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Odisha State Board CHSE Odisha Class 12 Logic Solutions Chapter 3 Mixed Syllogism Questions and Answers.

CHSE Odisha 12th Class Logic Chapter 3 Question Answer Mixed Syllogism

Group – A

Short type Questions with Answers
I. Answer with in Two/Three sentence.

Question 1.
What is pure syllogism?
Answer:
(i) Pure syllogism is that syllogism where all the constituent propositions are of same type :

(ii) Example:
All men are mortal
Ram is a man.
∴ Ram is mortal.

Question 2.
What is called pure categorical syllogism?
Answer:
(i) If both the premises and the conclusion are categorical, the syllogism is called pure categorical.

(ii) Example:
All men are mortal
All students are men
∴ All students are mortal.

Question 3.
What is called pure hypothetical syllogism?
Answer:
(i) If both the premises and the conclusion are hypothetical, the syllogism is called pure hypothetical.

(ii) Example; If there is light, things are visible
If there is sun, there is light
If there is sun, things are visible.

Question 4.
Pure alternative syllogism.
Answer:
(i) If both the premises and the conclusion are alternative, the syllogism is called pure alternative.

(ii) Example : Madhu is either honest or intelligent
Madhu is either not-honest or industrious.
∴ Madhu is either intelligent or industrious.

Question 5.
Pure disjunctive syllogism.
Answer:
(i) If both the premises and the conclusion are disjunctive, the syllogism is called pure disjunctive.

(ii) Example; All Ministers are not both Muslims and Hindus
∴ All ministers are not both not-Muslims and atheists.

Question 6.
What is mixed syllogism?
Answer:
(i) Mixed syllogism is that syllogism where all the constituent propositions are different types.
(ii) Example; If there is sun then there is light.
There is sun .
∴ There is light.

Question 7.
What is called hypothetical – categorical syllogism?
Answer:
(i) Hypothetical – categorical syllogism is that syllogism where the major premise is hypothetical, minor premise is categorical and the conclusion is categorical.

(ii) Example; If it rains he will not come It rains
∴ He will not come.

Question 8.
What is called disjunctive – categorical syllogism?
Answer:
(i) Disjunctive – categorical syllogism is that syllogism where the major premise is disjuctive, the minor premise is categorical, and the conclusion is categorical.

(ii) Example : Ramesh cannot be bom in both January and June Ramesh bom in January Ramesh is not bom in June.

Question 9.
Alternative – categorical syllogism.
Answer:
(i) Where the major premise alternative, the minor premise is categorical and the conclusion is categorical that is called alternative – categorical syllogism.

(ii) Krishna is either a teacher or a politician Krishna is not a teacher.
∴ Krishna is a politician.

Question 10.
Give an example of simple constructive dilemma.
Answer:
If A is B, C is D and If E is F, C is D
Either A is B or E is F
∴ C is D

Question 11.
State the rules of hypothetical – categorical syllogism.
Answer:
(i) There are two rules in case of hypothetical categorical syllogism.

(ii) These are affirming the antecedent and denying the consequent.

Question 12.
What is called affirming the antecedent rule?
Answer:
Affirming the antecedent rule states that when we affirm the antecedent part of the major premise into the minor premise then in this respect we should affirm the consequent part of the major premise in the conclusion.

Question 13.
Fallacy of denying the antecedent.
Answer:
(i) When we deny the antecedent part of the major premise into the minor premise and consequent part of the major premise in the conclusion then we commit the fallacy of denying the antecedent.

(ii) Example, If there is sun then there is light.
There is no sun
∴ There is no light.

Question 14.
What is called simple constructive dilemma?
Answer:
(i) Simple constructive, dilemma is that dilemma where the conclusion is categorical and affirming the antecedent rule is applied.

(ii) If P then q and if r then q
Either p or r
∴ q

Question 15.
What is called complex destructive dilemma?
Answer:
(i) In a dilemma, if the conclusion is an alternative proposition and denying the consequent rule is applied that is called complex destructive dilemma.

(ii) If p then q and if r then s.
Neither q nor s
Neither p nor r.

II. Answer with in Five/Six sentence :

Question 1.
What is dilemma ?
Answer:
Dilemma is a mixed syllogism in which one premise is compound hypothetical the other premise is alternative and the conclusion is either categorical or alternative. As Dilemma is a combination of two hypothetical categorical syllogism, so the rules of this syllogism are observed dilemma. Example :
If A is B, then C is D and if E is f then G is H.
Either A is B or E is f
Either C is D or G is H.

Question 2.
Explain rebuttal of Dilemma.
Answer:
Rebuttal of Dilemma is done by giving a counter dilemma and showing that the opposite conclusion is also possible under the same circumstance.

Dilemma : If you are kind to your wife, your mother is displeased and if you are cruel to your wife, your mother-in-law is displeased.
Either your mother or your mother in-law is displeased.

Counter dilemma: If T and kind to my wife, my mother-in-law is pleased and if I am cruel to my wife, my mother is pleased.
Either I am kind to my wife or I am cruel to my wife.
∴ Either my mother or mother-in-law pleased.

Question 3.
What is called the fallacy of affirming the consequent?
Answer:
When we affirm the consequent part of the major premise in the minor and the antecedent part of the major premise in the conclusion, then the fallacy arises, which is called the fallacy of affirming the consequent.

Example :
If somebody wins a lottery prize he is
happy These school children are happy.
∴ They have own lottery prizes.

Question 4.
Explain the fallacy of Denying the antecedent
Answer:
When we deny the antecedent part of the major premise in the minor and consequent part of the major premise in the conclusion then we commit a fallacy. Which is called the fallacy of denying the antecedent.

Example :
If there is war, the prices are high.
There is no war
∴ The prices are not high.

Question 5.
Give a symbolic example of constructive form of hypothetical categorical syllogism.
Answer:
It A is B then C is D
A is B
∴ C is D

Question 6.
Give a concrete example of simple constructive dilemma.
Answer:
If you are destined to pass, the reading is unnecessary and if you are destined to fail then reading is unnecessary. Either you are destined to pass or you are destined to fail… Reading is unnecessary.

Question 7.
What is alternative categorical syllogism.
Answer:
Alternative categorical syllogism is a kind of mixed syllogism in which the major premise is an alternative proposition, where as the minor premise and the conclusion are categorical propositions.
For example:
Either P or q
∴ \(\frac{\text { Not } P}{q}\)

Question 8.
Name the fallacy in the following argument. If there is rain, the ground is wet
∴ There is no rain
The ground is not wet
Answer:
The above argument is called the fallacy of denying the antecedent.

Question 9.
State the rules of hypothetical categorical syllogism.
Answer:
There are two rules in hypothetical categorical syllogism.
(i) By affirming the antecedent, we affirm the consequent but not conversely.
(ii) By denying the consequent, we deny the antecedent but not conversely.

Question 10.
Write the different forms of dilemma.
Answer:
There are four types of Dilemma such as :
(a) Simple constructive
(b) Simple destructive
(c) Complex constructive
(d) Complex destructive

Question 11.
Give a symbolic example of complex destructive dilemma.
Answer:
It A is B, C is D and if E is F, G is H.
Either C is not D or G is not H
∴ Either C is not B or E is not F,

Question 12.
Briefly explain the fallacy of Dilemma.
Answer:
The format fallacies of dilemma are affirming the consequents or Denying the antecedents in the minor premise. Further they may be rebutted by taking the horns or escaping between the horns or by the process of rebutal Most dilemmas are formally valid but mate rally false and their falsity may be exposed by one or the other of the above methods of rebutation.

Question 13.
What is Modus pones?
Answer:
There are two kinds of Hypothetical categorical syllogism; such as constructive and Destructive. The constructive form of this kind of Syllogism is technically known as modus ponens. In this form of argument we firm the antecedent of the major premise in the minor premise to affirm the consequent in the conclusion.

Question 14.
What is Modus Tolens?
Answer:
The destructive form of Hypothetical categorical syllogism is known as moduls tollens. In this form of argument we deny the consequent of the major premise in the minor premise to deny the antecedent in the conclusion.
For example:
If there is sun then there is light and there is no light therefore, there is no sun.

Question 15.
Which rule governs Alternative categorical Syllogism?
Answer:
The alternative proposition aims at affirming one alternate by denying the denying the other. So the rule of Alternative categorical syllogism is to deny one alternate in the minor premise and to affirm the other alternate in the conclusion.

Question 16.
Write the different forms of Dilemma.
Answer:
There are four types of Dilemma such as :

1. Simple constructive
2. Simple destructive
3. Complex constructive
4. Complex destructive.

Question 17.
Give concrete example of simple constructive dilemma.
Answer:
If you are destined to pass, the reading unnecessary and if you are destined to fail then reading is unnecessary. Either you are destined to pass or fail. Reading is unnecessary.

Question 18.
Give the concrete example of simple destructive dilemma.
Answer:
If you read Bhagabad Gita, you should obey norms and if you read Bhagabad Gita, you should practise its ethos.
Either you do not obey its norms or you do practise its ethos.
∴ You do not read Bhagabad Gita.

Question 19.
Give the concrete example of complex destructive dilemma.
Answer:
If students are obedient, they must love their teachers and if the students are sincere, they must labour hard.
Either the students do riot love their teachers of the students do not labour hard.
∴ Either the students are not obedient or the students are not sincere.

Question 20.
Define Dilemma.
Answer:
Dilemma is a mixed syllogism, in which the major premise in a compound hypothetical proposition and the minor premise is Alternative and the conclusion is either categorical or Alternative propositions.
Example :
If A is B, C is D and if E is F.
C is D
Either A is B or E is F
C is D

Question 21.
State the ways of refutation of Dilemma.
Answer:
A Dilemma may be refuted in the following three ways.
(a) Taking by One horn
(b) Taking by Two horns
(c) Escaping between the horns.

Question 22.
Write a concrete example of Rebuttal Dilemma.
Answer:
If you speak the truth, people will hate you and if you tell a lie, God will hate you. Either you speak the truth or tell lies.
∴ Either people will hate you or God will hate you.

Rebuttal: If I speak the truth, God will not hate me and of I tell lies, people will not hate. Either I speak the truth or tell lies.
∴ Either God will not hate me or people will not hate

Question 23.
Name the special syllogistic rules of Figure one.
Answer:
There are two special syllogistic rules in the figure one these are,
(1) Major premise must be universal
(2) Minor premise must be affirmative.

Question 24.
What is Reduction?
Answer:
Reduction is the process of proving the validity of the moods of the imperfect figures with the help of the moods of the perfect first figure. Direct reduction is the process of directly transforming a mood of inperfect figure to a mood of perfect figure. Indirect reduction is the process of showing that some moods of 2nd, 3rd and 4th figures are such that the conclusion cannot be false if the premises are true.

Question 25.
What in the direct Reduction of ‘DIMARIS’.
Answer:
DIMARIS – DARII

Group – B

Long Type Questions With Answers

Question 1.
What is Dilemma ? What are its different form?
Answer:
Dilemma is kind of mixed syllogism in which the major premise is a compound hypothetical proposition, the minor premise is alternative and the conclusion is either categorical or alternative.

There are different kinds of dilemma. Based on the nature of the minor premise, dilemma can be either constructive or destructive. If the minor premise affirms the antecedents of the major premise in the minor premise, the dilemma is called constructive. If the minor premise denies the consequents of the major premise, the dilemma is called destructive.

Again, a dilemma can be simple or complex, depending on the nature of the conclusion. If the conclusion of the dilemma is a categorical proposition, it is called simple dilemma. But if the conclusion is an alternative proposition, the dilemma is complex. So, by combining the above, we get four of dilemma. They are-
(a) Simple constructive
(b) Complex constructive
(c) Simple Destructive and
(d) Complex Destructive
Now, let us discuss the above different kind dilemma in details,

(a) Simple constructive Dilemma :
It is a kind of mixed syllogism in which the major premise is a compound-hypothetical proposition, (i.e. a conjunction of two hypothetical propositions), and the minor premise is a disjunctive proposition in which the antecedents of the major premise are affirmed disjunctively, and the conclusion is a categorical proposition. Symbolically it is of the following form:

The above one is the symbolic example complex constructive Dilemma. The dilemma is complex because its conclusion because the antecedents of major premise are affirmed in the minor premise.

(b) Complex constructive Dilemma :
Complex constructive dilemma is an argument, where the major premise is a compound hypothetical, in the minor premise the antecedents of the major premise are disjunctively affirmed and the conclusion is a disjunctive proposition. It is of the following form :

Concrete example :
If Rakesh is in Cuttack, he is in Odisha and if he is in Kolkata, then he is in Bengal
Rakesh is either in Cuttack or in Kolkata
Therefore, he is either in Odisha or in Bengal.

(c) Simple Destructive Dilemma :
In a simple destructive dilemmatic argument the consequents of the compound hypothetical major are alternatively denied in the minor premise and the conclusion is a categorical proposition. In other words, it is a kind of mixed syllogism in which the major premise is a compound hypothetical proposition and the minor premise is a disjunctive proposition in which the consequents of the major premise are alternatively denied. Finally, the conclusion is a denial of a categorical proposition. Symbolically it is of following form:

The above argument is a symbolic example simple Destructive Dilemma. Here the consequence the major premise are denined in the minor premise is destructive. Again, it is simple because the conclusion is categorical proposition.

(d) Complex Destructive Dilemma :
In this kind of dilemma, the major premise is a compound-hypothetical proposition, the minor premise and the conclusion are disjunctive propositions. Moreover, in the minor premise, the con-sequents of the major premise are disjunctively denied.

This is a symbolic form of complex Destructive Dilemma. The Dilemma is complex because conclusion is an alternative proposition. It is destructive because the consequents of the major premise*denied in the minor premise.

These are the four forms of dilemma. We see that looking at how the minor premise is constructive we can know whether the dilemma is constructive destructive. Again, looking at the conclusion, we know whether the dilemma is simple or complex.

Question 2.
How dilemma is refuted? Discuss.
Answer:
A dilemma is either formally valid materially true again a dilemma may be formally involved and materially false. A dilemma may be refuted both formally war or materially way. It is formally refuted when it violates the rules of dilemma and it is materially refuted when it is shown that the premises are materially false. However dilemma may be refuted in the following three ways such as,
(1) Taking by one horn.
(2) Taking by two horn.
(3) Escaping between the horn.

(1) Taking by one horn : Taking by one horn means when one consequent part of the major premise seems to be week. It means when one consequent part does not follow from its one antecedent part, at that time a dilemma is refuted which is called taking by one horn.

Example: If he is intelligent, then he can understand everything else and if he is honest, then he can admit his faults. Either he is intelligent or he is honest
∴ Either he can understand everything else or we can admit his fault.

(2) Taking by two horns : Taking by two horns means when both the consequent parts of the major premise seen to be weak. It means if both consequent part does not follow from its antecedent part does not follow from its antecedent parts then the dilemma is refuted which is called taking by two horns.

Example: If you are fated to be cure then consulting the physician is unnecessary and is you are not fated to be cured then consulting the physician is necessary.
Either you are fated to be cured.
or you are not fated to be cured.
∴ Consulting the physician is necessary.

(3) Escaping between the horns : Escaping between the horns means two puzzlement situation arise then at that time you should help another argument in under to escape from the situation.

Example:
If the day is hot, then you can if go out and if the day is cold then you can not go out.
Either the day is hot or the day is cold .’. You can’t go out.

Question 3.
What is hypothetical – categorical syllogism? Discuss its forms and fallacies.
Answer:
Hypothetical – categorical syllogism is a valid of mixed syllogism in which the major premise is a categorical proposition and the conclusion is a categorical proposition. There are certain rules to be followed for a valid Hypothetical – categorical syllogism which are discussed below.

Rules of Reasoning :
1. By affirming the antecedent of the major premise in the minor premise, we affirm the consequent in the conclusion. Violating this if we affirm the consequent of the major premise in the minor premise, the argument becomes fallacious. It is called the fallacy of affirming the consequent.

When the antecedent is affirmed in the minor premise, so that the consequent is affirmed in the conclusion, it is the constructive form of the argument. It is also called modus ponens.

2. By denying the consequent of the major premise in the minor premise, we deny the antecedent in the conclusion. If we violate this rule and deny the antecedent in the minor premise, the argument becomes fallacious. The fallacy is called the fallacy of denying the antecedent. When the consequent is denied in the minor premise to deny the antecedent in the conclusion, it is the destructive form of the argument or modus Tollens.

Constructive form or modus ponens : For the elaboration of the constructive form of Hypothetical – categorical syllogism let us take the help of examples.

Symbolic example :
Let P and Q stand for any two propositions.
If P then Q
∴ Q

Concrete example :
If there is sun, then there is light.
There is sun
∴ There is light.

The argument given above is a valid form of modus ponens or constructive form of Hypothetical – categorical syllogism. Here the antecedent ‘P’ or There is sun’ is affirmed in the minor premise. In the conclusion the consequent ‘Q’ or ‘There is light’ is affirmed. If we violate this rule and affirm the consequent in the minor premise, we commit the fallacy of affirming the consequent.

Symbolic example of the fallacy :
If P the Q
Not P
∴ Not Q

Concrete example of the fallacy :
If there is sun, there is light.
There is sun.
∴ There is light

The argument is obviously fallacious because presence of light does not necessary imply the presence of sun. There are other sources of light too. The argument is fallacious. The absence of the sun does not mean there will certainly the absence of light. These are the different forms and fallacies of Hypothetical – categorical syllogism.

Question 4.
Explain the disjunctive – categorical syllogism.
Answer:
Disjunctive categorical syllogism is a kind of mixed syllogism in which the major premise is disjunctive, the minor premise is categorical and the conclusion is categorical. It is otherwise called as mixed disjunctive syllogism.

For example; Raja cannot stay both in Odisha and Bihar state at the sometime.
Raja stays in Odisha.
∴ Raja does not stay in the Bihar.

Rule : If we affirm one of the disjuncts in the minor we may deny the other in the conclusion, but not conversely.

Symbolic example :
A cannot both B and C
A is B.
∴ A is rot C.

Concrete example :
A cannot be both honest and cruel.
Joseph is honesty.
∴ Joseph is not cruel.

This form in accordance with the rule. So it is a valid form argument and it is called modus Ponendo Tollens. Let’s take an example in regard to the converse of the rule.

Symbolic example :
A cannot be both B and C
A is not B
∴ A is C

Concrete example :
Suprava cannot be both student of I.A. class and B.A. class.
She is not a student of I. A. class.
She is a student of B.A. class.

In this case we violate the rule and deny one of the disjuncts in the minor premise whereas affirm the other in the conclusion. This is called modus Tollendo Ponens. So this is an invalid form of argument.

Question 5.
State and explain the rules and fallacies of Alternative categoric*! syllogism.
Answer:
Alternative categorical syllogism is a kind of mixed syllogism is a kind of mixed syllogism in which the major premise is an alternative proposition, the minor premise is a categorical proposition and the conclusion is either categorical proposition or alternative proposition.

Rule :
By denying one or more alternants of an alternative proposition, we can affirm the remaining alternants.

(1) Symbolic example
Either A is B or C is D.
A is not B
∴ C is D

Concrete example :
Either the sun is shining or it is raining.
The sun is not shining.
∴ It is raining.

(2) Symbolic example :
A is B or C or D
A is not B
∴ A is either C or D.

Concrete example :
Hari is intelligent or clever or foolish.
Hari is not intelligent
∴ Hari is either clever or foolish.

(3) Symbolic example.
A is B or C or D
A is neither B nor C
∴ A is D.

Concrete example :
Mira is intelligent or clever or foolish.
Mira is neither intelligent nor clever.
∴ Mira is foolish.

Violation of the rule : The rule governing mixed alternative syllogism is violated if by affirming one or more alternants, we deny the remaining alternants.
Symbolic Example;
Either A is B or C.
A is B
∴ A is not C

Concrete example;
Either Elina is clever or foolish Elina is clever.
∴ Elina is not foolish.
This is against the rule governing mixed alternative sylogism. Hence, the argument is invalid.

Group – C

Objective type Questions with Answers
I. Multiple Choice Questions with Answers :

Question 1.
In a simple dilemma, the conclusion is :
(i) Categorical
(ii) Alternative
(iii) Hypothetical
(iv) Either alternative
Answer:
(i) Categorical

Question 2.
The conclusion of a mixed syllogism is always :
(i) Hypothetical
(ii) Disjunctive
(iii) Alternative
(iv) Categorical
Answer:
(iv) Categorical

Question 3.
“When men are pure, Laws are useless. When men are corrupt, Laws are broken. Therefore laws are unnecessary”. This argument in :
(i) Materially true
(ii) Materially false
(iii) Formally true & materially false.
(iv) Formally invalid and materially false.
Answer:
(iii) Formally true & materially false.

Question 4.
Pure syllogism in mainly divided into :
(i) Two types
(ii) Three types
(iii) Four types
(iv) Five types
Answer:
(iii) Four types

Question 5.
Where all the constituent propositions are of categorical that is called what?
(i) Pure categorical syllogism
(ii) Pure hypothetical syllogism
(iii) Pure disjunctive syllogism
(iv) Dilemma
Answer:
(i) Pure categorical syllogism

Question 6.
Where all the constituent propositions are of disjunctive in character that is called which syllogism?
(i) Pure categorical
(ii) Pure hypothetical
(iii) Pure alternative
(iv) Pure disjunctive
Answer:
(iv) Pure disjunctive

Question 7.
If A is B then C is D.
If E is F then A is B.
∴ If E is F then C is D
This is a symbolic example of:

(i) Pure categorical syllogism
(ii) Pure hypothetical syllogism
(iii) Pure alternative syllogism
(iv) Pure disjunctive syllogism
Answer:
(ii) Pure hypothetical syllogism

Question 8.
How many kinds of mixed syllogism are there ?
(i) Two
(ii) Three
(iii) Four
(iv) Five
Answer:
(iii) Four

Question 9.
What is the major premise of mixed hypothetical syllogism?
(i) Hypothetical
(ii) Categorical
(iii) Alternative
(iv) Disjunctive
Answer:
(i) Hypothetical

Question 10.
What is the major premise of mixed alternative syllogism ?
(i) Hypothetical
(ii) Categorical
(iii) Alternative
(iv) Disjunctive
Answer:
(iii) Alternative

Question 11.
What is the major premise of mixed disjunctive syllogism ?
(i) Hypothetical
(ii) Categorical
(iii) Alternative
(iv) Disjunctive
Answer:
(iv) Disjunctive

Question 12.
How many kinds of dilemma are there ?
(i) Two
(ii) Three
(iii) Four
(iv) Five
Answer:
(iii) Four

Question 13.
How many rules are observed in hypothetical categorical syllogism?
(i) Two
(ii) Three
(iii) Four
(iv) Five
Answer:
(i) Two

Question 14.
When we affirm the consequent part of the major premise in the minor premise then we commit which fallacy?
(i) Denying the antecedent
(ii) Affirming the consequent
(iii) Fallacy accent
(iv) Fallacy of accident
Answer:
(ii) Affirming the consequent

Question 15.
When the antecedent of the major premise is denied in the minor, then which fallacy arises?
(i) Denying the antecedent
(ii) Denying consequent
(iii) Affirming the antecedent
(iv) Affirming the consequent
Answer:
(i) Denying the antecedent

Question 16.
In a mixed syllogism, one of the premises is necessarily;
(i) Categorical
(ii) Alternative
(iii) Hypothetical
(iv) Disjunctive
Answer:
(i) Categorical

Question 17.
If there is smoke, then there is fire,
There is fire.
∴ There is smoke.
The fallacy committed here is:
(i) Fallacy of affirming the consequent.
(ii) Fallacy of affirming the antecedent.
(iii) Both of these.
(iv) None of these.
Answer:
(i) Fallacy of affiring the consequent.

Question 18.
Which of the following is are true of a Dilemma?
(i) One of the premises is a compound hypothetical proposition
(ii) The second premise is an alternative proposition.
(iii) The cpnclusibn is either alternative to categorical
(iv) All of these
Answer:
(iv) All of these

Question 19.
The consequents of the hypothetics propositions in the compound hypothetics proposition are same in:
(i) Simple constructive dilemma.
(ii) Simple destructive dilemma,
(iii) Complex constructive dilemma.
(iv) Complex destructive dilemma.
Answer:
(i) Simple constructive dilemma.

Question 20.
A dilemmawhpse conclusion is alternative must be a ;
(i) Simple dilemma
(ii) Complied dilemma
(iii) Constructive dilemma
(iv) Destructive dilemma
Answer:
(ii) Complied dilemma

Question 21.
A dilemma is refuted by:
(i) Showing that if violates a rule.
(ii) Showing that a premise or both of its premises are materially false.
(iii) Rebuttal
(iv) All of the above
Answer:
(iv) All of the above

Question 22.
Which of the following kinds of Dilemma can only be rebutted?
(i) Simple constructive dilemma
(ii) Simple destructive dilemma
(iii) Complex constructive dilemma
(iv) Complex destructive dileittma
Answer:
(iii) Complex constructive dilemma

Question 23.
Which of the following proposition is the conclusion of simple constructive dilemma?
(i) Categorical
(ii) Alternative
(iii) Hypothetical
(iv) Disjunctive
Answer:
(i) Categorical

Question 24.
Which of the following proposition is the conclusion of complex constructive dilemma?
(i) Categorical
(ii) Alternative
(iii) Hypothetical
(iv) Disjunctive
Answer:
(ii) Alternative

Question 25.
Which of the following proposition is the conclusion of complex destructive dilemma?
(i) Categorical
(ii) Alternative
(iii) Hypothetical
(iv) Disjunctive
Answer:
(ii) Alternative

II. Fill in the blanks :

Question 1.
In a hypothetical categorical syllogism the major premise is ______ proposition.
Answer:
Hypothetical proposition

Question 2.
In an alternative categorical syllogism the major premise in ______ proposition.
Answer:
Alternative proposition

Question 3.
In a Disjunctive categorical syllogism to affirm the one is to ______.
Answer:
Deny the other

Question 4.
In a dilemma if both the alternatives are not exhaustive if is called ______.
Answer:
Escaping between the horns.

Question 5.
In the dilemma the conclusion in ______.
Answer:
Either categorical or Alternative.

Question 6.
Traditionally, syllogisms are divided into ______ types.
Answer:
two

Question 7.
Syllogism is mainly classified into ______ and ______.
Answer:
pure, mixed

Question 8.
In a pure syllogism the constituent propositions are of ______.
Answer:
same type

Question 9.
In a mixed syllogism the constituent propositions are of ______.
Answer:
Different types

Question 10.
Pure syllogism is divided into three type; such as ______ and ______.
Answer:
pure categorical, pure alternative and pure disjunctive.

Question 11.
In a syllogism if all the constituents propositions are categorical that is ______ syllogism.
Answer:
pure categorical

Question 12.
In a syllogism if all the propositions are disjunctive that is called ______ syllogiosm.
Answer:
pure disjunctive

Question 13.
In a syllogism if all the propositions are of alternative that is called ______.
Answer:
pure alternative

Question 14.
There are ______ kinds of mixed syllogism.
Answer:
four

Question 15.
In a mixed hypotheical syllogism the major premise is ______.
Answer:
hypothetical proposition

Question 16.
In a mixed disjunctive syllogism the major premise is ______.
Answer:
disjunctive proposition

Question 17.
In a mixed alternative syllogism the minor premise is ______ .
Answer:
categorical proposition

Question 18.
In a mixed hypothetical syllogism the minor premise is ______.
Answer:
categorical proposition

Question 19.
In a dilemma the major premise is ______.
Answer:
a compound hypothetical proposition

Question 20.
In a dilemma the minor premise is ______.
Answer:
Alternative

Question 21.
In a dilemma the conclusion is ______.
Answer:
Higher alternative or categorical

Question 22.
In a mixed hypothetical syllogism to affirm the antecedent is to ______.
Answer:
affirm the consequent

Question 23.
In a mixed hypothetical syllogism to deny the consequent is to ______.
Answer:
Deny the antecedent

Question 24.
In a mixed alternative syllogism to deny any one is to ______.
Answer:
affirm the other

Question 25.
In a mixed disjunctive syllogism to affirm the one is to ______.
Answer:
deny the other

Question 26.
There are ______ forms of dilemma.
Answer:
four

Question 27.
The dilemma is constructive if ______.
Answer:
The antecedants are affirmed in the minor premise.

Question 28.
The dilemma is destructive if ______.
Answer:
The consequents are denied in the minor premise.

Question 29.
The dilemma is simple if ______.
Answer:
The conclusion is and alternative proposition

Question 30.
The dilemma is complex if ______.
Answer:
The conclusion is an alternative proposition.

Question 31.
A hypothetical syllogism is constructive of ______.
Answer:
The antecedent k difirmed in the minor premise.

Question 32.
A hypothetical syllogism is destructive if ______.
Answer:
The antecedent is affirmed in the’minor premise.

Question 33.
The dilemma is formally valid if ______.
Answer:
The rules are correctly observed.

Question 34.
In a dilemma if one consequent does not follow from the antecedent it is called ______.
Answer:
Taking by one horn

Question 35.
In a dilemma if both the consequents do not follow from the antecedent it is called ______.
Answer:
taking by both the honors

Question 36.
In a dilemma if both the alternatives are not exhaustive it is called ______.
Answer:
Escaping between the horns

Question 37.
There are two rules in mixed hypothetical syllogism, such as ______ and ______.
Answer:
Affirming the antecedent, Denying the consequent.

Question 38.
In a dilemma, if the antecedents are affirmed in the premise, it is called from ______.
Answer:
Constructive

Question 39.
In a dilemma, if the consequents are affirmed then ______ fallacy arises.
Answer:
Aflfirmin the consequent

Question 40.
In a dilemma, if the consequents are denied in the premise, it is called ______.
Answer:
Destructive

Question 41.
In a dilemma, if the antecedents are denied in the premise then ______ fallacy arises.
Answer:
Denying the antecedent

Question 42.
If the conclusion of a dilemma is categorical proposition that is called ______ dilemma.
Answer:
Simple

Question 43.
If the conclusion of a dilemma is alternative proposition that is called ______ dilemma.
Answer:
Complex

Question 44.
A dilemma is said to be ______ when is incorrectness is exposed.
Answer:
Rebutted

Question 45.
According to logicians, only ______ form of dilemma can be rebutted.
Answer:
Complex constructive

Question 46.
A dilemma is materially refuted if it is shown that a premise or both the premise are ______.
Answer:
Materially false

Question 47.
The ______ of a dilemma are like the two homess of a dangerous animal.
Answer:
Alternants

III. Correct the Sentences:

Question 1.
In pure syllogism all the constituent propositions are of different types.
Answer:
In mixed syllogism all the constituent propositions are of different types.

Question 2.
In mixed syllogism all the constituent propositions are of same types.
Answer:
In Pure Syllogism all the constituent propositions are of same types.

Question 3.
Mixed Syllogisms are of three types.
Answer:
Mixed syllogisms are of four types.

Question 4.
In a hypothetic 1.1 categorical syl logism, the maj or premise a alternative and the minor premise is categorical.
Answer:
In a hypothetical categorical syllogism, the major premise is hypothetical and the minor premise is categorical proposition.

Question 5.
In a mixed disjunctive syllogism, the major premise is alternative and the minor premise is compound proposition.
Answer:
In a mixed disjunctive syllogism, the major premise is disjunctive proposition and the minor premise is categorical proposition.

Question 6.
The constructive form of the mixed hypothetical syllogism is also called Modus tollens.
Answer:
The constructive form of the mixed hypothetical syllogism is also called Modus Ponens.

Question 7.
The Destructive form of the mixed hypothetical syllogism is also called Pollendo Tollens.
Answer:
The Destructive form of the Mixed hypothetical syllogism is also called Modus Tollens.

Question 8.
There are two forms of dilemma.
Answer:
There are four forms of dilemma.

Question 9.
In case of simple dilemma the conclusion is an alternative proposition.
Answer:
In case of simple dilemma the conclusion is categorical proposition.

Question 10.
In case of complex dilemma the conclusion is categorical proposition.
Answer:
In case of complex dilemma the conclusion is an alternative proposition.

Question 11.
In hypothetical categorical syllogism Ponendo Ponens become valid.
Answer:
In hypothetical categorical syllogism Ponendo Ponens becomes invalid.

Question 12.
In disjunctive – categorical syllogism Tollendo Ponens is valid.
Answer:
In disjunctive – categorical syllogism, Tollendo Ponens is invalid.

Question 13.
In alternative – categorical syllogism, Ponendo Tollens is valid.
Answer:
In alternative categorical syllogism, Ponendo Tollens is invalid.

Question 14.
Simple constructive dilemma can only be refuted.
Answer:
Complex constructive dilemma can only be refuted.

Question 15.
In a mixed disjunctive syllogism, one disjunct is denied to deny the other.
Answer:
In a mixed disjunctive syllogism, one disjunct is affirmed to deny the other.

IV. Answer the following questions in one word:

Question 1.
Syllogisms are mainly classified into how many types?
Answer:
Two

Question 2.
Where all the propositions are of same type that is called what syllogism?
Answer:
Pure

Question 3.
Where all the propositions are of different types that is called what syllogism?
Answer:
Mixed

Question 4.
Mixed syllogism is divided into how many types?
Answer:
Four

Question 5.
How many kinds of dilemma do use have?
Answer:
Four

Question 6.
How many hypothetical propositions are there in the compound hypothetical proposition of a dilemma?
Answer:
Two

Question 7.
What in the method of refutation of a dilemma by constructing its counter dilemma called?
Answer:
Rebuttal

Question 8.
Whether the conclusion of a complex dilemma is alternative or categorical?
Answer:
Alternative

Question 9.
Whether the consequents of the hypothetical propositions in a simple constructive dilemma are same or different?
Answer:
Same

Question 10.
How many alternative propositions are there in a simple dilemma?
Answer:
One

Question 11.
How many alternative propositions are there in a complex dilemma?
Answer:
Two

Question 12.
How many types of rules are there in Hypothtical categorical syllogism?
Answer:
Two

Question 13.
If in a syllogism, one premise is hypothetical and other premise is categorical, what is the name of this mixed syllogism?
Answer:
Hypothetical Categorical

Question 14.
If in a syllogism one premise is disjunctive and other premise is categorical, What is the name of this mixed syllogism.
Answer:
Mixed-Disjunctive

Question 15.
In a mixed hypothetical syllogism, the conclusion is what type of proposition.
Answer:
Categorical

Question 16.
Modus ponens form of mixed hypothetical syllogism is also called what?
Answer:
Constructive

Question 17.
Modus Tollens form of the mixed Hypothetical syllogism is also called what?
Answer:
Destructive

Question 18.
In’ mixed Disjunctive syllogism, the conclusion is what type of proposition.
Answer:
Categorical

Question 19.
If the antecedent part is affirmed, it is called what?
Answer:
Affirming the antecedent

Question 20.
If the consequent part is denied, it is called what?
Answer:
Denying the consequent

Question 21.
If the conclusion of dilemma is categorical, it is called what?
Answer:
Simple

Question 22.
If the conclusion of dilemma is alternative, it is called what?
Answer:
Complex

Question 23.
Which form of dilemma is only rebutted?
Answer:
Complex constructive

Question 24.
How many ways are there by which, a dilemma is refuted?
Answer:
Three

Odisha State Board CHSE Odisha Class 12 Logic Solutions Chapter 2 Syllogism Questions and Answers.

CHSE Odisha 12th Class Logic Chapter 2 Question Answer Syllogism

Group – A

Short type Questions with Answers
I. Answer with in Two/Three sentence!

Question 1.
Write the 3rd figure of syllogism.
Answer:

(i) In this figure middle term (m) is present subject place in both the premises.
(ii) The major term (p) is present in the predicate place of the major premise and the minor term is (s) present in the predicate place of the minor premise.

Question 2.
What is the position of the middle term in the fourth figure?

Answer:
(i) Middle term (m) is present in the predicate place of the major premise.
(ii) Middle term is present subject place of the minor premise.

Question 3.
Write any three general rules of syllogism.
Answer:
(i) Rule ‘3 ’ states that middle term must be distributed at least once in any of the premises.
(ii) From two negative premises no conclusion follows (Rule-5)
(iii) From two particular premises no conclusion follows (Rule-8)

Question 4.
Write the valid moods of the 3rd figure.
Answer:
(i) There are six valid moods in the third figure.
(ii) These are : DARAPTI, DATISI, DISAMIS, FELAPTION, FERISON, BOCARDO.

Question 5.
Name the valid moods of 4th figure.
Answer:
(i) There are 5 valid moods in the 4th figure.
(ii) These are BRAMANTIP, CAMENES, FESAPO, FRESISON, DIMARIS.

Question 6.
Give the symbolic example of BAROCO.
Answer:
(i) ‘BAROCO’ is the valid mood of 2nd figure.
(ii) Symbolic example;
A = All P is M
O = Some S is not M
∴ O = Some S is not P

Question 7.
Write the names of the perfect moods.
Answer:
(i) There are 4 perfect moods in syllogism.
(ii) These are BARBARA, DARII, CELARENT, FERIO

Question 8.
Write the names of the imperfect moods.
Answer:
(i) There are 15 imperfect moods in syllogis

(ii) These are, CAMESTRES, CESARE, FESTINO, BAROCO, DARAPTI, DATISI, DISAMIS, FELAPTON, FERISON, BOCARDO, BRAMANTIP, CAMENES, FESAPO, FRESISON, DIMARIS.

Question 9.
Write the special syllogistic rules of the first figure.
Answer:
(i) There are two special syllogistic rules in the 1st figure. These are
(ii) Major premise must be universal.
(iii) Minor premise most be affirmative.

Question 10.
State the special syllogistic rules of the 2nd figure.
Answer:

1. There are three special syllogistics rules in the 2nd figure. These are-
2. Major premise must be universal.
3. Conclusion must be negative –
4. Out of two premises, one premise must be negative.

Question 11.
State the special syllogistic rules of the 3rd figure.
Answer:

1. The minor premise must be affirmative.
2. The conclusion must be particular.
3. One of the premises must be universal.

Question 12.
Write the special syllogistic rules of the 4th figure.
Answer:

1. If the major premise is affirmative, the minor premise must be universal.
2. If the minor premises is affirmative the conclusion must be particular.
3. If either premise is negative, the major premise must be universal.

II. Answer within Five/Six sentence :

Question 1.
Why is syllogism called a mediate deductive inference?
Answer:
An inference is said to be mediate if the conclusion is drawn from. More than one premises and it is said to be deductive if the conclusion is never more general that the premises. In a syllogism the conclusion follows form two premises taken jointly and the conclusion cannot be more general than the premises. So a syllogism is called a mediate deductive inference.

Question 2.
How the figure of the syllogism is determined?
Answer: Figure of the syllogism is mainly determined by the position of the middle term. It may be the subject in both the premises, or predicate in both the premises or subject in minor and predicate in major subject in major and predicate in minor. There are four figures which are-

Question 3.
What is the fallacy of illicit minor?
Answer:
In a syllogism, if the minor term (s) is distributed in the conclusion but not distributed minor premise at that time we commit the fallacy of illicit minor.
Example :

In this example the minor term(s) is distributed in the conclusion but it is not distributed in the minor premise, so it leads to the fallacy of illicit minor.

Question 4.
Explain the fallacy of illicit major.
Answer:
In a syllogism, if the major term (p) is distributed in the conclusion but not distributed in the major premise that is called the fallacy of illicit major.
Example :

Here the major term (mortal) is distributed in the conclusion but not distributed in the major premise. So it leads to the fallacy of illicit major.

Question 5.
What is mood of syllogism?
Answer:
Mood of a syllogism is mainly determined by the quality and quantity of the premises. According to quality or quantity the propositions are A. E. I. O. on the basis of quality and quantity (A, E, I, O) the possible combinations are AA, AE, AI, AO, EA, EO, OA, IA, IE, II, 10, OE, 01, OO. According to first group of logicians there are only 16 x 4 = 46 possible moods. According to second group of logicians there are only 64 x 4 = 256 possible moods. According to Aristotle, there are 19 valid moods.

Question 6.
What is the fallacy of illicit Minor?
Answer: When the minor term is distributed in the conclusion without being distributed in the minor premise, we commit the fallacy of illicit minor.
Example :
E = No M is P.
A = All M is S.
E = No S is P
Here the minor term (p) is distributed in the conclusion but not distributed in the minor premise. So we commit the fallacy of illicit minor.

Question 7.
Explain the fallacy of undistributed middle.
Answer:
According to the third general syllogistic rule, middle term must be distributed at least once in any of the premise of a syllogism. But if the middle term is not distributed in any of the premises then we commit the fallacy of undistributed middle.
Example :

The above example is a fallacy of undistributed middle, because here the middle term (M) is not distributed in any of the premises.

Question 8.
Give a concrete example of valid argument in figure III.
Answer:
E = No men are birds.
A = All men are biped.
∴ O = Some biped beings are not birds.
This is the concrete example of the valid mood of third figure which is called FELAPTON.

Question 9.
Give an example of ‘A’ proposition and find out its converse.
Answer:
A = All men are mortal.
Converse I = some mortal beings are men.
A = All Sis P.
Converse I = Some P is S.

Question 10.
Give concrete example of the mood ‘CESARE’.
Answer:
E = No men are birds.
A = All crows are birds.
E = No crows are men

Question 11.
Give a symbolic example of the mood ‘BRAMANTlP’.
Answer:
A = All P is M
A = All M is S
∴ I = Some S is P.

Question 12.
Give an example of a valid syllogistic argument in which the middle term is distributed in both the premises.
Answer:
E = No M is P
A = All M is S
∴ O = Some S is not P.
This FELAPTON, a valid mood 3rd figure, where the middle term is distributed in both the premises.

Question 13.
Give an example of a valid syllogistic argument in which the major term is distributed in the premise but not in the conclusion.
Answer: A = All P is M
A = A11 M is S.
∴ I = Som S is P
This is BRAMANTlP, a valid mood in 4th figure, I where the major term is distributed in the premises but not distributed in the conclusion.

