonate in contemporary discussions on education. There is a growing recognition of the need to prepare students for active citizenship and civic engagement. Concepts such as service learning, civic education, and a focus on social responsibility echo Dewey’s vision of education as a preparation for responsible participation in a democratic society.
• However, challenges persist in fully implementing Deweyan principles in the modern educational system. Standardized testing, bureaucratic structures, and a sometimes rigid curriculum can hinder the realization of Dewey’s vision. Despite these challenges, educators and policymakers continue to draw inspiration from Dewey’s philosophy, striving to create learning environments that foster curiosity, critical thinking, and a sense of social responsibility.
• In conclusion, John Dewey’s educational philosophy continues to wield a significant influence on contemporary education. The emphasis on experiential learning, integration of subjects, social and cooperative learning, and the cultivation of democratic values align with current educational goals and challenges. While adaptations are necessary to meet the complexities of the modem world, Dewey’s enduring legacy lies in his commitment to creating meaningful, relevant, and socially responsible educational experiences.
• Outline the key characteristics of John Dewey’s educational philosophy. Explain the principles of curriculum suggested by John Dewey.Impact on Modern Education John Dewey’s philosophy on education has a great impact on the present day education system. Present education process emphasizes on creating or constructs knowledge through experiences of the child. The child has every ability to construct their own knowledge.
Teacher helps the child to construct their knowledge by using the experiences gained by the learner from their interaction with the environment, family, peers, society, play mates, etc. John Dewey’s concept of education has contributed lot to Vygot sky’s constructivist approach of learning.Role of Teacher According to Dewey, teacher is a friend, philosopher and guide. S/he is the major agent for the socialization of the child. S/he is the representative of the society. S/he has right to motivate and inspire the child but not to burden the child with Top of Form.
Group – C
Objective type Questions with Answers
II. Multiple Choice Questions with Answers :
Question 1.
What is the foundation of John Dewey’s educational philosophy?
(i) Idealism
(ii) Pragmatism
(iii) Realism
(iv) Existentialism
Answer:
(ii) Pragmatism
Question 2.
According to Dewey, how is knowledge acquired?
(i) Through memorization
(ii) Through action and experience
(iii) Through observation only
(iv) Through theoretical speculation
Answer:
(ii) Through action and experience
Question 3.
Which book by John Dewey outlines his major concepts on education?
(i) “The Republic”
(ii) “Democracy and Education”
(iii) “Meditations”
(iv) “The Prince”
Answer:
(ii) “Democracy and Education”
Question 4.
What does Dewey consider as the basic theory of education?
(i) Stability
(ii) Change
(iii) Tradition
(iv) Authoritarianism
Answer:
(ii) Change
Question 5.
What is the aim of education according to Dewey?
(i) Memorization of facts
(ii) Repetition of traditions
(iii) Problem-solving and critical inquiry
(iv) Rote learning
Answer:
(iii) Problem-solving and critical inquiry
Question 6.
Which term does Dewey use to describe the interconnectedness of subjects in the curriculum?
(i) Isolation
(ii) Compartmentalization
(iii) Integration
(iv) Specialization
Answer:
(iii) Integration
Question 7.
According to Dewey, what is the main aim of education in a democratic society?
(i) Authoritarian control
(ii) Individual isolation
(iii) Social and communal development
(iv) Rigid conformity
Answer:
(iii) Social and communal development
Question 8.
Which philosophical term does Dewey believe in, suggesting that nothing is absolute and everything is relative ?
(i) Determinism
(ii) Relativism
(iii) Idealism
(iv) Materialism
Answer:
(ii) Relativism
Question 9.
What concept does Dewey emphasize in his educational philosophy to describe objects as tools for achieving goals?
(i) Idealism
(ii) Materialism
(iii) Instrumentalism
(iv) Existentialism
Answer:
(iii) Instrumentalism
Question 10.
According to Dewey, what is the process of education considered to be?
(i) A preparation for life
(ii) A dynamic aspect of philosophy
(iii) A byproduct of philosophy
(iv) A separation from life
Answer:
(iii) A byproduct of philosophy
Question 11.
What does Dewey mean by “Education is life itself and not a preparation for life”?
(i) Education is static
(ii) Education is theoretical
(iii) Education is dynamic and continuous
(iv) Education is isolated from real-life experiences
Answer:
(iii) Education is dynamic and continuous
Question 12.
What does Dewey consider education to be for the child?
(i) A preparation for adulthood
(ii) A means of control
(iii) A process of living
(iv) An isolation from society
Answer:
(iii) A process of living
Question 13.
