CHSE Odisha Class 12 Education Solutions Chapter 8 Classical Conditioning Theory

Odisha State Board CHSE Odisha Class 12 Education Solutions Chapter 8 Classical Conditioning Theory Questions and Answers.

CHSE Odisha 12th Class Education Chapter 8 Question Answer Classical Conditioning Theory

Group – A

Short type Questions with Answers
I. Answer with in Two/Three sentence :

Question 1.
What is classical conditioning?
Answer:
Classical conditioning is a behavioral learning paradigm where a neutral stimulus becomes capable of eliciting a response through consistent pairing with another stimulus that naturally elicits the response. This learned association leads to the neutral stimulus evoking the response even in the absence of the original stimulus.

Question 2.
Who extensively studied classical conditioning in the early 20th century?
Answer:
Pavlov, a physiologist, extensively studied classical conditioning in the early 20th century. His groundbreaking work, documented in 1927 and 1928, provided key insights into the phenomenon.

Question 3.
What is an example of classical conditioning involving a boisterous uncle?
Answer:
In the example of a boisterous uncle, the loud voice (SI) naturally eliciting fear (R1) becomes associated with a moustache (originally neutral, (S2) through consistent pairing. This association leads to the moustache also eliciting fear, even when the loud voice is absent.

Question 4.
What is a neutral stimulus in classical conditioning?
Answer:
A neutral stimulus is one that, in its neutral state, does not directly evoke the desired response. For example, a tuning fork or a bell has no association with salivation unless paired with food.

Question 5.
Define unconditioned stimulus and provide an example.
Answer:
An unconditioned stimulus is a stimulus that does not require any conditioning for the desired behavior. An example is food, which naturally elicits the unconditioned response of salivation.

Question 6.
What is discrimination in classical conditioning?
Answer:
Discrimination in classical conditioning occurs when an organism learns to distinguish between similar stimuli. Pavlov’s experiments demonstrated that, at a higher level of conditioning, dogs learned to respond to specific sounds, like a bell, and not to similar ones.

Question 7.
Explain the process of spontaneous recovery in classical conditioning.
Answer:
Spontaneous recovery in classical conditioning refers to the reappearance of a conditioned response after a period of extinction. If, after extinction, the unconditioned stimulus is reintroduced with the conditioned stimulus, the behavior reoccurs immediately.

II. Answer with in Five/Six sentence :

Question 1.
What is classical conditioning, and how does it involve the pairing of stimuli?
Answer:
Classical conditioning is a behavioral learning paradigm where a neutral stimulus (S2) becomes capable of eliciting a response (Rl) when consistently paired with another stimulus (SI)’ that naturally elicits the response. Through repeated exposure to SI and S2 together, the response originally associated only with SI begins to occur in the presence of S2 alone, even when SI is absent. This process involves learning by association, where the neutral stimulus gains the ability to evoke the natural response.

Question 2.
Who is the key figure associated with classical conditioning, and what was his significant contribution?
Answer:
Ivan Pavlov, a physiologist, is the key figure associated with classical conditioning. In the early 20th century, Pavlov conducted groundbreaking experiments with dogs, proposing a theory of learning that focused on stimulus-response conditioning. His work provided foundational insights into behavioral psychology and learning by association.

Question 3.
Explain the concept of a conditioned stimulus in classical conditioning.
Answer:
A conditioned stimulus is a previously neutral stimulus (S2) that, through consistent pairing with an unconditioned stimulus (S I), becomes capable of eliciting a response. For example, in Pavlov’s experiment, a bell or tuning fork, initially unrelated to salivation, becomes a conditioned stimulus when consistently presented with food (unconditioned stimulus), leading to salivation even when food is absent.

Question 4.
What are the key components in Pavlov’s classical conditioning experiment with dogs?
Answer:
The key components in Pavlov’s experiment include the neutral stimulus (e.g., bell), unconditioned stimulus (e.g., food), unconditioned response (e.g., salivation), conditioned stimulus (neutral stimulus paired with unconditioned stimulus), and conditioned response (e.g., salivation in response to the conditioned stimulus).

