The Other Side of Zero Class 6 Notes Maths Chapter 10

Easy-to-read Ganita Prakash Class 6 Notes and Chapter 10 The Other Side of Zero Class 6 Notes save valuable study time during exam season.

Class 6 Maths Chapter 10 The Other Side of Zero Notes

Class 6 The Other Side of Zero Notes

Positive numbers {+ 1, + 2, + 3, …} and negative numbers {…, – 3, – 2, – 1}, along with zero, are called integers.

If a number is written without a sign, it is generally understood to he a positive number.

Zero is neither a positive nor a negative number. We do not put a ‘+ ’ or ‘-‘ sign before it.

Every number has another number associated to it which when added to the number gives zero. This is called the additive inverse of the number.

For positive integers, a number with greater numerical value is greater.

For negative integers a number with greater numerical value is smaller.

A positive integer is always greater than a negative integer (e.g., 2 > – 3 and 2 > – 1).

+ and – sign placed side by side without any number in between, gives a – sign.
For example, + (- 6) = – 6 or – (+ 6) = – 6

The Other Side of Zero Class 6 Notes Maths Chapter 10

Addition and Subtraction of Integers

Addition of Integers Subtraction of integers
1. The sum of two positives is positive. e.g. 5 + 3 = 8 1. If a smaller positive is subtracted from a larger positive, the result is positive, e.g. 5-4 = 1
2. The sum of two negatives is negative. To add two negatives, add the numbers (without the signs), and then place a minus sign to obtain the result. e.g. (- 3) + (- 4) = – 7 2. If a larger positive is subtracted from a smaller positive, the result is negative. e.g. 4 – 5 = – 1
3. To add a positive number and a negative number, subtract the smaller number (without the sign) from the greater number (without the sign), and place the sign of the greater number to obtain the result, e.g. – 6 + 2 = – 4, 5 + (- 8) = – 3 and -2 + 6 = 4 3. Subtracting a negative number is the same as adding the corresponding positive number. e.g. 3 – (- 6) = 3 + 6
4. The sum of a number and its additive inverse is zero. e.g. 3 + (- 3) = 0 4. Subtracting a number from itself gives zero. e.g. 5 – 5 = 0 and – 5 – (- 5) = 0
5. The sum of any number and zero is the same number.
e.g. – 4 + 0 = – 4 and 4 + 0 = 4
Note: The number that is being subtracted can be replaced by its additive inverse and then added.
For example, The Other Side of Zero Class 6 Notes Maths Chapter 10-1
5. Subtracting zero from a number gives the same number e.g. – 3 – 0 = – 3 and 3-0 = 3. Subtracting a number from zero gives the number’s additive inverse e.g. 0 – (- 3) = 3.
Note: The number that is being added can be replaced by its additive inverse and then subtracted.
The Other Side of Zero Class 6 Notes Maths Chapter 10-2

 

Addition and Subtraction of Integers using Tokens

Addition with Tokens Subtraction with Tokens
Combine tokens of the same color and cancel out equal numbers of opposite colored tokens (zero pairs).
For example, (+ 4) + (- 7) = – 3
The Other Side of Zero Class 6 Notes Maths Chapter 10-3
Subtract by taking away tokens of the required type.
Use zero pairs when there are not enough tokens to remove.
For example,
(a)  (- 6) – (- 5) = – 1
The Other Side of Zero Class 6 Notes Maths Chapter 10-4
(b) (+ 2) – (+ 5) = – 3
From 2 positive tokens, we need to take out 5 positive tokens, which is not possible. So, we need to add 3 w w w w w zero pairs. After removing 5 positive tokens, we are left with 3 negative tokens.
The Other Side of Zero Class 6 Notes Maths Chapter 10-5

NOTE: A zero pair is one positive and one negative token that cancel each other to make zero, so the overall value remains unchanged during addition or subtraction.

Geographical Cross Sections

  1. Height above the sea level is represented by a positive number.
  2. Height below the sea level or depth is represented by a negative number.
  3. Temperature above 0°C is taken as positive and temperature below 0°C is taken as negative.
  4. In direction, if north is considered as positive, then south will be negative and vice versa.

In Vedic math, Rekhank means ‘a digit with a bar on its top’. In other words it is a negative number.

  1. For example: A bar on 7 is written as (7) and means – 7.
  2. This line (now the minus sign -) was used to show debt or loss, the opposite of gain.

The great Indian mathematician Brahmagupta was the first in the world to define:

  1. Positive numbers as Dhana (धन) — meaning wealth/gain;
  2. Negative numbers as Rina (ऋण) or Rekhank (रेखांक ) — meaning debt/loss

In profit and loss, if profit is taken as positive, then loss will be negative and vice versa.

Integers and their Applications
Positive numbers { + 1, +2, +3, …} and negative numbers {- 1, – 2, – 3, …} along with zero, are called integers.

The Other Side of Zero Class 6 Notes Maths Chapter 10

The integer – 6 is read as ‘negative 6’ or ‘minus 6’ while 4- 6 is read as ‘positive 6’ or simply ‘six’.
The Other Side of Zero Class 6 Notes Maths Chapter 10-6

Every given number has another number associated to it which when added to the given number gives zero. This is called the additive inverse of the number. For example, the additive inverse of +7 is – 7 because +7 + (- 7) = 0.

The absolute value of a number is its distance from zero on the number line. It is always non-negative. For example, |-4| = 4 and |3| = 3.
The Other Side of Zero Class 6 Notes Maths Chapter 10-7

Temperature above 0°C is taken as positive and temperature below 0°C is taken as negative.

In height, if the sea level is considered as the zero level, height above the sea level is taken as positive height and the depth or height below the sea level is taken as negative height.

The Other Side of Zero Class 6 Notes Maths Chapter 10

Comparison of Integers
Integers are compared by their position on the number line. Numbers to the right are greater than those to the left.
For example, – 5 < -2 < 0 < +3 < +7.

For positive integers, a number with greater numerical value is greater while for negative integers a number with greater numerical value is smaller.
For example, – 8 < – 4 and + 6 < + 9.
The Other Side of Zero Class 6 Notes Maths Chapter 10-8

The predecessor of a number is the number that comes directly before it, while the successor is the number that comes directly after it.
The Other Side of Zero Class 6 Notes Maths Chapter 10-9

Class 6 Science Chapter 1 Question Answer Odia Medium ବିଜ୍ଞାନର ଚମତ୍କାର ଦୁନିଆ

Go through 6th Class Science Book Odia Medium Question Answer and Class 6 Science Chapter 1 Question Answer Odia Medium ବିଜ୍ଞାନର ଚମତ୍କାର ଦୁନିଆ to understand textbook questions more clearly.

6th Class Science Chapter 1 Question Answer Odia Medium

Class 6 Science Chapter 1 Odia Medium

ଶୂନ୍ୟସ୍ଥାନ ପୂରଣ କର ।

[ଦୃଷ୍ଟିକୋଣ, ବିଜ୍ଞାନ, ଖାଦ୍ୟ, ଆବିଷ୍କାର, ପୃଥ‌ିବୀ]
(a) ବିଶ୍ଵର ରହସ୍ୟକୁ ଉନ୍ମୋଚନ କରିବା ପାଇଁ ଚିନ୍ତା କରିବାର ଏକ ମାଧ୍ୟମ ହେଉଛି _______ ।
Answer:
ବିଜ୍ଞାନ

(b) ଆମେ ପାଉଥିବା ନୂତନ _______ ବିଜ୍ଞାନରେ ଯୋଡ଼ି ହୋଇଥାଏ ।
Answer:
ଆବିଷ୍କାର

(c) ନୂଆ ଆବିଷ୍କାର ଅନେକ ସମୟରେ ଆମର _______ କୁ ବଦଳାଇ ଦେଇଥାଏ ।
Answer:
ଦୃଷ୍ଟିକୋଣ

(d) _______ ହେଉଛି ଏକମାତ୍ର ଗ୍ରହ, ଯେଉଁଠାରେ ଜୀବସତ୍ତା ସମ୍ଭବ ।
Answer:
ପୃଥ‌ିବୀ

Class 6 Science Chapter 1 Question Answer Odia Medium ବିଜ୍ଞାନର ଚମତ୍କାର ଦୁନିଆ

(e) ଆମର ବୃଦ୍ଧି ପାଇଁ ________ ଆବଶ୍ୟକ ।
Answer:
ଖାଦ୍ୟ

ଶୂନ୍ୟସ୍ଥାନ ପୂରଣ କର ।
[ବୈଜ୍ଞାନିକ ପଦ୍ଧତି, ବରଫ, ଜଳ, ବାଷ୍ପ, ପର୍ଯ୍ୟବେକ୍ଷଣ]

(a) ଆମେ ବଞ୍ଚିବା ପାଇଁ ଖାଦ୍ୟ ସହିତ _______ ଆବଶ୍ୟକ କରୁ ।
Answer:
ଜଳ

(b) ପାଣି ଥଣ୍ଡା ହେଲେ ______ ରେ ପରିଣତ ହୁଏ ।
Answer:
ବରଫ

(c) ପାଣି ଗରମ ହୋଇ ଫୁଟିଲେ _______ ରେ ପରିଣତ ହୁଏ ।
Answer:
ବାଷ୍ପ

(d) ବୈ ଜ୍ଞାନି କ ମାନେ କୌଣସି ସମସ୍ୟାର ସମାଧାନ ପାଇଁ ______ ଅନୁସରଣ କରନ୍ତି ।
Answer:
ବୈଜ୍ଞାନିକ ପଦ୍ଧତି

(e) ଅନୁମାନକୁ _______ ମାଧ୍ୟମରେ ପରୀକ୍ଷା କରାଯାଏ ।
Answer:
ପର୍ଯ୍ୟବେକ୍ଷଣ

ଶୂନ୍ୟସ୍ଥାନ ପୂରଣ କର ।

[ବୈଜ୍ଞାନିକ ପଦ୍ଧତି, ବିଶ୍ଳେଷଣ, ଅନୁସନ୍ଧି ସ୍କୁ, ଆବିଷ୍କାର, ଦଳଗତ]

(a) ପର୍ଯ୍ୟବେକ୍ଷଣ ଫଳାଫଳକୁ ________ ମାଧ୍ୟମରେ ପରୀକ୍ଷା କରାଯାଏ ।
Answer:
ବିଶ୍ଳେଷଣ

Class 6 Science Chapter 1 Question Answer Odia Medium ବିଜ୍ଞାନର ଚମତ୍କାର ଦୁନିଆ

(b) ପ୍ରତ୍ୟେକ ଘଟଣା ସମ୍ବନ୍ଧରେ ଜାଣିବାକୁ ଚେଷ୍ଟା କରିବା ହିଁ _______ ର ଏକ ଉଦାହରଣ ଅଟେ ।
Answer:
ବୈଜ୍ଞାନିକ ପଦ୍ଧତି

(c) ବିଜ୍ଞାନକୁ ଭଲଭାବରେ ଶିଖୁବା ପାଇଁ. ______ ହେବା ଗୁରୁତ୍ଵପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ ।
Answer:
ଅନୁସନ୍ଧିତ୍ସୁ

(d) ସମଗ୍ର ବିଶ୍ଵର ବୈଜ୍ଞାନିକମାନେ ପ୍ରାୟତଃ _____ ଭାବରେ ଏକତ୍ର କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ କରିଥାନ୍ତି ।
Answer:
ଦଳଗତ

(e) ସର୍ବଦା ଏକାଠି ହୋଇ _______ କରିବା ଅଧ୍ବକ ମଜାଦାର ହୋଇଥାଏ ।
Answer:
ଆବିଷ୍କାର

ଉକ୍ତିଟି ଭୁଲ ଥିଲେ (✗) ଓ ଠିକ୍ ଥିଲେ (✓) ଚିହ୍ନ ଦିଅ । (ପ୍ରଶ୍ନ ସହ ଉତ୍ତର)

(a) ବିଜ୍ଞାନ ହେଉଛି ଏକ ବିଶାଳ ଏବଂ ଅସରନ୍ତି ଗୋଲକ ଧନ୍ଦା ।
Answer:
(✓)

(b) ଆମ ଆବିଷ୍କାରର କୌଣସି ଅନ୍ତ ନାହିଁ ।
Answer:
(✓)

(c) ପୃଥ‌ିବୀରେ ବିଭିନ୍ନ ପ୍ରକାରର ଚମତ୍କାର ଜୀବ ଅଛନ୍ତି ।
Answer:
(✓)

Class 6 Science Chapter 1 Question Answer Odia Medium ବିଜ୍ଞାନର ଚମତ୍କାର ଦୁନିଆ

(d) ଆମର ବୃଦ୍ଧି ପାଇଁ ଖାଦ୍ୟ ଆବଶ୍ୟକ ।
Answer:
(✓)

(e) ଜଳ ଏକ ଅମୂଲ୍ୟ ସମ୍ପଦ ନୁହେଁ ।
Answer:
(✗)

ଉକ୍ତିଟି ଭୁଲ ଥିଲେ (✗) ଓ ଠିକ୍ ଥିଲେ (✓) ଚିହ୍ନ ଦିଅ । (ପ୍ରଶ୍ନ ସହ ଉତ୍ତର)

(a) ପାଣି ଥଣ୍ଡା ହେଲେ ବରଫରେ ପରି ଣତ ହୁଏ ।
Answer:
(✓)

(b) ପାଣି ଗରମ ହୋଇ ଫୁଟିଲେ ବାଷ୍ପରେ ପରିଣତ ହୁଏ ।
Answer:
(✓)

(c) ବିଜ୍ଞାନ ହେଉଛି ଏକ ପର୍ଯ୍ୟାୟକ୍ରମିକ ପ୍ରକ୍ରିୟାକୁ ଅନୁସରଣ କରିବା ।
Answer:
(✓)

(d) ପର୍ଯ୍ୟବେକ୍ଷଣଦ୍ଵାରା ମନରେ କୌତୂହଳ ସୃଷ୍ଟି ହୁଏ ।
Answer:
(✓)

(e) କ୍ଷୀର ଗରମ କରିବା ପାଇଁ ପ୍ରେସର କୁକର ବ୍ୟବହାର କରାଯାଏ ।
Answer:
(✗)

Class 6 Science Chapter 1 Question Answer Odia Medium ବିଜ୍ଞାନର ଚମତ୍କାର ଦୁନିଆ

ଉକ୍ତିଟି ଭୁଲ ଥିଲେ (✗) ଓ ଠିକ୍ ଥିଲେ (✓) ଚିହ୍ନ ଦିଅ । (ପ୍ରଶ୍ନ ସହ ଉତ୍ତର)

(a) ବିଜ୍ଞାନ ସମ୍ବନ୍ଧୀୟ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ ସର୍ବଦା ବ୍ୟକ୍ତିଗତ ଭାବେ କରାଯାଏ ।
Answer:
(✗)

(b) ସମଗ୍ର ବିଶ୍ଵର ବୈଜ୍ଞାନିକମାନେ ପ୍ରାୟତଃ ଦଳଗତ ଭାବେ ଏକତ୍ର କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ କରନ୍ତି ।
Answer:
(✓)

(c) ବିଜ୍ଞାନ ହେଉଛି ମଜାଦାର ଅନୁସନ୍ଧାନ ର ଗନ୍ତାଘର ।
Answer:
(✓)

(d) ଜଣେ ଜ୍ଞାନୀ ବ୍ୟକ୍ତି ହେବାକୁ ହେଲେ ସର୍ବଦା କାହିଁକି ପ୍ରଶ୍ନ ପଚାରିବା ଜରୁରୀ ଅଟେ ।
Answer:
(✓)

(e) ବିଜ୍ଞାନ ପଢ଼ିବାଦ୍ଵାରା ଆମର ଦକ୍ଷତା ବିକଶିତ ହୋଇଥାଏ ।
Answer:
(✓)

Class 6 Science Chapter 1 Question Answer Odia Medium ବିଜ୍ଞାନର ଚମତ୍କାର ଦୁନିଆ

‘କ’ ସ୍ତମ୍ଭ ଓ ‘ଖ’ ସ୍ତମ୍ଭ ମଧ୍ଯରେ ସମ୍ପର୍କ ସ୍ଥାପନ କର ।

Question 1.

‘କ’ ସ୍ତମ୍ଭ ‘ଖ’ ସ୍ତମ୍ଭ
(a) ନୂତନ ଜିନିଷ ଆବିଷ୍କାର ମଜାଦାର ଅନୁସନ୍ଧାନର ଗନ୍ତାଘର
(b) ଅନୁସନ୍ଧିତ୍ସୁ ହେବା କାହିଁକି ପ୍ରଶ୍ନ ଅଧ୍ବକ କରିବା
(c) ବିଜ୍ଞାନ ସମ୍ବନ୍ଧୀୟ ବୈଜ୍ଞାନିକ ପଦ୍ଧତି ଅନୁସରଣ
(d) ବିଜ୍ଞାନ କାହିଁକି ଓ କିପରି ପ୍ରଶ୍ନ କରିବା
(e) ଜ୍ଞାନୀ ବ୍ୟକ୍ତି ଦଳଗତ ଭାବରେ

Answer:

‘କ’ ସ୍ତମ୍ଭ ‘ଖ’ ସ୍ତମ୍ଭ
(a) ନୂତନ ଜିନିଷ ଆବିଷ୍କାର ବୈଜ୍ଞାନିକ ପଦ୍ଧତି ଅନୁସରଣ
(b) ଅନୁସନ୍ଧିତ୍ସୁ ହେବା କାହିଁକି ଓ କିପରି ପ୍ରଶ୍ନ କରିବା
(c) ବିଜ୍ଞାନ ସମ୍ବନ୍ଧୀୟ ଦଳଗତ ଭାବରେ
(d) ବିଜ୍ଞାନ ମଜାଦାର ଅନୁସନ୍ଧାନର ଗନ୍ତାଘର
(e) ଜ୍ଞାନୀ ବ୍ୟକ୍ତି କାହିଁକି ପ୍ରଶ୍ନ ଅଧ୍ବକ କରିବା

Question 2.

‘କ’ ସ୍ତମ୍ଭ ‘ଖ’ ସ୍ତମ୍ଭ
(a) ବିଜ୍ଞାନ ବରଫ
(b) ପର୍ଯ୍ୟବେକ୍ଷଣ ବିଶାଳ ଏବଂ ଅସରନ୍ତି ଗୋଳକ ଧନ୍ଦା
(c) ଜଳ ମଞ୍ଜି ଗଛରେ ପରିଣତ ହେବା
(d) ପାଣି ଥଣ୍ଡା ହେବା ଅମୂଲ୍ୟ ସମ୍ପଦ
(e) ପାଣି ଗରମ ହେବା ବାଷ୍ପ

Answer:

‘କ’ ସ୍ତମ୍ଭ ‘ଖ’ ସ୍ତମ୍ଭ
(a) ବିଜ୍ଞାନ ବିଶାଳ ଏବଂ ଅସରନ୍ତି ଗୋଳକ ଧନ୍ଦା
(b) ପର୍ଯ୍ୟବେକ୍ଷଣ ମଞ୍ଜି ଗଛରେ ପରିଣତ ହେବା
(c) ଜଳ ଅମୂଲ୍ୟ ସମ୍ପଦ
(d) ପାଣି ଥଣ୍ଡା ହେବା ବରଫ
(e) ପାଣି ଗରମ ହେବା ବାଷ୍ପ

Class 6 Science Chapter 1 Question Answer Odia Medium ବିଜ୍ଞାନର ଚମତ୍କାର ଦୁନିଆ

Question 3.

‘କ’ ସ୍ତମ୍ଭ ‘ଖ’ ସ୍ତମ୍ଭ
(a) ପତ୍ର କୌତୂହଳ
(b) ମୋଟର ଗାଡ଼ି ଗଠନ
(c) ଚିନାବାଦାମ ମଞ୍ଜିରୁ ଚୋପା ପୃଥକ ଗତି
(d) କଲମ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ ନ କରିବା ପ୍ରଣାଳୀ
(e) ପର୍ଯ୍ୟବେକ୍ଷଣ ବୈଜ୍ଞାନିକ ପଦ୍ଧତି

Answer:

‘କ’ ସ୍ତମ୍ଭ ‘ଖ’ ସ୍ତମ୍ଭ
(a) ପତ୍ର ଗଠନ
(b) ମୋଟର ଗାଡ଼ି ଗତି
(c) ଚିନାବାଦାମ ମଞ୍ଜିରୁ ଚୋପା ପୃଥକ ପ୍ରଣାଳୀ
(d) କଲମ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ ନ କରିବା ବୈଜ୍ଞାନିକ ପଦ୍ଧତି
(e) ପର୍ଯ୍ୟବେକ୍ଷଣ କୌତୂହଳ

ପ୍ରଥମ ଯୋଡ଼ିର ସମ୍ପର୍କକୁ ଦେଖୁ ଦ୍ଵିତୀୟ ଯୋଡ଼ିରେ ଶୂନ୍ୟସ୍ଥାନ ପୂରଣ କର ।

(a) ମଞ୍ଜି : ଗଛ ହେବା :: ସଁବାଳୁଆ : __________
Answer:
ପ୍ରଜାପତିରେ ପରିଣତ ହେବା

(b) ପାଣି ଥଣ୍ଡା ହେବା : ବରଫ :: ପାଣି ଗରମ ହେବା : ______
Answer:
ବାଷ୍ପ

(c) ପର୍ଯ୍ୟବେକ୍ଷଣ : କୌତୂହଳ :: ଫଳାଫଳ : ________
Answer:
ବିଶ୍ଳେଷଣ

(d) ସମୁଦ୍ର : ଗଭୀରତା :: ମହାକାଶ : _______
Answer:
ବିଶାଳତା

Class 6 Science Chapter 1 Question Answer Odia Medium ବିଜ୍ଞାନର ଚମତ୍କାର ଦୁନିଆ

(e) ଉଦ୍ଭଦ : ଖାଦ୍ୟପ୍ରସ୍ତୁତ କରି ପାରନ୍ତି :: ପ୍ରାଣୀ : _______
Answer:
ଖାଦ୍ୟ ପ୍ରସ୍ତୁତ କରିପାରନ୍ତି ନାହିଁ

ସଂକ୍ଷିପ୍ତ ପ୍ରଶ୍ନୋତ୍ତର

Question 1.
କେଉଁ ପ୍ରକାର କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ କରିବାର ମାଧ୍ୟମ ବିଜ୍ଞାନ ଅଟେ ?
Answer:

  • ଆମେ ରହୁଥ‌ିବା ଦୁନିଆକୁ ବୁଝିବା
  • ବିଶ୍ଵର ରହସ୍ୟକୁ ଉନ୍ମୋଚନ କରିବା
  • ପର୍ଯ୍ୟବେକ୍ଷଣ କରିବା
  • ପରୀକ୍ଷା ନିରୀକ୍ଷା କରିବା

Question 2.
କେଉଁ କାରଣରୁ ଆମେ ଜିଜ୍ଞାସୁ ହେବା ଆବଶ୍ୟକ ଅଟେ ?
Answer:

  • ବିଭିନ୍ନ ପ୍ରକାର ପ୍ରଶ୍ନ ପଚାରି, ଦୁନିଆକୁ ଅନୁସନ୍ଧାନ କରିବା ।
  • ବିଭିନ୍ନ ଘଟଣା ଘଟିବାର ପ୍ରକ୍ରିୟା ବିଷୟରେ ବୁଝିବାକୁ ଚେଷ୍ଟା କରିବା ।

Question 3.
କେଉଁ ଘଟଣାକୁ ଅଧ୍ୟୟନ କଲେ ନୂଆ ଓ ରୋମାଞ୍ଚକର ତଥ୍ୟ ଆବିଷ୍କୃତ ହୋଇଥାଏ ?
Answer:

  • ଛୋଟ ଛୋଟ ବାଲିଦାନାରୁ ବିଶାଳ ପର୍ବତ କିପରି ସୃଷ୍ଟି ହୁଏ ।
  • ଘାସରୁ ବିଶାଳ ଜଙ୍ଗଲ କିପରି ସୃଷ୍ଟି ହୁଏ ।

Class 6 Science Chapter 1 Question Answer Odia Medium ବିଜ୍ଞାନର ଚମତ୍କାର ଦୁନିଆ

Question 4.
କେଉଁ ପ୍ରକାର ଭାବନା ଆମକୁ ଆଶ୍ଚର୍ଯ୍ୟ କରିଥାଏ ?
Answer:

  • ରାତିରେ ଆକାଶରେ ତାରାଗୁଡ଼ିକ କାହିଁକି ଚକ୍ରମକ୍ କରନ୍ତି ?
  • ଫୁଲ କେତେବେଳେ ଫୁଟିବ ବୋଲି କିପରି ଜାଣି ଥାଏ ।

Question 5.
‘‘ବିଜ୍ଞାନ ହେଉଛି ଏକ ବିଶାଳ ଏବଂ ଅସରନ୍ତି ଗୋଲକ ଧନ୍ଦା’’ କାହିଁକି ?
Answer:

  1. ଆମେ କରୁଥିବା ପ୍ରତ୍ୟେକ ନୂତନ ଆବିଷ୍କାର ଏଥ‌ିରେ ଯୋଡ଼ି ହୁଏ ।
  2. ଆମ ଆବିଷ୍କାରର କୌଣସି ଅନ୍ତ ନାହିଁ ।
  3. ନୂତନ ଆବିଷ୍କାର ଆମର ଦୃଷ୍ଟିକୋଣକୁ ବଦଳାଇ ଦେଇଥାଏ ।

Question 6.
ଆମେ ଅଧିକରୁ ଅଧିକ ନୂଆ କଥା ଜାଣିଲେ କ’ଣ ହେବ ?
Answer:

  1. ଅନେକ କୌତୂହଳପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ ତଥ୍ୟ ପାଇବା ।
  2. କିଛି ଚିନ୍ତନମୂଳକ ପରୀକ୍ଷଣ କରିପାରିବା ।
  3. ଆମେ ଅନୁଭବ କରିପାରିବା ଯେ ଏହିସବୁ ଧାରଣା ପରସ୍ପର ସହ ଜଡ଼ିତ ।

Class 6 Science Chapter 1 Question Answer Odia Medium ବିଜ୍ଞାନର ଚମତ୍କାର ଦୁନିଆ

Question 7.
କେଉଁ କାରଣରୁ ଆମ ପୃଥ‌ିବୀକୁ ସୁରକ୍ଷିତ ରଖୁବା ଉଚିତ ଅଟେ ?
Answer:

  • ଏହା ହେଉଛି ଏକମାତ୍ର ଗ୍ରହ ଯେଉଁଠାରେ ଜୀବସଭା ସମ୍ଭବ ।
  • ଏହି ଗ୍ରହରେ ଚମତ୍କାର ଜୀବ ତଥା ପ୍ରାଣୀ ଓ ଉଭିଦ ଅଛନ୍ତି ।

Question 8.
ଯେ କୌଣସି ୨ଟି ପର୍ଯ୍ୟବେକ୍ଷଣର ଉଦାହରଣ ଦର୍ଶାଅ ।
Answer:

