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Odisha State Board Elements of Mathematics Class 12 CHSE Odisha Solutions Chapter 7 Continuity and Differentiability Ex 7(j) Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

CHSE Odisha Class 12 Math Solutions Chapter 7 Continuity and Differentiability Exercise 7(j)

Test differentiability and continuity of the following functions.
Question 1.
\(\left|1-\frac{1}{x}\right|\) at x = 1
Solution:

Question 2.
x² |x| at x = 0.
Solution:
Let f(x) = x² |x|
Then f(0) = 0

As L.H.D.=R.H.D., f(x) is differentiable at x = 0. We know that every differentiable function is continuous. So f(x) is also continuous at x = 0.

Question 3.
f(x) = tan x at x = \(\frac{\pi}{2}\)
Solution:
f(x) = tan x
f(\(\frac{\pi}{2}\)) = tan \(\frac{\pi}{2}\) which does not exist.
So f(x) is neither continuous not differentiable.

Question 4.
f(x) = cot x at x = \(\frac{\pi}{2}\).
Solution:

Question 5.
f(x) = |sin x| at x = π.
Solution:
Differentiability:
f(x) = |sin x|, x = π
f(π) |sin π| = 0

Question 6.
f(x) = latex]\frac{x}{1+|x|}[/latex] at x = 0
Solution:

As L.H.D. = R.H.D., f(x) is differentiable at x = 0.
Every differentiable function is continuous.
So f(x) is also continuous at x = 0.

Question 7.
f(x) = \(\begin{cases}x \sin \frac{1}{x}, & x \neq 0 \\ 0, & x=0\end{cases}\) at x = 0
Solution:

Question 8.
f(x) = \(\begin{cases}\frac{1-e^{-x}}{x}, & x \neq 0 \\ 1 & x=0\end{cases}\) at x = 0
Solution:
f(0) = 1

As L.H.D. = R.H.D., f(x) is differentiable at the origin. Again every differentiable function is continuous. So f(x) is continuous at the origin.

Odisha State Board CHSE Odisha Class 12 Math Solutions Chapter 8 Application of Derivatives Ex 8(b) Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

CHSE Odisha Class 12 Math Solutions Chapter 8 Application of Derivatives Exercise 8(b)

Question 1.
Find the equations to the tangents and normals to the following curves at the indicated points.
(i) y = 2x² + 3 at x = -1
Solution:
y = 2x² + 3 at x = -1
⇒ \(\frac{d y}{d x}\) = 4        ∴\(\left.\frac{d y}{d x}\right]_{-1}\) = -4
Thus slope of the tangent at x = -1 is -4.
Angin for x = -1 , y = 2 + 3 = 5
The point of contact is (-1, 5).
Equation of the tangent is y – 5 = -4 (x + 1)
⇒ 4x + y – 1 = 0
Slope of the normal = \(\frac{1}{4}\)
Eqn. of the normal is y – 5 = \(\frac{1}{4}\) (x + 1)
⇒ 4y – 20 = x + 1
⇒ x – 4y + 21 = 0

(ii) y = x³ – x at x = 2
Solution:
y = x³ – x at x = 2
When x = 2, y = 2³ – 2 = 6
The point is (2, 6).
Again \(\frac{d y}{d x}\) = 3x² – 1
\(\left.\frac{d y}{d x}\right]_{x=2}\) = 12 – 1 = 11
Slope of the tangent = 11.
Slope of the normal = –\(\frac{1}{11}\)
Equation of the tangent is
y – 6 = 11 (x – 2)
⇒ 11x – y – 16 = 0
Equation of the normal is
y – 6 = –\(\frac{1}{11}\)
⇒ 11y – 66 = – x + 2
⇒ x + 11y – 68 = 0

(iii) y = √x + 2x + 6 at x = 4
Solution:
y = √x + 2x + 6 at x = 4
For x = 4, y = 2 + 8 + 6 = 16
The point is (4, 16)
Again \(\frac{d y}{d x}\) = \(\frac{1}{2 \sqrt{x}}\) + 2
\(\left.\frac{d y}{d x}\right]_{x=4}\) = \(\frac{1}{4}\) + 2 = \(\frac{9}{4}\)
Slope of the tangent = \(\frac{9}{4}\)
Slope of the normal = –\(\frac{4}{9}\)
Equation of the tangent is
y – 16 = \(\frac{9}{4}\)(x – 4)
⇒ 9x – 4y + 28 = 0
Equation of the normal is
y – 16 = – \(\frac{4}{9}\)(x – 4)
⇒ 9y – 144 = -4x + 16
⇒ 4x + 9y – 160 = 0

(iv) y = √3 sin x + cos x at x = \(\frac{\pi}{3}\)
Solution:

(v) y = (log x)² at x = \(\frac{1}{e}\)
Solution:

(vi) y = \(\frac{1}{\log x}\) at x = 2
Solution:

(vii) y = xe^-x at x = 0
Solution:
y = xe^-x at x = 0
For x = 0, y = 0
The point is (0, 0).
\(\frac{d y}{d x}\) = e^-x + x . (-e^-x)
\(\left.\frac{d y}{d x}\right]_{x=0}\) = 1
Slope of the tangent = 1
Slope of the normal = -1
Equation of the tangent is y = x and equation of the normal is y = -x

(viii) y = a (θ – sin θ), y = a (1 – cos θ) at θ = \(\frac{\pi}{2}\)
Solution:
y = a (θ – sin θ), y = a (1 – cos θ) at θ = \(\frac{\pi}{2}\)

(ix) \(\left(\frac{x}{a}\right)^{2 / 3}\) + \(\left(\frac{y}{b}\right)^{2 / 3}\) = 1 at (a cos³ θ, b sin³ θ)
Solution:
\(\left(\frac{x}{a}\right)^{2 / 3}\) + \(\left(\frac{y}{b}\right)^{2 / 3}\) = 1 at (a cos³ θ, b sin³ θ)

Question 2.
Find the point on the curve y² – x² + 2x – 1 = 0 where the tangent is parallel to the x – axis.
Solution:
Given curve is y² – x² + 2x – 1 = 0 … (1)

Putting x = 1 in (1) we get
y² – 1 + 2 – 1 = 0 ⇒ y = 0
∴ The point is (1, 0).

Question 3.
Find the point (s) on the curve x = \(\frac{3 a t}{1+t^2}\), y = \(\frac{3 a t^2}{1+t^2}\) where the tangent is perpendicular to the line 4x + 3y + 5 = 0.
Solution:

Question 4.
Find the point on the curve x² + y² – 4xy + 2 = 0 where the normal is parallel to the x axis.
Solution:
x² + y² – 4xy + 2 = 0

Question 5.
Show that the line y = mx + c touches the parabola y² = 4ax if c = \(\frac{a}{m}\).
Solution:
Given line is y = mx + c … (1)
Given parabola is y² = 4ax

Question 6.
Show that the line y = mx + c touches the ellipse
\(\frac{x^2}{a^2}\) + \(\frac{y^2}{b^2}\) = 1 if c² = a²m² + b²
[Hints: Find equation to tangent at a point (x’, y’) of the curve and compare it with
y = mx + c].
Solution:

Question 7.
Show that the sum of the intercepts on the coordinate axes of any tangent to the curve
√x + √y = √a is constant.
Solution:

Question 8.
Show that the curves y = 2^x and y = 5^x intersect at an angle
tan^-1 \(\left|\frac{\ln \left(\frac{5}{2}\right)}{1+\ln 2 \ln 5}\right|\)
(Note: Angle between two curves is the angle between their tangents at the point of intersection)
Solution:
Given curves are
y = 2^x … (1)
and y = 5^x … (2)
Differentiating (1) we get \(\frac{d y}{d x}\) = 2^x . In 2
Differentiating (2) we get \(\frac{d y}{d x}\) = 5^x . In 2
Slope of the tangent to the first curve at (x, y) = 2^x . In 2
Slope of the tangent to the second curve at (x, y) = 5^x . In 2
Solving (1) and (2) we get 2^x = 5^x ⇒ x = 0
For x = 0, y = 1
∴ The point of intersection is (0, 1).
At (0, 1) slope of the 1st tangent = In 2
Slope of the second tangent = In 5
If θ is the angle between two tangents
then \(\frac{\ln 5-\ln 2}{1+\ln 5 \cdot \ln 2}\) = \(\frac{\ln \frac{5}{2}}{1+\ln 5 \cdot \ln 2}\)
= tan^-1 \(\left(\frac{\ln \frac{5}{2}}{1+\ln 5 \cdot \ln 2}\right)\)
We know that angle between two curves is the angle between their tangents at the point of intersection.
Hence the two curves intersect at an angle.
\(\left(\tan ^{-1} \cdot \frac{\ln \frac{5}{2}}{1+\ln 5 \cdot \ln 2}\right)\)

Question 9.
Show that the curves ax² + by² =1 and a’x² + b’y² = 1. Intersect at right angles if
\(\frac{1}{a}\) – \(\frac{1}{a}\) = \(\frac{1}{a^{\prime}}\) – \(\frac{1}{b^{\prime}}\).
Solution:
Given curves are
ax²+ by²= 1 … (1)
and a’x² + b’y² = 1 … (2)
Differentiating (1) we get

Question 10.
Find the equation of the tangents drawn from the point (1, 2) to the curve.
y² – 2x³ – 4y + 8 = 0
Solution:
Given curve is
y² – 2x³ – 4y + 8 = 0 … (1)

⇒ -(k – 2)² = 3h² – 3h³
⇒ (k – 2)² = 3h³ – 3h²
Putting it in (2) we get
k² – 2h³ – 4k + 8 = 0
⇒ k² – 4k + 4 – 2h³ + 4 = 0
⇒ (k – 2)² – 2h³ + 4 = 0
⇒ 3h³ – 3h² – 2h³ + 4 = 0
⇒ h³ – 3h² + 4 = 0
⇒ h³ + h² – 4h² + 4 = 0
⇒ h² (h + 1) – 4 (h² – 1) = 0
⇒ h² (h + 1) – 4 (h + 1) (h – 1) = 0
⇒ (h + 1) (h² – 4h + 4) = 0
⇒ (h + 1) (h – 2)² = 0
⇒ h = -1, 2.
For h = -1, k is imaginary.
For h = 2, k = 2 + 2√3
The point at which the tangent is drawn is (2, 2 + 2√3).
Slope of the tangents
= \(\frac{3 h^2}{k-2}\) = \(\frac{12}{\pm 2 \sqrt{3}}\) = ± 2√3
Equations of the tangental
y – (2 ± 2√3) = ± 2√3(x – 2)

Question 11.
Show that the equation to the normal to x^2/3 + y^2/3 = a^2/3 is y cos θ – x sin θ = a cos 2θ where θ is the inclination of the normal to x – axis.
Solution:

The point is (a² sin³ θ, a² cos³ θ).
Equation of the normal is
y – a² cos³ θ = tan θ (x – a² sin³ θ)
⇒ y cos θ – a² cos⁴ θ = x sin θ – a² sin⁴ θ
⇒ y cos θ – x sin θ = a² (cos⁴ θ – sin⁴ θ)
= a² (cos² θ + sin² θ) (cos² θ – sin² θ)
= a² cos 2θ.
∴ Equation of the normal is
y cos θ – x sin θ = a² cos 2θ.(Proved)

Question 12.
Show that the length of the portion of the tangent to x^2/3 + y^2/3 = a^2/3 intercepted between the axes is constant.
Solution:

Question 13.
Find the tangent to the curve y = cos (x + y), 0 < x ≤ 2π which is parallel to the line
x + 2y = 0.
Solution:
y = cos (x + y) … (1)

Question 14.
If tangents are drawn from the origin to the curve y = sin x then show that the locus of the points of contact is x²y² = x² – y²
Solution:
Given curve is
y = sin x … (1)
\(\frac{d y}{d x}\) = cos x
Slope of the tangent to the cure (1) at any point (x, y) is cos x.
Let (h, k) be the point of contact.
Then slope of the tangent at (h, k) = cos h.
Equation of the tangent to the curve (1) at (h, k) is
y – k = cos h (x – h) … (2)
If the tangent is drawn from the origin then -k = -h cos h
⇒ k = h cos h … (3)
As (h, k) is the poitn of contact then we have
k = sin h … (4)
From (3) we get,
k = h\(\sqrt{1-\sin ^2 h}\) = h\(\sqrt{1-k^2}\) by (4).
Squaring both sides we get
k² = h² (1 – k²)
⇒ k² = h² – h²k²
⇒ h²k² = h² – k²
The locus of (h, k) is x².y² = x² – y² (Proved)

Question 15.
Find the equation of the normal to the curve given by
x = 3 cos θ – cos³ θ
y = 3 sin θ – sin³ θ at θ = \(\frac{\pi}{4}\)
Solution:
x = 3 cos θ – cos³ θ
y = 3 sin θ – sin³ θ
Differentiating we get
\(\frac{d x}{d \theta}\) = -3 sin θ + 3 cos² θ . sin θ
\(\frac{d x}{d \theta}\) = 3 cos θ – 3 sin² θ . cos θ

Question 16.
If x cos α + y sin α = p is a tangent to the curve \(\left(\frac{x}{a}\right)^{\frac{n}{n-1}}\) + \(\left(\frac{y}{b}\right)^{\frac{n}{n-1}}\) = 1
then show that (a cos α)ⁿ + (b sin α)ⁿ = pⁿ
Solution:
Given straight line is x cos α + y sin α = p … (1)
Given curve is

Question 17.
Show that the tangent to the curve
x = a (t – sin t), y = at (1 + cos t) at t = \(\frac{\pi}{2}\) has slope. (1 – \(\frac{\pi}{2}\))
Solution:
Given curve is x = a (t – sin t)
y = at (1 + cos t)

Odisha State Board  BSE Odisha 9th Class Hindi Solutions Poem 2 प्रियतम Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

BSE Odisha Class 9 Hindi Solutions Poem 2 प्रियतम

प्रश्न और अभ्यास (ପ୍ରଶ୍ନ ଔର୍ ଅଭ୍ୟାସ)

1. इन प्रश्नों के उत्तर दो-तीन वाक्यों में दीजिए।
(ଚ୍ଚନ୍ ପ୍ରଶ୍ନୋ କେ ଡର୍ତ୍ତର ଦୋ ତ।ନଚାଇେଁ ମେଁ ଦୀଜିଏ) ।
(ଏହି ପ୍ରଶ୍ନଗୁଡ଼ିକର ଉତ୍ତର ଦୁଇ-ତିନୋଟି ବାକ୍ୟରେ ଦିଅ ।)
(क) भगवान विष्णु किसे और क्यों अपना श्रेष्ठ भक्त मानते हैं?
ଭଗବାନ୍ ୱିଷ୍ଣୁ କିସ୍ ଔର୍ କ୍ୟା ଅପ୍‌ନା ଶ୍ରେଷ୍ଠ ଭକ୍ତ ମାନତେ ହୈ ?
(ଭଗବାନ ବିଷ୍ଣୁ କାହାକୁ ଓ କାହିଁକି ନିଜର ଶ୍ରେଷ୍ଠ ଭକ୍ତ ମାନିଛନ୍ତି ?)
उत्तर:
भगवान विष्णु किसान को अपना श्रेष्ठ भक्त मानते हैं। किसान कर्म करते हुए तथा सारी जिम्मेदारियों का निर्वाह करते हुए भी भगवान का नाम भूलता नहीं। कर्म ही ईश्वर है। कर्म को छोड़कर सिर्फ भगवान का नाम लेने से कोई आगे नहीं बढ़सकता।

(ख) नारदजी ने विष्णु से क्या सवाल किया और उसके उत्तर में विष्णु ने नारदजी को क्या करने को कहा?
(ନାରଦ୍‌ଜୀ ନେ ଵିଷ୍ଣୁ ସେ କ୍ୟା ସବାଲ୍ କିୟା ଔର୍ ଉସ୍‌ ଉତ୍ତର ମେଁ ଵିଷ୍ଣୁ ନେ ନାରଦ୍‌ କୁ କ୍ୟା କର୍‌ନେ କୋ କହା ?
ନାରଦ ବିଷ୍ଣୁଙ୍କୁ କ’ଣ ପ୍ରଶ୍ନ କଲେ ଏବଂ ତାହାର ଉତ୍ତରରେ ବିଷ୍ଣୁ ନାରଦକୁ କ’ଣ କରିବାକୁ କହିଲେ ?)
उत्तर:
नारदजी ने विष्णु से यह सवाल किया कि संसार में कौन तुम्हारा प्रिय और प्रधान भक्त है। भगवान विष्णु ने कहा एक सज्जन किसान ही प्राणों से प्रियतम है और विष्णु ने नारद जी को एक तैल-पूर्ण पात्र देकर कहा विश्व भ्रमण करें, पात्र से एक बूँद तैल गिरना नहीं चाहिए।

2. निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों के उत्तर एक-एक बाक्य में दीजिए।
(ନିମ୍ନଲିଖୂ ପ୍ରଶ୍ନ କେ ଉତ୍ତର୍ ଏକ୍-ଏକ୍ ବାର୍କେ ମେଁ ଦୀଜିଏ) ।
(ନିମ୍ନଲିଖ ପ୍ରଶ୍ନଗୁଡ଼ିକର ଉତ୍ତର ଗୋଟିଏ-ଗୋଟିଏ ବାକ୍ୟରେ ଦିଅ ।)
(क) नारदजी ने किससे सवाल किया?
ନାରଦ୍‌ ନେ କିସ୍ ସେ ସୱାଲ୍ କିୟା ?
उत्तर:
नारदजी ने भगवान विष्णु से सवाल किया।

(ख) विष्णुजी ने नारद को क्या उत्तर दिया?
ୱିଷ୍ଣୁଜୀ ନେ ନାରଦ୍ କୋ କ୍ୟା ଉତ୍ତର୍ ଦିୟା ?
(ବିଷ୍ଣୁ ନାରଦଙ୍କୁ କ’ଣ ଉତ୍ତର ଦେଲେ ?)
उत्तर:
विष्णुजी ने नारद को यह उत्तर दिया कि एक सज्जन किसान प्राणों से प्रियतम है।

(ग) नारद ने किसकी परीक्षा लेने की बात कही?
(ନାରଦ ନେ କିସ୍ଵୀ ପରୀକ୍ଷା ଲେନେ କୀ ବାତ୍ କହୀ ?)
(ନାରଦ କାହାର ପରୀକ୍ଷା ନେବାପାଇଁ କହିଲେ ?)
उत्तर:
नारद ने भगवान विष्णुजी के श्रेष्ठ भक्त किसान की परीक्षा लेने की बात कहीं।

(घ) किसान ने कब-कब भगवान का नाम स्मरण किया?
(କିସାନ୍ ନେ କବ୍-କବ୍ ଭଗବାନ କା ନାମ୍ ସ୍ମରଣ କୟା ?)
(କୃଷକ କେଉଁ କେଉଁ ସମୟରେ ଭଗବାନଙ୍କ ନାମ ସ୍ମରଣ କଲା ?)
उत्तर:
किसान ने सुबह, शाम और दुपहर में भगवान का नाम स्मरण किया।