Question 5.
Describe the processes identified by Pavlov in classical conditioning, such as generalization, discrimination, extinction, and spontaneous recovery.
Answer:
Generalization in classical conditioning occurs when a response occurs in the presence of stimuli similar to the conditioned one. Discrimination involves the ability to distinguish between different stimuli, as demonstrated by Pavlov’s dogs recognizing specific sounds. Extinction happens when a conditioned response fades by repeatedly presenting only the conditioned stimulus. Spontaneous recovery is the reoccurrence of a conditioned response after extinction if the unconditioned stimulus is reintroduced with the’ conditioned stimulus.

Group – B

Long Type Questions With Answers

Question 1.
What are the key concepts proposed by Pavlov in classical conditioning, and how do they contribute to understanding the learning process?
Answer:
Pavlov’s classical conditioning theory introduced several key concepts that significantly contribute to understanding the learning process. These concepts explain how associations between stimuli and responses are formed, leading to the learning of involuntary emotions or psychological responses. The major concepts in Pavlov’s classical conditioning include Neutral Stimulus (NS), Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS), Conditioned Stimulus (CS), Unconditioned Response (UCR), and Conditioned Response (CR). Additionally, Pavlov identified important processes such as generalization, discrimination, extinction, and spontaneous recovery.

Neutral Stimulus (NS) : The neutral stimulus is initially unrelated to the desired response. For example, a tuning fork or a bell has no inherent connection to salivation in a dog. In neutral conditions, the NS does not evoke the desired behavior.

Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) : The unconditioned stimulus is a natural stimulus that elicits a response without prior conditioning. In Pavlov’s experiments, food served as the OCS, leading to the unconditioned response of salivation in dogs. The UCR is an automatic and unlearned reaction to the UCS.

Conditioned Stimulus (CS) : When a neutral stimulus (NS) is consistently paired with an unconditioned stimulus (UCS), it becomes a conditioned stimulus (CS). For instance, if a bell (NS) is repeatedly rung before presenting food (UCS) to a dog, the bell becomes a CS, eventually eliciting the conditioned response of salivation even when food is absent.

Unconditioned Response (UCR) : The unconditioned response is the automatic and unlearned reaction to the unconditioned stimulus. In Pavlov’s experiment, salivation is the UCR triggered by the presentation of food (UCS).

Conditioned Response (CR) : The conditioned response is the learned reaction to the conditioned stimulus. If the bell (CS) is bung after the association with food (UCS), and the dog salivates in response to the bell alone, the salivation becomes a conditioned response (CR).

These concepts contribute to understanding the learning process by illustrating how associations between stimuli and responses are formed through repeated pairings. The neutral stimulus gains significance through its association with the unconditioned stimulus, ultimately leading to a conditioned response. Pavlov’s work highlights the process of learning by association, providing a foundation for behavioral psychology.

Processes in Classical Conditioning :
Generalization: Generalization occurs when a learned response (CR) occurs in the presence of stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus (CS). For example, if a dog salivates to sounds similar to the bell, it demonstrates the process of generalization.

Discrimination : Discrimination involves the ability to distinguish between the conditioned stimulus (CS) and other similar stimuli. In Pavlov’s experiments, dogs learned to discriminate between different sounds and respond selectively to the specific CS. v

Extinction : Extinction happens when the conditioned stimulus (CS) is presented repeatedly without the unconditioned stimulus (UCS). As a result, the conditioned response (CR) weakens and eventually fades away.

Spontaneous Recovery : Spontaneous recovery refers to the reappearance of a previously extinguished conditioned response (CR) after a period of rest, even if the conditioned stimulus (CS) is presented alone. This suggests that the association formed during conditioning is not entirely erased during extinction.

In conclusion, Pavlov’s key concepts and processes in classical conditioning provide a comprehensive framework for understanding how associations are formed between stimuli and responses, leading to the learning of behaviors through repeated pairings. The insights from Pavlov’s work have had a lasting impact on the field of behavioral psychology and continue to influence our understanding of learning processes.