  • ମଞ୍ଜି ଗଛରେ ପରିଣତ ହେବା ।
  • ଏକ ସଂବାଳୁଆ ସୁନ୍ଦର ପ୍ରଜାପତିରେ ପରିଣତ ହେବା ।

Question 9.
ଆମର ବୃଦ୍ଧି ପାଇଁ କ’ଣ ନିହାତି ଆବଶ୍ୟକ ଅଟେ ?
Answer:

  • ଆମର ବୃଦ୍ଧି ପାଇଁ ଖାଦ୍ୟ ଆବଶ୍ୟକ ।
  • ଆମେ ବଞ୍ଚିବା ପାଇଁ ଖାଦ୍ୟ ସହିତ ଜଳ ମଧ୍ୟ ଆବଶ୍ୟକ ଅଟେ ।

Question 10.
କେଉଁ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟଗୁଡ଼ିକ ଅନୁସନ୍ଧିସ୍ମ ଭାବନାକୁ ଜାଗ୍ରତ କରାଇଥାଏ ?
Answer:

  • ବିଭିନ୍ନ ପ୍ରକାର ପତ୍ରର ଗଠନ ।
  • ଜିନିଷଗୁଡ଼ିକ କିପରି ଗତି କରନ୍ତି ।
  • ଚିନାବାଦାମ ମଞ୍ଜିରୁ ଚୋପାକୁ କିପରି ଅଲଗା କରାଯାଏ ।

Class 6 Science Chapter 1 Question Answer Odia Medium ବିଜ୍ଞାନର ଚମତ୍କାର ଦୁନିଆ

Question 11.
ତୁମ କଲମ ଚାଲିବା ବନ୍ଦ ହୋଇଗଲେ ତୁମେ କ’ଣ କରିବ ?
Answer:

  • ଆମେ ଅନୁମାନ କରିବୁ ଯେ, ବୋଧହୁଏ କାଳି ଶେଷ ହୋଇଯାଇଛି ।
  • ବୋଧହୁଏ କାଳି ଶୁଖୁ ଯାଇଥବ ବା କଲମର ମୁନ ଖସି ପଡ଼ିଥ‌ିବ ।

Question 12.
ଜାଣିବାକୁ ଚେଷ୍ଟା କରିବା ହିଁ ବୈଜ୍ଞାନିକ ପଦ୍ଧତିର ଉଦାହରଣ କିପରି ?
‍Answer:

  • ଆମ କଲମଟି କାହିଁକି ଲେଖୁ ଲେଖୁ ବନ୍ଦ ହୋଇଗଲା ।
  • ବସ୍ତୁଟିର ଉପରୁ ତଳକୁ କାହିଁକି ଖସିପଡ଼ିଲା ।
  • ଚାଲୁଥିବା ଘଣ୍ଟାଟି କାହିଁକି ବନ୍ଦ ହୋଇଗଲା ।
  • ଜଳୁଥିବ। ଗ୍ୟାସ୍ ଚୁଲ। କାହିଁକି ବନ୍ଦ ହୋଇଗଲା ।

Question 13.
ବିଜ୍ଞାନ ଆମକୁ ପ୍ରଶ୍ନଗୁଡ଼ିକର ଉତ୍ତର ଖୋଜିବାରେ କିପରି ସାହାଯ୍ୟ କରେ ?
Answer:

  1. କୌଣସି ସମସ୍ୟାର ସମାଧାନ ହେଉଛି ଏକ ପର୍ଯ୍ୟାୟକ୍ରମିକ ପ୍ରକ୍ରିୟା ।
  2. ପ୍ରଥମେ ପର୍ଯ୍ୟବେକ୍ଷଣ କରାଯାଇ କେତେକ ପ୍ରଶ୍ନ ପ୍ରସ୍ତୁତ କରାଯାଏ ।
  3. ଦ୍ଵିତୀୟରେ ପ୍ରଶ୍ନଗୁଡ଼ିକରେ ସମ୍ଭାବ୍ୟ ଉତ୍ତର ଅନୁମାନ କରାଯାଏ ।
  4. ତୃତୀୟରେ ଅନୁମାନକୁ ଅଧିକ ପର୍ଯ୍ୟବେକ୍ଷଣ ମାଧ୍ୟମରେ ପରୀକ୍ଷା କରାଯାଏ ।
  5. ଶେଷରେ ଫଳାଫଳକୁ ବିଶ୍ଳେଷଣ କରାଯାଇ ସିଦ୍ଧାନ୍ତରେ ଉପନୀତ ହେବାକୁ ପଡ଼େ ।

Class 6 Science Chapter 1 Question Answer Odia Medium ବିଜ୍ଞାନର ଚମତ୍କାର ଦୁନିଆ

Question 14.
ବୈଜ୍ଞାନିକ ପଦ୍ଧତି ଅନୁସରଣର 3 ଟି ଉଦାହରଣ ପ୍ରଦାନ କର ।
Answer:

  • ରୋଷେଇ କରୁଥିବା ବ୍ୟକ୍ତି ଭାବୁଥିବେ ଯେ, ପ୍ରେସର କୁକରରୁ ଡାଲି କାହିଁକି ବାହାରିଲା ?
  • ସାଇକେଲ୍ ମରାମତି କରୁଥ‌ିବା ବ୍ୟକ୍ତି ଭାବୁଥ‌ିବେ ଯେ, ଟ୍ୟୁବ୍‌ର କେଉଁ ସ୍ଥାନରେ ଛିଦ୍ର ହେଲା ?
  • ଇଲେକ୍‌ଟ୍ରିସିଆନ ଜାଣିବାକୁ ଚେଷ୍ଟା କରୁଥିବେ ଯେ, ବଲ୍‌ବ କାହିଁକି ଜଳୁନାହିଁ ?

Question 15.
ଦୈନନ୍ଦିନ ଜୀବନର କେତେକ ପରିସ୍ଥିତି ବର୍ଣ୍ଣନା କର ଯେଉଁଠି ତୁମେ ଅନୁଭବ କରିଥୁବ ଯେ, କେହି ଜଣେ ବୈଜ୍ଞାନିକ ପଦ୍ଧତି ଅନୁସରଣ କରୁଛନ୍ତି ?
Answer:
ଉଦାହରଣ – I : ବଗିଚାରେ ଥିବା ଗଛଗୁଡ଼ିକ କାହିଁକି ବାରମ୍ବାର କୀଟଦ୍ଵାରା ଆକ୍ରାନ୍ତ ହେଉଅଛି ?
ଉଦାହରଣ – II : କେଉଁ କାରଣରୁ ଗୃହର ଇଲେକ୍‌ଟ୍ରିକ୍ ବିଲ୍ ଅଧ୍ଵ କ ପରି ମାଣରେ ଆସୁଅଛି ?
ଉଦାହରଣ – III : ଘର ଭିତରକୁ ମୁଷା, ଅସରପା ଓ ଝିଟିପିଟି ଇତ୍ୟାଦି ଜୀବ କାହିଁକି ଆସୁଛନ୍ତି ?
ଉଦାହରଣ – IV : ପାନୀୟ ଜଳର ସ୍ଵାଦରେ କାହିଁକି ପରିବର୍ତ୍ତନ ହେଉଅଛି ?
ଉଦାହର ଣ – V : ଜ୍ଵର ହେଲେ ତାପମାତ୍ରାରେ ପରିବର୍ତ୍ତନ କାହିଁକି ହେଉଅଛି ?

Question 16.
କେଉଁ କାରଣରୁ ବିଜ୍ଞାନ ମଜାଦାର ଅନୁସନ୍ଧାନର ଗନ୍ତାଘର ଅଟେ ?
Answer:

  • ବୈଜ୍ଞାନିକ ଯାତ୍ରାକୁ ଉପଭୋଗ କରିହେବ ।
  • ଅନୁସନ୍ଧାନଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ଜାରି ରଖୁହେବ ।
  • ବିଶ୍ଵର ଆଶ୍ଚର୍ଯ୍ୟଜନକ ରହସ୍ୟ ସମ୍ବନ୍ଧରେ ଚିନ୍ତା କରିହେବ ।
  • ପ୍ରଶ୍ନ ପଚାରିବା ଜାରି ରଖୁହେବ ।
  • ଦଳଗତ ଭାବେ ଏକତ୍ର କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ କରିହେବ
  • ଚତୁଃପାର୍ଶ୍ଵ କୁ ତନ୍ନ ତନ୍ନ କରି ଅନୁଧ୍ୟାନ କରିହେବ ।
  • ନୂତନ ତଥ୍ୟ ଆବିଷ୍କୃତ ହୋଇପାରିବ ।

ଦୀର୍ଘ ପ୍ରଶ୍ନୋତ୍ତର

Question 1.
ପାଠ୍ୟପୁସ୍ତକର ନାମ ଜିଜ୍ଞାସା ହେବାର ଯଥାର୍ଥତା କ’ଣ ?
Answer:
(a) ଜୀବନଧାରଣର ମାନବୃଦ୍ଧି ପାଇଁ ବିଜ୍ଞାନ ଏକାନ୍ତ ଅପରିହାର୍ଯ୍ୟ । ଶିକ୍ଷାର୍ଥୀମାନଙ୍କ ଜ୍ଞାନକୁ କେବଳ ପାଠ୍ୟପୁସ୍ତକ ମଧ୍ୟରେ ସୀମିତ ନ ରଖ୍ ସେମାନଙ୍କୁ ବାହ୍ୟଜଗତ ସହ ସଂଯୁକ୍ତ କରିବା ଏହି ପାଠ୍ୟକ୍ରମର ଉଦ୍ଦେଶ୍ୟ ଅଟେ ।

(b) ଶିକ୍ଷାର୍ଥୀମାନଙ୍କ ମଧ୍ୟରେ ବିଭିନ୍ନ ବିଷୟକୁ ନେଇ କୌତୂହଳ ତଥା ବୈ ଜ୍ଞାନି କ ଚିନ୍ତାଧାରାର ଉଦ୍ରେକ କରିବାରେ ଏହି ପାଠ୍ୟପୁସ୍ତକ ସହାୟକ ହୋଇପାରିବ ।

(c) ଏହି ପାଠ୍ୟକ୍ରମ ବିଭିନ୍ନ ପ୍ରକାର କାର୍ଯ୍ୟକଳାପ ମାଧ୍ୟମରେ ବିଦ୍ୟାର୍ଥୀମାନଙ୍କର ବୈଜ୍ଞାନିକ ମନୋବୃତ୍ତି ଓ ସୃଜନ ଶୀଳତା ବୃଦ୍ଧି କରି ସେମାନଙ୍କ ମନରେ ସୃଷ୍ଟି ହେଉଥ‌ିବ । ସନ୍ଦେହମୋଚନ କରାଯାଇପାରିବ ।

(d) ବିଦ୍ୟାର୍ଥୀମାନେ ସମସ୍ୟା ସମାଧାନ ନିମନ୍ତେ ଉଦ୍ଦିଷ୍ଟ ସୋପାନ ସମ୍ବନ୍ଧରେ ଅବଗତ ହେବେ ଏବଂ ପ୍ରତ୍ୟେକ ଘଟଣା ସହିତ ଜଡ଼ିତ ବିଜ୍ଞାନ ସମ୍ମତ କାରଣଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ଚିନ୍ତନ ମାଧ୍ୟମରେ ଅନୁ ସନ୍ଧା। ନ କ ରି ବ।ରେ ସ ଫ ଳ ହୋଇପାରିବେ ।

(e) ବିଜ୍ଞାନ ମଜାଦାର ଅନୁସନ୍ଧାନର ଗନ୍ତାଘର ହୋଇଥିବାରୁ ଅଧିକରୁ ଅଧ‌ିକ କାହିଁକି ଓ କିପରି ପ୍ରଶ୍ନ ପଚାରିବାଦ୍ଵାରା ବିଦ୍ୟାର୍ଥୀମାନଙ୍କର ଚିନ୍ତା ପ୍ରରୋଚିତ ପ୍ରଶ୍ନ ପଚାରିବା ଏବଂ ଶିକ୍ଷକମାନଙ୍କୁ ମାର୍ଗ ଦ ର୍ଶ ନ ଦେବାରେ ସ ହ। ୟ କ ହୋଇପାରିବ ।

Class 6 Science Chapter 1 Question Answer Odia Medium ବିଜ୍ଞାନର ଚମତ୍କାର ଦୁନିଆ

Question 2.
ଜିଜ୍ଞାସା ଅନୁମୋଦିତ ସମସ୍ୟାର ସମାଧାନ ପାଇଁ କେଉଁ କେଉଁ ସୋପାନଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ଅବଲମ୍ବନ କରିବାକୁ ପଡ଼ିଥାଏ ?
Answer:
(a) ଉପକ୍ର ମ : ସମସ୍ୟା ସମ୍ବନ୍ଧରେ ଅବଗତ ହେବା ।
(b) ଉଦ୍ଦେଶ୍ୟ : ସମାସ୍ୟାର ସମାଧାନ ହେଲେ କେଉଁ ଉଦ୍ଦେଶ୍ୟ ସାଧ୍ୟ ହେବ ।
(c) ହାଇପୋଥେସିସ୍ : କାହିଁକି ଏହି ସମସ୍ୟାଟି ବଛାଗଲା ।
(d) ପ୍ରାସଙ୍ଗିକତା । : ଏହି ସମସ୍ୟା କାହିଁ କି ଗୁରୁତ୍ଵପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ ।
(e) ସମୀକ୍ଷା : ସମସ୍ୟା ସମାଧାନରେ ଅନ୍ୟମାନଙ୍କ ସହାୟତା ।
(f) ତଥ୍ୟ ସଂଗ୍ରହ ପଦ୍ଧତି : ପ୍ରତ୍ୟକ୍ଷ ବା ପରୋକ୍ଷ ବା ପର୍ଯ୍ୟବେକ୍ଷଣ ।
(g) ତଥ୍ୟ ବିଶ୍ଳେଷଣ : ସାକ୍ଷାତକାର ବା ସର୍ବେକ୍ଷଣ ତଥ୍ୟର ତର୍ଜମା ।
(h) ଉପସଂହାର : ଆମେ କେଉଁ ସିଦ୍ଧାନ୍ତରେ ଉପନୀତ ହେଲୁ ।

The Ever-Evolving World of Science Class 7 Question Answer Science Chapter 1

Go through BSE Odisha Class 7 Science Solutions and Class 7 Science Chapter 1 The Ever-Evolving World of Science Question Answer to understand textbook questions more clearly.

Class 7 Science Curiosity Chapter 1 Question Answer

Science Curiosity Class 7 Chapter 1 Question Answer

The Ever-Evolving World of Science Class 7 Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Ramesh was wearing a white shirt with a turmeric stain. Explain the scientific inquiry that may result in this situation.
Answer:
This situation may push us to ask why some substances leave permanent stains while others do not. It also encourages us to explore the properties of materials and how different types of substances interact with each other.

Question 2.
On a hot summer day, Anamika noticed that water disappeared from a bucket left outside. Later, she observed that clouds formed and it rained. Mention the primary natural source of energy that is responsible for driving this water cycle. Explain its importance.
Answer:
The primary source of energy for the water cycle is the heat generated by the Sun. It is important because it drives continuous movement of water through evaporation, condensation, and precipitation, helping maintain life and environmental balance on the Earth.

The Ever-Evolving World of Science Class 7 Question Answer Science Chapter 1

Question 3.
Mention one responsibility that comes with scientific progress. Mention its importance.
Answer:
Making informed and ethical choices is an unavoidable responsibility that comes with scientific progress. This is important because science can greatly impact society and the environment. Using knowledge responsibly ensures that discoveries are used for the well-being of people and do not harm nature or future generations.

Question 4.
Answer the following questions.
(i) In this chapter, it has been emphasised that science is a process, not just a subject. Explain.
(ii) While eating a fruit salad, Ratika observed that most of the fruits tasted sour. What kind of scientific thinking is developed in this situation?
Answer:
(i) Science is described as a process because it encourages questions, curiosity and logical thinking. Instead of rote learning, it promotes learning through observations and experimentation.
(ii) Based on the taste of a substance, one might think about the type of substance and its properties, i.e., they can be acidic, basic, or neutral.
Note: Never taste unknown substances, as they can be dangerous.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
‘Scientific observations help us understand everyday phenomenon’. Justify this statement by giving two examples from your everyday life.
Answer:
Scientific observations help us understand how and why things happen around us. By carefully observing changes, we can identify their patterns and causes. Some of the examples that can be observed in our everyday life include:

  • Glowing of an electric bulb
  • Ripening of fruits [Any other]

The Ever-Evolving World of Science Class 7 Question Answer Science Chapter 1

Question 2.
Why is the understanding of various types of changes taking place around us important in science?
Answer:
Understanding the types of changes taking place around us helps us know how substances behave under different conditions, which is useful in various daily-life applications. Changes like melting of ice, boiling of water, and folding of paper can be reversed, whereas changes like cooking food, cutting a piece of paper, and breaking glass cannot be reversed. This knowledge is essential and can be used in areas like cooking, manufacturing, and chemical processing, where choosing the right kind of change is important.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
“Science is not only about learning facts – it is also about how we think and solve problems.” Explain this statement with two examples from your daily life.
Answer:
Science is more than just remembering facts. It involves thinking logically, asking questions, observing carefully, and solving problems based on evidences. It shapes the way we understand and interact with the world around us.
For example:

  • When someone wonders why lemon juice tastes sour, they are using observation and curiosity. Through experimentation, they may discover that lemon contains acid, showing how science helps explain the properties of substances.
  • When we feel a metal spoon become hot after placing it in tea, we learn through experience that metals conduct heat. This leads to a deeper understanding of heat transfer and properties of materials.

Symmetry Class 6 Notes Maths Chapter 9

Easy-to-read Ganita Prakash Class 6 Notes and Chapter 9 Symmetry Class 6 Notes save valuable study time during exam season.

Class 6 Maths Chapter 9 Symmetry Notes

Class 6 Symmetry Notes

Symmetry
Symmetry means a shape or an object looks identical after being transformed by a specific operation, such as being divided by a line or rotated.

A figure has reflection symmetry if it can be folded (or divided) along a line and both halves match exactly.

A figure has rotational symmetry if it looks the same after being turned around a centre by a certain angle.

Reflection Symmetry
An object or a shape displays reflection symmetry, if on drawing a (vertical, horizontal or inclined) line through the middle of the object or the shape, the portions on either side of the line are identical.

Reflection symmetry is also called mirror symmetry or mirror-image symmetry because one half of the shape looks exactly like the other half when reflected across a line, just like an image seen in a mirror.

A line that divides a figure into two equal parts, such that both parts completely overlap when folded along that line, is called a line of symmetry. The two identical parts are called mirror halves.

Symmetry Class 6 Notes Maths Chapter 9

A line of symmetry may be vertical, horizontal, or even slanting (inclined).
Symmetry Class 6 Notes Maths Chapter 9-1

Lines of Symmetry of some Geometric Figures

Equilateral triangle Symmetry Class 6 Notes Maths Chapter 9-2 3 lines of symmetry
Isosceles triangle Symmetry Class 6 Notes Maths Chapter 9-3 1 line of symmetry
Scalene triangle Symmetry Class 6 Notes Maths Chapter 9-4 0 line of symmetry
Square Symmetry Class 6 Notes Maths Chapter 9-5 4 lines of symmetry
Rectangle Symmetry Class 6 Notes Maths Chapter 9-6 2 lines of symmetry (Does not have its diagonals as lines of symmetry)
Kite Symmetry Class 6 Notes Maths Chapter 9-7 1 line of symmetry
Rhombus Symmetry Class 6 Notes Maths Chapter 9-8 2 lines of symmetry
Isosceles Trapezium Symmetry Class 6 Notes Maths Chapter 9-9 1 line of symmetry
Parallelogram Symmetry Class 6 Notes Maths Chapter 9-10 No line of symmetry
Circle Symmetry Class 6 Notes Maths Chapter 9-11 Infinite lines of symmetry

Rotational Symmetry
Rotational symmetry occurs when a figure appears unchanged after being rotated around a fixed point (the centre of rotation) by specific angles.

The fixed point around which the rotation of figure occurs is called the centre of rotation.

An angle of rotational symmetry or angle of symmetry is the angle at which a figure looks the same after rotation.

The number of times a figure fits into itself in one full turn is called the order of rotational symmetry.

Order of rotational symmetry = Symmetry Class 6 Notes Maths Chapter 9-12

A square has rotational symmetry at 90°, 180°, 270° and 360°. The order of rotational symmetry is 4 (number of times it matches its original shape in one full rotation).
Symmetry Class 6 Notes Maths Chapter 9-13

Symmetry Class 6 Notes Maths Chapter 9

A rectangle has rotational symmetry at 180° and 360°. The order of rotational symmetry is 2 (number of times it matches its original shape in one full rotation).
Symmetry Class 6 Notes Maths Chapter 9-14

A figure that only looks the same after 360° rotation has no rotational symmetry (order = 1).
If the smallest angle of symmetry is a natural number (in degrees), it is a factor of 360.
The angles of symmetry are always multiples of the smallest angle of symmetry.

Figures with radial arms can be designed to have a specific number of angles of symmetry by ensuring equal spacing between arms:

  1. For 4 arms: angles are 90°, 180°, 270° and 360°.
  2. For 3 arms: angles are 120°, 240° and 360°.
  3. For 2 arms: angles are 180° and 360°.
    Angle between two consecutive arms = Symmetry Class 6 Notes Maths Chapter 9-15

A circle has infinite angles of rotational symmetry, i.e. any angle of rotation maps it onto itself.

Line of Symmetry
A line that cuts plane figure into two parts that exactly overlap when folded along that line is called a line of symmetry or axis of symmetry of the figure.
Symmetry Class 6 Notes Maths Chapter 9-16
Note: A plane figure through which no axis of symmetry can be drawn is said to be asymmetric.

Reflection Symmetry
Symmetry Class 6 Notes Maths Chapter 9-17
An object or a shape displays reflection symmetry, if on drawing a line (vertical, horizontal or inclined) through the middle of the object or the shape, the portions on either side of the line are identical.

Reflection symmetry is also called mirror symmetry or mirror-image symmetry because one half of the shape looks exactly like the other half when reflected across a line, just like an image seen in a mirror.

Rotational Symmetry
The process of turning an object around a fixed point is called rotation. The fixed point is called the centre of rotation.

Objects or figures which can be rotated about a point by less than a complete turn to obtain the exact same shape are said to have rotational symmetry.

The angle through which the figure must be rotated to get the original figure is called the angle of rotation or the angle of symmetry.

Symmetry Class 6 Notes Maths Chapter 9

The number of times a figure fits into itself in one full turn is called the order of rotational symmetry.
(a) Order of ratational symmetry = Symmetry Class 6 Notes Maths Chapter 9-18
(b) Smallest angle of ratational symmetry = Symmetry Class 6 Notes Maths Chapter 9-19

For example, a rectangle has angle of rotational symmetry at 180° and 360°. The order of rotational symmetry is 2 (number of times it matches its original shape in one full rotation).
Symmetry Class 6 Notes Maths Chapter 9-20

Playing with Constructions Class 6 Notes Maths Chapter 8

Easy-to-read Ganita Prakash Class 6 Notes and Chapter 8 Playing with Constructions Class 6 Notes save valuable study time during exam season.

Class 6 Maths Chapter 8 Playing with Constructions Notes

Class 6 Playing with Constructions Notes

Circle
A circle is a set of all points in a plane that are at a constant distance from a fixed point. The fixed point is known as the centre of the circle, and the constant distance is known as the radius of the circle.
Here, O is the centre and OA = OB = r is the radius.
Playing with Constructions Class 6 Notes Maths Chapter 8-1

A line segment passing through the centre of a circle, and having its end points on the circle, is known as a diameter of the circle.
Here, PQ (diameter) = PO + OQ = r + r = 2r
Therefore the diameter of a circle with a radius ‘r’ is 2r.
Playing with Constructions Class 6 Notes Maths Chapter 8-2

A compass is a tool used to draw circles or arcs. It has two legs — one leg has a sharp point that is placed on the centre of the circle, and the other leg holds a pencil that is used to draw the circle or the arc.

Construction of Circle
Playing with Constructions Class 6 Notes Maths Chapter 8-3
Step 1: Adjust the compass to the required radius using a ruler.
Step 2: Place the pointed leg firmly on the paper to mark the circle’s centre
Step 3: Rotate the compass to draw the circle without lifting the pencil.

Construction of Squares and Rectangles
Construction of a square of side length 5 cm:
Playing with Constructions Class 6 Notes Maths Chapter 8-4
Step 1: Draw a line segment PQ = 5 cm.
Step 2: Draw a perpendicular to PQ through P.
Step 3: Using a ruler, mark S on the perpendicular such that PS = 5 cm.
Step 4: Draw a perpendicular to PQ through Q and mark R on the perpendicular such that QR = 5 cm.
Step 5: Join R and S to get square PQRS of side length 5 cm.

Playing with Constructions Class 6 Notes Maths Chapter 8

Construction of a rectangle of side lengths 6 cm and 4 cm:
Playing with Constructions Class 6 Notes Maths Chapter 8-5
Step 1: Draw a line segment PQ = 6 cm.
Step 2: Draw a perpendicular to PQ through P.
Step 3: Using a ruler, mark S on the perpendicular such that PS = 4 cm.
Step 4: Draw a perpendicular to PQ through Q and mark R on the perpendicular such that QR = 4 cm.
Step 5: Join R and S to get rectangle PQRS of side lengths 6 cm and 4 cm.

Construction of a Rectangle in which one of the Diagonals Divides the Opposite Angles into Two Smaller Angles
Playing with Constructions Class 6 Notes Maths Chapter 8-6

Let’s construct a rectangle in which one of the diagonals divides the opposite angles into 50° and 40°. Steps of construction are as follows:
Step 1: Draw AB of any length.
Step 2: Draw a perpendicular to AB through B.
Step 3: Draw a ray making an angle 50° with AB through A. You will get point C as point of intersection of the ray drawn in this step and perpendicular drawn in step 2.
Step 4: Draw a perpendicular to AB through A.
Step 5: Draw a perpendicular to BC through C. (Because all the angles of a rectangle are equal to 90°). Join CD to get the required rectangle ABCD.

Construction of a Rectangle in which a Side and a Diagonal are Given
Playing with Constructions Class 6 Notes Maths Chapter 8-7
Let’s construct a rectangle where one of its sides is 4 cm and the length of a diagonal is 5 cm.
Steps of construction are as follows:
Step 1: Draw a line segment AB = 4 cm.
Step 2: Draw a perpendicular to AB through B.
Step 3: TakeT as centre and mark an arc of radius 5 cm on perpendicular to AB through B. The arc and perpendicular intersect at point C.
Step 4: Draw perpendiculars to AB and BC passing through A and C respectively. Then, the point where these perpendiculars intersect is the point D. ABCD is the required rectangle.