What is the role of the state in Dewey’s concept of education in a democratic world?
(i) Minimal involvement
(ii) Total responsibility for children
(iii) Authoritarian control
(iv) Exclusion from education
Answer:
(ii) Total responsibility for children
Question 14.
What does Dewey believe is the social continuity of life?
(i) Political democracy
(ii) Education
(iii) Economic systems
(iv) Cultural heritage
Answer:
(ii) Education
Question 15.
What is the concept of curriculum suggested by Dewey to be based on?
(i) Rote learning
(ii) Teacher’s interests
(iii) Child’s instincts and abilities
(iv) Historical traditions
Answer:
(iii) Child’s instincts and abilities
Question 16.
What principles did Dewey suggest for the formation of the curriculum?
(i) Uniformity, Rigidity, Immutability and Distance
(ii) Flexibility, Utility, Experiential, and Close to life
(iii) Tradition, Memorization, Specialization and Conformity
(iv) Authoritarianism, Isolation, Rote Learning, and Teacher-centered
Answer:
(ii) Flexibility, Utility, Experiential and Close to life
Question 17.
What teaching methods did Dewey emphasize for the curriculum?
(i) Lecture-based instruction
(ii) Learning by doing, field visits and problem-solving
(iii) Rote memorization and repetition
(iv) Strict discipline and authority
Answer:
(ii) Learning by doing, field visits and problem-solving
Question 18.
What does Dewey believe is the role of the teacher?
(i) Authoritarian figure
(ii) Source of strict discipline
(iii) Friend, philosopher, and guide
(iv) Passive observer
Answer:
(iii) Friend, philosopher, and guide
Question 19.
According to Dewey, what is the significance of discipline in education?
(i) Artificial and forced discipline
(ii) Strict adherence to rules
(iii) Mental state to develop social activities
(iv) External enforcement through fear
Answer:
(iii) Mental state to develop social activities
Question 20.
What does Dewey consider more important than externally forced discipline?
(i) Rote learning
(ii) Artificial discipline
(iii) Self-discipline
(iv) Authoritarian control
Answer:
(iii) Self-discipline
Question 21.
What impact has John Dewey’s philosophy had on the “present-day education system?
(i) Focus on rote learning
(ii) Emphasis on teacher-centered approaches
(iii) Promotion of constructivism and experiential learning
(iv) Strict adherence to traditional methods .
Answer:
(iii) Promotion of constructivism and experiential learning
Question 22.
What is the contemporary emphasis in the education process regarding the construction of knowledge?
(i) Passive absorption of information
(ii) Memorization of facts
(iii) Constructing knowledge through experiences
(iv) Rigid adherence to traditional methods
Answer:
(iii) Constructing knowledge through experiences
Question 23.
What approach does Dewey’s philosophy contribute to in the modem education system?
(i) Teacher-centered instruction
(ii) Rote memorization
(iii) Constructivist learning
(iv) Traditional authoritarianism
Answer:
(iii) Constructivist learning
Question 24.
How does Dewey’s philosophy align with Vygotsky’s approach to learning?
(i) Contradictory
(ii) Supportive
(iii) Isolationist
(iv) Unrelated
Answer:
(ii) Supportive
Question 25.
In Dewey’s concept, what is the child bom with that education develops in the right direction?
(i) Blank slate
(ii) Innate powers and capabilities
(iii) Rigid beliefs
(iv) Conformity to authority
Answer:
(ii) Innate powers and capabilities
Question 26.
What term does Dewey use to describe an individual and society’s dependence on each other for development?
(i) Isolationism
(ii) Relativism
(iii) Complementarity
(iv) Authoritarianism
Answer:
(iii) Complementarity
Question 27.
According to Dewey, what is the process of education considered to be continuously?
(i) Static
(ii) Dynamic
(iii) Rigid
(iv) Isolated
Answer:
(ii) Dynamic
Question 28.
What is the significance of the social environment in Dewey’s educational philosophy?
(i) It is irrelevant
(ii) It is a hindrance
(iii) It is crucial for the child’s development
(iv) It is an isolated factor
Answer:
(iii) It is crucial for the child’s development
Question 29.
According to Dewey, what is the individual’s role in a democracy?
(i) Passive follower
(ii) Rigid conformist
(iii) Complacent observer
(iv) Complimentary and opponent in a democracy Answer: (iv) Complimentary and opponent in a democracy
Question 30.
How does Dewey view the process of education in relation to future challenges?
(i) Preparation for distant challenges
(ii) Isolation from future challenges
(iii) Direct experiences for facing future challenges with confidence
(iv) Strict adherence to traditional methods
Answer:
(iii) Direct experiences for facing future challenges with confidence
II. Fill in the blanks :
Question 1.