Question 2.
What is classical conditioning and how does it operate in behavioral learning?
Answer:
Classical conditioning is a fundamental concept in behavioral psychology that describes a type of learning in which a neutral stimulus comes to evoke a response after being repeatedly paired with a stimulus that naturally elicits that response. This form of associative learning was first systematically studied by Ivan Pavlov in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

The process of classical conditioning operates through the establishment of associations between stimuli and responses. It involves two key components: the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) and the conditioned stimulus (CS). The unconditioned stimulus is a stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a specific response, known as the unconditioned response (UCR). In contrast, the conditioned stimulus is initially neutral and does not elicit the desired response. However, through repeated pairings with the unconditioned stimulus, the conditioned stimulus acquires the ability to evoke a learned response, known as the conditioned response (CR).

An illustrative example of classical conditioning is Pavlov’s famous experiment with dogs. In this experiment:
The unconditioned stimulus (UCS) was the presentation of food to the dogs, leading to the unconditioned response (UCR) of salivation.
The neutral stimulus (NS), initially unrelated to salivation, was a bell.

Through repeated pairings of the bell (NS) with the presentation of food (UCS), the bell became a conditioned stimulus (CS). As a result of this conditioning, the sound of the bell alone (CS) began to elicit salivation, even when food (UCS) was not presented. The salivation in response to the bell became the conditioned response (CR).

Classical conditioning operates on the principle of association, where the neutral stimulus becomes associated with the unconditioned stimulus, leading to a change in behavior. The learning occurs through repeated pairings of the neutral and unconditioned stimuli, creating a link in the mind of the organism between the two. Over time, the neutral stimulus alone can elicit the learned response, demonstrating the formation of a conditioned response.

Classical conditioning is not limited to the laboratory setting; it occurs naturally in everyday life and influences various aspects of human and animal behavior. For example, it can explain the development of emotional responses to previously neutral stimuli, such as fear or anxiety. It also plays a role in the acquisitidn of preferences and aversions based on associations formed between stimuli and outcomes.

In conclusion, classical conditioning is a process of learning through association, where a neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus capable of eliciting a learned response after repeated pairings with an unconditioned stimulus. This foundational concept in behavioral psychology provides insights into how organisms acquire new behaviors and emotional responses based on their experiences and environmental stimuli.

Group – C

Objective type Questions with Answers
I. Multiple Choice Questions with Answers :

Question 1 .
What is classical conditioning ?
(i) Learning by imitation
(ii) Learning by association
(iii) Learning through rewards and punishments
(iv) Learning through observation
Answer:
(ii) Learning by association

Question 2.
In classical conditioning, what does the neutral stimulus become after conditioning?
(i) Unconditioned stimulus
(ii) Conditioned response
(iii) Conditioned stimulus
(iv) Unconditioned response
Answer:
(iii) Conditioned stimulus

Question 3.
Which of the following is an example of a neutral stimulus in Pavlov’s experiment?
(i) Food
(ii) Bell
(iii) Salivation
(iv) Tuning fork
Answer:
(iv) Tuning fork

Question 4.
What is the unconditioned response in Pavlov’s experiment?
(i) Bell ringing
(ii) Salivation
(iii) Tuning fork sound
(iv) Food presentation
Answer:
(ii) Salivation

Question 5.
Extinction in classical conditioning refers to:
(i) Increasing the strength of conditioned response
(ii) Decreasing the strength of conditioned response
(iii) Associating a new stimulus with an existing response
(iv) Repeating the conditioned stimulus without reinforcement
Answer:
(ii) Decreasing the strength of conditioned response

Question 6.
What does spontaneous recovery indicate in classical conditioning?
(i) Gradual weakening of conditioned response
(ii) Immediate reoccurrence of conditioned response after extinction
(iii) Learning to distinguish between stimuli
(iv) Association of neutral stimulus with unconditioned stimulus
Answer:
(ii) Immediate reoccurrence of conditioned response after extinction