Playing with Constructions Class 6 Notes Maths Chapter 8

Points Equidistant from Two Given Points
Playing with Constructions Class 6 Notes Maths Chapter 8-8
Suppose A and B are two given points. Our task is to find points that are 5 cm away from both A and B. Steps of construction are as follows:
Step 1: Take A as centre and mark two arcs of radius 5 cm such that one arc is above AB and another is A below AB.
Step 2: Take B as centre and mark two arcs of radius 5 cm such that one arc is above AB and another is below AB.
Let P and Q, be the points of intersection of arcs above and below /IB respectively. Then, AP = BP = 5 cm and AQ = BQ = 5 cm.

If you join the points P and Q with a straight line, then that line is called the perpendicular bisector of the line segment AB.
Playing with Constructions Class 6 Notes Maths Chapter 8-9

The perpendicular bisector cuts the line segment AB in two equal parts such that AM = BM.

All the points on line PQ are equidistant from points A and B. Therefore, there are infinite number of points which are equidistant from points A and B.

Construction of Circle
Steps:
Adjust the compass to the required radius using a ruler.
Playing with Constructions Class 6 Notes Maths Chapter 8-10
Place the pointed leg firmly on the paper to mark the circle’s centre.
Rotate the compass to draw the circle without lifting the pencil.
Playing with Constructions Class 6 Notes Maths Chapter 8-11

Playing with Constructions Class 6 Notes Maths Chapter 8

Construction of Squares and Rectangles
In a rectangle:
Playing with Constructions Class 6 Notes Maths Chapter 8-12
Opposite sides are parallel and equal.
All angles are 90°.
Diagonals are equal and bisect each other.

Construction of a rectangle of side lengths 7 cm and 5 cm:
Draw a line segment PQ = 7 cm.
Draw a perpendicular to PQ through P.
Playing with Constructions Class 6 Notes Maths Chapter 8-13
Using a ruler, mark S on the perpendicular such that PS = 5 cm.
Draw a perpendicular to PQ through (land mark R on the perpendicular such that QR = 5 cm.
Join R and S to get rectangle PQRS of side lengths 7 cm and 5 cm.
Playing with Constructions Class 6 Notes Maths Chapter 8-14

In a square:
Playing with Constructions Class 6 Notes Maths Chapter 8-15
All four sides are equal.
Opposite sides are parallel,
All angles are 90°.
Diagonals are equal and bisect each p other at 90°.

Construction of a square of side length 6 cm:
Draw a line segment PQ = 6 cm.
Draw a perpendicular to PQ through P.
Playing with Constructions Class 6 Notes Maths Chapter 8-16
Using a ruler, mark S on the perpendicular such that PS = 6 cm.
Draw a perpendicular to PQ through Q and mark R on the perpendicular such that QR = 6 cm.
Join R and S to get square PQRS of side length 6 Cm.

Playing with Constructions Class 6 Notes Maths Chapter 8

Instruments for Construction
Ruler
For drawing and measuring straight lines.
It has two long straight edges. One edge is graduated into centimetres and millimetres and the other is usually graduated into inches.
Playing with Constructions Class 6 Notes Maths Chapter 8-17

Protractor
Semi circular tool used to construct and measure angles.
Playing with Constructions Class 6 Notes Maths Chapter 8-18

Compass
For drawing circles and arcs.
It has two legs, one with a sharp needle and the other with a screw arrangement to hold a pencil. The two legs are hinged together which gives a provision to increase or decrease the distance between them.
Playing with Constructions Class 6 Notes Maths Chapter 8-19

Divider
It has two legs with sharp needle at their end.
It is used to compare the lengths.
Playing with Constructions Class 6 Notes Maths Chapter 8-20

Construction of a Rectangle with Diagonals dividing the opposite angles
Construction of a rectangle in which one of the diagonals divides the opposite angles in 30° and 60°:
Draw PQ of any length.
Draw a perpendicular to PQ through Q.
Draw a ray making an angle 30° with PQ through P. Mark R as point of intersection of ray and perpendicular.
Draw perpendiculars to PQ and QR passing through P and R respectively. Mark .S as point of intersection of both the perpendiculars.
Join R and S to get rectangle PQRS in which one of the diagonals divides the opposite angles in 30° and 60°.
Playing with Constructions Class 6 Notes Maths Chapter 8-21

Playing with Constructions Class 6 Notes Maths Chapter 8

Construction of a Rectangle in which a Side and a Diagonal are given
Construction of a rectangle in which one of the sides is 8 cm and length of diagonal is 10 cm:
Draw a line segment PQ = 8 cm.
Draw a perpendicular to PQ through Q.
Take P as centre and mark an arc of radius 10 cm on perpendicular to PQ through £). The arc and perpendicular intersect at point R.
Playing with Constructions Class 6 Notes Maths Chapter 8-22
Draw perpendiculars to PQ and QR passing through P and R respectively. Then, the point where these perpendiculars intersect is the point S.
PQRS is the required rectangle.
Playing with Constructions Class 6 Notes Maths Chapter 8-23

Fractions Class 6 Notes Maths Chapter 7

Easy-to-read Ganita Prakash Class 6 Notes and Chapter 7 Fractions Class 6 Notes save valuable study time during exam season.

Class 6 Maths Chapter 7 Fractions Notes

Class 6 Fractions Notes

A fraction is a number representing a part of a whole. The whole has to be divided into equal parts.
Fractions Class 6 Notes Maths Chapter 7-1

A fraction lias two parts:
Fractions Class 6 Notes Maths Chapter 7-2

Numerator (top number): Tells how many parts we have
Denominator (bottom number): Tells how many equal parts the whole is divided into.

Fractions Class 6 Notes Maths Chapter 7-3 Fractions Class 6 Notes Maths Chapter 7-4
Fraction that is shaded \(\frac{1}{8}\) \(\frac{3}{4}\)
Meaning 1 part out of 8 equal parts 3 part out of 4 equal parts
Numerator (N) 1 3
Denominator (D) 8 4

Any whole number can be written as a fraction by placing it over 1 i.e., 5 can be written as \(\frac{5}{1}\).

Proper fractions: A fraction whose numerator is less than the denominator is called a proper fraction. For example, \(\frac{1}{3}, \frac{3}{7}, \frac{2}{5}\) etc. are proper fractions.

Note: The values of these fractions are always less than 1. So, proper fractions lie to the left of 1 on the number line.

Fractions Class 6 Notes Maths Chapter 7

Unit fractions: A fraction which has 1 as the numerator is called a unit fraction.
For example, \(\frac{1}{1}, \frac{1}{2}, \frac{1}{6}, \frac{1}{9}\) etc.

Improper fractions: A fraction with the numerator either equal to or greater than the denominator is called an improper fraction. For example, \(\frac{3}{2}, \frac{7}{4}, \frac{10}{3}, \frac{5}{5}\) etc. are improper fractions.

Note: The values of these fractions are always equal to or more than 1. Therefore, improper fractions lie on the right of 1, including 1, on the number line.

Mixed fractions: A mixed fraction is a combination of a whole number and a proper fraction. Mixed fractions are used when a quantity is more than a whole, but not a complete next whole number.

Like and Unlike fractions
Two or more fractions with the same denominators are called like fractions.
For example, \(\frac{7}{20}, \frac{13}{20}, \frac{11}{20}\) are like tractions.

Fractions with different denominators are called unlike fractions.
For example, \(\frac{7}{9}, \frac{13}{15}, \frac{11}{13}\) are unlike tractions.

When numerators of two fractions are the same, the fraction with smaller denominator is greater than the fraction with larger denominator. For example, \(\frac{9}{4}\) is greater than \(\frac{9}{5}\).

When denominators of two fractions are the same, the fraction with smaller numerator is smaller than the fraction with larger numerator. For example, \(\frac{5}{8}\) is smaller than \(\frac{7}{8}\).

The reciprocal of a fraction \(\frac{a}{b}\) is obtained by interchanging its numerator and denominator, resulting in \(\frac{b}{a}\).

Fractions Class 6 Notes Maths Chapter 7

Simplest form: A fraction is said to be in its simplest form (or lowest terms) when the numerator and the denominator have no common factor other than 1.
For example, \(\frac{3}{5}\) is the simplest form of \(\frac{18}{30}\).

Equivalent fractions: Fractions having the same value are called equivalent fractions.
For example, \(\frac{1}{2}, \frac{2}{4}, \frac{3}{6}\) are equivalent lractions because \(\frac{1}{2}=\frac{2}{4}=\frac{3}{6}\).

Conversion of Fractions
Mixed fraction into improper fraction:
Improper fraction = \(\frac{\text { Whole number } \text { × } \text { Denominator }+ \text { Numerator }}{\text { Denominator }}\)
For example, \(2 \frac{3}{5}=\frac{(\text { Whole number } \times \mathrm{D})+\mathrm{N}}{\mathrm{D}}=\frac{(2 \times 5)+3}{5}=\frac{10+3}{5}=\frac{13}{5}\)

Improper fraction into mixed fraction:
Mixed fraction = Quotient (Q) \(\frac{\text { Remainder (R) }}{\text { Denominator (D) }} \text {. For example, } \frac{29}{6}=4+\frac{5}{6}=4 \frac{5}{6}\)
Fractions Class 6 Notes Maths Chapter 7-5

Comparison of Fractions
To compare unlike fractions, follow these steps:
Step 1: Obtain LCM of the denominators of the fractions.
Step 2: Convert each fraction to its equivalent fraction with the denominator equal to the LCM obtained in step 1.
Step 3: Compare the numerators of the obtained fractions having equal denominators.
Step 4: Fraction with the smaller numerator is smaller than the other fractions.
For example, to compare \(\frac{2}{3}, \frac{3}{4} \text { and } \frac{5}{6}\), we take the LCM of 3, 4, and 6, which is 12,
and convert the fractions:
\(\frac{2}{3}=\frac{8}{12}, \frac{3}{4}=\frac{9}{12}, \frac{5}{6}=\frac{10}{12}, \text { so } \frac{8}{12}<\frac{9}{12}<\frac{10}{12} \Rightarrow \frac{2}{3}<\frac{3}{4}<\frac{5}{6}\)

Addition of Like Fractions
To add two or more like fractions, follow the steps given below:
Step 1: Obtain the fractions and common denominator.
Step 2: Add the numerators of all fractions.
Step 3 : Write the fraction as Fractions Class 6 Notes Maths Chapter 7-6

Fractions Class 6 Notes Maths Chapter 7

Subtraction of Like Fractions
To subtract two like fractions, follow the steps given below:
Step 1: Obtain the fractions and common denominator
Step 2: Subtract the numerator of the fraction which is to be subtracted from the numerator of the other fraction (from which it is to be subtracted).
Step 3 : Write the fraction as Fractions Class 6 Notes Maths Chapter 7-7

Addition of Unlike Fractions (Brahmagupta’s Method)
Step 1: Obtain the fractions and their denominators.
Step 2: Find the LCM of the denominators.
Step 3: Convert each fraction to its equivalent fraction with denominator equal to the LCM obtained in step 2.
Step 4: Add the numerators of all equivalent fractions obtained in step 3.
Step 5 : Write the fraction as Fractions Class 6 Notes Maths Chapter 7-8
For example, \(\frac{4}{5}+\frac{2}{3}=\frac{12}{15}+\frac{10}{15}=\frac{12+10}{15}=\frac{22}{15}\)

Subtraction of Unlike Fractions (Brahmagupta’s Method)
Step 1: Obtain the fractions and their denominators.
Step 2: Find the LCM of the denominators.
Step 3: Convert each fraction to its equivalent fraction with denominator equal to the LCM obtained in step 2.
Step 4: Subtract the numerator of fraction which is to be subtracted from the numerator of the other fraction (of equivalent fractions obtained in step 3).
Step 5: Write the fraction as Fractions Class 6 Notes Maths Chapter 7-9
For Example, \(\frac{7}{3}-\frac{2}{5}=\frac{35}{15}-\frac{6}{15}=\frac{35-6}{15}=\frac{29}{15}\)

Types of Fractions

  1. A fraction is a number representing a part of a whole. The whole has to be divided into equal parts.
  2. A fraction whose numerator is less than the denominator is called a proper fraction.
  3. A fraction which has 1 as the numerator is called a unit fraction.
  4. A fraction with the numerator either equal to or greater than the denominator is called an improper fraction.
  5. A mixed fraction is a combination of a whole number and a proper fraction.
  6. Two or more fractions with the same denominators are called like fractions.
  7. Fractions with different denominators are called unlike fractions.
  8. Fractions having the same value are called equivalent fractions.

Fractions Class 6 Notes Maths Chapter 7

Conversion of Fractions
Mixed fraction into improper fraction:
Improper traction = \(\frac{\text { Whole number × Denominator }+ \text { Numerator }}{\text { Denominator }}\)

Improper fraction into mixed fraction:
Mixed Fraction = Quotient (Q) \(\frac{\text { Remainder (R) }}{\text { Denominator (D) }}\)

Comparison of Fractions
To compare unlike fractions, follow these steps:
Step 1: Obtain LCM of the denominators of the fractions.
Step 2: Convert each fraction to its equivalent fraction with the denominator equal to the LCM obtained in step 1.
Step 3: Compare the numerators of the obtained fractions having equal denominators.
Step 4: Fraction with the smaller numerator is smaller than the other fractions.

Addition and Subtraction of Fractions
Addition of Unlike Fractions
Step 1: Obtain the fractions and their denominators.
Step 2: Find the LCM of the denominators.
Step 3: Convert each fraction to its equivalent fraction with denominator equal to the LCM obtained in step 2.
Step 4: Add the numerators of all equivalent fractions obtained in step 3.
Step 5: Write the fraction as Fractions Class 6 Notes Maths Chapter 7-8

Fractions Class 6 Notes Maths Chapter 7

Subtraction of Unlike Fractions
Step 1: Obtain the fractions and their denominators.
Step 2: Find the LCM of the denominators.
Step 3: Convert each fraction to its equivalent fraction with denominator equal to the LCM obtained in step 2.
Step 4: Subtract the numerator of fraction which is to be subtracted from the numerator of the other fraction (of equivalent fractions obtained in step 3).
Step 5: Write the fraction as Fractions Class 6 Notes Maths Chapter 7-9

Perimeter and Area Class 6 Notes Maths Chapter 6

Easy-to-read Ganita Prakash Class 6 Notes and Chapter 6 Perimeter and Area Class 6 Notes save valuable study time during exam season.

Class 6 Maths Chapter 6 Perimeter and Area Notes

Class 6 Perimeter and Area Notes

The perimeter of a closed figure is the length of the boundary of the figure.
If a closed figure is made up entirely of line segments then its perimeter is the sum of the lengths of all the sides.

Perimeter of Rectangle and Square
Perimeter and Area Class 6 Notes Maths Chapter 6-1
Generally, the longer side of a rectangle is called length while the shorter side is called the breadth.
Perimeter of a rectangle = 2 (Length + Breadth) = 2(l + b)

A square is a special rectangle where all the four sides are equal.
Perimeter of a square = 4 × Side length = 4s

Perimeter of Triangle
Perimeter and Area Class 6 Notes Maths Chapter 6-2
Perimeter of a triangle = Sum of lengths of its three sides.
Perimeter of triangle ABC = a + b + c
A triangle having all three sides equal, is called an equilateral trians
Perimeter of an equilateral trian = 3 × Side length = 3s

Perimeter of Regular Polygon: If all the sides and all the interior angles of a polygon are equal, then it is called a regular polygon.

No. of Sides

Regular Polygon

Length of Side

Perimeter

3 Equilateral Triangle a 3a
4 Square a 4a
5 Regular Pentagon a 5a
6 Regular Hexagon a 6a
7

.

.

.

Regular Heptagon

.

.

.

a

.

.

.

7a

.

.

.

n n-sided Regular Polygon a n × a

Perimeter and Area Class 6 Notes Maths Chapter 6

Area is the measure or amount of flat surface enclosed by a closed figure. It is measured in square units such as square centimetres (cm2), square metres (m2), square feet (ft2), etc.

Area of a rectangle

= (Length × Breadth)

= (l × b)
Perimeter and Area Class 6 Notes Maths Chapter 6-3

Area of a Square

= Side × Side

= s × s = s2
Perimeter and Area Class 6 Notes Maths Chapter 6-4

Area of a triangle ABC

= \(\frac{1}{2}\) × Base × Height

= \(\frac{1}{2}\) × AB × BC = \(\frac{1}{2}\) × b × h

Perimeter and Area Class 6 Notes Maths Chapter 6-5

The perimeter is a length, so its unit is not in square units (those are used for area). We measure it in simple length units like metres (m), centimetres (cm), or kilometres (km).

Area = length × breadth, so the units also get multiplied. Thus, we measure area in units like square centimetres (cm2), square metres (m2), or square kilometres (km2).

Two closed figures can have same area with different perimeters, or same perimeter with different areas.

  1. If the perimeters of two figures are the same, then equate the perimeters to find the unknown.
  2. If the areas of two figures are the same, then equate the areas to find the unknown.

For a given area of rectangular shapes, the square has the smallest perimeter.
With a fixed perimeter of rectangular shapes, the square encloses the largest area.
Perimeter and Area Class 6 Notes Maths Chapter 6-6

We can find the area of a shape by breaking it into smaller units like squares or into simple shapes like rectangles and triangles whose areas we already know.

For example, to find the area of below figure, we will break it into shapes with known areas, such as rectangles or squares.
Perimeter and Area Class 6 Notes Maths Chapter 6-7

A house plan is a drawing that shows the layout of rooms and spaces in a home. It uses measurements to represent the size and shape of each room, helping us understand how space is used. House plans are useful for designing, building, and calculating areas of different parts.

Perimeter and Area Class 6 Notes Maths Chapter 6

Perimeter
The perimeter of a closed figure is the length of the boundary of the figure. The word perimeter is derived from the Greek words peri (around) and metron (measure).

If a closed figure is made up entirely of line segments then its perimeter is the sum of the lengths of all the sides.

Perimeter of Rectangle & Square
Perimeter and Area Class 6 Notes Maths Chapter 6-8
Perimeter of a rectangle = 2(Length + Breadth)
= 2(l + b)

Perimeter and Area Class 6 Notes Maths Chapter 6-9
Perimeter of a square
= 4 × Side length = 4s

Perimeter of Triangle
Perimeter and Area Class 6 Notes Maths Chapter 6-10
Perimeter of triangle ABC = a + b + c

Perimeter and Area Class 6 Notes Maths Chapter 6-11
Perimeter of an equilateral triangle = 3 × Side length
= 3s

Area
The amount of surface of the plane covered by a closed figure is called its area.

Area of Rectangle
Area of a rectangle
= (Length × Breadth)
= (l × b)
Perimeter and Area Class 6 Notes Maths Chapter 6-12

Perimeter and Area Class 6 Notes Maths Chapter 6

Area of Square
Area of a square
= Side × Side
= s × s = s2
Perimeter and Area Class 6 Notes Maths Chapter 6-13

Area of Triangle
Area of a triangle
= \(\frac{1}{2}\) × Base × Height
= \(\frac{1}{2}\) × AB × BC
= \(\frac{1}{2}\) × b × h
Perimeter and Area Class 6 Notes Maths Chapter 6-14

The perimeter is a length, so its unit is not in square units (those are used for area). We measure it in simple length units like metres (m), centimetres (cm), or kilometres (km).

Area = length × breadth, so the units also get multiplied. Thus, we measure area in units like square centimetres (cm2), square metres (m2), or square kilometres (km2).

Prime Time Class 6 Notes Maths Chapter 5

Easy-to-read Ganita Prakash Class 6 Notes and Chapter 5 Prime Time Class 6 Notes save valuable study time during exam season.

Class 6 Maths Chapter 5 Prime Time Notes

Class 6 Prime Time Notes

Multiples and Factors
A multiple of a number is the result of multiplying that number by counting numbers i.e. {1, 2, 3, …}. For example, the multiples of 3 are 3, 6, 9, 12, … .

A common multiple is a number that can be divided exactly (without remainder) by two or more different numbers. For example, the common multiples of 3 and 5 are 15, 30, 45, 60, … .

Factors of a number are numbers that divide the given number exactly i.e. if a number is divisible by another, the second number is called a factor of the first.
For example, 8 is divisible by 2, then 2 is a factor of 8.
Factors of a number are also called its divisors.

Factors are finite (countable) whereas every number has infinitely many multiples (uncountable).
1 is a factor of all the numbers.
Common factors are numbers that divide two or more numbers exactly.

Prime Time Class 6 Notes Maths Chapter 5

A number for which the sum of all its factors is equal to twice the number is called a perfect number. For example, the factors of 28 are 1, 2, 4, 7, 14, 28.

Now, 1+ 2 + 4 + 7 + 14 + 28 = 56 (which is double of 28). Hence, 28 is an example of a perfect number.

Prime Numbers and Composite Numbers
A prime number is a counting number greater than 1 that has exactly two distinct factors: 1 and itself. It cannot be divided evenly by any other number. For example, 2 is a prime number because its only factors are 1 and 2.

2 is the only even number which is a prime number.
The numbers that have more than two factors are called composite numbers. For example, 4, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, … are composite numbers.
1 is neither prime nor composite because it has only one factor.

Twin primes are pairs of primes having a difference of 2. For example, 3 and 5, 5 and 7, 11 and 13 etc.

Prime triplets are a group of three prime numbers such that the difference between the largest and the smallest prime number is less than or equal to 6.

Sieve of Eratosthenes – A Method of Listing Prime Numbers
Prime Time Class 6 Notes Maths Chapter 5-1
To find all the prime numbers from 1 to 100, follow the steps given below:
Step 1: Write down all the numbers from 1 to 100.
Step 2: Cross out 1 as it is neither prime nor composite.
Step 3: Circle number 2, the smallest and first prime number. Then, cross out all multiples of 2 (like 4, 6, 8, etc.)
Step 4: Circle 3, recognising it as a prime. Cross out all its multiples (such as 6, 9, 12, etc.).
Step 5: Continue this pattern. Stop when all the numbers in the list are either circled or crossed out.

All the circled numbers are prime numbers.
All the crossed-out numbers, other than 1, are composite numbers.

Prime Time Class 6 Notes Maths Chapter 5

How to check whether a number is prime or not?
Let n be a prime number.
Step 1: Find \(\sqrt{n}\) (approximate value).
Step 2: Divide the prime number n by all prime numbers (say m) smaller than \(\sqrt{n}\).
Step 3: If there exists no prime number (m) smaller than \(\sqrt{n}\) to divide n, then n is a prime number.

Co-prime Numbers
Two numbers are called co-prime if their only common factor is 1. For example, 8 and 15 are co-prime numbers.

Two consecutive counting numbers are always co-prime numbers. For example, 9 and 10 are co-prime numbers.

Two prime numbers are always co-prime numbers. For example, 5 and 7 are co-prime numbers.

Two composite numbers may or may not be co-prime numbers. For example, 10 and 12 are not co-prime numbers as 2 is their common factor. But 10 and 21 are co-prime numbers as there is no common factor other than 1.

As prime numbers have exactly two factors 1 and itself , squares of prime numbers will have exactly three factors. For example, factors of 3 are 1 and 3, so, factors of 32 = 9 are 1, 3 and 9.

Prime Factorisation
When a number is written as the product of prime numbers only, it is called prime factorisation of the number. The individual factors are called prime factors.
Prime Time Class 6 Notes Maths Chapter 5-2

The prime factorisation of a composite number is unique, meaning it always consists of the same set of prime factors, regardless of the order in which they occur.

If there is no common prime factor of numbers a and b, then a and b are co-prime numbers.

Prime Time Class 6 Notes Maths Chapter 5

For two numbers a and b, if prime factorisation of b is included in the prime factorisation of a, then a is divisible by b i.e. all the prime factors of b are prime factors of a.

Divisibility Tests
A number is divisible by 2, if its units digit is 0, 2, 4, 6 or 8.
A number is divisible by 3, if the sum of its digits is divisible by 3.
A number is divisible by 4, if number formed by last two digits of given number is divisible by 4.
A number is divisible by 5, if its units digit is either 0 or 5.
A number is divisible by 6, if it is divisible by both 2 and 3.

A number is divisible by 7, if the difference between twice the unit digit of the given number and the remaining part of the given number is 0 or a multiple of 7.

A number is divisible by 8, if number formed by last three digits of given number is divisible by 8.

A number is divisible by 9, if the sum of its digits is divisible by 9.

A number is divisible by 10, if its units digit is 0.

A number is divisible by 11, if the difference between the sum of its digits in odd places and the sum of its digits in even places (starting from units place) is either 0 or a multiple of 11.

If a number is divisible by another number, then it is also divisible by each of the factors of that number. For example, every number divisible by 9 is divisible by 3.

If a number is divisible by two prime numbers, then it is also divisible by their product. For example, every number divisible by 2 and 3 is divisible by 6.

If two numbers a and b are divisible by a number c, then a + b is also divisible by c.
For example, 48 and 72 are divisible by 4, their sum 48 + 72 = 120 is also divisible by 4.

If two numbers a and b are divisible by a number c, then a – b is also divisible by c.
For example, 78 and 42 are divisible by 6, their difference 78 – 42 = 36 is also divisible by 6.

Prime Time Class 6 Notes Maths Chapter 5

Multiples and Factors
A multiple of a number is the result of multiplying that number by counting numbers. For example, the multiples of 3 are 3, 6, 9, 12, …

A common multiple is a number that can be divided exactly by two or more different numbers.
For example, the common multiples of 3 and 5 are 15, 30, 45, 60, …

A factor of a number is an exact divisor of that number.
For example, 24 ÷ 6 = 4. So, 6 is a factor of 24 or 24 is a multiple of 6.
Prime Time Class 6 Notes Maths Chapter 5-3

Prime Factorisation
Prime factorisation is the way of expressing a composite number as a product of its prime factors.
For example, 40 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 5

The prime factorisation of a composite number is unique, regardless of the order in which they occur.
For example, 12 = 2 × 2 × 3 or 2 × 3 × 2 or 3 × 2 × 2

Divisibility Tests

Divisibility by Condition
2 The digit at the ones place is either 0, 2, 4, 6, or 8.
3 Sum of digits of given number is divisible by 3.
4 Number formed by last two digits of given number is divisible by 4.
5 Units digit of the given number is either 0 or 5.
6 The given number is divisible by both 2 and 3.
7 The difference between twice the unit digit of the given number and the remaining part of the given number is either 0 or a multiple of 7.
8 Number formed by last three digits of given number is divisible by 8.
9 Sum of digits of given number is divisible by 9.
10 Units digit of given number is 0.
11 The difference between the sum of digits of given number in odd places and the sum of its digits in even places starting from units place is either 0 or a multiple of 11.

Prime Time Class 6 Notes Maths Chapter 5

Types of Number
A number is called a perfect number if the sum of all its factors is equal to twice the number.

Numbers with only two factors, 1 and the number itself are called prime numbers.
Numbers with more than two factors are called composite numbers.

  1. 2 is the smallest and the only even prime number.
  2. 1 is neither prime nor composite.