Question 14.
Write the special syllogistic rules of the figure one.
Answer:
(i) Major premise must be universal
(ii) Minor premise must be affirmative.

Question 15.
Name the moods of the 1st figure to which the following moods can be directly reduced BAROCO, BOCARDO, BRAMANTlP.
Answer:
BAROCO = FERIO. BOCARDO = DARIT. BRAMANTlP = BARBARA.

Question 16.
State the structure of a syllogism.
Answer:
A syllogism is consisted of three propositions, out of which the first two are called premises and the last one is called conclusion. The first proposition of syllogism is called major premise and the second proposition is called Minor premise. It is also consisted of three terms, such as; Major term (P) minor term (S) and middle term (m). The predicate part of the conclusion of a syllogism is called major term (P), the subject part of the conclusion of syllogism is called Minor term (s) and the common term between the premises is cabled middle term (M).

Question 17.
What is syllogism?
Answer:
Syllogism is a kind of mediate form of deductive inference where the conclusion is drawn out of two premises taken jointly but not separately. It is consisted of three terms like-major (p), minor (S) and middle term. It is consted of 3 propositions.
Example :

Question 18.
What is the fallacy of two particular premises.
Answer:
The general syllogistic rule says that if both their premises are particular then no conclusion follows. But if we draw any conclusion, out of two particular premises then we commit the fallacy of two particular premises.
Example:
I = Some mangoes are sweet.
O = Some fruits are not mangoes.
∴ O = Some fruits are not sweet.

Question 19.
Explain the fallacy of “Train of syllogism”?
Answer:
According to the general syllogistic rule, A syllogism must be consisted of three propositions, neither more or nor less. But if a syllogism is consisted of more than three propositions than we commit a fallacy, which is called the fallacy of train of syllogism.
Example :
All animals are mortal.
All men are mortal. Ram is a man
∴ Ram is mortal.
This argument is fallacious because it is consisted of 4 propositions.

Question 20.
What is the fallacy of ‘Four Terms’ ?
Answer:
A syllogism must be consisted of three terms, neither more not less. But if syllogism is consisted of more than three terms, than the fallacy arises, which as called the fallacy of ‘FOUR TERMS’.
Example :
God is the creator of man Man is the creator of sin,
God is the creator of sin.

Question 21.
What is meant by fundamental mood?
Answer:
A fundamental mood is a valid syllogism where the premises are just sufficient fttr the conclusion. Here the middle term is distributed only once and whatever other term is distributed in the premises are also distributed in the conclusion. The following 15 moods are fundamental.
Figure-I = BARBARA, DARII, CELARENT, FERIO.
Figure-II = CAMESTRES, CASARE, FESTINO, BAROCO .
Figure-III = DATISI, DISAM1S, FERISON, BOCARDO
Figure-IV = CAMENES, DIMARIS, FERESION,

Question 22.
Name the valid moods of flgure-III.
Answer:
DARAPTI, DATISI, DISAMIS, FELAPTON, FERISON, BOCARDO.

Question 23.
Name the valid moods of the first figure.
Answer:

1. BARBARA,
2. DARII,
3. CELARENT,
4. FERIO

Question 24.
Write short notes on the strengthed moods.
Answer:
A mood is said to be strengthened, if one of its premises is unnecessarily stronger than what is required to prove the conclusion. In the case of a strengthened mood even if a universal premise be substituted by its corresponding particular proposition, still the same conclusion follows. The following eight moods are strengthened.
Fig I = Barbari, Celaront.
Fig II = Cesaro, Camestrop
Fig III – Darapti, Felapton
Fig IV = Bramantip, Fesapo.

Question 25.
What is called weakened mood?
Answer:
A mood is said to be weakened, if its conclusion is weaker than what i$ justified by its premises. Though the premises can validate a universal conclusion, in a weakened a universal conclusion, the corresponding particular proposition, is drawn as the conclusion. The following five moods are weakened.
Fig I = Barbari, cetaront
Fig II = Cesaro, camestrop
Fig III = Camerop

Question 26.
Write any two general syllogistic rules are :
Answer:
(i) If one of the premise be negative, the conclusion is negative.
(ii) If one of the premise be particular the conclusion must be particular.

Question 27.
Distinguish-between immediate and mediate inference.
Answer:
Immediate inference is a kind of deductive inference in which the conclusion is drawn out of the only one premise.
Example :
All men are mortal.
Some mortal beings are men.

It is divided into 4 types, such as conversion, obversion, inversion and contraposition. Mediate inference is a kind of deductive inference in which the conclusion is drawn out of two premises taken jointly but not separately. It is otherwise called as syllogism.
Example :
A = All men are mortal.
A = All. students are men.
A = All students are mental.

Question 28.
What are the different kinds of inference?
Answer:
Inference is of two kinds, called deductive inference and inductive inference. Deductive inference is again of two kinds called immediate and mediate inference. Mediate inference which is also called syllogism can be pure or mixed.

Question 29.
Name the valid moods of 2nd figure.
Answer:
There are only four valid moods in the second figure. These are; CAMESTRES, CESARE. FESTINO, BAROCO.

Question 30.
Name the valid moods of 4th figure.
Answer:
There are only five valid moods in the fourth figure. These are; BRAMANTIP = AAI, CAMENES = AEE; FESAPO = EAO, FRESISON = E10, DIMARIS = LAI.

Question 31.
Give a symbolic example of BARBARA.
Answer:
Symbolic example of BARBARA.

Question 32.
Give the symbolic expression of DARII.
Answer:
Symbolic expression of DARII.

Question 33.
Give the Symbolic expression of CELARENT.
Answer:
Symbolic expression of CELARENT.

Question 34.
Write the symbolic example of FERIO.
Answer:
Symbolic example of FERIO.

Question 35.
Write the symbolic expression of GAMESTERS.
Answer:
Symbolic expression of GAMESTERS.

Question 36.
Write the symbolic expression of CESARE.
Answer:
Symbolic expression of CESARE.

Question 37.
Write the symbolic expression of FESTINO.
Answer:
Symbolic expression of FESTINO.

Question 38.
State the symbolic expression of BAROCO.
Answer:
BAROCO is the valid mood of 2nd figure. The symbolic expression of BAROCO

Question 39.
State the symbolic expression of DARAPTI.
Answer:
‘DARAPTI’ is the valid mood of third figure.
The symbolic expression of DARAPTI is →

Question 40.
State the symbolic expression of DISAMIS.
Answer:
‘DISAMIS’ is the valid mood of 3rd figure. The symbolic expression of ‘DISAMIS’ is →

Question 41.
Give the symbolic expression of FELAPTON.
Answer:
‘FELAPTON’ is the valid mood of third figure. The symbolic expression of FELAPTON is →

Question 42.
State the symbolic example of ‘BOCARDO’.
Answer:
‘BOCARDO’ is the valid Mood of third figure. It is symbolic expression is:

Question 43.
State the symbolic example of CAMENES.
Answer:
‘CAMENES’ is the valid mood of 4th figure. It is symbolic expression is;

Question 44.
State the symbolic expression of “FESAPO”.
Answer:
‘FESAPO’ is the valid mood of 4th figure.
The symbolic expression of ‘FESAPO’ is →

Question 45.
Write the symbolic expression of FRESISON.
Answer:
FRESISON is the valid mood of 4th figure. It is symbolic expression is;

Question 46.
Write the symbolic expression of DIMARIS.
Answer:
DIMARIS is the valid mood of 4th figure.
Its symbolic expression is;

Question 47.
Write the special syllogistic rules of the figure 3.
Answer:
The following are the special rules of the third figure.

1. The minor premise must be affirmative.
2. One of the premises must be universal.
3. The conclusion must be particular.

Question 48.
What is called the fallacy of ‘Four Terms’?
Answer:
According to the general syllogistic rule, syllogism must be consisted of only three terms, neither more or less. But if a syllogism is consisted of more than 3 terms we the commit the fallacy of Four Terms.
Example :

This argument is fallacious because it is consisted of 4 terms.

Question 49.
Why the 1st figure is called perfect figure?
Answer:
According to Aristotle, first figure is called the perfect figure, because it follows a principle what calls is “Dictem deomini etnullo”, which literally means “statement concerning all and none”. According to him the moods of 2nd, 3rd and 4th figure will be tested by transforming to the moods of the 1st figure.

Question 50.
State Aristotles Dictum.
Answer:
For testing the validity of moods Aristotle had framed one rule, which is called “Aristotle’s dictum de omniet nullo”. Which means statements concerning all one none we state the rule thus.

1. It something is true of all of a class, it can be affirmed of some of that class.
2. If something is true of none of a class, it can be denied of some of that class.
   • Example :
     All M is P.
     All S is M.
     All S is P.

Question 51.
State the necessary of reduction in a syllogism.
Answer:
Reduction, in wide sense means transformation of moods of any figure to any other figure but in narrow sense it means changing the moods of 2nd, 3rd & 4th figure to 1st figure. Hence according to Aristotle 1st figure is the perfect figure because the dictem is applicable to the first figure. Hence reduction may be defined as the transformation of the moods to the imperfect figures to die moods of the 1 st figure there by proving the correctness of the moods of the so called imperfectTigures. That is why reduction is necessary.

Question 52.
State the special rules of 4th figures.
Answer:
The special rules of 4th figures are.

1. If the major premise is affirmative, the minor premise must be universal.
2. If any premise is negative, the major premise must be universal. .
3. Both the premises cannot be negative.
4. If the minor premise is affirmative, the conclusion is particular.

Question 53.
State the special syllogistic rules of figure-11.
Answer:
The special rules of figure II are :

1. The major premise must be universal.
2. One of the premises must be negative.
3. The conclusion must be negative.

Question 54.
Name the special syllogistic rules of Figure one.
Answer:
There are two special syllogistic rules in the figure on these are,
(i) Major premise musrte universal.
(ii) Minor premise must be affirmative.

Question 55.
What is Reduction?
Answer:
Reduction is the process of proving the validity of the moods of the imperfect figures with the help of the moods of the perfect first figure. Direct reduction is the process of directly transforming a mOod of imperfect figure to a mood of perfect figure. Indirect reduction is the process of showing that some moods of 2nd, 3rd and 4th figures are such that the conclusion cannot be false if the premises are true.

Question 56.
What in the direct Reduction of ‘DIMARIS’.
Answer:
DIMARIS – DARII

Question 57.
Prove : If one premise be negative the conclusion must be negative.
Answer:
One of the rules of syllogism says that both the premises cannot be negative. So there must be one premise affirmative enabling to draw the conclusion and the other one is negative. In negative premises there is no connection between middle term and one of the extremes. But in affirmative premises there is same connection between the middle term and the other extreme. From this it is clear that there lies no connection between both the extremes, hence the conclusion would be a negative proposition.

Question 58.
Prove : Minor premise must be affirmative in the third figure.
Answer:
One of the special syllogistic rule of the figure 3 says that minor premise must be affirmative in the third figure. But if the minor premise be not affirmative then it must be negative. In this case the major premise will be affirmative. If it be so then conclusion must be negative. But if the conclusion be negative then it will always distribute its predicate term, which will never distribute in case of the major premise. As a result of which we will commit the fallacy of illicit major. So it is proved that minor premise must be affirmative in third figure.

Group – B

Long Type Questions With Answers

Question 1.
Prove the following : From two Negative premises, no conclusion follows.
Answer:
The general syllogistic rule 5 says that if both the premises are negative then no conclusion follows. It means if both the premises are negative then the possible combinations may be :
\(\frac{E / O}{E / O}\) = EE,EO,OE,OO
Let’s test the above possible combinations and find whether any conclusion follows or not ?
E = No M is P.
E = No S is M.

In the above combination, the major premise says that M and P both are separated from each other. It means there is not relationship between M and P. And the minor premise says that S and M both are two Negative terms and there is no relationship between them. We have known that conclusion comes when the relation exists between the two premises. But here as there is no relation between so how can we draw a conclusion. So it is proved that if both the premises are negative then there is no conclusion.

Question 2.
Prove the following :
(a) In a valid syllogism, middle term must be distributed at least once
(b) From particular major and negative minor, no conclusion follows.
Answer:
(a) The third general syllogistic rule says that the middfe tend must be distributed at least once in any of the premises. Generally the term distribution means its entire denotation. The middle term is related to the major term in the major premise. It is related again to the minor term in the minor premise, from the nature of these two relations of the major and the minor term with the same middle term, we determine the relation of them in the conclusion.

Is the middle term is used partially in both the premises, then these two P arts may be different form each other. In that case the major term and the minor term are not being related to the same individuals and their mutual relation can not be ascertained. Here we are used to commit the fallacy of undistributed middle. Some M is P some M is S.

But if both the above propositions be plurative, more than half of ‘M’ is taken in both the cases, then naturally P and S are related to the same common individuals. So the conclusion ‘Some S is P’ can be drawn.

This is an exception to the rule. Logically both the premises we 1 propositions, which distribute no term and the middle term is not at all distributed here.

(b) The General Syllogistic rule (10) says that if the major premise is particular and the minor premise is negative then no conclusion follows. If the major premise is particular and the minor premise is negative then the possible combinations.
May be \(\frac{\mathrm{I} / \mathrm{O}}{\mathrm{E} / \mathrm{O}}\) = IE,IO,OE,OO.

Out of the above four possible combinations we can reject the last two (OE, 00) as per the rule No. 5 (from two negative premises no conclusion follows). And also we can reject (IO) possible combination because both are particular. Let’s test the only possible combination ‘EF’.
I = Some M is P.
E = No S is M.

In the above combination as the middle term (M) is distributed that is why we can draw a conclusion. But if the conclusion be any than it will be negative proposition, which will be distributed its predicate term or major term. But that major term (P) will never distribute in the major premise. So we commit the fallacy of illicit major. Therefore it is proved that from particular major and negative minor, no conclusion follows.

Question 3.
Prove : If both the premises are affirmative the conclusion must be affirmative.
Answer:
If both the premises are affirmative in a syllogism, then the possible combination may be \(\frac{\mathrm{ALI}}{\mathrm{ALI}}\) = AA, AI, LA, II. out of the four possible combinations we can reject the last (II); because from two particular premises no conclusion follows. As per this rule the conclusion will be affirmative from the other three possible combination. But if the conclusion be not affirmative then it must be negative.

Let’s see if the conclusion be negative then what will happen?
Example :
A = All M is P.
A = All S is M.
If the conclusion be negative then it will be either (E or O). But if it be so then major term will be distributed in the conclusion but will never distributed in the conclusion but will never distribute in case of the major premise. As a result of which we will always commit the fallacy of illicit major. So it is proved that if both the premise are affirmative the conclusion must be affirmative.

Question 4.
Explain. From two particular premises, no conclusion follows.
Answer:
If both the premises are particular in a Syllogism then the possible combinations may be \(\frac{\mathrm{IIO}}{\mathrm{IIO}}\) IO, OI, OO out of the above four possible combination we can reject the last possible combination (O O) as both the premises are negative,

Let us test the other possible combination
II = I = Some M is P,
I = Some S is M.
In this possible combination no conclusion follows because the middle term is not distributed in any of the premises. So here we commit the fallacy of undistributed middle.
IO = I = Some M is P.
O = Some S is not M.
In this combinations as the middle term is distributed in the minor premise then we can draw a conclusion. But if the conclusion be any then it will be ‘O’ in which the major term (P) will be distribute but that will never distribute in case of the major premise. As a result of which we commit a fallacy of illicit major.
OI = O = Some M is not P.
I = Some S is M.
In this combination as the middle term is not distributed in any of the premises, we commit the fallacy of undistributed middle, from this above it is prove, that if both the premises are particular in a syllogisms then no conclusion follows.

Question 5.
Prove the following :
(a) In a Syllogism, If one premise is particular the conclusion is particular.
(b) From particular major and Negative minor no conclusion follows.
Answer:
(a) If one of the premise is particular then other premise must be universal and the possible combination may be \(\frac{1 / O}{A / E}\) IA,IE,OA,OE.

Out of the above we can reject the last combination (OE); as per the rule No 5 and ‘IE’ as per the rule No. 10. Let’s test other possible combination like- LA, OA, ‘IA’.

In this combination (IA) only one term is distributed that is the subject of ‘A’. In order to avoid the fallacy of undistributed middle. Suppose we have taken that distributed term as middle term. Then no distributed term is there in the premise. So if we will take the conclusion as T proposition, then no fallacy will be occur. So ‘LA’ combination T comes always.

‘OA’: In this possible combination only two terms are distributed. One the subject of ‘A’ and other is the predicate of ‘O’ proposition out of two distributed terms we should take one as the middle term and other as the major term. Then, here we should remember that the major term in distributed in the .major premise. If we will take particular negative. (O) proposition in case of conclusion then the fallacy of illicit major will never occur. From this above, it is proved that if one of the premise is negative, then conclusion must be negative.

(b) The General Syllogistic rule (10) says that if the major premise is particular and the minor premise is negative then on conclusion follows. If the major premise is particular and the minor premise is negative then the possible combinations may be \(\frac{\mathrm{I} / \mathrm{O}}{\mathrm{E} / \mathrm{I}}\) = IE,IO,OE,OO.

Out of the above four possible combinations we can reject the last two (OE, OO) as per the rule No 5 (From two negative premises no conclusion follows). And also we can reject (IO) possible combination because both are particular. Let’s test the only possible combination ‘IE’.
I = Some M is P.
E = NO’S is M.

In the above combination as the middle term (M) is distributed that is why we can draw a conclusion. But if the conclusion be any then it will be negative proposition, which will be distributed its predicate term or major term. But that major term (P) will never distribute in the major premise. So we commit the fallacy of illicit major.

Question 6.
Prove : From two negative premises, no conclusion follows.
Answer:
The General Syllogistic rule No.5 says that if both the premises are negative then no conclusion follows. If means it both the premises are negative then the possible combinations may
be \(\frac{E / O}{E / O}\) = EE, EO & OO. Let’s test the above possible combinations and find whether any conclusion follows or not ?
E = No M is P.
E = No S is M.

In the above combination, the major premise says that M and P both are separated from each other. It means there is no relationship between M and P. And the minor premise says S and M both are separated. We have known that conclusion comes the relation exists between the two premises. But here as there is not relation between the two premise S So how can we draw a conclusion.
So it is proved that if both the premises are negative, then there is no conclusion.

Question 7.
Prove : Middle term must be distributed at last once in the premises,
Answer:
To be distributed means to be taken in its entire denotation of the term. The middle term is the bond of connection between the two extremes. If it remains undistributed in both the premises, it means it takes only a part of denotation of the major term and also of the minor ten. In that case, it is possible that the extremes are related to different parts of the middle term.

Two such premises can not draw a conclusion because the middle term is unable to link the two extremes. If the middle term is distributed in both the premises, it is still better. If we violate this rule and keep the middle term undistributed in both the premises, it is called the fallacy of undistributed middle. For Example:
A – All Indians are Asians
A – All Pakistanis are Asians
∴ A – All Pakistanis are Indians.

As we see in the above example a false conclusion from two true premises. It is because the middle term remained undistributed in both the premises and failed to related the two extremes in the conclusioii. This can be explained by the help of a diagram

We can see in the above diagram the class extremes, neither by Indians nor by PakistAnswer: So the conclusion gets wrong.

Question 8.
Prove : Major premise must be universal in the first figure.
Answer:
One of the special syllogistic rule of the figure (one) says that major premise must be universal. But if the major premise be not universal in the 1 st figure then it must be particular. If the major premise is particular then in that case the middle term (m), which is the subject cannot be distributed. So the fallacy of “undistributed middle” will arise. But in order to avoid the fallacy of undistributed middle, it must be distributed in the minor premise, where the middle term is predicate. So if we will take minor premise as a negative proposition then it will distribute its predicate and the fallacy of undistributed middle will never occurs.

Again it we take minor premise as Negative proposition (E/o) then in that case major premise will be affirmative and the conclusion will be Negative. If the conclusion will be negative, it will be distribute its major term (P) which will never be distribute in case of the major premise. Because major premise as affirmative cannot be distributed is predicate. So we commit the fallacy of illicit major.

Again we can avoid the fallacy if illicit major if the major term (P) will be distributed in the major premise. If means if the major premise will be negative proposition, it will distribute its predicate (P). But we cannot take any negative proposition in case of the major premise. Because we have already taken the negative proposition in case of minor premise. All the above fallacies arise as we have taken the major premise as particular. So it proved that the major premise must be universal in the first figure.

Question 9.
Prove the following :
(a) Minor Premise must be affirmative in the 1st figure.
(b) ‘O’ proposition cannot be a premise in the 1st figure.
Answer:
(a) The minor Premise must be affirmative in the 1st figure : If the minor premise be not affirmative in the 1st figure then it must be negative. If the minor premise be negative then in that case the major is affirmative. So if the major affirmation and minor is negative, then conclusion must be negative and if the conclusion is a negative proposition it will always distribute its major term (P) which will never distribute in case of major premise as we have taken the major premise is affirmative. So the fallacy will arise, which is called illicit major.

Again this fallacy of illicit major can be avoided if we take the major premise as negative proposition. But we can not take the major into a negative. Because we have taken the minor premise as negative. So form this above discussion it is proved that the minor premise of the first figure must be affirmative but it cannot be negative.

(b) If one premise be O, the other premise must be A, and the conclusion must be O. So the mood is either O A o or AGO. In first figure, both these moods are universal.

O = Some M is not P.
A = All S is M.
∴ O = Some S is not P.
Here, the middle term is not at all distributed. So, it commits the fallacy of undistributed Middle.

A = All M is P.
O = Some S is not M.
∴ O = Some S is not P.
Here, the major term is distributed in the conclusion, but not distributed in the major premise. So it commits the fallacy of Illicit major. Therefore, O cannot be a premise in First figure.

Question 10.
Prove : Major premise must be universal in the first figure.
Answer:
One of the special syllogistic rule of the figure (one) says that major premise must be universal. But if the major premise be not universal in the 1 st figure then it must be particular. If the major premise is particular then in that case the middle term (m), which is the subject cannot be distributed. So the fallacy of “undistributed middle” will arise. But in order to avoid the fallacy of undistributed middle, it must be distributed in the minor premise, where the middle term is predicate. So if we will take minor premise as a negative proposition then it will distribute its predicate and the fallacy of undistributed middle will never occurs.

Again if we take minor premise as Negative proposition (E/o) then in that case major premise will be affirmative and the conclusion will be Negative. If the conclusion will be negative, it will be distribute its major term (P) which will never be distribute in case of the major premise. Because major premise as affirmative cannot be distributed is predicate. So we commit the fallacy of illicit major.

Again we can avoid the fallacy if illicit major if the major term (P) will be distributed in the major premise. If means if the major premise will be negative proposition, it will distribute its predicate (P). But we cannot take any negative proposition in case of the major premise. Because we have already taken the negative proposition in case of minor premise. All the above fallacies arise as we have taken the major premise as particular. So it is proved that the major premise must be universal in the first figure.

11. Explain :
(a) If the conclusion is universal the middle term can be distributed only once.
(b) If the major term in predicate in the major premise, the minor premise must be affirmative.
Answer:
(a) If the conclusion is universal, it is either A or E. In case of A, both the premises are A and only two terms are distributed in the premises. One of them must be the minor term, otherwise there arises the fallacy of illicit minor. So only one term is left distributed for the middle term.

In case of ‘E’, the premises are either EA or AE and three terms are distributed in the premises. Two of these must be the minor and the major terms to avoid the fallacies of the illicit process. So only one term is left distributed for the middle term.
Therefore, when the conclusion is universal the middle term can be distributed only once.

(b) The major term in the major premises if either distributed or undistributed. If it is distributed, then the major premise must be negative. So, in this case, the minor premise must be affirmative. If it is undistributed, then it cannot be distributed in the conclusion and the conclusion must be affirmative. If the conclusion be affirmative, then both the premises must be affirmative.
Therefore, if the major term is predicate in the major premise, the minor premise must be affirmative.

Question 12.
Prove : In the second figure major premise must if ‘I’ a universal and one premise must be negative.
Answer:
The proposition of the middle term in 2nd figure is :

Thus in the second figure the middle term is the predicate in both the premise. Now affirmative proposition do not distribute their predicates but the middle term must be distributed at least once. So there must be a negative premise.

Question 13.
Explain. ‘O’ proposition can not be a major premise in the 4th figure.
Answer:

If we take ‘O’ proposition as a premise in figure IV, the other premise must be affirmative. In this case the conclusion will be particular negative (O). Which will always distribute its predicate term or major term (P). But the major term (P) will never distribute in case of the major premise. Because we have taken it as particular proposition, which will never distribute. Major term (P); as a result of which we commit the fallacy of illicit major. So it is proved that O proposition cannot be taken as a premise in figure IV.

Question 14.
Prove the following :
(a) Minor premise is affirmative in the 3rd figure.
(b) Conclusion is particular in the 3rd figure.
(c) At least one premise must be universal in the 3rd figure.
Answer:
(a) One of the special Syllogistic rule of the fig 3 says that minor premise must be affirmative in the 3rd figure. But the major premise be not affirmative then it must be negative. This case the major premise will be affirmative. If it be so then conclusion must be negative, but if the conclusion is negative then it will always distribute its predicate term, which will never distribute in case of the major premise. As a result which we will commit the fallacy of illicit major. So it is proved that minor premise must be affirmative in the 3rd figure.

(b) This rule says that conclusion must be particular in the 3rd figure. But if the conclusion be not particular then it must be universal (A/E). But if the conclusion be universal then the premise will also be universal. But if the conclusion be universal then it will be E proposition, which will distribute its subject term and predicate term. But however may be the predicate term will never be distribute in case of the major premise. As a result of which we will commit the fallacy of illicit major. So it is proved that the conclusion must be particular but should not be universal.

(c) If one of the premises be not universal in the 3rd figure then either both the predicate may be universal or may be particular. If both the premises are particular then no conclusion will follows as per the rule no 8. From two particular premises no conclusion follows. But if both the premises are universal the conclusion will be universal which will commonly distribute its subject term (minor) but it will never distribute in case of the minor premise. So we will commit the fallacy of illicit minor. From this above discussion it is proved that at least one premise must be universal.

Question 15.
Prove the following :
(a) If the conclusion is universal, the middle term can be distributed only once.
(b) If the major term is predicate in the major premise, the minor premise must be affirmative.
Answer:
(a) If the conclusion is universal, it is either A or E.
In the case of A, both the premises are A and only two terms are distributed in the premises. One of them must be the minor term, otherwise there arises the fallacy of illicit Minor. So only one term is left distributed for the middle term.

In the case of E, the premises are either EA or AE and three terms are distributed in the premises. Two of these must be the minor and the major terms to avoid the fallacies of the Illicit Process. So only one term is left distributed for the middle term. Therefore, if the conclusion is universal, the middle term can be distributed only once.

(b) The major term in the major premise is either distributed or undistributed. If it is distributed, then the major premise must be negative. So, in this case, the minor premise must be affirmative. If it is undistributed, then it cannot be distributed in the conclusion and the conclusion must be affirmative. If the conclusion be affirmative, then both the premise must be affirmative. Therefore, if the major term is predicate in the major premise, the minor premise must be affirmative.

Question 16.
Prove the following :
(a) No term will be distributed in the conclusion, if it is not distributed in the premises.
(b) In the fourth figure, if the major premise is O affirmative, the minor premise must be universal.
Answer:
(a) In deductive reasoning the conclusion. Can not be more general than the premises. A term is not distributed in the premises means only a part of the denotation is covered. But if it is distributed in the conclusion, that means we have drawn a conclusion on entire denotation based on part of denotation is a passage from “all” to “some”. Violation of this rule leads to two fallacies.
If the major term is distributed in the conclusion without being distributed in the major premise, it commits the fallacy of Illicit major For example
A-All tigers are animals
E-No. birds are tigers
E-No birds are animals

In the above example the major term “animal” is distributed in the conclusion but not in the premise. Secondly, if the minor term is distributed in the minor premise, it commits the fallacy of Illicit minor, for Example:
A-All snakes are poisonous
A-All snakes are reptiles
∴ A-All reptiles are poisonous
Here the minor term ‘reptiles’ is the predicate of ‘A proposition and so undistributed. But “reptile” is the subject of ‘A’ proposition in the conclusion and distributed. The argument is invalid.

(b) In the fourth figure, the middle term is the predicate in the major premise and subject in the minor premise. As affirmative propositions do not distribute their predicates, the middle term remains undistributed in the major premise. To avoid the fallacy of undistributed middle, it must be distributed in the minor premise, where it is the subject. Only universal propositions distribute their subjects. So, if the major premise is affirmative, the minor premise must be universal in the fourth figure.

Question 17.
Reduce ‘CAMENES’ both directly and indirectly.

Answer:
Direct Reduction of ‘CAMENES’

Let’s take the original conclusion of ‘CAMENES’ as false and its contradiction (I = Some S is P) as true. As per the rules of indirect reduction, here let’s take the major premise as true and minor premise as false. Here we should take the contradiction of the original conclusion as a true premise in the minor premise of ‘CAMENES’ which we have taken as false. After taking the value of major premise and minor premise as (true and false) let’s construct the new form of syllogism.

From this above it is said that ‘CAMENES’ is directly reduced to ‘CELARENT’ and indirectly reduced to DAR II.

Question 18.
Reduce ‘BOCARDO’ both directly and indirectly.
Answer:

Direct reduction of ‘BOCARDO’ BOCARDO (Fig-III) → DAR 99 (Fig-I) (Renamed as DOKSAMOSK)

Let’s take the original conclusion as false (F) and its contradiction as true (T) (A = All S is P). Taking this new proposition as the major premise and the original as the major premise and the original minor as minor premise, let’s form a new syllogism.
A = All S is P.
A = All M is S
∴ A = All M is P

Now we can see that the new conclusion is the contradictory of the original major premise. Both cannot be true. One must be false. The original major premise cannot be false because in deductive reasoning the premises are always taken to be true. So the new conclusion is false. The falsity can arise out of two ways.

If we have violated the rules syllogism or there is mistake in the premises. But we have not violated the rules of syllogism for which it is the valid mood ‘BARBARA’ of the perfect 1st figure. So the mistake is in the premises. The minor premise cannot be false as it is the original minor premise. So the mistakeis in the major premise which is the contradictory of the original conclusion. So the original conclusion is proved to be true.

Question 19.
Reduce ‘CAMESTRES’ both directly and indirectly.

Answer:
Direct Reduction of CAMESTRES
CAMESTRES (Fig-2) → CELARENT (Fig = I)
A = All p is M By M
E = No S is p
∴ E = No S is p

E = No S is M
By s/E E = No M is S
A = All P is M
∴ E = No P is S
By s/E = No is P

Indirect reduction of CAMESTRES :
A = All P is M
E = No S is M
∴ E = No S is P

‘Let’s take the original conclusion of ‘CAMESTRES’ as false and its contradiction as true I = Some S is P). Taking this new proposition as the minor premise and the original major as the major, Let’s form a new syllogism.
A = All P is M
I = Some S is P
∴ I = Some S is M

Now we see that the new conclusion is the contradictory of the original minor premise. Both cannot be false: The original major premise cannot be false, because in the deductive reasoning premises are always taken to be true. So the new conclusion is false. The falsity can arise out of two ways. If we have mistake in the premises or if we have violated the rules of syllogism. We have not violated the rules of syllogism for which it is the valid mood ‘DAR99’ Of first figure. SO there is mistake in the premises. The major premise cannot be false because it is the original major premise. So the mistake is in the minor premise which is the contradictory of the original conclusion. So the original conclusion in true. From the above it is said that ‘CAMESTRES’ is directly reduce to ‘CELARENT’ and indirectly reduced to DAR99.

Question 20.
Reduce ‘FELAPTON’ both directly and Indirectly.
Answer:
Direct Reduction of FELAPTON. FELAPTON (Fig-3) → FER90 (Fig-1)

Let’s take the original conclusion of FELAPTON as false and its contradiction as true (All S is P), Taking this new’ proposition as the major premise and the original minor as the minor, Let’s form a new syllogism.

Now we see that the new conclusion is the contrary of the original major premise. Both cannot be true. One must be false. The original major premise cannot be wrong because in deductive reasoning premises are always taken to be true. So the new conclusion is false. The falsity can arise out of two ways. It there is any mistake in the premises or if we have violated the rules of syllogism. We have not violated the rules of syllogism for which it is the valid mood ‘BARBARA’, of first figure. So these is mistake in the premises. The minor premise cannot be false as if in the original minor. So the major premise is wrong. If it is wrong then its contradictory .the original conclusion in true.

Question 21.
Reduce ‘BRAMANTIP’ both directly and indirectly.
Answer:
Direct reduction of BRAMANTIP BRAMANTIP (Fig-4) → BARBARA (Fig = I)

Let’s take the original as false and its contradiction as true. (E = No’S is P). Taking this new proposition as the major premise and the original minor as the minor, let’s form a new syllogism.

Now we see that the new conclusion is the contrary of the original major premise. Out of two premises, one must be false. The original major premise cannot be false because in deductive reasoning premises are always taken to be true. So the new conclusion is false. The falsity can arise out of two ways. It we have mistake in the premises or if we have violated the rules of syllogism.

We have not violated the rules of syllogism for which it is the valid mood ‘CELARENT’ of the perfect first figure. So there is mistake in the premises. The minor premise cannot be false as it is the original minor premise. So the mistake is in the major premise which is the contrary of the original conclusion. So the original conclusion is proved to be true. From this above it is said that BRAMANTIP is directly reduced to BARBARA and indirectly reduced to CELARENT.

Question 22.
Reduce ‘FESAPO’ both directly and indirectly.
Answer:
Direct Reduction of ‘FESAPO’

Suppose this conclusion is false. If it is false, its contradictory ‘A’ = All is S is P in true. Taking this new proposition as the major premise and the original minor as the minor, let’s form a new syllogism;

Now we see that the converse of the new conclusion is the contradictory of the original major premise. Both cannot be true. One must be false. The original premise cannot be false as in the deductive reasoning the premises are always taken to be true. So the new conclusion is false. The falsity can arise out of two ways. If there is mistake in the premises or if we have violated the rules of syllogism. We have not violated the rules of syllogism for which it is the valid mood BARBARA’ of 1st figure. So the mistake is in the premises. The minor premise cannot be wrong beca use it is the original minor premise. So the major premise is false which is the contradictory of the original conclusion. So the original conclusion is proved to be true.

Question 23.
Reduce ‘FESTINO’ both directly and indirectly.
Answer:
Direct Reduction of FESTINO

Let’s take the original,conclusion as false and its contradiction (A = All S is P) as true. Taking this new proposition as# the minor premise and the original major as the major, let’s form a new syllogism.

Here we see that the new conclusion in the contradictory of the original minor premise. Both cannot be true. One must be false. The original minor premise cannot be false as in deductive reasoning the original premises are always taken to be true. So the new conclusion is false. This falsity can arise out of two ways. If there is any mistake in the premises or if we have violated the rules of syllogism. We have not violated the rules of syllogism for which it is the valid mood CELARENT of 1st figure. So there is mistake in the premises. The major premise cannot be wrong as it is the original major. So the mistake is in the minor premise. If the minor premise is false, then its contradictory the original conclusion is true.

Question 24.
Explain Aristotle’s Dictum and determine its role in reduction.
Answer:
Aristotle, the father of deductive Logic, has formulated a rule in order to test the validity of syllogistic arguments, that is the fundamental principle of syllogism known as “Dictum de omni et nullo”, which means “Statement concerning all and none”.

Now we can see that the new conclusion is the contradictory of the original minor premise. Both can not be true. One must be false. In deductive syllogism premises are always taken to be true. So the new conclusion is false. The falling can arise out of two ways, if there is mistake in the premises or if we have violated the rules of syllogism. We have not violated the rules of syllogism for which it is the valid mood FERIO of 1st figure. So the mistake is in the premises. The major premise can not be wrong because it is the original major premise. So the falsity lies in the minor promise. If the minor premise is wrong, its contradictory, the original conclusion is true.

Question 25.
Reduce ‘BAROCO’ both directly and indirectly.
Answer:
DIRECT REDUCTION OF “BAROCO” BAROCO (FAKSOKO) → FERIO

Suppose the conclusion is false, It’s false, its contradictory “A = All is P” is true. Taking this new proposition as the minor premise and the original major as the major, lets form a new Syllogism.

Now we can see that the new conclusion is the contradictory of the original minor premise. Both cannot be true. One must be false. In deductive reasoning the premises are always taken to be true. So the new conclusion is false. The falsity can arise out of two ways. If there is any mistake in the premises or if we have violated the rules of syllogism.

We have not violated the rules of syllogism for which it is the valid mood ‘BARBARA’ of 1 st figure which is the perfect figure. So the mistake is in the premises. The major premise cannot be wrong as it is the original major premise. So the mistake is the minor premise which is the contradictory of the original conclusion. So the original conclusion is proved to be true. From the above it is said that ‘BAROCO’ is directly reduced to FERIO and indirectly reduced to BARBARA.

Question 26.
Reduce ‘DATISI’ both directly and indirectly.
Answer:
DIRECT REDUCTION OF ‘DATISI’

In the above valid mood let’s take the original conclusion “I = Some S is P” is false (F) and its contradiction ‘E’ = No S is P” is true. As per the rules of indirect reduction. Let’s take the original major true (T) and minor premise “I = Some M is S” as false (F). Here we should take the contradiction form of the original conclusion, in case of the minor premise, which we have taken as False.
Let’s construct the new form of Syllogism.

From the above it is proved that ‘DASTI’ is directly reduced to ‘DARIF and indirectly reduced to CAMESTRES.

Question 27.
Reduce ‘DISAMIS’ both directly and indirectly.
Answer:
DIRECT REDUCTION OF ‘DISAMIS’.

Suppose the conclusion is false. If it is false, its contradictory ‘E = No S is P’ is true. Taking this new proposition as the major premise and the original minor as minor, Let us a new syllogism

Now we can see that the new conclusion is the contradictory of the original major premise. Both cannot be true. One must be false. The original major premise cannot be wrong because in deductive reasoning premises are always taken to be true. So the new-conclusion is false. The falsity can arise out of two ways. It there is mistake in the premises or if we have violated the rules of syllogism.

We have not violated the rules of syllogism for which it is the valid mood ‘CELARENT’ of the perfect first figure. So the mistake is in the premises. The minor premise cannot be false because it is the original minor premise. So the mistake is in the major premise which is the contradictory of the original conclusion. So the original conclusion is proved to be true. From this above it is said that ‘DISAMIS’ is directly reduced to ‘DARII’ and indirectly reduced to “CLEARENT”.

Question 28.
Reduce “FRESISON” both directly and, indirectly.
Answer:
DIRECT REDUCTION OF “FRESISON”

Suppose the original conclusion is false. It is false. If it is false, its contradictory “A = All S is P” must be true. Taking this new proposition as the minor premise and the original major premise as the major, Let us form a new syllogism:

This is ‘CELARENT’ of first figure and ‘p’ as the middle term. Now we see that the converse of the new conclusion is the contradictory of the original minor premise. So both cannot be true together. One must be false. The original minor premise cannot be false as inductive reasoning the original premises are always taken to be true. So the new conclusion and its converse is false. Falsity can arise out of two ways. If there is any mistake in the premises or if we have violated the rules of Syllogism.

We have not violated the rules for which it is the valid mood “CELARENT” of first figure and its converse. So there is mistake in the premises. The major premise cannot be wrong as it is the original major. So the mistake is in the minor premise. If the minor premise is false, then its contradictory, the original Conclusion ‘O’ = some S is not P must be true. Thus ‘FRESISON” is a valid mood of Fourth figure.
From this above it is said that ‘FRESISON’ is directly reduced to ‘FERIO’ and indirectly reduced to CELARENT.

Question 29.
Show that obversion and simple conversion give equivalent conclusions, but partial conversion gives a non-equivalent conclusion.
Answer:
A conclusion is equivalent, if by repeating the same Logical process we obtain the original proposition. It is non-equivalent, if we cannot come back to the original proposition by the repetition of the inferential process. Obversion :

Question 30.
Prove : Major premise must be universal in the A, first figure
Answer:
One of the special Syllogistic rule of the figure (one) says that major premise must be universal. But if the major premise be not universal in the first figure then it must be particular. If the major premise is particular then in that case the middle term (M) which is the subject cannot be distributed. So the fallacy of “undistributed middle” will arise. But in order to avoid the fallacy of undistributed middle, it must be distributed in the minor premise, where the middle term is predicate. So if we will take minor premise as a negative proposition then it will distribute its predicate and the fallacy of undistributed middle will never occur.

Again if we take minor premise as Negative proposition (E/O) then in that case major premise will be affirmative and the conclusion will be negative, it will be distribute its major term (P) which will never be distribute in case of the major premise. Because major premise as affirmative cannot be distributed its predicate. So we commit the fallacy of illicit major. Again we can avoid the fallacy of illicit major if the major term (P) will be distributed in the major premise.

It means if the major premise will be negative proposition, it will distribute. Its predicate (P). But we cannot take-only negative proposition in case of the major premise, Because we have already taken the negative proposition in case of minor premise. All the above fallacies arise as we have taken the major premise as particular. So it is proved that the major premise must be universal in the first figure.

Question 31.
Prove : Major premise must be universal in the 2nd figure.
Answer:
One of the special Syllogistic rule in the 2nd figure (2) says that major premise must be universal But if the major premise be not universal then it must be particular (10). Suppose if we will take major premise as 1 then in the case the middle term will never distribute. So we will take minor premise as ‘E’ proposition. Then the conclusion will be ‘O’ which will always distribute its predicate but will never distribute in case of the major premise, as a result of which we will commit the fallacy of illicit major.

Again it will take major premise as ‘0’ and minor premise as ‘A’ then the conclusion will be ‘O’. If it be so then in the case the major term will be distribute. Which will never distribute in case of major premise and automatically we will commit the fallacy of illicit major. From this above discussion this proved that major premise must be universal in 2nd figure.