Question 7.
Which of the following is an example of unconditioned stimulus in Pavlov’s experiment?
(i) Bell
(ii) Tuning fork
(iii) Salivation
(iv) Food
Answer:
(iv) Food

Question 8.
Generalization in classical conditioning occurs when :
(i) The conditioned response is extinguished
(ii) The conditioned response occurs only to a specific stimulus
(iii) The conditioned response occurs in the presence of similar stimuli
(iv) Discrimination is achieved
Answer:
(iii) The conditioned response occurs in the presence of similar stimuli

Question 9.
What is discrimination in classical conditioning?
(i) Gradual weakening of a conditioned response
(ii) Immediate reoccurrence of a conditioned response after extinction
(iii) Distinguishing between similar stimuli and responding only to a specific one
(iv) Associating a new stimulus with an existing response
Answer:
(iii) Distinguishing between similar stimuli and responding only to a specific one

Question 10.
Who extensively studied classical conditioning during the early 20th century?
(i) John Watson
(ii) B.F. Skinner
(iii) Ivan Pavlov
(iv) Sigmund Freud
Answer:
(iii) Ivan Pavlov

Question 11.
What process in classical conditioning involves the gradual weakening and disappearance of a conditioned response?
(i) Generalization
(ii) Discrimination
(iii) Extinction
(iv) Spontaneous recovery
Answer:
(iii) Extinction

Question 12.
What is the term for the behavior that does not require any training or conditioning in classical conditioning?
(i) Conditioned response
(ii) Unconditioned response
(iii) Conditioned stimulus
(iv) Unconditioned stimulus
Answer:
(ii) Unconditioned response

Question 13.
Which of the following is NOT a concept proposed by Pavlov in classical conditioning?
(i) Neutral Stimulus
(ii) Conditioned Response
(iii) Voluntary Response
(iv) Unconditioned Stimulus
Answer:
(iii) Voluntary Response

Question 14.
What does spontaneous recovery suggest in classical conditioning?
(i) Gradual weakening of a conditioned response
(ii) Immediate reoccurrence of conditioned response after extinction
(iii) Learning to distinguish between stimuli
(iv) Association of neutral stimulus with unconditioned stimulus
Answer:
(ii) Immediate reoccurrence of conditioned response after extinction

Question 15.
In classical conditioning, what is the term for the behavior that occurs due to the conditioned stimulus?
(i) Unconditioned response
(ii) Neutral response
(iii) Conditioned response
(iv) Spontaneous response
Answer:
(iii) Conditioned response

II. Fill in the blanks

Question 1.
A tuning fork or a bell has nothing to do with salivation if used without association with _____.
Answer:
food

Question 2.
Food is an unconditioned stimulus for _____.
Answer:
salivation

Question 3.
When a neutral stimulus is conditioned with an unconditioned stimulus for bringing desired behavior change, it becomes a _____.
Answer:
conditioned stimulus

Question 4.
Salivation is an unconditioned response for _____ as an unconditioned stimulus.
Answer:
food

Question 5.
Salivation after ringing the bell or tuning fork is a _____ .
Answer:
conditioned response

Question 6.
If behavior occurs in the presence of other stimuli similar to the conditioned one, this is called _____.
Answer:
generalization

Question 7.
At a higher level of conditioning, the dog learns to distinguish sounds and stops salivation on sounds other than _____.
Answer:
the bell

Question 8.
If only the conditioned stimulus is presented repeatedly without associating with the unconditioned one, the desired behavior, such as salivation, fades and stops to _____.
Answer:
occur

Question 9.
After extinction, if the unconditioned stimulus is associated again with the conditioned stimulus, the behavior _____ immediately.
Answer:
reoccurs

Question 10.
Salivation is an unconditioned response for food as an _____.
Answer:
unconditioned stimulus

III. Correct the Sentences:

Question 1.
Classical conditioning operates specifically on reflexive and spontaneous responses rather than voluntary ones.
Answer:
Classical conditioning operates specifically on reflexive and involuntary responses rather than voluntary ones.