Two numbers are said to be co-prime if they have only 1 as their common factor.
Twin primes are pairs of prime numbers that differ exactly by 2.

Prime triplets are a group of three prime numbers such that the difference between the largest and the smallest prime number is less than or equal to 6.

Data Handling and Presentation Class 6 Notes Maths Chapter 4

Easy-to-read Ganita Prakash Class 6 Notes and Chapter 4 Data Handling and Presentation Class 6 Notes save valuable study time during exam season.

Class 6 Maths Chapter 4 Data Handling and Presentation Notes

Class 6 Data Handling and Presentation Notes

Data and Information
Data is a collection of facts or observations. It can be about anything—people’s favourite colours, shoe sizes, temperatures, or the number of pets in a classroom.

There are two main types of data:
Qualitative Data – describes qualities (e.g., colours, names, feelings).
Quantitative Data – involves numbers or measurements (e.g., height, age, scores).

The data that has been collected in the original form is called raw data.
Each item in the raw data is called an observation.

Organisation of Data
The process of systematically arranging the collected data or raw data so that it can be easy to understand and analyse, is known as organisation of data.
Organised data is called information.
Organising the data by arranging it in ascending or descending order is called an array.
Frequency is the number of times a particular observation or value appears in a list.
The range of dataset is the difference between the highest and lowest values in the dataset.

Data Handling and Presentation Class 6 Notes Maths Chapter 4

Representation of Data
A frequency distribution shows the frequency of items in a tabular form or graphical form.
Tally marks are short vertical lines used to count items. Each time we count one item, we draw one line (|). After four lines (| | | |), we draw a oblique line (\) across them to show five like this: Data Handling and Presentation Class 6 Notes Maths Chapter 4-1 to make counting easier.

Pictograph
A pictograph uses pictures of objects to represent data, making it easy to answer questions about the data with just a quick glance.

Scaling refers to assigning a numerical value to each picture or symbol used to represent data.

To decide how many items one symbol should represent, we look for a number that can divide all the values in the data. This number is called a common factor.

Using the biggest common factor, also called the Greatest Common Factor (GCF), helps us use fewer symbols and makes the chart neater.

To draw a pictograph for a given data, follow the steps given below:
Step 1: Collect and tally the data: Gather the information you want to show (for example, count how many students were absent in each class) and total it for each category.

Data Handling and Presentation Class 6 Notes Maths Chapter 4-2
Step 2: Decide the scale: Choose how many items one icon will represent (based on highest common factor). Pick a scale that keeps your chart neat and easy to read and explain what one icon stands for.
symbols and makes the chart neater.

Step 3: Draw the axis: Create a horizontal and vertical line to list the categories (such as class names or days of the week). This helps organise the data visually.

Step 4: Use icons to show the data: Start placing lull icons according to your data. If needed, use half icons to show half amounts that don’t match a full icon.

Data Handling and Presentation Class 6 Notes Maths Chapter 4

Bar Graph
Data Handling and Presentation Class 6 Notes Maths Chapter 4-3
A bar graph is a type of chart that uses bars (columns) to represent data. Each bar’s height or length corresponds to the quantity or frequency of the category it represents.

It is called a graphical representation because it turns numbers into visual bars, making complex data easier to understand.

Key Properties of a Bar Graph:

  1. Each bar is drawn with the same width.
  2. All bars are separated by equal gaps.
  3. The height of each bar corresponds to the value it represents. A taller bar means a greater value.
  4. All bars start from the same horizontal line (called the x-axis or baseline), ensuring consistency.
  5. Bars can be drawn vertically (upwards) or horizontally (sideways), but the interpretation remains the same.
  6. A scale is marked on the axis (usually the vertical axis) to show the values or frequencies that the bars represent. This helps in reading exact values.

From a given set of data, we can create a bar graph by following steps given below: s
Step 1: On the graph paper, draw a horizontal line and a vertical line. The horizontal line in a graph is called the x-axis, while the vertical line in a graph is called the y-axis. The horizontal line (x-axis) and vertical line (y-axis) intersect at zero.
Step 2: Along the horizontal line, mark points at equal distances and write the names of the items for which the data is to be represented.
Step 3: Choose a suitable scale for the given data.
Step 4: Determine the heights of different bars according to the scale.
Step 5: On x-axis draw bars of equal width and keep the distance between the bars same. Also remember to keep the same distance between the first bar and they-axis.

Artistic and Aesthetic Considerations
Data Handling and Presentation Class 6 Notes Maths Chapter 4-4
In general, it is more intuitive and visually appealing to represent heights, that are measured upwards from the ground, using bar graphs that have vertical bars (columns graph).

Lengths that are parallel to the ground (for example, distances between locations on Earth) are usually best represented using bar graphs with horizontal arcs.

Infographics
When data visualizations, like bar graphs, are made even more visually attractive with artistic touches, they are called information graphics or infographics for short.

The purpose of infographics is to use eye-catching and engaging visuals to present information in a way that is clear, quick to understand and visually appealing. For example, instead of using rectangles (bars), we could use triangles to look more like actual mountains. We can even add colours to make it more interesting.
Data Handling and Presentation Class 6 Notes Maths Chapter 4-5

Data Handling and Presentation Class 6 Notes Maths Chapter 4

Introduction

Any collection of facts, numbers, measures. observations or other descriptions things that convey information about those things is called data.
The data that has been collected in the original form is called raw data.
Each item in the raw data is called an observation.

Organisation of Data

The process of systematically arranging the collected data or raw ttata so I hat it becomes easy to understand and analyse the data is known as organisation of data.
Organising the data by arranging it in ascending or descending order is called an array.
The frequency of given observation is the number of times it occurs in the data.

Frequency Distribution
A frequency distribution shows the frequency of items in a tabular form or graphical form.

Sports Number of students
Badminton 5
Cricket 10
Hockey 2
Football 12


Tally Table

Tally marks are short vertical lines used to count items. Each time we count one item, we draw one line (|). After four lines (||||), we draw a oblique line (\) across them to show five i.e. (Data Handling and Presentation Class 6 Notes Maths Chapter 4-1).

Sports Number of students
Badminton Data Handling and Presentation Class 6 Notes Maths Chapter 4-1
Cricket Data Handling and Presentation Class 6 Notes Maths Chapter 4-1 Data Handling and Presentation Class 6 Notes Maths Chapter 4-1
Hockey ||
Football Data Handling and Presentation Class 6 Notes Maths Chapter 4-1 Data Handling and Presentation Class 6 Notes Maths Chapter 4-1 ||

Representation of Data

Pictograph
A pictograph is a way of representing data using pictures or symbols.
Scaling refers to assigning a numerical value to each picture or symbol used to represent data.

To decide how many items one symbol should represent, we look for a number that can divide all the values in the data. This number is called a common factor.
Data Handling and Presentation Class 6 Notes Maths Chapter 4-6
Note: Bar graphs are better for large data because they are neat, easy to read, and can show big numbers clearly.

Data Handling and Presentation Class 6 Notes Maths Chapter 4

Bar graphs

Like pictographs, bar graphs give a nice visual way to represent data. They represent data through equally- spaced bars, each of equal width, where the lengths or heights give frequencies of the different categories.

Scale is decided on the basis of the data including the minimum and maximum frequencies, so that the resulting bar graph fits nicely and looks visually appealing on the paper or poster we are preparing.

The markings of the unit lengths as per the scale must start from zero.
Data Handling and Presentation Class 6 Notes Maths Chapter 4-7

Artistic and Aesthetic Considerations
It is also good to make the graph look neat, colourful, and easy to understand, so that anyone looking at it can enjoy and learn from the information.

In general, it is more intuitive, suggestive and visually appealing to represent heights, that are measured upwards from the ground, using bar graphs that have vertical bars or columns.
Data Handling and Presentation Class 6 Notes Maths Chapter 4-8

Lengths that are parallel to the ground (for example, distances between location on Earth) are usually best represented using bar graphs with horizontal bars.
Data Handling and Presentation Class 6 Notes Maths Chapter 4-9
When data visualizations, like bar graphs, are made even more visually attractive with artistic touches, they are called information graphics or infographics.

However, making visual representations of data ‘fancy’ can also sometimes be misleading.

Class 8 Maths Chapter 4 Question Answer Odia Medium ଚତୁର୍ଭୁଜ

Students can use Class 8 Math Solution Odia Medium and Class 8 Maths Chapter 4 Question Answer Odia Medium ଚତୁର୍ଭୁଜ to check their answers after solving exercises.

8th Class Maths Chapter 4 Question Answer Odia Medium

Class 8 Maths Chapter 4 Odia Medium

Page No. 82

Question 1.
ଅନ୍ୟ ଚିତ୍ରଗୁଡ଼ିକ ଚତୁର୍ଭୁଜ ନୁହନ୍ତି, କାହିଁକି?
Class 8 Maths Chapter 4 Question Answer Odia Medium ଚତୁର୍ଭୁଜ Page 82 Q1
Solution:
ଚିତ୍ର (iv) ଓ (v) ରେ ଅନ୍ୟ ବାହୁଗୁଡ଼ିକ ଏକ ସରଳରେଖାରେ ନଥ‌ିବାରୁ ଏଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ଚତୁର୍ଭୁଜ ନୁହଁନ୍ତି।

4.1 ଆୟତଚିତ୍ର ଓ ବର୍ଗଚିତ୍ର (Rectangle and Square)

Page No. 84

Question 1.
ଯଦି ଗୋଟିଏ କର୍ପୂର ଦୈର୍ଘ୍ୟ 8 ସେ.ମି. ହୁଏ, ଅନ୍ୟ କର୍ଷଟିର ଦୈର୍ଘ୍ୟ କେତେ?
Solution:
ସର୍ବସମତା ସର୍ଭେ ବ୍ୟବହାର କରି ଏହାକୁ ନିମ୍ନ ପ୍ରକାରେ ନିର୍ଣ୍ଣୟ କରିହେବ।
ଯେହେତୁ ABCD ଏକ ଆୟତଚିତ୍ର, ତେଣୁ AB = CD
Class 8 Maths Chapter 4 Question Answer Odia Medium ଚତୁର୍ଭୁଜ Page 84 Q1
ଏବଂ ∠BAD = ∠CDA = 90
AD ଉଭୟ ତ୍ରିଭୁଜର ସାଧାରଣ ବାହୁ ।
∴ ∆ADC ≅ ∆DAB (ବା-କୋ-ବା ସର୍ବସମତା)
⇒ AC = BD
ଆୟତଚିତ୍ରର କଣ୍ଠଦ୍ଵୟ ସମଦୈର୍ଘ୍ୟବିଶିଷ୍ଟ ।
ଗୋଟିଏ କର୍ପୂର ଦୈର୍ଘ୍ୟ 8 ସେ.ମି. ହେଲେ ଅନ୍ୟ କର୍ଣ୍ଣଟିର ଦୈର୍ଘ୍ୟ 8 ସେ.ମି.।

Class 8 Maths Chapter 4 Question Answer Odia Medium ଚତୁର୍ଭୁଜ

Question 2.
କଣ୍ଠଦ୍ଵୟର ଛେଦବିନ୍ଦୁ କ’ଣ?
Solution:
ABCD ଚତୁର୍ଭୁଜରେ କର୍ଣ୍ଣଦ୍ଵୟ ଦ୍ଵାରା ମଧ୍ୟରେ ଥ‌ିବା ସମ୍ପର୍କ ଜାଣିବା ପାଇଁ
Class 8 Maths Chapter 4 Question Answer Odia Medium ଚତୁର୍ଭୁଜ Page 84 Q2
ପ୍ରତୀକ କୋଣ ହୋଇଥିବାରୁ ନୀଳରଙ୍ଗ ଚିହ୍ନିତ କୋଣଦ୍ଵୟ ସର୍ବସମ ।
Class 8 Maths Chapter 4 Question Answer Odia Medium ଚତୁର୍ଭୁଜ Page 84 Q2.1
ସର୍ବସମତା ଦର୍ଶାଇବା ପାଇଁ ∠1 ଓ ∠2 କୁ ନିଅ ।
ସେମାନଙ୍କର ପରିମାଣ ସମାନ ।
ଅର୍ଥାତ୍ ∠1 = ∠2
Class 8 Maths Chapter 4 Question Answer Odia Medium ଚତୁର୍ଭୁଜ Page 84 Q2.2
ଯେହେତୁ ∠B = 90°, ∠1 + ∠3 = 90°
Class 8 Maths Chapter 4 Question Answer Odia Medium ଚତୁର୍ଭୁଜ Page 84 Q2.3
∆BCD ରେ ∠3 + ∠2 + 90° = 180°
ହୋଇଥିବାରୁ ଆମେ ପାଇବା ∠3 + ∠2 = 90°
ତେଣୁ ∠1 = ∠2 = (90° – ∠3)
∠2 = (90° – ∠3)
କୋ –କୋ–ବା ସର୍ବସମତା ସର୍ଭେ ଅନୁସାରେ ∆AOB ≅ ∆COD
ଅର୍ଥାତ୍ OA = OC ଏବଂ OB = OD, କାରଣ ସେମାନେ ସର୍ବସମ ତ୍ରିଭୁଜର ଅନୁରୂପ ଅଂଶ ।
ତେଣୁ AC ଓ BD କର୍ଣ୍ଣଦ୍ଵୟର ମଧ୍ୟବିନ୍ଦୁ ହେଉଛି ‘O’।

Page No. 85

Question 1.
∆AOB ≅ ∆COD ପ୍ରମାଣ କରିବା ପାଇଁ ନିମ୍ନ ସମାନ ମାପଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ବ୍ୟବହାର କରିପାରିବା କି?
AO = CO (ପୂର୍ବରୁ ପ୍ରମାଣିତ)
∠AOB = ∠COD (ପ୍ରତୀପ କୋଣ)
AD = CB
Solution:
∆AOB ≅ ∆COD ପ୍ରମାଣ କରିବାପାଇଁ ଦିଆଯାଇଥିବା
ସମାନ ମାପଗୁଡ଼ିକ ମଧ୍ୟରେ AD = CB ବ୍ୟବହାର କରିପାରିବା ନାହିଁ।

Class 8 Maths Chapter 4 Question Answer Odia Medium ଚତୁର୍ଭୁଜ

Question 2.
କର୍ଣ୍ଣଦ୍ଵର ଛେଦବିନ୍ଦୁରେ ଉତ୍ପନ୍ନ କୋଣମାନଙ୍କ ମଧ୍ୟରେ କି ସମ୍ପର୍କ ଥାଏ?
Solution:
ପରସ୍ପରକୁ ସମଦ୍ଵିଖଣ୍ଡ କରୁଥୁବା ଦୁଇଟି ସମଦୈର୍ଘ୍ୟବିଶିଷ୍ଟ କର୍ଣ୍ଣମଧ୍ୟରେ ସୃଷ୍ଟି ହେଉଥିବା କୋଣର ପରିମାଣ 60° ହେଲେ, ଚତୁର୍ଭୁଜଟି ଆୟତକ୍ଷେତ୍ର ହେବ । (ଚିତ୍ର-୧)
Class 8 Maths Chapter 4 Question Answer Odia Medium ଚତୁର୍ଭୁଜ Page 85 Q2

Question 3.
ତୁମେ ଆୟତଚିତ୍ରର ଅବଶିଷ୍ଟ କୋଣମାନଙ୍କର ପରିମାଣ ନିର୍ଣ୍ଣୟ କରିପାରିବ କି?
Solution:
ପ୍ରତୀପକୋଣ ଏବଂ ସରଳରେଖୀୟ ଯୋଡ଼ି ଧାରଣାର ବ୍ୟବହାର କରି ଅବଶିଷ୍ଟ କୋଣମାନଙ୍କର ପରିମାଣ ନିର୍ଣ୍ଣୟ କରିପାରିବା। (ଚିତ୍ର-୨)

Question 4.
∆AOBରେ, OA = OB ହୋଇଥିବାରୁ, ସେମାନଙ୍କର ସମ୍ମୁଖୀନ କୋଣଦ୍ଵୟର ପରିମାଣ ସମାନ। ମନେକର କୋଣଟି ‘a’। ‘a’ର ମାନ କେତେ?
Solution:
∠AOBରେ, a + a + 60° = 180°
ତ୍ରିଭୁଜର ଅନ୍ତଃସ୍ଥ କୌଣମାନଙ୍କର ପରିମାଣର ସମଷ୍ଟି = 180°
ତେଣୁ 2a = 120°
ଅର୍ଥାତ୍, a = 60° (ଚିତ୍ର-୩)
ସେହିପରି ଅନ୍ୟ ସମସ୍ତ କୋଣମାନଙ୍କର ପରିମାଣ ନିର୍ଣ୍ଣୟ କରାଯାଇଛି । (ଚତ୍ର-୪)

Page No. 86

Question 1.
ଆମେ ବର୍ତ୍ତମାନ ABCD କି ପ୍ରକାର ଚତୁର୍ଭୁଜ କହିପାରିବା କି?
Solution:
ABCD ଗୋଟିଏ ଆୟତକ୍ଷେତ୍ର କାରଣ ଏହାର ସମସ୍ତ ଅନ୍ତଃସ୍ଥ କୌଣମାନଙ୍କର ପରିମାଣ 90° (30° + 60°)

Question 2.
ଆମେ ଏହାର ବାହୁମାନଙ୍କ ସମ୍ବନ୍ଧରେ କ’ଣ କହିପାରିବା?
Class 8 Maths Chapter 4 Question Answer Odia Medium ଚତୁର୍ଭୁଜ Page 86 Q2
Solution:
∆AOB ≅ ∆COD ଏବଂ ∆AOD ≅ ∆COB
[ବା–କୋ–ବା ସର୍ବସମତା ସର୍ଭ ଅନୁସାରେ]
ତେଣୁ AB = CD ଏବଂ AD = BC [∵ ସର୍ବସମ ତ୍ରିଭୁଜମାନଙ୍କର ଅନୁରୂପ ଅଂଶ|]
∴ ABCD ଏକ ଆୟତକ୍ଷେତ୍ର, କାରଣ ଏହା ଆୟତଚିତ୍ରର ସମସ୍ତ ସର୍ଭ ପୂରଣ କରୁଛି।

Question 3.
ଯଦି କର୍ଣ୍ଣଦ୍ଵୟ ମଧ୍ୟରେ ଥ‌ିବା କୋଣର ପରିମାଣ ପରିବର୍ତ୍ତନ ହୁଏ, ଆମେ ଏହାକୁ ସାଧାରଣୀକରଣ କରିପାରିବା କି?
Solution:
Class 8 Maths Chapter 4 Question Answer Odia Medium ଚତୁର୍ଭୁଜ Page 86 Q3
କର୍ଣ୍ଣଦ୍ଵୟ ମଧ୍ୟରେ ଥିବା ଗୋଟିଏ କୋଣକୁ x ନିଅ।
Class 8 Maths Chapter 4 Question Answer Odia Medium ଚତୁର୍ଭୁଜ Page 86 Q3.1
ଅନ୍ୟ କୋଣଟି = 180° – x (ସରଳ ରେଖ୍ୟ ଯୋଡ଼ି)
କର୍ଣ୍ଣଦ୍ଵୟ ମଧ୍ୟରେ ଥିବା ଚାରୋଟି କୋଣର ପରିମାଣ ହେଉଛି x, x, 180° – x, 180° – x

Page No. 87

Question 1.
∆AOB ଏକ ସମଦ୍ବିବାହୁ ତ୍ରିଭୁଜ । ଏହାକୁ ଆଧାର କରି ଚତୁର୍ଭୁଜର ଅନ୍ୟ କୋଣମାନଙ୍କର ପରିମାଣ ନିର୍ଣ୍ଣୟ କର।
Solution:
Class 8 Maths Chapter 4 Question Answer Odia Medium ଚତୁର୍ଭୁଜ Page 87 Q1
AOB ସମଙ୍ଗିବାହୁ ତ୍ରିଭୁଜର ଭୂମି-ସଂଲଗ୍ନ ପ୍ରତ୍ୟେକ କୋଣର ପରିମାଣକୁ ‘a’ ନିଆଯାଉ।
a (ଡିଗ୍ରୀ ଏକକରେ)ର ମୂଲ୍ୟକୁ ‘x’ ମାଧ୍ୟମରେ ପ୍ରକାଶ କଲେ,
a + a + x = 180 (ତ୍ରିଭୁଜର ଅନ୍ତଃସ୍ଥ କୌଣମାନଙ୍କର ପରିମାଣର ସମଷ୍ଟି)
⇒ 2a = 180° – x
⇒ a = \(\frac{\left(180^{\circ}-x\right)}{2}=90^{\circ}-\frac{x}{2}\)
ସେହିପରି AOD ସମଦିବାହୁ ତ୍ରିଭୁଜରେ ଭୂମିସଂଲଗ୍ନ
Class 8 Maths Chapter 4 Question Answer Odia Medium ଚତୁର୍ଭୁଜ Page 87 Q1.1
ପ୍ରତ୍ୟେକ କୋଣର ପରିମାଣକୁ ‘b’ ନିଆଯାଉ।
b + b + (180° – x) = 180°
⇒ 2b = 180° – (180° – x)
⇒ 2b = 180° – 180° + x
⇒ 2b = x
⇒ b = \(\frac {x}{2}\)
∴ ଚତୁର୍ଭୁଜର ପ୍ରତ୍ୟେକ କୋଣର ପରିମାଣ ହେଉଛି a + b, ଯାହାକି
90° – \(\frac {x}{2}\) + \(\frac {x}{2}\) = 90°
∴ ABCD ଚତୁର୍ଭୁଜର ସମସ୍ତ କୋଣ ସମକୋଣ ।

Class 8 Maths Chapter 4 Question Answer Odia Medium ଚତୁର୍ଭୁଜ

Question 2.
ଆମେ AB, CD ଏବଂ AD, BC ମଧ୍ୟରେ ଥିବା ସମ୍ପର୍କ କ’ଣ?
Solution:
∆AOB ≅ ∆COD ଏବଂ ∆AOD ≅ ∆COB
ତେଣୁ AB = CD ଏବଂ AD = BC, ଯେହେତୁ ସର୍ବସମ ତ୍ରିଭୁଜଦ୍ଵୟର ଅନୁରୂପ ଅଂଶ ସର୍ବସମ ଅଟେ।

Page No. 89

Question 1.
ପୂର୍ବରୁ ଆମେ ଜାଣିଥୁଲୁ ଯେ ଗୋଟିଏ ଆୟତଚିତ୍ରରେ (କ) ବିପରୀତ ବାହୁମାନଙ୍କର ଦୈର୍ଘ୍ୟ ସମାନ ଏବଂ (ଖ) ପ୍ରତ୍ୟେକ କୋଣ ସମକୋଣ ହୋଇଥାଏ । ଯଦି କୌଣସି ଚତୁର୍ଭୁଜର ସମସ୍ତ କୋଣ ସମକୋଣ ତାହା ଏକ ଆୟତଚିତ୍ର ବୋଲି କହିଲେ ଭୁଲ୍ ହେବ କି?
Solution:
ନା, ଭୁଲ୍ ହେବ ନାହିଁ । କାରଣ ଯଦି ଗୋଟିଏ ଚତୁର୍ଭୁଜର ସମସ୍ତ କୋଣ ସମକୋଣ ହେବ, ତାହେଲେ ତା’ର ବିପରୀତ ବାହୁଗୁଡ଼ିକ ସମାନ ହେବ । ତେଣୁ ଚତୁର୍ଭୁଜଟି ଆୟତଚିତ୍ର ହେବ।

Question 2.
ଯଦି ତୁମେ ଭାବୁଛ ଏହି ସଂଜ୍ଞା ଅସଂପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ, ତେବେ ଏପରି ଗୋଟିଏ ଚତୁର୍ଭୁଜ ଅଙ୍କନ କର, ଯାହାର ସମସ୍ତ କୋଣ ସମକୋଣ, କିନ୍ତୁ ବିପରୀତ ବାହୁମାନଙ୍କର ଦୈର୍ଘ୍ୟ ଅସମାନ ହେଉଥ‌ିବ।
Solution:
ଯଦି ଗୋଟିଏ ଚତୁର୍ଭୁଜର ସମସ୍ତ କୋଣ ସମକୋଣ, କିନ୍ତୁ ବିପରୀତ ବାହୁମାନଙ୍କର ଦୈର୍ଘ୍ୟ ଅସମାନ ହେଉଥୁବ, ଏପରି ଚତୁର୍ଭୁଜ ଅଙ୍କନ କରିବା ଅସମ୍ଭବ।

Question 3.
ସମସ୍ତ କୋଣ ସମକୋଣ ଥିବା ଗୋଟିଏ ଚତୁର୍ଭୁଜର ଆକୃତି କିପରି?
Class 8 Maths Chapter 4 Question Answer Odia Medium ଚତୁର୍ଭୁଜ Page 89 Q3
Solution:
BD ଅଙ୍କନ କର। ∆BAD ଓ ∆DCB ସର୍ବସମ।
ଚିତ୍ରରେ ∆BAD ଓ ∆DCB ମଧ୍ୟରେ ଦୁଇଟି ସମାନତା ଲକ୍ଷ୍ୟ କରାଯାଇପାରିବ।
Class 8 Maths Chapter 4 Question Answer Odia Medium ଚତୁର୍ଭୁଜ Page 89 Q3.1
ABCD ଚତୁର୍ଭୁଜରେ ∠B = 90°, ∠3 + ∠1 = 90°,
ଏବଂ ∆BCD ରେ ∠3 + ∠2 + 90° = 180°
⇒ ∠3 + ∠2 = 90°
ତେଣୁ, ∠1 = ∠2
∆BAD ≅ ∆DCB କୋ-କୋ–ବା ସର୍ବସମତା ସର୍ଭ ଅନୁସାରେ
ତେଣୁ AD = CB ଏବଂ DC = BA କାରଣ ସେମାନେ ସର୍ବସମ ତ୍ରିଭୁଜର ଅନୁରୂପ ବାହୁ ଅଟନ୍ତି।

Page No. 90

Question 1.
∆BAD ≅ ∆CDB ଲେଖୁବା ଭୁଲ୍ ହେବ କି? କାହିଁକି?
Solution:
ହଁ, ∆BAD ≅ ∆CDB ଲେଖୁବା ଭୁଲ୍ ହେବ।
କାରଣ ଦୁଇଟି ତ୍ରିଭୁଜର ଶୀର୍ଷବିନ୍ଦୁ ର କ୍ରମ ଅତ୍ୟନ୍ତ ଗୁରୁତ୍ଵପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ।
ଅନୁରୂପ କୋଣ ଓ ଅନୁରୂପ ବାହୁ ମେଳ ଖାଉନାହିଁ । ତେଣୁ ଏହା ଭୁଲ୍।
ତେଣୁ ∆BAD ≅ ∆DCB ଉକ୍ତିଟି ଠିକ୍।
ଆମେ ଜାଣିଲେ ଯେ ଗୋଟିଏ ଚତୁର୍ଭୁଜର ସମସ୍ତ କୋଣ ସମକୋଣ ହେଲେ, ଏହାର ବିପରୀତ ବାହୁମାନଙ୍କର ଦୈର୍ଘ୍ୟ ସମାନ ହେବ।