Question 32.
Prove the Special Syllogistics rules of 4th figure.
Answer:
(a) If the major premise is affirmative, the minor premise must be universal:
If the major premise is affirmative, it does not distribute it predicate, i.e., the middle term. To avoid the fallacy of undistributed middle, the middle term must be distributed in the minor premise, where it is the subject. So in this case, the minor premise must be universal.

(b) If any premise is negative, the major premise must be universal:
If any premise is negative, the conclusion must be negative and the major term is distributed in the conclusion. To avoid the fallacy of illicit major, the major term must be distributed in the major premise where it is the subject. So in this case, the major must be universal.

(c) Both the premise cannot be negative : If both the-premises are negative no conclusion follows. This is one of the general Syllogist rules. It is started as a special Syllogistic rule of figure IV. In order to make the special Syllogistic rules self-sufficient to determine, the valid mood of this figure.

(d) If the major premise is affirmative, the conclusion is particular. If the minor premise is affirmative, the minor term is not distribute in the minor premise, consequently it can not be distributed in the conclusion, where it is the subject. So, in this case, the conclusion must be particular.

Question 33.
Prove the following :
(a) The middle term cannot be distributed twice in figure I & figure II.
(b) ‘O’ proposition can not be a premise in figure ‘IV’.
Answer:
(a) The position of the terms in fig 1 is :
M P
S M
∴ S P

If the middle term is distributed twice, then the major premise is universal and. the minor premise is negative. The minor premise being negative, the conclusion must be negative and the major premise must be affirmative. In that case, the major term is distributed in the conclusion, but not distributed in the major premise leading to the fallacy of illicit major. So, the middle term cannot be distributed twibe ill Fig. 1.

The Position of the terms in Fig. II is :
P M
S M
∴ S P

If the middle term is distributed twice, then both the premises are negative and no conclusion follows. So, the middle term cannot be distributed twice on Fig. II.

(b) It one premise be 0, the other premise must be A, and the conclusion must be 0. So, the mood is either OAO or AOO in fig I both these moods are invalid.

O – Some M is not P.
A – All S is M.
O – Some S is not P.
Here, the middle term is not at all distributed. So it commits the fallacy of Undistributed Middle.
A – All M is P.
O – Some S is not M.
∴ O – Some S is not P.
Here the major term is distributed in the contusion, but not distributed in the major premise. So, it commits the fallacy of Illicit Major, Therefore O cannot be a premise in Fig.l.

Question 34.
Prove the following :
(a) If in a Syllogism only two terms are distributed twice, the conclusion must be ‘O’.
(b) If in the minor term in predicate in the minor premise the conclusion cannot be ‘A’.
Answer:
(a) Here, of the two distributed terms, one must be the middle term to avoid the fallacy of Undistributed Millde. If the millde term is distributed twice, the conclusion must be particular; i.e., I or O. If is 1, neither the minor nor the major term can be distributed. So the condition ‘two terms distributed twice’ cannot be fulfilled. Thus the only possibility left is that the conclusion is O. The premises, here, are EA and the mood is EAO.

(b) The minor term in the minor premise is either distributed or undistributed. If it is distributed, the minor premise is negative. So, the conclusion cannot be affirmative, i.e. the conclusion cannot be A. If it is undistributed, it cannot be distributed in the conclusion. So the conclusion cannot be universal, i.e. the conclusion cannot be A. Thus, if the minor term is predicate in the minor premise, the conclusion cannot be A.

Question 35.
Why ‘El’ is valid in every figure, but ‘IE’ is valid in None.
Answer:
The major premise ‘E’ distributes the major term and the middle term whatever be their positions. The minor premise does not distribute the middle term, whatever be its position, in whatever figure the argument may be, the distributed and undistributed terms remain the same. The distributed and undistributed terms are adequate to justify the conclusion = 0. where the minor term is undistributed and the major terms is distributed. The rules regarding the quality and quantity are also not violated, if the conclusion in 0. So ‘EIO’ is valid mood in all figures. It is called FERIO in figure one, FESTINO in figure TWO, FERISON in figure three and FRESISON in figure four.

The major premise T does not distribute the major term, whatever be its position. The negative minor premise leads to a Negative conclusion, which distributed its major term. So, we commit the fallacy of illicit major, whatever be the figure of syllogism. So, TEO’ is not valid in any figure.

Question 36.
Reduce ‘CESARE’ both directly and indirectly.
Answer:
Direct Reduction of ‘CESARE’

In the above imprefect mood (CESARE) let’s first take the original conclusion (E = N o S is p) as false and its contradiction (I = some S is P) as true. As per the rales of indirect reduction let’s take major premise of CESARE as true and minor premise of CESARE as false. Let’s take the contradiction of the conclusion (I = some S is P) as a new premise in case of the minor premise of ‘CESARE’ which we have taken as false. By taking the major premise of ‘CESARE’ E = No P is M and minor premise I = some S is P, let’s construct the new form of syllogism.

From the above it is said that ‘CESARE’ is directly reduced to CELARENT and indirectly reduced to FERIO.

Question 37.
Reduce ‘DARASPTP both directly and indirectly.
Answer:
Direct Reduction of ‘DARAPTI’

In the above imperfect mood (DARAPTI), Let’s first take its original conclusion (I = Some S is P) as false and its contradiction (E = NO S is P) as true.

As per the rales of indirect reduction let’s take the major premise of DARAPTI as false and minor premise as true. Let’s take the contradiction (E = NO S is P) of the original conclusion as a new premise in case of the major premise of DARAPTI, which we have taken as false. By taking the major premise of DARAPTI as I = Some S is P and minor premise of DARAPTI as A = All M is S, Let’s construct the new form of syllogism.

From the above it is said that ‘DARAPTE is directly reduced to ‘DARIE and indirectly reduced to CELARENT.

Question 38.
Reduce ‘FERISON’ both directly and indirectly.
Answer:
Direct Reduction of ‘FERISON’

In the above imperfect mood (FERISON), Let’s first take the original conclusion (O = Some S is not P) as false and its contradiction.
(A = All S is P) as true.

As per the rules of indirect reduction let’s take the major premise of FERISOn (E = No M is P) as false and the minor premise of FERISON (I = Some M is S) as true. Let’s take the contradiction form (A = All S is P) of original conclusion as a new premise in case of the major premise of FERISON, which we have taken as false.

By taking the major premise of ‘FERISON’ as (A = All S is P), minor premise of FERISON ad (I = Some M is S) true, Let’s construct the new form of syllogism.

From the above it is said that FERISON is directly reduced to ‘FERIO’ and indirectly reduced to ‘DARII’.

Question 39.
Reduce ‘DIMARIS’ both directly and indirectly.
Answer:
Direct Reduction of ‘DIMARIS’

In the above imperfect mood DIMARIS, let’s take first the friginal conclusion (I = Some S is P) as false and its contradiction form (E = No S is P) as true.

As per the rules of indirect reduction, let’s take the major premise of DIMARIS as false and minor premise of DIMARIS as true. Let’s take the contradiction form of the conclusion as a new premise in case of the major premise of ‘DIMARIS’ which we have taken as false.
By taking major premise as (E = No S is P) and minor premise as (A = All M is S), let’s construct the new form of syllogism.

From the above it is said that ‘DIMARIS’ is directly reduced to ‘DARII’ and indirectly reduced to ‘CELARENT’.

Group – C

I. Multiple Choice Questions with Answers :

Question 1.
Syllogism is:
(i) An immediate inference
(ii) A mediate inference
(iii) Both immediate and mediate inference
(iv) None of these
Answer:
(ii) A mediate inference

Question 2.
Pick the odd man out:
(i) Major term
(ii) Minor term
(iii) Middle term
(iv) Equivocal term
Answer:
(iv) Equivocal term

Question 3.
The middle term must be distributed in the premises :
(i) Once
(ii) Twice
(iii) Ateast once
(iv) None of these
Answer:
(iii) Ateast once

Question 4.
In which figure the middle term take the position of the subject in both the premises?
(i) Figure-I
(ii) Figure-II
(iii) Figure-III
(iv) Figure-IV
Answer:
(iii) Figure-III

Question 5.
How many moods are possible in each figure by considering the quality and quantity of only premises?
(i) 16
(ii) 19
(iii) 64
(iv) 256
Answer:
(i) 16

Question 6.
A term which is ret distributed in the premise of a syllogism :
(i) May be distributed in the conclusion
(ii) May or may not be distributed in the conclusion
(iii) Must be distributed in the conclusion
(iv) Must not be distributed in the conclusion
Answer:
(iv) Must not be distributed in the conclusion

Question 7.
From two negative premises, we derive :
(i) A valid conclusion
(ii) An invalid conclusion
(iii) Either a valid or an invalid conclusion
(iv) None the these
Answer:
(ii) An invalid conclusion

Question 8.
Which figure has not weakened moods?
(i) Figure-I
(ii) Figure-II
Answer:
(iii) Figure-Ill

Question 9.
Which of the following is not a weakened mood ?
(i) Barbari
(ii) Camestros
(iii) Darapti
(iv) Camenos
Answer:
(iii) Darapti

Question 10.
In which of the following figures in the AA combination of premises not valid?
(i) Figure-I
(ii) Figure-II
(iii) Figure-III
(iv) Figure-IV
Answer:
(ii) Figure-II

Question 11.
A syllogism is invalid if:
(i) Both the premises are universal
(ii) Both the premises are affirmative
(iii) Both the premises are negative
(iv) One of the premises is negative
Answer:
(iii) Both the premises are negative The mood ‘AAF’ is invalid in :
(i) Figure-I
(ii) Figure-II
(iii) Figure-Ill
(iv) Figure-IV
Answer:
(ii) Figure-II

Question 12.
The mood ‘AAF’ is invalid in:
(i) Figure-I
(ii) Figure-II
(iii) Figure-III
(iv) Figure-IV
Answer:
(ii) Figure-II

Question 13.
Which combination of premises is valid in all figures ?
(i) AA
(ii) AE
(iii) EA
(iv) El
Answer:
(iii) EA

Question 14.
How many propositions are there in syllogism?
(i) Three
(ii) Four
(iii) Five
(iv) Two
Answer:
(i) Three

Question 15.
How many premises are there in syllogism ?
(i) Three
(ii) Four
(iii) Two
(iv) Five
Answer:
(iii) Two

Question 16.
How many terms are there in syllogism?
(i) Two terms
(ii) Three terms
(iii) Four terms
(iv) Five terms
Answer:
(ii) Three terms

Question 17.
The first proposition of a syllogism is called :
(i) Minor premise
(ii) Major Premise
(iii) Conclusion
(iv) None of these
Answer:
(ii) Major premise

Question 18.
The second proposition of a syllogism is called :
(i) Major premise
(ii) Conclusion
(iii) Minor premise
(iv) Conclusion
Answer:
(iii) Minor premise

Question 19.
The third proposition of a syllogism is called.
(i) Major premise
(ii) Minor premise
(iii) Conclusion
(iv) Middle term
Answer:
(iii) Conclusion

Question 20.
The first premise of syllogism is called:
(i) Major premise
(ii) Minor premise
(iii) Conclusion
(iv) None of these
Answer:
(I) Major premise

Question 21.
The second premise of syllogism is called:
(i) Major premise
(ii) Minor premise
(iii) Conclusion
(iv) None of these
Answer:
(i) Minor premise

Question 22.
Hoe many general syllogistic rules are there?
(i) Ten
(ii) Nine
(iii) Eight
(iv) Seven
Answer:
(i) Ten

Question 23.
How many figures are there in syllogism?
(i) Five
(ii) Six
(iii) Four
(iv) Eight
Answer:
(iii) Four

Question 26.
What is the position of middle term in the second figure?
(i) Subject in both the premises
(ii) Predicate in both the premises
(iii) Subject in major and predicate in minor premise
(iv) Predicate in major and subject in minor premise
Answer:
(ii) Predicate in both the premises

Question 27.
What is the position of middle term in the third figure?
(i) Subject in both the premises
(ii) Predicate in both the premises
(iii) Subject in major and predicate in premise
(iv) Predicate in major and subject in premise
Answer:
(i) Subject in both the premises

Question 28.
What is the position of middle term in the fourth figure?
(i) Subject in both the premises
(ii) Predicate in both the premises.
(iii) Subject in major and predicate in minor premise
(iv) Predicate in major and subject in minor premise.
Answer:
(iv) Predicate in major and subject in minor premise.

Question 29.
Subject term of the conclusion of a syllogism is called which term?
(i) Major term
(ii) Minor term
(iii) Middler term
(iv) None of these
Answer:
(ii) Minor term

Question 30.
The predicate term of the conclusion of syllogism is called which term?
(i) Major term
(ii) Minor term
(iii) Middle term
(iv) Cannot say
Answer:
(i) Major term

Question 31.
The term which absent in the conclusion is called which term?
(i) Major term
(ii) Minor term
(iii) Middle term
(iv) None of these
Answer:
(iii) Middle term

Question 32.
There are two terms in major premise, one is major term other is:
(i) Minor term
(ii) Middle term
(iii) Major term
(iv) No other term is present
Answer:
(ii) Middle term

Question 33.
Which term must be distributed at atleast once in any of the premises?
(i) Major term
(ii) Minor term
(iii) Middle term
(iv) None of these
Answer:
(iii) Middle term

Question 34.
If the middle term is not distributed in any of the premises then we commit which fallacy?
(i) Illicit major
(ii) Undistributed Middle
(iii) Illicit minor
(iv) Four terms
Answer:
(ii) Undistributed Middle

Question 35.
If a syllogism is consisted of more than three terms then which fallacy arises?
(i) Illicit major
(ii) Four terms
(iii) Undistributed middle
(iv) Illicit minor
Answer:
(ii) Four terms

Question 36.
When the minor term is distributed in the conclusion without being distributed in the minor premise, we commit which fallacy?
(i) Undistributed middle
(ii) Four terms
(iii) Illicit minor
(iv) Illicit major
Answer:
(iv) Illicit major

Question 37.
When the minor term is distributed in the conclusion without being distributed in the minor premise, we commit which fallacy?
(i) Illicit major
(ii) Illicit minor
(iii) Fallacy of four terms
(iv) Undistributed middle
Answer:
(ii) Illicit minor

Question 38.
Is it correct to say that if both the premises are negative, the conclusion is negative?
(i) Yes
(ii) No
(iii) Partially correct
(iv) Cannot say
Answer:
(ii) No.

Question 39.
When we draw the conclusion out of two negative premises then we commit which fallacy?
(i) Fallacy of two negative premises
(ii) Fallacy of two particular premises
(iii) Fallacy of undistributed middle
(iv) No fallacy arises.
Answer:
(i) Fallacy of two negative premises

Question 40.
If both the premises are affirmative then the conclusion will be what?
(i) Affirmative
(ii) Negative
(iii) Particular
(iv) No conclusion
comes
Answer:
(i) Affirmative

Question 41.
If both the premises are particular then the conclusion will be what?
(i) Affirmative
(ii) Particular
(iii) Negative
(iv) No conclusion comes
Answer:
(ii) Particular

Question 42.
When the major premise be particular and minor premise be negative then the conclusion will be what?
(i) Affirmative
(ii) Negative
(iii) Universal
(iv) No conclusion will be follow
Answer:
(iv) No conclusion will be follow

Question 43.
If one of the premise be particular, the conclusion will be what?
(i) affirmative
(ii) universal
(iii) particular
(iv) none of these
Answer:
(iii) particular

Question 44.
Mood of the syllogism in mainly determined by :
(i) Quality of the premises
(ii) Quantity of the premises
(iii) Both quality and quantity of the premises
(iv) Position of the middle term.
Answer:
(iii) Both quality and quantity of the premises

Question 45.
According to first group of logicians, the number of possible moods of four different figures are:
(i) 16
(ii) 64
(iii) 256
(iv) 4
Answer:
(ii) 64

Question 46.
How many valid mood are in four different figures?
(i) 16
(ii) 64
(iii) 19
(iv) 225
Answer:
(iii) 19

Question 47.
How many valid moods are there in the first figure?
(i) Four
(ii) Three
(iii) Six
(iv) Eight
Answer:
(i) Four

Question 48.
How many valid moods are there in the second figure?
(i) Three
(ii) Four
(iii) Five
(iv) Six
Answer:
(ii) Four

Question 49.
How many valid moods are there in the third figure?
(i) Four
(ii) Five
(iii) Six
(iv) Eight
Answer:
(iii) Six

Question 50.
How many valid moods are in the 4th figure?
(i) Four
(ii) Five
(iii) Six
(iv) Eight
Answer:
(ii) Five

Question 51.
How many fundamental moods are there in syllogism?
(i) 15
(ii) 16
(iii) 18
(iv) 8
Answer:
(i) 15

Question 52.
How many strengthened moods are there in syllogism?
(i) 15
(ii) 16
(iii) 5
(iv) 8
Answer:
(iv) 8

Question 53.
How many weakened moods are there in syllogism ?
(i) five moods
(ii) six moods
(iii) eight moods
(iv) nine moods
Answer:
(i) five moods

II. Fill in the blanks :

Question 1.
Syllogism is a ______ kind of inference.
Answer:
mediate

Question 2.
A syllogism is consisted of _____ proposition .
Answer:
Three

Question 3.
A syllogism is consisted of _____ premises.
Answer:
Two

Question 4.
The two propositions from which the conclusion is drawn in a syllogism are called as _____
Answer:
Premises

Question 5.
The conclusion of a syllogism cannot be more _____ than the premises.
Answer:
general

Question 6.
The three terms in a syllogism occur _____ each in it.
Answer:
Twice

Question 7.
The term which occurs twice in the premises is called as the _____ term.
Answer:
middle

Question 8.
The first proposition of a syllogism is called _____ premise.
Answer:
Major

Question 9.
The second proposition of a syllogism is called _____ premise.
Answer:
Minor

Question 10.
The third proposition of a syllogism is called _____ .
Answer:
Conclusion

Question 11.
The three terms of a syllogism are called _____ and _____ .
Answer:
major, minor, middle term

Question 12.
The predicate of the conclusion is called _____ term.
Answer:
Major term

Question 13.
The subject of the conclusion is called _____term.
Answer:
Minor term

Question 14.
The premise in which the major term occurs is the _____ premise.
Answer:
Major

Question 15.
The premise in which the minor term occur is the _____ premise.
Answer:
Minor

Question 16.
The denotation of the major term is _____ than the denotation of the minor term.
Answer:
more

Question 17.
The symbol of the major term is _____
Answer:
‘P’

Question 18.
The symbol of the minor term is _____
Answer:
‘S’

Question 19.
The symbol of the middle term is _____
Answer:
M’

Question 20.
Syllogisms are of two kinds, namely, _____ and _____ Syllogisms.
Answer:
Pure, mixed

Question 21.
Figure of the syllogism is mainly determined by the position of _____ term.
Answer:
Middle

Question 22.
There are _____ figures in syllogism.
Answer:
Four

Question 23.
The figure _____ is called _____ figure
Answer:
First

Question 24.
In the 1st figure the middle term is _____
Answer:
Subject of the major premise and predicate in the minor premise.

Question 25.
In the second figure the middle term is _____.
Answer:
Predicate of both the premises.

Question 26.
In the third figure middle term is _____.
Answer:
subject of both the premises

Question 27.
In the fourth figure middle term is _____.
Answer:
Predicate of the major premise and subject of the minor premise.

Question 28.
There are _____ general syllogistic rules.
Answer: Ten

Question 29.
If a syllogism is consisted of more than three propositions, we commit _____ fallacy.
Answer:
Train of syllogism

Question 30.
If a syllogism is consisted of more than three terms, we commit the fallacy of _____.
Answer:
Four terms

Question 31.
Middle term must be _____ at least once in an of the premises.
Answer:
Distributed

Question 32.
When the middle term is not distributed in any of the premises we commit _____ fallacy.
Answer:
undistributed middle

Question 33.
When the major term (p) is distributed in the conclusion without being distributed in the major premise at that time _____ fallacy arises.
Answer:
Illicit major

Question 34.
When the minor term(s) is distributed in the conclusion without being distributed in the minor premise at that time we commit _____ fallacy.
Answer:
Illicit minor

Question 35.
If one of the premise be negative then other premise must be _____ .
Answer:
Affirmative .

Question 36.
If one of the premise be negative then the conclusion must be _____ .
Answer:
Negative

Question 37.
If both premises are negative then the conclusion will be _____ .
Answer:
inpossible

Question 38.
From two negative premises if the conclusion will be drawn then _____.
Answer:
The fallacy of two negative premises arises.

Question 39.
If both the premises are affirmative the conclusion will be _____.
Answer:
affirmative :

Question 40.
If both the premises are particular, the conclusion must be _____.
Answer:
particular

Question 41.
Out of two premises, if one premise be particular the conclusion will be _____.
Answer:
particular

Question 42.
From particular major and negative minor _____ conclusion comes.
Answer:
no

Question 43.
Mood of the syllogism is determined by the _____ and _____ if the premises.
Answer:
quality, quantity

Question 44.
According to the 1 st group of logicians, there are _____ moods in syllogism!
Answer:
64

Question 45.
According to second group of logicians there are _____ moods in syllogism.
Answer:
256

Question 46.
According to Aristotle, there are _____ types of valid moods in syllogism.
Answer:
19

Question 47.
The weakened or the sub-altern moods in figure one are _____ and _____.
Answer:
Barbari, celaront

Question 48.
The weakened or the sub-altern moods in figure one are _____ and _____.
Answer:
camestros, cesaro.

Question 49.
There is no sub-altern‘mood in _____.
Answer:
third

Question 50.
The sub-altern mood in figure four is _____.
Answer:
Camenos

Question 51.
Elina Loves Lipina.
Lipika loves Rani.
∴ Rani loves Elina.
Answer:
Four terms

Question 52.
‘BOCARDO’is the valid mood of _____ figure.
Answer:
third

Question 53.
‘DARAPTF’ is the valid mood of _____ figure.
Answer:
third

Question 54.
‘BRAMANTIP’ is the valid mood of _____ figure.
Answer:
Fourth

Question 55.
‘CAMENES’ is the valid mood of _____ figure.
Answer:
fourth

Question 56.
The other name of ‘BAROCO’ is _____ .
Answer:
FAKSOKO

Question 57.
‘DIMARIS’ is the valid mood of _____ figure.
Answer:
fourth

Question 58.
‘FESTINO’ is the valid mood of _____ figure.
Answer:
second

Question 59.
The other name of ‘BOCARDO’ is _____.
Answer:
DOKSAMOSK

Question 60.
Reduction is divided into _____ and _____.
Answer:
direct, indirect

Question 61.
In Reduction the letter ‘M’ means _____.
Answer:
Mutual transposition of the premises

Question 62.
In reduction the letter ‘S’ means _____.
Answer:
Simple conversion

Question 63.
In reduction the letter ‘P’ means _____.
Answer:
partial conversion

Question 64.
In reduction the letter ‘K’ means _____.
Answer:
obversion

Question 65.
‘CAMESTRES’ is directly reduced to _____.
Answer:
CELARENT

Question 66.
‘CESARE’ is directly reduced to _____.
Answer:
CELARENT

Question 67.
‘FESTINO’ is directly reduced to _____ .
Answer:
FERIO

Question 68.
“BAROCO” is directly reduced to _____ .
Answer:
FERIO

Question 69.
‘DARAPTF is directly reduced to _____.
Answer:
DARII

Question 70.
‘DATISI’ is directly reduced to _____ .
Answer:
DARII

Question 71.
‘DISAMIS’ is directly reduced to _____.
Answer:
DARII

Question 72.
FELAPTON is directly reduced to _____.
Answer:
FERIO

Question 73.
‘FERISON’ is directly reduced to _____.
Answer:
FERIO

Question 74.
‘BOCARDO’ is directly reduced to _____.
Answer:
DARII

Question 75.
‘BRAMANTIP’ is directly reduced to _____.
Answer:
BARBARA

Question 76.
‘CAMENES’ is directly reduced to _____.
Answer:
CELARENT

Question 77.
‘FESAPO’ is directly reduced to _____.
Answer:
FERIO

Question 78.
‘FRESISON’ is directly reduced to _____.
Answer:
FERIO

Question 79.
‘DIMARIS’ directly reduced to _____.
Answer:
DARIF

Question 80.
The process of proving the validity of the mood of the imperfect figures with the help of the perfect moods is called _____.
Answer:
Reduction

Question 81.
If the conclusion be ‘A’, the argument must be in _____.
Answer:
figure one

Question 82.
______ proposition cannot be a premise either in figure one or in figure four.
Answer:
‘O’ proposition

Question 83.
The middle term cannot be distributed twice in _____and _____.
Answer:
Figure one and figure two

Question 84.
Figure are _____ fundamental moods in syllogism.
Answer:
15

Question 85.
There are _____ strengthened moody in syllogism.
Answer:
8

Question 86.
There are _____ weakened moods in syllogism.
Answer:
five

Question 87.
If the conclusion is universal, the middle term can be distributed _____.
Answer:
only once

Question 88.
If the major term is predicate in the major premise, the minor premise must be _____.
Answer:
affirmative

Question 89.
If the middle term is distributed twice, the conclusion must be _____.
Answer: particular

Question 90.
In a syllogism if two terms are distributed twice, the conclusion must be _____.
Answer:
‘O’ proposition

Question 91.
If the minor term is predicate in the minor premise, the conclusion cannot be _____.
Answer:
‘A’ proposition

Question 92.
‘BAROCO’ is indirectly reduced to _____.
Answer:
BARBARA

Question 93.
BOCARDO’ is indirectly reduced to _____.
Answer:
CELARENT .

Question 94
‘DARAPTI’ is indirectly reduced to _____.
Answer:
CELARENT ,

Question 95.
‘DARAPTF’ is indirectly reduced to _____
Answer:
CELARENT

Question 96.
‘DISAMIS’ is indirectlyreduced to _____.
Answer:
CELARENT

Question 97.
‘CAMENES’ is indirctly reduced to _____.
Answer:
DARII

Question 98.
‘FEST1NO’ is indirectly reduced to _____.
Answer:
CELARENT

Question 99.
There _____ are special syllogistic rules in the first figure.
Answer:
Two

Question 100.
There are _____ special syllogistic rules in the figure two.
Answer:
Three

Question 101.
There are _____ special syllogistic rules in the figure three.
Answer:
Three

Question 102.
There are _____ special syllogistic rules in the figure four.
Answer:
Four

Question 103.
Major premise must be _____ in the first figure.
Answer:
Universal

Question 104.
Minor premise must be _____ in the first figure.
Answer:
affirmative

Question 105.
In the second figure the major premise is _____ .
Answer:
Universal

Question 106.
In the second figure the conclusion is _____.
Answer:
Negative

Question 107.
In the second figure one premise must be _____.
Answer:
Negative

Question 108.
The minor premise must be _____ in the third figure.
Answer:
Affirmative

Question 109.
At least one premise must be _____ in the third figure.
Answer:
Universal

Question 110.
The conclusion must be _____.
Answer:
Particular

Question 111.
In the fourth figure, if the major premise is affirmative, the minor premise must be _____
Answer:
Universal

Question 112.
Both the premises cannot be _____ in the 4th figure.
Answer:
Negative

Question 113.
If the minor premise is affirmative, the conclusion _____ is in 4th figure.
Answer:
Particular

Question 114.
‘Aristotle’s Dictum de omniet nullo’ means _____.
Answer:
Statements concerning all and none

Question 115.
_____ figure is called perfect figure.
Answer:
First

Question 116.
There are _____ imperfect figures in syllogism perfect moods in syllogism.
Answer:
Three

Question 117.
There are _____ perfect moods in syllogism.
Answer:
Four

Question 118.
There are _____ imperfect mods in syllogism.
Answer:
15

III. Correct the Sentences :

Question 1.
Syllogism is an immediate deductive inference.
Answer:
Syllogism is mediate deductive inference.

Question 2.
Syllogism is consisted of two propositions.
Answer:
Syllogism is consisted of three propositions.

Question 3.
Syllogism is consisted of three premises.
Answer:
Syllogism is consisted of three propositions.

Question 4.
There are four terms in Syllogism.
Answer:
There are three terms in syllogism.

Question 5.
There are five figures in Syllogism.
Answer:
There are four figures in syllogism.

Question 6.
The subject of the conclusion of syllogism is called major term.
Answer:
The subject of the conclusion of syllogism is called minor term.

Question 7.
The predicate of the conclusion of syllogism is called minor term.
Answer:
The predicate of the conclusion of a syllogism is called major term.

Question 8.
The term which is commonly present in both the premises is called minor term.
Answer:
The term which is commonly present in both the premises is called middle term.

Question 9.
The premise, in which the major term is present is called minor premise.
Answer:
The premise, in which the major term in present is called major premise.

Question 10.
The premise, in which the minor term is present is called major premise.
Answer:
The premise, in which the minor term is present is called minor premise.

Question 11.
The symbol of major term is‘S’.
Answer:
the symbol of minor term is ‘S’.

Question 12.
The symbol of minor term is ‘M’
Answer:
The symbol of middle term is ‘M’

Question 13.
The symbol of middle term is ‘P’.
Answer:
The symbol of major term is ‘P’.

Question 14.
There are five figures in Syllogism.
Answer:
There are four figures in Syllogism.

Question 15.
There are 12 general rules in syllogism.
Answer:
There are 10 general rules in syllogism.

Question 16.
Figure of the Syllogism is determined by the position of the major term.
Answer:
Figure of the Syllogism is determined by the position of the middle term.

Question 17.
If the middle term is distributed twice, the conclusion must be universal.
Answer:
If the middle term is distributed twice, the conclusion must be particular.

Question 18.
In the third figure, middle term is present in the predicate place of both the premises.
Answer:
In the second figure, middle term is present in the predicate place of both the premises.

Question 19.
In the second figure, middle term is present in the subject place of both the premises.
Answer:
In the third figure, middle term is present in the subject place of both the premises.

Question 20.
In the first figure middle term is present in the predicate of the major premise and subject in the minor premise.
Answer:
In the fourth figure middle term is present in the predicate of the major premise and subject in the minor premise. .

Question 21.
In the fourth figure, middle term is present in the subject place of the major premise and predicate place of the minor premise.
Answer:
In the first figure, middle term is present in the subject of the major premise and predicate place of minor premise.

Question 22.
In a syllogism, if both the premises are negative, the conclusion must be negative.
Answer:
In a syllogism, if both the premises are negative, no conclusion will be follow.

Question 23.
In a Syllogism, if one of the premise be negative then no conclusion follows.
Answer:
In a syllogism, if one of the premise be negative then the conclusion must be negative.

Question 24.
In a syllogism, if both the premises are affirmative, the conclusion must be Universal.
Answer:
In a syllogism, if both the premises are affirmative, the conclusion must be affirmative.

Question 25.
If both the premises are particular, the conclusion must be particular.
Answer:
If both the premises are particular the conclusion dose not follow.

Question 26.
If one of the premises be particular the conclusion must be negative.
Answer:
If one of the premises be particular, the conclusion must be particular.

Question 27.
From particular major and Negative minor, the conclusion will.be negative.
Answer:
From particular major and Negative minor, No conclusion will be follow.

Question 28.
There are six valid moods in the second figure.
Answer:
There are four valid moods in the second figure.

Question 29.
There are six valid moods in the second figure.
Answer:
There are five valid moods in the 4th figure.

Question 30.
There are eight valid moods in the third figure.
Answer:
There are six valid moods in the third figure.

Question 31.
There are three valid moods in the fourth figure.
Answer:
There are five valid moods in the fourth figure.

Question 32.
‘DARIF is the valid mood of 2nd figure.
Answer:
‘DARIF is the valid mood of first figure.

Question 33.
‘FERIO’is the valid piood of 3rd figure.
Answer:
‘FERIO’ is the valid mood of first figure.

Question 34.
‘FESTINO’ is the valid mood of first figure.
Answer:
‘FESTINO’ is the valid mood of second figure.

Question 35.
‘BAROCO’ is the valid mood of 3rd figure.
Answer:
‘BAROCO’ is the valid mood of second figure.

Question 36.
‘BOCARDO’ is the valid mood of fourth figure.
Answer:
‘BOCARDO’ is the valid mood of third figure.

Question 37.
‘BRAMANTIP’ is the valid mood of third figure.
Answer:
‘BRAMANTIP’ is the valid mood of fourth figure.

Question 38.
‘BAROCO’is the valid mood of fourth figure.
Answer:
‘BAROCO’ is directly reduced to FERIO.

Question 39.
Major premise must be particular in the first figure.
Answer:
Major premise must be universal in the first figure.

Question 40.
Minor premise must be negative in the first figure.
Answer:
Minor premise must be affirmative in the first figure.

Question 41.
In the second figure, major premise must be particular.
Answer:
In the second figure, major premise must be universal.

Question 42.
In the second figure, the conclusion must be affirmative.
Answer:
In the second figure, the conclusion must be negative.

Question 43.
The minor premise must be negative in the third figure.
Answer:
The minor remise must be affirmative in the third figure.

Question 44.
Indirect reduction is also called as Dictum de omni etnullo.
Answer:
Indirect reduction is also called as Reductio ad absurdum.

Question 45.
Camestres can be directly reduce to ceasare.
Answer:
Camestres can be directly reduce to celarent.

Question 46.
If the conclusion is universal, the middle term can be distributed twice.
Answer:
If the conclusion is universal, the middle term can be distributed only once.

Question 47.
If the major term is predicate in the major premise, the minor premise must be negative. Answer: If the major term is predicate in the major premise, the minor premise must be affirmative.

IV. Answer the following questions in one word :

Question 1.
Is syllogism an immediate or mediate inference ?
Answer:
Mediate

Question 2.
How many kinds of syllogism do we have?
Answer:
Two

Question 3.
How many propositions are there in syllogism?
Answer:
Three

Question 4.
How many premises are there in syllogism?
Answer:
Two

Question 5.
How many terms are there in syllogism?
Answer:
Three

Question 6.
The subject of the conclusion of syllogism is called which term?
Answer:
Minor

Question 7.
The predicate of the conclusion of syllogism is called which term?
Answer:
Major

Question 8.
Which term occurs both in the premises but not in the conclusion?
Answer:
Middle

Question 9.
The first proposition of a syllogism is called which premise?
Answer:
Major

Question 10.
The second proposition of a syllogism is called which premise?
Answer:
Minor

Question 11.
The third proposition of a syllogism is called what?
Answer:
Conclusion

Question 12.
Figure of the syllogism is determined by the position of which term in the premises?
Answer:
Middle

Question 13.
How many types of figures are there in syllogism?
Answer:
Four

Question 14.
In which figure middle term in subject in both the premises?
Answer:
Third

Question 15.
In which figure middle term is predicate in both the premises?
Answer:
Second

Question 16.
In which figure middle term in subject is major premise and predicate in minor premise?
Answer:
First

Question 17.
In which figure middle term is predicate in major premise and subject in minor premise?
Answer:
Fourth

Question 18.
Which letter is used for the symbol of major term?
Answer:
‘P’

Question 19.
Which letter is used for the symbol of minor term?
Answer:
‘S’

Question 20.
Which letter is used for the symbol of middle term?
Answer:
‘M’

Question 21.
How many types of general rules are there in syllogism?
Answer:
Ten

Question 22.
Which term must be distributed at least once in any of the premises?
Answer:
Middle

Question 23.
In a syllogism, if one premise is negative, the conclusion must be what?
Answer:
Negative

Question 24.
If one of the premises be particular the conclusion will be what?
Answer:
Particular

Question 25.
If both the premises are affirmative, the conclusion will be what?
Answer:
Affirmative

Question 26.
Is it possible to draw a conclusion out of two negative premises?
Answer:
No

Question 27.
Is it correct to say that from two particular premises, the conclusion will be particular?
Answer:
No

Question 28.
Is it possible to draw a conclusion, from particular major and Negative minor?
Answer:
No

Question 29.
When the major term is distributed in conclusion without being distributed in the premises, we commit which fallacy?
Answer:
Illicit Major

Question 30.
What type of fallacy arises, when the minor term is distributed in the conclusion but not distributed in the premises?
Answer:
Illicit Minor

Question 31.
Which fallacy comes, when the middle term is not distributed in any of the premises?
Answer:
Undistributed Middle

Question 32.
Which fallacy arises, when the conclusion is drawn out of two particular premises?
Answer:
Fallacy of two particular premises.

Question 33.
Which fallacy arises, when the conclusion is drawn from two Negative premises?
Answer:
Fallacy of two Negative premises.

Question 34.
How many valid moods are there in syllogism?
Answer:
19

Question 35.
On the basis of what the mood of the syllogism is determined?
Answer:
Quality & quantity

Question 36.
How many types of valid moods are there in figure one?
Answer:
Four

Question 37.
How many valid moods are there in figure two?
Answer:
Four

Question 38.
How many valid moods are there in figure three ?
Answer:
Six

Question 39.
How many valid moods are there in figure four?
Answer:
Five

Question 40.
‘DARIF’ is the valid mood of which figure?
Answer:
First

Question 41.
‘FERIO’ is the valid mood of which figure?
Answer:
First

Question 42.
‘FESTINO’ is the valid mood of which figure?
Answer:
Second

Question 43.
‘BAROCO’ is the valid mood of which figure?
Answer:
Second

Question 44.
‘DARAPTT is the valid mood of which figure?
Answer:
Third

Question 45.
DISAMIS is the valid mood of which figure?
Answer:
Third

Question 46.
FRESISON is the valid mood of which figure?
Answer:
Fourth

Question 47.
‘CAMENES’ is the valid mood of which figure?
Answer:
Fourth

Question 48.
‘TESAPO’ is the valid mood of which figure?
Answer:
Fourth

Question 49.
How many types of fundamental moods are there in syllogism?
Answer:
15

Question 50.
How many types of strengthened moods one there in syllogism?
Answer:
8

Question 51.
How many types of weakened moods are there in syllogism?
Answer:
5

Question 52.
What is the process of transformation of imperfect mood to perfect moods called?
Answer:
Reduction

Question 53.
Who postulated “Dictum de omniet nullo”?
Answer:
Aristotle

Question 54.
Which figure in perfect?
Answer:
First

Question 55.
How many imperfect figures are there in syllogism?
Answer:
Three

Question 56.
How many perfect figures are there in syllogism?
Answer:
One

Question 57.
How many perfect! moods are there in syllogism?
Answer:
Four

Question 58.
How many imperfect moods are there in syllogism?
Answer:
15

Question 59.
How many types of Reduction are there?
Answer:
Two

Question 60.
‘CAMESTRES’ is directly reduced to what?
Answer:
CELARENT

Question 61.
‘CESARE’ is directly reduced to what?
Answer:
CELARENT

Question 62.
TESTING is directly reduced to what?
Answer:
FERIO

Question 63.
‘BAROCO’ is directly reduced to what?
Answer:
FERIO

Question 64.
‘DARAPTF’ is directly reduced to what?
Answer:
DARII

Question 65.
‘DATISF’ is directly reduced to what?
Answer:
DARII

Question 66.
‘DISAMIS’ is directly reduced to what?
Answer:
DARII

Question 67.
‘FELAPTON’ is directly reduced to what?
Answer:
FERIO

Question 68.
‘FERISON’ is directly reduced to what?
Answer:
FERIO

Question 69.
‘BOCARDO’ is directly reduced to what?
Answer:
DARII

Question 70.
‘BRAMANTIP’ is directly reduced to what?
Answer:
BARBARA

Question 71.
CAMENES’ is directly reduced to what?
Answer:
CELARENT

Question 72.
‘FESAPO’ is directly reduced to what?
Answer:
FERIO

Question 73.
‘FRESISON’ is directly reduced to what?
Answer:
FERIO

Question 74.
‘DIMARIS’ is directly reduced to what?
Answer:
DARII

Question 75.
In Reduction the letter ‘P’ stands for what?
Answer: Partial Conversion
76.
In reduction the letter ‘K’ stands for what ?
Answer:
Obversion

Question 77.
In reduction the letter ‘S’ stands for what ?
Answer:
Simple Conversion

Question 78.
In direct reduction, the letter ‘M’ stands for what?
Answer:
Mutual transposition of the premises.