Question 2.
This theory explains learning by associations and focuses on learning of involuntary emotions or psychological responses such as fear, increased muscle tension, salivation or sweating. Answer: This theory explains learning by associations and focuses on involuntaiy emotions or psychological responses such as fear, increased muscle tension, salivation, or sweating.

Question 3.
During the salivation experiment, Pavlov proposed few concepts, which are very important to know if one wants to understand classical conditioning.
Answer:
During the salivation experiment, Pavlov introduced a few concepts that are essential to understand if one wants to comprehend classical conditioning.

Question 4.
A bell or a tuning fork when presented as stimulus along with food and get conditioned for salivation, it is a conditioned stimulus.
Answer:
Abell or a tuning fork, when presented as a stimulus along with food and conditioned for salivation, becomes a conditioned stimulus.

Question 5.
Unconditioned Stimulus: It is a stimulus that does not require any conditioning for the desired behavior. Sometimes it is known as a natural stimulus also, e.g. Food is an unconditioned stimulus for salivation.
Answer:
Unconditioned Stimulus: It is a stimulus that does not require any conditioning for the desired behavior. Sometimes it is known as a natural stimulus also. For example, food is an unconditioned stimulus for salivation.

Question 6.
The behavior or response occurred due to conditioned stimulus is known as conditioned response, e.g. salivation after ringing the bell or tuning fork is a conditioned response.
Answer:
The behavior or response that occurs due to a conditioned stimulus is known as a conditioned response. For example, salivation after ringing the bell or tuning fork is a conditioned response.

Question 7.
Pavlov proved that at a higher level of conditioning, the dog learnt to distinguish the sounds and stopped salivation on sounds other than the bell. This is called discrimination.
Answer:
Pavlov showed that at a higher level of conditioning, the dog learned to distinguish the sounds and stopped salivation to sounds other than the bell. This is called discrimination.

Question 8.
If only conditioned stimulus is being presented repeatedly without associating with the unconditioned one, the desired behavior (salivation in this context) faded and stopped to occur.
Answer:
If only the conditioned stimulus is presented repeatedly without being associated with the unconditioned one, the desired behavior (salivation in this context) fades and stops occurring.

Question 9.
He further identified few important processes in classical conditioning :
Answer:
He further identified a few important processes in classical conditioning :

Question 10.
Pavlov observed, if after extinction,- the unconditioned stimulus is being associated again with the conditioned stimulus, the behavior reoccurs immediately.
Answer:
Pavlov observed that if, after extinction, the unconditioned stimulus is associated again with the conditioned stimulus, the behavior reoccurs immediately.

IV. Answer the following Questions in one word:

Question 1.
What is classical conditioning?
Answer:
Classical conditioning is a behavioral learning paradigm where a neutral stimulus becomes capable of eliciting a response through consistent pairing with another stimulus.

Question 2.
Who extensively studied classical conditioning in the early 20th century?
Pavlov extensively studied classical conditioning in the early 20th century.

Question 3.
Define unconditioned stimulus.
Answer:
An unconditioned stimulus is a stimulus that does not require any conditioning for a desired behavior, often referred to as a natural stimulus.

Question 4.
What is a conditioned stimulus?
Answer:
A conditioned stimulus is a neutral stimulus that becomes associated with an unconditioned stimulus to bring about a desired behavior change.

Question 5.
Give an example of generalization in classical conditioning.
Answer:
Generalization in classical conditioning occurs when a behavior occurs in the presence of stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus, such as salivation to sounds similar to the bell.

Question 6.
Explain the process of discrimination in classical conditioning.
Answer:
Discrimination in classical conditioning occurs when an organism learns to distinguish between different stimuli, responding only to the specific conditioned stimulus.

Question 7.
What is extinction in classical conditioning?
Answer:
Extinction in classical conditioning happens when a conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without being paired with the unconditioned stimulus, leading to the fading of the desired behavior.