Question 2.
ଆୟତଚିତ୍ରର ବିପରୀତ ବାହୁମାନେ ସମାନ୍ତର କି?
Solution:
ଛେଦକର ଧର୍ମ ବ୍ୟବହାର କରି ଏହି ତଥ୍ୟର ଯଥାର୍ଥତା ପ୍ରତିପାଦନ କରାଯାଇପାରିବ।
Class 8 Maths Chapter 4 Question Answer Odia Medium ଚତୁର୍ଭୁଜ Page 90 Q2
AD ଓ BC ପାଇଁ ରେଖାଖଣ୍ଡ AB ଏକ ଛେଦକ ଭାବେ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ କରେ।
∠A + ∠B = 90° + 90° = 180°
ଦୁଇଟି ରେଖାଖଣ୍ଡକୁ ଏକ ଛେଦକ ଦୁଇଟି ଭିନ୍ନ ବିନ୍ଦୁରେ ଛେଦକଲେ ଯଦି ଛେଦକର ଏକ ପାର୍ଶ୍ଵ ସ୍ଥ ଅନ୍ତଃସ୍ଥ କୋଣଦ୍ଵୟର ପରିମାଣ ସମଷ୍ଟି 180° ହୁଏ, ତେବେ ରେଖାଖଣ୍ଡଦ୍ଵୟ ସମାନ୍ତର ହୁଅନ୍ତି।
ଏହି ତଥ୍ୟକୁ ବ୍ୟବହାର କରି ଆମେ ଏହି ସିଦ୍ଧାନ୍ତରେ ପହଞ୍ଚିପାରିବା ଯେ AD || BC
ସେହିପରି ଆମେ ପାଇପାରିବା AB || CD

Page No. 92

Question 1.
କିପରି ଗୋଟିଏ ବର୍ଗଚିତ୍ର ଅଙ୍କନ କରିବା ଯାହାର କର୍ପୂର ଦୈର୍ଘ୍ୟ 8 ସେ.ମି.|
Solution:
ଏକ ଆୟତଚିତ୍ର ଅଙ୍କନ କରିବାବେଳେ ଆମେ ଲକ୍ଷ୍ୟ କରିଥିଲେ, ଏହାର ପ୍ରତ୍ୟେକ କୋଣର ପରିମାଣ 90° (ଏବଂ ସମାନ ଦୈର୍ଘ୍ୟବିଶିଷ୍ଟ ବିପରୀତ ବାହୁ)।
କିନ୍ତୁ ବର୍ଗଚିତ୍ର ପାଇବା ପାଇଁ କର୍ଷଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ଏପରି ଅଙ୍କନ କରିବାକୁ ହେବ, ଯେପରି – (କ) ସେମାନେ ସମାନ ଦୈର୍ଘ୍ୟବିଶିଷ୍ଟ ହେବେ ଏବଂ (ଖ) ସେମାନେ ପରସ୍ପରକୁ ସମଦ୍ଵିଖଣ୍ଡ କରିବେ।

Class 8 Maths Chapter 4 Question Answer Odia Medium ଚତୁର୍ଭୁଜ

Question 2.
କର୍ଷଗୁଡ଼ିକଦ୍ଵାରା ସୃଷ୍ଟ କୋଣର ପରିମାଣ କେତେ ହେବା ଉଚିତ?
Solution:
ସର୍ବସମତା ଧାରଣାକୁ ବ୍ୟବହାର କରି କଣ୍ଠମାନଙ୍କ ମଧ୍ୟରେ ଥିବା କୋଣ ସମ୍ବନ୍ଧରେ ଜାଣିହେବ।
ଆମେ ସମାନ ଦୈର୍ଘ୍ୟବିଶିଷ୍ଟ କର୍ଷ AC ଓ BDକୁ ଏପରି ଯୋଡ଼ିବା, ଯେପରି ସେମାନେ ପରସ୍ପରକୁ ‘O’ ବିନ୍ଦୁରେ ସମଦ୍ଵିଖଣ୍ଡ କରି ଏକ ବର୍ଗଚିତ୍ର ABCD ସୃଷ୍ଟି କରିବେ।
ଏହି ବର୍ଗଚିତ୍ରର ନାମ ABCD ହେଉ।
Class 8 Maths Chapter 4 Question Answer Odia Medium ଚତୁର୍ଭୁଜ Page 92 Q2
∆BOA ≅ ∆BOC, ବା-ବା-ବା- ସର୍ବସମତା ସର୍ଭେ ଅନୁସାରେ।
ଯେହେତୁ ∠BOA ଓ ∠BOC ଦୁଇଟି ସର୍ବସମ ତ୍ରିଭୁଜ ଏବଂ (∆BOA ଓ ∆BOC)ର ଅନୁରୂପ ଅଂଶ,
ଅର୍ଥାତ୍ ∠BOA = ∠BOC
∠BOA + ∠BOC = 180 [∵ କୋଣଦ୍ଵୟ ସରଳରେଖୀୟ ଯୋଡ଼ି।]
ତେଣୁ, ପ୍ରତ୍ୟେକ କୋଣର ପରିମାଣ 90°।

Page No. 93

Question 1.
ଗୋଟିଏ ବର୍ଗଚିତ୍ର ଅଙ୍କନ କର, ଯାହାର କର୍ପୂର ଦୈର୍ଘ୍ୟ 8 ସେ.ମି.।
Solution:
(i) AC = 8 ସେ.ମି.ଦୈର୍ଘ୍ୟର ଏକ ରେଖା ଅଙ୍କନ କର।
(ii) କମ୍ପାସ ସାହାଯ୍ୟରେ A ଓ C ବିନ୍ଦୁରୁ 4 ସେ.ମି. ଦୈର୍ଘ୍ୟ ବିଶିଷ୍ଟ ଏକ ଚାପ ଅଙ୍କନ କର।
(iii) ଯାହାର ଛେଦ ବିନ୍ଦୁକୁ B ଓ D ହେଉ। AB, BC, CD ଓ AD କୁ ରୁଲର ବ୍ୟବହାର କରି ଯୋଗ କର।
(iv) ABCD ଗୋଟିଏ ଆବଶ୍ୟକୀୟ ବର୍ଗଚିତ୍ର।
Class 8 Maths Chapter 4 Question Answer Odia Medium ଚତୁର୍ଭୁଜ Page 93 Q1

Question 2.
∠1, ∠2, ∠3 ଓ ∠4 ର ପରିମାଣ କେତେ? ଏହାକୁ ନିର୍ଣ୍ଣୟ କରିବା ପାଇଁ ଉପଯୁକ୍ତ ଯୁକ୍ତି ଉପସ୍ଥାପନ କର ଏବଂ ପରୀକ୍ଷା କରି ଦେଖ।
Class 8 Maths Chapter 4 Question Answer Odia Medium ଚତୁର୍ଭୁଜ Page 93 Q2
Solution:
∆ADCରେ ଆମେ ପାଇବା ∠1 + ∠3 + 90° = 180°
ଯେହେତୁ AD = DC, ଆମେ ପାଇଲେ ∠1 = ∠3
ତେଣୁ ∠1 = ∠3 = 45° ………………… (i)
∆ABCରେ ଆମେ ପାଇବା ∠2 + ∠4 + 90° = 180°
ଯେହେତୁ AB = BC, ଆମେ ପାଇଲେ ∠2 = ∠4
ତେଣୁ ∠2 = ∠4 = 45° ………….. (ii)
(i) ଓ (ii) ରୁ ଆମେ ପାଇଲେ, ∠1 = ∠2 = ∠3 = ∠4 = 45°

ନିଜେ କରି ଦେଖ: (Page No. 94)

Question 1.
ନିମ୍ନ ଆୟତଚିତ୍ରମାନଙ୍କରେ ଥିବା ଅନ୍ୟ ସମସ୍ତ କୋଣର ପରିମାଣ ନିର୍ଣ୍ଣୟ କର।
Class 8 Maths Chapter 4 Question Answer Odia Medium ଚତୁର୍ଭୁଜ Page 94 Q1
Solution:
(i) ଦତ୍ତ ABCD ଆୟତଚିତ୍ର।
Class 8 Maths Chapter 4 Question Answer Odia Medium ଚତୁର୍ଭୁଜ Page 94 Q1.1
∠ABC = ∠BCD = ∠CDA = ∠DAB = 90°, ∠1 = 30°
∠1 + ∠2 = 90°
∠2 = 90° – ∠1 = 90° – 30° = 60°
MD = MA
⇒ ∠3 = ∠2 = 60°
∠3 + ∠4 = 90°
⇒ ∠4 = 90° – ∠3 = 90° – 60° = 30°
MC = MD
⇒ ∠5 = ∠4 = 30°
∠5 + ∠6 = 90°
⇒ ∠6 = 90° – ∠5 = 90° – 30° = 60°
MB = MC
⇒ ∠7 = ∠6 = 60°
MB = MA
⇒ ∠8 = ∠1 = 30°
∆AMBରେ ∠1 + ∠9 + ∠8 = 180°
⇒ ∠30° + ∠9 + ∠30° = 180°
⇒ ∠9 = 180° – 60° = 120°
∴ ∠11 = ∠9 = 120° (ପ୍ରତୀପ କୋଣ)
∠9 + ∠10 = 180° (ସରଳରେଖୀୟ କୋଣ)
⇒ ∠10 = 180° – 120° = 60°
∠12 = ∠10 = 60° (ପ୍ରତୀପ କୋଣ)
∴ ∠1 = 30°, ∠2 = 60°, ∠3 = 60°, ∠4 = 30°, ∠5 = 30°, ∠6 = 60°, ∠7 = 60°, ∠8 = 30°,
∠9 = 120°, ∠10 = 60°, ∠11 = 120° ଓ ∠12 = 60°

(ii) PQRS ଆୟତଚିତ୍ରରେ। ∠9 = 110°
Class 8 Maths Chapter 4 Question Answer Odia Medium ଚତୁର୍ଭୁଜ Page 94 Q1.2
⇒ ∠11 = ∠9 = 110° (ପ୍ରତୀପ କୋଣ)
∠9 + ∠10 = 180° (ସରଳରେଖୀୟ କୋଣ)
∴ ∠10 = 180° – 110° = 70°
∠12 = ∠10 = 70° (ପ୍ରତୀପ କୋଣ)
MP = MS
⇒ ∠1 = ∠8
∆PMS ରେ ∠1 + ∠11 + ∠8 = 180° (ତ୍ରିଭୁଜର ଅନ୍ତଃସ୍ଥ କୋଣମାନଙ୍କର ପରିମାଣର ସମଷ୍ଟି)
⇒ ∠1 + 110° + ∠1 = 180°
⇒ 2∠1 = 180° – 110° = 70°
⇒ ∠1 = 35°
∴ ∠8 = 35°
∠1 + ∠2 = 90°
⇒ ∠2 = 90° – ∠1 = 90° – 35° = 55°
MQ = MP
⇒ ∠3 = ∠2 = 55°
∠3 + ∠4 = 90°
⇒ ∠4 = 90° – ∠3 = 90° – 55° = 35°
MR = MQ
⇒ ∠5 = ∠4 = 35°
∠5 + ∠6 = 90°
⇒ ∠6 = 90° – ∠5 = 90° – 35° = 55°
MS = MR
⇒ ∠7 = ∠6 = 55°
∴ ∠1 = 35°, ∠2 = 55°, ∠3 = 55°, ∠4 = 35°, ∠5 = 35°, ∠6 = 55°, ∠7 = 55°, ∠8 = 35°, ∠9 = 110°, ∠10 = 70°, ∠11 = 110° ଓ ∠12 = 70°

Class 8 Maths Chapter 4 Question Answer Odia Medium ଚତୁର୍ଭୁଜ

Question 2.
ଏକ ଚତୁର୍ଭୁଜ ଅଙ୍କନ କର, ଯାହାର ପ୍ରତ୍ୟେକ କର୍ଷର ଦୈର୍ଘ୍ୟ 8 ସେ.ମି. ଓ କର୍ଣ୍ଣଦ୍ଵୟ ପରସ୍ପରକୁ ସମଦ୍ଵିଖଣ୍ଡ କରନ୍ତି ଏବଂ କର୍ଣ୍ଣଦ୍ଵୟର ଅନ୍ତର୍ଗତ କୋଣ :
(i) 30°
(ii) 40°
(iii) 90°
(iv) 140°
Solution:
(i) 8 ସେ.ମି. ବିଶିଷ୍ଟ AB ରେଖା ଅଙ୍କନ କର । AB ଉପରିସ୍ଥ ବିନ୍ଦୁ M ଚିହ୍ନଟ କର।
ଯେପରି AM = BM = 4 ସେ.ମି. । 8 ସେ.ମି.
ବିଶିଷ୍ଟ ଅନ୍ୟ ଏକ ରେଖା CD ଅଙ୍କନ କର । ଏହି ରେ ଖାମଧ୍ଯ ବିନ୍ଦୁ M ମଧ୍ୟଦେଇ ଗତି କରିବ।
ଏପରି କି CD ରେ ଖାର ମଧ୍ୟବିନ୍ଦୁ M (DM = MC) ଏବଂ ∠BMC ର ପରିମାଣ 30° ହେବ।
AD, DB, BC ଏବଂ CA ରେଖାଖଣ୍ଡକୁ ଅଙ୍କନ କରି ACBD ଚତୁର୍ଭୁଜ ସମ୍ପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ କର।
ଯେହେତୁ କର୍ଣ୍ଣ AB ଓ CD ସମଦୈର୍ଘ୍ୟ ବିଶିଷ୍ଟ ଏବଂ M ବିନ୍ଦୁରେ ପରସ୍ପରକୁ ସମଦ୍ଵିଖଣ୍ଡ କରନ୍ତି, ACBD ଗୋଟିଏ ଆୟତଚିତ୍ର।
Class 8 Maths Chapter 4 Question Answer Odia Medium ଚତୁର୍ଭୁଜ Page 94 Q2

(ii) 8 ସେ.ମି. ବିଶିଷ୍ଟ AB ରେଖା ଅଙ୍କନ କର।
AB ଉପରିସ୍ଥ ମଧ୍ୟ ବିନ୍ଦୁ M ଚିହ୍ନଟ କର।
ଯେପରି AM = BM = 4 ସେ.ମି.।
8 ସେ.ମି. ବିଶିଷ୍ଟ ଅନ୍ୟ ଏକ ରେଖା CD ଅଙ୍କନ କର । ଏହି ରେଖାମଧ୍ଯ ବିନ୍ଦୁ M ମଧ୍ୟଦେଇ ଗତି କରିବ
ଏପରି କି CD ରେଖାର ମଧ୍ୟବିନ୍ଦୁ M (DM = MC) ଏବଂ ∠BMC ର ପରିମାଣ 40° ହେବ।
AD, DB, BC ଏବଂ CAକୁ ଅଙ୍କନ କରି
ACBD ଚତୁର୍ଭୁଜ ସମ୍ପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ କର।
ଯେହେତୁ କର୍ଣ୍ଣଦ୍ଵୟ AB ଓ CD ସମଦୈର୍ଘ୍ୟବିଶିଷ୍ଟ ଏବଂ M ବିନ୍ଦୁରେ ପରସ୍ପରକୁ ସମଦ୍ଵିଖଣ୍ଡ କରନ୍ତି,
ACBD ଗୋଟିଏ ଆୟତଚିତ୍ର।
Class 8 Maths Chapter 4 Question Answer Odia Medium ଚତୁର୍ଭୁଜ Page 94 Q2.1

(iii) 8 ସେ.ମି. ବିଶିଷ୍ଟ AB ରେଖା ଅଙ୍କନ କର।
AB ଉପରିସ୍ଥ ଏକ ବିନ୍ଦୁ M ନିଅ,
ଯେପରି AM = BM = 4 ସେ.ମି.।
ଏକ ପୋଟ୍ରାକ୍ଟର ବ୍ୟବହାର କରି MB ଉପରେ M ବିନ୍ଦୁରେ 90° କୋଣ ଅଙ୍କନ କର, 8 ସେ.ମି. ବିଶିଷ୍ଟ ଅନ୍ୟ ଏକ ରେଖା
CD ଅଙ୍କନ କର । ଏହି ରେଖାମଧ୍ୟ ବିନ୍ଦୁ M ମଧ୍ୟଦେଇ ଗତିକରିବ।
ଯେପରି MC = MD = 4 ସେ.ମି. ଏବଂ ∠BMC = 90°, AD, DB, BC ଏବଂ AC ରେଖାଖଣ୍ଡକୁ ଅଙ୍କନ କରି ACBD ଚତୁର୍ଭୁଜ ସମ୍ପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ କର।
ABCD ହେଉଛି ଏକ ଆବଶ୍ୟକୀୟ ଚତୁର୍ଭୁଜ।
ଯେହେତୁ କର୍ଣ୍ଣଦ୍ଵୟ AB ଓ CD ସମଦୈର୍ଘ୍ୟ ବିଶିଷ୍ଟ ଏବଂ M ବିନ୍ଦୁରେ ପରସ୍ପରକୁ ସମଦ୍ଵିଖଣ୍ଡ କରନ୍ତି, କର୍ଣ୍ଣଦ୍ଵୟ ପରସ୍ପର ପ୍ରତି ଲମ୍ବ ।
ACBD ଏବ ବର୍ଗଚିତ୍ର ଅଟେ।
Class 8 Maths Chapter 4 Question Answer Odia Medium ଚତୁର୍ଭୁଜ Page 94 Q2.2

(iv) 8 ସେ.ମି. ବିଶିଷ୍ଟ AB ରେଖା ଅଙ୍କନ କର ।
AB ଉପରିସ୍ଥ ମଧ୍ୟ ବିନ୍ଦୁ M ଚିହ୍ନଟ କର । ଯେପରି AM = BM = 4 ସେ.ମି. ।
8 ସେ.ମି. ବିଶିଷ୍ଟ ଅନ୍ୟ ଏକ ରେଖା CD ଅଙ୍କନ କର । ଏହି ରେଖାମଧ୍ଯ ବିନ୍ଦୁ M ମଧ୍ୟଦେଇ ଗତିକରିବ
ଏପରିକି CD ରେଖାର ମଧ୍ୟବିନ୍ଦୁ M (DM = MC) ଏବଂ ∠AMC ର ପରି ମାଣ 140° ହେବ।
AD, DB, BC ଏବଂ CA ରେଖାଖଣ୍ଡକୁ ଅଙ୍କନକରି ACBD ଚତୁର୍ଭୁଜ ସମ୍ପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ କର ।
ଯେହେତୁ କର୍ଷ AB ଓ CD ସମଦୈର୍ଘ୍ୟ ବିଶିଷ୍ଟ ଏବଂ M ବିନ୍ଦୁରେ ପରସ୍ପରକୁ ସମଦ୍ଵିଖଣ୍ଡ କରନ୍ତି, ACBD ଗୋଟିଏ ଆୟତଚିତ୍ର।
Class 8 Maths Chapter 4 Question Answer Odia Medium ଚତୁର୍ଭୁଜ Page 94 Q2.3

Question 3.
ଏକ ବୃତ୍ତର କେନ୍ଦ୍ର ‘O’। PL ଓ AM ବ୍ୟାସଦ୍ଵୟର ପରସ୍ପର ପ୍ରତି ଲମ୍ବ । APML କି ପ୍ରକାର ଚତୁର୍ଭୁଜ? ତୁମ ଉତ୍ତର ସପକ୍ଷରେ ଯୁକ୍ତି ଉପସ୍ଥାପନ କର ଓ ପରୀକ୍ଷା କରି ଦେଖ।
Solution:
ଦତ୍ତ ଚିତ୍ରରେ ବୃତ୍ତର କେନ୍ଦ୍ର O।
PL ଓ AM ବ୍ୟାସଦ୍ଵୟର ପରସ୍ପର ପ୍ରତି ଲମ୍ବ।
ମନେକର ବୃତ୍ତର ବ୍ୟାସାର୍ଦ୍ଧ = r
∴ PL = PO + OL = r + r = 2r
ଏବଂ AM = AO + OM = r + r = 2r
∴ PL = AM
AMPL ଚତୁର୍ଭୁଜରେ PL ଓ AM କର୍ଣ୍ଣଦ୍ଵୟ ସମଦୈର୍ଘ୍ୟବିଶିଷ୍ଟ ଏବଂ ପରସ୍ପର ପ୍ରତି ଲମ୍ବ।
OP = OA = OL = OM = r
∴ ବ୍ୟାସ PL ଓ AM ପରସ୍ପରକୁ O ବିନ୍ଦୁରେ ସମଦ୍ଵିଖଣ୍ଡ କରନ୍ତି।
∴ ଚତୁର୍ଭୁଜ APML ଗୋଟିଏ ବର୍ଗକ୍ଷେତ୍ର।
Class 8 Maths Chapter 4 Question Answer Odia Medium ଚତୁର୍ଭୁଜ Page 94 Q3

Question 4.
ଆମେ କାଗଜ ଭାଙ୍ଗି 90° ପରିମାଣର କୋଣ କିପରି ପାଇପାରିବା ତାହା ପୂର୍ବରୁ ଦେଖୁଛୁ । ମନେକର ଆମ ପାଖରେ କୌଣସି କାଗଜ ନାହିଁ କିନ୍ତୁ ଦୁଇଟି ସମାନ ଦୈର୍ଘ୍ୟର କାଠି ଏବଂ ଏକ ସୂତା ଅଛି । ଏଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ବ୍ୟବହାର କରି ଆମେ କିପରି ୨୦ ପରିମାଣର କୋଣ ଦେଖାଇ ପାରିବା?
Solution:
AB ଓ CD ସମାନ ଦୈର୍ଘ୍ୟ ବିଶିଷ୍ଟ ଦୁଇଟି କାଠି 6 ସେ.ମି. ନିଆଯାଉ।
ଏକ ରୁଲର ବ୍ୟବହାର କରି କାଠିଗୁଡ଼ିକର ମଧ୍ୟବିନ୍ଦୁକୁ ଚିହ୍ନଟ କରନ୍ତୁ । ସେମାନଙ୍କ ମଧ୍ୟବିନ୍ଦୁ ଉପରେ ଏକ ସ୍କୁ ଲଗାଅ।
ଏକ ସୂତା ବ୍ୟବହାର କରି AD ଏବଂ BDର ଦୂରତା ମାପ।
ସ୍କୁ ଚାରି ପାଖରେ ଏପରି ଘୁଞ୍ଚାଇଚାଲି ଯାହାଦ୍ଵାରା AD ଓ BDର ଦୂରତା A ସମାନ ହେବ।
Class 8 Maths Chapter 4 Question Answer Odia Medium ଚତୁର୍ଭୁଜ Page 94 Q4
ଏହି ସ୍ଥିତିରେ ସ୍ତୁକୁ ଶକ୍ତ କରି କାଠିଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ସଜାଅ । କାଠି ଗୁ ଡ଼ି କରେ ନୂଆ। ସ୍ଥିତି ଚିତ୍ର ପରି ଦେଖାଯାଇଛି ।
AD ଏବଂ BD ସହିତ ସୂତାର ଖଣ୍ଡକୁ ବାନ୍ଧିଦିଅ।
Class 8 Maths Chapter 4 Question Answer Odia Medium ଚତୁର୍ଭୁଜ Page 94 Q4.1
∆AMD ଏବଂ ∆BMD କୁ ବିଚାର କର।
AM = BM
AD = BD ଏବଂ MD ସାଧାରଣ ବାହୁ।
∴ ∆AMD ≅ ∆BMD (ବା–ବା–ବା ସର୍ବସମତା ସର୍ତ୍ତ ଅନୁଯାୟୀ)
∴ ∠AMD = ∠BMD
∠AMD + ∠AMD = 180° (ସରଳରେଖୀୟ ଯୋଡ଼ି)
⇒ 2∠AMD = 180°
⇒ ∠AMD = 90°
∴ କାଠିଗୁଡ଼ିକର ମଧ୍ୟସ୍ଥ କୋଣ ହେଉଛି 90°।

Class 8 Maths Chapter 4 Question Answer Odia Medium ଚତୁର୍ଭୁଜ

Question 5.
ଆମେ ଦେଖୁଲୁ ଯେ ଆୟତଚିତ୍ରର ଗୋଟିଏ ଧର୍ମ ହେଉଛି, ଏହାର ବିପରୀତ ବାହୁଗୁଡ଼ିକ ସମାନ୍ତର। ଏହାକୁ ଆୟତଚିତ୍ରର ସଂଜ୍ଞା ଭାବେ ନିଆଯାଇ ପାରିବ କି? ଅନ୍ୟ ପ୍ରକାରରେ ଯେଉଁ ଚତୁର୍ଭୁଜର ବିପରୀତ ବାହୁଗୁଡ଼ିକ ସମାନ୍ତର ଓ ସମଦୈର୍ଘ୍ୟ ବିଶିଷ୍ଟ, ତାହା ଆୟତଚିତ୍ର ହେବ କି?
Solution:
Class 8 Maths Chapter 4 Question Answer Odia Medium ଚତୁର୍ଭୁଜ Page 94 Q5
ABCD ଚତୁର୍ଭୁଜର ବିପରୀତ ବାହୁଗୁଡ଼ିକ ସମାନ୍ତର ଓ ସମାନ।
ଏଠାରେ AB || DC ଏବଂ AD || BC
AB = DC ଓ AD = BC
ABCD ଚତୁର୍ଭୁଜର ବିପରୀତ ବାହୁଗୁଡ଼ିକ ସମାନ।
ABCD ଏକ ଆୟତଚିତ୍ର ହେବାପାଇଁ ଆମକୁ ପ୍ରତ୍ୟେକ କୋଣ 90° ହେବା ଆବଶ୍ୟକ।
ଦତ୍ତ ଅଛି – AB || DC ଏବଂ AD || BC ସୂଚନା ଦିଆଯାଇଥିବାରୁ ପ୍ରତ୍ୟେକ କୋଣ 90° ବୋଲି ପ୍ରମାଣିତ କରିବାରେ ଆମକୁ ସାହାଯ୍ୟ କରିପାରିବ ନାହିଁ।
∴ ABCD ଏକ ଆୟତଚିତ୍ର ନ ହୋଇପାରେ।
ଏକ ଆୟତକ୍ଷେତ୍ରକୁ ସମାନ ଓ ସମାନ୍ତର ବିପରୀତ ବାହୁ ସହିତ ଏକ ଚତୁର୍ଭୁଜ ସଂଜ୍ଞା ଭାବେ ନିଆଯାଇପାରିବ ନାହିଁ।

4.2 ଚତୁର୍ଭୁଜର କୋଣ (Angles in a Quadrilateral)