John Dewey’s educational philosophy is based upon the philosophy of ____ .
Answer:
Pragmatism
Question 2.
According to Dewey, knowledge is a result of ____.
Answer:
Action
Question 3.
Dewey’s major concept on education is articulated in his books such as ‘Democracy and Education,’ ‘Logic,’ and ‘Experience and Education,’ written in the year ____.
Answer:
1916,1938,1938
Question 4.
Dewey believed that education is the continuous reconstruction of ____ .
Answer:
Experiences
Question 5.
Dewey’s asserted that “education is life itself and not a preparation for life,” highlighting the importance of education as a ____ process.
Answer:
Bipolar
Question 6.
According to Dewey, the main aim of education is to make a child capable of solving ____ with their experiences.
Answer:
Problems
Question 7.
Dewey’s philosophy emphasizes the importance of ____ in the learning process.
Answer:
Experiential learning He considered knowledge gained through inquiry, reflective thinking, experimentation, and fact-finding, and asserted that there is no ultimate ____ of knowledge.
Answer:
Truth
Question 8.
He considered knowledge gained through inquiry, reflective thinking, experimentation, and fact-finding, and asserted that there is no ultimate ____ of knowledge.
Answer:
Truth
Question 9.
Dewey believed that change is necessary for individual and social development, leading to the idea that education systems and methods should be changed as per the ____.
Answer:
Need of the times
Question 10.
In Dewey’s view, education is for the child, and the child is not for ____.
Answer:
Education
Question 11.
Dewey’s philosophy emphasizes the development of an individual in ____.
Answer:
Society
Question 12.
He considers education as the social continuity of____.
Answer:
Life
Question 13.
Dewey believes in ____ as nothing is absolute, and there is always scope for change.
Answer:
Relativism
Question 14.
He is regarded as a pragmatist, instrumentalist, humanist, relativist, and ____.
Answer:
Experientialist
Question 15.
According to Dewey, “education is the development of all those capacities in the individual which will enable him/her to control his/her environment and fulfill his/her ____.
Answer:
Possibilities
Question 16.
Dewey’s philosophy suggests that the curriculum should be determined by the child’s ____ and abilities.
Answer:
Instincts
Question 17.
He emphasized that the curriculum should be child-centered and include social issues to work for the development of ____.
Answer:
Society
Question 18.
Dewey believed that a teacher should be a friend, philosopher, and ____ to the students.
Answer:
Guide
Question 19.
Discipline, according to Dewey, should be based on the child’s nature, actions, and ____.
Answer:
Social answerability .
Question 20.
John Dewey’s impact on modem education is evident in the emphasis on creating knowledge through the ____ of the child.
Answer:
Experiences
II. Correct the Sentences :
Question 1.
Dewey believed that knowledge is resultant of action.
Answer:
Dewey believed that knowledge is a result of action.
Question 2.
Defining education, he said, ‘Education is the continuous reconstruction of experiences’.
Answer:
Defining education, he said, ‘Education is the continuous reconstruction of experiences.’
Question 3.
Dewey considers experience as the central concept of education. Child learns through experiences.
Answer:
Dewey considers experience as the central concept of education. Children learn through experiences.
Question 4.
Change is necessary for individual and social developments; therefore, education system, methods, etc. should be changed as per the need of the times.
Answer:
Change is necessary for individual and social development; therefore, the education system, methods, etc. should be changed as per the need of the times.
Question 5.
He believes in relativism, as nothing is absolute, rather it is relative as there is always scope for change.
Answer:
He believes in relativism, as nothing is absolute; rather, it is relati ve as there is v. vavs scope for change.
Question 6.
According to Dewey, ‘education is life itself and not a preparation for life’.
Answer:
According to Dewey, ‘education is life itself and not a preparation for life.’
Question 7.
Aims of Education: According to Dewey, idea develops after an experience or an action.
Answer:
Aims of Education: According to Dewey, ideas develop after an experience or an action.
Question 8.
Dewey suggested that the curriculum should be determined by the child’s instincts and abilities.
Answer:
Dewey suggested that the curriculum should be determined by the child’s interests and abilities.
Question 9.
He stated four principles of formation of the curriculum i.e. Utility, Flexibility, Experiential and close to life.
Answer:
He stated four principles of the formation of the curriculum: Utility, Flexibility, Experiential, and close to life.
Question 10.
According to Dewey, teacher is a friend, philosopher and guide. S/he is the major agent for the socialization of the child.