(ङ) नारदजी किस बात से चकरा गये?
ନାରଦ୍‌ଜୀ କିସ୍ ବାତ୍ ସେ ଚକରା ଗୟେ ?
(ନାରଦ କେଉଁ କଥାରେ ଚକିତ ହେଲେ ?)
उत्तर:
सिर्फ तीनवार नाम लेकर किसान भगवान का प्रिय बनगया इस बात को लेकर नारदजी चकित हो गए।

(च) तैलपूर्णपात्र लेकर नारदजी कहाँ गये?
ତୈଲ୍‌ପୂର୍ଣ ପାତ୍ର ଲେକର୍ ନାରଦଜୀ କାହାଁ ଗୟେ ?
(ତେଲପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ ପାତ୍ର ନେଇ ନାରଦ କେଉଁଠାକୁ ଗଲେ ?)
उत्तर:
तैलपूर्ण पात्र लेकर नारदजी भूमण्डल भ्रमण करने गये।

(छ) विष्णु ने नारद जी को किस वात पर ध्यान देने को हा?
(ୱିଷ୍ଣୁ ନେ ନାରଦ୍‌ କୋ କିସ୍ ବାତ୍ ପର୍ ଧ୍ୟାନ୍ ଦେନେ କୋ କହା ?)
(ବିଷ୍ଣୁ ନାରଦଙ୍କୁ କେଉଁ କଥାରେ ଦୃଷ୍ଟି ଦେବାକୁ କହିଲେ ?)
उत्तर:
विष्णु ने नारदजी को तैलपूर्ण पात्र से एक बूँद तैल नहीं गिरने पर ध्यान देने को कहा।

(ज) नारदजी को अपने पास बुलाकर विष्णु ने क्या कहा?
(ନାରଦକା କୋ ଅପନେ ପାସ୍ ଚୁଳାକର ୱିଷ୍ଣୁ ନେ କ୍ୟା କହା?)
(ନାରଦଙ୍କୁ ନିଜ ପାଖକୁ ଡକାଇ ବିଷ୍ଣୁ କ’ଣ କହିଲେ ?)
उत्तर:
नारदजी को अपने पास बुलाकर विष्णु ने यह कहा कि तैल पात्र लेकर कि जाते समय कितनी बार इष्ट का नाम लिया था।

(झ) विश्व पर्यटन के दौरान नारदजी ने कितने बार विष्णु का नाम लिया था ?
(ୱିଶ୍ୱ-ପର୍ଯ୍ୟଟନ କେ ଦୌରାନ୍ ନାରଦ୍‌ଜୀ ନେ କିତ୍‌ ବାର୍ ଵିଷ୍ଣୁ କା ନାମ୍ ଲିୟା ଥା ? )
(ବିଶ୍ଵଭ୍ରମଣ ସମୟରେ ନାରଦ କେତେଥର ବିଷ୍ଣୁଙ୍କ ନାମ ନେଇଥିଲେ ?)
उत्तर:
विश्व पर्यटन के दौरान नारदजी ने एक बार भी विष्णु का नाम नहीं लिया था।

(ञ) शंकित हृदय से नारद ने विष्णु से क्या कहा?
ଶଂକିତ୍ ହୃଦୟ ସେ ନାରଦ୍ ନେ ଵିଷ୍ଣୁ ସେ କ୍ୟା କହା ?
(ଶଙ୍କାକୁଳ ହୃଦୟରେ ନାରଦ ବିଷ୍ଣୁଙ୍କୁ କ’ଣ କହିଲେ?)
उत्तर:
शंकित हृदय से नारद ने विष्णु से यह कहा कि वह कभी भगवान का नाम जप नहीं किया था।

(ट) विष्णु ने किसान को क्यों प्रियतम कहा?
ଵିଷ୍ଣୁ ନେ କିସାନ୍ କୋ ର୍କେ ପ୍ରିୟତମ କହା ?
(ବିଷ୍ଣୁ କୃଷକକୁ କାହିଁକି ପ୍ରିୟତମ କହିଲେ ?)
उत्तर:
विष्णु ने किसान को इसलिए प्रियतम कहा कि उसने अपना काम करते हुए भी भगवान का नाम लिया।

(ठ) नारदजी ने विष्णु की बात से लज्जित होकर क्या कहा?
(ନାରହଜା ନେ ୱ୍ୱଷ୍ଟୁକା ବାତ୍ ସେ ଲଜିତ୍ ହୋକର କ୍ୟା କହା?)
(ନାରଦ ବିଷ୍ଣୁଙ୍କ କଥାରେ ଲଜ୍ଜିତ ହୋଇ କ’ଣ କହିଲେ ?)
उत्तर:
नारदजी ने विष्णु की बात से लज्जित होकर सत्य कहा।

3. सही उत्तर चुनिए।
(ଠିକ୍ ଡତ୍ତର ବାଙ୍ଗ)
(क) किसान ने एक दिन में कितनी बार भगवान का नाम-स्मरण किया?
(i) चार
(ii) तीन
(iii) एक
उत्तर:
(ii) ती

(ख) विश्व पर्यटन करके नारदजी कहाँ लौटे?
(i) मर्त्यलोक
(ii) विष्णुलोक
(iii) पाताल लोक
उत्तर:
(ii) विष्णुलोक

(ग) योगिराज कौन हैं?
(i) किसान
(ii) नारद
(iii) विष्णु
उत्तर:
(ii) नारद

भाषा-ज्ञान (ଭାଷା-ଜ୍ଞାନ)

1. नीचे लिखे शब्दों के समानार्थे शब्द लिखिए
(ନିମ୍ନଲିଖ୍ ଶବ୍ଦଗୁଡ଼ିକର ପ୍ରତିଶବ୍ଦ (ସମାନାର୍ଥୀ ଶବ୍ଦ) (ଲେଖ ।)
मृत्युलोक, दिवा, रात्री, प्रात, वैकुण्ठ
उत्तर:
मृत्युलोक – मर्त्यलोक
रात्री – रजनी
दिवा – दिवस
प्रातः – सुबह
वैकुण्ठ – स्वर्ग

2. नीचे लिखे शब्दों के विलोम शब्द लिखिए।
(ନିମ୍ନଲିଖିତ ଶବ୍ଦଗୁଡ଼ିକର ବିପର ତଶବ୍ଦ ଲେଖା)
प्रधान, रात्रि, प्रात: काल, आवश्यक, साधारण, उल्लास
उत्तर:
प्रधान – अप्रधान
प्रातः काल – शायंकाल
साधारण – असाधारण
रात्रि – दिवा
आवश्यक – अनावश्यक
उल्लास – विषाद

3. विशेष रूप से ध्यान दीजिए कि हिन्दी में केवल दो लिंग होते हैं। क्लीव लिंग या नपुंसक लिंग होता ही नहीं। इसलिए निम्नलिखित शब्दों में से कौन-सा शब्द पुंलिंग का और कौन- सा शब्द स्त्रीलिंग का है, बताइए।
(ବିଶେଷ ରୂପେ ଦୃଷ୍ଟି ଦିଅ କି ହିନ୍ଦୀରେ କେବଳ ଦୁଇଟି ଲିଙ୍ଗ ଅଛି । କ୍ଲବ ଲିଙ୍ଗ ବା ନଂପୁସକ ଲିଙ୍ଗ ବୋଲି କିଛି ନାହିଁ । ତେଣୁ ତଳଲିଖ୍ ଶବ୍ଦଗୁଡ଼ିକ ମଧ୍ୟରୁ କେଉଁ ଶବ୍ଦଗୁଡ଼ିକ ପୁଂଲିଙ୍ଗ ଓ କେଉଁ ଶବ୍ଦଗୁଡ଼ିକ ସ୍ତ୍ରୀଲିଙ୍ଗ, କୁହ ।)
भक्त, किसान, दरवाजा, विवाद, आज्ञा, स्मरण, परीक्षा, नाम, बूँद
पुंलिंग: भक्त , किसान, दरवाजा, विवाद, स्मरण, नाम
स्त्रीलिंग: आज्ञा, परीक्षा, बूँद

4. नारद ने कहा, ‘मैं उसकी परीक्षा लूँगा’। इस वाक्य में ‘लूंगा’ क्रिया है, जिससे भविष्यत काल की सूचना मिलती है। निम्न वाक्यों का काल निर्णय कीजिए।
(क) किसान शाम को घर लौटा।
उत्तर:
इस वाक्य में ‘लौटा’ क्रिया है, जिससे भुतकाल की सूचना मिलती है। ( भुतकाल )

(ख) कुत्ता भौंक रहा है।
उत्तर:
इस वाक्य में ‘रहा’ क्रिया है, जिससे वर्तमान काल की सूचना मिलती है। ( वर्तमान काल )

(ग) मेरे पिताजी कल दिल्ली जाएँगे।
उत्तर:
इस वाक्य में ‘जाएँगे’ क्रिया है, जिससे भविष्यत काल की सूचना मिलती है। (भविष्यत काल)

(घ) यहाँ का दृश्य दर्शक को आकृष्ट करता है।
उत्तर:
इस वाक्य में ‘करता’ क्रिया है, जिससे वर्त्तमान काल की सूचना मिलती है। ( वर्त्तमान काल )

(ङ) बुखार के कारण कल में स्कूल नहीं आ पाया।
उत्तर:
इस वाक्य में ‘पाया’ क्रिया है, जिससे अतीत काल की सूचना मिलती है। (भूतकाल )

5. इन्हें क्या कहते हैं लिखिए।
(क) जो खेती का काम करता है, वह है किसान।
(ख) जो कपड़ा बुनने का काम करता है, वह है…………………।
उत्तर:
बुणाकार/हंसि

(ग) जो रोगियों का इलाज करता है, वह है……………
उत्तर:
चिकित्सक, डॉक्टर

(घ) जो हमारे पास चिट्ठियाँ पहुँचाता है, वह है …………….
उत्तर:
डाकिया

गृह कार्य (ଗୃହ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟଯ)

1. अपने प्रिय दोस्त के बारे में वर्णन कीजिए तथा यह वताइए कि वह क्यों प्रिय है?
(ତୁମର ପ୍ରିୟ ସାଥୀଙ୍କ ସମ୍ପର୍କରେ ବର୍ଣ୍ଣନା କର ତଥା ସେ କାହିଁକି ପ୍ରିୟ ଅଟନ୍ତି କୁହ ?)
उत्तर:
मेरे प्रिय दोस्त का नाम नारायण है। वह मुझे इसलिए प्रिय लगता है क्योंकि वह मुझसे ज्यादा धनो होने पर भी उससे कुछ भी पुछते समय या किसी विषय के बारे में त्यारी करते समय वह बिना किसी बाधा या रुकावट के मुझे सठीक सलाह देता है। मेरे मुसीबत के समय मेरे साथ रहता है। उसे किसी चीज का घमंड भी नहीं है। वह समय का सलाह देने के साथ सारे काम ठीक समय पर खुद भी करता है और मुझे भी अपने और काम पुरे करने का सुझाव देता है।

अति संक्षिप्त उत्तरमूलक प्रश्नोत्तर

A. निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों के उत्तर एक वाक्य में दीजिए।

प्रश्न 1.
‘प्रियतम’ कविता के कवि कौन हैं?
उत्तर:
‘प्रियतम’ कविता के कवि सूर्यकांत त्रिपाठी ‘निराला’ हैं।

प्रश्न 2.
कवि सूर्यकांत त्रिपाठी ‘निराला’ किस युग के कवि थे?
उत्तर:
कवि सूर्यकांत त्रिपाठी ‘निराला’ छायावादी युग के कवि थे।

प्रश्न 3.
कवि ‘निराला’ की कविता में कौन-सी प्रेरणा निहित है?
उत्तर:
कवि निराला की कविता में जीवन-संग्राम में लड़ने की प्रेरणा निहित है।

प्रश्न 4.
‘प्रियतम’ कविता में कवि क्या संदेश देना चाहते हैं?
उत्तर:
‘प्रियतम’ कविता में कवि कर्म ही ईश्वर है के बारे में संदेश देना चाहते हैं।

प्रश्न 5.
विष्णु ने नारद जी को किस बात पर ध्यान देने को कहा?
उत्तर:
विष्णु ने नारदजी को कहा कि तैलपूर्ण पात्र से एक बूँद तेल की नीचे न गिर जाए इस बात का ध्यान देना ।

प्रश्न 6.
हर एक व्यक्ति को क्या करना चाहिए?
उत्तर:
हर एक व्यक्ति को कर्म करना चाहिए।

प्रश्न 7.
नारद जी किसके पास गये?
उत्तर:
नारद जी विष्णु के पास गये।

प्रश्न 8.
विष्णुजी ने नारद को क्या उत्तर दिया?
उत्तर:
विष्णुजी नारद को यह उत्तर दिया कि मर्त्यलोक में एक सज्जन किसान है जो उनके प्राणों से भी प्रियतम है।

प्रश्न 9.
नारद जी ने किसकी परीक्षा लेने की बात कही?
उत्तर:
नारद जी ने किसान की परीक्षा लेने की बात कही।

प्रश्न 10.
नारद जी ने किससे सवाल किया?
उत्तर:
नारद जी ने भगवान विष्णु से सवाल किया।

प्रश्न 11.
किसान ने भगवान का नाम एक दिन में कितनी बार स्मरण किया?
उत्तर:
किसान ने भगवान का नाम एक दिन में तीन बार लिया।

प्रश्न 12.
तैलपूर्ण पात्र लेकर नारद जी कहाँ गए?
उत्तर:
तैलपूर्ण पात्र लेकर नारद जी भूमण्डल की प्रदक्षिण करने के लिए गए।

प्रश्न 13.
विश्व – पर्यटन के दौरान नारद जी ने कितनी बार विष्णु का नाम लिया था?
उत्तर:
विश्य पर्यटन के दौरान नारदजी ने एक बार भी विष्णु का नाम नहीं लिया था।

प्रश्न 14.
विश्व – पर्यटन करके नारद जी कहाँ लौटे?
उत्तर:
विश्व पर्यटन करके नारद जी वैकुण्ठ लोक लौटे।

प्रश्न 15.
योगिराज किसे कहा गया है?
उत्तर:
योगिराज नारदजी को कहा गया है।

प्रश्न 16.
विष्णु ने किसको प्रियतम कहा है?
उत्तर:
विष्णु ने मर्त्यलोक में रहने वाले एक सज्जन किसान को प्रियतम कहा है।

B. निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों के उत्तर एक शब्द में दीजिए।

प्रश्न 1.
यह युक्ति किसकी है?
” तैल पात्र लेकर जाते समय कितनी बार इष्ट का नाम लिया था”।
उत्तर:
विष्णु

प्रश्न 2.
किसान ने कब-कब भगवान का नाम स्मरण किया?
उत्तर:
प्रातःकाल, दोपहर और शाम

प्रश्न 3.
विष्णु का प्रियतम कौन है?
उत्तर:
किसान

प्रश्न 4.
नारद को क्या कहा गया है?
उत्तर:
योगिराज

प्रश्न 5.
किसान किसका प्रियतम भक्त है?
उत्तर:
विष्णु

प्रश्न 6.
कैसे पात्र को लेकर नारदजी धरती घूमने के लिए गए?
उत्तर:
तैलपूर्ण पात्र

प्रश्न 7.
‘प्रियतम’ कविता के कवि कौन हैं?
उत्तर:
सूर्यकान्त त्रिपाठी

प्रश्न 8.
विश्व – पर्यटन करके नारद जी कहाँ लौटे?
उत्तर:
विष्णु लोक

प्रश्न 9.
किसान ने एक दिन में कितनी बार भगवान का नाम-स्मरण किया?
उत्तर:
तीन बार

प्रश्न 10.
तैलपूर्ण पात्र लेकर नारदजी कहाँ गये?
उत्तर:
भूमण्डल

प्रश्न 11.
नारद ने किसकी परीक्षा लेने की बात कही?
उत्तर:
किसान

C. रिक्तस्थानों को भरिए।

प्रश्न 1.
विष्णु ने……………………को प्रियतम कहा है।
उत्तर:
किसान

प्रश्न 2.
हर व्यक्ति को …………….. करना चाहिए।
उत्तर:
कर्म

प्रश्न 3.
” एक सज्जन किसान प्राणों से प्रियतम है” ? यह युक्ति ……………….की है।
उत्तर:
बिष्णु

प्रश्न 4.
कविता ‘प्रियतम’ …………………. ने लिखी है।
उत्तर:
निराला

प्रश्न 5.
किसान ने दिन भर में ……………… बार भगवान का नाम – स्मरण किया।
उत्तर:
तीन

प्रश्न 6.
विश्व – पर्यटन करके नारदजी ……………………. लौटे।
उत्तर:
विष्णु लोक

प्रश्न 7.
योगिराज ………………… से कहा गया है।
उत्तर:
नारद

प्रश्न 8.
नारदजी ने ………………….. से सवाल किया।
उत्तर:
विष्णु

प्रश्न 9.
………………….. की परीक्षा लेने की बात नारद ने कही।
उत्तर:
किसान

प्रश्न 10.
नारदजी ने विश्व – पर्यटन के दौरान ………………… . बार विष्णु का नाम लिया था।
उत्तर:
एक बार भी नहीं

प्रश्न 11.
” नाम भी वह लेता है, इसी से है प्रियतम । ” – यह पंक्ति ……………… कवि की हैं।
उत्तर:
निराला

प्रश्न 12.
……………… करके नारदजी विष्णुलोक लौटे।
उत्तर:
विश्व-पर्यटन

प्रश्न 13.
किसान ने एक दिन में तीन बार ……………….. का नाम स्मरण किया।
उत्तर:
भगवान

प्रश्न 14.
……………………ने विष्णु की बात से लज्जित होकर कहा – ‘यह सत्य है’।
उत्तर:
नारदजी

प्रश्न 15.
‘नाम भी वह लेता है, इसी से है ……………………।
उत्तर:
प्रियतम

प्रश्न 16.
किसान की परीक्षा लेने की बात …………………… ने कही।
उत्तर:
नारद

प्रश्न 17.
नारदजी ने विष्णु की बात से लज्जित होकर ……………….. कहा।
उत्तर:
सत्य

प्रश्न 18.
योगिराज ने ……………….. से सवाल किया।
उत्तर:
विष्णु

प्रश्न 19.
‘प्रियतम’ कविता में कवि ……………….. संदेश देना चाहते हैं।
उत्तर:
कर्म ही ईश्वर है

D. सही उत्तर चुनिए।

1. योगिराज कौन हैं?
(A) किसान
(B) नारद
(C) विष्णु
(D) शिव
उत्तर:
(B) नारद

2. विश्व-पर्यटन करके नारद जी कहाँ लौटे?
(A) मर्त्यलोक
(B) विष्णुलोक
(C) पाताल लोक
(D) स्वर्ग लोक
उत्तर:
(B) विष्णुलोक

3. किसान ने एक दिन में कितनी बार भगवान का नाम स्मरण किया?
(A) चार
(B) तीन
(C) एक
(D) बार-बार
उत्तर:
(B) तीन

4. विश्व-पर्यटन के दौरान नारद जी ने कितनी बार विष्णु का नाम लिया था?
(A) दस बार
(B) एक बार भी नहीं
(C) तीन बार
(D) चार बार
उत्तर:
(B) एक बार भी नहीं