Page No. 94

Question 1.
ଏପରି ଏକ ଚତୁର୍ଭୁଜ ଅଙ୍କନ କରିବା ସମ୍ଭବ କି, ଯାହାର ତିନୋଟି କୋଣର ପରିମାଣ 90° ଏବଂ ଚତୁର୍ଥ କୋଣର ପରିମାଣ 90° ହୋଇ ନଥ‌ିବ?
Solution:
ଏହା ସମ୍ଭବ ନୁହେଁ । କାରଣ ଏହା ଚତୁର୍ଭୁଜମାନଙ୍କର କୋଣ ସମ୍ବନ୍ଧୀୟ ଏକ ସାଧାରଣ ଧର୍ମ ଯୋଗୁଁ ହୋଇଥାଏ ।
ଆମେ ଜାଣିଛୁ, ଏକ ତ୍ରିଭୁଜର କୋଣମାନଙ୍କର ପରିମାଣର ସମଷ୍ଟି 180°।
ଏକ ଚତୁର୍ଭୁଜର କୋଣମାନଙ୍କର ପରିମାଣର ସମଷ୍ଟି 360°।

Page No. 95

Question 1.
ପ୍ରାମଣ କର ଯେ, ଯେକୌଣସି ଚତୁର୍ଭୁଜର କୋଣମାନଙ୍କର ପରିମାଣର ସମଷ୍ଟି 360°।
Solution:
Class 8 Maths Chapter 4 Question Answer Odia Medium ଚତୁର୍ଭୁଜ Page 95 Q1
ଚତୁର୍ଭୁଜ SOME ରେ SM କଣ୍ଠ।
ଆମେ ଦୁଇଟି ତ୍ରିଭୁଜ SEM ଓ SOM ପାଇବା।
ତ୍ରିଭୁଜ SEM ରେ ∠1 + ∠2 + ∠3 = 180°
ଏବଂ ତ୍ରିଭୁଜ SOMରେ ∠4 + ∠5 + ∠6 = 180°
ଦୁଇଟି ତ୍ରିଭୁଜର ସମସ୍ତ ଛଅଟିଯାକ କୋଣର ପରିମାଣକୁ ମିଶାଇଲେ
ଆମେ ପାଇବା ∠1 + ∠2 + ∠3 + ∠4 + ∠5 + ∠6 = 180° + 180° = 360°
କିମ୍ବା, (∠1 + ∠4) + (∠3 + ∠6) + (∠2 + ∠5) = 360°
ଯେହେତୁ (∠1 + ∠4), (∠3 + ∠6) ଓ (∠2 + ∠5)
ଏହି ଚତୁର୍ଭୁଜର କୋଣ ଅଟନ୍ତି, ଆମେ ପାଇଲେ ଯେ ଚତୁର୍ଭୁଜର କୋଣ ମାନଙ୍କର ସମଷ୍ଟି 360°।

4.3 ବିପରୀତ ବାହୁ ସମାନ୍ତର ହୋଇଥିବା ଆଉ କେତେକ ଚତୁର୍ଭୁଜ (More Quadrilaterals with Parallel Opposite Sides)

Page No. 96

Question 1.
ଏକ ସାମାନ୍ତରିକ ଚିତ୍ର ଅଙ୍କନ କର, ଯାହାର ଦୁଇଟି ସନ୍ନିହିତ ବାହୁର ଦୈର୍ଘ୍ୟ ଯଥାକ୍ରମେ 4 ସେ.ମି. ଓ 5 ସେ.ମି. ଏବଂ ବାହୁଦ୍ୱୟର ଅନ୍ତର୍ଗତ କୋଣର ପରିମାଣ 30°।
Solution:
(i) ସୋପାନ-୧: AB ରେଖାଖଣ୍ଡ ଅଙ୍କନ କର ଯାହାର ଦୈର୍ଘ୍ୟ 4 ସେ.ମି.।
A ବିନ୍ଦୁରେ ∠BAD = 30 ଅଙ୍କନ କର।
AD = 5 ସେ.ମି, ନିଅ।
Class 8 Maths Chapter 4 Question Answer Odia Medium ଚତୁର୍ଭୁଜ Page 96 Q1

(ii) ସୋପାନ-୨: D ବିନ୍ଦୁରେ AB ରେ ଖାଖଣ୍ଡ ସହିତ ଏକ ସମାନ୍ତର ରେଖା ଏବଂ B ବିନ୍ଦୁ ଦେଇ AD ରେ ଖାଖଣ୍ଡ ସହ ଏକ ସମାନ୍ତର ରେଖା
ଅଙ୍କନ କର, ସେମାନେ ପର ସ୍ଵ ର କୁ ଛେଦ କରୁଥ‌ିବା ବିନ୍ଦୁର ନାମ ‘C’ ଦିଅ।
ଏବେ ଆମେ ପାଇଲେ ଆବଶ୍ୟକୀୟ ସାମାନ୍ତରିକ ଚିତ୍ର ABCD।

4.4 ସମାନ ବାହୁବିଶିଷ୍ଟ ଚତୁର୍ଭୁଜ (Quadrilaterals with Equal Sidelengths)

Page No. 101

Question 1.
ଏହି ଚିତ୍ରରେ ବର୍ଗଚିତ୍ରମାନଙ୍କର ସେଟ୍‌କୁ କେଉଁଠାରେ ଦର୍ଶାଯିବ?
Solution:
ଆମେ ଜାଣିଛୁ, ବର୍ଗଚିତ୍ର ମଧ୍ୟ ଏକ ଆୟତଚିତ୍ର। ଯେହେତୁ ଏକ ବର୍ଗଚିତ୍ରର ବିପରୀତ ବାହୁ ସମାନ୍ତର, ତେଣୁ ବର୍ଗଚିତ୍ର ମଧ୍ୟ ଏକ ସାମାନ୍ତରିକ ଚିତ୍ର ।
ଯେହେତୁ ଏକ ବର୍ଗଚିତ୍ରର ସମସ୍ତ ବାହୁର ଦୈର୍ଘ୍ୟ ସମାନ, ବର୍ଗଚିତ୍ର ମଧ୍ୟ ଏକ ରମ୍ବସ୍ ଅଟେ। ତେଣୁ ଭେନ୍‌ଚିତ୍ର ନିମ୍ନଭଳି ହେବ।
Class 8 Maths Chapter 4 Question Answer Odia Medium ଚତୁର୍ଭୁଜ Page 101 Q1

Page No. 102

Question 1.
GAME ରମ୍ବସ୍‌ରେ ∆GEO ≅ ∆MOE (କାହିଁକି?)
Class 8 Maths Chapter 4 Question Answer Odia Medium ଚତୁର୍ଭୁଜ Page 102 Q1
Solution:
∠GOE = ∠MOE,
କାରଣ ସେମାନେ ସର୍ବସମ ତ୍ରିଭୁଜର ଅନୁରୂପ ଅଂଶ।
ଯେହେତୁ ସେମାନଙ୍କର ଯୋଗଫଳ 180°, ପ୍ରତ୍ୟେକ କୋଣର ପରିମାଣ 90°।

ନିଜେ କରି ଦେଖ: (Page No. 102)

Question 1.
ନିମ୍ନ ଚତୁର୍ଭୁଜମାନଙ୍କର ଅନ୍ୟ କୋଣଗୁଡ଼ିକର ପରିମାଣ ନିର୍ଣ୍ଣୟ କର।
Class 8 Maths Chapter 4 Question Answer Odia Medium ଚତୁର୍ଭୁଜ Page 102 Q1.1
Solution:
(i) ଆମେ ଜାଣିଛେ ଗୋଟିଏ ସାମାନ୍ତରିକ ଚିତ୍ରର ବିପରୀତ କୋଣଗୁଡ଼ିକ ସମାନ।
∴ ∠RPE = ∠EAR = 40° ଓ ∠PEA = ∠PRA = x (ମନେକର)
ସାମାନ୍ତରିକ ଚିତ୍ରର କୌଣଗୁଡ଼ିକର ସମଷ୍ଟି = ∠RPE + ∠PEA + ∠EAR + ∠ARP = 360°
⇒ 40° + x + 40° + x = 360°
⇒ 80° + 2x = 360°
⇒ 2x = 360° – 80° = 280°
⇒ x = 140°
∴ ∠PEA = ∠PRA = 140°

(ii) ଆମେ ଜାଣିଛେ ଗୋଟିଏ ସାମାନ୍ତରିକ ଚିତ୍ରର ବିପରୀତ କୋଣଗୁଡ଼ିକ ସମାନ।
∴ ∠SPQ = ∠QRS = 110° ଓ ∠PQR = ∠PSR = x (ମନେକର)
ସାମାନ୍ତରିକ ଚିତ୍ରର କୌଣଗୁଡ଼ିକର ସମଷ୍ଟି = ∠PQR + ∠QRS + ∠RSP + ∠SPQ = 360°
⇒ x + 110° + x + 110° = 360°
⇒ 2x + 220° = 360°
⇒ 2x = 360° – 220° = 140°
⇒ x = 70°
∴ ∠PQR = ∠PSR = 70°

(iii) ଦତ୍ତ ଚତୁର୍ଭୁଜ UVWX ଗୋଟିଏ ରମ୍ବସ୍ କାରଣ ଏହାର ସମସ୍ତ ବାହୁର ଦୈର୍ଘ୍ୟ ସମାନ ଓ ବିପରୀତ କୋଣଗୁଡ଼ିକ ସମାନ କିନ୍ତୁ 90° ନୁହେଁ।
∴ ∠UXV = ∠UVX = 30° [∵ UV = UX]
ତ୍ରିଭୁଜର କୋଣ ସମ୍ବନ୍ଧୀୟ ଧର୍ମ ଅନୁଯାୟୀ ∆XUVରେ
∠XUV + ∠UVX + ∠VXU = 180°
⇒ ∠XUV + 30° + 30° = 180°
⇒ ∠XUV = 180° – 60° = 120°
ଓ ∠XUV = ∠VWX = 120°
ଯେହେତୁ ରମ୍ବସ୍ ଏକ ପ୍ରକାର ସାମାନ୍ତରିକ ଚିତ୍ର
∴ ∠UVX = ∠VXW = 30° [∵ UV || XW]
ଓ ∠UXV = ∠XVW = 30°
ତେଣୁ ∠UXW = ∠UVW = 60°

(iv) ଦତ୍ତ ଚତୁର୍ଭୁଜ AEIO ଗୋଟିଏ ରମ୍ବସ୍ କାରଣ ଏହାର ସମସ୍ତ ବାହୁର ଦୈର୍ଘ୍ୟ ସମାନ ଓ ବିପରୀତ କୋଣଗୁଡ଼ିକ ସମାନ କିନ୍ତୁ 90° ନୁହେଁ।
∴ ∠AEO = ∠AOE = 20° [∵ AE = AO]
ତ୍ରିଭୁଜର କୋଣ ସମ୍ବନ୍ଧୀୟ ଧର୍ମ ଅନୁଯାୟୀ ∆AOEରେ
∠AEO + ∠AOE + ∠OAE = 180°
⇒ 20° + 20° + ∠OAE = 180°
⇒ ∠OAE = 180° – 40° = 140°
ତେଣୁ ∠OAE = ∠OIE = 140°
ଯେହେତୁ ରମ୍ବସ୍ ଏକ ପ୍ରକାର ସାମାନ୍ତରିକ ଚିତ୍ର
∴ ∠AEO = ∠EOI = 20° [∵ AE || OI]
ଓ ∠AOE = ∠OEI = 20°
ତେଣୁ ∠AOI = ∠AEI = 40°

Class 8 Maths Chapter 4 Question Answer Odia Medium ଚତୁର୍ଭୁଜ

Question 2.
କର୍ଷର ଧର୍ମକୁ ଉପଯୋଗ କରି, ଏକ ସାମାନ୍ତରିକ ଚିତ୍ର ଅଙ୍କନ କର, ଯାହାର କର୍ଣ୍ଣଦ୍ୱୟର ଦୈର୍ଘ୍ୟ ଯଥାକ୍ରମେ 7 ସେ.ମି. ଓ 5 ସେ.ମି. ଏବଂ କର୍ଣଦ୍ଵୟ ମଧ୍ଯରେ ସୃଷ୍ଟି ହୋଇଥିବା କୋଣର ପରିମାଣ 140°।
Solution:
ଅଙ୍କନ ପ୍ରଣାଳୀ :
(i) 7 ସେ.ମି. ଦୈର୍ଘ୍ୟ ବିଶିଷ୍ଟ ଏକ ରେଖା AB ଅଙ୍କନ କର।
AB ରେଖାଖଣ୍ଡ ଉପରେ ବିନ୍ଦୁ O ନିଅ,
ଯେପରି AO = OB = 3.5 ସେ.ମି.।
(ii) OB ଉପରେ O ବିନ୍ଦୁରେ 140° କୋଣ ଅଙ୍କନ କର।
କୋଣରେଖା ଉପରିସ୍ଥ C ଓ D ବିନ୍ଦୁ ଚିହ୍ନଟ କର।
ଯେପରି OC = OD = 2.5 ସେ.ମି.।
∴ CD = 5 ସେ.ମି. ଏବଂ AB ଓ AC ର ମଧ୍ୟବିନ୍ଦୁ O।
(iii) AC, CB, BD ଏବଂ DA କୁ ଯୋଗ କର।
ACBD ଏକ ଚତୁର୍ଭୁଜ ଏବଂ ଏହାର କଣ୍ଠ AB ଓ CD, O ବିନ୍ଦୁରେ ସମଦ୍ଵିଖଣ୍ଡ କରନ୍ତି।
(iv) ABCD ଏକ ଆବଶ୍ୟକୀୟ ସାମାନ୍ତରିକ ଚିତ୍ର।
Class 8 Maths Chapter 4 Question Answer Odia Medium ଚତୁର୍ଭୁଜ Page 102 Q2

Question 3.
ଏକ ରମ୍ବସ୍ ଅଙ୍କନ କର, ଯାହାର କର୍ଣ୍ଣଦ୍ୱୟର ଦୈର୍ଘ୍ୟ ଯଥାକ୍ରମେ 4 ସେ.ମି. ଓ 5 ସେ.ମି.।
Solution:
(i) 4 ସେ.ମି. ଦୈର୍ଘ୍ୟ ବିଶିଷ୍ଟ ରେଖାଖଣ୍ଡ AB ଅଙ୍କନ କର।
AB ଉପରେ ବିନ୍ଦୁ O ବିନ୍ଦୁ ନିଅ, ଯାହାର AO = OB = 2 ସେ.ମି.।
(ii) AB ଉପରେ ଲମ୍ବ ଭାବରେ O ମଧ୍ୟଦେଇ ବର୍ଦ୍ଧିତ କରି ଏକ ରେଖା ଅଙ୍କନ କର।
ଏହି ଲମ୍ବରେଖା ଉପରେ ବିନ୍ଦୁ C ଓ D ଚିହ୍ନଟ କର, ଯେପରି OC = OD = 2.5 ସେ.ମି.।
(iii) CD = 5 ସେ.ମି. ଏବଂ AB ଓ CDର ମଧ୍ୟବିନ୍ଦୁ O।
AC, CB, BD ଓ DA ଯୋଗକର।
(iv) ABCD ଏକ ଚତୁର୍ଭୁଜ ଏବଂ ଏହାର କର୍ଣ୍ଣଦ୍ଵୟ AB ଓ CD ପରସ୍ପର ପ୍ରତି ଲମ୍ବ ଏବଂ ପରସ୍ପରକୁ O ବିନ୍ଦୁରେ ସମଦ୍ଵିଖଣ୍ଡ କରନ୍ତି ।
(v) ABCD ଏକ ଆବଶ୍ୟକୀୟ ରମ୍ବସ୍।
Class 8 Maths Chapter 4 Question Answer Odia Medium ଚତୁର୍ଭୁଜ Page 102 Q3

4.5 ଚତୁର୍ଭୁଜକୁ ନେଇ ଖେଳ (Playing with Quadrila Terals)

ତ୍ରିଭୁଜ ଯୋଡ଼ିବା : (Page No. 104-105)

Question 1.
ଏକ କାର୍ଡ଼ବୋର୍ଡ଼ (କାଗଜପଟି)ରୁ 8 ସେ.ମି. ବାହୁ ବିଶିଷ୍ଟ ଦୁଇଟି ସମବାହୁ ତ୍ରିଭୁଜ କାଟି ସଂଗ୍ରହ କର।
Class 8 Maths Chapter 4 Question Answer Odia Medium ଚତୁର୍ଭୁଜ Page 104 Q1
ତୁମେ ସେ ଦୁଇଟି ଖଣ୍ଡକୁ ଯୋଡ଼ି ଏକ ଚତୁର୍ଭୁଜ ତିଆରି କରିପାରିବ କି?
Class 8 Maths Chapter 4 Question Answer Odia Medium ଚତୁର୍ଭୁଜ Page 104 Q1.1
ଏହା କି ପ୍ରକାର ଚତୁର୍ଭୁଜ?
Solution:
ଆମେ ଗୋଟିଏ ଚତୁର୍ଭୁଜ ପାଇବା । ଯାହାର ଚାରି ବାହୁଗୁଡ଼ିକ ସମାନ ଓ ବିପରୀତ କୋଣଗୁଡ଼ିକ ସମାନ (60° ଓ 120°) ଏବଂ ଦୁଇଟି କର୍ଡ଼ ପରସ୍ପରକୁ 90° କୋଣରେ ଛେଦ କରୁଛନ୍ତି ।
ତେଣୁ ଏହା ଗୋଟିଏ ରମ୍ବସ୍ । ଯେହେତୁ କଣ୍ଠଦ୍ଵୟ ସମାନ ନୁହଁନ୍ତି, ତେଣୁ ଏହା ବର୍ଗଚିତ୍ର ହୋଇପାରିବ ନାହିଁ।

Question 2.
କାର୍ଡ଼ବୋର୍ଡ଼ (କାଗଜପଟି) କାଟି 8 ସେ.ମି., 8 ସେ.ମି. ଓ 6 ସେ.ମି. ବାହୁ ବିଶିଷ୍ଟ ଦୁଇଟି ସମଦ୍ଵିବାହୁ ତ୍ରିଭୁଜ ତିଆରି କର।
Class 8 Maths Chapter 4 Question Answer Odia Medium ଚତୁର୍ଭୁଜ Page 104 Q2
ସେମାନଙ୍କୁ କେଉଁ ଭିନ୍ନ ଭିନ୍ନ ଉପାୟରେ ଯୋଡ଼ି ଏକ ଚତୁର୍ଭୁଜ ପାଇପାରିବ?
Class 8 Maths Chapter 4 Question Answer Odia Medium ଚତୁର୍ଭୁଜ Page 104 Q2.1
ଏଗୁଡ଼ିକ କି ପ୍ରକାର ଚତୁର୍ଭୁଜ?
Solution:
ଚିତ୍ର-୧ ଗୋଟିଏ ରମ୍ବସର ସମସ୍ତ ଧର୍ମ ପୂରଣ କରୁଥିବାରୁ ଏହା ଗୋଟିଏ ରମ୍ବସ୍।
ଚିତ୍ର-୨ର ବିପରୀତ ବାହୁ ସମାନ ଓ କର୍ଣ୍ଣଦ୍ଵୟ ପରସ୍ପରକୁ ଛେଦ କରୁଛନ୍ତି। ଏହା ଗୋଟିଏ ସାମାନ୍ତରିକ ଚିତ୍ର।

Class 8 Maths Chapter 4 Question Answer Odia Medium ଚତୁର୍ଭୁଜ

Question 3.
କାର୍ଡ଼ବୋର୍ଡ଼ (କାଗଜପଟି) କାଟି 6 ସେ.ମି., 9 ସେ.ମି. ଏବଂ 12 ସେ.ମି. ବାହୁ ବିଶିଷ୍ଟ ଦୁଇଟି ବିଷମବାହୁ ତ୍ରିଭୁଜ ତିଆରି କର।
Class 8 Maths Chapter 4 Question Answer Odia Medium ଚତୁର୍ଭୁଜ Page 104 Q3
ଚତୁର୍ଭୁଜ ପାଇବା ପାଇଁ ସେମାନଙ୍କୁ କେଉଁ ଭିନ୍ନଭିନ୍ନ ଉପାୟରେ ଯୋଡ଼ାଯାଇପାରିବ?
ତ୍ରିଭୁଜଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ଯୋଡ଼ିବାଦ୍ଵାରା ପ୍ରାପ୍ତ ବିଭିନ୍ନ ଚତୁର୍ଭୁଜଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ଚିହ୍ନଟ କରିବାକୁ ତୁମେ ସକ୍ଷମ କି?
Solution:
ନିଜେ ଅଭ୍ୟାସ କର।

4.6 ଗୁଡ଼ି (Kite) ଓ ଟ୍ରାପିଜିୟମ୍ (Trapeziums)

Page No. 106

Question 1.
ପାର୍ଶ୍ୱସ୍ଥ ଚିତ୍ରରେ XWZY କେଉଁ ପ୍ରକାର ଚତୁର୍ଭୁଜ?
Class 8 Maths Chapter 4 Question Answer Odia Medium ଚତୁର୍ଭୁଜ Page 106 Q1
Solution:
ଯେହେତୁ WX || UV
a = 180° – ∠XYZ = 90° ଏବଂ
b = 180° – ∠WZY = 90°
(ଛେଦକର ଏକ ପାର୍ଶ୍ୱସ୍ଥ କୋଣଦ୍ଵୟର ପରିମାଣର ସମଷ୍ଟି 180°।)
ତେଣୁ XWZY ଏକ ଆୟତଚିତ୍ର।
ସେହିପରି ∆UXY ≅ ∆VWZ
ତେଣୁ ∠U = ∠V

ନିଜେ କରି ଦେଖ: (Page No. 107-109)

Question 1.
4 ସେ.ମି. ବାହୁବିଶିଷ୍ଟ ଦୁଇଟି ସମବାହୁ ତ୍ରିଭୁଜକୁ ଯୋଡ଼ି ଉତ୍ପନ୍ନ ହେଉଥିବା ଚତୁର୍ଭୁଜର ବାହୁମାନଙ୍କର ଦୈର୍ଘ୍ୟ ଓ କୋଣମାନଙ୍କର ପରିମାଣ ନିର୍ଣ୍ଣୟ କର।
Solution:
4 ସେ.ମି. ବାହୁବିଶିଷ୍ଟ ଦୁଇଟି ସମବାହୁ ତ୍ରିଭୁଜକୁ ଯୋଡ଼ିଲେ ଚିତ୍ରଟି ଚତୁର୍ଭୁଜ ହେବ।
ଚତୁର୍ଭୁଜ ABCDର ବାହୁଗୁଡ଼ିକ 4 ସେ.ମି.।
ABCD ଚତୁର୍ଭୁଜର କୋଣଗୁଡ଼ିକ ନିର୍ଣ୍ଣୟ କରିବାକୁ ହେବ।
Class 8 Maths Chapter 4 Question Answer Odia Medium ଚତୁର୍ଭୁଜ Page 107 Q1
∠A = 60° + 60° = 120°, ∠B = 60°
∠C = 60° + 60 = 120°, ∠D = 60°

Class 8 Maths Chapter 4 Question Answer Odia Medium ଚତୁର୍ଭୁଜ

Question 2.
ଏକ ଗୁଡ଼ି ଆକୃତି ଅଙ୍କନ କର, ଯାହାର କର୍ଣ୍ଣଦ୍ୱୟର ଦୈର୍ଘ୍ୟ ଯଥାକ୍ରମେ 6 ସେ.ମି, ଓ 8 ସେ.ମି.।
Solution:
(i) 8 ସେ.ମି.ଦୈର୍ଘବିଶିଷ୍ଟ ଗୋଟିଏ ରେଖାଖଣ୍ଡ AB ଅଙ୍କନ କର।
(ii) AB ରେଖାଖଣ୍ଡରେ ଗୋଟିଏ ବିନ୍ଦୁ P ନିଅ।
P ବିନ୍ଦୁରେ AB ପ୍ରତି ଗୋଟିଏ ଲମ୍ବ CD ଅଙ୍କନ କର ଯେପରିକି PC = PD = 3 ସେ.ମି. ହେବ।
(iii) AC, CB, BD ଓ DA ରେଖାଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ନେଇ ACBD ଚତୁର୍ଭୁଜ ଅଙ୍କନ କର।
(iv) ACBD ଗୋଟିଏ ଗୁଡ଼ି ହେବ ଯାହାର କଣ୍ଠଦ୍ଵୟ 6 ସେ.ମି. ଓ 8 ସେ.ମି.।
Class 8 Maths Chapter 4 Question Answer Odia Medium ଚତୁର୍ଭୁଜ Page 107 Q2

Question 3.
ନିମ୍ନ ଟ୍ରପିଜିୟମ୍‌ଗୁଡ଼ିକରେ ଅବଶିଷ୍ଟ କୋଣମାନଙ୍କର ପରିମାଣ ନିର୍ଣ୍ଣୟ କର।
Class 8 Maths Chapter 4 Question Answer Odia Medium ଚତୁର୍ଭୁଜ Page 107 Q3
Solution:
(i) ABCD ଟ୍ରାପିଜିୟମ୍‌ରେ AB || DC
∴ ∠A + ∠D = 180° ଓ ∠B + ∠C = 180
∠A + ∠D = 180°
⇒ 135° + ∠D = 180°
⇒ ∠D = 180° – 135° = 45°
∠B + ∠C = 180
⇒ ∠105° + ∠C = 180°
⇒ ∠C = 180° – 105° = 75°
∴ ଅବଶିଷ୍ଟ କୋଣଗୁଡ଼ିକ 45° ଓ 75°
Class 8 Maths Chapter 4 Question Answer Odia Medium ଚତୁର୍ଭୁଜ Page 107 Q3.1

(ii) ABCD ଏକ ଟ୍ରାପିଜିୟମ୍।
ଦଇଅଛି AD = BC, ABCD ଗୋଟିଏ ସମଦ୍ଵିବାହୁ ଟ୍ରାପିଜିୟମ୍।
∴ ବିପରୀତ ବାହୁଗୁଡ଼ିକ ସମାନ୍ତର।
∴ ∠C = ∠D = 100 (∵ AB ଓ DC ରେଖା ସମାନ୍ତର)
ତେଣୁ ∠A + ∠D = 180° ଓ ∠B + ∠C = 180°
∠A + ∠D = 180°
⇒ ∠A + 100° = 180°
⇒ ∠A = 180° – 100° = 80°
∠B + ∠C = 180°
⇒ ∠B + 100° = 180°
⇒ ∠B = 180° – 100° = 80°
∴ ଅବଶିଷ୍ଟ କୋଣଗୁଡ଼ିକ ∠A = 80°, ∠B = 80° ଓ ∠C = 100°
Class 8 Maths Chapter 4 Question Answer Odia Medium ଚତୁର୍ଭୁଜ Page 107 Q3.2