Question 79.
TESTING is indirectly reduced to what?
Answer:
CELARENT

Question 80.
ELAPTON is indirectly reduced to what?
Answer:
BARBARA

Question 81.
‘DISAMIS’ in indirectly reduced to what?
Answer:
CELARENT

Question 82.
‘BRAMANTIP’ is indirectly reduced to what?
Answer:
CELARENT

Question 83.
‘TESAPO’ is indirectly reduced to what?
Answer:
CELARENT

Question 84.
What is the major premise of first figure?
Answer:
Universal

Question 85.
What is the minor premise of first figure?
Answer:
Affirmative

Question 86.
What is the major premise of second figure?
Answer:
Universal

Question 87.
What is the conclusion of second figure?
Answer:
Negative

Question 88.
One of the two premises of second figure must be what?
Answer:
Negative

Question 89.
The minor premise of third figure must be what?
Answer:
Affirmative

Question 90.
In the third figure, at least one premise must be what?
Answer:
Universal

Question 91.
What is the conclusion of third figure?
Answer:
Particular

Question 92.
In the fourth figure, if the major premise is affirmative then the minor premise must be what?
Answer:
Universal

Question 93.
In the fourth figure, if any premise is negative, the major premie must be what?
Answer:
Universal

Question 94.
In the fourth figure, if the minor premise is affirmative, the conclusion is what?
Answer:
Particular

Question 95.
‘A’ proposition can be the conclusion of which figure?
Answer:
First

Question 96.
Which proposition cannot be the premise of first figure and fourth figure?
Answer:
‘O’ proposition

Question 97.
If the middle term is distributed twice, the conclusion must be what proposition?
Answer:
Affirmative

Question 98.
If in a syllogism only two terms are distributed twice, the conclusion must be what?
Answer:
‘O’ proposition

Question 99.
If the major term is predicate in the major premise, the minor premise must be what?
Answer:
Affirmative

Question 100.
If the minor term is predicate in the minor premise, the conclusion cannot be what?
Answer:
‘A’ proposition

Question 101.
If the minor premise be negative, the major must be what?
Answer:
Universal

Odisha State Board BSE Odisha 7th Class Sanskrit Solutions Chapter 3 ‘ଈ’ କାରାନ୍ତସ୍ଵୀଲିଙ୍ଗଃ Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

BSE Odisha Class 7 Sanskrit Solutions Chapter 3 ‘ଈ’ କାରାନ୍ତସ୍ଵୀଲିଙ୍ଗଃ

१. पठतु वदतु
(ପଠତୁ ବଦତୁ) ପଢ଼ନ୍ତୁ କୁହନ୍ତୁ :

घटी (ଘଟୀ) ଘଣ୍ଟା

सरणी (ସରଣୀ) ରାସ୍ତା

भगिनी (ଭଗିନୀ) ଭଉଣୀ

जननी (ଜନନୀ) ମାଆ

२. योजयतु
(ଯୋଜୟତୁ) ଯୋଗ କରନ୍ତୁ :

उत्तर :

३. परिचयं ददातु
(ପରିଚୟଂ ଦଦାତୁ) ପରିଚୟ ଦିଅନ୍ତୁ:

उत्तर :
(क) जननी (ଜନନୀ)
(ख) घटी (ଘଟୀ)
(ग) द्रोणी (ଦ୍ରୋଣୀ)
(घ) अहुनी (ଅଙ୍କନୀ)

४. शून्यस्थानं पूरयतु
(ଶୂନ୍ୟସ୍ଥାନଂ ପୂରୟତୁ) ଶୂନ୍ୟସ୍ଥାନ ପୂରଣ କର ।

(क) ______ दी ।
(କ) _______ ଦୀ।
उत्तर :
(क) नुदी
(କ) ନଦୀ

(ख) क ______ री।
(ଖ) _______ରୀ
उत्तर :
(ख) कर्त्तरी
(ଖ) କଉଁରୀ

(ग) प्रदर्श ______ ।
(ଗ) ପ୍ରଦର୍ଶ _____।
उत्तर :
(ग) प्रर्दशनी
(ଗ) ପ୍ରଦର୍ଶନୀ

(घ) लेख ______ ।
(ଘ) ଲେଖ _____।
उत्तर :
(घ) लेखनी
(ଘ) ଲେଖନୀ

(ङ) ______ गिनी।
(ଙ) _______ ଗିନୀ ।
उत्तर :
(ङ) भगिनी
(ଙ) ଭଗିନୀ

(च) स ______ णी।
(ଚ) ସ______ ଶୁ।
उत्तर :
(च) सरणी
(ଚ) ସରଣୀ

५. शुद्धपदं लिखतु
(ଶୁଦ୍ଧପଦଂ ଲିଖତୁ) ଶୁଦ୍ଧପଦ ଲେଖନ୍ତୁ:

यथा – ज – र्ज नी मा
ଯଥା – ମାର୍ଜନୀ
तथा (ତଥା):
(क) धा नी पु ष्प
(କ) ଧା ନୀ ପୁ ଖ
उत्तर :
(क) पुष्पधानी
(କ) ପୁଷ୍ପଧାନୀ

(ख) णी स र
(ଖ) ଣୀ ସ ର
उत्तर :
(ख) सरणी
(ଖ) ସରଣୀ

(ग) क री र्त
(ଗ) କ ରୀ
उत्तर :
(ग) कर्त्तरी
(ଗ) କଉଁରୀ

(घ) दी न
(ଘ) ଦୀ ନ
उत्तर :
(घ) नदी
(ଘ) ନଦୀ

(ङ) स ती र स्व
(ଙ) ସ ତୀ ର ସ୍ଵ
उत्तर :
(ङ) सरस्वती
(ଙ) ସରସ୍ଵତୀ

अतिरिक्त प्रश्नोत्तरम्
(ଅତିରିକ୍ତ ପ୍ରଶ୍ନୋତ୍ତରମ୍)

१. मातृभाषया अनुवादं कुरुत।

(क) द्रोणी
उत्तर :
ବାଲ୍ଟି

(ख) पुष्पधानी
उत्तर :
ଫୁଲଦାନି

(ग) अड्कनी
उत्तर :
ପେନସିଲ

(घ) भगिनी
उत्तर :
ଭଉଣୀ

(ङ) सरणी
उत्तर :
ସଡ଼କ

(च) कर्त्तरी
उत्तर :
କଇଁଚି

(छ) मार्जनी
उत्तर :
ଝାଡୁ

२. एकपदेन उत्तरं लिखत।

(क) कईची – संस्कृतं किम् ?
उत्तर :
କଉଁରୀ

(ख) वालटी – संस्कृतं किम् ?
उत्तर :
ଦ୍ରୋଣୀ

(ग) कलम – संस्कृतं किम् ?
उत्तर :
ଲେଖନୀ

(घ) रास्ता-संस्कृतं किम् ?
उत्तर :
ସରଣୀ

(ङ) पेनसिल-संस्कृतं किम् ?
उत्तर :
ଅଙ୍କନୀ

(च) फुलदानिं – संस्कृतं किम् ?
उत्तर :
ପୁଷ୍ପଧାନୀ

(छ) भउणी – संस्कृतं किम् ?
उत्तर :
ଭଗିନୀ

३. संसोधन कुरुत।

(क) जननि
उत्तर :
ଜନନୀ

(ख) सरणी
उत्तर :
ସରଣୀ

(ग) लखनी
उत्तर :
ଲେଖନୀ

(घ) पुष्पधानि
उत्तर :
ପୁଷ୍ପଧାନୀ

(ङ) मर्जनी
उत्तर :
ମାର୍ଜନୀ

(च) पृथीवि
उत्तर :
ପୃଥୁବୀ

(छ) भरती
उत्तर :
ଭାରତୀ

‘ई’ कारान्तस्त्रीलिङ्गः
ଈ’ କାରାନ୍ତ-ସ୍ତ୍ରୀଲିଙ୍ଗ (‘ଈ’ କାରାନ୍ତ ପୁଲିଙ୍ଗ

नदी (ନଈ) ନଈ

पुष्पधानी (ପୁଷ୍ପଧାନୀ) ଫୁଲଦାନି

लेखनी (ଲେଖନୀ) କଲମ

अक्कीन (ଅଙ୍କନୀ) ପେନସିଲ୍

द्रोणी (ଦ୍ରୋଣୀ) ବାଲ୍ଟି

पृथिवी (ପୃଥ‌ିବୀ) ପୃଥ‌ିବୀ

कर्त्तरी (କର୍ଡରୀ) କଇଁଚି

मार्जनी (ମାର୍ଜନୀ) ଝାଡୁ

Odisha State Board CHSE Odisha Class 12 Economics Solutions Chapter 4 Demand and Price Elasticity of Demand Questions and Answers.

CHSE Odisha 12th Class Economics Chapter 4 Question Answer Demand and Price Elasticity of Demand

Group – A

Short type Questions with Answers
I. Answer within Two/Three sentence.

Question 1.
What is demand ?
Answer:
Demand refers to willingness to buy a good backed by ability to pay the price at a particular time period. It indicates various quantities of a good purchased at different price level during a particular time period.

Question 2.
What is difference between demand & desire ?
Answer:
Demand is the willingness to buy & ability to pay the price. But desire is only the willingness to buy.

Question 3.
What is demand function ?
Answer:
Demand is a multi-valued function which it establishes functional relationship between price of a goods, other non-pricing factor & quantity demanded.

Question 4.
What is direct demand ?
Answer:
The demand for those goods & services which yields direct satisfaction is called direct demand. The demand for rice breads fruits etc. are the cost of direct demand.

Question 5.
What type of demand is the demand for raw material ?
Answer:
Demand for raw material is a derived demand. It yields indirect satisfaction.

Question 6.
What is “Law of demand” ?
Answer:
Law of demand states that “Other things remaining constant, amount demanded increases with the fall in price & vice-versa”. It shows the inverse relationship between price quantity demand.

Question 7.
What is composite demand ?
Answer:
Demand not for one purpose but for so may purposes is called composite demand. It combines a number of goods.

Question 8.
What is demand schedule ?
Answer:
Demand schedule is a tabular expression showing various quantities of a goods purchased or demanded at different price-level. It is a numerical analysis at law of demand.

Question 9.
What is a demand curve ?
Answer:
Demand curve is a graphical illustation of demand schedule which slopes downward from left to right showing inverse relationship between price & quantity demanded of a good.

Question 10.
What is slope of demand curve ?
Answer:
Demand curve is -negative slope. It slopes downward from left to right.

Question 11.
What is a Giffen goods ?
Answer:
Giffen goods are those inferior goods. The law of demand does not operate in this case.

Question 12.
What do you mean by change in demand ?
Answer:
Change in demand refers to increase or decrease in demand because of change in factors like price of related goods, income of the consumer, population taste & preference etc of the consumer. It is a case shifting of demand curve.

Question 13.
What do mean by conspicuous consumption ?
Answer:
Conspicious consmption refers to the consumption of prestigious goods. Law of demand does not operate in this case.

Question 14.
What is the normal shape of demand curve ?
Answer:
Normally, a demand curve sloped downward from left to right. It has a negative slope.

Question 15.
What happens to demand for tea it price of cofee rises ?
Answer:
The demand for tea increases if price of cofee rises. Because, these are substitute goods.

Question 16.
What happens to demand for a good if future price-hike is anticipated ?
Answer:
The demand for the goods increases if the future price hike is anticipated. It is an exception to law of demand.

Question 17.
What is elasticity of demand ?
Answer:
Elasticity of demand refers to degree of responsiveness of demand as a result of given change in price. It indicates degree of changing in demand as a result of change in price.

Question 18.
What does elasticity of demand measure ?
Answer:
Elasticity to demand measures the effect of change in price of a goods on the quantity demanded of it. It indicates the degree of sensitiveness of change demand due to change in price.

Question 19.
Who propounded the concept of elasticity of demand ?
Answer:
Alfred Marshall proposed to the concept elasticity of demand.

II. Answer within Five/Six sentence :

(A) WRITE SHORT NOTES ON :

Question 1.
Demand.
Answer:
Demand refers to willingness of the consumer to buy a goods backed by his ability to pay the price for it. In other words, demand refers to the quantity of the goods what a consumer is willing to purchase at a given price dining particular time period. Demand is always quoted with the price of goods & is expressed for a particular time-period. Hence demand for a goods comprises of 3 elements like effective desire to purchase a given quantity of goods, price of the goods & time – period.

Question 2.
Demand Function.
Answer:
Demand is a multi-variate concept showing the functional relationship between the demand for a goods & other factors like price of the goods, income of the consumer, price of the related goods etc. Other things remaining constant, there exists inverse relationship between the quantity demanded & price. Symbolically stated Dx = f (Px) in unchanged situation. There is inverse relationship between price of a goods & quantity demanded. In this function price of the goods is an independent factor on whom the demand depends on.

Question 3.
Demand – Schedule.
Answer:
Demand-schedule is a tabular expression showing various quantities of a goods demanded at different price-level. It contains different quantities of a goods demanded at different price-level. It is an information regarding the prices & quantity demanded. Thus it is viewd as a numerical explanation of Taw of demand’. This demand schedule is of two types like individual demand schedule & market demand schedule.

Question 4.
Demand Curve.
Answer:
Demand curve is the graphical or geometrical representation of demand-schedule. Both the demand curve & demand schedule provide the same information on price & quantity demanded of a goods. It graphically illustrates the law of demand. Normally, the demand curve slopes downward from left to right showing a negative inclination. It is because of the inverse relationship between price & quantity demanded. The slope of the demand curve is always negative.

Question 5.
Change in Demand :
Answer:
Demand is a multi-variate function. Demand for any goods depends on the price of goods, price of related goods, income of the consumer, taste & preference etc. If there occurs increase or decrease in demand due to change in factors other than price, it is called change in demand. In case of change in demand, the demand curye shifts either upward or downward. Increase in demand & decrease in demand are two conceptual situations that heppen in change in demand. In increase in demand, more is demanded at same price & same is demanded at higher price. So demand curve shifts upward. In case of decrease in demand, the demand curve shift downward & same is demanded at lower price & less is demaned at same price.

Question 6.
Elasticity of Demand.
Answer:
Elasticity of demand refers to the degree of responsiveness or sensitiveness of quantity demanded to changes in price. It tells how much or to what extent the quantity demanded changes due to a given change in price. It is a quantitative expression of change in quantity demanded. Elasticity of demand can be assessed as a ratio of proportionate change in quantity demanded to proportionate change in price. Elasticity of demand is always -ve & it ranges from 0 to oo & hence with this range it describes five cases of elasticity of demand.

Question 7.
Perfectly Elastic Demand .
Answer:
The demand is said to be perfectly elastic, if a small change in price leads to an infinite change in quantity demanded. In this case, the demand is highly sensitive & responsive which causes an infinite change in quantity demanded due to a small & insignificant change in price. In such case, the value of elasticity of demand is ∞ & the demand curve becomes a horizontal straight line. This concept is quite conceptual & imaginary & is not observed in real world.

Question 8.
Perfectly Inelastic Demand.
Answer:
If any change in price does not create any change in quantity demanded of a goods, the demand for that goods is said to be perfectly inelastic. Here change in price does not have any impact on quantity demanded. The quantity demanded remains Unchanged irrspective of the change in price. In this case, the demand curve takes the shape of a Vertical straight line & the value of elasticity of demand is zero (o). This case of elasticity of demand is not found in real world.

Question 9.
Unitary Elastic Demand.
Answer:
In case of unit elastic demand, a given change in price leads to proportionate change in quantity demanded. For example, if change in prices 10%, the quantity demanded also changes to the extent of 10%. The vaule of elasticity of demand is found to be one (1) & the demand curve in this case takes the shape of a rectangular hyperbola.”

Question 10.
Giffen Goods
Answer:
Giffen goods are special type of inferior goods for which law of demand does not operate. These goods are named after Sir Robert Giffen who is the chief innovator of this good. The income effect of price change for such goods is found to be negative. So when the price of a good falls causing a rise in income, the consumer concerned treates these goods inferior & reduces its consumption. These are the special type of goods whose quantity demanded decreases with the fall in its price & vice-versa.

(B) DISTINGUISH BETWEEN

Question 1.
Demand & Desire
Answer:
Both the concept of demand & desire sound to be synonymous. Both indicates the willingness to have a good. Demand refers to willingness to buy a good backed by ability to pay the price of it.* But the term “desire” is restricted to only willingness to have a good. Demand is quoted with price but desire is not associated with price. Demand is expressed per unit of time, but there is no mentioned of time period in case of desires. Thus in economics, the term ‘demand’ & ‘desires’ are two different terms.

Question 2.
Direct Demand & Derived Demand.
Answer:
The goods which are demand for the direct satisfaction of human wants, the demand is called direct demand. On the contrary, the goods which provides indirect satisfaction & these goods are so demanded, it is called derived demand. The demand for all types of consumers goods such as book, pen, shirt etc are the example of direct demand as all these provide direct satisfaction. On the other hand, the demand for raw materials, machineries etc. are the example of derived demand. Thus, the direct demand is directly associated with direct satisfaction of wants and derived demand is related to indirect satisfaction of wants. i

Question 3.
Individual Demand schedule & Market Demand Schedule.
Answer:
Individual demand schedule is a tabulor expression reflecting different quantities of goods purchased by an individual at different price-level. But the market demand schedule is numerical statement in tabular form showing different quantities of goods demand in the market at different price-level. Both the schedules are framed on the same price but one is exclusively for an individual & other is for the whole market. Individual demand schedule is a numerical expression of individual demand whereas market demand schedule is the numerical expression of market demand. Market demand schedule is a composition of individual demand schedules.

Question 4.
Change in demand & Change in quantity demanded.
Answer:
Change in demand is a multivalued function depending on factors other than price of goods whereas change in quantity demanded is a single valued function depending only on price. Increase & decrease in demand are the. two consequences of change in demand but extension and contraction of demand are the consequence of change in quantity demanded. In case of change in demand, price remains same & non-price factors change; but in change in quantity demanded price changes but non-price factors remain unchanged. In case of change in demand, there is shift of demand curve either upward or downward but there is no change nor shift of demand curve in change in quantity demanded.

Question 5.
Increase in demand & Extension of demand
Answer:
Increase in demand takes place when non-pricing factors change but price remains same whereas extension of demand happens when other non-price factor remain constant but price changes. Increase in demand is a consequence of change in demand but extension of demand is a consequence of change in quantity demanded. In case of increase in demand, more is demanded at same price & same is demanded at higher price; but in extension of demand more is demanded at lower price & vice-versa. In increase in demand, the demand curve shifts upward to the right; but in extension of demand there is no shift of demand curve.

Question 6.
Perfectly elastic demand & Perfectly inelastic demand.
Answer:
Perfectly Elastic Demand : The demand is said to be perfectly elastic if a small change in price leads to an infinite change in quantity demanded. Here, the value of elasticity of demand is infinite (∞) & the demand curve in this case becomes a horizontal straight line.
Perfectly inelastic demand: In perfectly inelastic demand, the quantity demanded remains same irrespective of any change in price. Any fall or rise in price has no impact on quantity demanded & hence the value of elasticity is zero. The demand curve is a vertical straight line.

Group – B

Long Type Questions With Answers

Question 1.
What do you mean by demand ? What are its determinants ?
Answer:
In economics, demand refers to willingness to buy a given quantity of goods backed by ability & willingness to pay the price for it. Thus, the complete meaning of demand comprises of several components like willingness to buy a commodity, ability to pay the price, willingness to spend, price of the commodity & time-period. Thus, demand refers to the quantity of goods what a consumer is willing to purchase at a given price during a particular time period. As such, the demand is always quoted with price & expressed for a particular time period.

According to Benham, “The demand for. anything at a given price is the amount of it which will be bought per unit of time. Hansen defined demand, “By demand, we mean the quantity of a commodity that will be purchased at a particular price and not merely the desire of a thing.”

There are different types of demand like price demand, income demand, cross demand, direct or derived demand, joint or composite demand, competitive or alternative demand.
Factors influencing demand : The demand is a multi-variate function. It is influenced by a number of factors. These factors may be classified into economic, social & political factors or which may directly or indirectly influence demand. The important determinants of demand are described below:

(i) Price of the Commodity : The demand is always quoted with price. It is the basic component or factor of demand which exert its influence. Without price-quotation, the concept of demand remains incomplete. Price & demand for a goods are inversely related. When price of a goods falls or rises, the quantity demanded of it increases or decreases respectively. Thus, there observed direct influence of price on the demand for a goods.

(ii) Price of Related goods : The price of related goods is also an important determinant of
demand. The related goods may be substitute or complementary goods. Any rise in price of a substitute goods has direct influence on the demand for goods. If the price of a substitute goods rises, the quantity demanded of the goods increases & vice-versa. Similarly, the demand for complementary goods changes directly when there is change in price of the goods in question. For example, if the price of tea rises, the quantity demanded of its substitute i.e. coffee increases. On the other hand, if the price of ink rises the quantity demanded of pen decreases. So it is inferred that price of related goods influences the demand.

(iii) Income of the Consumer : Income of the consumer is worth mentioning determinant of the demand. It directly influences the demand for goods. Demand for goods & income of the consumer are directly related. It implies that if the income of the consumer increases, the consumer will be capable of consuming more & thus demand for goods is influenced. Thus, it can be affirmed that other things remaining constant, the demand for a goods increases with the increase in the income of the consumer & vice-versa.

(iv) Taste & preference : Tastes & preferences of the consumer exert influence on the demand. These factors which influenced by habit, customs, fashion etc. influence the demand in either way. With the change in these factors, the demand will certainly change.

(v) Population: Population stands as prominent factor influencing demand. The size & composition of the population influence the demand for goods especially the basic necessary of life i.e., food, clothing, shelter etc. Similarly, the composition of the population builds the demand structure. If majority of people are rich, more luxuries & comfortable items shall be demanded or in case of majority of poor, basis necessaries for life will be demanded. In this way it determines the basis of demand.

(vi) Distribution of income & wealth: Distribution refers to the sharing of national income among the people of a country. This distribution maybe of individual which is personal & functional, regional or sectoral. But, the equality in the distribution of income is highly stressed. If the income distribution maintains equality & uniformity, .it will generate more demand & in case of inequality the demand may be contracted and restricted to a particular class, sector or region.

(vii) Government Policy : Government policy is found to be a crucial factor in moulding the quantum of demand. It considerably influences the demand structure of the community. If scarcity of essential goods is felt, the government may adopt certain restrictive measures like rationing to ensure fair distribution. This measure is essential to avoid acUte scarcity. Similarly taxation policy of the government deters the size & structure of the demand if higher tax rate is imposed.

All these factors significantly influence the demand. The contraction or expansion, increase or decrease in demand can happen due to the variations in these factors. Thus, demand is quitely proved to be multi- dimensional concept because of the presence of these multiple variables.

Question 2.
What do you mean by demand ? Distinguish between individual and marked demand schedules.
Answer:
The demand for any commodity, at a given price, is the quantity which will be bought per unit of time at that price. From this definition of demand two things are quite clear. Firstly, demand always refers to demand at a price. If demand is not related to price, it conveys no sense. To say that the demand for mangoes is 100 kg. fails to convey any sense. It should be always related to price. Secondly, demand always means demand per unit of time. The time may be a day, a week or a month, etc. Therefore, “the demand for any commodity or service is the amount that will be bought at any given price per unit of time.” (Benham).

There is a difference between ‘desire’, ‘need’ and ‘demand’. A desire will become demand only if a consumer has the means to buy a thing and also he is prepared to spend the money. Thus, by demand we mean the various quantities of a given commodity or service which consumers would buy in the market in a given period of time at various prices. According to Pension,
“Demand implies three things –
(a) desire to possess a thing,
(b) means of purchasing it, and
(c) willingness to use those means for purchasing it.”

Again in the words of Shearman-, “To speak of the demand for a commodity in the serise of the mere amount that will be purchased without reference to any price, will be meaningless.” Although there are various kinds of demand, such as cross, income, price demand, unless specified otherwise demand for a good or service refers to price demand, i.e., quantity demanded in relation to price.

Demand schedule depicts the various-Quantities of a commodity which will be demanded at different prices. Quantity demanded will be different at different prices because with an increase in price, demand falls and with a fall in price, demand extends. Demand schedule is of two types, viz. : (i) Individual demand schedule and (ii) Market demand schedule.
(i) Individual demand schedule – Individual demand schedule shows the various quantities demanded by one person at different prices. Individual demand schedule can be shown as follows :

Price (in Rupees)	Demand of Mangoes (in Kgs.)
5	1
4	2
3	3
2	4
1	5

As is clear from the above schedule, the demand for mangoes of a consumer is 1 kg. when the price is rupees 5 per kg. When price falls to Rs.4, demand for mangoes extends to 2 kg. Again demand for mangoes extends to 5 kg. when price is 1 rupee per kg.
Individual demand curve – The individual demand schedule can be explained with the help of the following diagram:

In the diagram OX-axis measures the quantity demanded while OY-axis represents the price of mangoes per kg. When price is Rs. 5 per kg. demand is 1 kg. Likewise when the price is 4 rupees per kg., demand is 2 kg., etc. By combining the A₁, A₂, A₃, A₄, A₅, we get the demand curve DD. This is called the individual demand curve.

(ii) Market demand schedule – If we add up the demand at various prices of all the consumers in the market, we will get the market demand schedule. Let us suppose, there are three consumers A, B and C in the market. If now we add the quantity demanded by A, B and C at different prices, we will get the market demand schedule. It can be shown as follows :

Price (rupees) Per Kg.	Demand of ‘A’ K.g.	Demand of ‘B’ K.g.	‘Demand of ‘C’ Kg.	Total demand in the market(Kgs)
5	1	3	2	6
4	2	4	3	9
3	3	5	4	12
2	4	6	5	15
1	5	7	6	18

When price is rupees 5 per kg. total demand of all consumers is 6 kg., when price is rupees 4, total demand of all the consumers is 9 kgs. etc. Hence a demand schedule may mean a tabular representation of price-quantity relationship.

Market demand curve – Market demand curve can be shown as follows :
On OX-axis, we take the total quantity demanded of mangoes in the market. On OY-axis, we measure the prices. When price is Rs. 5 per kg:, total quantity demanded is 6 kgs. Again when price is Rs. 4 per kg., total quantity demanded goes up to 9 kgs. By joining the points A, B, C, D, E, we get DD – the demand curve – for the market as a whole. Market demand curve can also be known by adding up the individual demand curves. We assume that there are two consumers A and B. If we know the demand curve of A and B, we can find out the market demand curve as follows :

In the following figures (i), (ii) and (iii) we show the demand of consumer A, consumer B and total demand curve respectively. On OX-axis we measure demand and on OY-axis we measure the price. d_a shows the demand of consumer ‘A’ and d_b shows the demand curve of consumer ‘B’. At price OP, the quantity demanded by consumer ‘ A’ is OA while the quantity demanded by consumer ‘B’ at this price is OB. The total demand of consumer ‘A’ and ‘B’ shall

be OA+ OB. In diagram (ii) total demand is OT at price OP. Here OT = OA + OB. When price falls to OP₁ the quantity demanded increases to OA₁ and OB₁ in the case of consumers A and B respectively. Now the market demand at price OP₁ shall be equal to OA₁ + OB₁. In figure (iii) the total demand is OT₁ at price OP₁. Here, OT₁ = OA₁ + OB₁. By joining the points M and N, we get d_m which is the market demand curve.

Question 3.
What is “Law of Demand” ? Explain it with its limitations.
Answer:
“Law of demand” is a unique law in consumption that moulds consumers behaviour while purchasing goods. This law explains the relationship between the price of a goods & its quantity demanded. Thus, the law of demand is a guiding principle in consumption which establishes inverse relationship between price of a goods & its quantity demanded. According to the law of demand, “Other things remaining constant, the amount demanded increases with the fall in its price & decreases with the rise in its price.” In other words, inverse relationship between price & quantity demanded is explained in law of demand.
The explanation of law of demand is associated with the demand function. The demand function expresses the functional relationship between demand & determinants of demand. Mathematically expressed, ‘
Dx = F (Px, Py, Py, Y, T …………….)
Dx → Demand for gods X
Px → Price of goods X
Py,Pz → Price of related goods
Y → Income of the consumers
T → Taste & preference.
Thus, the demand function describes multiple determinants of demand in which price of a goods is important one. If other factors in demand function remain constant, the relationship between price of a goods & quantity demanded becomes the topic of discussion in law of demand. Symbolically expressed,
Dx = f(Px) “other things remaining constant”
Exp
lanation : The law of demand simply illustrates the inverse relationship between price of a goods and quantity demanded in an unchanged situation. If the price of a goods rises, the quantity demanded of it will increase & vice-versa. This notion involved in law of demand which can be explained with the help of numerical analysis & graphical analysis.

Numerical Analysis : The numerical analysis of law of demand can be made with the help of demand schedule. The demand schedule describes various quantities of a goods purchased or demanded at different price level.

DEMAND SCHEDULE

Price of goods ‘A’ (in Rs.)	Quantity of goods ‘A’ (in units)
1	50
2	40
3	30
4	20
5	10

The numerical example as shown in demand schedule reflects that at the lower price i.e. Rs. 1/- the quantity demanded of good ‘A’ is found to be more i.e. 50 units. When price of goods ‘A’ gradually rises the quantity demanded of it declines. For example, when the price rises to Rs. 2,3,4,5, the quantity demanded becomes 40,30,20 & 10 units. It just establishes the inverse relationship between price of a good ‘A’ & its quantity demanded which is the principle in “Law of Demand.”

Graphical Analysis
The same notion can be explained graphically. The graphical illustration of law of demand can be made with the help of demand curve. Demand curve is nothing but the geometrical representation of demand schedule. So the graphical version of demand schedule determines the demand curve.

In the above figure , OX – axis measures the quantity demanded of good§ x & OY-axis measures the price of good A.

The same expression as in demand schedule is found in this diagram. When the price is Rs. 1/- the quantity demanded is 50units. When the price of goods A rises to Rs.2,3,4,5, the quantity denUtnded of it declines to 40,30,20, & 10 units respectively. By joining all these points, the demand curve ‘DD’ is derived.

The traditional shape of demand curve is downward sloping as shown in graph. It is because of the inverse relationship between price of good & its quanity demanded. As such, the demand curve (DD) is found to be negatively sloped.

ASSUMPTIONS:
The law of demand can not be independently explained.” For the operation of law of demand certain assumptions are to be made. Assumptions are the conditions on which the law is based on & explained. The assumptions of law of demand are mentioned below :

• Income of the consumer should be constant
• Price or related goods (substitute & complementary) should be unchanged.
• Taste, preference of the consumer should not change.
• Goods should be the “Normal Goods ”.
• Population should not change.

Limitations : In spite of significant practical value, the law of demand suffers from certain serious & dubious limitations which are as follows :

(i) Income of the consumer : As assumed, the income of the consumer should remain unchanged. But the income is. a flow concept which varies from time to time. As such, the law of demand becomes an invalid statement because of changeability of an income of the consumer.

(ii) Taste & Preference : Taste & preference which are influenced by custom, habit, fashion etc undergo frequent change. So the law of demand loses its stand under the condition of change of taste & preference.

(iii) Price of Related Goods : The price of related goods which assumed to be constant in the explanation of law of demand sounds to be impractical. Because, the price of such goods change frequently due to competitive structure of the market.

(iv) Giffen Goods : Giffen goods are special type of inferior goods for which law of demand does not operate. These goods named after Sir Robert Giffen, an economist of Ireland, are inferior goods for which the income effect is negative. The price of these goods, if falls, shall be treated as inferior goods, for which its quantity demanded falls. As such the law of demand does not operate.

(v) Conspicuous Consumption : The consumption of prestigeous goods or articles of distinction is called conspicuous consumption. For these goods, the law of demand does not hold good. It is because, these goods are consumed for displaying their social status & aristocracy. For these people, these goods are the symbol of status. So, when the price of these goods rises, the people of this special category feels proud to consume more.

(vi) Future – Expectation of Price Change : If any rise in price of the goods is apprehended, the consumer like to purchase more of it at prevailing price. On the other hand, if fall in price is expected in future, people will prefer to consume less at current price. So the law of demand does not stand if there is future expectation of price – change occurs.

(vii) Necessaries for life : The law of demand can not be properly applied to goods which are essential for the survival of human existence. In case of life saving drugs, the people are constrained to consume the required quantity of goods irrespective of the level of prices.

In spite of these limitation, “the law of demand’ is universally accepted as an important law in consumption. It looks into the basic principles involved in the consumers motive in the field of purchasing goods. Thus, the law possesses certain practical significance.

Question 4.
Why does demand curve slope downward ?
Answer:
The downward sloping nature of demand curve is because of its inverse relationship between the price of a goods & its amount purchased. The shape & slope of the demand curve in general is derived from the basic principles involved in ‘Law of demand’. In law of demand, it is learnt that the demand for goods increases with the fall in its price & vice-versa & hence the inverse relationship is established. As such, the demand curve slopes downward from left to right with a negative inclination. Prof. Marshall associated the downward sloping of the demand curve to the law of diminishing marginal utility. But J.R. Hicks & R.GD. Allen ascribed income effect & substitution effect to this tendency. The important & worth mentioning reasons for such downward sloping is discussed below :

(i) Effect of law of Diminishing Marginal Utility : The law of demand is derived from the law of diminishing marginal utility. According to this law, the marginal utility derived from the additional units of a particular goods goes on diminishing. It simply shows that the consumer derives less & less marginal utility from the additional units of the goods. So, the rational consumer compares the marginal utility derived from the goods with its price. He continues consumption till the marginal utility is equal to its price & at this level he feels satisfied. If the price of the goods falls, this reduced price should be equated with marginal utility. So, there is need of reducing marginal utility which happens only by purchasing more. So, it reveals that with lower price, more is purchased. It is because of the effect of law of diminishing marginal utility.

(ii) Price Effect: If a fall in price of a good is experienced while price of other goods or other factors remaining unchanged, its effect on quantity demanded is called “price effect.” This fall in price attracts new consumers to buy more at reduced price. Those who were not purchasing this good because of higher price shall be financially able to purchase it at lower price. Secondly, those who are purchasing less quantity of it because of higher price shall be interested to purchase more of it because of lower price. Overall effect of such fall in price is the increase in quanity demanded. In other words, the quantity demanded of the goods increases with fall in price & hence the demand curve showing the price & quantity demanded relationship slopes downward from left to right.

(iii) Income Effect: The effect of change in income on the quanity demanded is termed as “Income effect”. When there is fall in price of goods, the consumer gains real income because of increase in its purchasing power arising out of fall in price. Thus, at the same income, the consumer is able to purchase more because of such gain in real income. When the price of a goods falls, the consumer gains real income. Now the consumer either purchases the same quantity by spending less or purchases more by spending the same. So, there arises increase in demand because of income effect. As a result, the quantity demanded increases because of initial fall in price of it. So the demand curve slopes downward.

(iv) Substitution Effect: When the price of a goods falls the price of other related goods remains constant, the consumer prefers to substitute low-priced goods for high price goods. This is called substitution effect. So, it clearly indicates that the demand for commodity increases because of favourable substitution effect. The demand curve for this slopes downward from left to right.

(v) Multiple uses of a Goods : A particular goods can be put into several uses i.e. for the satisfaction of urgent needs & less urgent needs. So, when the price of a goods falls, the people will proceed to use it for less urgent wants & ultimately its quantity demanded increases. For example, if the price of coal falls, the people will use it as ordinary fuel which may not happen when its price is high- So, it reflects that the quanity demanded increases with fall in price & vice-versa. As such, the demand curve shows a negative inclination.

Question 5.
Distinguish between extension and increase in demand and contraction and decrease in demand.
Answer:
Generally we don’t differentiate between increase in demand and extension of demand and decrease in demand and contraction of demand. But as a matter of fact they are different concepts. When demand for a commodity changes because of a change in price, it is a case of extension or contraction of demand. But if demand changes because of factors other than price, it is a case of increase or decrease in demand.

Extension of demand – When demand goes up because of a fall in price, it is called extension of demand. For example, if the price of milk falls from 1 rupee 50 paise per litre the demand shall go up from 3 litres to 5 litres. This is a case of extension of demand. This can be shown with the help of the alongside diagram :

When the price is OP, the demand is OQ. Demand rises to OQ₁ when price falls to OP₁, OQ₁ is the extension of demand. In extension of demand, the consumer remains on the same demand curve but moves downwards from left to right.
Increase in demand – Increase in demand may come about in two ways :

• More demand at the same price.
• Same demand at a higher price.

Increase in demand can be shown with the help of the following diagram:

Demand is OR, when price is OP. At this very price OP, demand goes up to OR. Again when price rises to OP, demand remains the same i.e., OR. DD₁ depicts an increase in demand.

Contraction of demand – When demand of a commodity falls because of a rise in its price, it is a case of contraction of demand. For example, the demand for milk is 3 litres when its price is rupee one per litre. Now when price rises to Rs. 2 per litre, demand comes down to 2 litres. Contraction of demand can be shown diagrammatically as follows :

When price is OP, demand is OQ. When price rises to OP₁, demand falls to OQ₁. OQ₁ is the contraction of demand. In this case, the consumer goes upwards from right to left on the same demand curve.

Decrease in demand – Decrease in demand implies two things :
(i) Less demand at the same price.
(ii) Same demand at the lower price.
Decrease in demand can be shown with the help of the following diagram :

Demand in the start is OR when price is OP. At the same price OP, demand falls to OR₁. Again at a lower price OP₁, demand remains the same OR. R₁R is the decrease in demand. D₁D₁ curve depicts decrease in demand. In case of decrease in demand, the demand curve shifts downwards. ,

Question 6.
What do you mean by Elasticity of demand ? Discuss various cases of elasticity of demand.
Answer:
Elasticity of demand is the measure of the degree of change in the amount demanded of the commodity in response to given change in the price of the commodity. When the price of a good changes, quantity demanded of a commodity also changes, but the response is not same for all the commodities. The concept of elasticity of demand captures the magnitude of change or degree of responsiveness of demand to change in price. In other words, elasticity of demand refers to the degree of extension or contraction of demand as a result of given change in price.

Elasticity of demand is a quantitative concept that measures the degree of responsiveness of quanity demanded of a goods to a change in its price. According to Alfred Marshall, “The elasticity (or responsiveness) of demand in a market is great or small according as the amount demanded increases much or little for a given fall in price and diminishes much or little for a given rise in price.” According to Lipsey, “Elasticity of demand may be defined as the ratio of the percentage change in demand to the percentage change in price.” Mathematically stated,

Ed is always negative because it confirms, the inverse relationship between price & quantity demanded. So Ed always has a (-) minus sign.

FIVE CASES OF ELASTICITY OF DEMAND:
There observed five cases of elasticity of demand. The detailed study of these cases are describes below:
Quantity
(i) Perfectly Elastic Demand : The demand is said to be perfectly elastic if a small change in price leads to an infinite change in quantity demanded. Here the value of elasticity of demand is infinite (∞) & the demand curve in this case becomes horizontal straight line.

In this figure, at price OP, the demand is infinite A slight change in price will lead to infinite change in quantity demanded.

(ii) Perfectly inelastic demand: In perfectly inelastic demand the quantity demanded remains same irrespective of any change in price. Any fall or rise in price has no impact on quantity demanded & hence the value of elasticity is zero. The demand curve is a vertical straight line.

In the figure, the demand (OQ) remains the same irrespective of any change in price (OP or OP₁) So the Ed = 0.

(iii) Unitary Elatic Demand : Elasticity of demand is unity if a given change in price exactly creates a proportionate change in quanity demanded. The numerical value of such demand is 1 (one) i.e. Ed = 1

In the figure, DD curve represents unitary elastic demand curve when price falls from OP to OP₁, the quantity demanded increase OQ to OQ₁, which is quite proportionate in nature.

(iv) Relatively more Elastic Demand : The demand is relatively more elastic if any given change in price leads to more than proportionate change in quantity demanded. In this case Ed >1.

The figure shows that when price falls from OP to OP₁, the quantity demanded increases from OQ to OQ₁, which is quite more than proportionate change. ,

(v) Relatively less Elastic Demand : In relatively less elastic demand, any change in price leads to less than proportionate change in quantity demanded. Hence Ed <1.

In figure, DD demand curve shows this relatively less elastic demand. When price falls from OP to OP₁, the quantity demanded increases from OP to OPt the quantity demanded increases from OQ to OQ₁ which is less proportionate change.

Question 7.
What do you mean by Elasticity of demand ? Discuss various factors influencing of elasticity of demand.
Answer:
Elasticity of demand is the measure of the degree of change in the amount demanded of the commodity in response to given change in the price of the commodity. When the price of a goods changes, quantity demanded of a commodity also changes, hut the response is not same for all the commodities. The concept of elasticity of demand captures the magnitude of change or degree of responsiveness of demand to change in price. In other words, elasticity of demand refers to the degree of extension or contraction of demand as a result of given change in price.

Elasticity of demand is a quantitative concept that measures the degree of responsiveness of quanity demanded of a goods to a change in its price. According to Alfred Marshal, “The elasticity (or responsiveness) of demand in a market is great or small according as the amount demanded increase much or little for a given fall in price & diminishes much or little for a given rise in price.” According to Lipsey, “Elasticity of demand may be defined as the ratio of the percentage change in demand to the percentage change in price. Mathematically stated.

Ed is always negative because it confirms the inverse relationship between price & quantity demanded. So Ed always has a (-) minus sign.

FACTORS INFLUENCING ELASTICITY OF DEMAND

Elasticity of demand is not uniform or same for all the commodities or for all the consumers. It may vary from consumer to consumer or commodity to commodity. For some it may be more elastic or for other it may be more inelastic. Besides, some commodities have more elastic demand & some are less elastic in demand. It simply shows that the contraction or expansion of demand does not remain some for any change in price. There are certain factors which influence the elasticity of demand.The important factors determining elasticity of demand are described below :

(a) Nature of Commodity : Goods are classified into three categories like necessary, comforts & luxuries. These classification, through relative in nature, it determines the elasticity of demand. For necessaries which are urgently statisfied or human life are considered to have relatively less elastic demand because the demand for these goods are not significantly affected by the change in price. On the other hand, the comforts & luxuries comprise of less urgent want for which demand is relatively more elastic. Because, the demand for these goods is greatly influenced by the change in price.

(b) Availability of Substitutes : The demand for those goods is found to be more elastic if it has more substitutes. If the price of any goods having a large number of substitutes rises, the quantity demanded of it will fall to a greater extent because the consumers will divert their consumption to its substitutes. On the contrary, if the price of such goods falls its quantity demanded will increase significantly. But if the goods does not have any substitute any change in price will have no influence on its demand as the people are compelled to purchase that only good due to the absence of its substitutes. Hence, the demand for such goods is inelastic or less elastic.

(c) Alternative Uses : The demand for the goods having multiple uses is more elastic & the goods having no alternative uses or single use is found to be less elastic or inelastic. In case of goods having alternative uses, if its price falls the consumer will use it for the satisfaction of less urgent wants. So its quantity demanded increases. On the other hand, if its price rises, the people use it in satisfying more urgent wants. So its quantity demanded will decrease. In the similar manner, the goods which can not be put into several uses, the demand seems to be less elastic as it has only single use & change in price has less impact on it.

(d) Proportion of Income Spent: It the amount spent on goods constitute a very small fraction of the income or total expenditure, then the elasticity of demand is likely to be less. For example, the demand for match box is not greately influenced by the change in its price as the amount of expenditure spent towards this is very less. So the demand for such goods is less elastic or inelastic. On the other hand, if the proportion of income spent on a good is more, the demand becomes more elastic.

(e) Price-level: The price-level of a commodity influences the demand for it. The commodities with high price is more elastic & the commodity having low price is less elastic.

(f) Income-level: The level of income of the consumer will also determine the elasticity demand for goods. The demand is inelastic for higher lower income groups & elastic for middle income groups. The rich persons do not care for the price while purchasing the goods.