5. तैलपूर्ण पात्र लेकर नारद जी कहाँ गये?
(A) पृथ्वी का चक्कर लगाने
(B) स्वर्ग का चक्कर लगाने
(C) विष्णुलोक का चक्कर लगाने
(D) इनमें से कोई नहीं
उत्तर:
(A) पृथ्वी का चक्कर लगाने

6. किसान ने कितनी बार भगवान का नाम लिया?
(A) चार बार
(B) तीन बार
(C) पाँच बार
(D) छह बार
उत्तर:
(B) तीन बार

7. भगवान विष्णु का प्रिय शिष्य कौन है?
(A) नारद
(B) कार्तिक
(C) गणेश
(D) किसान
उत्तर:
(D) किसान

8. नारद जी ने भगवान विष्णु से जो सवाल किया वह सवाल क्या था?
(A) आपका प्रिय भक्त कौन है
(B) आका प्रिय स्थल कौन-सा है
(C) आपका नाम क्या है
(D) इनमें से कोई नहीं
उत्तर:
(A) आपका प्रिय भक्त कौन है

9. नारद जी ने किससे सवाल किया?
(A) किसान से
(B) विष्णु से
(C) शिव से
(D) अपने आप से
उत्तर:
(B) विष्णु से

एक दिन बिष्णु के पास गये नारदजी, (ଏକ୍ ଦିନ ବିଷ୍ଣୁ କେ ପାସ୍ ଗୟେ ନାରଦ୍‌,)
पूछा, ‘मृत्युलोक में वह कौन है पुण्यश्लोक (ପୂଛା, ‘ମୃତ୍ୟୁଲୋକ୍ ମେଁ ୱହ କୌନ୍ ହୈ ପୁଣ୍ୟଶ୍ଳୋକ୍)
भक्त तुमहारा प्रधान’? (ଭକ୍ରି ତ୍ରମ୍ହହ।ରା ପ୍ରଧାନୀ)
बिष्णुजी ने कहा (କ୍ତ ତୁମ୍‌ହାରା ପ୍ରଧାନ୍’ ?)
‘एक सज्नन किसान है, प्राणों से प्रियतम।’ (‘ଏକ୍ ସଜ୍ଜନ୍ କିସାନ୍ ହୈ, ପ୍ରାର୍ଥୋ ସେ ପ୍ରିୟତମ୍ ।’)
नारद ने कहा, मैं उसकी परीक्षा लूँगा। (ନାରଦ୍ ନେ କହା, ‘ମୈ ଉସ୍‌ ପରୀକ୍ଷା ଲୁଗା’। )
हँसे बिष्णु सुनकर यह, कहा कि ‘ले सकते हो’। (ହଁସେ ବିଷ୍ଣୁ ସୁନ୍କର୍ ଯହ୍, କହା କି ‘ଲେ ସକତେ ହୋ’ ।)
ଓଡ଼ିଆ ଅନୁବାଦ:
ଦିନେ ବିଷ୍ଣୁଙ୍କ ନିକଟକୁ ନାରଦ ଯାଇ ପଚାରିଲେ, ‘ସଂସାରରେ ଆପଣଙ୍କର ପ୍ରଧାନ ତଥା ପବିତ୍ରବନ୍ତ ଭକ୍ତ କିଏ ?’ ଭଗବାନ ବିଷ୍ଣୁ ଉତ୍ତର ଦେଲେ ଯେ ‘ଜଣେ ଉତ୍ତମ କୃଷକ ତାଙ୍କର ପ୍ରାଣଠାରୁ ଅଧିକ ଆପଣାର’। ନାରଦ ତାଙ୍କର ପରୀକ୍ଷା ନେବାକୁ କହିଲେ। ଭଗବାନ ବିଷ୍ଣୁ ଏହା ଶୁଣି ହସି ହସି କହିଲେ ପରୀକ୍ଷା ନେଇପାର ।

नारदजी चल दिये, पहुँचे भक्त के यहाँ,
देखा, हल जोत कर आया वह दुपहर को;
दरवाजे पहुँचकर रामजी का नाम लिया;
स्नान-भोजन करके, फिर चला गया काम पर
शाम को आया दरवाजे, फिर नाम लिया;
प्रातः काल चलते समय एक बार फिर
उसने मधुर नाम स्मरण किया।
ନାରଦ୍‌ଜୀ ଚଲ୍ ଦିୟେ, ପହୁଁଚେ ଭକ୍ତ କେ ୟହାଁ,
ଦେଖା, ହଲ୍ ଜୋତ୍ କର ଆୟା ୱହ ଦୁପହର୍ କୋ;
ଦରଜେ ପହୁଁଚ୍‌କର୍ ରାମ୍ଜୀ କା ନାମ୍ ଲିୟା;
ସ୍ନାନ୍-ଭୋଜନ୍ କର୍‌କେ, ଫିର୍ ଚଲା ଗୟା କାମ୍ ପର୍ ।
ଶାମ୍ କୋ ଆୟା ଦରୱାଜେ, ଫିର୍ ନାମ୍ ଲିୟା;
ପ୍ରାତଃକାଲ୍ ଚଲ୍‌ ସମୟ ଏକ୍ ବାର୍ ଫିର୍ ଉସ୍‌ନେ
ମଧୁର ନାମ୍ ସ୍ମରଣ୍ କିୟା ।

ଓଡ଼ିଆ ଅନୁବାଦ:
ନାରଦ ଭକ୍ତଙ୍କ ପାଖକୁ ଯାଇ ଦେଖ‌ିଲେ, ସେ (କୃଷକ) ଦୁପହର (ଖରାବେଳେ)କୁ ହଳ ଧରି ଘରକୁ ଫେରିଲା । ଘରେ ପହଞ୍ଚ୍ ପ୍ରଭୁ ରାମଙ୍କ ନାମ ନେଲା । ସ୍ନାନ-ଭୋଜନ ସାରି ପୁନର୍ବାର କାମକୁ ଚାଲିଗଲା । ସନ୍ଧ୍ୟା ସମୟରେ ଘରକୁ ଫେରି ପୁଣି ପ୍ରଭୁରାମଙ୍କ ନାମ ନେଲା । ପ୍ରାତଃକାଳରେ ପୁଣି ଥରେ ପ୍ରଭୁଙ୍କର ମଧୁର ନାମକୁ ସ୍ମରଣ କଲା ।

‘बस केवल तीन बार’ नारद चकरा गये।
दिवा-रात्रि जपते हैं, नाम ऋषि-मुनि लोग
किन्तु भगवान को किसान ही यह याद आया!
गये वे बिष्णुलोक, वोले भगवान से,
‘देखो किसान को,
दिन भर में तीन बार नाम उसने लिया है।’
‘ବସ୍ କେୱଲ୍ ତୀନ୍ ବାର୍’ ନାରଦ୍ ଚକ୍ରା ଗୟେ ।
ଦିଓ୍ବା-ରାତ୍ରି ଜୟତେ ହେଁ, ନାମ୍ ଋଷି-ମୁନି ଲୋଗ
କିନ୍ତୁ ଭଗୱାନ୍ କୋ କିସାନ୍ ହୀ ୟହ ୟାଦ୍ ଆୟା !
ଗୟେ ୱେ ବିଷ୍ଣୁଲୋକ, ବୋଲେ ଭଗବାନ୍ ସେ,
‘ଦେଖୋ କିସାନ୍ କୋ,
ଦିନ୍ ଭର୍ ମେଁ ତୀନ୍ ବାର୍ ନାମ୍ ଉସ୍‌ ଲିୟା ହୈ’ ।

ଓଡ଼ିଆ ଅନୁବାଦ:
ଦିନରାତି ମୁନି ଋଷିମାନେ ଭଗବାନଙ୍କୁ ଧ୍ୟାନ କରୁଥିବାବେଳେ ମାତ୍ର ଦିନକୁ ତିନିଥର ପ୍ରଭୁଙ୍କ ନାମ ଜପି କୃଷକଟି ଏତେ ଆପଣାର ହୋଇଥିବାରୁ ନାରଦ ମହାରାଜ ବିସ୍ମିତ ହୋଇପଡ଼ିଲେ । ସେ ବିଷ୍ଣୁଲୋକ ଯାଇ ଭଗବାନଙ୍କୁ କହିଲେ, ଦେଖନ୍ତୁ ପ୍ରଭୁ କୃଷକଟି ଦିନକୁ ମାତ୍ର ତିନି ଥର ନାମ ଜପ କରୁଛି ।

‘बोले बिष्णु ‘नारदजी’!
आवश्यक दूसरा काम एक आया है,
तुमहें छोड़कर कोई और नहीं कर सकता।
साधारण बिषय यह, बाद् को विवाद होगा,
तब तक यह आबश्यक कार्य पूरा कीजिये,
तैल-पूर्ण्ण पात्र यह लेकर,
प्रदक्षिण कर आइए भूमण्डल की
ध्यान रहे सबिशेष,
‘एक बूँद भी इससे तेल न गिरने पाए।’
‘ବୋଲେ ବିଷ୍ଣୁ ‘ନାରଦ୍‌’ !
ଆଶ୍ୟକ୍ ଦୂସ୍‌ରା କାମ୍ ଏକ୍ ଆୟା ହୈ,
ତୁମ୍‌ହେଁ ଛୋଡ଼କର୍ କୋଈ ଔର୍ ନହୀ କର୍ ସପ୍ତା ।
ସାଧାରଣ ବିଷୟ ୟହ, ବାଦ୍ କୋ ଵିଦ୍ ହୋଗା,
ତବ୍ ତକ୍ ୟହ ଆବଶ୍ୟକ୍ କାର୍ୟ୍ଯ ପୂରା କୀଜିୟେ,
ତୈଲ୍-ପୂର୍ଣ ପାତ୍ର ୟହ ଲେକର୍,
ପ୍ରଦକ୍ଷିଣ କର ଆଇଏ ଭୂମଣ୍ଡଲ୍ କୀ
ଧ୍ୟାନ ରହେ ସବିଶେଷ,
‘ଏକ୍ ବୃଦ୍ ଭୀ ଇସ୍‌ ସେ ତେଲ୍ ନ ଗିର୍ନେ ପାଏ

ଓଡ଼ିଆ ଅନୁବାଦ:
ପ୍ରଭୁ ବିଷ୍ଣୁ ନାରଦକୁ କହିଲେ ‘ହେ ନାରଦ ଏକ ଅନ୍ୟ ଜରୁରୀ ତେଲ୍ ନ ଗିନେ ପାଏ ।’ କାମ ଆସି ପହଞ୍ଚିଛି ଯାହାକୁ ତୁମ ବିନା କେହି କରିପାରିବେ ନାହିଁ । ଏହି ସାଧାରଣ ବିଷୟରେ ପରେ ତର୍କ ହେବ ମାତ୍ର ତାହା ପୂର୍ବରୁ ଏହି ଜରୁରୀ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟଟିକୁ ପୂରାକରି ଦିଅନ୍ତୁ । ଏହି ତୈଳପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ ପାତ୍ରଟି ନେଇ ସାରା ବିଶ୍ଵ ବୁଲିଆସ। ଯେପରି ଧ୍ୟାନ ରଖୁଥ‌ିବ ଏଥିରୁ ର୍ବୁଦେ ହେଲେ ତେଲ ତଳେ ପଡ଼ିବ ନାହିଁ ।’’

लेकर चले नारदजी, आज्ञा पर धृतलक्ष्य।
एक बूँद तेल इस पात्र से गिरे नहीं।
योगिराज जलद ही
बिश्व-पर्यटंन करके लौटे बैकुण्ठ को।
तेल एक बूँद भी उस पात्र से गिरा नहीं।
उह्लास मन में भरा था यह सोचकर,
तेल का रहस्य एक अबगत होगा नया।
ଲେକର୍ ଚଲେ ନାରଦ୍‌, ଆଜ୍ଞା ପର୍ ଧୃତଲକ୍ଷ୍ୟ।
ଏକ ବୃଦ୍ ତେଲ୍ ଇସ୍ ପାତ୍ର ସେ ଗିରେ ନହୀ ।
ୟୋଗିରାଜ୍ ଜଦ୍ ହୀ
ବିଶ୍ୱ-ପର୍ଯଟନ କରକେ ଲୌଟେ ବୈକୁଣ୍ଠ କୋ ।
ତେଲ୍ ଏକ୍ ବୃଦ୍‌ ଭୀ ଉସ୍ ପାତ୍ର ସେ ଗିରା ନହିଁ ।
ଉଲ୍ଲାସ୍ ମନ୍ ମେଁ ଭରା ଥା ୟହ ସୋର୍‌ର୍,
ତେଲ୍ କା ରହସ୍ୟ ଏକ୍ ଅବଗତ୍ ହୋଗା ନୟା ।

ଓଡ଼ିଆ ଅନୁବାଦ:
ମହାତ୍ମା ନାରଦ ତୈଳପୂର୍ଣ ପାତ୍ରକୁ ଧରି ଏକଲୟରେ ଚାଲିଲେ ଯେପରିକି ବୁନ୍ଦେ ହେଲେ ତୈଳ ତଳେ ପଡ଼ିବ ନାହିଁ । ଖୁବ୍ ଶୀଘ୍ର ଯୋଗିରାଜ ଦେବଶ୍ରୀ ବିଶ୍ବ ପରିଭ୍ରମଣ କରି ବୈକୁଣ୍ଠପୁରକୁ ଫେରିଆସିଲେ । ପାତ୍ରରୁ ବୁନ୍ଦେ ହେଲେ ତେଲ ମଧ୍ଯ ତଳେ ପଡ଼ିଲା ନାହିଁ । ଖୁସି ମନରେ ନାରଦ ଭାବୁଥିଲେ ଯେ ଏହି ତେଲର ରହସ୍ୟ ଏକ ନବୀନ ତଥ୍ୟ ପ୍ରଦାନ ।

नारद को देखकर बिष्णु भगवान ने
बैठाया स्नेह से कहा,
‘बतलाओ पांत्र लेकर जाते समय कितनी बार
नाम इष्ट का लिया ?’
‘एक बीर भी नहीं,
शंकित हदय से कहा नारद ने बिष्णु से,
‘काम तुम्हारा ही था,
ध्यान उसीसे लगा, नाम फिर क्या लेता और’ ?
बिष्णु ने कहा, ‘नारद’ !
उस किसान का भी काम मेरा दिआ हुआ है,
उत्तरदायित्व कई लदे हैं एक साथ
सबको निभाता और काम करता हुआ,
नाम भी वह लेता है, इसी से है, प्रियतम।
नारद लज्जित हुए, कहा, ‘यह सत्य है ।’
ନାରଦ୍ କୋ ଦେଖକର୍ ବିଷ୍ଣୁ ଭଗବାନ୍ ନେ
ବୈଠାୟା ସ୍ନେହ ସେ କହା,
‘ବଲାଓ ପାତ୍ର ଲେକର୍ ଜାତେ ସମୟ କିନୀ ବାର୍
ନାମ୍ ଇଷ୍ଟ କା ଲିୟା ?’
ଏକ୍ ବାର୍ ଭୀ ନହିଁ,
ଶଂକିତ୍ ହୃଦୟ ସେ କହା ନାରଦ୍ ନେ ବିଷ୍ଣୁ ସେ,
‘କାମ୍ ତୁମ୍‌ହାରା ହୀ ଥା,
ଧ୍ୟାନ ଉସୀସେ ଲଗା, ନାମ୍ ଫିର୍ କ୍ୟା ଲେତା ଔର୍’ ?
ବିଷ୍ଣୁ ନେ କହା, ‘ନାରଦ୍’ !
ଉସ୍ କିସାନ୍ କା ଭୀ କାମ୍ ମେରା ଦିଆ ହୁଆ ହୈ,
ଉତ୍ତରଦାୟିତ୍ଵ କଈ ଲଦେ ହେଁ ଏକ୍ ସାଥ୍‌,
ସର୍‌ ନିଭାତା ଔର୍ କାମ କର୍‌ତା ହୁଆ,
ନାମ୍ ଭୀ ୱହ ଲେତା ହୈ, ଇସୀ ସେ ହୈ, ପ୍ରିୟତମ୍ ।
ନାରଦ୍ ଲଜିତ୍ ହୁଏ, କହା, ‘ୟହ ସତ୍ୟ ହୈ ।’

ଓଡ଼ିଆ ଅନୁବାଦ:
ଭଗବାନ ବିଷ୍ଣୁ ନାରଦକୁ ଦେଖ୍ ପାଖରେ ଆଦରର ସହିତ ବସାଇ କହିଲେ, ତୈଳପୂର୍ଣ ପାତ୍ର ନେଇଯିବା ସମୟରେ କେତେଥର ଇଷ୍ଟଙ୍କ ନାମ ଜପିଛ କୁହ । ନାରଦ ଶଙ୍କା ସହିତ ଭଗବାନ ବିଷ୍ଣୁଙ୍କୁ କହିଲେ ଯେ ସେ ଥରେ ବି ଭଗବାନଙ୍କ ନାମ ଜପି ନାହାଁନ୍ତି, କାରଣ ଭଗବାନଙ୍କ କାମରେ ସେ ଯାଇଥିଲେ ଯେଉଁଥିରେ କି ତାଙ୍କର ମନ ଧ୍ୟାନ ଲାଗି ରହିଥିଲା। ତେଣୁ ସେ ନାମ ଜପି ପାରିଲେ ନାହିଁ । ସର୍ବଶେଷରେ ଭଗବାନ ବିଷ୍ଣୁ ନାରଦକୁ କହିଲେ, ସେହି କୃଷକକୁ ମଧ୍ଯ ସେ କାମ ଦେଇଛନ୍ତି, ବହୁତ କିଛି ଦାୟିତ୍ୱ ତା’ ଉପରେ ନ୍ୟସ୍ତ କରିଛନ୍ତି, ଯାହା କୃଷକକୁ ପୂରା କରିବାକୁ ପଡ଼ିବ । ସେଥ‌ିପାଇଁ ସେ ସର୍ବଶ୍ରେଷ୍ଠ ଭକ୍ତ । ପରିଶେଷରେ ନାରଦ ଲଜ୍ଜିତ ହୋଇ ଏହା ସତ୍ୟ ବୋଲି ସ୍ବୀକାର କରିଥିଲେ।

शबनार: (ଶରାର୍ଥି)

मृत्युलोक – पृथ्वी, संसार (ପୃଥିବୀ, ସଂସାର)

पुण्यश्लोक – पवित्र यश वा कीर्त्तिवाल (ପବିତ୍ର ଯଶ ବା ଖତି ସମ୍ପନ୍ନ ବ୍ୟକ୍ତି)

प्राणों से प्रियतम – जीवन से भी प्यारा। (ଜୀବନଠାରୁ ଅଧିକ ପ୍ରିୟା)

स्मरण – याद (ସ୍ମୃତି)

चकराना – हैरान होना, चकित होना (ବିସ୍ମିତ ହେବା)

दिवा-रात्रि – दिन-रात (ଦିନ ରାତି)

सविशेष – आवश्यक, जरूरी (ଆବଶ୍ୟକ)

तैलपूर्ण – तेल से भरा (ତେଲ ପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ)

प्रदक्षिणा – चक्कर लगाना (ପରିକ୍ତିମା)