Answer:
According to Dewey, the teacher is a friend, philosopher, and guide. S/he is the major agent for the socialization of the child.
III. Answer the following questions in one word :
Question 1.
Who is John Dewey, and what areas did he contribute to in the modem age?
Answer:
John Dewey is a philosopher, educationist, and thinker known for his contributions to education and pragmatism.
Question 2.
What is the foundation of John Dewey’s educational philosophy?
Answer:
Dewey’s educational philosophy is based on the principles of pragmatism, emphasizing experiential learning and the continuous reconstruction of experiences.
Question 3.
According to Dewey, what is the source of knowledge?
Answer:
Dewey believed that knowledge is the result of action and is derived from direct experiences.
Question 4.
How did Dewey view change in the world?
Answer:
Dewey considered change as the reality of the world and believed that education should reflect this dynamic nature.
Question 5.
What is Dewey’s definition of education?
Answer:
According to Dewey, education is the continuous reconstruction of experiences.
Question 6.
Which books by Dewey contain his major concepts on education?
Answer:
Dewey’s major concepts on education are found in his books ‘Democracy and Education,’ Logic, and ‘Experience and Education.’
Question 7.
How does Dewey view truth in education?
Answer:
Dewey sees truth as an instrument used by humans to solve problems, and since problems change, truth changes, implying no eternal reality.
Question 8.
What is the basic theory of education according to Dewey?
Answer:
Dewey asserts that change is the basic theory of education.
Question 9.
How does Dewey believe individuals develop theories?
Answer:
Dewey argues that individuals develop theories based on the consequences of actions and experimentations.
Question 10.
What is the main aim of education according to Dewey?
Answer:
The main aim of education, according to Dewey, is to make a child capable of solving life problems through experiences.
Question 11.
Why is Dewey considered a pragmatist thinker?
Answer:
Dewey is considered a pragmatist thinker due to his emphasis on practical experience, problem-solving, and the dynamic nature of truth.
Question 12.
What does Dewey emphasize regarding the integration of subjects in education?
Answer:
Dewey challenges the compartmientalization of subjects, advocating for an integrated curriculum that reflects real-world interconnectedness.
Question 13.
How does Dewey view the relationship between education and democracy?
Answer:
Dewey believes that education should prepare individuals for active citizenship in a democratic society, emphasizing values like social justice and cooperation.
Question 14.
What is Dewey’s view on the source of philosophy in education?
Answer:
Dewey sees philosophy as the byproduct of education, stating that “Philosophy is the theory of education in its most general phases.”
Question 15.
According to Dewey, what is education’s role in societal development?
Answer:
Dewey views education as the process of reconstructing experiences continuously, contributing to both individual and social development.
Introduction
John Dewey is a great philosopher, educationist and thinker of the modem age. John Dewey’s concept on education is based upon the philosophy of pragmatism. Dewey believed that knowledge is resultant of action. According to him, change is the reality of the world. Defining education, he said, ‘Education is the continuous reconstruction of experiences’. His major concept on education has been written in his books like:
‘Democracy and Education’ (1916), ‘Logic’ (1938), and‘Experience and Education’ (1938). According to him, ‘truth is an instrument used by human beings to solve their problems’, since problems change, truth changes and therefore there can be no eternal reality. According to Dewey, change is the basic theory of education. Fact varies from person to person. Therefore a person develops theory on the basis of consequence of actions and experimentations. The main aim of education is to make child capable of solving problems of life with their experiences. The aim of education is to make human life prosperous and happy. So, John Dewey is called a pragmatist thinker.
Educational Thoughts of John Dewey
The educational thoughts of John Dewey can be spelt along the following lines:
- Dewey considers experience as the central concept of education. Child learns through experiences.
- Problem solving and applying reflective or critical inquiry to solve the problems is the aim of education.
- Dewey considers knowledge gains through inquiry, reflective thinking, experimentation and fact finding. There is no ultimate truth of knowledge. More and more scientific inquiry gives birth to new knowledge.
- Change is necessary for individual and social developments; therefore, education system, methods, etc. should be changed as per the need of the times. Education is for child, the child is not for education.
- Democratic society should be established on the basis of education. In an ideal society, there should be development of social and communal feelings, awareness of duties and rights, mutual cooperation etc.
- He believes in relativism, as nothing is absolute, rather it is relative as there is always scope for change.
- He believes in instrumentalism as the objects are the existence to make the work done. To materialise ideas, we need tools/instruments.
- In view of the above, John Dewey can be regarded as a pragmatist, instrumentalist, humanist, relativist, and experientialist.