Question 4.
ସାମାନ୍ତରିକ ଚିତ୍ର, ଗୁଡ଼ି ଆକୃତି, ରମ୍ବସ୍, ଆୟତଚିତ୍ର ଏବଂ ବର୍ଗଚିତ୍ରମାନଙ୍କର ସେଟୁ ଦର୍ଶାଉଥ‌ିବା ଏକ ଭେନ୍ ଚିତ୍ର ଅଙ୍କନ କର।
(i) କେଉଁ ଚତୁର୍ଭୁଜଟି ଉଭୟ ଗୁଡ଼ି ଆକୃତି ଓ ସାମାନ୍ତରିକଚିତ୍ର?
(ii) ଏକ ଚତୁର୍ଭୁଜ ଉଭୟ ଗୁଡ଼ିଆକୃତି ଓ ଆୟତଚିତ୍ର ହୋଇପାରିବ କି?
(iii) ପ୍ରତ୍ୟେକ ଗୁଡ଼ିଆକୃତି ଏକ ରମ୍ବସ୍ କି ? ଯଦି ନୁହେଁ, ତେବେ ଏହି ଦୁଇପ୍ରକାରର ଚତୁର୍ଭୁଜ ମଧ୍ୟରେ ଉପଯୁକ୍ତ ସମ୍ପର୍କଟି କ’ଣ?
Solution:
ଆମେ ଜାଣିଛୁ ଯେ-
(କ) ପ୍ରତ୍ୟେକ ଆୟତଚିତ୍ର ଏକ ସାମାନ୍ତରିକ ଚିତ୍ର।
(ଖ) ପ୍ରତ୍ୟେକ ବର୍ଗଚିତ୍ର ମଧ୍ୟ ଏକ ଆୟତଚିତ୍ର।
(ଗ) ପ୍ରତ୍ୟେକ ବର୍ଗଚିତ୍ର ଏକ ରମ୍ବସ।
(ଘ) ପ୍ରତ୍ୟେକ ରମ୍ବସ୍ ଏକ ଗୁଡ଼ି ଆକୃତିର।
ନିମ୍ନ ଭେନ୍‌ଚିତ୍ରରେ ସାମାନ୍ତରିଚ ଚିତ୍ରମାନଙ୍କର ସେଟ୍‌, ଗୁଡ଼ି ଆକୃତି, ରମ୍ବସ, ଆୟତଚିତ୍ର ଏବଂ ବର୍ଗଚିତ୍ରର ସେଟ୍ ଦେଖାଯାଇଛି।
Class 8 Maths Chapter 4 Question Answer Odia Medium ଚତୁର୍ଭୁଜ Page 107 Q4
(i) ରମ୍ବସ୍‌ର ସେଟ୍ ହେଉଛି ଉଭୟ ଗୁଡ଼ିଆକୃତି ଓ ସାମାନ୍ତରିକ ଚିତ୍ର ସେଟ୍‌ର ସାଧାରଣ।
∴ ରମ୍ବସ୍ ହେଉଛି ଉଭୟ ଗୁଡ଼ି ଆକୃତି ଓ ସାମାନ୍ତରିକ ଚିତ୍ର।
(ii) ଗୁଡ଼ି ଆକୃତି ଏକ ଆୟତଚିତ୍ର ନୁହେଁ ଏବଂ ଏକ, ଆୟତଚିତ୍ର ମଧ୍ୟ ଗୁଡ଼ିଆକୃତି ନୁହେଁ।
କୌଣସି ଚତୁର୍ଭୁଜ ଯାହା ଉଭୟ ଗୁଡ଼ି ଆକୃତି ଓ ଆୟତଚିତ୍ର ହୋଇପାରିବ ନାହିଁ।
ଆହୁରି ମଧ୍ୟ ଗୁଡ଼ି ଆକୃତି ସେଟ୍ ଏବଂ ଆୟତଚିତ୍ର ସେଟ୍‌ର କୌଣସି ସାଧାରଣ ନାହିଁ।
Class 8 Maths Chapter 4 Question Answer Odia Medium ଚତୁର୍ଭୁଜ Page 107 Q4.1
(iii) ପ୍ରତ୍ୟେକ ଗୁଡ଼ିଆକୃତି ଏକ ରମ୍ବସ୍ ନୁହେଁ।
ଚିତ୍ରରେ ABCD ଏକ ରମ୍ବସ୍ ନୁହେଁ।
ରମ୍ବସ୍ ହେଉଛି ଏକ ବିଶେଷପ୍ରକାର ଗୁଡ଼ି, ଯେତେବେଳେ ଏହାର ଚାରୋଟି ବାହୁ ସମଦୈର୍ଘ୍ୟ ବିଶିଷ୍ଟ।
ଗୁଡ଼ି ହେଉଛି ଯାହାର ଦୁଇ କ୍ରମିକ ବାହୁ ପରସ୍ପର ସମାନ ଏବଂ କର୍ଣ୍ଣଦ୍ଵୟ ପରସ୍ପରକୁ ସମଦ୍ଵିଖଣ୍ଡ କରନ୍ତି।

Question 5.
ଯଦି PAIR ଏବଂ RODS ଦୁଇଟି ଆୟତଚିତ୍ର, ତେବେ ∠IOD କେତେ?
Class 8 Maths Chapter 4 Question Answer Odia Medium ଚତୁର୍ଭୁଜ Page 107 Q5
Solution:
RI କୁ ସମାନ୍ତର କରି O ବିନ୍ଦୁରୁ OK ଅଙ୍କନ କର।
Class 8 Maths Chapter 4 Question Answer Odia Medium ଚତୁର୍ଭୁଜ Page 107 Q5.1
∴ ∠KOR = ∠ORI = 30° (ଏକାନ୍ତର କୋଣ)
∠KOR + ∠ROI = 90°
⇒ 30° + ∠ROI = 90°
⇒ ∠ROI = 90° – 30° = 60°
ତେଣୁ ∠ROI + ∠IOD = 90°
⇒ ∠60° + ∠IOD = 90°
⇒ ∠IOD = 90° – 60° = 30°

Class 8 Maths Chapter 4 Question Answer Odia Medium ଚତୁର୍ଭୁଜ

Question 6.
ପ୍ରୋଟାକ୍ଟର ବ୍ୟବହାର ନକରି ଏକ ବର୍ଗଚିତ୍ର ଅଙ୍କନ କର ଯାହାର କର୍ପୂର ଦୈର୍ଘ୍ୟ 6 ସେ.ମି.।
Solution:
ଅଙ୍କନ ପ୍ରଣାଳୀ :
(i) 6 ସେ.ମି. ଦୈର୍ଘ୍ୟ ବିଶିଷ୍ଟ BD ଅଙ୍କନ କର।
(ii) 6 ÷ 2 = 3
B ଓ D କୁ କେନ୍ଦ୍ରକରି 3 ସେ.ମି.ରୁ ସାମାନ୍ୟ ବଡ଼କରି (ଯଥା- 4 ସେ.ମି.) ବ୍ୟାସାର୍କ ବିଶିଷ୍ଟ ଚାପ ଅଙ୍କନ କଲେ AC ଉପରେ ଛେଦ କରିବ । ଚାପର ଛେଦବିନ୍ଦୁଦ୍ଵୟକୁ ଯୋଗ କରାଯାଉ ।
(iii) AC ରେଖାଖଣ୍ଡ BD କୁ O ବିନ୍ଦୁରେ ଛେଦ କରେ । AC ହେଉଛି BD ର ସମ ଖଣ୍ଡକ ଲମ୍ବ।
ତେଣୁ OA = OC = 3 ସେ.ମି.।
(iv) AB, BC, CD ଓ ADକୁ ଯୋଗକଲେ ABCD ଉଦ୍ଦିଷ୍ଟ ବର୍ଗଚିତ୍ର।
Class 8 Maths Chapter 4 Question Answer Odia Medium ଚତୁର୍ଭୁଜ Page 107 Q6

Question 7.
CASE ଏକ ବର୍ଗଚିତ୍ର। U, Y, W ଓ X ହେଉଛି ଯଥାକ୍ରମେ AC, CE, ES ଓ SAର ମଧ୍ୟବିନ୍ଦୁ। UVWX କେଉଁ ପ୍ରକାର ଚତୁର୍ଭୁଜ ? ଜ୍ୟାମିତିକ ତର୍କ ବ୍ୟବହାର କରି ଓ ଏହାର ଅଙ୍କନ ଓ ମାପ କରି ଉତ୍ତର ନିର୍ଣ୍ଣୟ କର। ବର୍ଗଚିତ୍ର ମଧ୍ୟରେ ଅନ୍ୟ ଏକ ବର୍ଗଚିତ୍ର ଅଙ୍କନ କରିବାର ଅନ୍ୟ ଉପାୟଗୁଡ଼ିକ ଖୋଜ, ଯେପରି ଚିତ୍ରରେ ପ୍ରଦର୍ଶିତ ହେବାଭଳି ଭିତର ବର୍ଗଚିତ୍ରର ଶୀର୍ଷବିନ୍ଦୁଗୁଡ଼ିକ ବାହାର ବର୍ଗଚିତ୍ରର ବାହୁ ଉପରେ ରହିବ?
Class 8 Maths Chapter 4 Question Answer Odia Medium ଚତୁର୍ଭୁଜ Page 107 Q7
Solution:
(i) CASE ଏକ ବର୍ଗଚିତ୍ର।
U, V, W ଓ X ହେଉଛି ଯଥାକ୍ରମେ AC, CE, ES ଓ SAର ମଧ୍ୟବିନ୍ଦୁ।
ତ୍ରିଭୁଜ VCU ଓ UAX ମଧ୍ୟରେ_VC = UA
∠VCU = ∠UAX = 90° ଓ CU = AX
∴ ବା-କୋ–ବା ସର୍ଭଅନୁଯାୟୀ ∆VCU ≅ ∆UAX
∴ VU = UX
VU = XW, VU = WV
∴ UVWX ଚତୁର୍ଭୁଜର ବାହୁଗୁଡ଼ିକ ସମାନ।
∆VCU, VC = CU
⇒ ∠1 = ∠2
∠1 + ∠C + ∠2 = 180°
⇒ ∠1 + 90° + ∠1 = 180°
⇒ 2∠1 = 90°
⇒ ∠1 = 45°
∴ ∠2 = 45°
ସେହିପରି ଆମେ ପାଇପାରିବା ∠3 = ∠4 = 45°
ସେହିପରି ∠2 + ∠VUX + ∠3 = 180°
⇒ 45° + ∠VUX + 45° = 180°
⇒ ∠VUX = 180° – 90° = 90°
ସେହିପରି ∠UXW = 90°, ∠XWV = 90° ଓ ∠WVU = 90°
∴ UVWX ଚତୁର୍ଭୁଜଟି ଗୋଟିଏ ବର୍ଗକ୍ଷେତ୍ର।
Class 8 Maths Chapter 4 Question Answer Odia Medium ଚତୁର୍ଭୁଜ Page 107 Q7.1

(ii) ମନେକର ABCD ଗୋଟିଏ ବର୍ଗକ୍ଷେତ୍ର।
P, Q, R ଓ S, AS = BP = CQ = DR
ଯେହେତୁ ବର୍ଗକ୍ଷେତ୍ରର ବାହୁଗୁଡ଼ିକ ସମାନ, ତେଣୁ DS = AP = BQ = CR
∆PAS ଓ ∆SDR ତବ
PA = SD, ∠PAS = ∠SDR = 90° ଓ AS = DR
ବା–କୋ–ବା ସୂତ୍ର ଅନୁଯାୟୀ ∆PAS ଓ ∆SDR ସର୍ବସମ।
∴ PS = SR
ସେହିପରି, PS = RQ, PS = QP
∴ PQRS ଚତୁର୍ଭୁଜର ବାହୁଗୁଡ଼ିକ ସମାନ।
∆PAS ତବ, ∠1 + ∠2 + 90° = 180°
⇒ ∠1 + ∠2 = 90°
⇒ ∠3 + ∠2 = 90° (∵ ∠1 = ∠3)
ସେହିପରି ∠2 + ∠4 + ∠3 = 180°
∴ 90° + ∠4 = 180°
⇒ ∠4 = 180° – 90° = 90°
ସେହିପରି ∠5 = 90°, ∠6 = 90° ଓ ∠7 = 90°
∴ PQRS ଚତୁର୍ଭୁଜଟି, ଗୋଟିଏ ବର୍ଗକ୍ଷେତ୍ର।
Class 8 Maths Chapter 4 Question Answer Odia Medium ଚତୁର୍ଭୁଜ Page 107 Q7.2

Question 8.
ଯଦି ଏକ ଚତୁର୍ଭୁଜର ଚାରୋଟି ବାହୁର ଦୈର୍ଘ୍ୟ ସମାନ ଓ ଗୋଟିଏ କୋଣର ପରିମାଣ 90° ହୁଏ, ତେବେ ଏହା ଏକ ବର୍ଗଚିତ୍ର ହେବ କି?
Solution:
ମନେକର ABCD ଗୋଟିଏ ଚତୁର୍ଭୁଜର AB = BC = CD = DA ଓ ∠DAB = 90°
BDକୁ ଯୋଗ କରାଯାଉ।
ADB ଓ CDB ସେହିପରି AD = CD, AB = CB
Class 8 Maths Chapter 4 Question Answer Odia Medium ଚତୁର୍ଭୁଜ Page 107 Q8
∴ ADB ଓ CDB ତ୍ରିଭୁଜଦ୍ଵୟ ସର୍ବସମ।
∴ ∠C = ∠A = 90°
∆ADBତେ, ∠1 = ∠2 (∵ AB = AD)
ତେଣୁ ∠1 + 90 + ∠2 = 180°
∴ ∠1 + ∠2 = 90°
∴ ∠1 = 45° ଓ ∠2 = 45° (∵ ∠1 = ∠2)
∆CDBତେ, ∠3 = ∠4 (∵ CD = CB)
ତେଣୁ ∠3 + 90° + ∠4 = 180°
∴ ∠3 + ∠4 = 90°
∴ ∠3 = 45° ଓ ∠4 = 45° (∵ ∠3 = ∠4)
∴ ∠ABC = ∠1 + ∠4 = 45° + 45° = 90°
ଓ ∠ADC = ∠2 + ∠3 = 45° + 45° = 90°
∴ ABCD ଚତୁର୍ଭୁଜର ପ୍ରତ୍ୟେକ କୋଣ 90°
∴ ABCD ଗୋଟିଏ ବର୍ଗଚିତ୍ର।
ଅଧୂକନ୍ତୁ ମାପକଲେ ଆମେ ପାଇବା
AB = BC = CD = DA ଓ ∠A = ∠B = ∠C = ∠D = 90°

Question 9.
କେଉଁ ପ୍ରକାର ଚତୁର୍ଭୁଜରେ ବିପରୀତ ବାହୁମାନଙ୍କର ଦୈର୍ଘ୍ୟ ସମାନ ଥାଏ ? ତୁମର ଉତ୍ତରର ଯଥାର୍ଥତା ପ୍ରତିପାଦନ କର।
ସୂଚନା : ଏକ କର୍ପୂ ଅଙ୍କନ କର ଏବଂ ଏଥିରେ ସର୍ବସମ ତ୍ରିଭୁଜ ସୃଷ୍ଟି ହେଉଛି କି? ପରୀକ୍ଷା କର।
Solution:
ମନେକର ABCD ଏକ ଚତୁର୍ଭୁଜ, ଯାହାର ବିପରୀତ ବାହୁମାନଙ୍କର ଦୈର୍ଘ୍ୟ ସମାନ।
ବର୍ତ୍ତମାନ AC ଅଙ୍କନ କର।
∆ADC ଓ ∆CBAରେ, AD = CB, DC = BA ଏବଂ AC ସାଧାରଣ ବାହୁ।
Class 8 Maths Chapter 4 Question Answer Odia Medium ଚତୁର୍ଭୁଜ Page 107 Q9
∴ ADC ≅ CBA (ବା–ବା–ବା ସର୍ତ୍ତ ଅନୁଯାୟୀ)
ତେଣୁ ∠1 = ∠3 ଏବଂ ∠2 = ∠4
∴ AB, DC ଏବଂ ଏମାନଙ୍କର ଛେଦକ AC। (∵ ∠1 ଓ ∠3 ଏକାନ୍ତର କୋଣ ∠A = ∠3)
∴ AB ଓ DC ରେଖାଖଣ୍ଡ ସମାନ୍ତର ହେବେ।
ପୁନଶ୍ଚ AD, BC ଏବଂ ଏମାନଙ୍କର ଛେଦକ AC ଏବଂ ∠2 ଓ ∠4 ଏକାନ୍ତର କୋଣ ସମାନ।
∴ AD ଓ BC ରେଖାଖଣ୍ଡ ସମାନ୍ତର ହେବେ।
∴ ସର୍ଭେ ଅନୁସାରେ ABCD ଏକ ସାମାନ୍ତରିକ ଚିତ୍ର ହେବ।

Question 10.
ନିମ୍ନ ଚତୁର୍ଭୁଜ ପରି ଏକ ଚତୁର୍ଭୁଜରେ କୋଣମାନଙ୍କର ପରିମାଣ ସମଷ୍ଟି 360° ହେବ କି? ଜ୍ୟାମିତିକ ଯୁକ୍ତି ବ୍ୟବହାର କରି ଓ ଏହାର ଅଙ୍କନ ଓ ମାପକରି ଉତ୍ତର ନିର୍ଣ୍ଣୟ କର।
Class 8 Maths Chapter 4 Question Answer Odia Medium ଚତୁର୍ଭୁଜ Page 107 Q10
Solution:
ଦତ୍ତ ଚତୁର୍ଭୁଜରେ BDକୁ ଯୋଗ କରାଯାଉ।
∆ABDରେ, ∠A + ∠3 + ∠1 = 180°
∆CBDରେ, ∠C + ∠4 + ∠2 = 180°
Class 8 Maths Chapter 4 Question Answer Odia Medium ଚତୁର୍ଭୁଜ Page 107 Q10.1
ଯୋଗ କଲେ, ଆମେ ପାଇବା
(∠A + ∠3 + ∠1) + (∠C + ∠4 + ∠2) = 180° + 180°
⇒ ∠A + (∠3 + ∠4) + ∠C + (∠1 + ∠2) = 360°
⇒ ∠A + ∠B + ∠C + ∠D = 360°
∴ ABCD ଚତୁର୍ଭୁଜର ସମସ୍ତ କୋଣମାନଙ୍କର ସମଷ୍ଟି 360°
ଆମେ ପୋଟ୍ରାକ୍ଟର ବ୍ୟବହାର କରି ଜାଣିପାରିବା ଯେ ଚତୁର୍ଭୁଜର ସମସ୍ତ କୋଣମାନଙ୍କର ସମଷ୍ଟି 360°.

Class 8 Maths Chapter 4 Question Answer Odia Medium ଚତୁର୍ଭୁଜ

Question 11.
ନିମ୍ନଲିଖୁତ ବାକ୍ୟଗୁଡ଼ିକ ଠିକ୍ କି ଭୁଲ ଲେଖ।
ତୁମର ଉତ୍ତରର ଯଥାର୍ଥତା ପ୍ରତିପାଦନ କର।
(i) ଯେଉଁ ଚତୁର୍ଭୁଜର କର୍ଣ୍ଣଦ୍ୱୟର ଦୈର୍ଘ୍ୟ ସମାନ ଏବଂ କର୍ଣ୍ଣଦ୍ଵୟ ପରସ୍ପରକୁ ସମଦ୍ଵିଖଣ୍ଡ କରନ୍ତି, ତାହା ନିଶ୍ଚିତ ଭାବରେ ଏକ ବର୍ଗଚିତ୍ର ହେବ।
(ii) ତିନୋଟି ସମକୋଣ ଥିବା ଏକ ଚତୁର୍ଭୁଜ ନିଶ୍ଚିତ ଏକ ଆୟତଚିତ୍ର ହେବ।
(iii) ଯେଉଁ ଚତୁର୍ଭୁଜର କର୍ଣ୍ଣଦ୍ଵୟ ପରସ୍ପରକୁ ସମଦ୍ଵିଖଣ୍ଡ କରନ୍ତି, ତାହା ଏକ ସାମାନ୍ତରିକ ଚିତ୍ର।
(iv) ଯେଉଁ ଚତୁର୍ଭୁଜର କର୍ଣ୍ଣଦ୍ଵୟ ପରସ୍ପର ପ୍ରତି ଲମ୍ବ, ତାହା ଏକ ରମ୍ବସ୍।
(v) ଯେଉଁ ଚତୁର୍ଭୁଜର ବିପରୀତ କୋଣଗୁଡ଼ିକର ପରିମାଣ ସମାନ, ତାହା ଏକ ସାମାନ୍ତରିକ ଚିତ୍ର।
(vi) ଯେଉଁ ଚତୁର୍ଭୁଜର ସମସ୍ତ କୋଣଗୁଡ଼ିକର ପରିମାଣ ସମାନ, ତାହା ଏକ ଆୟତଚିତ୍ର।
(vii) ସମଦ୍ଵିବାହୁ ଟ୍ରାପିଜିୟମ୍‌ଗୁଡ଼ିକ ସାମାନ୍ତରିକ ଚିତ୍ର।
Solution:
(i) ଯେଉଁ ଚତୁର୍ଭୁଜର କର୍ଣ୍ଣଦ୍ୱୟର ଦୈର୍ଘ୍ୟ ସମାନ
ଏବଂ କର୍ଣ୍ଣଦ୍ଵୟ ପରସ୍ପରକୁ ସମଦ୍ଵିଖଣ୍ଡ କରନ୍ତି,
ତାହା ସବୁବେଳେ ବର୍ଗଚିତ୍ର ହେବ ନାହିଁ।
ଚିତ୍ରରେ AC = DB ଓ ପରସ୍ପରକୁ ସମଦ୍ଵିଖଣ୍ଡ କରୁଛନ୍ତି।
ତେଣୁ ଚତୁର୍ଭୁଜଟି ଆୟତକ୍ଷେତ୍ର ହେବ।
∴ ଉକ୍ତିଟି ଭୁଲ୍।
Class 8 Maths Chapter 4 Question Answer Odia Medium ଚତୁର୍ଭୁଜ Page 107 Q11

(ii) ମନେକର ABCD ଚତୁର୍ଭୁଜର A, D ଓ C କୋଣ ସମକୋଣ।
ଆମେ ଜାଣିଛେ ∠A + ∠B + ∠C + ∠D = 360°
⇒ ∠90° + ∠B + ∠90° + ∠90° = 360°
⇒ ∠B = 360° – 270 = 90°
ABCD ଚତୁର୍ଭୁଜର ସମସ୍ତ କୋଣ ସମକୋଣ।
ତେଣୁ ଚତୁର୍ଭୁଜଟି ଗୋଟିଏ ଆୟତଚିତ୍ର।
∴ ଉକ୍ତଟି ସତ୍ୟ।
Class 8 Maths Chapter 4 Question Answer Odia Medium ଚତୁର୍ଭୁଜ Page 107 Q11.1

(iii) ABCD ଚତୁର୍ଭୁଜରେ କର୍ଣ୍ଣ AC ଓ BD ପରସ୍ପରକୁ ଛେଦ କରନ୍ତି।
ଏଠାରେ ∆AOD ≅ ∆COB
∴ ∠1 = ∠2
∴ BC || AD
ତେଣୁ ∆AOB ≅ ∆COD
∴ ∠3 = ∠4
∴ AB || DC
ଯେହେତୁ ABCD ଚତୁର୍ଭୁଜର ବିପରୀତ ବାହୁ ସମାନ୍ତର, ଏହା ଗୋଟିଏ ସାମାନ୍ତରିକ ଚିତ୍ର।
∴ ଉକ୍ତଟି ସତ୍ୟ।
Class 8 Maths Chapter 4 Question Answer Odia Medium ଚତୁର୍ଭୁଜ Page 107 Q11.2

(iv) ମନେକର ABCD ଚତୁର୍ଭୁଜର କର୍ଣ୍ଣଦ୍ଵୟ AC ଓ BD ପରସ୍ପରକୁ ଲମ୍ବ ଭାବରେ ଛେଦ କରୁଛନ୍ତି।
ଏହି ଚତୁର୍ଭୁଜଟି ରମ୍ବସ ହୋଇନପାରେ, କାରଣ କର୍ଣ୍ଣ AC ଓ BC
ପରସ୍କରକୁ ଲମ୍ବ ଭାବରେ ପରସ୍ପରକୁ ସମଦ୍ଵିଖଣ୍ଡ କରୁନାହାନ୍ତି।
∴ ଉକ୍ତଟି ଭୁଲ୍।
Class 8 Maths Chapter 4 Question Answer Odia Medium ଚତୁର୍ଭୁଜ Page 107 Q11.3

(v) ABCD ଚତୁର୍ଭୁଜରେ ∠1 = ∠3 ଓ ∠2 = ∠4
∠1 + ∠2 + ∠3 + ∠4 = 360° (ଯେକୌଣସି ଚତୁର୍ଭୁଜର କୋଣମାନଙ୍କର ପରିମାଣର ସମଷ୍ଟି 360°)
⇒ ∠1 + ∠2 + ∠1 + ∠2 = 360°
⇒ 2(∠1 + ∠2) = 360°
⇒ ∠1 + ∠2 = 180°
∴ AD || BC
ପୁନଶ୍ଚ ∠1 + ∠2 + ∠3 + ∠4 = 360°
⇒ ∠3 + ∠2 + ∠3 + ∠2 = 360°
⇒ 2(∠2 + ∠3) = 360°
⇒ ∠2 + ∠3 = 180°
AB || CD
∴ ଉକ୍ତଟି ସତ୍ୟ।

(vi) ଯେଉଁ ଚତୁର୍ଭୁଜର ସମସ୍ତ କୋଣଗୁଡ଼ିକର ପରିମାଣ ସମାନ, ତାହା ଏକ ଆୟତଚିତ୍ର।
∴ ଉକ୍ତଟି ସତ୍ୟ।
Class 8 Maths Chapter 4 Question Answer Odia Medium ଚତୁର୍ଭୁଜ Page 107 Q11.4
ମନେକର ABCD ଚତୁର୍ଭୁଜରେ ∠1 = ∠2 = ∠3 = ∠4
ଆମେ ଜାଣିଛେ, ∠1 + ∠2 + ∠3 + ∠4 = 360°
∴ ∠1 + ∠1 + ∠1 + ∠1 = 360°
⇒ 4∠1 = 360°
⇒ ∠1 = 90°
∴ ∠2 = 90°, ∠3 = 90°, ∠4 = 90°
ଆମେ ପାଇବା ∠5 + ∠6 = 90°
ଏବଂ ∠6 + 90° + ∠8 = 180°
∴ ∠5 + ∠6 = ∠6 + ∠8
⇒ ∠5 = ∠8
ପୁନଶ୍ଚ ∠7 + 90° + ∠5 = 180°
⇒ ∠7 + ∠5 = 90°
∴ ∠5 + ∠6 = ∠7 + ∠5
⇒ ∠6 = ∠7
ବର୍ତ୍ତମାନ ∆DAB ଏବଂ ∆BCDରେ ଆମେ ପାଇଲେ,
∠5 = ∠8, ∠7 = ∠6 ଏବଂ BD ସାଧାରଣ ବାହୁ।
∴ ∠DAB ≅ ∠BCD (କୋ–ବା–କୋ ସର୍ବସମ ସର୍ଭ ଅନୁଯାୟୀ)
ତେଣୁ DA = BC ଏବଂ AB = CD
∴ ଚତୁର୍ଭୁଜ ABCDର ବିପରୀତ ବାହୁ ସମାନ ହେତୁ ଏହା ଏକ ଆୟତଚିତ୍ର।
(vii) ସମଙ୍ଗିବାହୁ ଟ୍ରାପିଜିୟମ୍‌ଗୁଡ଼ିକ ସାମାନ୍ତରିକ ଚିତ୍ର ନୁହନ୍ତି, କାରଣ ଏହାର କେବଳ ଅସମାନ୍ତର ବାହୁଦ୍ୱୟର ଦୈର୍ଘ୍ୟ ସମାନ।
∴ ଉକ୍ତଟି ସତ୍ୟ ନୁହେଁ।