घृतलक्ष्य – लक्ष्य में लगा (ପରିକ୍ରମା କରିବା, ଏଠାରେ ବିଶ୍ବକୁ ଭ୍ରମଣ କରି ଆସିବା) ।

पर्यटन – यात्रा (ଯାତ୍ରା, ଏଠାରେ ଯୋଗିରାଜ ନାରଦଜୀଙ୍କ ବିଶ୍ବ ପରିଭ୍ରମଣକୁ ଯାତ୍ରା ରୂପେ

वैकुण्ठ – स्वर्ग। (ସ୍ଵର୍ଗ) ।

उल्लास – हर्ष। ହର୍ଷ ଆନନ୍ଦ

अवगत – मालूम होना (ଅବଗତ ହେବା) ।

इष्ट – अभिलाषित, वांछित (ବାଞ୍ଛିତ) ।

उत्तरदायित्व – जिम्मेदारी (ଉତ୍ତରଦାୟିତ୍ଵ) ।

निभाना – पूरा करना (ଶେଷ କରିବା) ।

लज्जित – शर्मिन्दा। (ଲଜ୍ଜା, ସରମ ) ।

कवि परिचय (କବି ପରିଚୟ)।

कवि सूर्यकांत त्रिपाठी का जन्म बंगाल के मेदिनीपुर जिले के महिषादल नामक नगर में सन् 1897 ई. में हुआ था। पढ़ाई-लिखाई वहीं हुई। उनका जीवन अभावों और बिपत्तियों से पीड़ित रहा। लेकिन उन्होंने किसी बिपत्ती के सामने झुकना नहीं सीखा। हमेशा संघर्ष करते रहे। जिन्दगी भर गरीबी में दिन काटे। लेकिन बड़े दानी थे और बड़े स्वाभिमानी भी। वे हिन्दी, संस्कृत, बंगला आदि अनेक भाषाओं के पंडित थे। संगीत के अच्छे जानकार थे। वे छायावादी युग के कवि थे। उन्होंने मुक्त छन्द में कविता लिखना भी आरंभ किया।

प्राकृतिक दृश्यों, मानवीय भावों तथा भारतीय संस्कृति को अपने काव्यों का विषय बनाया। अन्याय, अत्याचार व संकीर्णता के प्रति सदा विद्रोही बने रहे। परंपरा से हटकर उन्होंने नूतनता को अपनाया। दीन-दुःखी – पीड़ित जनता के प्रति गहरी सहानुभूति व्यक्त की। उनकी कविता में जीवन-संग्राम में लड़ने की प्रेरणा निहित है। एक दिन बिष्णु के पास गये नारदजी, पूछा, ‘मृत्युलोक में वह कौन है पुण्यश्लोक भक्त तुमहारा प्रधान’? बिष्णुजी ने कहा

Odisha State Board BSE Odisha 9th Class Hindi Solutions Poem 1(a) कबीरदास के दोहे Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

BSE Odisha Class 9 Hindi Solutions Poem 1(a) कबीरदास के दोहे

प्रश्न और अभ्यास (ପ୍ରଶ୍ନ ଔର୍ ଅଭ୍ୟାସ)

1. निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों के उत्तर दो-तीन वाक्यों में दीजिए।
ନିମ୍ନଲିଖତ ପ୍ରଶ୍ନୋ କେ ଉତ୍ତର ଦୋ-ତିନ୍ ବାର୍କୋ ମେଁ ଦୀଜିଏ ।
(ନିମ୍ନଲିଖ ପ୍ରଶ୍ନଗୁଡ଼ିକର ଉତ୍ତର ଦୁଇ-ତିନୋଟି ବାକ୍ୟରେ ଦିଅ ।)
(क) मनुष्य के जन्म को दुर्लभ क्यों कहा गया है?
ମନୁଷ୍ୟ କେ ଜନ୍ମ କୋ ଦୁର୍ଲଭ୍ କ୍ୟା କହା ଗୟା ହୈ ?
(ମନୁଷ୍ୟର ଜନ୍ମକୁ କାହିଁକି ଦୁର୍ଲଭ କୁହାଯାଇଛି ?)
उत्तर:
संसार में मनुष्य का जन्म दुर्लभ होता है। मनुष्य को देह या शरीर बार-बार नहीं मिलता।
इसलिए मनुष्य जन्म को दुर्लभ कहा गया है।

(ख) साधुओं और सज्जनों की तुलना किससे की गयी है और क्यों?
ସାଧୁଓଁ ଔର ସଜ୍ଜନୌ କୀ ତୁଲ୍‌ନା କିସ୍‌ କୀ ଗୟୀ ହୈ ଔର କୈ ?
(ସାଧୁ ଓ ସଜନମାନଙ୍କର ତୁଳନା କାହା ସହିତ ହୋଇଛି ଓ କାହିଁକି ?)
उत्तर:
साधुओं और सज्जनों की तुलना सोने से की गयी है। सोना टूटने के बाद भी सौ बार जुड़ सकता है। मतलब यह है कि सज्जन लोग हमेशा मित्रता बनाये रखते हैं।

(ग) कुम्हार का कुंभ किसे कहा गया है और क्यों?
କୁମ୍ଭାର୍ କା କୁମ୍ କିସ୍ କହା ଗୟା ହୈ ଔର ଜ୍ୟୋ?
(କୁମ୍ଭାରର କୁମ୍ଭ କାହାକୁ କୁହାଯାଇଛି ଓ କାହିଁକି ?)
उत्तर:
कुम्हार का कुंभ दुर्जन ( खलव्यक्ति) को कहा गया है। क्योंकि यह कुम्हार के घड़े जैसे होते हैं, जो एक झटके से टूट जाते हैं। दुर्जन जरासा खटपट होते ही अलग हो जाते है।

(घ) कबीरदास के दोहों को ‘साखी’ क्यों कहा जाता है?
(କବିର୍‌ଦାସ କେ ଦୋହେଁ କୋ ‘ସାଖ୍’ କେଁ କହା ଜାତା ହୈ ?)
(କବିର ଦାସଙ୍କ ଦୋହାଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ‘ସାଖ୍’ କାହିଁକି କୁହାଯାଇଛି)
उत्तर:
‘साखी’ शब्द ज्ञान और अनुभूति का प्रतीक है। यह ज्ञान या अनुभूति है जिसे स्वंय कबीर ने अपने अन्तःकरण से साक्षात्कार किया है। इसलिए कबीरदास की साखियाँ ज्ञान और अनुभूति की साक्षी हैं।

2. निम्नलिखित अवतरणों का आशय स्पष्ट कीजिए।
(ନିମ୍ନଲିଖୁତ ଅବତରଶାଁ କା ଆଶଯ୍ କ୍ଷଷ୍ଟ କୀଜିଏ?) (ନିମ୍ନଲିଖୂ ପଦ୍ୟ ଖଣ୍ଡର ଆଶୟ ସ୍ପଷ୍ଟ କର ।)
(क) मनिषा जनम दुर्लभ है, देह न बारम्बार।
(ମନିଷା ଜନମ୍ ଦୁର୍ଲଭ୍ ହୈ, ଦେହ ନ ବାରମ୍ବାର୍)।
उत्तर:
यह अवतरण कबीर के दोहे से लिया गया है। इस में कबीर कहते है कि मानव का जन्म दुर्लभ होता है। इसलिए मनुष्य श्रेष्ठ सामाजिक प्राणी है। मनुष्य को देह या शरीर बार – बार नहीं मिलता। यह ईश्वर का वरदान है।

(ख) दुर्जन कुंभ कम्हार के, एकै धका दरार।
(ର୍ଜନ୍ କଂଭ୍ କୁମ୍‌ହାର କେ, ଏକୈ ଧକା ଦରାର)।
उत्तर:
यह अवतरण कवीर के दोहे से लिया गया है। कबीर कहते है कि दुर्जन व्यक्ति कुम्हार के घड़े जैसे होते हैं, जो एक झटके से टूट जाते है। मतलब यह है कि सज्जन लोग सर्वदा मित्रता बनाये रखते हैं मगर दुर्जन जरा-सा खटपट होते ही अलग हो जाते है।

3. निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों के उत्तर एक-एक वाक्य में दीजिए।
(ନିମ୍ନଲିଖିତ ପ୍ରଶୁଁକେ। କେ ଉତ୍ତର ଏକ – ଏକ ବାକ୍ୟ ମେଁ ଦୀଜିଏ)।
(ନିମ୍ନଲିଖ ପ୍ରଶ୍ନଗୁଡ଼ିକର ଉତ୍ତର ଗୋଟିଏ-ଗୋଟିଏ ବାକ୍ୟରେ ଦିଅ ।)
(क) किसके जन्म को दुर्लभ माना गया है?
(କିସ୍ କେ ଜନ୍ମ କୋ ଦୁର୍ଲଭ ମାନା ଗୟା ହୈ?) (କାହା ଜନ୍ମକୁ ଦୁର୍ଲଭ ବୋଲି ସ୍ଵୀକାର କରାଯାଇଛି ?)
उत्तर:
मानव जन्म को दुर्लभ माना गया हैं।

(ख) कौन-कौन टूट जानेके बाद भी जुड़ सकते हैं?
(କୌନ୍-କୌନ୍ ଟୂଟ ଜାନେକେ ବାଦ୍ ଭୀ ଜୁଡ଼ ସକତ୍ରେ ହୈ?)
(କେଉଁମାନେ ଭାଙ୍ଗିଗଲେ ମଧ୍ୟ ଜୋଡ଼ି ହୋଇପାରିବେ ? )
उत्तर:
सोना, सज्जन टूट जानेके बाद भी जुड़ सकते हैं।

4. निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों के उत्तर एक-एक शब्द में दीजिए?
(ନିମ୍ନଲିଖତ ପ୍ରଶ୍ନ। କେ ଉତ୍ତର ଏକ-ଏକ ଶବ୍ଦ ମେଁ ଦୀଜିଏ)।
(ନିମ୍ନଲିଖତ ପ୍ରଶ୍ନଗୁଡ଼ିକର ଉତ୍ତର ଗୋଟିଏ ଲେଖାଏଁ ଶବ୍ଦରେ ଦିଅ ।)
(क) क्या बार-बार नहीं मिलता?
(କ୍ୟା ବାର୍-ବାର୍ ନେହୀ ମିଲତା ?)
(କ’ଣ ବାରମ୍ବାର ମିଳେ ନାହିଁ ? )
उत्तर:
देह / शरीर

(ख) सज्जनों की तुलना किससे की गयी है?
(ସଜନାଁ କୀ ତୁଲ୍‌ନା କିସ୍ ସେ କୀ ଗୟୀ ହୈ ?)
(ସଜନଙ୍କ ତୁଳନା କାହା ସହିତ ହୋଇଛି ?)
उत्तर:
सोने से

(ग) कुम्हार का कुंभ किसे कहा गया है?
(କୁମ୍ଭାର୍ କା କୁମ୍ଭ କିସ୍ କହା ଗୟା ହୈ ?)
(କୁମ୍ଭାରର କୁମ୍ଭ (ମାଠିଆ) କାହାକୁ କୁହାଯାଇଛି ।)
उत्तर:
दुर्जन को

5. कबीरदास के दोहों को कण्ठस्थ कीजिए
(କବିରଦାସଙ୍କ ଦୋହାଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ମୁଖସ୍ଥ କର ।)
उत्तर:
ଛାତ୍ରଛାତ୍ରୀମାନେ ନିଜେ ମୁଖସ୍ଥ କରିବେ।

भाषा-ज्ञान (ଭାଷା-ଜ୍ଞାନ)

कबीरदास संत थे। काशी में रहते हुए भी उन्होंने देश के विभिन्न स्थानों का भ्रमण किया। अतः उनकी भाषा में विभिन्न प्रदेशों के शब्द पाये जाते हैं। उनकी भाषा में ब्रजभाषा, अवधी, मगही, भोजपुरी, बुन्देलखण्डी, राजस्थानी, पंजाबी आदि का मेल है। साथ ही बोलचाल के क्षेत्रीय प्रभावों के कारण कबीरदास के कुछ शब्द रूपों में परिवर्तन भी देखने को मिलता है। जैसे – मनुष्य से मनिषा, मन से मनवा या मनुवा आदि। उच्चारण के परिवर्तन से वर्त्तनी भी बदल जाती है।

नीचे कुछ शब्द दिये जा रहे हैं जिनका मूल रूप लिखिए जो आप समझते हैं
(ନିମ୍ନରେ ଦିଆଯାଇଥ‌ିବା ଶବ୍ଦଗୁଡ଼ିକର ମୂଳରୂପ ଲେଖ, ଯାହା ତୁମେ ବୁଝିଛ ବା ଭାବୁଛ)
मनिषा – …………….
जुरै – ………………
बहुरि – ……………..
धक्का – ……………
उत्तर:
मनिषा- मनुष्य
जुरै – जुड़
बहुरि – पुनः
धक्का – धक्का

2. निम्नलिखित शब्दों का समानार्थी शब्द लिखिए।
(ନିମ୍ନଲିଖୂତ ଶବ୍ଦଗୁଡ଼ିକର ପ୍ରତିଶବ୍ଦ ବା ସମାନାର୍ଥକ ଶବ୍ଦ ଲେଖ ।)
मनिषा, देह, तरवर, सोना, कुंभ
उत्तर:
मनिषा – मानव, इन्सान
देह – शरीर, काया
तरवर – पेड़, वृक्ष
सोना – कांचन, सुवर्ण
कुंभ – घड़ा, मटका

3. निम्नलिखित शब्दों का विपरीत शब्द लिखिए।
(ନିମ୍ନଲିଖ୍ ଶବ୍ଦଗୁଡ଼ିକର ବିପରୀତ (ବିଲୋମ) ଶବ୍ଦ ଲେଖ ।)
जनम, दुर्लभ, सज्जन, साधु
उत्तर:
जनम – मरण
दुर्लभ – सुलभ
सज्जन – दुर्जन
साधु – असाधु

4. निम्नलिखित वाक्यों के रिक्त स्थानों की पूर्ति कीजिए।
(ନିମ୍ନଲିଖତ ବାକ୍ୟଗୁଡ଼ିକରେ ଶୂନ୍ୟସ୍ଥାନଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ପୂରଣ କର ।)
(क) मनिषा जनम …………… है, …………….. न बारम्बार।
उत्तर:
दुर्लभ, देह

(ख) ………………. सज्जन साधुजन ………………… सौ बार।
उत्तर:
सोना, टूटि जुरै

(ग) दुर्जन ………………. एकै धका ………………..।
उत्तर:
कुंभ कुम्हार के, दरार

5. निम्नलिखित शब्दों को पाँच-पाँच बार लिखिए
(ନିମ୍ନଲିଖିତ ଶବ୍ଦଗୁଡ଼କ୍କୁ ପାଞ୍ଚ – ପାଞ୍ଚଥର ଲେଖା)
(ଛାତ୍ରଛାତ୍ରୀମାନେ ଲେଖୁବେ)
कबीर –
अनमोल –
मोती –
दुर्लभ –
कुम्हार –
(ध्यान दीजिए कि हिन्दी में ह्रस्व और दीर्घ मात्राएँ होती हैं। उनको सही लिखना जरूरी है।)
(ଦୃଷ୍ଟିଦିଅ ଯେ ହିନ୍ଦୀରେ ହ୍ରସ୍ଵ ଓ ଦୀର୍ଘ ମାତ୍ରାଗୁଡ଼ିକ ଅଛି। ସେଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ଠିକ୍ ଲେଖୁବା ଉଚିତ ।)

अतिरिक्त प्रश्नोत्तर

1. दुर्जन कुंभ कुम्हार के एकै धका दरार।
(ଦୁର୍ଜନ ପୁଂଭ୍ କୁମ୍‌ହାର କେ ଏକୈ ଧକା ଦରାର ।)
उत्तर:
कवीरदास जी कहते हैं कि बुरे ब्यक्ति (दुर्जन) कुम्हार के घडे की तरह होते हैं, जो एक झटके से टूट जाते है। दुर्जन जरा-सा मतभेद होते ही अलग हो जाता है।

2. मनिषा जनम दुर्लभ है, देह न बारम्बार।
(ମନିଷା ଜନମ ଦୁର୍ଲଭ୍ ହୈ, ଦେହ ନ ବାରମ୍ବାର ।)
उत्तर:
सन्त कवीर जी कहते हैं कि इस संसार में मानब का जन्म पाना दुर्लभ (मुश्किल ) है। यह मनुष्य रूपी शरीर बार-बार नहीं मिलता। इसलिए इस क्षणभंगुर शरीर के रहते, ईश्वर की साधना के जरिए करनी चाहिए।

अति संक्षिप्त उत्तरमूलक प्रश्नोत्तर

A. निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों के उत्तर एक वाक्य में दीजिए।

प्रश्न  1.
संत कबीरदास का जन्म कब और कहाँ हुआ था?
उत्तर:
संत कबीरदास का जन्म काशी के एक हिंदू-परिवार में सन् १३९८ में हुआ था।

प्रश्न  2.
कबीरदास क्यों दुःखी हुए?
उत्तर:
समाज में ब्याप्त बुराई को देखकर कबीरदास दुःखी हुए।

प्रश्न  3.
‘साखी’ शब्द कौन-सा शब्द का अपभ्रंश रूप है?
उत्तर:
‘सखी’ शब्द ‘साक्षी’ शब्द का अपभ्रंश रूप है।

प्रश्न  4.
कबीर की भाषा क्या है?
उत्तर:
कबीर की भाषा सधुक्कड़ी है।

प्रश्न  5.
संसार में किसका जन्म दुर्लभ होता है?
उत्तर:
संसार में मनुष्य का जन्म दुर्लभ होता है।

प्रश्न  6.
मनुष्य के जन्म को दुर्लभ क्यों कहा गया है?
उत्तर:
मनुष्य की देह या शरीर बार-बार नहीं मिलता, इसलिए मनुष्य जन्म को दुर्लभ कहा।

प्रश्न  7.
सज्जन और साधुजन कैसे होते हैं?
उत्तर:
सज्जन और साधुजन सोने जैसे होते हैं।

प्रश्न  8.
दुर्जन की ‘तुलना किससे किया गया है?
उत्तर:
दुर्जन की तुलना कुम्हार के घड़े से किया गया है।

प्रश्न  9.
कौन सर्वदा मित्र बनाए रखते हैं?
उत्तर:
सज्जन लोग सर्वदा मित्र बनाए रखते हैं।

प्रश्न  10.
मनुष्य को क्या त्याग करना चाहिए?
उत्तर:
मनुष्य को समस्त सांसरिक विषय-वासनाओं को त्याग करना चाहिए।

B. निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों के उत्तर एक शब्द में दीजिए।

प्रश्न  1.
दुर्जन की तुलना किससे की गयी है?
उत्तर:कुम्हार

प्रश्न  2.
क्या बार-बार नहीं मिलता?
उत्तर:
मनुष्य जन्म

प्रश्न  3.
सज्जनों की तुलना किससे की गयी है?
उत्तर:
सोना

प्रश्न  4.
कौन – कौन टूट जाने के बाद भी जूड़ सकता है?
उत्तर:
सज्नन और साधुजन

प्रश्न  5.
किसके जन्म को दुर्लभ माना गया है?
उत्तर:
मनुष्य

प्रश्न  6.
सोने से किसकी तुलना की गयी है?
उत्तर:
सज्जनों

प्रश्न  7.
साखी शब्द किस का प्रतीक है?
उत्तर:
ज्ञान और अनुभूति

C. रिक्तस्थानों को भरिए।

प्रश्न  1.
………………. सर्वदा मित्र बनाए रखते है।
उत्तर:
सज्जन लोग

प्रश्न  2.
कवीर की भाषा ……………….. है।
उत्तर:
सधुकड़ी

प्रश्न  3.
कवीरदास का जन्म ………………… हुआ था?
उत्तर:
1398

प्रश्न  4.
“मनिषा जनम दुर्लभ है, देह न बारबार” – यह पंक्ति ……………… कवि की है।
उत्तर:
कबीर

प्रश्न  5.
‘सोना सज्जन साधु जन टूटी जुरै सौ बार’ – यह पंक्ति कवि की है।
उत्तर:
कबीर

प्रश्न  6.
“दुर्जन कुंभ कुम्हार के, एकै धका दरार”‘ इस पंक्ति में ‘कुंभ’ शब्द के लिए प्रयुक्त है।
उत्तर:
मटका

प्रश्न  7.
मनुष्य जन्म में बार बार नहीं मिलता।
उत्तर:
शरीर

प्रश्न  8.
कबीर के अनुसार ज्ञान और अनुभूति का प्रतीक है।
उत्तर:
साखी

प्रश्न  9.
सज्जनों की तुलना से की गयी है।
उत्तर:
सोने से

प्रश्न  10.
टूट जाने के बाद जुड़ा सकता है ?
उत्तर:
सज्जन

D. सही उत्तर चुनिए।

1. कुम्हार का कुंभ किसे कहा गया है?
(A) दुर्जन को
(B) सज्जन को
(C) कुम्हार
(D) घड़े को
उत्तर:
(A) दुर्जन को

2. कौन जुलाहे का काम करते थे?
(A) सूरदास
(B) तुलसी दास
(C) कबीर दास
(D) रहीम
उत्तर:
(C) कबीर दास

3. कबीर दास का जन्म कब हुआ था?
(A) 1898
(B) 1398
(C) 1498
(D) 1598
उत्तर:
(B) 1398

4. मनुष्य को क्या बार-बार नहीं मिलता?
(A) देह
(B) मन
(C) धन
(D) जन्
उत्तर:

5. ‘मनिषा जनम दुर्लभ है’ – इस पंक्ति का कवि कोन हैं।
(A) तुलसी दास
(B) सूर दास
(C) कबीर दास
(D) रहीम
उत्तर:
(A) तुलसी दास

6. सज्जनों की तुलना किससे की गई है?
(A) साधु से
(B) जन से
(C) सोने से
(D) इनमें से कोई नहीं
उत्तर:
(C) सोने से

7. क्या बार-बार नहीं मिलता?
(A) मनुष्य जन्म
(B) पशु जन्म
(C) खाना
(D) इनमें से कोई नहीं
उत्तर:
(A) मनुष्य जन्म

8. पेड़ से क्या झड़ जाते है?
(A) पत्ते
(B) डाली
(C) टहनी
(D) फल
उत्तर:
(D) फल

9. दुर्जन की तुलना किससे की गई है?
(A) कुम्हार से
(B) सोना से
(C) कुंभ से
(D) इनमें से कोई नहीं
उत्तर:
(C) कुंभ से

10. क्या टूटने के बाद भी जूड़ सकते है?
(A) सोना और साधु
(B) सोना और दुर्जन
(C) चाँदी और सोना
(D) इनमें से कोई नहीं
उत्तर:
(A) सोना और साधु

दोहे (ତେ।ହେ)

मनिषा जनम दुर्लभ है, देह न बारम्बार।
तरवर थै फल झड़ि पड्या, बहुरि न लागै डार॥
ମନିଷ ଜନମ୍ ଦୁଲଭହି, ଦେହ ନବାରମ୍ବାର୍ ।
ତରୱର ଥୈ ଫଲ୍ ଝଡ଼ି ପଡ଼, ବହୁରି ନ ଲାଗି ଡାର୍ ॥)

हिन्दी व्याख्या:
संसार में मनुष्य का जन्म दुर्लभ होता है। मनुष्य को देह या शरीर बार-बार नहीं मिलता। वृक्ष से फल के एक बार झड़ जानेके बाद यह पुनः उस पेड़ की डाली पर लग नहीं सकता। मतलब यह है कि मानव को समस्त सांसारिक विषय-वासनाओं को त्याग करना चाहिए। इस क्षणभंगुर शरीर के रहते साधना के जरिये ईश्वर की उपासना करनी चाहिए। तभी दुर्लभ मानव-जीवन का सदुपयोग हो सकेगा।
ଓଡ଼ିଆ ଅନୁବାଦ:
ସଂସାରରେ ମନୁଷ୍ୟ ଜନ୍ମ ଦୁର୍ଲଭ (ବିରଳ) ଅଟେ। ମନୁଷ୍ୟର ଦେହ ବା ଶରୀର ବାରମ୍ବାର ମିଳେ ନାହିଁ । ଗଛରୁ ଫଳ ବା ପତ୍ର ଥରେ ଝଡ଼ିପଡ଼ିଲେ ତାହା ଗଛର ଡାଳରେ ପୁନଶ୍ଚ ଯୋଡ଼ିହୁଏ ନାହିଁ । ଏହାର ଉଦ୍ଦେଶ୍ୟ ହେଉଛି ମନୁଷ୍ୟ ତାହାର ସମସ୍ତ ସାଂସାରିକ ବିଷୟ ବାସନା ପ୍ରତି ଲୋଭ ପରିତ୍ୟାଗ କରିବା ଉଚିତ।

सोना सज्जन साधु जन टूटि जुरै सौ बार।
दुर्जन कुम्भ कुम्हार के, एकै धका दरार॥
(ସୋନା ସଜନ୍ ସାଧୁ ଜନ୍ ଟୂଟି ଜୁରି ସୌ ବାର୍।
ଦୁର୍ଜନ୍ କୁମ୍ କୁମ୍‌ହାର୍ କେ, ଏକୈ ଧକା ଦରାର୍ ॥)

हिन्दी व्याख्या:
सज्जन और साधुजन सोने जैसे होते हैं जो टूटने के बाद भी सौ बार जुड़ सकते हैं; जबकि दुर्जन या बुरे व्यक्ति कुम्हार के घड़े जैसे होते हैं जो एक धक्के या झटके से टूट जाते हैं। मतलब सज्जन लोग सर्वदा मित्रता बनाये रखते हैं, मगर दुर्जन जरा-सा खटपट होते ही अलग हो जाता है।
ଓଡ଼ିଆ ଅନୁବାଦ:
ସୁବର୍ଣ୍ଣ (ସୁନା) ଯେପରି ଶହେ ଥର ଭାଙ୍ଗିଲେ ଯୋଡ଼ି ହୋଇଯାଏ, ସେହିପରି ଜ୍ଞାନୀ ଓ ସାଧୁଜନମାନଙ୍କର ମିତ୍ରତା ଭାଙ୍ଗେ ନାହିଁ । ଦୁର୍ଜନ ବା ଖଳବ୍ୟକ୍ତି କୁମ୍ଭାରର କୁମ୍ଭ ସଦୃଶ ହୋଇଥାଏ, ଯାହା ଗୋଟିଏ ପାହାର ବା ବିପଦରେ ଭାଙ୍ଗିପଡ଼େ । ଏହାର ଉଦ୍ଦେଶ୍ୟ ହେଉଛି ସାଧୁଜନଙ୍କ ସହିତ ମିତ୍ରତା ସର୍ବଦା ରହିଥାଏ କିନ୍ତୁ ଦୁର୍ଜନ ବା ଖଳଲୋକଙ୍କ ସହିତ ମିତ୍ରତା ରହିପାରେ ନାହିଁ।

शबनार: (ଶରାର୍ଥି)

मनिषा – मनुष्य (ମାନବ)।

देह – शरीर (ଶବର)।

डार – डाली (ଡାଳ)।

दरार – फटना/मिटना (ଫଟିବ )।

दुर्लभ – मिलना मुश्किल है (ମିଳିବା କଷ୍ଟ)।

तरवर – पेड़ (ବକ୍ଷ)।

जुरै – जुड़ जाते हैं (ଯୋଡ଼ ହେ।ଇଯାଏ )।

धका – झोंका (ଠେଲା)।

कवि परिचय (କବି ପରିଚୟ)।

सन्त कबीरदास का जन्म सन् 1398 में काशी के एक हिन्दू परिवार में हुआ। पर उनका पालन-पोषण नीरू और नीमा नामक मुसलमान जुलाहा दम्पति ने किया। इसलिए कबीरदास को हिन्दू और मुसलमान – दोनों के गुण मिले। कबीर को किसी विद्यालय में पढ़ने का सुयोग नहीं मिला। लेकिन वे बड़े तेज बुद्धिवाले बालक थे। वे जुलाहे का काम करते थे। दुनिया को देखकर उन्होंने बहुत कुछ सीख लिया। समाज में व्याप्त बुराई को देख उन्हें बहुत दुःख हुआ। लोगों को अच्छी बातें सीखाने के लिए वे कमर कसकर खड़े हो गये। उन्होंने लोगों को काम करने, दूसरों के साथ अच्छा बर्ताव करने, बुद्धि और विचार से काम लेने का आग्रह किया। कबीर ने तप, तीर्थ, व्रत, संध्या, नमाज आदि के बदले नैतिकता, सदाचार, ज्ञान और भगवत् प्रेम पर जोर दिया। कबीर की भाषा सधुक्कड़ी है।

Odisha State Board CHSE Odisha Class 12 Invitation to English 4 Solutions Grammar Fundamental Rules for Correcting Grammatical Errors Textbook Activity Questions and Answers.

CHSE Odisha 12th Class English Grammar Fundamental Rules for Correcting Grammatical Errors

Question 1.
In English Grammar verbs always agree with their subject in persons and numbers.
Example:
(a) I am a teacher.
subject – I
verb – am
(b) He is a student.
subject – He
verb – is
(c) They are farmers.
subject – They
verb – are
So while correcting the errors first underline the subject and verb of each sentence and see whether the verb agrees with its subject.

Question 2.
Prepositions always follow either a noun or an adjective or a verb. So find out preposition in each sentence and see their appropriate use.
Example:
(a) He is jealous of my success.
Adjective – jealous
Preposition – of
(b) The boy always depends on his father’s help.
Adjective – depends
Preposition – on
(c) He has confidence in me.
Noun- Confidence
Preposition – in

Question 3.
To find out errors in sentences articles play important role. In some sentences: there is wrong use of articles i.e., wrong use of ‘a’, ‘an’, ‘the’. So go through the use of articles meticulously and get it corrected.
Example:
A hermit live in a small cottage in a remote village. There is an orchard behind the cottage. The orchard has many rare trees.

Question 4.
Sometimes the use of quantifiers like ‘much’, ‘many’, ‘a lot of, ‘little’, ‘a little’, ‘few’ and ‘a few’ is wrongly used in sentences. It should be corrected carefully.
Example:
(a) They don’t find much time to work in the garden.
Uncountable – time
(b) Is there much water in the pond?
Uncountable – water

From the above examples it is found that ‘much’ is used before uncountable nouns in negative and interrogative sentences.
Example:
(c) He doesn’t have many shirts.
PI. Count. – shirts
(d) Does he have many books in his library.
PI. Count. – books

From the above examples it is found that ‘many’ is used before plural countable noun in negative and interrogative sentences.
Example:
(e) The mechanic repairs a lot of bikes everyday.
PI. Count. – bikes
(f) He has got a lot of money.
Uncountable – money

From the above examples it is found that ‘a lot of can be used with plural countable nouns as well as uncountable nouns in affirmative sentences.

Question 5.
Some verbal expressions like would rather and had better always go with the Bare Infinitive form of a non-finite verbs.
Example:
(a) You would rather go than stay here.
(going, go, gone, to go)
(Choose the correct alternative)
(b) They had better do their duty in time.
(doing, done, do, to do)
(Choose the correct alternative)

Question 6.
An imperative sentence beginning with “Let” can be followed by objective case of a pronoun.
Example:
(a) (i) Let he do whatever he wants to do. (Incorrect)
(ii) Let him do whatever he wants to do. (Correct)
(b) (i) Let you and I solve the problem. (Incorrect)
(ii) Let you and me solve the problem. (Correct).
(c) (i) Let there be no secret between you and we. (Incorrect)
(ii) Let there be no secret between you and us. (Correct)

Pronouns
Subjective case	Objective Case
I	Me
We	Us
You	You
He	Him
She	Her
It	It

Question 7.
The expression “I wish” always goes with “I were” i.e., past simple or “had + past participle” i.e., past perfect.
Example:
(a) (i) I wish I am the king. (Incorrect).
(ii) I wish I were the king. (Correct)
(b) (i) I wish I know your name. (Incorrect)
(ii) I wish I knew /had known your name. (Correct)

Question 8.
When the singular pronouns of first, second and third person go together their order should be “2nd person, third person and first person” i.e., “you + he and I”.
Example: (a) (i) I, you and he are friends. (Incorrect)
(ii) You, he and I are friends. (Correct)
(b) (i) You, they and we must work together. (Incorrect)
(ii) We, you and they must work together. (Correct)

Question 9.
Verbs like absent, apply, acquit, enjoy, resign pride, avail always go with reflexive pronouns (self/selves forms).
I – myself
he – himself
she – herself
you – yourself (singular) yourselves (plural)
we – ourselves
they – themselves
child/animal/ object (singular) – itself.

Example:
(a) (i) He prides on his money. (Incorrect)
(ii) He prides himself on his money. (Correct)

(b) (i) He availed of the chance. (Incorrect)
(ii) He availed himself of the chance. (Correct)

(c) (i) The children are expected to behave in the class. (Incorrect)
(ii) The children are expected to behave themselves in the class. (Correct)

(d) (i) The man resigned to the will of God. (Incorrect)
(ii) The man resigned himself to the will of God. (Correct)

(e) (i) My sister absented from her chemistry class yesterday. (Incorrect)
(ii) My sister absented herself from her chemistry class yesterday. (Correct)

Question 10.
The idiomatic expressions like “with a view to”, “look forward to”, “used to”, “habituated to”, and “objected to” always go with the “V+ing” form of a non-finite verb.
Example:
(a) (i) Sulipta is working hard with a view to win the match. (Incorrect)
(ii) Sulipta is working hard with a view to i. (Correct)
(b) (i) I look forward to see the doctor next month. (Incorrect).
(ii) I look forward to seeing the doctor next month. (Correct)
(c) (i) He is used to get up late. (Incorrect)
(ii) He is used to getting up late. (Correct)

Question 11.
(a) Some nouns look singular but they are originally plural. These nouns are people, police, public, cattle, swine, geese, teeth, oxen, mice and they can take plural verbs after them.
(b) The + Adjective and ‘The + Nationality word’ used as the subjects can take plural verbs.
Example:
(i) The police are on duty.
(ii) The people are shouting.
(iii) The cattle are grazing.
(iv) The poor are helpful.
(v) The wounded have been admitted in the hospital.
(vi) The English are a nation of traders.
(vii) The Japanese are industrious.
(viii) The geese look hungry.
(ix) The swine are the lovers of filth.
(x) When the cat is away, mice dance in joy.
(xi) The blind are the most unfortunate.

Question 12.
Grammatical expressions like “It is no use”, “There is no use” and “There is no point” always go with “-ing” form of non-finite verbs.
Example:
(i) It is no use attending classes today.
(ii) There is no point talking with her.

Question 13.
Some verbs tell us about our feelings, emotions, opinions, relations or about a permanent state. Such verbs are called stative verbs. These verbs are usually used in the simple present form.
(a) Verbs of possession: have, own, possess, belong to, contain, consist.
(b) Verbs of liking/disliking: like, dislike, love, hate, prefer, admire and want.
(c) Verbs of perception: see, hear, smell, taste, feel.
(d) Verbs of thinking: think, believe, understand, know.
(e) Verbs of mental activity: hope, forget, remember.
(f) Verbs of appearance: appear, seem, look (like) resemble.
(g) Some other verbs: depend, weight, cost, measure, sound.

Example:
(i) He belongs to Cuttack.
(ii) A year consists of six seasons.
(iii) Lipsa hates telling a lie.
(iv) Honey tastes sweet.
(v) Rose smells sweet.
(vi) Batu loves this girl.
(vii) Mama resembles her mother.
(viii) He knows me.
(ix) Empty vessel sounds much.
(x) I never believe in ghosts.

Question 14.
Adverb like No sooner, hardly/seldom, little, under no circumstances, nowhere and conjunctions like neither, not only etc. are used with inversion if they are used at the beginning of the sentences, i.e., Adv. + Aux. Verb + Sub. + Main verb.
Example:
(a) (i) No sooner the bell rang than the students came out of the class. (Incorrect)
(ii) No sooner did the bell rang than the students came out of the class. (Correct)

(b) (i) Hardly father had come out of the house when it began to rain. (Incorrect)
(ii) Hardly had father come out of the house when it began to rain. (Correct)

(c) (i) Little he understands my problem. (Incorrect)
(ii) Little does he understand my problem. (Correct)

(d) (i) Under no circumstances I shall compel you to do this work. (Incorrect)
(ii) Under no circumstances shall I compel you to do this work. (Correct)

(e) (i) Not only the robbers captured the city but also destroyed it. (Incorrect)
(ii) Not only did the robbers captured the city but also destroyed it. (Correct)

(f) (i) Neither the girl can dance nor sing. (Incorrect)
(ii) Neither can the girl dance nor sing. (Correct)

Question 15.
Some nouns look like plural but originally they are singular and take singular verbs. News, physics, politics, economics, measles, mathematics, diabetes, gymnastics, mumps, rabies, itches, scabies, electronics, athletics, sports, billiards, hurdles, cards.
Example:
(i) Mathematics is my favourite subjects.
(ii) Diabetes is a disease.
(iii) Gymnastics is good for health.
(iv) Billiards is my favourite indoor game.
(v) Physics is a tough subject.
(vi) The new has been greeted with cheers.
(viii)Politics is dirty game.