(g) Time period : Time period is also an influential factor having effect on elasticity of demand. In short-period, the elasticity of demand remains low as quantity demanded slowly changes with the changes in the price-level. On the contrary, the demand becomes relatively more elastic during long period & it is relatively more inelastic during market period which is very very shot period.

(h) Fashion & habit: The goods & commodities which are in the flow fashion responds slowly to the change in price. If the price of such good changes, the quantity demanded of these goods changes slowly & hence the demand for these is felt to be inelastic. Similarly, the goods which are habitually consumed is also non-responsive to the change in price. If the price of goods which are in habit of the consumer changes, the quantity demanded of these goods changes slowly or sometimes does not change at all. So the demand becomes less elastic or inelastic.

(i) Possibility of Postponement of the Consumption: If the consumption of any goods can be postponed at present moment, the demand for such goods becomes more elastic. If the price of goods rises, the consumer will think it pertinent to postpone the consumption of these goods for future & hence the demand of these goods falls at the present increased price & thus becomes elastic. On the other hand, if the consumption of any goods like lfe-saving drugs can not be postponed it can be consumed irrespective of any price & hence the demand for such goods becomes inelastic.
All these factors mentioned above are found to be prominent features that influence the elasticity of demand to a greater extent. The elasticity of demand whether high or low, depends upon these factors.

Group – C

Objective type Questions with Answers
I. Multiple Choice Questions with Answers :

Question 1.
Which is a component of demand ?
(i) Effective desire
(ii) Price
(iii) Time period
(iv) All of the above
Answer:
(iv) All of the above

Question 2.
Demand is generally and greatly influenced by
(i) Price
(ii) Price of substitute goods
(iii) Supply of goods
(iv) Time period
Answer:
(i) Price

Question 3.
Which of the following is a variable of demand ?
(i) Price
(ii) Income of the consumer
(iii) Price of substitute goods
(iv) All of these
Answer:
(iv) All of these

Question 4.
Which of the followings does not influence demand ?
(i) Income of the consumer
(ii) Price of goods
(iii) Cost of goods
(iv) Price of related goods
Answer:
(iii) Cost of goods

Question 5.
Demand curve has a negative slope due to
(i) Price effect
(ii) Income effect
(iii) Substitution effect
(iv) All of these
Answer:
(iv) All of these

Question 6.
Which is not cause of shift of demand curve?
(i) Change in price
(ii) Change in income
(iii) Change in related price
(iv) Change in Taste
Answer:
(i) Change in price

Question 7.
If a demand curve shifts upward, it is
(i) Expanison of demand
(ii) Increase in demand
(iii) Contraction of demand
(iv) Decrease in demand
Answer:
(ii) Increase in demand

Question 8.
Demand for fertiliser for a farmer is
(i) More elastic
(ii) Less elastic
(iii) Zero elastic
(iv) None Of these
Answer:
(ii) Less elastic

Question 9.
The elasticity of demanf of wine for a drun kard is
(i) Elastic
(ii) Inelastic
(iii) Relatively more elastic
(iv) Relatively less elastic
Answer:
(ii) Inelastic

Question 10.
If the price of cofee falls, the demand for tea shall
(i) Decrease
(ii) Increase
(iii) Remains same
(iv) Can not say
AnsWER:
(i) Decrease

Question 11.
If the price of petrol rises, the demand for motor bike.
(i) Increases
(ii) Decrease
(iii) Remains unaffected
(iv) Can not say
Answer:
(ii) Decrease

Question 12.
Which of the following concepts induces the consumer to consume a good ?
(i) Usefulness of goods
(ii) Utility of a goods
(iii) Pleasure from the goods
(iv) None of the above
Answer:
(ii) Utility of a goods

Question 13.
Which of the followings is the basic objective of the consumer ?
(i) Maximisation of utility
(ii) Best use of goods
(iii) To get satisfaction
(iv) All of the above
Answer:
(i) Maximisation of utility

Question 14.
Which of the followings is a true statement ?
(i) Consumer tries to maximise marginal utility
(ii) Consumer gets maximum satisfaction when marginal utility is maximum
(iii) Marginal Utility can be zero
(iv) Marginal utility can never be negative
Answer:
(iii) Marginal Utility can be zero

Question 15.
Which is not a true statement ?
(i) Marginal utility decreases at an increasing rate
(ii) Marginal utility decreases at decreasing rate
(iii) Margila utility can be zero
(iv) Marginal utility can be negative
Answer:
(i) Marginal utility decreases at an increasing rate

Question 16.
Which statement is correct ?
(i) Marginal utility is the sum of total utilities.
(ii) Marginal utility is derived from the last unit.
(iii) Rate of change of Marginal Utility is the total utility.
(iv) Marginal Utility is the utility derived from additional unit.
Answer:
(iv)Marginal Utility is the utility derived from additional unit.

Question 17.
Marginal utility refers to
(i) Utility from the last unit
(ii) Utility from the additional unit
(iii) Utility from the first unit
(iv) None of the above
Answer:
(iii) Utility from the first unit

Question 18.
If marginal utility is zero, total utility is
(i) Maximum
(ii) Zero
(iii) Minimum
(iv) None of the above
Answer:
(i) Maximum

Question 19.
If TU derived from 5th unit is 50 and from 4th unit it is 35, then MU from 5th unit is
(i) 95
(ii) 15
(iii) 70
(iv) 100
Answer:
(ii) 15

Question 20.
When MU is negative, total utility becomes
(i) negative
(ii) Positive
(iii) decreases
(iv) increases
Answer:
(iii) decreases

Question 21.
Which of following is correct ?
(i) MU_n = TU_n – TU_n-1
(ii) MU_n = TU_n+1 – TU_n-1
(iii) MU_n – TU_n-1 – TU_n
(iv) MU_n – TU_n-1 – TU_n+1
Answer:
(i) MU_n = TU_n – TU_n-1

Question 22.
Which is not true is case of Total Utility ?
(i) Total Utility can never be zero.
(ii) Total utility increases with an increasing rate.
(iii) Total utility increases with a decreasing rate;
(iv) All of the above
Answer:
(i) Total Utility can never be zero.

Question 23.
Which statement is true ?
(i) Marginal utility determines price
(ii) Marginal utility may always be positive ?
(iii) Marginal utility can never be zero
(iv) Marginal utility is always equal to total utility
Answer:
(i) Marginal utility determines price

Question 24.
Demand for a goods refers to willingness to buy a good backed by
(i) ability to pay the price
(ii) ability to earn more income
(iii) adequate desire
(iv) All of the above
Answer:
(i) ability to pay the price

Question 25.
Demand for a good should always be quoted with
(i) income
(ii) Price
(iii) price of related goods
(iv) All of the above
Answer:
(ii) Price

Question 26.
Demand is different from desire in the sense that
(i) Desire is not backed by ability to pay the price
(ii) Desire does not show willingness to buy
(iii) Desire does not indicate consumers preference
(iv) All of the above
Answer:
(iv) All of the above

Question 27.
Which is a factor that influences demand ?
(i) price of a goods
(ii) income of the consumer
(iii) price of related goods
(iv) All of the above
Answer:
(iv) All of the above

Question 28.
The phrase ‘ceteris paribus’ implies.
(i) Other things should be simultaneously changed
(ii) The required factors should change
(iii) All other factors excluding desired factors should remain constant
(iv) All of the above
Answer:
(iii) All other factors excluding desired factors should remain constant

Question 29.
Other things remaining constant if income of the consumer increases, the quantity demand
(i) increases
(ii) decreases
(iii) not attacted
(iv) only price affects
Answer:
(i) increases

Question 30.
In case of an inferior goods, if the price-level falls its quantity demanded
(i) increases
(ii) decreases
(iii) remains unchanged
(iv) None of the above
Answer:
(ii) decreases

Question 31.
Price remaining constant, if we anticipate future rise in prices, the quantity demanded of that good
(i) remains constant
(ii) increases
(iii) decreases
(iv) can not say
Answer:
(ii) increases

Question 32.
If the priceof petrol rises, the demand for car
(i) increases
(ii) decreases
(iii) remains constant
(iv) Both (i) and (ii)
Answer:
(ii) decreases

Question 33.
If price of coffee increases, the quantity demanded of tea
(i) increases
(ii) decreases
(iii) remains constant
(iv) Both (i) and (ii)
Answer:
(i) increases

Question 34.
According to law of demand, usual relationship between price & quantity demanded of a good shows
(i) inverse relationship
(ii) proportional relationship
(iii) direct relationship
(iv) Both(i) & (ii)
Answer:
(i) inverse relationship

Question 35.
Demand curve & demand schedule give the same information on law of demand; but they differ in one respect that is
(i) Demand schdule is in tabular form
(ii) Demand schdule is a numerical analysis
(iii) Demand schedule is of two types
(iv) All of the above
Answer:
(ii) Demand schdule is a numerical analysis

Question 36.
The usual shape of demand curve is
(i) upward sloping
(ii) vertical straight line
(iii) downward sloping
(iv) Horizontal straight line
Answer:
(iii) downward sloping

Question 37.
Demand curve has a negative slope because of
(i) Direct of relationship between price & quantity demanded
(ii) Inverse relationship between price & quantity demanded
(iii) proportional relationship between price & quantity demanded
(iv) All of the above
Answer:
(ii) Inverse relationship between price & quantity demanded

Question 38.
The demand curve describes the inverse relationship between
(i) price & quantity demanded
(ii) income & quantity demanded
(iii) price of related goods & quantity demanded
(iv) All of the above
Answer:
(i) price & quantity demanded

Question 39.
The effect of change in income on quantity demanded of a good is called
(i) price effect
(ii) income effect
(iii) substitution effect
(iv) All of the above
Answer:
(ii) income effect

Question 40.
Change in demand takes place due to
(i) change in price
(ii) change in income
(iii) change in other things
(iv) All of the above
Answer:
(iii) change in other things

Question 41.
In change in demand, the demand curve
(i) remains unchanged
(ii) Shifts upward
(iii) shifts down ward
(iv) either shifts upward or downward
Answer:
(iv) either shifts upward or downward

Question 42.
In case of increase in demand, more is demanded at
(i) higher price
(ii) same price
(iii) At lower price
(iv) All of the above
Answer:
(ii) same price

Question 43.
The law of demand does not operate in ease of
(i) Giffen goods
(ii) inferior goods
(iii) prestigious goods
(iv) All of the above
Answer:
(iv) All of the above

Question 44.
The degree of sensitiveness of demand due to change in price of a good is called
(i) change in demand
(ii) change in quantity demanded
(iii) elasticity of demand
(iv) All of the above
Answer:
(iii) elasticity of demand

Question 45.
Elasticity of demand of a good measures
(i) change in demand
(ii) proportionate change in demand as a result of proportionate change in price
(iii) percentage change in demand as a result of precentage change in price
(iv) Both (ii) and (iii)
Answer:
(iv) Both (ii) and (iii)

Question 46.
The elasticity of demand is always
(i) positive
(ii) negative
(iii) zero
(iv) All of the above
Answer:
(ii) negative

Question 47.
The Ed is always negative because of –
(i) inverse relationship between price & quantity demanded
(ii) proportional relationship between price & quantity demanded
(iii) direct relationship between price & quantity demanded
(iv) All of the above
Answer:
(i) inverse relationship between price & quantity demanded

Question 48.
In case of perfectly elastic demand, the demand curve becomes
(i) vertical straight line
(ii) horizontal straight line
(iii) downward sloping
(iv) Upward sloping
Answer:
(ii) horizontal straight line

Question 49.
The value of perfectly elastic demand is
(i) 0
(ii) +1
(iii) ∞
(iv) -1
Answer:
(iii) ∞

Question 50.
In case of perfectly inelastic demand, the demand curve takes the shape of a
(i) Horizontal straight line
(ii) Downward sloping
(iii) Vertical straight line
(iv) Upward sloping
Answer:
(iii) Vertical straight line

Question 51.
The value of perfectly inelastic demand is
(i) 0
(ii) -1
(iii) +1
(iv) ∞
Answer:
(i) 0

Question 52.
If any given change in price leads to proportionate change in quantity demanded, the demand is said to be
(i) relatively more elastic
(ii) relatively len elastic
(iii) unit elastic
(iv) perfectly elastic
Answer:
(iii) unit elastic

Question 53.
If the price of a goods falls by 25% & quantity demanded of a goods increases by 50%, its demand is said to be
(i) more elastic
(ii) less elastic
(iii) unit elastic
(iv) perfectly elastic
Answer:
(i) more elastic

Question 54.
If the price of a goods falls by 20% but its quantity demanded increases by 10% its demand is said to be
(i) elastic
(ii) inelastic
(iii) unit elastic
(iv) Both (i) and (ii)
Answer:
(ii) inelastic

Question 55.
If the price of a goods falls by 25% & the proportion of income spent on that goods is 35%, the demand for the goods is
(i) elastic
(ii) inelastic
(iii) zero elastic
(iv) cannot say
Answer:
(i) elastic

Question 56.
If the price of a good falls by 10% & the expenditure spent on the goods is 5% the demand is
(i) elastic
(ii) inelastic
(iii) more elastic
(iv) All of the above
Answer:
(ii) inelastic

Question 57.
If a good has a number of substitutes, its demand becomes
(i) elastic
(ii) inelastic
(iii) perfectly elastic
(iv) perfectly inelastic
Answer:
(i) elastic

Question 58.
The demand for petrol is elastic because
(i) it has multiple use
(ii) it has no substitute
(iii) it is used for vehicle
(iv) All of the above
Answer:
(i) it has multiple use

Question 59.
The elasticity of demand for electricity is
(i) more inelastic
(ii) more elastic
(iii) perfectly elastic
(iv) none of the above
Answer:
(ii) more elastic

Question 60.
Which is not a determinant of elasticity of demand ?
(i) Supply of a good
(ii) Cost of production
(iii) Alternative uses of goods
(iv) All of the above
Answer:
(i) Supply of a good

II. Fill in the blanks :

Question 1.
Law of demand reflects the ____ relationship between price of a goods and its quantity demanded.
Answer:
inverse

Question 2.
Demand for any goods refers to the willingness and ability of the consumer for having that goods at a given ____ during a particular time period.
Answer:
price

Question 3.
Demand for any goods is always expressed with the ____of that goods.
Answer:
price

Question .
Demand is a ____ function.
Answer:
multi-valued

Question 5.
Demand for tea ____ with a fall in price of coffee.
Answer:
decreases

Question 6.
Demand for motor-bike ____ with a fall in price of petrol.
Answer:
increases

Question 7.
Price remains unchanged, the demand for goods ____ if the income of the consumer increases.
Answer:
increases

Question 8.
The demand for the commodity goes ____, if the consumers have no taste of the commodity.
Answer:
down

Question 9.
The demand for the old fashioned items ____ with a fall in price of them.
Answer:
diminishes

Question 10.
The demand of cold drinks ____ during winter in spite of a fall in price of it.
Answer:
decreases

Question 11.
According to Law of Demand ____ is purchased at lower price and vice-versa.
Answer:
more

Question 12.
Demand schedule and demand curve provide ____ information.
Answer:
same

Question 13.
Demand curve has a ____ slope.
Answer:
negative

Question 14.
Demand for Giffen’s goods ____ with a fall in its price.
Answer:
decreases

Question 15.
Demand curve for Giffen’s goods is ____ sloping.
Answer:
upward

Question 16.
A change in quantity demanded as a result of change in price of goods is known as ____ of demand.
Answer:
Extension or contraction

Question 17.
The demand curve for a normal goods is a ____ hyperbola.
Answer:
rectangular

Question 18.
Elasticity of demands shows the magnitude of change in demand as a result of change in ____
Answer:
price

Question 19.
In case of perfectly elastic demand the demand curve becomes a ____ straight line.
Answer:
horizontal

Question 20.
In case of perfectly inelastic demand, a fall in price of the goods leads to ____ change in quantity demanded.
Answer:
no

Question 21.
The numerical value of ____ elastic demand is equal to 1.
Answer:
unit

Question 22.
The demand for diamond to a rich person is ____
Answer:
inelastic

Question 23.
The demand for tea is found to be more ____
Answer:
elastic

Question 24.
Demand is ____ for goods having multiple uses.
Answer:
elastic

Question 25.
The demand for medicines is ____ elastic (inelastic)
Answer:
less

Question 26.
The demand is inelastic for ____ income groups.
Answer:
higher

Question 27.
The demand for low priced items is ____
Answer:
inelastic.

Question 28.
The demand for newspaper is ____
Answer:
inelastic.

Question 29.
If a change in demand is followed by proportional change in price, elasticity of demand is ____
Answer:
unitary.

III. Correct the Sentences:

Question 1.
Demand is a single valued function.
Answer:
Incorrect.
Correct : Demand is a multi-valued function.

Question 2.
Demand refers to only the quantity of a good purchased.
Answer:
Incorrect.
Correct: Demand refers to the quantity of goods purchased at a given price during a particular time period.

Question 3.
Demand for any goods is high because price is high.
Answer:
Incorrect.
Correct: Demand for any goods is high because price is low.

Question 4.
Demand for any goods determines its price.
Answer:
Incorrect.
Correct: Price of any goods determines its demand.

Question 5.
Demand for a goods & its price are directly related.
Answer:
Incorrect.
Correct: Demand for a goods & its price are inversely related.

Question 6.
Law of demand describes the inverse relationship between price & quantity demanded.
Answer:
Correct.

Question 7.
In law of demand, changes in quantity demanded is the cause & change in price is the effect.
Answer:
Incorrect.
Correct: In law of demand, change in price is the cause & change in quantity demanded is the effect.

Question 8.
Demand schedule contains the list of goods only.
Answer:
Incorrect.
Correct: Demand schedule contains the list of price & quantities of goods.

Question 9.
Market demand schedule is the sum of indiviaul demand schedules.
Answer:
Correct.

Question 10.
The demand curve is positively sloped.
Answer:
Incorrect
Correct: The demand curve is negatively sloped.

Question 11.
The demand schedule & demand curve provide same information.
Answer:
Correct.

Question 12.
Demand curve is a graphical representation of demand schedule.
Answer:
Correct

Question 13.
When demand for a goods decreases its price falls.
Answer:
Incorrect.
Correct: When price of a goods decreases its demand increases.

Question 14.
In law of demand, the price depends on quantity demanded.
Answer:
Incorrect.
Correct: In law of demand quantity demanded depends on the price.

Question 15.
If price of the substitute goods falls, the quantity demanded of the goods increases.
Answer:
Incorrect.
Correct: If the price of the substitute good falls the quantity demanded of the goods decreases.

Question 16.
It price of petrol rises, the use of car decreases.
Answer:
Correct.

Question 17.
In change in quantity demanded, the demand curve shifts either upward or downward.
Answer:
Incorrect.
Correct: In change in demand, the demand curve shifts either upward or downward.

Question 18.
It price of tea falls, the demand for coffee falls.
Answer:
Correct

Question 19.
In extension of demand, more is demanded at same price.
Answer:
Incorrect
Correct: In increase in demand, more is demanded at same price.

Question 20.
If the income of the consumer increases, the demand for the goods increases.
Answer:
Correct

Question 21.
Demand for Giffen goods increases if its price falls.
Answer:
Incorrect.
Correct: Demand for Giffen goods decrease if its price falls.

Question 22.
Elasticity of demand is a quatitative concept
Answer:
Incorrect
Correct: Elasticity of demand is a quantitative concept.

Question 23.
Elasticity of demand is always negative.
Answer:
Correct.

Question 24.
Elasticity of demand varies from +1 to -1.
Answer:
Incorrect.
Correct: Elasticity of demand varies from 0 to ∞.

Question 25.
In perfectly elastic demand, the demand curve is a vertical straight line.
Answer:
Incorrect
Correct: In perfectly elastic demand, the demand curve is horizontal straight line.

Question 26.
The co-efficient of elasticity is zero when demand is less elastic.
Answer:
Incorrect.
Correct: The co-efficient of elasticity is zero when demand is perfectly inelastic.

Question 27.
If given change in price leads to proportionate change in quantity demanded, the demand is more elastic.
Answer:
Incorrect
Correct: If given change in price leads to proportionate change in quantity demanded, the demand is unit elastic.

Question 28.
Demand for necessaries is inelastic.
Answer:
Correct

Question 29.
The demand for match box is elastic.
Answer:
Incorrect
Correct: The demand for match box is inelastic.

Question 30.
Demand for luxuries is elastic.
Answer:
Correct.

Question 31.
Deman for tea is inelastic.
Answer:
Incorrect
Correct: Demand for tea is elastic.

Question 32.
Demand for goods having more substitutes is elastic.
Answer:
Correct

Question 33.
Coal has high elastic demand.
Answer:
Correct.

Question 34.
Goods having multiple uses has inelastic demand
Answer:
Incorrect
Correct: Goods having multiple uses has elastic demand.

Question 35.
The demand for high priced goods is elastic.
Answer:
Correct

Question 36.
The demand for wine in case of a drunkard is inelastic.
Answer:
Correct

Question 37.
The demand for medicine is elastic.
Answer:
Incorrect
Correct: The demand for medicine is inelastic.

Question 38.
Demand for salt is elastic.
Answer:
Incorrect
Correct: Demand for salt is inelastic.

Question 39.
The demand for goods whose consumption can be postponed is more elastic.
Answer:
Correct

Question 40.
‘Elasticity demand is always negative.
Answer:
Correct

Question 41.
If total expenditure spent on a goods remains same after fall in its price, the demand is unit elastic
Answer:
Correct.

IV. Answer the following questions in one word / One sentence:

Question 1.
What is demand?
Answer:
Demand refers to willingness to buy a goods backed by ability to pay the price at a particular time period.

Question 2.
What is difference between demand & desire ?
Answer:
Demand is the willingness to buy & ability to pay the price but desire is the willingness to buy.

Question 3.
What is demand function ?
Answer:
Demand is a multi-valued function which establishes functional & inverse relationship between price of a goods, other non-pricing factor & quantity demanded.

Question 4.
Which is an independent variable in demand function ?
Answer:
Price of the goods is the independent variable in demand function.

Question 5.
What is direct demand ?
Answer:
The demand for those goods & services which yields diret satisfaction is called direct demand.

Question 6.
What type of demand is the demand for raw material ?
Answer:
Demand for raw material is a derived demand.

Question 7.
What is “Law of demand” ?
Answer:
Law of demand states that “other thing remaining constant amount demanded increases with the fall in price & vice-versa.”

Question 8.
What do you mean by “Ceteris-Paribus” ?
Answer:
Ceteris-Paribus means an unchanged situation or “other thing remaining unchanged”.

Question 9.
What is composite demand ?
Answer:
Demand not for one purpose but for so many purposes is called composite demand ?

Question 10.
What is competitive demand ?
Answer:
Demand for substitutes is competitive demand.

Question 11.
What are the variables in law of demand ?
Answer:
There are two variable like price of goods & quantity demanded in law of demand.

Question 12.
What is demand schedule ?
Answer:
Demand schedule is a tabular expression showing various quantities of a goods purchased or demanded at different price-level.

Question 13.
What is a demand curve ?
Answer:
Demand curve is a graphical illustration of demand schedule which slopes downward from left to right showing an inverse relationship between price & quantity demanded of a goods.

Question 14.
What is the slope of demand curve ?
Answer:
Demand curve is slopes downward from left to right.

Question 15.
What is a substitute goods ?
Answer:
A good can be a substitute of other if both the goods can satsify common wants.

Question 16.
Write two determinants of demand ?
Answer:
Price of related goods & income of the consumer.

Question 17.
What happens to demand for good if the income of the consumer increases ?
Answer:
The demand for goods increases if the income of the consumer increases.

Question 18.
What happens to demand for a good if the price of its substitutes falls ?
Answer:
The demand for good decreases if the price of its substitute falls.

Question 19.
Under what circumstances, the demand curve shifts ?
Answer:
The Demand curve shifts either upward or downward if there is change in the factors other than the price.

Question 20.
What is a Giffen goods ?
Answer:
Giffen goods are those inferior goods for which law of demand does not operate.

Question 21.
What happens to demand for good if its price is expected to rise in future ?
Answer:
The demand for goods increases if its price is expected to rise in future.

Question 22.
What do you mean by change in demand ?
Answer:
Change in demand refers to increase or decrease in demand because of change in factors like price of related goods, income of the consumer, population, taste & preference etc.

Question 23.
What do you mean by conspicuous consumption’ ?
Answer:
Conspicuous consumption refers to the consumption of prestigious goods.

Question 24.
What is the normal shape of demand curve ?
Answer:
Normally a demand curve slopes downward from left to right.

Question 25.
Write two exceptions of law of demand ?
Answer:
Law of demand does not operate in case of Giffen goods & prestigious goods.

Question 26.
Which economic device measures the quantitative change in demand due to change in price ?
Answer:
Elasticity of demand.

Question 27.
What is elasticity of demand ?
Answer:
Elasticity of demand refers to degree of responsiveness of quantity demanded as a result of given change in price.

Question 28.
What does elasticity of demand measure ?
Answer:
Elasticity of demand quantifies the effect of change in price of a goods on the quantity demanded.

Question 29.
How can be the elasticity of demand measured ?
Answer:
Elasticity of demand can be measured by the ratio of proportionate change in quantity demanded to proportionate change in price.

Question 30.
Why is elasticity demand always negative ?
Answer:
Elasticity of demand is always negative because of inverse relationship between price & quantity demanded of a good.

Question 31.
What is limit of the value of elasticity of demand ?
Answer:
The value of elasticity of demand varies from 0 to ∞.

Question 32.
What is the shape of demand curve in case of perfectly elastic demand.
Answer:
In perfectly elastic demand, the demand curve becomes a horizontal straight line.

Question 33.
In which case, the elasticity of demand is zero ?
Answer:
In case of perfectly inelastic demand, the elasticity of demand is zero

Question 34.
What is the elasticity demand for a goods whose demand does not change due to change in price ?
Answer:
The demand for the goods is perefectly inelastic if its demand does not change due to change in price.

Question 35.
If a small changes in price leads to a fall in quantity demanded, state if demand is elastic or inelastic ?
Answer:
If a small changes in price leads to fall in quantity demanded, the demand is elastic.

Question 36.
If any given change in price leads to proportionate change in quantity demanded, state what type of elasticity of demand it is ?
Answer:
If any given change in price leads to proportionate change in quantity demanded it is a case of unit elastic demand.

Question 37.
What is elasticity of demand if the demand does not change due to change in price.
Answer:
The demand for the goods is perefectly inelastic if its demand does not change due to change in price.

Question 38.
What is elasticity of demand for a Newspaper ?
Answer:
The elasticity of demand for the newspapers is inelastic.

Question 39.
What is elasticity of demand for necessary & luxuries ?
Answer:
The demand for necessary is inelastic where for the lusuries it is elastic.

Question 40.
Give an example of a good whose demand is inelastic
Answer:
Salt.

Question 41.
What is the elasticity of demand for a good having substitutes ?
Answer:
The demand for the goods having substitutes is more elastic.

Question 42.
What is the elasticity demand for a goods having alternative uses.
Answer:
The demand for the goods having alternative uses is elastic.

Question 43.
If total expenditure spent on a goods remains same after fall in its price, state what type of elasticity of demand it is ?
Answer:
If total expenditure spent on a goods remains same after fall in its price, the demand for that goods is unit elastic.

Question 44.
If total expenditure spent on a goods increases after fall in its price, state what type of elasticity of demand it is ?
Answer:
The demand is relatively more elastic.

Odisha State Board BSE Odisha 7th Class Sanskrit Solutions Chapter 2 ‘ଇ’ କାରାନ୍ତସ୍ତୀଲିଙ୍ଗଃ Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

BSE Odisha Class 7 Sanskrit Solutions Chapter 2 ‘ଇ’ କାରାନ୍ତସ୍ତୀଲିଙ୍ଗଃ

पठतु (ପଠତୁ) ପଢ଼ନ୍ତୁ

१.

कंटि: (କଟିଂ) ଅଣ୍ଟା

मूर्ति : (ମୂର୍ତ୍ତି) ପ୍ରତିମା

आटि: (ଆଟିଂ) ବତକ

प्रणतिः (ପ୍ରଣତଃ) ପ୍ରଣାମ

२. योजयतु
(ଯୋଜୟତୁ) ଯୋଗ କରନ୍ତୁ

उत्तर :

३. परिचयं ददातु
(ପରିଚୟଂ ଦଦାତୁ) ପରିଚୟ ଦିଅନ୍ତୁ ।

उत्तर :
(क) प्रणति:
(କ) ପ୍ରଣତଃ

(ख) आटि:
(ଖ) ଆଟିଂ

(ग) वेणि:
(ଗ) ବେଣି

(घ) कलि:
(ଘ) କଳି

४. शून्यस्थानं पूररयतु
(ଶୂନ୍ୟସ୍ଥାନଂ ପୂରୟତୁ) ଶୂନ୍ୟସ୍ଥାନ ପୂରଣ କର ।

(क) आव ______ ।
(କ) ଆବ ______।
उत्तर :
(क) आवलि:।
(କ) ଆବହିଃ ।

(ख) रा ______ ।
(ଖ) ରା ______।
उत्तर :
(ख) रात्रि:।

(ग) प्र ______ ति:।
(ଗ) ପ୍ର______ ନିଃ ।
उत्तर :
(ग) प्रणतिः।
(ଗ) ପ୍ରଣତଃ ।

(घ) ______ लि:।
(ଘ) _______ ନିଃ ।
उत्तर :
(घ) आलि:
(ଘ) ଆଳି ।

(ङ) कृ ______।
(ଚ) ______ ଥିଃ।
उत्तर :
(ङ) कृतिः
(ଙ) କୃତିଃ ।

(च) ______ शि:।
(ଙ) କ ______ ।
उत्तर :
(च) वीथि:।
(ବ) ବୀଥ୍ ।

५. शुद्धपदं लिखतु
(ଶୁଦ୍ଧପଦଂ ଲିଖନ୍ତୁ)

ଶୁଦ୍ଧପଦ ଲେଖନ୍ତୁ:

यथा – लि: डुं अ = अझुलि:
ଯଥା – ନିଃ ଗୁ ଅ = ଅଙ୍ଗୁଳି
तथा (ତଥା) :

(क) ष्टि: दृ
(କ) ଷ୍ଟି ଦୃ
उत्तर :
(क) दृष्टि:
(କ) ଦୃଷ୍ଟି

(ख) क्ति: भ
(ଖ) ନିଃ ଭ
उत्तर :
(ख) भक्तिः
(ଖ) ଭକ୍ତି

(ग) तिःनी
(ଗ) ତିଃ ନୀ
उत्तर :
(ग) नीति:
(ଗ) ନୀତିଃ

(घ) लि: व आ
(ଘ) ନିଃ ବ ଆ
उत्तर :
(घ) आवलि:
(ଘ) ଆବଳି

(ङ) टि: क
(ଙ) ନିଃ କ
उत्तर :
(ङ) कटि:
(ଙ) କଟିଂ

(च) र्ति: मू
(ଚ) ତିଃ ମୂ
उत्तर :
(च) मूर्ति:
(ଚ) ମୂର୍ତି

अतिरिक्त प्रश्नोत्तरम्
(ଅତିରିକ୍ତ ପ୍ରଶ୍ନୋତ୍ତରମ୍)

१. मातृभाषया अनुवादं कुरुत।

(क) विपणि:
उत्तर :
ଦୋକାନ

(ख) कटि:
उत्तर :
ଅ ।

(ग) आटि:
उत्तर :
ବତକ

(घ) रात्रि:
उत्तर :
ରାତି

(ङ) कलि:
उत्तर :
କଢ

(च) अड़ुलि:
उत्तर :
ଅଙ୍ଗୁଳି

(छ) प्रणतिः
उत्तर :
ପ୍ରଣାମ

२. एकपदेन उत्तरं लिखत।

(क) आवलि: इति पदस्य कोउर्थः ?
उत्तर :
ଫଲ୍ଲି

(ख) विथि: इति पदस्य मोऽर्थ: ?
उत्तर :
ମାର୍ଗ

(ग) कलिः इति पदस्य कोऽर्थ: ?
उत्तर :
କଳିକା

(घ) कटि: इति पदस्य कोऽर्थ: ?
उत्तर :
କଟିଦେଶଃ

(ङ) प्रणतिः इति पदस्य कोऽर्थः ?
उत्तर :
ପ୍ରଣାମ

(च) आटि: इति पदस्य कोऽर्थः ?
उत्तर :
ପକ୍ଷୀ

(छ) शनिः इति पदस्य कोऽर्थः ?
उत्तर :
ଖଣି

३. शून्यस्थानं पूरयत ।

(क) ___ णतिः (प, प्र)
उत्तर :
ପ୍ର

(ख) वि ___ णि: (प्र, प)
उत्तर :
ପ୍ର

(ग) ___ अडुलिः (आ, अ)
उत्तर :
ଅ

(घ) घ ___ नि (मा, म)
उत्तर :
ମ

(ङ) युव ___ (ती, तिः)
उत्तर :
ତିଃ

(छ) आ ___ तिः (कु, कृ)
उत्तर :
କୃ

(सं) सं ___ तिः (स्कु, स्कृ)
उत्तर :
ସ୍କୃ

४. संसोधन कुरुत।

(क) आड्गुलि:
उत्तर :
ଅଙ୍ଗୁଳି

(ख) कली
उत्तर :
କଳି

(ग) वेणी
उत्तर :
ବେଣି

(घ) आवलि
उत्तर :
ଆବହିଃ

(ङ) कटी
उत्तर :
କହିଃ

‘इ’ कारान्तस्त्रीलिङ्गः କାରାନ୍ତ-ପୁଲିଙ୍ଗ (‘ଇ’ କାରାନ୍ତ ସ୍ତ୍ରୀଲିଙ୍ଗ

दृष्टि: (ଦୃଷ୍ଟି) ଦୃଷ୍ଟି

कलि: (କଳି) କଢ଼

वेणी (ବେଣୀ) ବେଣୀ

रात्रि: (ରାତ୍ରୀ) ରାତି

वृंष्टि: (ବୃଷ୍ଟି) ବର୍ଷା

विपणि: (ବିପଣି) ବଜାର

वीथि: (ବୀୟଃ) ସଡ଼କ

अड्गुलि: (ଅଙ୍ଗୁଳି) ଆଙ୍ଗୁଠି

Odisha State Board CHSE Odisha Class 12 Economics Solutions Chapter 3 Laws of Consumption Questions and Answers.

CHSE Odisha 12th Class Economics Chapter 3 Question Answer Laws of Consumption

Group – A

Short type Questions with Answers
I. Answer within Two/Three sentence.

Question 1.
What is Consumption ?
Answer:
Consumption refers to the use of goods & services for the satisfaction of human wants. So when a good is consumed its wants satisfying power (utility) is destroyed.

Question 2.
What happens to Total Utility when marginal Utility is zero ?
Answer:
Marginal utility is the additional utility derived from an extra unit consumed. So when the additional units are continuously consumed, the marginal utility goes on diminishing but the total utility goes on increasing at an diminfshing rate. Hence, when marginal utility becomes zero, total utility is maximum.

Question 3.
What happens to Total Utility when marginal utility is negative ?
Answer:
Marginal utility is the addition made to the total utility caused an one extra unit of a good consumed. When marginal utility is negative, it does not add to the total utility rather subtracts it from total utility. So total utility diminishes.

Question 4.
What is Total utility ?
Answer:
Marginal utility is the additional utility derived from the successive units of a good. With continuous consumption, the additional utility (Marginal utility) derived goes on diminishing which is added to the total utility. Thus total utility is the sum of marginal utilities.

Question 5.
What is the nature of Marginal utility ?
Answer:
On account of increase in level of consumption, the intensity of wants for that goods diminises. So the marginal utility diminishes.

Question 6.
What is the slope of Marginal utility curve ?
Answer:
Marginal utility goes on diminishing withincrease in consumption of additional units of a goods. So marginal utility curve slopes downward.

Question 7.
What happens to total utility becomes when marginal utility is zero ?
Ans. The marginal utility derived from a goods becomes zero when he consumes the required units of that good to maximise his satisfaction. So total utility becomes maximum when MU is zero.

Question 8.
Explain the Marginal utility of money.
Answer:
Money is not a commodity rather it represents a bundle of goods & also having generalised purchasing power. So MU of money can never be zero.

Question 9.
Describe the relationship between price of a commodity and Marginal Utility.
Answer:
A consumer prefers to pay the price on the basis of wants satisfying power of a commodity. So price of a commodity is equal to MU.

Question 10.
What is Marginal Utility ?
Answer:
Marginal utility refers to the addition made to the total utility caused by an increase in one additional unit of a good consumed. It is the utility derived from the extra unit of a good consumed. Marginal utility is otherwise expressed as the rate of change of total utility caused by an extra unit consumed. So MUn = TU_n – TU_n-1

Question 11.
Marginal Utility of Money.
Answer:
Money represents a bundle of commodities Hence, the basic nature of marginal utility does not apply to money. It implies that marginal utility derived from the possession of additional unit of money does not diminish as it possesses a generalised, purchasing power.

II. Answer within Five/Six sentence:

Question 1.
What is Marginal utility?
Answer:
Marginal Utility refers to the addition made to the total utility caused by an increase of one additional unit of a commodity consumed. Thus, marginal utility indicates the rate of change of total utility on account of the consumption of one additional unit of a commodity.
i. e. MU_n = TU_n – TU_n-1
Where, MU_n → Marginal utility derived from n’th units of a goods.
TU_n → Total utility derived from n’th unit of a goods,
n → No. of Units of goods consumed.
Marginal utility derived from various units of a goods goes on diminishing with every increase in the additional units consumed. Thus marginal utility curve bears a negative slope.

Question 2.
What is Total Utility ?
Answer:
Total Utility refers to the sum of utilities derived from all the units of a goods consumed. In other words, it is nothing but the sum of marginal utilities derived from different units of a particular goods.
i. e. TU_n = Σ₁MU_n
The very nature of total utility reflects that it increases with the increase in the number of units consumed but at a diminishing rate. Total utility becomes maximum when marginal utility is found to be zero and it starts diminishing when marginal utility is negative.

Question 3.
What is the relationship between Marginal Utility and Total Utility ?
Answer:
Marginal Utility derived from a goods goes on diminishing when the consumer increases the level of consumption of that goods. But in this case, the total utility increases at a diminishing rate. Secondly, total utility derived from a goods is maximum when marginal utility derived from that goods becomes zero. Thirdly, total utility derived from a goods starts diminishing if the marginal utility from such goods becomes negative. Lastly, the marginal utility derived from a goods may be positive or negative but the total utility may not be negative.

Question 4.
State the relationship between Marginal Utility and Price.
Answer:
The Law of Diminishing Marginal Utility reveals that the consumer will derive less and less satisfaction (utility) from the consumption of successive units of a commodity. In other words, the marginal utility of a commodity diminishes with the increase in the stock of a commodity. On the other hand, the price to be paid for a commodity measures the utility. As such, the consumer shall be reluctant to pay the same price for all the units purchased or consumed due to the declining nature of the marginal utility. So the consumer prepares to purchase the various units of a particular commodity by comparing the utility derived and the price paid for it. So long as the price in the market is less than the utility derived, the consumer has a gain over it and at best, he will go on purchasing the various units of that commodity till the marginal utility derived is equal to its price. At this point the consumer prefers to stop purchasing.

Question 5.
Law of Diminishing Marginal Utility is not applicable to money. Explain.
Answer:
Money represents generalised purchasing power. It does not represent a particular commodity; rather it has a command over a bundle of commodities. This is the reason why the law of diminishing marginal utility is of slow application in case of money. In other words, the marginal utility diminishes comparatively slowly in case of money. But in practical field, one can realise the application of law of diminishing marginal utility in case of money, A man having more stock of money (rich man) is not cautious of spending the money as in case of poor man. But in case of a poor man, a unit of money has greater importance. Thus, for poor man having less stock of money, marginal utility seems to be greater in comparison to that of the rich man with more stock of money.

Question 6.
Explain the relationship between Marginal Utility and Total Utility.
Answer:
Marginal Utility refers to the addition made to the total utility caused by an increase in one more unit consumed. Total utility, on the other hand, is the sum of marginal utilities derived form the consumption of all the units. As the person consumes more and more units of a particular commodity, the marginal utility declines while the total utility increases at a diminishing rate. When marginal utility is found to be zero, total utility becomes maximum. When marginal utility is negative, total utility diminishes.

Question 7.
Total Utility increases at a diminishing rate if consumption of a good increases.
Answer:
The law of diminishing marginal utility is based on the characteristic of human wants, that is, a particular want is satiable. When a person goes on consuming more and more units of a particular commodity, the satisfaction derived from the successive units goes on diminishing. The successive units yield less and less satisfaction. Total utility is the aggregate of marginal utilities derived from the consumption of all the units. Therefore, total utilities increases at a diminishing rate.

Question 8.
‘Law of Equi-marginal Utility’ is otherwise called ‘Law of Substitution’. Why ?
Answer:
As per the law of equi-marginal utility, the consumer attains equilibrium when the marginal utility derived from the last rupee spent on each commodity is equal. If the marginal utility derived from goods Aand B is MUA and MUB respectively and the price of A and B is PA and PB, then law of equi-marginal utility is reflected as
\(\frac{\mathrm{MU}_{\mathrm{A}}}{\mathrm{P}_{\mathrm{A}}}\) = \(\frac{\mathrm{MU}_{\mathrm{B}}}{\mathrm{P}_{\mathrm{B}}}\)
If the fraction deviates from each other i.e., \(\frac{\mathrm{MU}_{\mathrm{A}}}{\mathrm{P}_{\mathrm{A}}}\) = \(\frac{\mathrm{MU}_{\mathrm{B}}}{\mathrm{P}_{\mathrm{B}}}\) the consumer will then substitute goods A for B in order to restore the above equality. That’s why, the law is otherwise called as law of substitution

Question 9.
Consumers, Equilibrium.
Answer:
Equilibrium is general sense refers to the “state of balance” & hence it is free from fluctuation. In this sense, a consumer attains equilibrium when he does not have any tendency either to increase or to decrease the level of consumption. Thus, a consumer shall be in equilibrium when he derives maximum satisfaction from the existing level of consumption. According to law of Equi-marginal utility, a consumer is in equilibrium or derives maximum satisfaction when marginal utility derived from various goods stall be equal or marginal utility derived from various goods shall be proportional to its price.