Class 8 Maths Chapter 4 MCQ Odia Medium

ସମ୍ଭାବ୍ୟ ଚାରୋଟି ଉତ୍ତର ମଧ୍ୟରୁ ଠିକ୍ ଉତ୍ତରଟି ବାଛି ଲେଖ।

Question 1.
ଯେଉଁ ଚତୁର୍ଭୁଜର ଅତି କମ୍‌ରେ ଗୋଟିଏ ଯୋଡ଼ା ବିପରୀତ ବାହୁ ସମାନ୍ତର ତାହାକୁ କେଉଁ ପ୍ରକାର ଚତୁର୍ଭୁଜ କୁହାଯାଏ?
(a) ଟ୍ରାପିଜିୟମ୍
(b) ସାମାନ୍ତରିକ ଚିତ୍ର
(c) ରମ୍ବସ୍
(d) ବର୍ଗଚିତ୍ର
Answer:
(a) ଟ୍ରାପିଜିୟମ୍

Question 2.
ଯେଉଁ ଚତୁର୍ଭୁଜର ବାହୁମାନଙ୍କର ଦୈର୍ଘ୍ୟ ସମାନ ଓ ପ୍ରତ୍ୟେକ କୋଣର ପରିମାଣ 90° ତାହାକୁ କେଉଁ ପ୍ରକାର ଚତୁର୍ଭୁଜ କୁହାଯାଏ?
(a) ଆୟତଚିତ୍ର
(b) ସାମାନ୍ତରିକ ଚିତ୍ର
(c) ରମ୍ବସ୍
(d) ବର୍ଗଚିତ୍ର
Answer:
(d) ବର୍ଗଚିତ୍ର

Question 3.
PQRS ଚତୁର୍ଭୁଜ କେଉଁ କେଉଁ ରେଖାଖଣ୍ଡକୁ ନେଇ ଗଠିତ?
(a) PQ, PR, RS, SP
(b) PQ, QR, RS, SP
(C) PR, RQ, QS, SP
(d) PS, SQ, QR, RP
Answer:
(b) PQ, QR, RS, SP

Class 8 Maths Chapter 4 Question Answer Odia Medium ଚତୁର୍ଭୁଜ

Question 4.
ଯେଉଁ ସାମାନ୍ତରିକ ଚିତ୍ରର ବାହୁମାନଙ୍କ ଦୈର୍ଘ୍ୟ ସମାନ ତାହାକୁ କେଉଁ ପ୍ରକାର ଚତୁର୍ଭୁଜ କୁହାଯାଏ?
(a) ଆୟତଚିତ୍ର
(b) ସାମାନ୍ତରିକ ଚିତ୍ର
(c) ରମ୍ବସ୍
(d) ବର୍ଗଚିତ୍ର
Answer:
(c) ରମ୍ବସ୍

Question 5.
ସାମାନ୍ତରିକ ଚିତ୍ରର ପ୍ରତ୍ୟେକ କୋଣର ପରିମାଣ 90° ହେଲେ ତାହାକୁ କେଉଁ ପ୍ରକାର ଚତୁର୍ଭୁଜ କୁହାଯାଏ?
(a) ଟ୍ରାପିଜିୟମ୍
(b) ଆୟତଚିତ୍ର
(c) ବର୍ଗଚିତ୍ର
(d) ରମ୍ବସ୍
Answer:
(b) ଆୟତଚିତ୍ର

Question 6.
ABCD ଚତୁର୍ଭୁଜରେ AB || CD, AD || BC ଏବଂ m∠ABC = 90° ହେଲେ ଏହା କେଉଁ ପ୍ରକାର ଚତୁର୍ଭୁଜ ହେବ?
(a) ସାମାନ୍ତରିକ ଚିତ୍ର
(b) ବର୍ଗଚିତ୍ର
(c) ଆୟତଚିତ୍ର
(d) ରମ୍ବସ୍
Answer:
(c) ଆୟତଚିତ୍ର

ଶୂନ୍ୟସ୍ଥାନ ପୂରଣ କର।

Question 1.
ଏକ ସାମାନ୍ତରିକ ଚିତ୍ରର ________________ ସମାନ ହେଲେ, ଚିତ୍ରଟି ରମ୍ବସ୍ ହୁଏ।
Answer:
ବାହୁମାନଙ୍କର ଦୈର୍ଘ୍ୟ

Question 2.
ଏକ ________________ ର କୋଣମାନ ସମକୋଣ ହେଲେ, ଚିତ୍ରଟି ଆୟତଚିତ୍ର ହେବ।
Answer:
ସାମାନ୍ତରିକ ଚିତ୍ର

Question 3.
ଏକ ________________ ର କୋଣମାନ ସମକୋଣ ହେଲେ, ଚିତ୍ରଟି ବର୍ଗଚିତ୍ର ହେବ।
Answer:
ରମ୍ବସ୍

Question 4.
ଏକ ଆୟତଚିତ୍ରର ________________ ସମାନ ହେଲେ, ଚିତ୍ରଟି ବର୍ଗଚିତ୍ର ହେବ।
Answer:
ବାହୁମାନଙ୍କର ଦୈର୍ଘ୍ୟ

Question 5.
କୌଣସି ଚତୁର୍ଭୁଜର ଏକଯୋଡ଼ା ବିପରୀତ ବାହୁ ସମାନ୍ତର ହେଲେ, ଚିତ୍ରଟି ________________ ହେବ।
Answer:
ଟ୍ରାପିଜିୟମ୍

Question 6.
କୌଣସି ଚତୁର୍ଭୁଜର ଦୁଇଯୋଡ଼ା ବିପରୀତ ବାହୁ ସମାନ୍ତର ହେଲେ, ଚିତ୍ରଟି ________________ ହେବ।
Answer:
ସାମାନ୍ତରିକ ଚିତ୍ର

Question 7.
ଟ୍ରାପିଜିୟମ୍‌ର ସ୍କୁଲ ସମାନ୍ତର ବାହୁର ମଧ୍ୟବର୍ତ୍ତୀ ଦୂରତାକୁ ଏହାର ________________ କୁହାଯାଏ।
Answer:
ଉଚ୍ଚତା

Class 8 Maths Chapter 4 Question Answer Odia Medium ଚତୁର୍ଭୁଜ

Question 8.
ABCD ଚତୁର୍ଭୁଜର \(\overline{\mathrm{AB}} \| \overline{\mathrm{CD}}\), AD || BC ଏବଂ m∠ABC = 90° ହେଲେ, ଚତୁର୍ଭୁଜଟି ଏକ ________________ ହେବ।
Answer:
ଆୟତଚିତ୍ର

Question 9.
ABCD ଚତୁକୁକରେ AB || CD ଏବଂ AD || BC ହେଲେ, ଚତୁର୍ଭୁଜଟି ________________।
Answer:
ସାମାନ୍ତରିକ ଚିତ୍ର

Question 10.
ABCD ଚତୁକୁକରେ AB || CD, AD || BC ଏବଂ AC = BD ହେଲେ, ଚତୁର୍ଭୁଜଟି ________________।
Answer:
ସାମାନ୍ତରିକ ଚିତ୍ର

Question 11.
________________ ର କର୍ଣ୍ଣଦ୍ଵୟ ପରସ୍ପରକୁ ସମଦ୍ଵିଖଣ୍ଡ କରନ୍ତି।
Answer:
ସାମାନ୍ତରିକ ଚିତ୍ର

Question 12.
________________ ର କର୍ଣ୍ଣ ଦ୍ଵୟ ପରସ୍ପର ପ୍ରତି ଲମ୍ବ ଏବଂ ପରସ୍ପରକୁ ସମଦ୍ବିଖଣ୍ଡ କରନ୍ତି।
Answer:
ରମ୍ବସ୍

Question 13.
________________ ର କର୍ଣ୍ଣଦ୍ଵୟ ପରସ୍ପରପ୍ରତି ଲମ୍ବ, ପରସ୍ପରକୁ ସମଦ୍ଵିଖଣ୍ଡ କରନ୍ତି ଏବଂ ସମଦୈର୍ଘ୍ୟ ବିଶିଷ୍ଟ।
Answer:
ବର୍ଗଚିତ୍ର

Question 14.
________________ ର କର୍ଣ୍ଣ ଦ୍ଵୟ ସମଦୈର୍ଘ୍ୟ ବିଶିଷ୍ଟ ଏବଂ ପରସ୍ପରକୁ ସମଦ୍ଵିଖଣ୍ଡ କରନ୍ତି।
Answer:
ଆୟତଚିତ୍ର

Question 15.
________________ ର କର୍ଣ୍ଣଦ୍ଵୟ ପରସ୍ପରକୁ ସମଦ୍ଵିଖଣ୍ଡ କରନ୍ତି; କିନ୍ତୁ ସମଦୈର୍ଘ୍ୟ ନ ହୋଇପାରନ୍ତି।
Answer:
ସାମାନ୍ତରିକ ଚିତ୍ର

ସଂକ୍ଷେପରେ ଉତ୍ତର ଲେଖ।

Question 1.
ଗୋଟିଏ ଚତୁର୍ଭୁଜର ଦୁଇଟି ସନ୍ନିହିତ ବାହୁ ମଧ୍ୟରୁ ଗୋଟିଏ ଅନ୍ୟଟି ଉପରେ ଲମ୍ବ। ଅନ୍ୟ କୋଣତ୍ରୟର ପରିମାଣର ଅନୁପାତ 2 : 3 : 4 ହେଲେ, ଭକ୍ତ କୋଣତ୍ରୟର ପରିମାଣ ସ୍ଥିର
କର।
Solution:
ABCD ଚତୁର୍ଭୂଜର କେ। ଣ ମ। ନଙ୍କର ପରିମାଣ 90°, 2x°, 3x°, 4x°
Class 8 Maths Chapter 4 Question Answer Odia Medium ଚତୁର୍ଭୁଜ Additional Q1
∴ 90° + 2x + 3x + 4x = 360°
⇒ 9x = 270°
⇒ x = 30°
∴ କୋଣତ୍ରୟର ପରିମାଣ 60°, 90°, 120°.

Question 2.
ଗୋଟିଏ ଚତୁର୍ଭୁଜର କୋଣଗୁଡ଼ିକର ପରିମାଣର ଅନୁପାତ 2 : 3 : 5 : 8 ହେଲେ, ସେମାନଙ୍କର ପରିମାଣ ସ୍ଥିର କର।
Solution:
ମନେକର ଚତୁର୍ଭୁଜର କୋଣଗୁଡ଼ିକର ପରିମାଣ ହେଲା,
2x°, 3x°, 5x° ଏବଂ 8x°
∴ 2x° + 3x° + 5x° + 8x° = 360° (∵ ଚତୁର୍ଭୁଜର କୋଣଗୁଡ଼ିକର ପରିମାଣର ସମଷ୍ଟି 360°)
⇒ 18x = 360°
⇒ x = 20°
∴ କୋଣଗୁଡ଼ିକର ପରିମାଣ ଯଥାକ୍ରମେ 40°, 60°, 100 ଏବଂ 160°

Question 3.
ଗୋଟିଏ ଚତୁର୍ଭୁଜର ଦୁଇଟି କ୍ରମିକ କୋଣର ପରିମାଣ ଯଥାକ୍ରମେ 60° ଓ 80°। ଅନ୍ୟ କୋଣଦ୍ଵୟର ପରିମାଣ ସମାନ ହେଲେ, କୋଣଦ୍ୱୟର ପରିମାଣ ସ୍ଥିର କର।
Solution:
ABCD ଚତୁର୍ଭୁଜର
m∠A = 60°, m∠B = 80° ଏବଂ m∠C = m∠D (ଦତ୍ତ),
ଆମେ ଜାଣିଛୁ, ଚତୁର୍ଭୁଜର ଚାରିକୋଣର ପରିମାଣର ସମଷ୍ଟି 360°।
Class 8 Maths Chapter 4 Question Answer Odia Medium ଚତୁର୍ଭୁଜ Additional Q3
ଅର୍ଥାତ୍ m∠A + m∠B + m∠C + m∠D = 360°
⇒ 60° + 80° + m∠C + m∠D = 360°
⇒ m∠C + m∠D = 360° – (60° + 80°) = 220°
କିନ୍ତୁ m∠C = m∠D (ଦର)
∴ m∠C = m∠D = 110°

Class 8 Maths Chapter 4 Question Answer Odia Medium ଚତୁର୍ଭୁଜ

Question 4.
ଗୋଟିଏ ଚତୁର୍ଭୁଜର କୋଣମାନଙ୍କର ପରିମାଣର ଅନୁପାତ 1 : 3 : 7 : 9 ହେଲେ, ଚତୁର୍ଭୁଜର ପ୍ରତ୍ୟେକ କୋଣର ପରିମାଣ ସ୍ଥିର କର।
Solution:
ମନେକର ଚତୁର୍ଭୁଜର କୋଣମାନଙ୍କର ପରିମାଣ ଯଥାକ୍ରମେ x°, 3x°, 7x° ଓ 9x°
ଆମେ ଜାଣିଛୁ, ଚତୁର୍ଭୁଜର କୋଣମାନଙ୍କର ପରିମାଣର ସମଷ୍ଟି 360°.
⇒ x° + 3x° + 7x° + 9x° = 360°
⇒ 20x = 360°
⇒ x = 18°
ଚତୁର୍ଭୁଜର ଚାରିକୋଣର ପରିମାଣ;
x = 18°
3x = 3 × 18° = 54;
7x = 7 × 18° = 126°; ଏବଂ
9x = 9 × 18° = 162°
∴ ଚତୁର୍ଭୁଜର ଚାରିକୋଣର ପରିମାଣ 18°, 54°, 126° ଓ 162°.

Question 5.
ଗୋଟିଏ ଚତୁର୍ଭୁଜର ଗୋଟିଏ କୋଣର ପରିମାଣ 90°। ଅନ୍ୟ କୋଣତ୍ରୟର ପରିମାଣ ସମାନ ହେଲେ, ଚତୁର୍ଭୁଜର ଏହି କୋଣତ୍ରୟର ପରିମାଣ ସ୍ଥିର କର।
Solution:
ଗୋଟିଏ ଚତୁର୍ଭୁଜର ଗୋଟିଏ କୋଣର ପରିମାଣ 90°.
∴ ଅନ୍ୟ କୋଣତ୍ରୟର ପରିମାଣର ସମଷ୍ଟି = 360° – 90° = 270°
କିନ୍ତୁ ଅନ୍ୟ କୋଣତ୍ରୟର ପରିମାଣ ସମାନ ହେତୁ, ପ୍ରତ୍ୟେକ କୋଣର ପରିମାଣ = \(\frac {270}{3}\) = 90°

Question 6.
ଗୋଟିଏ ଆୟତଚିତ୍ର ABCDର କର୍ଣ୍ଣ ଦ୍ଵୟ ପରସ୍ପରକୁ O ବିନ୍ଦୁରେ ଛେଦକରନ୍ତି। \(\overline{\mathrm{AC}}\) ଓ \(\overline{\mathrm{BD}}\) କର୍ଣ୍ଣ ଦ୍ଵୟ ଏବଂ BO ଓ CO ମଧ୍ୟରେ ସଂପର୍କ ସ୍ଥିର କର।
Solution:
ABCD ଏକ ଆୟତଚିତ୍ର।
⇒ ABCD ଏକ ସାମାନ୍ତରିକ ଚିତ୍ର।
ଆମେ ଜାଣିଛୁ ସାମାନ୍ତରିକ ଚିତ୍ରର କର୍ଣ୍ଣଦ୍ଵୟ ପରସ୍ପରକୁ ସମଦ୍ଵିଖଣ୍ଡ କରନ୍ତି।
ତେଣୁ BO = CO
ପୁନଶ୍ଚ, ABCD ଆୟତ ଚିତ୍ର ହେତୁ କର୍ଣ୍ଣଦ୍ୱୟର ଦୈର୍ଘ୍ୟ ସମାନ।
ଅର୍ଥାତ୍ AC = BD

Question 7.
ଗୋଟିଏ ସାମାନ୍ତରିକ ଚିତ୍ରର ଗୋଟିଏ କୋଣର ପରି ମାଣ 45° ହେଲେ, ଏହାର ଅନ୍ୟ କୋଣଗୁଡ଼ିକର ପରିମାଣ ସ୍ଥିର କର।
Solution:
m∠D = m∠B = 45° [ସାମାନ୍ତରିକ ଚିତ୍ରର ବିପରୀତ କୋଣ ହେତୁ]
Class 8 Maths Chapter 4 Question Answer Odia Medium ଚତୁର୍ଭୁଜ Additional Q7
∴ m∠B + m∠D = 45° + 45° = 90°
ତେଣୁ m∠C + m∠A = 360° – (m∠B + m∠D)
= 360° – 90°
= 270°
କିନ୍ତୁ m∠A = m∠C
∴ m∠A = m∠C = \(\frac {270}{2}\) = 135°

Question 8.
ଗୋଟିଏ ସାମାନ୍ତରିକ ଚିତ୍ରର ଦୁଇଟି କ୍ରମିକ କୋଣ ମଧ୍ୟରୁ ଗୋଟିକର ପରିମାଣ ଅନ୍ୟଟିର ଦୁଇଗୁଣ ହେଲେ, ସାମାନ୍ତରିକ ଚିତ୍ରର ପ୍ରତ୍ୟେକ କୋଣର ପରିମାଣ ସ୍ଥିର କର।
Class 8 Maths Chapter 4 Question Answer Odia Medium ଚତୁର୍ଭୁଜ Additional Q8
Solution:
ପାର୍ଶ୍ୱସ୍ଥ ଚିତ୍ରରେ ABCD ଏକ ସାମାନ୍ତରିକ ଚିତ୍ର ଯାହାର,
m∠A = m∠C ଏବଂ m∠B = m∠D
ଏଠାରେ ∠B ଓ ∠C ଦୁଇଟି କ୍ରମିକ କୋଣ।
ପ୍ରଶ୍ନ ନୁ ସାରେ, ∠C ତିର ପରି ମାଣ ∠Bର ପରିମାଣର ଦୁଇଗୁଣ।
ମନେକର m∠B = x°
∴ m∠C = 2x°
ଆମେ ଜାଣିଛୁ m∠A + m∠B + m∠C + m∠D = 360°
⇒ 2x° + x° + 2x° + x° = 360°
⇒ 6x° = 360°
⇒ x = 60°
∴ ∠B = ∠D = 60°
ଏବଂ ∠A = ∠C = 2x = 2 × 60° = 120°
⇒ ∠A, ∠B, ∠C ଓ ∠D କୋଣମାନଙ୍କର ପରିମାଣ ଯଥାକ୍ରମେ 120°, 60°, 120° ଏବଂ 60°.

Class 8 Maths Chapter 4 Question Answer Odia Medium ଚତୁର୍ଭୁଜ

Question 9.
ABCD ସାମାନ୍ତରିକ ଚିତ୍ରର ଦୁଇଟି କ୍ରମିକ କୋଣ ∠C ଓ ∠Dର ପରିମାଣ ଯଥାକ୍ରମେ (x + 30°) ଓ (2x – 60°) ହେଲେ, ଦତ୍ତ ମାପକୁ ନେଇ ପ୍ରତ୍ୟେକ କୋଣର ପରିମାଣ ସ୍ଥିର କର।
Solution:
ABCD ସାମାନ୍ତରିକ ଚିତ୍ରରେ m∠A = m∠C = x + 30°
ଓ m∠B = m∠D = 2x – 60°
(∵ ସାମାନ୍ତରିକ ଚିତ୍ରରେ ବିପରୀତ କୌଣମାନଙ୍କର ପରିମାଣ ସମାନ)
Class 8 Maths Chapter 4 Question Answer Odia Medium ଚତୁର୍ଭୁଜ Additional Q9
ଚତୁର୍ଭୁଜର ଚାରିକୋଣର ପରିମାଣର ସମଷ୍ଟି 360°|
ତେଣୁ m∠A + m∠B + m∠C + m∠D = 360°
⇒ x + 30°+ 2x – 60° + x + 30° + 2x – 60° = 360°
⇒ 6x – 60° = 360°
⇒ 6x = 360° + 60° = 420°
⇒ x = 70°
∴ m∠D = 2x – 60°
= 2 × 70° – 60°
= 80°
= m∠B
ଏବଂ m∠C = x + 30°
= 70° + 30°
= 100°
= m∠A

Number Play Class 6 Notes Maths Chapter 3

Easy-to-read Ganita Prakash Class 6 Notes and Chapter 3 Number Play Class 6 Notes save valuable study time during exam season.

Class 6 Maths Chapter 3 Number Play Notes

Class 6 Number Play Notes

Supercells

In a row, a cell is a supercell, if the number in it is greater than the numbers in the neighbouring cells that are just before and after it. For example, in the row of numbers, the cells containing 60 and 65 are supercells.

25 60 15 24 65 50

Two adjacent cells can never be supercells in a row.
If there are n cells in a row, then maximum number of supercells = Number Play Class 6 Notes Maths Chapter 3-1

In a grid, a cell is a supercell, if the number in it is greater than every number in its adjacent cells (i.e. left, right, top and bottom). For example, in the given grid, the cells containing 270 and 250 are supercells.

200 160 270
210 250 230
180 120 200

 

  • In a grid, cell containing the largest number is always a supercell.
  • In a grid, cell containing the smallest number can never be a supercell.

Digit Play
Numbers are constructed using ten fundamental digits: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9.
While these digits can be combined in various ways to form numbers of different lengths, it is important to note that multi-digit numbers do not begin with the digit 0. This is because a leading zero does not contribute to the value of a number.
Number of 1-digit counting numbers = (9 – 1) + 1 = 9
Number of 2-digit counting numbers = (99 – 10) + 1 = 90
Number of 3-digit counting numbers = (999 – 100) + 1 = 900
Digit sum is the sum of all digits in a number. For example, digit sum of 85 is 8 + 5 = 13.
Two different numbers can have the same digit sum. For example, 63 and 54 have digit sum 9.

Number Play Class 6 Notes Maths Chapter 3

Palindromes
A palindromic number is a number that reads the same from left to right and from right to left. For example, 88, 121,4224, etc.

Two digit numbers upon reversing and adding always give a palindrome, however, sometime they require multiple iterations.

Generating a Palindrome from a Number
To generate a palindrome from a Number, follow the given steps:
Step 1: Obtain the given number.
Step 2: Obtain another number by reversing the digits of given number.
Step 3: Add the numbers obtained in step 1 and step 2.
Step 4: If the result is not a palindromic number, then repeat the process again until a palindromic number is obtained.

Applying the reverse-and-add method to 196 does not lead to a palindrome, no matter how many times it is repeated.

The Magic Number of Kaprekar
Number Play Class 6 Notes Maths Chapter 3-2
The number 6174 is called the Kaprekar Constant.
6174 is a number that pulls other numbers towards it. No matter which 4-digit number you start with (as long as not all digits are the same), a simple rearrangement-and-subtraction process lands you on 6174 every time.

Kaprekar’s routine can also be performed on a 3-digit number, and it always leads to the number 495.

Clock and Calendar Numbers
Our clocks and calendars are secret pattern-factories. They repeat, mirror, and even recycle themselves.

Repeating-Digit Times on a 12-Hour Clock
Type A: Hour digit copied in the minutes (e.g., 4:44, 2:22, 5:55)
Type B: Twin pairs (e.g., 10:10,11:11,12:12)
TypeC : Palindromic times (e.g., 12:21, 10:01)

Number Play Class 6 Notes Maths Chapter 3

Date Patterns (DD/MM/YYYY)
There are two main types of date patterns as follows:
Type A: Repeated Digits Date: YYYY same as DD/MM (e.g., 20/12/2012)
Other such historical dates are : 20/08/2008, 17/11/1711, 19/12/1912 etc.
Other such futuristic dates are : 21/09/2109, 22/10/2210, 23/12/2312 etc.
Type B: Palindromic Date (e.g., 22/02/2022)
Other such historical dates are : 11/02/2011, 21/02/2012, 12/02/2021 etc.
Other such futuristic dates are : 13/02/2031, 23/02/2032, 23/12/2132 etc.

The Collatz Conjecture
Rule: Start with any number; if the number is even, take half of it; if the number is odd,
multiply it by 3 and add 1; repeat.

The same rule is applied in all the sequences (starting with 5, 13, 42, 34);
5, 16, 8, 4, 2, 1
13, 40, 20, 10, 5, 16, 8, 4, 2, 1
42, 21, 64, 32, 16, 8, 4, 2, 1
34, 17, 52, 26, 13, 40, 20, 10, 5, 16, 8, 4, 2, 1

No matter which positive number you start with, every sequence eventually ends with 1.
Despite decades of study by mathematicians around the world, no one has been able to prove whether this is always true – making it one of the most intriguing unsolved problems in mathematics!

Estimation does not give the exact values. It is just a way to find an approximate answer quickly.

border=”2″
A palindromic number is a number that reads the same from left to right and from right to left. For example, 88, 121,4224, etc.

Number Play Class 6 Notes Maths Chapter 3

Generating a Palindrome from a Number:
Step 1: From given number, obtain another number by reversing the digits of given number.
Step 2: Add the given number with its reverse.
Step 3: If the result is not a palindromic number, then repeat the process again until a palindromic number is obtained.
For example, consider 36. Here, 36 + 63 = 99, which is a palindromic number.
Note: Applying the reverse-and-add method to 196 does not lead to a palindrome, no matter how many times it’s repeated.

Kaprekar’s routine on a 4-digit number
Number Play Class 6 Notes Maths Chapter 3-3
Note:
(i) The number 6174 is called the Kaprekar Constant
(ii) Kaprekar’s routine can also be performed on a 3-digit number, and it always leads to the number 495.

The Collatz Conjecture
Number Play Class 6 Notes Maths Chapter 3-4
No matter which positive number you start with, every sequence eventually ends with 1.
For example:
(i) 26 (even), 13, 40, 20, 10, 5, 16, 8, 4, 2, 1
(ii) 53 (odd), 160, 80, 40, 20, 10, 5, 16, 8, 4, 2, 1