Question 16.
When the pronoun is the object of a verb or a preposition, it should be in the objective case.
Example:
(a) (i) These books are for you and I. (Incorrect)
(ii) These books are for you and me. (Correct)
(b) (i) Between he and I there is an understanding. (Incorrect)
(ii) Between he and me, there is an understanding. (Correct)

Question 17.
Subject form of the pronouns like (I/he/she/ you/they/we, etc.) is used with the sentences taking than.
Example:
(a) (i) He is taller than me. (Incorrect)
(ii) He is taller than I. (Correct)
(b) (i) I love you more than him. (Incorrect)
(ii) I love you more than he (Correct)

Question 18.
To avoid repetition of a noun, we use that for singular noun and those for the plural noun.
Example:
(a) (i) The climate of Simla is better than Darjeeling. (Incorrect)
(ii) The climate of Simla is better than that of Darjeeling. (Correct)
(b) (i) The roads of Bhubaneswar are wider than Cuttack. (Incorrect)
(ii) The roads of Bhubaneswar are wider than those of Cuttack. (Correct)

Question 19.
‘Each other’, the reciprocal pronoun is used in speaking of two persons/things, ‘one another’ for more than two.
Example:
(a) (i) Jack and Jill love one another. (Incorrect)
(ii) Jack and Jill love each other. (Correct)
(b) (i) The street dogs barked at each other. (Incorrect)
(ii) The street dogs barked at one another. (Correct)

Question 20.
The expressions like each (of), everyone (of), neither of (of the two), either of (of the two), the number of, one of etc. always take singular verb after them.
Example:
(a) (i) Each boy were given a prize. (Incorrect)
(ii) Each boy was given a prize. (Correct)

(b) (i) Each man and each woman have been sent to the workfield. (Incorrect)
(ii) Each man and each woman has been sent to the workfield. (Correct)

(c) (i) Everyone of the cars look attractive. (Incorrect)
(ii) Everyone of the cars looks attractive. (Correct)

(d) (i) Either of the books have a lot of pictures. (Incorrect)
(ii) Either of the books has a lot of pictures. (Correct)

(e) (i) Neither of the girls were called to appear the test. (Incorrect)
(ii) Neither of the girls was called to appear the test. (Correct)

(f) (i) The number of books stolen are forty. (Incorrect)
(ii) The number of books stolen is forty. (Correct)

(g) (i) One of the chairs have a broken leg. (Incorrect)
(ii) One of the chairs has a broken leg. (Correct)

(h) (i) One of my brothers are in the Indian army. (Incorrect)
(ii) One of my brothers is in the Indian army. (Correct)

Question 21.
The name of the shops (books/ opticals) always takes singular verb after them.
Example:
(a) (i) The Books and Books stand on the main road, Bhubaneswar. (Incorrect)
(ii) The Books and Books sstands on the main road, Bhubaneswar. (Correct)
(b) (i) The Giri Opticals have a good name in the whole town. (Incorrect)
(ii) The Giri Opticals has a good name in the whole town. (Correct)
(c) (i) ‘Gulliver’s Travels’ were written by Jonathan Swift. (Incorrect)
(ii) ‘Gulliver’s Travels’ was written by Jonathan Swift. (Correct)

Question 22.
After same or such, relative pronoun as or that is used.
Example:
(a) (i) This isn’t such a good book with I expected. (Incorrect)
(ii) This isn’t such a good book as I expected. (Correct)
(b) (i) This is the same beggar who came to our house last week. (Incorrect)
(ii) this is the same beggar that came to our house yesterday. (Correct)
(c) (i) My problem is the same which yours. (Incorrect)
(ii) My problem is the same as yours. (Correct)

Question 23.
We use relative pronoun that in the noun phrase on antecedent have the + superlative degree, ordinal (like first/second/ tenth /last, etc.) something/ anything/ all/nothing/ somebody etc. (Indefinite pronouns)
Example:
(a) (i) This is the best film which I have ever seen. (Incorrect)
(ii) This is the best film that I have ever seen. (Correct)
(b) (i) Love is something which money can’t buy. (Incorrect)
(ii) Love is something that money can’t buy. (Correct)
(c) (i) She is the most beautiful girl which has ever lived. (Incorrect)
(ii) She is the most beautiful girl that has ever lived. (Correct)
(d) (i) This is all which is yours. (Incorrect)
(ii) This is all that is yours. (Correct)
(e) (i) The second train which left for Puri just now, has faced an accident. (Incorrect)
(ii) The second train that left for Puri just now, has faced an accident. (Correct)

Question 24.
Comparative degree is used for two persons things/ animals and superlative degree for more than two.
Example:
(a) (i) It is the best of the two books. (Incorrect)
(ii) It is better of the two books. (Correct)
(b) (i) He is the better of the three boys. (Incorrect)
(ii) He is the best of the three boys. (Correct)
(c) (i) Which is the best: bread or butter? (Incorrect)
(ii) Which is better: bread or butter? (Correct)
(d) (i) Out of these two watches, which is the best? (Incorrect)
(ii) Out of these two watches, which is better? (Correct)

Question 25.
We use Fewer/Few/ A Few to denote number and less for quantity.
Example:
(a) (i) There are no less than twenty boys in this class. (Incorrect)
(ii) There are no fewer than twenty boys in this class. (Correct)
(b) (i) He takes no fewer than one litre of milk. (Incorrect)
(ii) He takes no jess than one litre of milk, (milk – u.n.) (Correct)

Question 26.
When comparative degree is used in the superlative sense, it is followed by ‘any other’.
Example:
(a) (i) Akram is better than any bowler. (Incorrect)
(ii) Akram is better than any other bowler. (Correct)
(b) (i) Raman is better than any student in the class. (Incorrect)
(ii) Raman is better than any other student in the class. (Correct)

Question 27.
Comparative Adjectives like senior, junior, superior, inferior take to after them instead of than’.
Example:
(a) (i) My father is senior than you in service. (Incorrect)
(ii) My father is senior to you in service. (Correct)
(b) (i) I am junior than her. (Incorrect)
(ii) I am junior to her. (Correct)
(c) (i) This book is inferior than that book. (Incorrect)
(ii) This book is inferior to that book. (Correct)

Question 28.
When expression of measurement, amount, and quantity are used as adjectives, the nouns occuring after the hyphen (-) are always singular.
Example:
(a) (i) The Prime Minister went on a three day state visit to America. (Incorrect)
(ii) The Prime Minister went on a three day state visit to America. (Correct)
(b) (i) A seven-members jury decided the case. (Incorrect)
(ii) A seven-members jury decided the case. (correct)
(c) (i) I came upon a hundred-rupees note. (Incorrect)
(ii) I came upon a hundred-rupee note. (Correct)

Question 29.
We usually use ‘but’ (not ‘than’) after ‘else’.
Example:
(a) (i) It is nothing else than pride. (Incorrect)
(ii) It is nothing else but pride. (Correct)
(b) (i) Call me anything else than a thief. (Incorrect)
(ii) Call me anything else but a thief. (Correct)

Question 30.
‘Very’ is used with adjectives and adverbs in the positive degree with precedent and much is used with Adjectives and adverbs in the comparative degree with past participle.
Example:
(a) (i) She is very slower than Reena. (Incorrect)
(ii) She is much slower (c.d) than Reena. (Correct)
(b) (i) You are very older than me. (Incorrect)
(ii) You are much older (c.d.) than me. (Correct)
(c) (i) The policeman was walking much slowly. (Incorrect)
(ii) The policeman, was walking very slowly. (Correct)

Question 31.
The verb ‘know’ is followed by ‘how to + infinitive’.
Example:
(a) (i) The professor knows to teach the topic. (Incorrect)
(ii) The professor knows how to teach the topic. (Correct)
(b) (i) An expert pilot knows to land the flight in hostile weather. (Incorrect)
(ii) An expert pilot knows how to land the flight in hostile weather. (Correct)

Question 32.
When a noun or pronoun is placed before a gerund (verb + ing working like a noun is called ‘gerund’), it (that noun/pronoun) should be put in the ‘possessive case’, (my/his/her/our/their/teacher’s/one’s etc)
Example:
(a) (i) Please excuse me being late. (Incorrect)
(ii) Please excuse my being late. (Correct)
(b) (i) I would like you stopping smoking. (Incorrect)
(ii) I would like your stopping smoking. (Correct)
(c) (i) The professor disliked us coming late. (Incorrect)
(ii) The professor disliked our coming late. (Correct)

Question 33.
Certain verbs looking alike have different meanings. They are as follows :
Example:
(a) (i) He hanged the lamp on the wall. (Incorrect)
(ii) He hung the lamp on the wall. (Correct)
(b) (i) The criminal was hung for murder. (Incorrect)
(ii) The criminal was hanged for murder. (Correct)
(c) (i) The hens have laid no eggs today. (Incorrect)
(ii) The hens have lain no eggs today. (Correct)
(d) (i) Let me lay on the bed. (Incorrect)
(ii) Let me lay on the bed. (Correct)
Look at the list of following verbs with their past and perfect or past participle forms.

Present	Past	P.P. / Perfect
lie (rest/lie down)	lay	lain
lay (place, arrange/deposit)	laid	laid
lie (to tell a lie)	lied	lied
hang (put up)	hung	hung
hang (execute the order of death sentence)	hanged	hanged
flow (water)	flowed	flowed
fly (bird)	flew	flown
flee (run away).	fled	fled
bear (put up with/tolerate)	bore	borne
bore (make a hole/make tied)	bored	bored
find (to discover)	found	found
found (establish)	founded	founded
fall (drop in the ground)	fell	fallen
fell (cut down a tree)	felled	felled
feel (sensitize)	felt	felt
fill (to pour till the end)	filled	filled
awake (intransitive verb)	awoke	awoke
awake (transitive verb)	awaked	awaked

Question 34.
Indirect questions have the usual Wh-word + subject + verb order.
Example:
(a) (i) Tell me where are you going. (Incorrect)
(ii) Tell me where you are going. (Correct)
(b) (i) Father asked the servant where had he gone. (Incorrect)
(ii) Father asked the servant where he had gone. (Correct)
(c) (i) Can you tell me why does the girl cry bitterly. (Incorrect)
(ii) Can you tell me why the girl cries bitterly. (Correct)
(d) (i) The gentleman asked the station master when was the next train. (Incorrect)
(ii) The gentleman asked the station master when next train was. (Correct)

Question 35.
The past tense in the Principal Clause or Main Clause is used with the same past tense in the Subordinating or Dependent Clause.
Example:
(a) (i) She knew that I am coming. (Incorrect)
(ii) She knew that I was coming. (Correct)
(b) (i) Father said that he won’t go to office that day. (Incorrect)
(ii) Father said that he wouldn’t go to office that day. (Correct)
(c) (i) The doctor asked the patient if he (the patient) has taken medicine at regular
intervals. (Incorrect)
(ii) The doctor asked the patient if he had taken medicine at regular intervals.(Correct)

Question 36.
It is time + subject + past tense verb.
Example:
(a) (i) It is time you go to bed. (Incorrect)
(ii) It is time you went to bed. (Correct)
(b) (i) It is time the doctor operates the patient. (Incorrect)
(ii) It is time the doctor operated the patient. (Correct)

Question 37.
After imperatives (order, advice, request) we use won’t you? (to invite people to do things) and will you/would you/could you? (to tell people to do things).
Example:
(a) (i) Do sit down, will you? (Incorrect)
(ii) Do sit down, won’t you? (Correct)
(b) (i) Give me sufficient time, won’t you? (Incorrect)
(ii) Give me sufficient time, will you? (Correct)
(c) (i) Shut up, can you? (Incorrect)
(ii) Shut up, can’t you? (Correct)

Question 38.
Certain verbs in English are not used in their progressive forms. They are :
Example:
(a) (i) I amn’t seeing you these days. (Incorrect)
(ii) I don’t see you these days. (Correct)

(b) (i) This bag is containing a lot of story books. (Incorrect)
(ii) This bag is contains a lot of story books. (Correct)

(c) (i) Are you appearing disappointed? (Incorrect)
(ii) Do you appear disappointed? (Correct)

(d) (i) Why is the girl hating me so much? (Incorrect)
(ii) Why does the girl hate me so much? (Correct)

(e) (i) Honey is tasting sweet. (Incorrect)
(ii) Honey tastes sweet. (Correct)

(f) (i) Rose is smelling sweet. (Incorrect)
(ii) Rose smells sweet. (Correct)

(g) (i) We are not believing in ghost. (Incorrect)
(ii) We don’t believe in ghost. (Correct)

(h) (i) I am loving this girl. (Incorrect)
(ii) I love this girl. (Correct)

Question 39.
Would rather + subject takes past simple tense of the verb.
Example:
(a) (i) I would rather you resign the job. (Incorrect)
(ii) I would rather you resigned the job. (Correct)
(b) (i) I would rather he leaves this place. (Incorrect)
(ii) I would rather he left this place. (Correct)

Some incorrect words/expressions and their correct use.

Incorrect – Correct
arm (weapon) – arms
blotting – blotting paper
boarding – boarding school
bowel – bowels
foundation – foundations
arrear – arrears
furnitures – furniture
luggages – luggage
earning – earnings
breads – pieces/slices/loaves of bread
equipments – equipment
informations – information
gentries – gentry
machineries – machinery/machines
poetries – poetry
sceneries – scenery
traffics – traffic
scissor – scissors
trouser – trousers
a coward man – a coward/ a cowardly man
a miser man – a miser/ a miserly man
a man of letter – a man of letters(literate)
arrear bill – arrears bill
birth date – date of birth
cousin brother/sister – cousin
custom duty – customs duty
famous criminal – notorious criminal
in the campus – on the campus
in the committee – on the committee
in leave – on leave
in holiday – on holiday
tennis field – tennis court
Cheque of Rs. 200/- – Cheque for Rs. 200/-
no place (bus/train etc.) – no room (bus/train etc.)
today morning/ – this morning/afternoon/
afternoon/evening – evening
this night – tonight
two dozens pens – two dozen pens
saving bank – savings bank
make noise – make a noise
tell lie – tell a lie/tell lies
white hair – grey hair
miles after miles – mile after mile
in hurry – in a hurry
bad in studies – bad at studies
strong/weak of/ good in – strong/weak in/ good at
what to speak of – not to speak of
with bag and baggage – bag and baggage
with heart and soul – heart and soul
with tooth and nail (Completely) – tooth and nail
with black and blue (mercilessly/beat) – black and blue
clever in figure works – clever at figure works
build a home – build a house
cut jokes – crack jokes
cut the pencil – mend the pencil
cook bread – bake bread
describe about – describe
discuss about – discuss
attack on – attack
give a speech – deliver a speech
goodbye – bid goodbye
eat the poor – feed the poor
give order – give orders
make a goal – score a goal
rise the lid – raise the lid
see the pulse – feel the pulse
to have headache – to have a headache
to have temperature – to have a temperature
speak a lie – tell a lie
make prayers – say prayers
ladies bicycle – ladies’ bicycle
women’s college – womens’ college
family members – members of the family
passing marks – pass marks
decrease fear – allay fear
in class tenth – in class ten/in the tenth class
lecture (person) – lecturer
out of orders – out of order (technically defect)
deny request/invitation – refuse request/invitation
refuse stealing/lying – deny stealing/lying
refuse – reject/not to accept
deny – not acknowledge/tell that something is untrue.
a furniture – a piece of furniture
a luggage – a piece of luggage
an information – a piece of information.
a wood – a piece of wood
a grass – a blade of grass
a chocolate – a bar of chocolate
a paper – a sheet of paper
a news – a piece of news/some news
a work – a piece of work / some work
a bread – a slice of bread
a meat – a piece of meat
a toothbrush – a stick of toothbrush
a toothpaste – a tube of toothpaste

Rewrite the following passage, correcting all the grammatical errors in it:

Question 1.
The streets crowd by traffic even before the daybreak. Taxis have been bringing tired people from the airport and the railway station to hotels. They hope sleeping for a few hours before their busy day in the big city is beginning. Trucks are bringing fresh fruits and vegetables in the city. Ships loaded with food and fuel tie up in the dock. Towards morning the streets are quieter, and they are never deserted in the big city.
Answer:
The streets are crowded by traffic even before the daybreak. Taxis bring tired people from the airport and the railway station to the hotels. They hope to sleep for a few hours before their busy day in the big city begins. Trucks bring fresh fruits and vegetables to the city. Ships loaded with food and fuel tied up at the dock. Towards the morning the streets are quieter, and they are never deserted in the big city.

Question 2.
Every country in the world want rapid economic development today. Some economists tells us that it is possible to remove poverty and make everyone prosperous, provide we adopt the right economic policies. The key to prosperity, we are also told, lies in rapid and large-scale industrialization: setting up more factories which will churn out an endless stream of consumer good – products designed to make life more pleasant; motor cars to carried us in comfort and at high speed along smooth super highways; air conditioners to keeps us cool in summer, television sets which will keep us informed as well as entertain and so on. It is believed that as more and more consumers buy the goods that these factories will produce, more and more workers find employment in them; and as their levels of income rise, they will, in their turn create a farther demand for yet more goods. In this way, everyone becomes rich. There are no limits to economical growth and prosperity.
Answer:
Every country in the world wants rapid economic development today. Some economists tell us that it is possible to remove poverty and make everyone prosperous, provided we adopt the right economic policies. The key to prosperity, we are also told, lies in rapid and large-scale industrialization: setting up more factories which will churn out an endless stream of consumer goods – products designed to make life more pleasant; motor cars to carry us in comfort and at high speed along smooth super highways.

air conditioners to keep us cool in summer, television sets which will keep us informed as well as entertained and so on. It is believed that as more and more consumers buy the goods that these factories will produce, more and more workers find employment in them; and as their level of income rises, they will, in their turn create a further demand for yet more goods. In this way, everyone becomes rich. There are no limits to economical growth and prosperity.

Question 3.
Thrift means regulating expenses by such a way that there might be some saving in income. There could be no hard and fast standards for what shall be one’s expenditure and saving. It varied according to one’s circumstances. The rich man may neglect the duty of saving in special occasions because he has power to make up for this neglect. And people with limited income need thrift the most. It gives them strength by relieving them of anxieties for the future. Good housewives in poor families are found to lay off something from daily expenses.
Answer:
Thrift means regulating expenses in such a way that there might be some saving in income. There should be no hard and fast standard for what could be one’s expenditure and saving. It varies according to one’s circumstances. The rich man may neglect the duty of saving on special occasions because he has the power to make up for this neglect. And people with limited income need thrift the most. It gives them strength by relieving them from anxieties for future. Good housewives in poor families are found laying off something from daily expenses.

Question 4.
Preschools have offered good basic education as well as help the child in becoming much independent but confident. Parents may rely in preschools for all-round development of the children. The pre-primary education of the child generally began in home by parents and grandparents. But the picture changes rapidly.
Answer:
Preschools offer good basic education as well as help the child in becoming much independent and confident. Parents rely on preschools for an all-round development of their children. The pre-primary education of the child begins at home by parents and grandparents. But the picture has changed rapidly.

Question 5.
Once a lion was enjoy a nap in his den. A mouse came out in its hole in the den. It start frisking about. In so doing it leap upon the lion’s face. The lion’s sleep disturbs. He wake up furious. He caught the mouse and had been killed it, but the mouse entreated “Your Majesty, I humbly beg your pardon, I’m a poor and little subject of you. But a tiny creature as 1 am, I shall be of some help to you in time. So, please let me go.” The lion laughed aloud for this, but he released the mouse all the same.
Answer:
Once a lion was enjoying a nap in his den. A mouse came out of its hole in the den. It started frisking about. In so doing it leapt upon the lion’s face. The lion’s sleep was disturbed. He woke up furiously. He caught the mouse and was about to kill it. But the mouse entreated “Your Majesty, I humbly beg your pardon, I’m a poor and little subject of yours. But a tiny creature as I am, I shall be of some help to you in time. So, please let me go.” The lion laughed aloud for this and he released the mouse all the same.