Question 10.
Consumption.
Answer:
Consumption is the initial process for the satisfaction of human wants. Consumption refers to the use of goods & services for the satisfaction of human wants. A consumer consumes a good because of its utility which is destroyed in the process of consumption. Thus, the destruction of utility is the result of consumption. Hence, consumption is viewed as the destruction of utility.

Question 11.
Marginal Utility & Total Utility.
Answer:

• Marginal utility is the addition made to the total utility caused by an increase in one extra unit possessed. Total utility is the sum of utilities derived from all the successive units.
• Marginal utility is the rate of change of total utility due to the consumption of one additional unit. Total utility is the sum of marginal utilities.
• At the intial stage, both the marginal & total utility are found to be equal.
• When marginal utility is zero, total utility is maximum.
• When marginal utility is negative, total utility declines.
• Marginal utility declines with the increase in the level of consumption but total utility increases at a diminishing rate.

Group – B

Long Type Questions With Answers

Question 1.
What is consumption in Economics ? Point out its importance.
Answer:
Meaning of consumption- Consumption is the pivot of all economic activities. In economic sense satisfaction of want through use of goods and services is called consumption. In order to have goods and services man has to make efforts. The urge to work comes from wants. In this sense the want for food is satisfied by having food-stuff for production of which effort is necessary. Consumption is of two types-consumption of goods and consumption of services. When consumption takes place the utilities contained in the commodities are used up and wants are satisfied. Some people observing this loss of utility in a commodity as a result of consumption define consumption as destruction of utility. But this conception of consumption is not correct always. Consumption may cause using up utilities at the point of consumption or it may take place gradually.

Consultation is of great relevance in the study of Economics. Consumption leads to production. The producers produce such things which consumers like. In this sense the consumer is treated as the king in the market. The producer decides the volume of production basing upon the consumer’s preference. The volume of consumption in our economy is an indicator of the degree of human welfare and the state of development of a country. In developed countries the standard of living is high which implies a high level of consumption and production. In under-developed countries the standard of living is low because of low level of consumption.

Consumption may be direct and indirect. Goods and services which are used directly to satisfy wants are called direct consumption. Indirect consumption refers to use of goods for further production. The former type of goods are called consumer goods and the latter type is known as investment goods. Consumption may be productive and unproductive. Productive consumption leads to increase in productivity. Unproductive consumption refers to consumption of luxuries which is wasteful.

Question 2.
State & explain the law of diminishing marginal utility with its exception ? Or, Make an analysis of law of diminishing marginal utility.
Answer:
The law of diminishing marginal utility is one of the fundamental & important laws of consumption. This law which is intially propounded by Gossen, a French engineer has been developed by Alfred Marshall later on. So this is called Gossen’s first law. This law serves as a basis for the analysis of demand.

The law of diminishing marginal utility explains an important tendency in the consumption of every commodity. When a consumer consumes the additional units of a particular goods, the marginal utility derived from those successive units goes on progressively diminishing. That’s why this law is commonly called as “Law of Diminishing marginal utility.” According to Marshall, “the additional benefit which a person derives from the given increase of his stock of a thing diminishes with every in the stock that he already has.”

This law is based on of a fundamental feature of human wants i.e. a particular want is satiable. It simply shows that when a consumer goes on consuming various units of a particular goods, the intensity of his wants for that goods gradually declines. It tells that the marginal utility derived from the additional units of a particular goods gradually falls & ultimately it becomes zero. Second fact speaks that the goods which are consumed are not perfect substitutes for each other. If so happens, one goods can satisfy a number of wants & hence the law will not operate. As the goods are not perfect substitutes for the satisfaction of various wants the law of diminishing marginal utility operates.
Illustration : The law can better be illustrated with the help of a numerical analysis.

Suppose, a consumer starts consuming different units of apples. When he consumes the first unit of the apple, he is supposed to get 30 units of utilities when he proceeds to consume second units of it, he will get 20 units of utility. Similarly, when he consumes 3rd, 4th, 5th & 6th units of the apple, he will get 15 units, 10 units, 5 units and 2 units of utility respectively. Ultimately, after consuming 7th units the marginal utility becomes zero. It simply shows that the gradual and progressive consumption of additional units of apple, the intensity of wants of the consumer towards apples is progressively declining. Furthermore, if the consumer is biased to consume the eighth units of apple, he will confront with the negative satisfaction and the marginal utility become negative (-2). This numerical notion is reflected in the following table :

Units of apple	Marginal Utility (in units)	Total Utility (in units)
1	30	30
2	20	50
3	15	65
4	10	75
5	5	80
6	2	82
7	0	82
8	-2	80

The table just reflects the theoretical illustration as mentioned above. This table reflects that the marginal utility derived from the successive units of apple goes on diminishing progressively but the total utility goes on increasing at a diminishing rate with the increase in the level of consumption. Secondly, the total utility is found to be the sum of the marginal utilities derived from the different units of the apples consumed.

Graphical Illustration : The law of diminishing marginal utility can also be graphically presented in the following manner :

The above figure measures units of the goods on OX-axis & marginal utility derived from OY-axis.
It is observed that the consumer derives 30 units of utilities by consuming 1st unit of the apple. Similarly by consuming 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, and 6th.units of apple, the consumer gets 20,15, 10, 5,2 units of utilities respectively. Furthermore, the consumer gets zero utility by consuming 7th unit of apple and utility becomes -ve (-2) after the consumer consumes the 8units.

The marginal utility curve shows a diminishing trend throughout the period of consumption & it touches the OX-axis at point ‘7’ which shows that the marginal utility derived from the seventh unit is zero & by consuming the 8th unit the consumer gets -ve utility (-2) for which the curve crosses the OX-axis. Above all, the marginal utility curve slopes downward from left to right reflecting the diminishing nature of marginal utility.

Assumptions:
The law of diminishing marginal utility is based on several assumptions. For the operation of this law, the following conditions are to be taken into consideration.
(i) Homogeneous Units : The unitsjof the goods consumed should be identical in all respect. These units must be similar in quality, quantity, size etc for the operation of the law. If the units of the goods are not homogenous, the law of diminishing marginal utility may not operate. .

(ii) Continuous Consumption : The law of diminishing marginal utility stands valid in case of continuous consumption. There should not be any time gap between the consumption of successive units. The consumption should be continuous and regular so that the law will effectively operate.

(iii) Suitable quantity or size to be consumed : The units of the goods which are consumed should be of suitable size or quantity should be suitable. The units should not be so small or quantity should not so little.

(iv) No change in taste habit, fashion etc: The taste, habit, fashion etc should remain unchanged during the period of consumption. The operation of law depends on the constancy of such factors.

(v) Mental condition of the consumers : The consumer is assumed to be rational. His mental condition should be sound & this condition should remain unchanged during the period of consumption.

(vi) No change in the price of goods : The price of the goods should remain constant. If the price of the goods falls, the consumer may consume more of it by reducing the consumption as its substitutes and as such, the law becomes invalid.

(vii) No change in the income of the consumer : The income of the consumer is assumed to be constant. If the income of the consumer changes during the period of consumption, it may influence the consumer’s-behaviour and the law may not operate

Exceptions /Limitations:
The law of diminishing marginal utility suffers from a number of exceptions or limitations. Some of the limitations are. mentioned below :

• Measurability, of Utility : The law presumes that the utility is measurable in cardinal terms. Being a subjective concept, it is impracticable to measure utility in numerical terms.
• Rare and Curious things : The law does not operate in case of the collection of rare and curious things like old coins, old stamps, rare ancient goods, painting etc. In such case, the marginal utility is never felt to be diminishing.
• Conspicuous Consumption : The consumption of those luxurious goods which displays the social status, aristocracy and social prestige of the consumer is termed as conspicuous consumption. In case of such consumption, the law does not operate.
• Indivisible goods : The operation of the law is not felt in case of the consumption of indivisible goods.
• Abnormal Persons : The law is exclusively for the rational consumers. It is not applicable to the misers, mad persons & other abnormal persons.
• Change in taste, fashion and habits : In case of the change in taste, fashion and habit, the law does not operate.
• Initial Consumption : The law does not operate in case of initial consumption. In other words, the operation of law is not realised the stage of initial consumption.

In spite of these limitations, the law of diminishing marginal utility carries tremendous significance. It acts as a basis for the analysis of demand, theory of value, consumers surplus, taxation & other fields of consumption.

Question 2.
What is law of equi-marginal utility ? Explain it with diagram.
Or, How does the consumer attain equilibrium ? Explain the Principle of equilibrium.
Or, Explain the law of substitution ? Why is the law so named ?
Answer:
The law of equimarginal utility occupies an important place in the theory of consumptioti. This law is otherwise called “Gossen’s Second Law” which states the principle for attaining equilibrium in the field of consumption. This fundamental law of consumption describes the rules and principles for getting maximum satisfaction from the consumption of various goods with limited resources.

Admittedly, a consumer confronts with unlimited wants. But he possesses limited resources by which he can satisfy these wants. So he pursues to satisfy these wants with the limited resources in such a manner that he can get maximum satisfaction. In other words, the consumer tries to be in equilibrium while satisfying his unlimited wants with limited resources. Equilibrium is a situation in which the consumer has no tendency either to increase or to decrease the level of consumption. It is only possible if he derives maximum satisfaction. So the consumer is said to be in equilibrium when he gets maximum satisfaction in the field of consumption.

In the context of consumers equilibrium, the law of equi-marginal utility states that a consumer will be in equilibrium or a consumer derives maximum satisfaction when the marginal utilities derived from the different commodities are equal. Suppose a consumer consumes two goods X & Y„ he will be in equilibrium when marginal utility derived from X becomes equal to marginal utility derived from Y i.e.,
i.e. MUx = MUy
It is quite obvious from the law of diminishing marginal utility that a consumer shall go on consuming various units of a particular goods till marginal utility derived from it will be equal to price paid for it. Incase of good X, the consumer stops his consumption when marginal utility derived from it is equal to its price i.e.
i-e MUx = Px
As such, he will start the consumption of Y after this point is achieved & will continue till marginal utility derived from good Y is.equal to its price. i-e MUy = Py
As the marginal utilities are derived from the different goods are .equal, the prices of those goods must be equal. The equality of price of various goods in real market is quite imaginary. So, if the prices are found to be unequal, the law of equi-margnial utility states that a consumer will be in equilibrium when marginal utility derived from a good is proportional to its price. So this law is otherwise called “law of proportionality”. In this case, the consumer derives maximum satisfaction when the utility derived from the last rupee spent on each commodity will be equal. In our example, it is expressed as
\(\frac{\mathrm{MU}_{\mathrm{X}}}{\mathrm{P}_{\mathrm{X}}}\) = \(\frac{\mathrm{MU}_{\mathrm{Y}}}{\mathrm{P}_{\mathrm{Y}}}\)

The equality between the marginal utilities or the equality between \(\frac{MU}{P}\) for two goods may heppen at different level of consumption. But the most feasible combination is that which can be purchased with the given money income. Hence, the equality of \(\frac{MU}{P}\) for various goods must be equal to marginal utility of money which is asumed to be constant. In our example,
\(\frac{\mathrm{MU}_{\mathrm{X}}}{\mathrm{P}_{\mathrm{X}}}\) = \(\frac{\mathrm{MU}_{\mathrm{X}}}{\mathrm{P}_{\mathrm{X}}}\) = MUm
Where MUm represents marginal utility of money, or MUx = MUy = MUm.

If the \(\frac{\mathrm{MU}_{\mathrm{X}}}{\mathrm{P}_{\mathrm{X}}}\) becomes greater than \(\frac{\mathrm{MU}_{\mathrm{Y}}}{\mathrm{P}_{\mathrm{Y}}}\) the consumer shall prefer to substitute good X for Y so that the equality between the two will be restored & the consumer will get maximum satisfaction. For this, the law is called “law of substitution”.
Numercial Analysis.
This notion can be explained with the help of a numerical analysis which is as follows :

Units of. commodities in terms of Money	Marginal Utility X	Marginal Utility Y
1	20	18
2	18	16
3	15	14
4	12	12
5	9	10

In the numerical analysis, it is observed that the marginal utility of goods is equal to marginal utility of good Y when he consumes 4th unit of X and 4th unit of Y. Let the consumer has Rs.20 to spend on these two goods. Suppose, the price of X & price of Y is Rs 2 & Rs 3 respectively. With this a consumer shall be in equilibrium when he purchases 4 units of X & 4 units of Y. No other combinations can give him more satisfaction than this.
Graphical Analysis : The graphical analysis of the law can make this presumption more clear.

This figure measures unit of money on GX-axis which also represents the units of commodities in terms of money & OY-axis measures marginal utility.
The figure shows marginal utility curve for good X & Y which slope downward. It is obvious from the figure that MUx is equal to MUy when 4units of X & 4 units of Y are consumed. Any deviation of it will make the consumer a looser. To establish this let the consumer reduces his consumption of X & now consumer 3 units of X. To compensate this loss, the consumer may perfer to consume one more unit of Y i.e. 5 unit. In this circumstances, it is clear from the figure that the loss due to the reduction of the consumption of X is more than the gain due to increase in one additional unit of X. So, the consumer’s equilibrium is not assured. Thus, the previous combintaion is construed as real combintaion that ensures maximum satisfaction. ,

Limitations:

• Measurability of Utility : The law presumes measurability of utility. But the utility is a subjective concept which can not be measured in cardinal or numerical terms.
• In applicable to free goods : The law does not operate in case of free good as no payment is involved.
• Not applicable to indivisible goods : The law is ineffective for indivisible goods like Car, T.V. Because the marginal utility of car not be compared with that of pen.
• Taste, fashion, Custom, Habit: If the consumer is biased by the taste, fashion, habit, custom, the law will lose its significance.
• Not applicable to irrational man: The law may operate if the consumer is rational. In case of irrational or ignorant consumer, the law does not operate. Through the law suffers from these demerits, it has got practical significance in case of production, distribution publlic finance, planning etc.

Group – C

Objective type Questions with Answers
I. Multiple Choice Questions with Answers :

Question 1.
What hapens to utility of a goods, if it is consumed ?
(i) increases
(ii) decreases
(iii) remains same
(iv) destroyed
Answer:
(iv) destroyed

Question 2.
Which of the following determines the price of a goods ?
(i) utility
(ii) marginal utility
(iii) Demand
(iv) supply
Answer:
(ii) marginal utility

Question 3.
Diamond is more costly because its
(i) Marginal utility is more
(ii) Total utility is more
(iii) Demand is more
(iv) All of the above
Answer:
(i) Marginal utlity is more

Question 4.
For which MU can never be zero ?
(i) Water
(ii) Apple
(iii) Money
(iv) All of these
Answer:
(iii) Money

Question 5.
Which law guides the consumer to gain maximum satisfaction ?
(i) Law of demand
(ii) Law of dimenshing MU
(iii) Law of supply
(iv) Law of Equi-marginal utility
Answer:
(iv) Law of Equi-marginal utility

Question 6.
Which is not an assumption of Law of Diminishing MU ?
(i) Homegeneous units
(ii) Short time interval
(iii) Unchanged Taste and Preference
(iv) Marginal utility of money should by zero
Answer:
(iv) Marginal utility of money should by zero

Question 7.
Which is derived from Law of Dimenshing Marginal Utility ?
(i) Mu of money is zero
(ii) MU = Price
(iii) MU > Price
(iv) MU < Price
Answer:
(ii) MU = Price

Question 8.
For which the law of diminishing MU is not applicable ?
(i) Consumers goods
(ii) Material goods
(iii) Indivigible goods
(iv) Private goods
Answer:
(ii) Material goods

Question 9.
For which the practical importance of Law of equi-marginal utility is felt ?
(i) Production
(ii) Consumption
(iii) Distribution
(iv) All of the above
Answer:
(ii) Consumption

Question 10.
Which is the meaning of consumption ?
(i) creation of utility
(ii) destruction of utility
(iii) creation of satisfaction
(iv) All of the above
Answer:
(ii) destruction of utility

Question 11.
If a consumer goes on consuming the additional units of a goods, the wants satisfying power of the good
(i) increases
(ii) diminishes
(iii) first increases & then decreases
(iv) remain unchanged
Answer:
(ii) diminishes

Question 12.
If a consumer consumes a good, the total utility
(i) decreases
(ii) increases
(iii) remains some
(iv) can not say
Answer:
(ii) increases

Question 13.
The satisfaction derived from the consumption of additional units of a good goes on
(i) increasing
(ii) diminishing
(iii) remains unchanged
(iv) None of the above
Answer:
(ii) diminishing

Question 14.
As per the law of diminishing marginal utility, the increase in level of consumption cause a
(i) increase in MU
(ii) increase in TU
(iii) decrease in MU
(iv) decrease in TU
Answer:
(iii) decrease in MU

Question 15.
Marginal utility curve generally takes the shape of
(i) vertical straight line
(ii) horizontal straight line
(iii) upward sloping
(iv) downward sloping
Answer:
(iv) downward sloping

Question 16.
When marginal utility is zero, the TU becomes
(i) zero
(ii) minimum
(iii) maximum
(iv) negative
Answer:
(iii) maximum

Question 17.
With increase in level of consumption, total utility derived from the goods goes on
(i) increasing at an increasing rate
(ii) diminishing
(iii) increasing at a diminishing rate
(iv) increasing
Answer:
(iii) increasing at a diminishing rate

Question 18.
When marginal utility is negative, the total utility
(i) remains unaffected
(ii) diminishes
(iii) increases
(iv) first increases & then decreases
Answer:
(ii) diminishes

Question 19.
Which is the assumption of law of diminishing marginal utility ?
(i) Income of the consumer should remain constant
(ii) consumption must be continuous
(iii) Goods must be homogeneous
(iv) All of the above
Answer:
(iv) All of the above

Question 20.
For the operation of the law of diminishing marginal utility, the units of the good must be
(i) big in size
(ii) identical
(iii) very small
(iv) no specific size is required
Answer:
(ii) identical

Question 21.
Law of diminishing marginal utility does not operate in case of
(i) drunkard
(ii) rational man
(iii) consumer
(iv) producer
Answer:
(i) drunkard

Question 22.
Which law provides a base for consumers equilibrium ?
(i) Law of diminishing marginal utility
(ii) Law of Equi-marginal utility
(iii) Law of demand
(iv) All of the above
Answer:
(ii) Law of Equi-marginal utility

Question 23.
Which is not the other name of the law of equi-marginal utility ?
(i) Law of maximum happiness
(ii) Law of substitution
(iii) Law of maximum satisfaction
(iv) Law of maximum utility
Answer:
(iii) Law of maximum satisfaction

Question 24.
In order to get maximum satisfaction, the marginal utilities derived from various goods should be
(i) maximum (ii) equal
(iii) unequal
(iv) Both (i) and (ii)
Answer:
(ii) equal

Question 25.
According to law of equi-marginal utility, the marginal utility derived from a good must be
(i) proportional to its price
(ii) equal to its price
(iii) equal to MU of money
(iv) All of the above
Answer:
(i) proportional to its price

Question 26.
While purchasing goods with fixed income a rational consumer is guided by;
(i) Law of demand
(ii) Law of supply
(iii) Law of Equi-marginal utility
(iv) Law of diminishing marginal utility
Answer:
(iii) Law of Equi-marginal utility

Question 27.
Law of equi-marginal utility does not operate in ease of
(i) Divisible of goods
(ii) rational consumer
(iii) unlimited resources
(iv) All of the above
Answer:
(iii) unlimited resources

Question 28.
Law of eqi-marginal utility is based on
(i) Wants are competitive
(ii) A particular want is satiable
(iii) Wants are complementary
(iv) All of the above
Answer:
(i) Wants are competitive

Question 29.
The Most important assumptions of ‘Law of Diminishing Marginal Utility’ is :
(i) Commodity must be homogenous
(ii) Consumption must be continuous
(iii) Sufficient quantity is to be consumed
(iv) All of the above
Answer:
(iv) All of the above

Question 30.
The most important limitations of Law of Diminishing Marginal Utility is
(i) Abnormal Person
(ii) Indivisible goods
(iii) Gififen goods
(iv) Both (i) and (ii)
Answer:
(iv) Both (i) and (ii)

Question 31.
A consumer will attain equlibrium when :
(i) \(\frac{\text { M.U.x }}{\text { Px }}\) = \(\frac{\text { M.U.y }}{\text { Py }}\)
(ii) MUx = MUy
(iii) \(\frac{\text { M.U.x }}{\text { Py }}\) = \(\frac{\text { M.U.y }}{\text { Px }}\)
(iv) None of the above
Answer:
(iii) \(\frac{\text { M.U.x }}{\text { Py }}\) = \(\frac{\text { M.U.y }}{\text { Px }}\)

Question 32.
The most important assumptions of Law of Equi-marginalutility are:
(i) Utility of a commodity is cardinally measurable.
(ii) Marginal utility of money remains constant.
(iii) Income of the consumer is constant.
(iv) Both (i) and (ii)
Answer:
(iv) Both (i) and (ii)

Question 33.
In which of the following cases the law of Diminishing Marginal Utility is not applicable ?
(i) Love
(ii) Money
(iii) Stamp collection
(iv) All of the above
Answer:
(iv) All of the above

Question 34.
The relationship between marginal utility and total utility is :
(i) Total utility increases at an increasing rate after a point.
(ii) When marginal utility becomes zero, total utility becomes maximum.
(iii) Total utility starts falling when marginal utility becomes negative.
(iv) Both (ii) and (iii)
Answer:
(iv) Both (ii) and (iii)

Question 35.
Marginal Utility is
(i) Want satisfying power of a commodity.
(ii) The sum of utilities of all successive units of a commodity.
(iii) The addition to the total utility caused by an increase of one commodity possessed.
(iv) None of the above.
Answer:
(iii) The addition to the total utility caused by an increase of one commodity possessed.

Question 36.
When marginal utility is zero, the total utility is:
(i) Zero
(ii) Negative
(ii) Maximum
(iv) None of the above.
Answer:
(iii) Maximum

Question 37.
Marginal Utility of money can be:
(i) Zero
(ii) Negative
(iii) Neither zero nor negative
(iv) None of the above.
Answer:
(iii) Neither zero nor negative.

Question 38.
The law of equi-rnarginal utility is also known as:
(i) Law of substitution.
(ii) Law of maximum satisfaction.
(iii) Law of proportionality
(iv) All of the above.
Answer:
(iv) All of the above.

II. Fill in the blanks :

Question 1.
Consumption refers to the ____ of utility.
Answer:
Destruction

Question 2.
As the quantity of commodity consumed increases, total utility also increases at a ____
Answer:
Diminishing rate.

Question 3.
____ is the rate of change of total utility.
Answer:
Marginal utility

Question 4.
Price of a commodity is always equal to ____ utility.
Answer:
marginal

Question 5.
Total utility becomes ____ when marginal utility is zero.
Answer:
maximum

Question 6.
____ utility can never be negative.
Answer:
Total

Question 7.
Total utility may ____ when marginal utility is negative.
Answer:
diminish

Question 8.
Marginal utility curve has a ____
Answer:
Diminish

Question 9.
While consuming, a consumer stops his consumption when marginal utility derived from a commodity is equal to ____
Answer:
Price

Question 10.
Utility is a ____ concept.
Answer:
Subjective

Question 11.
According to Marshall marginal utility of money remains ____
Answer:
Constant

Question 12.
Price of a commodity reflects ____ utility.
Answer:
Marginal

Question 13.
Marginal utility of liquor in case of a drunkard ____ instead of felling.
Answer:
Rises

Question 14.
The consumer is in equlibrium when marginal utility derived from different commodities is ____
Answer:
equal.

Question 15.
Law of ____ guides the consumer for deriving maximum satisfaction.
Answer:
equi-marginal utility

III. Correct the Sentences:
Correct them, if necessary, without changing the words underlined.

Question 1.
Consumption is the creation of utility.
Answer:
Incorrect
Correct: Consumption is the destruction of utility.

Question 2.
Utility is an objective concept.
Answer:
Incorrect
Correct: Utility is a subjective concept

Question 3.
Utility is assumed to be a cardinal concept.
Answer:
Correct

Question 4.
Marginal utility is the sum of utilities.
Answer:
Incorrect
Correct; Total utility is the sum of utilities.

Question 5.
Rate of change of total utility is the marginal utility.
Answer:
Correct.

Question 6.
When a consumer consumes the additional units of a goods, marginal utility increases but total utility decreases at a diminishing rate.
Answer:
Incorrect
Correct: When a consumer consumes the additional unite of a goods, margina utility decreases. but total utility increases at a diminishing rate.

Question 7.
Total utility is the additional utility derived from the consumption of an extra units of a goods.
Answer:
Incorrect
Correct: Marginal utility is the additional utility derived from the consumption of an extra units of a goods.

Question 8.
When marginal utility is zero, total utility is zero.
Answer:
Incorrect
Correct: When marginal utility is zero, total utility is maximum.

Question 9.
Marginal utility can never be negative.
Answer:
Incorrect
Correct: Total utility can never be neeative.

Question 10.
Total utility goes on increasing even if marginal utility is negative.
Answer:
Incorrect
Correct: Total utility declines when marginal utility is negative.

Question 11.
Marginal utility is a static concept.
Answer:
Incorrect
Correct: Marginal utility is a moving concept.

Question 12.
Marginal utility tends to be equal to price.
Answer:
Correct

Question 13.
Utility derived from the last unit is the marginal utility.
Answer:
Incorrect
Correct: Utility derived from the additional unit is the marginal utility.

Question 14.
Marginal utility curve has a positive slope.
Answer:
Incorrect
Correct: Marginal utility curve has a negative slope.

Question 15.
Total utility of a goods determines the price.
Answer:
Incorrect
Correct: Marginal utility of a goods determines the price.

Question 16.
Consumer is in equilibrium when total utility derived from different goods are equal.
Answer:
Incorrect
Correct: Consumer is in equilibrium, when marginal utility derived from different goods are equal.

Question 17.
Marginal utility is inversely related to price.
Answer:
Incorrect
Correct: Marginal utility is directly related to price.

Question 18.
Law of equi-marginal utility is called “Law of substitution”.
Answer:
Correct

Question 19.
In law of equi-marginal utility, marginal utility is equal to its price.
Answer:
Incorrect
Correct: In law of equi-marginal utility, marginal utility is proportional to its price.

Question 20.
Law of equi-marginal utility is called law of proportionality
Answer:
Correct

IV. Answer the following questions in one word/one sentence :

Question 1.
What is meaning of consumption ?
Answer:
Consumption refers to the use of goods & services for the satisfaction of human wants.

Question 2.
Who is called as a rational consumer ?
Answer:
A rational consumer is one who tries to maximise his utility.

Question 3.
Who is the consuming unit ?
Answer:
Consumer is the consuming unit.

Question 4.
What is utility ?
Answer:
Utility is the wants satisfying power of a commodity.

Question 5.
What is Total Utility ?
Answer:
Total utility is the sum of utilities derived from all the successive units consumed.

Question 6.
What is marginal utility ?
Answer:
Marginal utility is the addition made to the total utility caused by an increase in one additional unit of a good consumed.

Question 7.
What happens to total utility when the units of goods consumed increases ?
Answer:
When the units of goods consumed increase, the total utility increases at a diminishing rate.

Question 8.
What is the nature of marginal utility ?
Answer:
Marginal utility derived from a goods diminishes with every increase in the units of that goods consumed.

Question 9.
What happens to total utility’ when marginal utility is zero ?
Answer:
When marginal utility is zero, the total utility is maximum.

Question 10.
What happens to total utility when marginal utility is negative ?
Answer:
Total utility decreases when marginal utility is -ve.

Question 11.
When marginal utility becomes equal to total utility ?
Answer:
At the initial stage of consumption, marginal utility is equal to total utility.

Question 12.
Who propounded the law of diminishing marginal utility ?
Answer:
Alfred Marshall.

Question 13.
What is law of diminishing marginal utility ?
Answer:
According to Marshall, “the additional benefit what a person derives from the given increase of his stock of a thing diminishes with every increase in the stock that he already has.”

Question 14.
What does the law of diminishing marginal utility show ?
Answer:
The law of diminishing marginal utility shows the relationship between marginal utility derived from various units of a goods & the quantity of it consumed.

Question 15.
To what extent a consumer goes on consuming various units of a goods ?
Answer:
A consumer goes on consuming various units of a goods till marginal utility derived is equal to its price.

Question 16.
What should be the nature of commodity for the operation of law of diminishing marginal utility ?
Answer:
The units of the commodity must be homogeneous.

Question 17.
Does marginal utility of money become zero ?
Answer:
No, marginal utility of money can never be zero.

Question 18.
Why does marginal utility of money not become zero ?
Answer:
Marginal utility of money does not become zero because money is not a commodity rather it represents a bundle of commodities.

Question 19.
What is the relationship between marginal utility & price ?
Answer:
Marginal utility derived from a goods should be equal to its price.

Question 20.
Which law is called “Gossen’s first law.”
Answer:
Law of diminishing marginal utility is called to “Gossen’s first law”.

Question 21.
State two exceptions of law of diminishing marginal utility.
Answer:
The law does not operate in case of indivisible goods & rare collections.

Question 22.
What is equilibrium ?
Answer:
Equilibrium is a state of balance.

Question 23.
When does consumer attain equilibrium ?
Answer:
Consumer is said to be in equilibrium when he has no tendency either to increase or to decrease the level of consumption.

Question 24.
What happens to utility when consumer attains equilibrium ?
Answer:
Utility is maximised when consumer attains equilibrium.

Question 25.
Which law explains the consumers equilibrium ?
Answer:
Law of equi-marginal utility explains the consumers’ equilibrium.

Question 26.
Which law is called “Gossen’s second law” ?
Answer:
Law of equimarginal utility is called Gossen’s second law.

Question 27.
What does the law of equi-marginal utility state ?
Answer:
Law of equi-marginal utility states that a consumer will be in equilibrium when the marginal utility derived from different goods are equal.

Question 28.
What relationship between marginal utility & price exists in case of consumer’s equilibrium ?
Answer:
The marginal Utility is proportional to its price in case of consumer’s equilibrium.

Question 29.
How can be the marginal utility of money measured ?
Answer:
Marginal utility of money can be measured by dividing marginal utility of a commodity by its price.

Question 30.
Which law is called the “Law of substitution”.
Answer:
Law of equi-marginal utility.

Odisha State Board CHSE Odisha Class 12 Economics Solutions Chapter 2 Basic Economic Concepts (Wants, Utility, Goods, Value, Price and Wealth) Questions and Answers.

CHSE Odisha 12th Class Economics Chapter 2 Question Answer Basic Economic Concepts (Wants, Utility, Goods, Value, Price and Wealth)

Group – A

Short type Questions with Answers

I. Answer within Two/Three sentence
Explain the following statements

Question 1.
Free goods have value in use.
Answer:
Free goods are free gifts of nature whose supply is abundant in ralation to its demand. So these goods do not have value-in-exchange but have value in use.

Question 2.
Goods having Value-in-exchange must have value-in-use.
Answer:
Goods having value-in-exchange are capable of satisfying human wants & can be exchanged in the market So goods having value” in exchange must have value in use.

Question 3.
Goods having value-in-use may not have value-in-exchange.
Answer:
There are certain free gifts of nature whose supply is more in relation to its demand & hence are not exchanged. Goods like water of the river, air etc have value in use but due to abundant supply, these goods have no value-in-exchange.

Question 4.
The consumption of public goods is non-excludable.
Answer:
The public goods are supplied by the government for the collective welfare of the people. As it is collectively consumed & the government is the owner of these goods & the consumer can not exclude other from consuming these goods & hence the consumption becomes non-excludable.

Question 5.
Producers goods do not provide direct statistaction
Answer:
Producers goods are used for further production of goods. As such, these goods do not provide direct satisfaction.

Question 6.
Utility is subjective.
Answer:
Utility is psychic entity which resides in the mind of the consumer. The utility derived from a goods is assessed by the consumer concerned & hence it is subjective.

Question 7.
Utility is not same as usefulness
Answer:
There are some goods like wire, opium etc are not useful to human beings. But these are consumed because of their utility

Question 8.
Wants are competitive.
Answer:
On account of unlimited wants and limited resources, a man can not satisfy all of his wants. But because of multiplicity of wants, these compete with each other to be satisfied.

Question 9.
Wants are alternative.
Answer:
There are certain wants Which can be satisfied in an altermative manner. Like hunger which can be satisfied by rice or bread. Hence, wants are altermative.

Question 10.
All capital are wealth; but all wealth are not capital
Answer:
Wealth refers to all the goods having utility, scarcity marketability & external possession. These can satify the human wants directly or it can be used as capital in producing goods. So all capital are wealth; but all wealth are not capital.

Question 11.
A particular want is sutiable
Answer:
Thoughj the wants are unlimited, yet if aman tries its best to satisfy a particular wants by purchasing various units of it, that wants may be satisfied. So, a particular wants is satisfied.

Question 12.
Price of goods may change but value remains constant
Answer:
Price is the exchange value of a goods measured in terms of money. It refers to what a commodity can purchase in terms of other other commodities. So price measures the value in exchange in terms of money. Thus the price may change but value-in-exchange itself remains constant.

Question 13.
Goods satisfy human wants.
Answer:
Goods possesses the wants satisfying power (utlity). So it .can satisfy human wants.

Question 14.
The gifts of nature are free goods.
Answer:
The supply of gift of nature to mankind is abundant in relation to its demand. Hence there goods are available freely & treated as free goods.

Question 15.
Economic goods have value-in-exchange.
Answer:
The supply of goods is scarce in relation to its demand & hence there goods are bought & sold in the market. Thus, the economic goods have value-in-exchange.

Question 16.
Public goods are meant for collective consumption.
Answer:
Public goods are supplied by the government for the collective welfare & also indivisible in nature. So these goods are collectively consumed.

Question 17.
The consumption of public goods is non-excludable. Or, Principle of exclusion is not applicable to public goods.
Answer:
The public goods are meant for joint or collective consumption & hence its consumption is non-rival. So, the principle of exclusion is not applicable to public goods.

Question 18.
Utility is subjective.
Answer:
Utility derived from a goods depend upon the human psychology & it resides in the mind of the consumer. So utility is subjective.

Question 19.
Utility is not same as usefulness.
Answer:
Utility is simple the wants satisfying power of a commodity, but usefulness describes the beneficial effects of a good. So utility is quite different from usefulness.

Question 20.
All the goods have value-in-use but not value-in-exchange.
Answer:
The goods are consumed because of value-in-use. The free goods are of these category which have value in use but not value in exchange.

Question 21.
Economic goods are scarce in supply.
Answer:
Any goods whose supply is scarce in relation to its demand can have value-in-exchange. Economic goods have the attribute like value-in-exchange because of scarce supply & abundant demand.

Question 22.
There can be general rise or fall in price but not value.
Answer:
Value in economics refers to value in exchange i.e. What a commodity can purchase in terms of other commodities. But price is the monetary expression of value in exchange which can be changed.

Question 23.
All the economic goods are wealth.
Answer:
The economic goods possess the characteristics of wealth. So, all the economic goods are wealth.

Question 24.
Health is not treated as wealth in economics.
Answer:
Health does not possess all. the features of wealth like transferability or marketability. Hence, it is not treated as wealth in Economics.

Question 25.
Voice of a singer can not be treated as wealth.
Answer:
Voice of a singer is a personal quality & hence cannot be transferred. So it is not wealth.

Question 26.
H. S. C. certificate is not wealth in Economics.
Answer:
H. S. C. certificate cannot be legally marketed nor transferred. So it is not wealth in economics.

Question 27.
Human wants are unlimited.
Answer:
Human wants have no limit. If one wants is satisfied, another wants takes its place. Satisfaction of wants being a continuous process, the human wants are said to be unlimited.

Question 28.
Wants are recurring.
Answer:
Because of limited resources, one gan not satisfy all of his wants. So the goods compete with each other for which choice is to be made.

Question 29.
Wants are recurring.
Answer:
There are some wants like taking meals or drinks very often occur in a day. So these wants are said to be recurring.

Question 30.
The classification of human wants is relative.
Answer:
The classification of human wants into necessaries, comforts & luxuries is relative in the sense that it varies from person to person, place to place and time to time. The goods like car is said to be a luxurious items for a student whereas it is necessary for an officer.

Question 31.
The consumption of luxuries is not justified.
Answer:
The consumption of luxuries is morally bad & economically wasteful. Hence, its consumption is not justified.

II. Answer within Five/Six sentence :

(A) Write Short Notes on :

Question 1.
Utility:
Answer:
The wants satisfying power of a commodity is known as utility. It is the capacity or the quality of a goods to satisfy wants. Those goods which only possesses utility can satisfy the wants & hence those goods are purchased or consumed. Utility is at the root of consumption. Utility is subjective and it is not same as usefulness. It is different from pleasure and satisfaction, utility can be measured cardinally or ordinally.

Question 2.
Service Utility:
Answer:
The utility derived from various services is called service utility. Like goods, the services extended to a man can satisfy his wants. The service of a doctor, a lecturer or an engineer can satisfy the wants & hence it has utility. In other words, the utility derived from the use or consumption of non-material goods is termed as service utility.

Question 3.
Value:
Answer:
In economics, value means value-in-exchange. Value in exchange means what a commodity can purchase in terms of other commodities. It is the purchasing power of one commodity in terms of other commodities and services. According to Marshall, the value that is exchange value is the amount of second thing which can be got there and then in exchange for the first. Exchange value expresses the relation between two things at particular time and place. Economic goods have got value in-exchange. Free goods have got no value-in-exchange as nobody would give anything in exchange of it.

Question 4.
Price:
Answer:
Prices is the measure of the exchange value of a commodity in terms of money. When we say that the price of sweets is one rupee, it implies that rupee one is equal to the exchange value of that sweets. Price thus expresses the purchasing power of a commodity in terms of money. Value of a commodity means the comparison between any two commodities whereas price is the money value of commodity. Price is highly fluctuating.

Question 5.
Cosmopolitan wealth:
Answer:
Cosmopolitan wealth is the wealth of the whole world. It is the sum total of the wealth of all nations. While estimating all international debts should be deducted. All the nations have collective right on such types of wealth. U.N.O., International Monetary Fund (I.M.F.), International Bank of Reconstruction and Development the oceans of the world, the surface of the moon or mars are the examples of International wealth. There are some who consider scientific.knowledge which crosses the boundary of a particular state are regarded as international wealth.

Question 6.
Economic Goods :
Answer:
The goods having value-in-exchange is called economic goods. These goods are exchanged for money. Price is paid for the possession of these goods. The demand for these goods is more in relation to its supply i.e. supply of these goods are scarce in relation to its demand. Economic problems are created in case of these goods. TV, Radio, watch, food, Dress etc. are the examples of economic goods.

Question 7.
Consumers goods:
Answer:
The goods which can directly satisfy the human wants are called consumers goods. These goods are called goods of first order. These goods may be perishable or durable in nature. The goods which can be used once in the satisfaction of wants is perishable goods & the goods which can be frequently used for the satisfaction of human wants are called durable goods. Food items are the example of perishable goods and T.V., Radio are the durable goods.

Question 8.
Intermediate goods:
Answer:
The goods which are used in the further production are called intermediate goods. These goods can not directly satisfy the human wants. Rather these are used in producing goods. These goods provide indirect satisfaction to the consumer as these are used in the production. Flour for bread is an example of intermediate goods. The value of these goods are excluded while calculating national income.

Question 9.
Private goods:
Answer:
The goods which are owned by the private individuals are called private goods. These are possessed by the private individuals for their own use or consumption. Others do not have any right over these goods. In case of these goods the ‘Principle of exclusion’ is highly applicable. The person who consumes or purchases it can exclude others from the field of consumption. One who pays the price purchases it. There observed competition among the consumers for the purchase of these goods.

Question 10.
Public Goods:
Answer:
Public goods are owned & supplied by the government. These goods are used collectively by the common mass. Principle of exclusion is not applicable to such goods. There observed no rivalry, nor competition amongst the consumers for the possession of these goods. These goods are supplied for collective welfare. Government is the prime supplier of public goods.

Question 11.
Social wealth:
Answer:
The wealth under the possession of the society is called social wealth. The ownership of such goods is vested with the society. All the members of the society have equal right over this wealth. This wealth is otherwise known as collective wealth. These goods are collectively consumed by the members of the society.

Question 12.
Goods and Services :
Answer:
Anything which can satisfy the human wants is called goods. It may be material or non-material. Non-material goods are called services. Goods which usually denotes material goods is visible, tangible and it has got a shape but service is invisible, intangible and it does not have any shape. Goods can directly satisfy the wants of a person who consumes it. But in case of service, one person renders service to other for the satisfaction of his wants. A consumer may feel the utility of a goods for a long-time. But the utility of services perishes at the very moment it is rendered.

Question 13.
Free Goods & Economic Goods:
Answer:

• Free goods are the gift of nature whereas the economic goods are the outcome of human effort.
• Free goods are available freely; but economic goods are available with the payment of price.
• The supply of free goods is abundant in relation to its demand; but the supply of economic goods is scarce in relation to its demand.
• There is no ownership of any individual on free goods; but the individual (s) or any organisation own the economic goods.

Question 14.
Consumers’ goods & Producers’ goods :
Answer:

• Consumers’ goods are those goods which can directly satisfy the human wants whereas the producers’ goods are those goods which can indirectly satisfy human wants.
• Consumers’ goods are exclusively meant for direct consumption but the producers’ goods are used for further production.
• Consumers goods and producers goods may be perishable or durable in nature.
• The distinction between consumers goods & producers goods is relative in nature. One good may be treated as consumers goods & producers goods on the basis of its use.
• The demand for consumers goods is direct demand whereas the demand for producers goods is derived demand.