Concept of Education:
“Education is the development of all those capacities in the individual which will enable him/ her to control his environment and fulfill his/her possibilities.” Education is a social need. It is progressive in nature both for the individual and the society. It is a bipolar process having two aspects; psychological and social. Both are equally important. Psychological aspect takes care of the child’s interests, capabilities, talents and aptitude and the social aspect takes care of the social environment of the child in which he/she takes birth and is brought up.
According to John Dewey, ‘education is life itself and not a preparation for life’. Education is for the child and not the vice versa, i.e. child is not for education. Child is not a Tabula Rasa (clean slate) on which anything can be written. Child is bom with certain innate powers and capabilities which can be developed in the right direction. Education develops the child in such a way that he/she is able to find values and truth in every activity and experiment done at all levels and is able to face the future challenges with confidence.
Aims of Education:
According to Dewey, idea develops after an experience or an action. That knowledge is true which is gained by direct experience. When an individual performs any action and face challenges and difficulties in performing it, he/she thinks how to overcome these. Thus thoughts and ideas are produced and actions are performed further. Dewey calls these thoughts as education. He has given the following as aims of education:
• Philosophy as a product of education: Dewey does not consider education as the dynamic aspect of philosophy rather he considers philosophy as the byproduct of education. He says, “Philosophy is the theory of education in its most general phases”.
• Education means life: According to Dewey “education is life itself and not a preparation for life”.Education is a process of living and not a preparation for future living. Only theoretical knowledge is not useful, knowledge which can be used in life should be given more importance. So behavioural and vocational skills are more important. Learning by doing is important so that children get direct experiences. There should not be a distance gap between future and school life. The real life experiences should be provided in the school.
• Education is a miniature society: Development of an individual takes place in the society. He/she gets many experiences while living in the society. So the education of the child must takes place through society. According to John Dewey, “Education is the social continuity of life”. He considers schooling as an instrument of destroying social evils. He considers it as a small form of society where the best practices of civilization are available. According to Dewey,” An individual is the soul of the body which is society”. Individual and society are dependent on each other, so development of both is necessary.
• Education is the process of reconstruction of experiences: In a democratic world, education is the right of every individual. So the state must take up total responsibility of children. By democratic society, Dewey meant not only political democracy but democracy as a way of life. He is of the opinion that individuals have different experiences so they have differences of actions. So individuals are complimentary to each other and opponents in a democracy.
In such an environment, only social and individual development takes placp. Child gets true knowledge by experience. Slowly as his/her experiences increase, his/her knowledge also increases. On the basis of experiences there is change in the behavior of the child and on the basis of that he/she gains more experiences. In this way there is reconstruction of experiences are taking place continuously.
Curriculum and Methods of Teaching:
Dewey suggested that the curriculum should be determined by the child’s instincts and abilities. The need, abilities and interest of the child needs to be emphasized in the curriculum. He advocated that the curriculum should be child centred. He believed that curriculum should include social issues as the child is a part of society and ultimately the product of education should work for the development of the society. He stated four principles of formation of the curriculum i.e. Utility, Flexibility, Experiential and close to life.
The principles clarify that curriculum should be the utility of the child; it can be changed as and when there is the need, provides ample scopes to the child to gather experiences and every activity in the curriculum should be suitably linked with the life of the child. Dewey emphasised on making the curriculum integrated in approach and using methods like learning by doing, field visit, project, problem solving, inquiry and problem based learning, experimentation, observation, critical analysis, debate and discussion in the teaching learning process.
Role of Teacher:
According to Dewey, teacher is a friend, philosopher and guide. She is the major agent for the socialization of the child. S/he is the representative of the society. S/he has right to motivate and inspire the child but not to burden the child” with his/her own thoughts. Ateacher’s role is to prepare students for living in the society effectively. A teacher must have knowledge about the interests of child, changing social environment and to guide children.
Discipline:
Pragmatists unlike idealists for strict discipline and naturalists for unlimited freedom for child have devised middle path between these two extremes. Dewey gave importance to social discipline which is based on child’s nature, actions and social answerability. According to him discipline is a mental state to develop social activities which are necessary. He is not in the favour of artificial or unnatural enforcement of discipline by creating fear in the children. He considers self-discipline is more important than externally forced discipline.
Impact on Modern Education:
John Dewey’s philosophy on education has a great impact on the present day education system. Present education process emphasizes on creating or constructs knowledge through experiences of the child. The child has every ability to construct their own knowledge. Teacher helps the child to construct their knowledge by using the experiences gained by the learner from their interaction with the environment, family, peers, society, play mates, etc. John Dewey’s concept of education has contributed lot to Vygot sky’s constructivist approach of learning.