Question 6.
Man is at first like an animal. His power then rested only in physical strength. But in this respect he was no match to many beasts. So he has to live in constant fear of them. In course of time came knowledge and it gave him the power to get mastery the entire animal kingdom. He invented weapons with which he not only scared off beasts but even killed them. He learnt how to hunt beasts like a deer which may run more faster than he did Now man could achieve things which were considered impossible then.
Answer:
Man was at first like an animal. His power then rested only on physical strength. But in this respect he was no match for many beasts. So he had to live in constant fear of them. In course of time came knowledge and it gave him a power to get mastery upon the entire animal kingdom. He invented weapons with which he not only scared off beasts but also killed them. He learnt how to hunt beasts like a deer who could run faster than he. Now man has achieved things which were considered impossible then.

Question 7.
The foodbazar took the entire responsibility in sending a farmer’s produce to the customer, without depending on a chain of middlemen. The private company with its vast resources could set in cold storages, acquire refrigerated trucks to transport the produce to cities. In the end of the food chain there are airconditioned supermarkets where consumers can buy the produce at good condition. A kilo of tomato which a customer will buy for 10 rupees may be available for only 7 rupees in a supermarket. Don’t imagine that any private company will do all this out from charity or love towards the farmers. In time food chains might come on away from the cities and closer to the farms.
Answer:
The foodbazar is taking the entire responsibility of sending a farmer’s produce to the customer, without depending on a chain of middlemen. The private company with its vast resources can set up cold storages and acquire refrigerated trucks to transport the produce to cities. At the end of the food chain there are airconditioned supermarkets where consumers can buy the produce in good condition. A kilo of tomato which a customer will buy for 10 rupees can be available for only 7 rupees in a supermarket. We can’t imagine that any private company will do all this out of charity or love for the farmers. With time food chains may come away from the cities and closer to the farms.

Question 8.
A big fat hen lived of a farmyard in a village. A dove also lived in a large tree besides the same farmyard. Soon both of them became good friend. They use to meet every evening to share their thoughts. Oneday, the hen see by a fox. He enters the farmyard secretly and was able to catch the hen. The clever fox put the hen in a sack, carried at his back and the hen started crying aloud in protest. The dove heard the crying of the hen from the top of the tree. She at once realised that the hen fell in danger. The dove thought off an idea to save her friend. She went ahead and lay on the path motionless as of she was dead. The fox put his sack down at the wayside and went near the dove. In the meantime, the hen managed to escape, and hide behind a bush. When the fox was about to catch the ‘dead’ dove, he surprised to see that the dove quickly flew away. In the evening the dove met the hen at the farmyard and the two began to laugh for the foolishness of the fox.
Answer:
A big fat hen lived in a farmyard in a village. A dove also lived in a large tree beside the same farmyard. Soon both of them became good friends. They used to meet every evening to share their thoughts. Oneday, the hen was seen by a fox. He entered the farmyard secretly and was able to catch the hen. The clever fox put the hen in a sack, carried on his back and the hen started crying aloud in protest. The dove heard the cry of the hen from the top of the tree.

She at once realised that the hen had fallen into danger. The dove thought of an idea to save her friend. She went ahead and lay on the path motionless as if she was dead. The fox put his sack down on the wayside and went near the dove. In the meantime, the hen managed to escape, and hid behind a bush. When the fox was about to catch the ‘dead’ dove, he was surprised to see that the dove quickly flew away. In the evening the dove met the hen at the farmyard and the two began to laugh for the foolishness of the fox.

Question 9.
The food bazaar is taking entire responsibility in sending the farmer’s produce to the consumer. The private company with its vast resource, may set up cold storages, acquire fleets of refrigerated trucks to transport the produce into cities and even construct roads for speedy transportation. In the end of the food chain, there have been air-conditioned supermarkets where consumers could buy produce of high quality, in good condition, at comparatively reasonable prices, in clean and hygienic surrounding. A kilo of tomatoes which a customer could buy from a vegetable-vendor for ten rupees must be available, weighed but neatly packed for only t 7.50 in a super-market. Out of that amount, the farmer is likely to have got at least ? 3.50 a much higher price than he would get if he would sell his produce to a middleman.
Answer:
The food bazaar is taking an responsibility in sending a farmer’s produce to the consumer. The private company with its vast resources, can set up cold storages, acquire a fleet of refrigerated trucks to transport the produce to the cities and even construct roads for speedy transportation. At the end of the food chain, there are air-conditioned supermarkets where consumers can buy produce of high quality, in good condition, in a comparatively reasonable prices, in a clean and hygienic surrounding.

A kilo of tomato which a customer can buy from a vegetable-vendor for ten rupees may be available, weighed but neatly packed for only t 7.50 in a super-market. Out of that amount, the farmer is likely get at least ? 3.50 a much higher price than he would get if he would sell his produce to a middleman.

Question 10.
Few years ago I was spending a week at Port Blair. The week had been over but I was in the airport ready for leaving when I discovered, in my dismay, that I forgot one of my suitcase in my hotel. Quickly, I jumped into a taxi and had explained my situation to the taxi driver. We sped away in the direction of my hotel. Suddenly the taxi driver slowed down so that he would talk with the driver of a truck moving through a road next to us. The truck contained live chickens.
Answer:
A few years ago I was spending a week in Port Blair. As the week was over but 1 was in the airport ready to leave when I discovered, to my dismay, that I had forgotten one of my suitcases in my hotel. Quickly, I jumped into a taxi and explained my situation to the taxi driver. We sped away in the direction of my hotel. Suddenly the taxi driver slowed down so that he might talk to the driver of a truck moving through the road next to us. The truck carried live chichens.

Question 11.
Rahul and Ramesh were best friend studying in school. Rahul was good in sports but poor in studies. Ramesh is good at both. At any competition, Ramesh always managed to win. As a result, Rahul became jealous with Ramesh. The sports day was near. Rahul and Ramesh were practising for it. Rahul was not sure if he score a win over Ramesh. Slowly they talked less among themselves. Ramesh asked him the reason many time but Rahul always put him of with a excuse or other. One day before the sports event, Rahul hit at a plan to defeat Ramesh. He went to the ground before anyone has arrived there. He dug a small pit on the path where Ramesh was supposed to run. Then he covered it with leaves and went back to his classroom. When the race started. Ramesh was ahead of Rahul but after sometimes he stepped on the pit and fell down. Rahul took over him. He was very happy as his plan worked and he had own the first prize. Soonafter, Rahul realized his fault and begged forgiveness.
Answer:
Rahul and Ramesh were best friends when studying in school. Rahul was good at sports but poor in studies. Ramesh was good at both. In any competition, Ramesh always managed to win. As a result, Rahul became jealous of Ramesh. The sports day was near. So Rahul and Ramesh were practising for it. Rahul was not sure if he would score a win over Ramesh. Gradually they talked less between themselves. Ramesh asked him the reason many a time but Rahul always put him off with an excuse or other.

One day before the sports event, Rahul hit upon a plan to defeat Ramesh. He went to the ground before anyone had arrived there. He dug a small pit on the path where Ramesh was supposed to run. Then he covered it with leaves and went back to his classroom. When the race started. Ramesh was ahead of Rahul but after sometime he stepped on the pit and fell down. Rahul took over him. He was very happy as his plan worked and he had won the first prize. Soonafter, Rahul realized his fault and begged forgiveness.

Question 12.
Generally the word ‘superstition’ was used as the term of disgrace or reproach to senseless belief based in ignorant fear. We look down to the uncivilized people because they worshipped the different aspect of nature and are filled in awe by things that are simple enough for us. Many Hindus considered a sneeze, the cry of a lizard as ominous. For the Westerners, number 13 is so unlucky that it can be avoided by all means. If the cat crosses their path they call up their tour. Indeed, every community is subject to some superstition and we could not conceive for any community being completely free of it.
Answer:
Generally the word ‘superstition’ is used as a term of disgrace or reproach to senseless belief based on ignorant fear. We look down upon the uncivilized people because they worshipped different aspects of nature and were fdled with awe by the things that are simple enough for us.

Many Hindus consider a sneeze, the cry of a lizard as ominous. For the Westerners, number 13 is so unlucky that it should be avoided by all means. If the cat crosses their path they call off their tour. Indeed, every community is subject to some superstition and we can not conceive of any community completely free from it.

Odisha State Board CHSE Odisha Class 12 Invitation to English 3 Solutions Writing Reporting Events and Business Matters Textbook Activity Questions and Answers.

CHSE Odisha 12th Class English Writing Reporting Events and Business Matters

8.1 Reporting Events

Generally, we come across events in daily newspapers. Reporting events requires a special skill in presenting the event accurately, concisely, and authentically. Various types of events take different forms of expression.

Now read the following news report from a staff reporter of a newspaper.

Answer these questions on the news item :

Question 1.
Who has been sentenced?
Answer:
A doctor belonging to Ranchi has been sentenced.

Question 2.
How long is the sentence?
Answer:
The sentence is for five years’ rigorous imprisonment.

Question 3.
Why has he been sentenced?
Answer:
He has been sentenced because he was caught in the act of removing a kidney of one Nasir Ali when he was unconscious.

Question 4.
When was the case detected?
Answer:
The case was detected by the police on May 8, 2008.

Question 5.
What was the doctor doing?
Answer:
The doctor was trying to remove the kidney of the unconscious Nasir Ali.

Activity – 1

A report about smuggling of fake currency notes appeared in The Times of India on 2 March 2009. The bare facts are given below. Write the report, using these facts.
Three Pakistani nationals have been arrested.
They were arrested on Monday.
Place of arrest, Amritsar.
They were attempting to smuggle fake currency notes.
The value of the currency notes was Rs. 20 lakh.
They were travelling by the Samjhauta Express.
The customs officials seized the fake currency notes.
This was the fifth major seizure.

Answer:
Fake Currency Notes Siezed The Times of India News Service:
Amritsar March 2 : Custom officials seized currency notes worth Rs. 20 lakhs from three Pakistani nationals who were travelling by Samjhauta Express. They were arrested on Monday at Amritsar. This was the custom officials fifth major seizure.

Activity – 2

A newspaper reporter sent a report of an incident on March 12, 2009 over telephone. A sub-editor in the newspaper office, who received the telephone message, took the following notes. Use them to write up a report for the newspaper.
Five pick-pockets caught red-handed
In north Calcutta
Wednesday
Robbing passengers on a private bus
45 wallets and jewellery recovered
police arrested them.

Answer:
Pick-pockets caught Red-handed
Calcutta March 12 : Police caught five pick-pockets in north Calcutta this Wednesday while they were trying to flee after having robbed passengers on a private bus. 45 wallets and jewellery were recovered from them. Police arrested them.

Activity – 3

There was a train accident in the area where you work as a news reporter. You went to the spot and talked to different people including some of the passengers. You also met the railway officials. The following are the points you noted down.
Train accident at Retang at 7.30 p.m. on 11 April.
Three bogies of the East Coast Express derailed.
7 bodies recovered so far
25 injured sent to hospital in Cuttack; 5 serious cases.
Rescue operations still on.
More bodies suspected trapped inside wreakage.

Answer:
Train Derailed : Many Feared Dead, 25 Injured.
Retang, April 1 1 : Three bogies of the East Coast Express derailed here at 7 30 p.m. this morning. 7 bodies have been recovered so far but many are feared to be still trapped under the wreckage. The injured have been sent to the SC B Hospital Cuttack Oi 25 injured, five are in an extremely serious condition. Rescue operations are still on.

Activity – 4

Below you can see a picture of an incident that happened in front of Badanibadi Bus Stand, Cuttack. Report the incident, using the hints given below the picture.

Hints :
Badanibadi, Cuttack  12 December, 2008.  Morning 9
bulls ready to fight traffic held up
Answer:
Bulls Hold up Traffic
Cuttack 12 : Traffic was held up for almost an hour from 9.00 am this morning at Badanibadi as two bulls were poised to fight in the middle of the road. The bull had locked horns while bystanders cheered them.

Activity – 5

Very often, as a students ’ representative, you may have to read out a report in a function, ceremony, meeting etc. At that time, you don’t have to make the mention of the place, date, etc. as is done in writing a news report. It is normally written like an essay.

A. The Minister of Education was the Chief Guest in the Annual Day Celebration of your college. Write a news report to be sent to a newspaper.
Answer:

To,
The Chief Editor,
The Times of Odisha, Bhubaneswar

Report on Annual Day Celebration

Cuttack: 12 March
The Annual Day celebration of A.K.B. College, Govindpur came off smoothly. The Hon’ble Education Minister Sri N. K. Patra was the Chief Guest. The celebration started with the national anthem and devotional song. The local Collector and Dist. Magistrate presided over the meeting. After a short speech made by the Hon’ble Chief Guest on the all-round development of the college, gave away the prizes for curricular and extracurricular activities of the students. The celebration was a grand success.

B. During the Annual Day celebration, you were asked to present a report on the students’ activities during the year. Draft your report.
Answer:

A Report on Students’ Activities

The A.K.B. College, Govindpur has already been recognized as a unique educational institution imparting teaching on all branches/streams in the State. Elections to the students’ union, the dramatic society, the day-scholars’ Association, the +2 Cultural Association, etc. were held without any untoward incident. The performance of the students in curricular activities was excellent. Most of the students were awarded gold medals for their outstanding results in different streams. The mention of the co-operation and mutual understanding among the students in the college and outside would not be out of place here,

8.2 Business Reports

Business reports are mainly based on market condition, market surveys or market- analyses. We usually take into account the background information, method of investigation, findings, and recommendations while preparing business reports. Besides, we follow direct and factual language based on the market-surveys and market analyses. There is no scope of rendering personal feelings or attributing subjective interpretations.

Activity – 6

Here is a report about the introduction of a new mosquito-repellant. Read the report, paying attention to various parts.

Quality Marketing Agency
27 Janpath, Bhubaneswar

4 March, 2013

To
Mr. M. Pradhan
Managing Director
Home Products India Ltd.
Industrial Estate
Mancheswar, Bhubaneswar.
Dear Mr. Pradhan,
As requested by you, vide your letter No. MD/NS/2233 dated 2.2.2013, we have carried out a market survey to test the public acceptance of the mosquito repellant which your company plans to manufacture. We conducted an opinion poll covering 1000 families in the coastal districts of Odisha. Forty percent of these families use mosquito repellants, but most of them are unhappy with the existing products in the market. They find the electronic repellants too expensive while the coil-based ones emit too much smoke.

The preference is for a less expensive product, preferably one that produces no smoke. Our study suggests there may be a good market for a new repellant, provided these requirements are kept in mind. We recommend that your company should concentrate on manufacturing an improved kind of smoke-free mosquito coil, preferably one that produces a pleasant fragrance.
Yours sincerely,
S.K. Patnaik
Director of Research
Quality Marketing Agency

You must have observed that the report has been written in the format of a business letter. However, it could be written in a different format as given below.

Date : 4 March 20
To : Mr M Pradhan, Managing Director, Home Products India Ltd. Industrial Estate, Mancheswar, Bhubaneswar
From : S.K. Patnaik, Director of Research, Quality Marketing Agency 27 Janpath, Bhubaneswar
Subject : Survey report on the Introduction of a new mosquito repellant.

A Report On The Introduction Of A New Mosquito Repellant

A market survey to test the public’s acceptance of a new mosquito repellant was conducted in the coastal districts of Odisha on 20 February, 20 by Quality Marketing
Agency, Bhubaneswar.
An Opinion poll covering 100 families ……………………. etc.
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
An improved kind of smoke-free mosquito coil, preferably one that produces a pleasant fragrance is likely to be widely accepted by the public.
Sd/-
(Director of Research)

Activity – 7

Imagine that you are the President of the Literary Society of your College. Your Society plans to publish a journal. You have asked the Secretary of the Society to contact all the printing firms in town and to select one of them to print your journal.
Answer:

Literary Society, Kulailey College, Kailey

5 February 2012

To,
Prof. B. Pujari
President, Literary Society
Sir,
As desired by you a team consisting of the Secretary and Assistant Secretary of the society contacted all five printing firms in town and obtained quotations from them for printing of the proposed journal. All the firms quoted the same price, that is Rs. 5000/- for 1000 copies. Rasmita Printers, however, offered a discount of ten per cent, provided we allowed them an extra period of fifteen days for printing. Since we do not need the copies of the journal till a month later, we could consider the offer of Rasmita Printers as it will cost us Rs. 500/- less than the offers quoted by other printing firms.
Yours faithfully,
S. Pujari
Secretary

Activity – 8

A customer approached a bank for a house building loan. Before sanctioning the loan, the Branch Manager asked the Field Officer to examine the application and suggest whether the loan should be sanctioned.

The following is the report that the Field Officer wrote. Some parts of the report are missing. Re-write the missing parts, using the hints supplied. (See the letter at textbook page 75)
Answer:

SBI PD BRANCH
CRP Square
Bhubaneswar

3 March, 2012

To,
Prof. M. Mishra
Branch Manager
SBI PD Branch
CRP Square
Bhubaneswar
Sir,

1. As desired by you in your letter No. 254 dt. 24 February 2010, I examined the application of Mr. J.K. Panda for a house-building loan. I also personally inspected the site, interviewed Mr Panda and examined the documents relating to the plot.
2. My examination of the application and the relevant documents reveal that the site is an undisputed one. Till date all land cess has been paid and the plot is litigation free. Mr J.K. Panda is the owner of the plot and he has clear papers certifying its ownership. The plot is 112 decimals in size and its market value is around Rs. 8.00 lakhs. Mr Panda also has a regular income of Rs. 15,000 and has no outstanding loan to his account.
3. As Mr Panda is a deserving party, the sanction of the loan is recommended
Yours faithfully,
K.C. Panigrahy
Field Officer

Activity – 9

Imagine that you are the foreman in a factory. There has been a fire in the Factory and one of the workers has been badly burnt and is in hospital. Your General Manager has asked you to send him a report on the fire. Write a report.
Answer:

JAYASHREE CHEMICALS
Corporate Office, Metro Towers
Bhubaneswar – 751007

28.3. 2012

To,
Mr J.B. Sahu
General Manager
Jayashree Chemicals
Corporate Office, Bhubaneswar
Sir,
1. As desired by you vide your letter No. JC 289 dt. 20.3.2012, I conducted an enquiry into the fire that ravaged the factory at the Mancheswar Industrial Estate.
2. On inspection of the fire ravaged site and after interviewing the workers present during the incident, I discovered that the fire was caused by the Careless throwing of a lighted cigarette into the boiler room where it ignited a dry rope. The rope was lying in contact with a jar of petrol kept by an employee for his personal use. The jar of petrol caught fire immediately and broke into high flames that ravaged the electrical circuit. Fortunately, there was no one in the boiler room as it was lunch time except Mr Lingaraj Patra who was cleaning some machine part.
3. He has received 40 per cent bums in his body and has been admitted at the Kalinga hospital. He is presently out of danger and the personnel department has already sanctioned Rs. 50,000 for his treatment.
4. Damage to the boiler section of the factory was limited to the minimum by the quick action of our fire personnel. A few chairs and benches must be replaced and the Electrical circuit done up again.
This is for your kind information.
Yours faithfully
D.P. Dehury
Chief Security Officer
Jayashree Chemicals

Activity – 10

Your club wants to buy a CTV (Colour TV) set. You have been asked to contact various firms marketing such sets and make your recommendation on the brand to be bought. Make a comparative study of the price, quality and durability of different brands of CTV and make a report.
Answer:

YOUNG FOLKS CLUB
213 Kharvela Nagar
Bhubaneswar

21 April 2012

Mr P. Khuntia
The Secretary
Young Folks Club
213 Kharavela Nagar
Bhubaneswar
Dear Mr Khuntia,

As requested by you I contacted 10 dealers of colour television in the town and personally inspected several makes of colour televisions in their showrooms. LG, Samsung, Philips and Onida companies all offer 25” CTVs at competitive prices. Of course L.G. is the costliest at Rs. 58,000 but it employs the golden eye technology which is truly soothing to the eyes. Samsung and Onida brands are also good. The unique thing about the Samsung T V. is that it offers two games in its set but we cannot afford members fiddling with the game program of the T.V. while others want to watch programs.