Question 15.
Private goods & Public goods :
Answer:

• The goods which are under the control & ownership of private individuals (s) are called private goods. But the goods which are owned by the government is called public goods.
• Private goods are used for the satisfaction of the individual wants; but public goods are used for the satisfaction of collective wants.
• The consumption of private goods is rival & excludable but the consumption of public goods is non-rival & non-excludable.
• The consumption of private goods leads to create welfare of the individual but the consumption of public goods create collective welfare for the society as a whole.

Question 16.
Wealth and Title to wealth :
Answer:
The wealth which can satisfy the wants directly or indirectly is known as wealth. The assets claimed to be economic goods are called titles to wealth and can not satisfy the wants directly. Rather, the human wants can be satisfied with these assets. Stocks, shares, Bills of exchange and even money can be called as titles to wealth.

Question 17.
Wealth and Capital:
Answer:

• Wealth refers to all economic goods which can satisfy the human wants directly or indirectly. But the capital is that part of the wealth which can only satisfy the human wants indirectly.
• Wealth covers all the economic goods whether it is consumers’ goods or producers’ goods. But capital is only the producers goods which are used for further production.
• Wealth used for further production or for earning income is treated as capital in Economics.

Question 18.
Wealth and Money :
Answer:

• Wealth refers to economic goods having four features like utility, scarcity, transferability & external possession. But money is a medium of exchange by which goods & services can be possessed. It does not have utility of its own.
• Wealth can satisfy the human directly because of its utility; but money acts a medium to purchase the wealth for the satisfaction of human wants.
• Wealth is demanded for its own sake; but money is demanded for the purchase of wealth.
• Wealth has got both value-in-use and value in exchange; but money has got only the value-in-exchange.

Question 19.
Wealth and Income :
Answer:

• Wealth is a stock of economic goods possessed by a man. Income is a flow which arises when wealth is invested by a way of capital.
• Wealth is a fund but income is a stream.
• Wealth generates income. It is a flow which originates from economic goods.
• The stock of wealth may remain unchanged but the income earned from it goes on changing.

Question 20.
Wealth and Welfare :
Answer:

• The possession of wealth is the root cause of welfare. Greater stock of wealth yields more of welfare.
• Sometimes, huge amount of wealth leads to none of welfare but wealth is one of the conditions of welfare whereas welfare is a multivariate concept.
• Wealth can be externally possessed but welfare is greatly a psychological concept.
• More of wealth does not lead to more of welfare always, it may even impede the welfare.

Question 21.
Desire and human wants
Answer:

• Desire refers to willingness of the individual for having a goods; but human wants refers to effective desire for having a goods.
• Desire of a man only symbolises the willingness of that man for having a goods; but human wants indicates the willingness to buy a goods backed by ability to pay and willingness to spend.
• Desire is one of the conditions of human wants.
• Human wants is a wider concept whereas desire is a narrower concept.
• One man may have desire to have a goods but it can not be called as his wants if he does not have adequate purchasing power or if he is not interested to spend money towards this goods.

Group – B

Long Type Questions With Answers

Question 1.
What is utility ? What are the characteristics of utility ?
Answer:
Utility refers to wants satisfying power of a commodity. The capacity or the quality of the goods by which human wants are satisfied is called utility. If the goods and services directly or indirectly satisfy the wants, it can be asserted that the goods possess the utility. Thus, utility indicates the power of the commodity to satisfy the wants. It is the root-cause of consumption. People purchase or consume goods because of its utility.

FEATURES OF UTILITY:
Utility of a goods being the basic cause of consumption possesses several features. The important features of utility are mentioned below :

(a) Utility is subjective : Utility is a subjective concept. It resides in the minds of a person. It can be adjudged by introspection. It is not objective. The same commodity will provide different utility to different persons. An orange if consumed by an ordinary man gives less utility than a- person who likes orange. So, utility is subjective and also a relative concept. It changes from person to person, time to time and place to place.

(b) Utility is not equal to usefulness : It is highly changeable. Utility is different from usefulness. A thing like opium or wine has no usefulness but possesses utility as they satisfy human wants. Hence, these are useful. Some people may consider this as immoral. But utility as a concept is ethically neutral. Things considered bad or undesirable has got utility like poison or opium.

(c) Utility is different from pleasure : Things may not be pleasant but they have utility. Bitter medicines or arms and ammunitions do not give pleasure but they have utility. So, utility can be found in unpleasant things.

(d) Utility is different from satisfaction : Satisfaction is the result of using a commodity. When we consume a commodity we get satisfaction. We consume it because it has utility. Utility is the cause of consumption and satisfaction is the effect of consumption.

(e) Utility may be cardinal or ordinal: These two terms refer to the measurement of utility. Utility are measured like 1 2 3 or 4. This is called cardinal measurement. Here one is half of two or two is double of one. The otherway to measure it is to say it as 1 st, 2nd, 3rd etc. These measurement is called ordinal numbers. Here, the utility is ranked or ordered. After 1 st comes 2nd but one cannot say 2nd is twice of the first. It may be more than double or less than double of 1 st.

Question 2.
What is Wealth ? What are the features of Wealth ?
Answer:
In economics, wealth refers to all goods having exchange value. Therefore, all economic goods are treated as wealth. According to Lord Keynes, the famous economist of the century, all these goods which have value and the capacity to satisfy human wants are called wealth in economics. Wealth is nothing but economic goods.

Characteristics of Wealth : There are four attributes of wealth such as (i) Utility, (ii) Scarcity, (iii) Transferability, and (iv) External to man.
(i) Wealth must possess Utility : Any goods which can satisfy human want is called wealth. A rotten egg is not wealth because it can not satisfy a human want. On the other hand, wine and opium are wealth because it does satisfy a human want.

(ii) Scarcity : The goods must be limited in supply in comparison to its demand. The commodity can be obtained by a payment. In other words, all economic goods are wealth Air, water, sunshine or moonlight are not wealth because they are available in plenty. Nobody pays anything to get these things. These things have got’great value in use but no value in exchange. This explaines the paradox of value in economics. Diamond which has no value-in-use has got great value-in-exchange because it is scarce in supply. Wealth should be always scarce.

(iii) Marketability or Transferability : A commodity to be wealth must be transferable and marketable. If a thing is marketable, it must be transferable. Transferability and marketability mean both aspects of the same things. Transferability does not mean physical transferability, it may mean transferability of ownership. A man can sell his land or good will of his business to others. This is also transferability. Because wealth will be marketable. Personal qualities like honesty, skill, ability and intelligence are not wealth. These are the source of wealth but not wealth proper because it cannot be sold in the market nor the ownership changed.

(iv) External to man : In order to be wealth a thing must be external to man. If something is an internal quality like the quality of a dancer, singer, painter or actor that cannot be regarded as wealth. The quality of these people are not wealth but their serv ice which can be sold in the market are called wealth. A person’s M.A. degree can not be regarded as wealth, since it cannot be transferred it is not wealth.

The above analysis illustrates that wealth has four attributes. Hence, anything possessing all these attributes can be considered as wealth in economics. As such, to treate anything wealth, all these four features should be present in that thing.

Question 3.
What is wealth ? Make a classification of wealth.
Answer:
In economics wealth refers to all goods having exchange value. Therefore, all economic goods are considered as wealth. According to Lord Keynes, the famous economist of the century, all these goods which have value and the capacity to satisfy human wants are called wealth in economics. Wealth is nothing but economic goods.
Classification of Wealth : Wealth can be classified into different types. The important classification of wealth is described below :

(A) Individual Wealth :

1. It refers to the house building furniture, bond and shares of man. These are transferable material goods. From this, the negative wealth of a person like shares and bonds which he holds to pay others are deducted.
2. Non-material goods like the good- will of a business man, or his professional connections which can be marketed and brings income to him are called individual wealth.

(B) National Wealth: Wealth which belongs to the entire nation is called national wealth. In a broad sense, it includes the following four elements :

1. The sum total of all individual wealth constitute the wealth of the nation. The internal debt due to the one another and external debt and loan of the country should be deducted from the aggregate wealth to arrive at the proper national wealth.

2. Marshall included the free gifts of nature like river, mountains and forests as the wealth of the country. In the strict sense of the term, these are not economic goods and hence not wealth.

3. Public material property like roads, bridges, canal, public parks and the railway of the country are included in the national wealth.

4. Some economists suggest that good scientific knowledge of production and scientific attitudes profoundly influence the national wealth of the country and as such it should be included in the national wealth. German skill or American business talent are the examples of national wealth. But Marshall was of the opinion that scientific discoveries, inventions and enchanting literature belong to the whole of humanity and cannot be regarded as national wealth.

C. Cosmopalitan Wealth: Cosmopolitan wealth is the wealth of the whole world. It is the sum total of the wealth of all nations. While estimating, we should deduct all international debts. All the nations have collective right on such types of wealth. U.N.O., International Monetary Fund (I.M.F.), International Bank for Reconstruction and Development the Oceans of the World, the surface of the Moon or Mars are the examples of International wealth.

D. Potential Wealth: Potential wealth is the wealth which lie unused or unexploited like coal, iron or gold.

E. Negative Wealth: It refers to the borrowing of the country or individual which will be returned after a time.

Question 4.
What do you mean by human wants ? What are the characteristics of human wants ?
Answer:
Human wants is the starting point of all the economic activities. Wants, efforts and satisfaction constitute the subject-matter of economics. Thus, human wants occupy the first position in economics. Human wants refer to the desire for the possession of a commodity. This desire must be effective. The desire is said to be effective if the consumer has willingness to buy, ability to pay and willingness to spend. So, the effective desire for the possesion of a commodity is known as human wants.

Human wants is a vital concept in the study of economics. It possesses various features. The important features or characteristics of human wants are mentioned below.

Characteristics of human wants :
(a) Human wants are unlimited : Human wants have no end to it. These are unlimited in number. According to Marshall, human wants are countless in number and various in kinds. No man is able, to satisfy his wants however rich he may be. If he wants a television and gets it, then he wants a car and the moments he gets a car, he wants a building. If he is a poor man he thinks about food, cloth and shelter. When one of his want is satisfied, another takes its place. Wants multiply with the progress of civilization. Modem man has variety of wants, like the waves of the sea which is countless and numberless.

(b) A Particular Human Wants is Satiable : A particular wants is limited. Each separate wants has a limit. If a man needs a cup of tea, he can saisfy this particular wants by taking few cups of tea. There will be a time when he will refuse to have more of it. So the want of tea being a particular want is limited and satiable.

(c) Wants are Competitive : Wants compete with each other to be satisfied. Wants compete because the wants are limitless in number and the means to satisfy these wants are limited. So a choice is made as to what is more urgent want and less urgent. Wants are graded in order of importance and then the most important one is satisfied. The competition among wants may be closer or distant. Close competition is held between substitutes like tea and coffee or oranges and apples. But distant competition is made between dissimilar things like motor car and cinema show.

(d) Wants are Complementary: There are some goods required in groups for the satisfaction of our want. Motor car will not run without the petrol and mobil or a pen will not write without ink. So the want of motor car also implies want for petrol and mobil. Here wants are complementary because commodities are wanted jointly.

(e) Wants are Alternative : Some wants are alternative because they can be satisfied by alternative things. Thus, hunger can be satisfied by bread or rice or sweets. Thrist can be quenched by water, lassi or Cola.

(f) Wants Recur Again: Some wants recur again and again. They are satisfied in the morning but again arise in the evening. We take a cup of tea in the morning and satisfy our wants but again in the evening we want another cup of tea. There are some persons who feel the want of tea always. Thus, some wants recur.

(g) Some Wants Become Habits : Wants change into habits. At that time it becomes a permanent want. Someone may take tea when he suffers from cold, but if he starts taking it regularly it becomes his habit. Our want for wine, cigarette, tea, opium, coffee or pan are examples of habitual wants.

(h) Wants Vary in Intensity : Wants have different intensities. Some wants are more urgent and some are less. Those wants which are more urgent are more intense. This is nothing but grading wants according to their importance. A students feels the intensity of wants of book and journals than a bicycle.

(i) Wants are both Complementary and Competitive : Some wants are complementary in the beginning but become competitive afterwards. The usual example of such a wants is man and machine. The machine at first runs with the help of a man & it becomes competitive with man afterwards because man and machine do the same work or satisfy the same want. The agitation of workers in some industries in India against automation is due to the competition of man and machine to do the same work.

(j) Present Wants are preferred to Future Wants : Present wants are always felt more important than the future wants. People always satisfy their current wants and postpone their future wants. Future is uncertain and hence people satisfy the current wants first and postpone future wants.

(k) Wants vary with time, place and person:. We do want a glass of cold drinks in summer season but a cup of tea in winter to quench our thirst. Similarly, hot water is not wanted at Cuttack during summer but it is required in Simla. A person living in a town may require pair of trousers whereas a man in rural area will prefer a dhoti. Wants are influenced not only by time, place or person but also by salesmanship and advertisement. People want a thing because of advertisement. Social factors and customs influence the wants of a man.

Question 5.
What do you mean by human wants ? Make a classification of human wants.
Answer:
Human wants is the starting point of all the economic activities. Wants, efforts and satisfaction constitute the subject-matter of economics. Thus, human wants occupy the first position in economics. Human wants refer to the desire for the possession of a commodity. This desire must be effective. The desire is said to be effective if the consumer has willingness to buy, ability to pay & willingness to spend. So, the effective desire for the possesion of a commodity is known as human wants.
(a) Classification of Human Wants : Human wants are classified necessaries such as. Comforts and luxuries. Necessaries are again divided into three categories such as-

(a) Necessaries of existence or Bare necessaries.
(b) Necessaries of Efficiency.
(c) Necessaries of Convention or conventional necessaries.

(i) Necessaries : Necessaries are those things of life without which a man cannot live. Necessaries constitute the urgent wants of life. Necessaries are further sub-divided into necessaries of life, efficiency and convention.

(a) Necessaries of Life: Necessaries of life are those wants without the satisfaction of which a man cannot live. This is otherwise known as necessaries of existence. Food, clothing and shelter are the examples of necessarise of life. These are called absolute necessaries.

(b) Necessaries of Efficiency: Those commodities and services which increase the efficiency of the workers are known as necessaries of efficiency which means the working ability of a person. A pen for a student or a car for a doctor increases their efficiency to work. Similarly, good food like milk, egg and fish increase the efficiency of the worker. A good workshop is favourable for increasing the efficiency.

(c) Conventional Necessaries : These necessaries arise out of social convention and habit. Heavy dowrey and wasteful expenditure on ceremonies are conventional necessaries which arise due to social custom. Habit of smoking, drinking of wine or chewing pan are the examples of conventional necessaries which arise due to habit. If these necessaries are abolished, the efficiency of a person will not be affected. All these necessaries differ from person to person, country to country and climate to climate.

(ii) Comfort: Comforts are those things of life which make life easy and comfortable. The use of those things do not increase our efficiency but the non-use of it decreases our efficiency. An electric fan in summer season, a cycle for a student residing four kilometers away from the college or good food are the examples of comfort. The distinction between necessaries of efficiency and comforts is not clear cut. They differ in degree but not in kind.

(iii) Luxuries : Luxuries are those things which are not necessary for life nor for increasing efficiency. These are things which satisfy superfluous consumption. Motor car for a student is an example of luxury as a diamond necklace for a lady. Luxuries like expensive food or television set or gold ornaments are harmless but wine and gambling are harmful luxuries. They decrease the efficiency of workers. The consumption of such luxuries increase social evil and tension. It tempts a man to practise corruption and he accumulates black money.

Question 6.
What are the luxuries ? Is the consumption of luxuries justified ?
Answer:
Luxuries are those things of human life which satisfy superflous wants. These are intended for display of vanity and aristocracy of a person. There is a controversy among economists whether consumption of luxury is beneficial or harmful. Arguments in favour of consumption of luxuries:

(a) Employment: Production of luxurious articles create employment. But production of necessaries also can create similar or even more employment.

(b) Transfer of Income : Luxuries are consumed by the rich and are produced by the poor. Therefore, there is transfer of income from the rich to the poor. But transfer of wealth from the rich to the poor can be affected by taxing rich and doing public works for poor than misutilising resources of luxurious production.

(c) Consumption of luxuries encourage invention and new method of production. But such inventions are also possible in case of necessaries.

(d) Consumption of luxuries develop a taste for liberal art like painting music, dance, drama and decoration. Nobody objects to have such cultural shows. They are a part of national life. But every body will object if it is only intended for rich people.

Against Consumption of Luxuries :
(i) Luxuries display a sense of vanity and as such gives rise to jealousy and dissatisfation. Luxuries reduce the incentive and efficiency of worker by encouraging consumption of liquor.

(ii) Consumption of luxury diverts resources from production of essential commodities to inessential commodities. It involves waste of resources.

(iii) It encourages social tension and class conflict. Poor people in society revolt against the luxuries of the rich. Therefore, consumption of luxuries is harmful.

Consumption of luxuries in a poor country like India is doubly harmful because we have no resources to produce necessaries. We can get only resources by reducing consumption and increasing saving. If reduction of consumption is desirable reduction of luxurious consumption is doubly desirable.

Group – C

Objective type Questions with Answers
I. Multiple Choice Questions with Answers :

Question 1.
What is meant by utility in Economics ?
(i) Usefulness of the good
(ii) Want satisfying power of a good
(iii) Desirabity of the good
(iv) All of the above
Answer:
(ii) Want satisfying power of a good

Question 2.
Which of the followings is not the feature of utility ?
(i) utility is subjective
(ii) utility may be cardinal or ordinal
(iii) utility is same as usefulness
(iv) utility is different from, pleasure
Answer:
(iii) utility is same as usefulness

Question 3.
Making a chair from the wood creates ____ utility?
(i) form utility
(ii) place utility
(iii) time utility
(iv) service utility
Answer:
(i) form utility

Question 4.
Storing rice in winter and selling it during rainy season creates ____
(i) place utility
(ii) time utility
(iii) form utility
(iv) none of the above
Answer:
(ii) time utility

Question 5.
Which of the following goods does not create utility ?
(i) Orange
(ii) Curd
(iii) Opium
(iv) None of the above
Answer:
(iv) None of the above

Question 6.
Measurability of utility interms of 1, 2, 3 ……….. shows that
(i) Utility is subjective
(ii) Utility is ordinal
(iii) Utility is cardinal
(iv) All of the above
Answer:
(iii) Utility is cardinal

Question 7.
Which is of the followings is not true ?
(i) Utility can be arranged in order
(ii) Utility is not found in unpleasant goods
(iii) Utility differes from usefulness
(iv) None of the above
Answer:
(ii) Utility is not found in unpleasant goods

Question 8.
Service of a teacher creates
(i) Time utility
(ii) Service utility
(iii) Place utility
(iv) No utility is created
Answer:
(ii) Service utility

Question 9.
Utility varies from person to person this notion indicates that
(i) Utility is objective
(ii) Utility can be measured
(iii) Utility is subjective
(iv) None of the above
Answer:
(iii) Utility is subjective

Question 10.
People consume opium because
(i) It has utility
(ii) It is useful
(iii) It is necessary for life
(iv) All of the above
Answer:
(i) It has utility

Question 11.
Selling the goods of rural area in town creates.
(i) From utility
(ii) Time utility
(iii) Place utility
(iv) Service utility
Answer:
(iii) Place utility

Question 12.
Wealth in Economics refers to
(i) All economic goods
(ii) valuable goods
(iii) Money, gold & diamond
(iv) goods having value in use
Answer:
(i) All economic goods

Question 13.
Which of the following is not wealth ?
(i) Bay of Bengal
(ii) Sun or moon
(iii) The Himalayas
(iv) None of the above
Answer:
(iv) None of the above

Question 14.
Which of the following is not the charactersistic of wealth.
(i) High value in use
(ii) High value in exchange
(iii) Marketability
(iv) External possession
Answer:
(i) High value in use

Question 15.
Wood in the jungle is not wealth because
(i) It has no utility
(ii) It is not transferable
(iii) It is not scarce
(iv) All of the above
Answer:
(iii) It is not scarce

Question 16.
Money is not wealth because
(i) It has no utility
(ii) It can not be transferred
(iii) It is not scarce
(iv) All of the above
Answer:
(i) It has no utility

Question 17.
Diamond is wealth but air sunshine are not wealth because
(i) Diamond has high value in use
(ii) Diamond is scarce in supply
(iii) Air sunshine are gift of nature
(iv) Diamond is very costly.
Answer:
(ii) Diamond is scarce in supply

Question 18.
What type of wealth is your Kisan Vikas Patra?
(i) National wealth
(ii) Potential wealth
(iii) Individual wealth
(iv) Negative wealth
Answer:
(iii) Individual wealth

Question 19.
Which of the followings is not wealth?
(i) Your H.S.C. certificate
(ii) Technical skill
(iii) Honesty
(iv) All of the above
Answer:
(iv) All of the above

Question 20.
Voice of a singer is not wealth because.
(i) It is not transferable
(ii) It is not externally possessed
(iii) It is not marketable
(iv) All of the above
Answer:
(iv) All of the above

Question 21.
Which of the followings is an economic goods though it is a free gift of nature?
(i) Land
(ii) Ocean
(iii) River
(iv) Forests
Answer:
(i) Land

Question 22.
Which of the followings is wealth in Economics?
(i) Voice of Kishore Kumar
(ii) Service of a doctor
(iii) Motor Cycle of your father
(iv) Good health of your brother
Answer:
(iii) Motor Cycle of your father

Question 23.
Price is money value of
(i) Utility
(ii) Value in use
(iii) Value in exchange
(iv) All of the above
Answer:
(iii) Value in exchange

Question 24.
Which is not a feature of human wants?
(i) Wants vary from person to person
(ii) Wants are competitive
(iii) Wants are relative in nature
(iv) None of the above
Answer:
(iv) None of the above

Question 25.
Man and machine describes that
(i) Wants are competitive
(ii) Wants are complementary
(iii) Wants are both competitive and complementary
(iv) None of these
Answer:
(i) Wants are competitive

Question 26.
Which of the followings refers to utility?
(i) usefulness of a good
(ii) pleasure dervided from a good
(iii) wants satisfying power of a good
(iv) All of the above
Answer:
(iii) wants satisfying power of a good

Question 27.
Utility is a an
(i) objective & cardinal concept
(ii) subjective & cardinal concept
(iii) subjective & ordinal concept
(iv) objective & ordinal concept
Answer:
(ii) subjective & cardinal concept

Question 28.
Which of the followings has no utility?
(i) Wine
(ii) Cigarette
(iii) Opium
(iv) None of these
Answer:
(iv) None of these

Question 29.
What type of utility is created if a table is made from a log of wood?
(i) place utility
(ii) time utility
(iii) service utility
(iv) form utility
Answer:
(iv) form utility

Question 30.
What type of utility is created when river water is supplied in the town?
(i) Place utility
(ii) form utility
(iii) service utility
(iv) time utility
Answer:
(i) Place utility

Question 31.
What happens to the utility of a sweater if it is stored during summer & sold during winter?
(i) utility remains same
(ii) utility decreases
(iii) utility increases
(iv) utility first increases then decreases
Answer:
(iii) utility increases

Question 32.
Consumption refers to the
(i) creation of utility
(ii) destruction of utility
(iii) increas in utility
(iv) decrease in the utility
Answer:
(ii) destruction of utility

Question 33.
What type of utility is caused on account of export of a goods?
(i) Time utility
(ii) Place utility
(iii) Form utility
(iv) None of the above
Answer:
(ii) Place utility

Question 34.
A table for a student is a
(i) Producers goods
(ii) Consumers good
(iii) Public goods
(iv) Free goods.
Answer:
(ii) Consumers good

Question 35.
What type of good is your club?
(i) Private goods
(ii) Producers goods
(iii) Public goods
(iv) All of the above
Answer:
(iii) Public goods

Question 36.
For which goods principle of exclusion is not applicable.
(i) Consumers goods
(ii) Public goods
(iii) Producers goods
(iv) Private goods
Answer:
(ii) Public goods

Question 37.
‘Principle of exclusion’ is applicable to
(i) Material goods
(ii) Economic goods
(iii) Private goods
(iv) Public goods
Answer:
(iii) Private goods

Question 38.
A log of teak wood collected from the jungle & used in the city is a
(i) Producers goods
(ii) Free goods
(iii) Economic goods
(iv) Consumers goods
Answer:
(i) Producers goods

Question 39.
What type of good is the service of a doctor?
(i) Consumers goods
(ii) Economic goods
(iii) Service
(iv) None of the above
Answer:
(iii) Service

Question 40.
A goods having value in use but not value in exchange is
(i) Economic goods
(ii) Non-material goods
(iii) Free goods
(iv) All of the above
Answer:
(iii) Free goods

Question 41.
Cotton used for preparing cloth is a
(i) Consumers goods
(ii) Producers goods
(iii) Free goods
(iv) Non-material goods
Answer:
(ii) Producers goods

Question 42.
Goods which yields direct satisfaction is
(i) Producers goods
(ii) Free goods
(iii) Consumers goods
(iv) Private goods
Answer:
(iii) Consumers goods

Question 43.
What type of goods is the mid-day meal supplied to the primary student?
(i) Public goods
(ii) Private goods
(iii) Producers goods
(iv) All of the above
Answer:
(i) Public goods

Question 44.
What type of goods is your personal computer?
(i) Private goods
(ii) Public goods
(iii) Consumers goods
(iv) All of the above
Answer:
(i) Private goods

Question 45.
Goods which are visible, tangible & have a shape is called
(i) Consumers goods
(ii) Private goods
(iii) Material goods
(iv) Non-material goods
Answer:
(iii) Material goods

Question 46.
Which of the followings is not free good?
(i) Air
(ii) Sand
(iii) Mid-day meal to children
(iv) Land
Answer:
(iii) Mid-day meal to children

Question 47.
In economics, wealth means
(i) All the costly items
(ii) All producers goods
(iii) Goods having value in use
(iv) Goods having value in exchange
Answer:
(iv) Goods having value in exchange

Question 48.
The scarcity as a characteristics of wealth refers to
(i) Its demand is scarce in relation to its supply
(ii) Both the demand & supply of it are scarce.
(iii) Its supply is scarce in relation to its demand
(iv) All of the above
Answer:
(iii) Its supply is scarce in relation to its demand

Question 49.
In economics, health is not treated as wealth; because
(i) it has no utility
(ii) it is not scarce
(iii) it can not be marketed
(iv) All of the above
Answer:
(iii) it can not be marketed

Question 50.
What type of wealth is Paradeep Port?
(i) National wealth
(ii) Personal wealth
(iii) Cosmopolitan wealth
(iv) None of the above
Answer:
(i) National wealth

Question 51.
What type of wealth is money ?
(i) National wealth
(ii) International wealth
(iii) Personal wealth
(iv) None of the above
Answer:
(iv) None of the above

Question 52.
Why is not money treated as wealth ?
(i) It has no value in use
(ii) It has no value-in-exchange
(iii) It is not transferable
(iv) All of the above
Answer:
(i) It has no value in use

Question 53.
What type up wealth is the cheque drawn on a nation ?
(i) Personal wealth
(ii) National wealth
(iii) International wealth
(iv) Consumption wealth
Answer:
(i) Personal wealth

Question 54.
A milk man bringing milk from the village to the city’ creates
(i) place utility
(ii) time utility
(iii) form utility
(iv) both (i) and (ii)
Answer:
(i) place utility

Question 55.
The value of comodity expressed in terms of money is called
(i) usefulness
(ii) utility
(iii) price
(iv) both (i) and (ii)
Answer:
(iii) price

Question 56.
Sand on the sea shore is not wealth because it lacks
(i) utility
(ii) scarcity
(iii) marketability
(iv) external Possession
Answer:
(ii) scarcity

Question 57.
Air is not treated as wealth because it does not have
(i) utility
(ii) scarcity
(iii) marketability
(iv) both (i) and (ii)
Answer:
(ii) scarcity

Question 58.
In Economics, value of a good refers to
(i) utility
(ii) value-in-use
(iii) value-in-exchange
(iv) All of the above
Answer:
(iii) value-in-exehange

Question 59.
Under what type of wealth can the invention of a scientist of a nation be included ?
(i) Personal wealth
(ii) International wealth
(iii) National wealth
(iv) Not wealth at all
Answer:
(iii) National wealth

Question 60.
The number of goods which can be commanded in exchange of a particular goods shows,
(i) utility
(ii) exchange value
(iii) value-in-use
(iv) both (i) and (ii)
Answer:
(ii) exchange value

Question 61.
One rupee coin is not wealth because it has no
(i) utility
(ii) value-in-use
(iii) value-in-exchange
(iv) Both (i) and (ii)
Answer:
(iv) Both (i) and (ii)

Question 62.
Your H. S. C. certificate cannot be treated as wealth in economics because it has no
(i) utility
(ii) scarcity
(iii) transferability
(iv) All of the above
Answer:
(iii) transferability

Question 63.
The desire for the possession of a commodity is known as
(i) demand
(ii) effective desire
(iii) human wants
(iv) None of the above
Answer:
(iii) human wants

Question 64.
Effective desire indicates
(i) willingness to buy
(ii) ability to pay
(iii) willingness to spend
(iv) All of the above
Answer:
(iv) All of the above

Question 65.
Wants of car can be satisfied with the satisfaction of wants of petrol; it shows the feature that
(i) wants are competitive
(ii) wants are complementary
(iii) wants are both competative
(iv) All of the above
Answer:
(ii) wants are complementary

Question 66.
A hungry man can satisfy his wants either by taking rice or bread ; it shows the feature that
(i) wants are complementary
(ii) wants are alternative
(iii) wants are competitive
(iv) wants are recurring
Answer:
(ii) wants are alternative

Question 67.
The satisfaction of wants like wine is the type of
(i) luxuries
(ii) comforts
(iii) necessaries for efficiency
(iv) conventional necessaries
AnsWER:
(iv) conventional necessaries

Question 68.
A car for a student is a
(i) Necessary for efficiency
(ii) comforts
(iii) luxury
(iv) conventional necessary
Answer:
(iii) luxury

Question 69.
A pen for a student is
(i) Necessary
(ii) comforts
(iii) luxury
(iv) conventional necessary
Answer:
(i) Necessary

Question 70.
The consumption of luxuries is justified because
(i) it increases the efficiency of the consumer
(ii) it increases the employment
(iii) it leads to social welfare
(iv) all of the above
Answer:
(ii) it increases the employment

II. Fill in the blanks :

Question 1.
Human wants are ____
Answer:
Unlimited

Question 2.
All ____ may rise or fall together, but not values.
Answer:
Prices

Question 3.
Air in Puri sea beach is an example of ____ goods.
Answer:
Free

Question 4.
Your Fountain Pen is an example of ____ wealth.
Answer:
Personal

Question 5.
The desire to have a thing is called ____
Answer:
Wants

Question 6.
Man and machine are both complementary and ____
Answer:
Competitive

Question 7.
Chewing pan is an example of ____
Answer:
Conventional necessary

Question 8.
An electric fan in summer season is an example of ____
Answer:
Comfort

Question 9.
____ arise due to scarcity of resources and unlimited nature of human wants.
Answer:
Economic problems

Question 10.
According to ____ Economics is a study of mankind in the ordinary business of life.
Answer:
Marshall

Question 11.
All the human wants are not ____ important.
Answer:
Equally

Question 12.
Resources are of ____ uses.
Answer:
Alternative uses.

Question 13.
Utility is a ____ concepts
Answer:
Subjective

Question 14.
Cuttack Paradip Road is a ____ wealth
Answer:
National

Question 15.
Pasific ocean is an example of ____ wealth
Answer:
International

Question 16.
Wants of Pen and Ink is said to be ____
Answer:
Complementary

Question 17.
Feast in the marriage is ____ necessary
Answer:
Conventional

Question 18.
Your Matriculation certificate is not wealth because it is not ____
Answer:
Transferable

Question 19.
The transportation of goods by a truck driver causes ____ utility
Answer:
Service

Question 20.
The chair made from a log of wood is an example of ____ utility
Answer:
Form Utility

Question 21.
The Ice cream consumed during summer creates ____ utility
Answer:
Time

Question 22.
Selling the vegetables in the town by transporting it from rural areas creates ____ utility
Answer:
Place

Question 23.
According to Marshall Utility is measurable in terms of ____
Answer:
Money

Question 24.
The voice of Lata Mangeskar is not considered to be wealth because it lacks ____
Answer:
External Possession

Question 25.
The treatment of doctor is an example of ____utility
Answer:
Service

III. Correct the Sentences :

Question 1.
Utility is objective
Answer:
Incorrect.
Correct: Utility is subjective

Question 2.
Wine has no utility.
Incorrect.
Correct: Wine has no usefulness

Question 3.
Utility is the effect of consumption and satisfaction is the cause of the consumption.
Answer:
Incorrect.
Correct: Utility is the cause of consumption and satisfaction is the effect of consumption.

Question 4.
Water supplied from a river to a city creates form utility.
Answer:
Incorrect.
Correct: Water supplied from a river to a city creates place utility.

Question 5.
If a good is stored and sold later on it creates form utility.
Answer:
Incorrect.
Correct: If a good is stored and sold later on it creates time utility.

Question 6.
Making of a chair from a log of wood is an example of time utility.
Answer:
Incorrect.
Correct: Making of a chair from a log of wood is an example of form utility.

Question 7.
Treatment made by a doctor is a case of time utility.
Answer:
Incorrect.
Correct: Treatment made by a doctor is a case of service utility.

Question 8.
Services are non-material goods.
Answer:
Correct.

Question 9.
All goods are free gift of nature.
Answer:
Incorrect.
Correct: Only free goods are free gift of nature.

Question 10.
The supply of free goods is scarce in relation to its demand.
Answer:
Incorrect.
Correct: The supply of free goods is abundant in relation to its demand.

Question 11.
Free goods does not have value-in-exchange.
Answer:
Correct

Question 12.
Water supplied in a city is a free goods.
Answer:
Incorrect.
Correct: Water supplied in a city is an economic goods.

Question 13.
The supply of economic goods are scarce.
Answer:
Correct.

Question 14.
Consumers goods are used for further production.
Answer:
Incorrect.
Correct: Producers goods are used for further production.

Question 15.
Producers goods satisfy the human wants directly.
Answer:
Incorrect.
Correct: Consumers goods satisfy the human wants directly.

Question 16.
Intermidiate goods are either consumed or used for resale.
Answer:
Incorrect.
Correct: Final goods are either consumed or used for resale.

Question 17.
Intermediate goods are used for further production.
Answer:
Correct.

Question 18.
The Principle of exclusion is applicable to public goods.
Answer:
Incorrect.
Correct: The Principle of exclusion is applicable to private goods.

Question 19.
The supply of private goods leads to collective welfare.
Answer:
Incorrect.
Correct: The supply of public goods leads to collective welfare.

Question 20.
National Highway is a public goods.
Answer:
Correct.

Question 21.
All the goods are wealth.
Answer:
Incorrect.
Correct: Only the economic goods are wealth.

Question 22.
Wealth has only value-in-use.
Answer:
Incorrect.
Correct: Wealth has value in use and value in exchange.

Question 23.
Money is wealth.
Answer:
Incorrect.
Correct: Money is title to wealth.

Question 24.
Health is wealth.
Answer:
Incorrect.
Correct: Health is not wealth.

Question 25.
Cheque & Draft are wealth.
Answer:
Incorrect.
Correct: Cheque and draft are representative wealth.

Question 26.
Park is an individual wealth.
Answer:
Incorrect.
Correct: Park is a social wealth.

Question 27.
Bay of Bengal is a national wealth.
Answer:
Incorrect.
Correct: Bay of Bengal is an international wealth.

Question 28.
Good will of a business is not wealth.
Answer:
Incorrect.
Correct: Good-will of a business is an individual wealth.

Question 29.
Borrowings of an individual is an individual wealth.
Answer:
Incorrect.
Correct: Borrowing of an individual is a negative wealth.

Question 30.
All wealth is capital.
Answer:
Incorrect.
Correct: All capital is wealth.

Question 31.
Wealth is a flow but income is a stock.
Answer:
Incorrect.
Correct: Wealth is a stock but income is a flow.

Question 32.
Capital is a part of wealth.
Answer:
Correct.

Question 33.
Value in economics refers to value-in-use.
Answer:
Incorrect.
Correct: Value in economics refers to value-in exchange.

Question 34.
Value-in-exchange indicates price.
Answer:
Correct.

Question 35.
Value of all commodities change simultaneously: but price of different goods remain uncharged.
Answer:
Incorrect.
Correct: Price of different commodities change simultaneously; but value of all goods remain unchanged.

Question 36.
Wants have same intensity.
Answer:
Incorrect.
Correct: Wants vary in intensity.

Question 37.
Wants never change with time, place and person.
Answer:
Incorrect.
Correct: Wants vary with time place and person.

Question 38.
News paper for a teacher is comfort.
Answer:
Incorrect.
Correct: News paper for a teacher is necessaries.

Question 39.
Habit of smoking is necessaries for efficiency.
Answer:
Incorrect.
Correct: Habit of smoking is conventional necessaries.

Question 40.
Medicine for patient is necessaries.
Answer:
Correct.

Question 41.
Wine for a drunkard is necessaries for life.
Answer:
Incorrect.
Correct: Wine for a drunkard is conventional necessaries.

Question 42.
Tea is a necessaries for efficiency.
Answer:
Incorrect.
Correct: Tea is a conventional necessaries.

IV. Answer the following questions in one word :

Question 1.
What is utility ?
Answer:
Utility refers to wants satisfying power of a goods.

Question 2.
State a peculiarity of ‘Utility.’
Answer:
Utility is a subjective concept.

Question 3.
Give an example of a goods which has utility but does not have usefulness.
Answer:
Alcohol has utility but does not have usefulness.

Question 4.
What is form utility ?
Answer:
If the utility of a goods increases with the change of its form, it is called form utility.

Question 5.
What is place utility ?
Answer:
If the utility of a goods increases with the change of place, it is called place utility.

Question 6.
What type of utility is created if a log of wood is converted into a table ?
Answer:
Form utility is created if a log of wood is converted into table.

Question 7.
Give an example of place Utility ?
Answer:
If the water collected from the river is supplied in the city, it is called ‘place utility’.

Question 8.
What is service utility ?
Answer:
The service of a person, if satisfies the wants of other it is called service utility.

Question 9.
Give an example of service utility ?
Answer:
Service of a doctor is called ‘service utility.’

Question 10.
What type of utility is created if one goods is stored and sold later on ?
Answer:
Time utility is created if one goods is stored & sold later on.

Question 11.
What is goods ?
Answer:
Anything which satisfies the human wants is called goods.

Question 12.
What is the difference between goods & services ?
Answer:
Goods may be viewed as both the commodities which are visible, tangible & having a shape but services which are invisible, intangible & do not have any shape.

Question 13.
Which goods does not have value-in-exchange ?
Answer:
Free goods does not have value in-exchange.

Question 14.
What is economic goods ?
Answer:
Economic goods are those goods which are possessed with the payment of price & have both value-in-use & value in-exchange.

Question 15.
Give an example of economic goods which is a free gift of nature ?
Answer:
Land is an economic goods which is a free gift of nature.

Question 16.
What is consumers’ goods ?
Answer:
Consumers’ goods are those goods which can satisfy the human wants directly.

Question 17.
What is producers’ goods ?
Answer:
The goods which are used for further production is called producers’ goods.

Question 18.
Give an example of producers goods ?
Answer:
Machine is an example of producers’ goods.

Question 19.
Which goods are used for further production ?
Answer:
Producers’ goods are used for further production.

Question 20.
Which goods are called goods of first order ?
Answer:
Consumers’ goods are called goods of first order.

Question 21.
What is intermediate goods ?
Answer:
The goods which are used for producing goods is called intermediate goods.

Question 22.
What is final goods ?
Answer:
Goods which can be directly used for consumption or for resale is called final goods.

Question 23.
Which are the features of private goods ?
Answer:
Private goods are those goods whose consumption is rival and excludable and also owned by private individuals.

Question 24.
To which goods, the principle of exclusion is applied ?
Answer:
Principle of exclusion is applied to private goods.

Question 25.
What is wealth in economics ?
Answer:
In Economics, wealth refers to all economic goods.

Question 26.
What are the characteristics of wealth ?
Answer:
Utility, scarcity, transferability & external possession are the features of wealth.

Question 27.
Which characteristics of wealth shows its marketability ?
Answer:
The features like transferability shows the marketability of wealth.

Question 28.
Why health is not treated as wealth in economics ?
Answer:
Health does not satisfy the features of wealth like transferability & external possession.

Question 29.
Is money wealth ?
Answer:
Money is not wealth because it does not have utility of its own.

Question 30.
What type of wealth is cheque, shares and bonds ?
Answer:
Cheque, share & bonds are representative wealth.

Question 31.
Give an example of national wealth ?
Answer:
Hirakud Dam is an example of national wealth.

Question 32.
What type of wealth is U.N.O ?
Answer:
U.N.O. is a cosmopolitan wealth.

Question 33.
What type of wealth is Rourkela Steel Plant ?
Answer:
Rourkela Steel plant is a national wealth.

Question 34.
What type of wealth is a club ?
Answer:
A club is a social wealth.

Question 35.
What is value in economics ?
Answer:
Value in economics refers to value in exchange.

Question 36.
What is Price ?
Answer:
Value-in-exchange expressed in terms of money is called price.

Question 37.
What is value in exchange.
Answer:
Value in exchange refers to what a commodity can purchase in terms of other commodity.

Question 38.
What type of wealth is business good-will ?
Answer:
Business good will is an individual wealth.

Question 39.
Why air is not wealth ?
Answer:
As air is not scarce, it is not called wealth.

Question 40.
What type of wealth is river Mahanadi ?
Answer:
River Mahanadi is a national wealth.

Question 41.
What is human wants ?
Answer:
The desire for the possession of a goods is called human wants.

Question 42.
What is complementary goods ?
Answer:
There are some goods which are simultaneously consumed for the satisfaction of a wants are called complementary goods.