Question 8.
Define spontaneous recovery in classical conditioning.
Answer:
Spontaneous recovery in classical conditioning is the reoccurrence of a behavior after extinction when the unconditioned stimulus is reintroduced with the conditioned stimulus.

Question 9.
What is an unconditioned response?
Answer:
An unconditioned response is the behavior or response that does not require training or conditioning, occurring naturally in response to an unconditioned stimulus.

Question 10.
Describe the phenomenon of classical conditioning in one sentence.
Answer:
Classical conditioning is a learning process by association, where a neutral stimulus gains the ability to evoke a natural response in the absence of the original stimulus.

Concept of classical conditioning:
• Classical conditioning is a behavioral learning paradigm where an initially neutral stimulus (S2) becomes capable of eliciting a response (Rl) when consistently paired with another stimulus (SI) that naturally elicits the response. Through repeated exposure to SI and S2 together, the response originally associated only with S1 begins to occur in the presence of S2 alone, even when SI is absent. An illustrative example involves a boisterous uncle; the loud voice (S1) naturally eliciting fear (R1) and the moustache (originally neutral, S2) becoming associated with fear through consistent pairing.

• Pavlov, in the early 20th century, extensively studied classical conditioning. His groundbreaking work, documented in 1927 and 1928, highlighted the phenomenon. Classical conditioning operates specifically on reflexive and spontaneous responses rather than voluntary ones. The process is defined as learning by association, where the neutral stimulus gains the ability to evoke the natural response even in the absence of the original stimulus. Classical conditioning provides insights into how learned associations impact behavior, forming a foundational aspect of behavioral psychology.

Pavlov’s Classical Conditioning:
Pavlov was basically a physiologist. While working on digestive system, he propose a theory of learning which propagates stimulus-response conditioning. This theory is known as ‘classical’ as it was first theory of conditioning, later Watson and Skinner worked on its different dimensions. This learning theory of Pavlov is based on his famous experiment of dog. This theory explains learning by associations and’focuses on learning of involuntary emotions or psychological responses such as fear, increased muscle tension, salivation or sweating.

During the salivation experiment, Pavlov proposed few concepts, which are very important to know, if one wants to understand classical conditioning. During the salivation experiment, Pavlov proposed few concepts, which are very important to know, if one wants to understand classical conditioning.

• Neutral Stimulus : It is a stimulus which is not responsible directly for desired response in neutral condition, e.g.: a tuning fork or a bell has nothing to do with salivation, if it is being used without association with food.

• Unconditioned Stimulus : It is a stimulus which does not require any conditioning for desired behaviour. Sometimes it is known as natural stimulus also, e.g. Food is an unconditioned stimulus for salivation.

• Conditioned Stimulus : When a neutral stimulus is conditioned with an unconditional stimulus for bringing desired behaviour change, it becomes a conditioned stimulus. A bell or a tuning fork when presented as stimulus along with food, and get conditioned for salivation, it is conditioned stimulus.

• Unconditioned Response : The behaviour which does not require any training or conditioning for association with an unconditioned stimulus, e.g. salivation is unconditioned response for food as unconditioned stimulus.

• Conditioned Response : The behaviour of response occurred due to conditioned stimulus, is known as conditioned response, e.g. salivation after ringing the bell or tuning fork is a conditioned response.

He further identified few important processes in classical conditioning :
• Generalization : If behaviour occurs in presence of other stimulus similar to the conditioned one, this is called generalization, e.g. salivation after hearing the sounds similar to bell (sometimes may be in higher or lower tone also), is called process of generalization.

• Discrimination: Pavlov proved that at higher level of conditioning, dog learnt to distinguish the sounds and stopped salivation on sounds other than the bell. This is called discrimination.

• Extinction : If only conditioned stimulus is being presented repeatedly without associating with the unconditioned one, the desired behaviour (salivation in this context) faded and stopped to occur.

• Spontaneous Recovery: Paylov observed, if after extinction, the unconditioned stimulus is being associated again with conditioned stimulus, the behaviour, reoccurs immediately.