Question 43.
What are the necessaries ?
Answer:
Necessaries are those goods which are the basic needs of life.

Question 44.
What is conventional necessaries ?
Answer:
Those necessaries which arise out of the social convention are called conventional necessaries.

Question 45.
What type of wants is car for a doctor ?
Answer:
Car for a doctor is necessaries for efficiency.

Question 46.
What are comforts ?
Answer:
Comforts are those goods which make life comfortable.

Question 47.
What type of wants is wine for a drunkard ?
Answer:
Wine for a drunkard is a conventional necessaries.

Question 48.
What type of wants is a grand feast for marriage ?
Answer:
A Grand feast for marriage is a conventional necessaries.

Question 49.
What type of want is smoking for a smoker ?
Answer:
Conventional necessaries

Question 50.
What type of want is a car for a student ?
Answer:
A car for a student is luxury.

Question 51.
Why an aeroplane is not treated as wants for a poor man ?
Answer:
An aeroplane is not a want for a poor man because he does not have adequate purchasing power for it.

Odisha State Board CHSE Odisha Class 12 Economics Solutions Chapter 1 Definition of Economics and Central Problems of An Economy Questions and Answers.

CHSE Odisha 12th Class Economics Chapter 1 Question Answer Definition of Economics and Central Problems of An Economy

Group – A

Short type Questions with Answers
I. Answer within Two/Three sentence.

Question 1.
What is the meaning of the term ‘Economics’ ?
Answer:
The term “Economics” is originally derived from Greek words “Oikis” which means ! iousehold” & “Nemein” which means “Management”. As such, economics is referred as management, of household.

Question 2.
Write down the wealth definition given by Adam Smith.
Answer:
The first systematic definition of economics is given by Adam Smith , the father of economics in his masterpiece “An Enquiry into the Nature and Causes of wealth of Nations” published in 1776. He defined economics as “Science of Wealth” . It includes the acquisition, accumulation and spending of wealth.

Question 3.
Describe Welfare definition of Alfred Marshall.
Answer:
Alfred Marshall propounded a new definition with different touch in his book “ Principles of Economics” published in 1890. His definition is accepted as “Welfare Definition.”
According to Dr. Marshall “ Economics is a study of mankind in ordinary business of life; it examines that part of individual & social actiuon which is most closely connected with the attainment and with the use of material requisites of well being.”

Question 4.
What is Scarcity definition ?
Answer:
The scarcity definition has been enunciated by Lionel Robbins in his book “Essay on the Nature and Significance of Economic Science” published in the year 1932.
According to Robbins, “Economics is a science which studies the human behaviour as a relationship between ends and scarce means which have alternative uses.”

Question 5.
What is the classical view on Subject matter of economics ?
Answer:
Subject matter of economics is a controversial subject. That is why Mrs. Barbara Wooton said, “Whenever six economists are gathered, there are seven opinions.” The classical economists like Adam Smith, J.S. Mill, David Ricardo, LB. Say regarded economics as a science which studied wealth. They considered only material goods as wealth. And wealth formed the subject matter of economics.

Question 6.
What is the Central Problems of Economics ?
Answer:
the origin of the economic problem is in scarcity of resources Multiplicity of end forces on us the problem of choice among the ends so that the most intense among them are satisfied now.

Question 7.
What is Production Possibility Curve ?
Answer:
A production-possibilities curve shows the various combinations of the goods which an economy can produce with given resources and under the given technology. It is a downwards sloping curve which is concave to the origin.

II. Answer within Five/Six sentence :

Question 1.
Write short notes on Economic Activity.
Answer:

• Economic activity refers to that activity which is concerned with earning of income and spending of income.
• All the economic activities include those activities related to consumption, production and distribution
• Economic activities are undertaken in order to satisfy various human wants.
• The economic activities constitute the ordinary business of life.
• Economic activities are executed by the rational human beings who pursue to maximise the satisfaction with limited resources.

Question 2.
What is Economic problem ?
Answer:

• Economic problem arises becauses of unlimited wants and imited resources.
• Choice in the context of multiplicity of wants and limited resources constitute the basic economic problem.
• Economic problem emerges because of scarce resources having alternative uses for which choice is to be made.
• Problem relating to allocation of resources, production of goods and distribution of goods also constitute economic problem.
• Problem on the attainment of economic growth also forms the component of economic problem.

Question 3.
Describe Wealth Definition.
Answer:

• Adam Smith, the father of economics formulated the wealth definition of economics
• It is considered to be the first systematic definition of economics
• According to Adam Smith, economics is a ‘Science of Wealth’ and gives emphasis on material wealth.
• It deals with the acquisition of wealth, accumulation of wealth and spending of wealth.
• Thus, Wealth definition deals with the consumption, production and distribution.

Question 4.
Describe Welfare definition.
Answer:

• The welfare definition has been enunciated by Alfred Marshall in his book “Principle s of economics” published in 1890.
• According to Marshall, “Economics is a study of mankind in the ordinary business of life; it examines that part of individual and social action which is closely connected with the attainment and the use of material requisites of well being.”
• Marshall gave primary place to man and secondary to wealth.
• According to Marshall, economics deals with the material welfare.
• Marshall’s definition, thus, classifies the economic activities into material welfare and non-material welfare.

Question 5.
Describe Robbins definitio.
Answer:

• Lionel Robbins formulated a definition which is called “Scarcity definition.”
• According to him, “Economics is the science which studies the human behaviour as a relationship between ends and scarce means which have alternative uses.”
• Choice in the context of satisfaction of multiple wants and scarcity of resources form the basis of this definition.
• Robbins definition deals with the unlimited wants, limited resources having altmative uses and choice for the satisfaction of wants in order of intensity.
• Robbins definition is more analytical, comprehensive and treats economics as a positive science.

Question 6.
Central Problems of Economics.
Answer:
The origin of the economic problem is in scarcity of resources. Multiplicity of ends forces on us the problem of choice among the ends so that the most intense among them are satisfied now. If there were only a single end, the problem of how to use the means would be a technological problem. Solution of a technical problem requires knowledge solely of engineering and physical sciences. Solving an economic problem involves value judgements, for such a problem inevitably involves the calculation of how much of one goal has to be sacrificed to attain a particular increment in an other goal. This is known as the Principle of opportunity cost. It tells us the rate at which we have to sacrifice one goal in order to satisfy another goal by a given amount. This principle is very well illustrated by the Production Possibility Curve to study the economic problems.

Question 7.
What do you mean by production possibility curve ?
Answer:
The set of problems facing every economy can be very clearly analysed with the help of what Professor Samuelson called the Production-Possibilities or Boundary Curve. This curve helps us in distinctly showing the relationships among the set of problems/of an economy. The production- possibility curve illustrates three concepts : scarcity, choice and opportunity cost. A production-possibilities curve shows the various combinations of the goods which an economy can produce with given resources and under the given technology.

Group – B

Long Type Questions With Answers

Question 1.
Describe“Wealth Definition” of Economics.
Answer:
Adam Smith is considered as the first economist who has formulated a systematic definition of economics for the first time in his book “An Enquiry into the Nature and Causes of Wealth of Nations” published in 1776. He defined economics “as a Science of Wealth. ” Hence, his definition is universally accepted as. “Wealth definition. ”
According to Adam Smith, all that economics studies is wealth. Economics deals with the acquisition, accumulation and utilisation of wealth. It looks into the process of production and consumption of wealth.
Features : The “Wealth definition of economics as pronounced by Adam Smith contains the following features:

1. Study of Wealth : Adam Smith’s Wealth definition is the study of wealth alone, Hence, it deals with those activities which are related to production, consumption, exchange and distribution.
2. Considers only material commodities : Smith’s definition categorically emphasises on only material commodities. Economics, according to Adam Smith, constitutes only material commodities. These are called wealth according to Adam Smith’s definition. As such, this definition ignores non-matrial goods like services of all types, free goods like air, water etc.
3. Deals with causes of Wealth : In Wealth definition, it is described that economics studies the causes of wealth accumulation. To increase wealth, production of material goods will have to be stepped up.
4. Much emphasis on Wealth: In this definition, wealth is considered to be the sole factors. The main aim of the political economy is to increase the riches (wealth) of the economy.

MERITS :

• Adam Smith’s definition is the first systematic definition of economics which separates economics from politics. This makes economics as an independent subject.
• The Wealth definition of Adam Smith seeks to look into the possible causes which lead to increase the wealth.
• This definition signifies the material goods (material wealth) which are scarce.
• This definition dictates the nature of an economic man who pursues to achieve his needs to the maximum.

DEMERITS :
(i) Gives much emphasis to wealth : Adam Smith’s defintion gives too much emphasis to wealth. Only wealth is treated to be the most significant factor which is even more important than man. Wealth occupies a primary place whereas man occupies secondary place. Thus, definition itself restricts the scope of economics by giving much importance to wealth.

(ii) Provides restricted meaning of wealth: This definition provides a restricted meaning of wealth by considering only material commodities (material wealth). Non-material goods like services of all types are ignored though these services constitute a part of wealth in modern days. Thus, by restricting the wealth to material goods only, this definition has narrowed the scope of economics.

(iii) Ignores wealfare : The concept of welfare which is a significant and long cherished concept has been outrightly ignored by Adam Smith. This definition has not given importance to the economic welfare. It emphasises only on the accumulation of wealth but pays no attention to the equitable distribution of wealth and its uses for the welfare of the society.

(iv) Concept of Economic man : This definition is based on the concept of economic man who works for. Selfish ends alone and not found in real life. But in realism, man’s activities are influenced by moral, social and religious factors.

(v) Ignores problem of Scarcity and Choice : This definition does not make any discussion on the problem of scarcity and choice which are two common concepts to be discussed. Besides, this definition is ambiguous and static in nature Critics like Carlyle, Ruskin and others criticised Adam Smith for his definition and treats economics as a “Dismal Science.” Above all, Wealth definition given by Adam Smith is narrow, controversial and unscientific

Question 2.
“Economics is a Science of Chocie” Discuss this view in the context of Robbins’ definition of Economics.
Answer:
Lionel Robbins, an eminent English economist enunciated a comprehensive definition on economics. The imperfections and inadequacies of previous definitions inspired him to advocate an analytical definition. In his words, economics is the science which studies the human behaviour as a relationship between ends and scarce means which have alternative uses “Robbins raised economics to a dignified status. In his book “Nature and Significance of Economic Science (1932)” he discussed on the several universal facts with following elements.
ELEMENTS:

1. Unlimited wants
2. Limited scarce resources.
3. Alternative uses of resources.
4. Different intensity of wants.
5. Problem of choice

1. Unlimited wants : Robbins calls wants as the ends. These ends or wants are numerous, limitless and numberless. When one wants is satisfied, another wants takes its place. Thus, it contended that the human beings confront with the multiplicity of wants. So it is impossible to satisfy all of the wants of human beings.

2. Limited (scarce) resources : In Robbins definition, the term ‘means’ indicate resources. Resources are those things which can satisfy human wants directly or indirectly. But the resources are scarce in the sense that these goods have limited supply in relation to its demand. So the human beings fail to satisfy all of his wants and are compelled to postpone the satisfaction of less urgent wants. The relative scarcity of the resources poses economic problem. So, economics is termed as a Science of Scarcity.

3. Alternative uses of the resources : Prof. Robbins reveals the alternative uses of the resources in his difinition. It implies that these resources can be put into alternative uses. For example, – coal has several uses. This leads to create an economic problem in the allocation of these limited resources.

4. Different intensity of wants : It is derived from the definition that all the wants are not equally important or urgent. It means wants are of different intensity. Some wants are more urgent than other. Thus, a man is forced to make a choice of wants. So Economics, according to Robbins is a Science of Choice.

5. Problem of Choice : Unlimited wants, limited resources and alternative uses of resources create an economic problem. Every man confronts with scarcity of resources. Hence, he is forced to make a choice of wants in his allocation of resources. This problem is the central problem of economics.

MERITS :
Robbins definition is comprehensive and scientific in out look. This definition is superior to wealth and welfare definition and hence is universally appreciated. The major merits of Robbins definition are as follows :

1. An analytical definition : Robbins definition is an analytical definition. He provides the reasons for the study of economic problems.
2. A universal definition : Robbins definition is universal in nature. It deals with common problems arising out of unlimited wants and limited resources. So it is applicable everywhere.
3. More comprehensive definition: Robbins definition combines human behaviour with the choice between ends and scarce means. So this definition has wider scope than other definition.

DEMERITS :
Though Robbins definition is logical and scientific yet it suffers from several demerits.

(i) Self contradictory : Robbins has contradicted himself by his two views about choice between ends, hi the first place, he contends that Economics is the Science of choice These two contentions are mutually contradictory.

(ii) Concept of Welfare : Robbins’ definition has also hidden concept of welfare. According to Robbins, Economics deals with the choice between ends and means. It implies that there is human welfare to solve this problem. Thus, the idea of welfare is very much in Robbins definition.

(iii) Narrow definition : Another drawback of Robbins definition is that it only deals with the problem of choice. But in modem days, the allocation of resources is not the only problem. Rather, there are other problems like distribution of national income, employment, regional development which are ignored in Robbins definition.
However, Robbins definition is unique and has practical validity. It is a comprehensive definition that touches different aspects of Economics ‘

Question 3.
Explain Marshall’s definition of Economics.
Answer:
Alfred Marshall, an eminent British economist has enunciated a definition of economics in his masterpiece “Principles of Economics” published in 1890. Being dissatisfied with the definition given by Adam Smith, Marshall tries to interprete Economics as a Science of Welfare. Hence, Marshall’s definition is otherwise called “Welfare definition”. In his definition, Marshall emphasised on human welfare than wealth. According to him, wealth is a means to satisty human wants but not an end in itself.

Marshall’s definition reads as ‘‘Economics is a study of mankind in the ordinary business of life. It examines that part of individual and social action which is most closely connected with the attainment and with the use of material requisites of well-being ”

Features :
1. A study of mankind : Economics studies the economic activities of man. Man performs many types of activities. They are social, religious and economics. Economics is the study of economic activities which are concerned with the economic activities of man.

2. Ordinary business of life : Every man works mostly to earn wealth and spends his earning to get maximum satisfaction out of it. This is the activity of an ordinary man. Economics studies only ordinary man not extra ordinary people like Sadhus and Santhas etc.

3. Study of Individual & Social action: Economics studies the personal and social activities of man which are concerned with his material welfare. It is a study of the individuals on the one hand and social organisation of economic activities on the other.

4. Study of material welfare : The main emphasis of this definition is on material welfare. This is the major difference of this definition from the definition given by Adam Smith. One must note that economics is a subject which studies the material welfare of man. The study of non material welfare is ignored in his definition.

5. Normative Scieence : According to this definition, economics is the study of the causes affecting material welfare It is therefore a social science. Economics doesnot only concern with the material means; it studies the related activities which of course concern with wealth.

Merits :
1. A classificatory Definition : Marshall’s definition classifies the economic activities of man into two types: (i) Material welfare, (2) Non-material welfare. Similliarly, men are classified as ordinary and extraordinary. Economic activites are classified as individual and social. Thus Marshall’s definition has served to put economics as a class by itself, distinguished from other sciences.

2. Avoids criticism made against Adam Smith : This definition emphasises man and his welfare.lt mentions wealth later on – Prof. Pigou compared economics with the science of medicine. He regarded it as an instrument of the material welfare of mankind. Thus, economics is no more a dismal science.

3. Clear about the Nature of Economics : This definition tells that economics is a social science. It is not a pure science. It is also not an art. It is one among the social sciences.

4. Clear on the scope of Economics : The definition is also having the merit of laying down the scope of economics clearly. It studies only the material activities of man. It is concerned with the ordinary men not extraordinary men.

Criticism:
1. Study of all types of economic activity of men: Marshall’s definition restricted economics to the study of man in the ordinary business of life. According to Robbins, all men have economic problem. This problem is of limited resources and comparatively much more ends or wants. This problem may be called the problem of scarcity. All men, whether rich or poor, are faced by this problem. Therefore, economics studies all men, whether rich or poor.

2. Restricts the scope of Economics : In Robbin,s view, this definition has limited the scope of economics to the study of material goods only which promote material welfare. But there are non-material services of a singer, a doctor, a teacher or a lawyer which have economic value. Thus, the scope of economics is restricted

3. Economics as pure science : The definition based on material welfare tends to show that economics is a social science. This idea in Robbin’s view, is wrong. Economics is not a social science simply because it studies human beings. It may at best be called a human science. It is a pure science like Physics, Chemistry because it has universally applicable laws.

4. The definition is not analytical: This definition is only classificatory in nature,It doesnot tells us the central problem of economics. In Robbins’ view, the definition of economics must be related to a scientific analyscis of economic activities.

5. Economics is a positive Science: Robbins also criticises the Marshallian definition for its normative character. In Robbins’ view, economics is entirely neutral between ends as every positive science is. The study of ends is outside of its scope. An economist does not study the nature of norms.

6. Impractical: This definition is impractical. The material welfare definition assumes that it is possible to divide a man’s activities in to material and non- material, economic and non-economic. In practice, there is no such clearcut distinction between economic and non economic activities. Therefore, the definition is not practical.

Question 4.
Make comparative analysis between Robbins’ and Marshall’s definitions of Economics.
Answer:
Alfred Marshall and Lionel Robbins propounded two different and separate definitions of economics. Both the formulations bear different aspects of economics. Marshall’s welfare definition and Robbins scarcity definition are enunciated during different periods. But the detailed analysis of the two theme observed certain similarities and dismilarities in their respective contents. So it is not justified to derive a hasty conclusion that these two definitions are completely different from each other.These similarities between the two definitions of economics are discussed below :

Similarities :
1. Wealth and Scarce means : In Marshallian framework, the term wealth is used in form of materal welfare. In Scarcity definition, Lionel Robbins has introduced ‘scarce means’ which simply denotes wealth. It is only the change of words to express and emphasise the wealth in both the definitions. Thus, these two definitions are similar in this respect.

2. Primary place to man : Alfred Marshall’s & Lionel Robbins have given much emphasis on the study of man. Marshall studied wealth for human welfare and Robbins’ described human behaviour as a relationship between ends and scarce means which have alternative uses. Furthermore, Marshall also interpretes that it is on the one side a study of wealth and on the other and more important is the study of a man. Thus, both the definitions aim at the study of human beings.

3. Rational behaviour of man : The comprehensive analysis of both the definitions reveals that both presumes rational man for their study. These two definitions are based on rational behaviour of man. In Marshallian analysis, it tells that man always pursues to maximise his welfare whereas in Robbins language, man tries to maximise his satisfaction. In this context, both the definitions are construed as similar.

Dissimilarities:
In spite of the above mentioned similarities, these two definitions contain certain different concepts. There observed certain fundamental differences between the two definitions.The important distinctions between the two are mentioned below.

1. Distinction between social and human science: According to Marshall and his disciples, economics is viewed as a social science. It studies rational, ordinary social human beings. In Robbins’ view, economics is viewed as human science associated with the economic activities of ordinary and extraordinary men. Every man confronts with economic problem.

2. Distinction between economic and non-economic activities : In Marshallian version, economic activities refer to those activities which are concerned with material commodities promoting material welfare. Robbins’language, all those economic activities the problem of valuation. Thus, Robbins definition is more comprehensive as it includes both the material and non material goods

3. Normative & Positive science: In welfare definition, Marshall clearly describes economics as a normative science. Because it values the welfare of human beings. In Robbins’ version, economics is a positive science.Thus, there lies the difference between the two.

4. Classification and Analytical definition : Marshall’s definition is classificatory in nature because it puts economics as a subject as it is separated from other social sciences. He delimits the subject matter of economics to material activities leading to material welfare. On the otherhand, Robbins submits an analytical definition which concentrates on the basic economic problem.

5. Difference regarding man and his welfare: Marshall’s definition gives much stress on man whereas Robbins’ definition emphasises on the economic problem. From the above analysis, it is presumed that though both the definitions contain some common concepts yet there observed significant differences between the two.

Question 5.
What is the scope of Economics ?
Answer:
By scope of economics, we mean the area of its study or the extent of its study. It is essential to know the boundaries of the study of economics for scientific analysis of the subject In the scope of economics, we discuss its boundaries. Scope of economics answers mainly the following three questions:
1. What is the subject matter of economics ?
2. What is the nature of economics ?
3. What are the limitations of economics ?
Now we will study in detail the answers to these three questions.
Subject Matter of Economics
Subject matter of economics is a controversial subject. That is why Mrs. Barbara Wooton said, “Whenever six economists are gathered, there are seven opinions.” The classical economists like Adam Smith, J.S. Mill, David Ricardo, LB. Say regarded economics as a science which studied wealth. They considered only material goods as wealth. And wealth formed the subject matter of economics. The philosophers of that time criticized this view regarding the subject matter of economics. Marshall removed the defects of the classical view. He regarded economics as a social science studying all those human activities which are related to material welfare. Prof. Robbins found faults with Marshall’s view. So he gave his own opinion and widened the scope of economics, He made economics a science studying all those activities which are related to scarce means in relation to unlimited wants. Thus, according to Prof. Robbins, the problems of valuation and choice are studied in economics.

The scope of economics is very vast. In economics, we study the circular flow of efforts made to satisfy wants and the resulting satisfaction from these efforts.

The economic circle, given on below shows that man has several wants.. In order to satisfy his wants, he makes efforts and thus produces goods and services. From the consumption of these goods and services, he gets satisfaction. Another feature of wants is that when a particular want is satisfied, another want takes its place. So this circular flow goes on as long as a man is alive. It should be borne in mind that wants are of two types: (i) Natural wants, (ii) Artificial wants. Natural wants are those wants which are satisfied by the free gifts of nature like wind, water, heat etc. We do not have to make any effort to get these goods and services. Such wants are not studied in economics.

Artificial wants are satisfied with the man made goods and services like .cloth, food, services of a doctor, etc. Thus we have to make efforts to satisfy them. Artificial wants result from the development of civilisation. They are wants of food, cloth, etc. Only artificial wants form the subject matter of economics.

The study of wants efforts satisfaction is divided into various sections of study. They are : consumption, production, exchange, distribution, public finance and international trade. In consumption, the laws concerning human wants are studied. For example, law of diminishing marginal utility, law of equimarginal utility, etc. In production, we study the means of production and the laws of production. In exchange the price determination through the forces of demand and supply is studied.

We know that production is the result of the combined efforts of the four factors of production which are land, labour, capital, organisation and the entrepreneur. So production is divided among the four factors of production. This division is studied in the distribution section of economics. The last section of the study of economics is public finance and international trade.

According to Chapman, “Economics is that branch of knowledge which studies the consumption, production, exchange and distribution of wealth.”

Peterson said, “Economics is a study of the processes by which goods and services are produced exchanged and consumed.”

Modem economists say that in economics we study the consumer’s equilibrium, producer’s equilibrium, commodity price determination and factor pricing. Both micro and macro types of economic activities are studied in economics. Static as well as dynamic economic activities come under the study of economics.

Now we can conclude that all economic problems, economic policies and economic laws which are concerned with economic activities and human welfare are included in the subject matter of economics. ‘

Question 6.
What are the central economic problems ?
Answer:
The subject matter of economics is concerned with the rational management or optional allocation of scarce economic resources among the alternative uses so that a consumer (individual) can maximize his satisfaction or a producer (entrepreneur) can maximize his profit (output) & economic as a whole can maximize social welfare. It is a fact that economic system is complex as numerous economic agents pursue & prefer to make choices & guided by incentives. In addition to this, the economic activities undertaken by these economic agents are also numerous which & in to all these make the economic system complex.

Every economy has to solve the basic universal economic problem of allocating scarce resources among competing ends. Professor Frank H. Knight pointed out in his book Economic Organisation that the economic problem maybe sub-divided into five interrelated problems. Every society has to devise its methods of solving these five distinct though interrelated problems. These problems are:

1. fixing standards (What to produce ?)
2. organising production (How to produce ?)
3. distributing the product (how to distribute or whom to produce ?)
4. providing for economic maintenance and progress (or how to ensure economic growth?)
5. adjusting consumption to production over short periods (how to ration the limited supplies).

Being confronted with the above fundamental economic problems, the functions of an economy is concentrated on the rational solution of these problem which originate due to scarcity of resources and competing ends. Solving an economic problem value judgements, for such a problem inevitably involves the calculation of one goal which is to be for gone to achieve a particular increment in an other goal. This is known as the “Principle of Opportunity Cost”. Applying this concept, the economy functions to solve the above problems.

1. Determinng What to Produce : Given the economy’s resource endowments, the first function of an economy aims at determining the composition of output. In a free economy the forces determining the composition of output can be classified into two types : (1) the technology (or input-output co-efficients) which determines the relative cost of each product, and (2) consumers ’ tastes and preferences which determine the relative prices of different goods. Since resources at the disposal of every economy are limited, the allocation of given resources has to be done according to the technology available for transforming the resources into the desired goods which, in turn, depends upon the tastes of the consumers. In a free enterprise economy, the composition of output is determined by the equality of the marginal rate of transformation of a good A into good Y with the marginal rate of substitution of the community for the two goods.

2. Determining How to Produce: Once composition of output is determined by consumers tastes and preferences, the organisation of production is taken up by the business firms. The business firms decide on the allocation of resources and the methods of production keeping the relative prices of the resources and technique of production in vient. The firms would try to attain productive efficiency by combining resources to obtain the given output at least cost and selling the produced output in the most profitable way. Thus, a free enterprise economy, depending upon the price mechanism, takes the two decisions of what to produce and how to produce at the same time. In the process, each resource is used according to its relative abundance or scarcity among different uses.

3. Distribution of National Product (Determining whom to produce) : Decision about the distribution of the national product among the members of the community has two aspects. First, the economy has to determine the relative sizes of the shares to be received by each household. Second, the economy has to determine the bundles of goods and services available to each household. The resource- owning households sell their resources for production and, with the incomes so earned, demand the goods and services produced by the producing firms. The resource owners-sell their services at the highest obtainable prices for them. At the same time, the households try to purchase the satisfaction-maximising bundles of goods and services available through spending their incomes. In this way, the decisions about production and distribution are co-ordinated and made consistent.

4. Rationing of Available Supplies : Price mechanism in a free-enterprise economy also decides how the available supplies of consumers goods would be rationed to consumers over the short run. Some commodities may be in shortage for some time to come. For example, sugar or vanaspati ghee supply may be short of demand which leads to rise in their prices. The consumers adjust their demands for these commodities according to their tastes and incomes in view of the high prices of these commodities. As the seasonal supplies of these commodities get depleted, their prices rise further to attain the limited supplies among prospective consumers.

5. Economic Maintenance and Progress (Economic Growth) : This function of an economic system has three aspects :
(a) maintaining the economy’s productive powers in the face of increasing population;
(b) maintaining the production system through replacement of capital goods which are depreciating in the process of production;
(c) improving the technical processes so as to enhance the nation’s productive power and step up the rate of growth of the national product.

According to Frank H. Knight, this function of maintaining the economic system cuts across all the other functions. It implies stabilising the rate of investment to provide for replacement and growth of capital stock on the one hand and improving the productivity of resources within the economy through technological progress. In a free enterprise economy, this function is performed by individual firms, the government providing the needed infrastructure to facilitate their work.

Question 7.
Discuss the concept of Production possibility curve.
Answer:
The production-possibility curve illustrates three concepts : scarcity, choice and opportunity cost. Let us take up the problem of choice betw een Goods X and Goods Y meant for. If we have full employment of resources and we want to produce more X, then we must produce less of all other goods, thereby reducing the quantity of goods (Y) available to satisfy the needs. The country must make a choice of the combination of X and Y. More X mean less for consumption and vice versa. The opportunity cost of more X is shown by the amount of goods Y forgone in greater production of goods X.

Choice & concept of Opportunity cost: The following table shows the combinations of X and Y for a country which has a choice of production between butter and guns. Given the research and technology in our hypothetical economy, we can produce only so much X and so many Y. The table given below gives the combination of Y and X which can be produced assuming that’ only these two outputs are produced. Combination A shows no X, all Y, On the other extreme, combination F shows all X, no Y. Combinations B to E show that in order to have more Y, we must have less of X. This is the principle of opportunity cost. The opportunity cost of getting five lakh quintals of X in combination B, for example, is three Lakh Y which have to be given up in moving from combination A to combination B.

TABLE
Production Possibilities

Combinations	X (lakh quintals)	Y (lakhs)
A	0	40
B	5	37
C	1o	32
D	15	25
E	20	15
F	25	0

The concepts of scarcity, choice and opportunity cost become even more illuminating if we translate the table of production possibilities into a graph, which we call a production-possibilities curve.

A production-possibilities curve shows the various combinations of the goods which an economy can produce with given resources and under the given technology. Figure reveals a Production-Possibility curve from the point A to F. On the horizontal & axis, the quantity of goods X produced is measured while the vertical Y-axis measures the quantity of all other goods, that is, goods Y).

We plot-all those combinations of X goods and Y goods which can be produced if all the resources are fully employed. The points A, E, B, Fare the points on the production possibility curve AF. This curve separates the combinations of the goods obtainable from the use of given resources from those which are not attainable. Points in side the boundary such as C show the combination of and goods xy which are attainable. Points outside the boundary such as D show combinations which are not attainable because there are not enough resources to produce them. Points on the production- possibility boundary such as E and B are just obtainable. These are the combinations which can be produced only if we use all the available resources. The fact that there are combinations which are not attainable in the diagram shows that there is scarcity of resources and we are thereby forced to make a choice between more or less of one type of goods or the other.

The downward slope of the production possibility curve shows that there is an opportunity cost of producing more of goods X or more of goods Y the opportunity cost being measured by the quantity forgone of the other type of commodity. Thus if we go from point E to point B we are reallocating resources out of production of Y and into production of X as a result of which the quantity of production of X rises from OQ to OS while that ofY production of falls from OP to OR. Thus the opportunity cost of getting QS more of goods X produced is PR goods y sacrificed. This illustrates the problem of allocation of resources in the economy.

It is, of course, always possible that actual production in the economy takes place “at some point inside the production-possibility curve. This is possible either because some of its resources are lying idle or because its resources are being used inefficiently in production; Most of the world’s developed “economies are found to operate on or near about the production- possibility curve in normal times. Almost all the world’s less developed countries produce well inside the production- possibility curve simply because they are unable to manage full employment of their resources. The point C in Fig. is one such point which shows considerable unemployment of the economy’s resources.

The higher the proportion of resources unemployed, the closer will the actual point of production be to the origin.

If the economy is at some point inside the boundary such as point C, then it must be enquired as to why the available resources are not being fully utilised. If the reasons are not being fully utilised because of imperfections in the market mechanism, then these imperfections must be removed. On the other hand, if the un-employed resources are idle because of lack of some complementary factors, then these can be imported to employ these resources. Or the structure of production in the economy has to be changed in order to use all the resources in the country and that too efficiently.

Finally, let us deal with the question of economic growth. A country can push its production- possibilities curve outwards by increasing the economy’s capacity to produce goods over a period of time. For example. Fig. shows the shift of the curve PQ to the position P’Q’ through increased productive capacity which is measured as PP’ of goods Y or QQ’ of goods Y. In this case, if the economy remains on the product ion- possibility boundary, it will be possible to increase the production of all goods over time, moving, for example, from point A to point D. It is clear from this analysis that if we want to increase the production of all goods in the economy, it is necessary to take one of the two steps possible :

(1) If the economy is operating at a point inside the production-possibility curve, then the economy can be made to move on to a point on the curve itself, for example, from point C to point B. This can be done by improving the efficiency of production.

(2) If the economy is already operating on the boundary, then it is necessary to take steps which will move the boundary itself outwards so that production can expand. Shift of the production-possibility curve to the right is possible only through economic growth.
The first method consists of a set of policies based on macroeconomics. The second method is based on what has come to be called economics of growth.

Group – C

Objective type Questions with Answers
I. Multiple Choice Questions with Answers :

Question 1.
Who is the father of Economics ?
(i) J.M. Keynes
(ii) Adam Smith
(iii) Alfred Marshal
(iv) Robbins
Answer:
(ii) Adam Smith

Question 2.
Who has propounded the Welfare definition of Economics ?
(i) J.M. Keynes
(ii) Adam Smith
(iii) Alfred Marshal
(iv) Robbins
Answer:
(iii) Alfred Marshal

Question 3.
Who told, “Economics is a Science of Choice” ?
(i) J.M. Keynes
(ii) Adam Smith
(iii) Alfred Marshal
(iv) Lionel Robbins
Answer:
(iv) Lionel Robbins

Question 4.
Who told, “Economics is a Science of Welath” ?
(i) J.M. Keynes
(ii) Adam Smith
(iii) Alfred Marshal
(iv) Lionel Robbins
Answer:
(ii) Adam Smith

Question 5.
Who has termed Economics as a Science of Material Welfare ?
(i) J.M. Keynes
(ii) Adam Smith
(iii) Alfred Marshal
(iv) Lionel Robbins
Answer:
(iii) Alfred Marshal

Question 6.
Who has Popularised the scarcity definition of Economics ?
(i) J.M. Keynes
(ii) Adam Smith
(iii) Alfred Marshal
(iv) Lionel Robbins
Answer:
(iv) Lionel Robbins

Question 7.
What Constitutes the subject matter of Economics ?
(i) Wants
(ii) Efforts
(iii) Satisfaction
(iv) All of the above
Answer:
(iv) All of the above

Question 8.
Which is the basic components of Scarcity definition ?
(i) Wants are unlimited
(ii) Resources are limited
(iii) Resources are alternatively used
(iv) All of the above
Answer:
(iv) All of the above

Question 9.
Scarcity of resources and choice are very much present in the definition of
(i) J.M. Keynes
(ii) Adam Smith
(iii) Alfred Marshal
(iv) Lionel Robbins
Answer:
(iv) Lionel Robbins

Question 10.
Which definition studies the ordinary business of life ?
(i) Welfare definition of Marshall
(ii) Adam Smith’s Wealth definition
(iii) Lionel Robbin’s Scarcity definition
(iv) None of the above
Answer:
(i) Welfare definition of Marshall

II. Fill in the blanks :

1. The term “Economics” is originally derived from Greek words _____
Answer:
“Oikis”

Question 2.
“Oikis” means _____
Answer:
“Household”

Question 3.
The term “economics” was first of all used by _____
Answer:
Dr. Alfred Marshall

Question 4.
The Principle of Economics” published in 1890 was written by _____
Answer:
Alfred Marshall

Question 5.
_____ had given Wealth Definition of economics
Answer:
Adam Smith

Question 6.
_____ is the exponent of Welfare Definition of Economics.
Answer:
Alfred Marshall

Question 7.
The Scarcity Definition of Economics is given by _____
Answer:
Lionel Robbins

Question 8.
The Name of the book written by Adam Smith was _____
Answer:
“An Enquiry into the Nature and Causes of wealth of Nations”

Question 9.
According to Adam Smith Economics is the study of _____
Answer:
Wealth.

Question 10.
According to Marshall Economics is the study of _____
Answer:
Mankind.

Question 11.
Human wants are _____ and Resources are _____
Answer:
unlimited, limited

Question 12.
The scarcity definition has been enunciated by _____
Answer:
Lionel Robbins

Question 13.
_____ arises beacause of unlimited wants and limited resources.
Answer:
Economic Problem

Question 14.
Wants, effort _____ constitute the subject matter of economics
Answer:
Satisfaction

Question 15.
The production possibility curve slopes _____to the Right:
Answer:
Downwards

Question 16.
The production possibility curve is _____ the origin
Answer:
Concave

III. Correct the Sentences :

Question 1.
Economic problem arises because of limited resources & limited wants.
Answer:
Incorrect:
Correct: Economic problem arises becaues of limited resources & unlimited wants.

Question 2.
Economics has been derived from latin words.,
Answer:
Incorrect:
Correct: Economics has been derived from Greek words.

Question 3.
Marshall formulated the first systematic definiton of Economics
Answer:
Incorrect:
Correct: Adam Smith formulated the first systematic definition of economics.

Question 4.
Marshall defined economics as a “Science of Wealth.
Answer:
Incorrect:
Correct: Adam Smith defined economics as a “Science of Wealth.”

Question 5.
Lionel Robbins is the Father of Economics.
Answer:
Incorrect :
Correct: Adam Smith is the Father of Economics.

Question 6.
Adam Smith gave much emphasis to material welfare.
Answer:
Incorrect
Correct Marshall gave much emphasis to material welfare.

Question 7.
Adam Smith formulated “ Welfare definition” of economics.
Answer:
Incorrect
Correct Alfred Marshall formulated “Wealfare defintion of economics.

Question 8.
Alfred Marshall wrote the book “Principles of economics”.
Answer:
Correct

Question 9.
In Marshall’s definition wealth occupies a primary place.
Answer:
Incorrect
Correct In Marshall definition man occupies a primary place.

Question 10.
In Marshall’s definition the term welfare includes only material welfare.
Answer:
Correct

Question 11.
Lionel Robbins’ defined economics a Science of Choice.
Answer:
Correct

Question 12.
Marshall enunciated “Scarcity definition” of economics.
Answer:
Incorrect
Correct Lionel Robbins’ enunciated “Scarcity definition of economics.’

Question 13.
Want are limited but resoures are unlimited.
Answer:
Incorrect
Correct. Wants are unlimited but resoures are limited.

Question 14.
Scarcity means excess of supply over demand.
Answer:
Incorrect
Correct. Scarcity means excess of demand over supply

Question 15.
Resources are of single use.
Answer:
Incorrect.
Correct. Resources are of alternative uses.

Question 16.
Choice in Robbins’ definition refer to choice of resources.
Answer:
Incorrect.
Correct. Choice in Robbins’ definition refer to choice of satisfaction of present wants over future. ‘

Question 17.
The Production possibility curve is upward sloping.
Answer:
Incorrect
Correct: The Production possibility curve is downward sloping

Question 18.
The Production possibility curve is concave to the origin.
Answer:
Correct: The Production possibility curve is concave to the origin.

Question 19.
Scarcity of resources is the starting point of economics.
Answer:
Incorrect
Correct: Human wants is the starting point of economics.

Question 20.
Wants, efforts and Satisfaction constitutes the scope of economics.
Answer:
Incorrect
Correct: Wants, efforts and Satisfaction constitutes the Subject matter of economics.

IV. Answer the following questions in One word/One Sentence :

Question 1.
What is meant by Economics ?
Answer:
Economics studies all the human activities concerning wealth. It studies the production, consumption, exchange and distribution of wealth.

Question 2.
What is the basic economic problem ?
Answer:
The basic problem in Economics is the satisfaction of wants which involves choice. The choice in the context of multiplicity of wants and limited resources poses to be the basic economic problem.

Question 3.
Why do economic problems arise ?
Answer:
Economic problems arise on account of scarcity of resources and unlimited nature of human wants.

Question 4.
From which word the term ‘Economics’ has been derived ?
Answer:
Economics has been derived from two Greek terms like “Oikos” which means household and “Nemein” which means‘management.’

Question 5.
What is Economics ?
Answer:
Economics is a social science which deals with consumption, production, distribution and exchange of wealth.

Question 6.
What is subject matter of Economics ?
Answer:
Wants, efforts and satisfaction constitute the subject matter of economics.

Question 7.
What is basic economic problem ?
Answer:
Unlimited wants, scarcity of resources and choice for satisfaction of wants constitute the basic economic problem.

Question 8.
Who is the first economist to use the term “Economics” ?
Answer:
Alfred Marshall is the first economist who used the term “Economics” in his book “Principle of Economics” in 1890.

Question 9.
What are the economic activities ?
Answer:
Economic activities refer to those activitis which are concerned with earning of income and spending of income.

Question 10.
Who is the “Father of Economics” ?
Answer:
Adam Smith is the “Father of Economics.”

Question 11.
Which book is the first systematic book on Economics ?
Answer:
“An Enquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations” is the first book written by Adam Smith in a systematic manner.

Question 12.
What is the name of the book written by Adam Smith ?
Answer:
“An Enquiry into thne Nature and the Causes of Wealth of Nations” is wirtten by Adam Smith.

Question 13.
Who formulated the Wealth definition ?
Answer:
Adam Smith formulated Wealth definition.

Question 14.
What is material wealth ?
Answer:
Material wealth refers to all those commodities which are tangible, visible & have exchange value.

Question 15.
What is the name of the books written by Alfred Marshall ?
Answer:
Alfred Marshall wrote a book named “Principles of Economics” in 1890.

Question 16.
Who gave the Welfare definition of Economics ?
Answer:
Alfred Marshall gave the welfare definition of Economics.

Question 17.
Which occupied primary place in Marshall’s definition ?
Answer:
Man occuupies primary place in Marshall’s definition.

Question 18.
Which concept constitutes the sole factor in Marshall’s definition ?
Answer:
Material welfare.

Question 19.
What is material Welfare ?
Answer:
Material welfare refers to acquision and utilisation of material wealth which can promote human welfare.

Question 20.
What is the ordinary business of life ?
Answer:
The ordinary business of life is to earn and to use the material means for the satisfaction of human wants.

Question 21.
What is Robbins’definition ?
Answer:
Robbins’ definition says “Economics is the science which studies the human behaviour as a relationship between ends and scarce means which have alternative uses.”

Question 22.
Who propounded the “Scarcity definition” of Economics” ?
Answer:
Lionel Robbins propounded the “scarcity definition of Economics.”

Question 23.
What do you mean by scarcity ?
Answer:
Scarcity refers to a situation of excess demand in relation to supply.

Question 24.
What do you mean by resources ?
Answer:
Resources are those goods and services which can satisfy human wants directly and indirectly.

Question 25.
What is the nature of resources ?
Answer:
Resources are of alternative uses.

Question 26.
What is the meaning of “Ends” in Robbins’ definition ?
Answer:
In Robbins’definition “ends” means wants.

Question 27.
What do you mean by wants ?
Answer:
The desire for the possession of a commodity is known as wants.

Question 28.
Who said “ Economics is a science of choice” ?
Answer:
Robbins’ said “Economics is a Science of Choice”.