Except for its woofer impacted quality the Videocon CTV’s picture quality is no match for those of other brands. The Onida brand is good. It commands a price tag of Rs. 50,000. However its after sales-service is doubtful as the dealer here does not guarantee qualified personnel from the company to give service. However with a price tag of Rs. 48,000/- and a 5 year warranty contract, quality picture and sound, the Philips flatron CTV is perhaps the best that our town has to offer.

The concerned dealer is offering a free Antennae along with booster as well as 10 VCD’s with the T.V. He has also agreed to transport the CTV and to install it in our conference Hall free of cost. It is therefore recommended that the Shanti Electronics, 105, Bapuji Nagar, Bhubaneswar be contacted and the Philips Flatron CTV be bought from them at the price as well as the terms and conditions offered by them.
Yours faithfully
Girish Mishra
Joint Secretary
Young Folks Club

Odisha State Board Elements of Mathematics Class 12 Solutions CHSE Odisha Chapter 9 Integration Ex 9(d) Textbook Exercise questions and Answers.

CHSE Odisha Class 12 Math Solutions Chapter 9 Integration Exercise 9(d)

Question 1.
(i) ∫\(\frac{d x}{\sqrt{11-4 x^2}}\)
Solution:

(ii) ∫\(\frac{e^{3 x}}{\sqrt{4-e^{6 x}}}\)dx
Solution:

(iii) ∫\(\frac{d x}{\sqrt{25-(\ln x)^2}}\)
Solution:

(iv) ∫\(\frac{\cos \theta}{\sqrt{4-\sin ^2 \theta}}\)dθ
Solution:

(v) ∫\(\frac{x^2}{\sqrt{36-x^6}}\)dx (x³ = z)
Solution:

(vi) ∫\(\frac{x+3}{\sqrt{9-x^2}}\)dx
Solution:

(vii) ∫\(\frac{d x}{\sqrt{5-x^2-4 x}}\) (x + 2 = z)
Solution:

(viii) ∫\(\frac{x+3}{\sqrt{5-x^2-4 x}}\)dx
Solution:

Question 2.
(i) ∫\(\frac{d x}{3 x^2+7}\)
Solution:

(ii) ∫\(\frac{e^{4 x}}{e^{8 x}+4}\)dx (e^4x = z)
Solution:

(iii) ∫\(\frac{d x}{x\left\{(\ln x)^2+25\right\}}\)
Solution:

(iv) ∫\(\frac{\sec \theta \tan \theta}{\sec ^2 \theta+4}\)dθ
Solution:

(v) ∫\(\frac{x^9}{x^{20}+4}\)dx (x¹⁰ = z)
Solution:

(vi) ∫\(\frac{3 x+4}{x^2+4}\)dx
Solution:

(vii) ∫\(\frac{d x}{x^2+6 x+13}\) (x + 3 = z)
Solution:

(viii) ∫\(\frac{x+5}{x^2+6 x+13}\)dx
Solution:

Question 3.
(i) ∫\(\frac{d x}{x \sqrt{4 x^2-9}}\)
Solution:

(ii) ∫\(\frac{d x}{\sqrt{e^{4 x}-5}}\) (e^2x = z)
Solution:

(iii) ∫\(\frac{d x}{x \ln x \sqrt{(\ln x)^2-4}}\)
Solution:

(iv) ∫\(\frac{\sec \theta d \theta}{\sin \theta \sqrt{3 \tan ^2 \theta-1}}\)
Solution:

(v) ∫\(\frac{d x}{x \sqrt{x^{14}-b^2}}\) (x⁷ = z)
Solution:

(vi) ∫\(\frac{x^2+3}{x \sqrt{x^2-4}}\)dx
Solution:

(vii) ∫\(\frac{d x}{(x+1) \sqrt{x^2+2 x-3}}\) (x + 1 = z)
Solution:

(viii) ∫\(\frac{x^2+2 x+4}{(x+1) \sqrt{x^2+2 x-3}}\) dx
Solution:

Question 4.
(i) ∫\(\frac{d x}{\sqrt{3 x^2+4}}\)
Solution:

(ii) ∫\(\frac{4 e^x}{\sqrt{3 e^x+4}}\)dx
Solution:

(iii) ∫\(\frac{d x}{x \sqrt{(\ln x)^2+8}}\)
Solution:

(iv) ∫\(\frac{d \theta}{\sin ^2 \theta \sqrt{\cot ^2 \theta+2}}\)
Solution:

(v) ∫\(\frac{x^2}{\sqrt{x^6+a^6}}\)dx
Solution:

(vi) ∫\(\frac{3 x+4}{\sqrt{5 x^2+8}}\)dx
Solution:

(vii) ∫\(\frac{e^x \cos e^x}{\sqrt{\sin ^2 e^x+9}}\)dx
Solution:

(viii) ∫\(\frac{2 x+11}{\sqrt{x^2+10 x+29}}\)dx (x + 5 = z)
Solution:

Question 5.
(i) ∫\(\frac{d x}{\sqrt{4 x^2-6}}\)
Solution:

(ii) ∫\(\frac{e^{5 x}}{\sqrt{e^{10 x}-4}}\)dx
Solution:

(iii) ∫\(\frac{d x}{x \sqrt{(\ln x)^2-4}}\); x > e²
Solution:

(iv) ∫\(\frac{\cos \theta d \theta}{\sin ^2 \theta \sqrt{{cosec}^2 \theta-4}}\)
Solution:

(v) ∫\(\frac{d x}{\sqrt{x} \sqrt{x-a^2}}\)
Solution:

(vi) ∫\(\frac{x-2}{\sqrt{3 x^2-8}}\)dx
Solution:

(vii) ∫\(\frac{3 x+4}{x \sqrt{2 x^2-5}}\)dx
Solution:

(viii) ∫\(\frac{x^2+2 x+2}{x \sqrt{x^2-4}}\)dx
Solution:

(ix) ∫\(\frac{d x}{\sqrt{x^2+8 x}}\)
Solution:

(x) ∫\(\frac{x+7}{\sqrt{x^2+8 x}}\)dx
Solution:

Odisha State Board CHSE Odisha Class 12 Invitation to English 3 Solutions Extended Writing Textbook Activity Questions and Answers.

CHSE Odisha 12th Class English Extended Writing

Introduction
Writing essays, letters, applications, stories, etc. requires as much skill as in writing a paragraph. It is an art, and when accomplished, develops the writer’s intellectual horizon, especially in literature. Under the circumstances, people are required to write letters or applications for certain purposes. In order to keep in touch with their relatives, friends, or kith and kin, people are required to write letters.

Some people are required to write applications to take leave or get any grant, etc. and some others under different situations prepare reports of the job they are assigned to do. There are still some people who write short stories, dramas, articles, etc. for the purpose of their publication in newspapers, weekly/fortnightly / monthly magazines. However different types of writings under different situations require different forms and norms.

When writing is meant for a reader or a group of readers, it then follows a set of principles or conventions which bind the form of writing within specified confines. Accordingly, the writer has to follow certain norms and regulations so as to produce his / her writing in an elegant and readable form. The theme of writing a composition is firstly expressed in the first instance. When a single sentence cannot express the whole thing we want to write, then we require a number of sentences to be written which are normally linked with one another.

In course of such writing with the combination of some related sentences, we are able to express our view(s) / idea(s) exactly to the point. Writing essays, so to say, is an extended form of writing different paragraphs at one place to express the idea or subject matter neatly. Traditionally speaking, essay is an extended form of writing some paragraphs on a given topic. But, on the other hand, essay today is not confined to the four comers of set topic as was prevalent in the past.

Essay is, no doubt, a written composition less elaborate than a treaty, or it may be an experimentation of one’s intellectual depth of the domain of thinking. It is a form of free writing or development on any topic expressed in an elegant literary language. In this respect, essay has become a highly subjective and personalized form of writing bereft of any ostensible purpose at the back. Hence, it is apt to observe that essay is free from any burden or pressure or any narrowness of feeling; rather it takes its birth in one’s fanciful imagination and leisure and the essayist is in a state of ecstasy unlike ordinary human beings.

Activity – 1

Can you now think of points for writing on “Your first day in college” ? Can you arrange these hints into points and develop them into a passage of 3 to 4 paragraphs ?

Answer:
My First Day At College
New atmosphere:
After passing the Secondary Examination, I got myself admitted to the Higher Secondary (i.e. Intermediate) class of a college in Kolkata. After admission when I attended college for the first time, I found myself in a new atmosphere. It seemed to be a different world from the one in which I had spent seven or eight years. The big building, the spacious staircase, the big classrooms, the wide corridors, the Principal’s room, the Professors’ room were in great contrast with those in my school. They left a deep impression on me.

The class arrangements:
The first interesting thing was the arrangement of classes. We had to attend school from 10.30 a.m. to 4 p.m. with no break except the recess for half an hour for tiffin and recreation. But on the first day I attended college at 1 p.m. My first class began at 1 p.m. It was a new experience to me. On the first day I had only three classes. Between two classes again there was an interval of one period.

Another difference from school life was the changing of classrooms. Instead of having all the classes in the same room, we* had to go to different rooms for different classes. A large number of students had to pass through the corridors to go from one room to another. Naturally, there was some noise. But it ceased when we took our seats in our respective classes. It was a novel experience for me.

Professors’ lectures:
We were about one hundred and fifty students in our class, so it was a very big class. It was the class of a Professor of English. He came and called our rolls. He welcomed us and gave an introductory lecture about our new life in college and how different it was from school life. He hoped that we should all follow his lecture attentively. I felt that it was not possible for him to take individual care of us as it was done in the school.

In this respect, it seemed to me that the teaching in school was better. The Professor gave his lecture in a general way. I took my seat on one of the front benches. I made it a point to listen to his lecture attentively, otherwise, I would be the loser and not him. There was no fear of punishment for neglecting lessons in the class. Hence some students sat on the back benches. They had no books. They did not seem to be attentive.

Activity – 2

You have already read “On the Road to Jaipur”, “A Day with Magumaster” and “First Day”. All these are narrative texts. Similarly, write a narrative text on any one of the following topics.
(a) On the Road to (A place of your choice)
(b) A day with grandpa/grandma
(c) My Last Birthday

Answer:
(a) On the Road to Puri:
My place of choice is always Puri. I enjoy my journey to this world famous holy place from Cuttack. The travel is delightful to the core. On the road to Puri is Bhubaneswar, the city of temples and the capital of Odisha. N.H. 5 passes through it. The four-lane road that leads to Bhubaneswar is one of the busiest ones in India. Thousands of trucks, cars and two- wheelers ply on the road, which is the life-blood of trade and commerce.

Bhubaneswar with its beautiful building and Lingaraj temple compels any traveler’s attention. The snow-white temple of Thakur Anukulchandra never escapes anyone’s notice. From Bhubaneswar, another fine wide road takes us to Puri. On the way, I catch sight of marvelous Buddha Stupa arid Pipili which has carved a name for itself for unique canopies. From Pipili, I go to Konark. This Sun Temple is indeed a symphony in stone.

From this place, I drive towards Puri along an unbelievably scenic Marine Drive. The sight of the sea marvels me. The splendor of nature on the road to Puri fascinates me beyond imagination. At last, I reach my grand destination – Puri, a place which is visited by thousands of pilgrims every day for its world-renowned Jagannath temple and magnificent sea beach.

(b) A day with grandma:
My mind now goes back to 1990. It was Sunday. At dawn, my grandma woke up. She wanted me to take my bath as early as possible. At first, I could not understand anything. She was shivering in cold. Because it was Kartik Pumima. She was interested to take me to a temple nearby. Bitter winter prevented me from taking my bath and accompanying her to the temple. My grandma, even at the ripe old age of 92, was very stubborn.

She insisted on finishing my work. I could not but obey her. My grandma’s joy knew no bounds when I went to the temple. On the way, she told me how my grandpa was religious. She was walking very fast. We reached the temple soon. She said her prayers for some minutes. I marked, when she was praying, tears rolled down her cheeks. I felt terribly sad. We came back home. I lost my mother soon after my birth. My father was irresponsible. My grandma was dutiful to the core.

She prepared breakfast, We ate together. She seemed to be very happy. As usual, after finishing her breakfast, she read her religious books. Then she rested for some time. All of a sudden she called me in a loud voice. I rushed to her. She was feeling restless. My father was out. I felt desperate. I called one of my friends and said to him to call the doctor. I was trying to give her comfort. The doctor came and took her temperature. It was 103. He gave me a prescription and instructed me to give her medicines in time. My friend bought them at once.

I gave her medicines, water, and fruit from time to time. The news of my grandma’s illness spread thick and fast. She was an object of respect in the eyes of the villagers. They came to see my grandma. The day passed, but there was no change in her temperature. She muttered something. It was 8 p.m. Silence had descended on the village. I sat by her helplessly. Her last. words were ‘Hai Ram’. She left me forever. I wept bitterly. Years have rolled by. Her beautiful face still swims before my eyes. I still treasure her loving care and valuable advice. Her affectionate words linger in my memory.

(c) My Last Birthday
I always look forward to enjoying a special moment in my life – my birthday. The celebration of my last birthday is an unforgettable one. It was the day when my second-year (Science) result was out. I had come out with flying colors. I felt as if I were on the moon. My entire family decided to celebrate my birthday with pomp and ceremony. The hall was exquisitely decorated with balloons and colored lights. I imagined it was heaven on earth. Guests including my lecturers, friends, and relatives reached our house in time.

It was a brilliant summer moonlit night. A gentle breeze passed through the hall. The moonlight that came through the window lent a rare beauty to that place. The moment I had been waiting for came at last. I was exactly 9 p.m. I caught my birthday cake amidst the clapping and cries, Happy birthday to you, happy birthday, Sanskar of my parents and guests. I put out the candle that surrounded it. To my untold excitement, I gently put pieces of cake into the mouths of my parents and my sister and then to the invitees. They showered their blessings on me. There were gifts all around. I was beside myself with joy when my father presented me a laptop. They all attended the dinner gleefully. The guests departed with smiles on their faces.

Activity – 3

Distribute the following topics among the members of your group, so that each one is assigned one topic. Think over your assigned topic for five minutes and write down all the ideas that come to your mind. You should not write full sentences, write only short phrases or single words. Then let each member arrange his/her ideas under some main points and discuss these main points with the members of the group. Now, develop these into paragraphs – just like the text on the thermometer. List of topics – Your ballpoint pen, Your bicycle/scooter /motorcycle, A cricket field, An alarm clock, etc.

Answer:
Your Ball-point Pen:
My ballpoint pen is a unique one. Its specialty is its German fluid ink, though it is made in India. It is made of special material. It has an orbital tip. It is very light. The color of my ballpoint pen is pink. It is glossy. It is not a ‘use and throws’ one. When the ink is finished, I put another refill into it. It looks very simple but attractive. It is remarkable for its smooth writing. My ballpoint pen is neatly designed. Near its hole where refill is put lies a round shining object.lt lends beauty to the pen. This cello ballpoint pen is my treasured possession.

Your Bicycle:
My bicycle is the cheapest and simplest form of transport on wheels. It consists of the main frame and a secondary frame both joined together and triangular in shape. The main frame has a head tube in its front. The handle of my bicycle protrudes out from the upper end of the head tube while the fork protrudes out from the lower end of the head tube. A inner bolt holds both the handle and the fork in place. At the lower end of the fork is the front axle which holds the wheel.

At the opposite end of the upper end of the head, the tube is a tube that protrudes out of the hollow of the main frame. This has a nut-bolt arrangement to hold the seat. Similarly, the peak of the triangular main frame has a hole and axle arrangement to which the crank is connected. The secondary frame has a seat-stay which serves as a support for the weight on the seat. The upper end of the seat stay is joined to the main frame while the lower end forks out into two legs which hold the rear wheel in place.

The wheels consist of a central spoke holder from which spokes radiate out into the rim of the wheel where it is screwed. The spokes keep the rim in shape and support it. Besides this, the wheel has an inflatable tube and an outer tire. The tube has a valve through which air is pumped into it. This valve emerges on to the outer side of the rim through a hole in it. The crank is held oy the main frame while the rear frame holds a sprocket wheel. A chain extends from the crank and is wound around the sprocket wheel.

The chain is fitted onto them and locked. The crank further has two pedals joined to it. When force is applied to the pedals, the crank turns and this chain transmits this force applied to the sprocket wheel which is attached to the rear wheel, thereby moving it. Consequently, the cycle moves. To facilitate proper control of the bike, there are brakes. Brake levers attached to the handle and have brake brackets with rubber on them which are fitted close to the rear and front wheels. Besides this, mudguards are provided for both wheels. Finally, a bell and a stand complete the bike. The stand serves as a prop to keep the bicycle standing.

Your Motorcycle:
My motorcycle is one of the most popular means of conveyance. Now different brands are manufactured by different companies. Each of them has a distinctive feature. Mv motorcycle consists of various parts, such as a handle, brake, fuel tank, silencer pipe, engine (four- stroke) carburetor, clutch lever, speedometer, two tires, and indicator (front and rear) compartment. These parts are systematically set in the bike – comfortable seat, headlight, shock absorber, and so on.

Four-stroke motorbike is superior to a two-stroke one. because the former has smooth pick-up. Besides, it doesn’t produce defeaning sound: On the other hand, the motorbike having a two-stroke engine doesn’t have that smooth pick-up. It produces sound. The consumption of a four-stroke engine is better than that of a two-stroke engine. The former is economical. Replacement of engine oil at the scheduled time is of great importance. Now wherever we notice, we see varieties of wonderful bikes playing on the road.

A Cricket Field:
The expression ‘A cricket field’ excites me in great measure. Amidst thousands of spectators, it comes to life in a flash. First of all, it must be smooth and grassy -rue. The length of a cricket field is not the same in all cricket-playing nations. In India, it has about 65 yards long, but in Australia, it is 85. An essential part of a cricket field is its pitch where the players bat and run between the wickets. This pitch is 22 yards in length. It includes two batting creases on both sides.

It is IV2 yards long from three stumps which are fixed almost about 5 cm from each other. The bells are placed on them, they are called wickets. A line is drawn there. Inside it stands a batsman. In power-play, the length of the field is restricted to 30 yards. When a batsman hits that cross its boundary is called a boundary (4 runs; This means the batsman has got four runs. If he strikes the ball that goes over the boundary without touching the ground is called a sixer. Here the batsman gets six runs. The presence of two umpires, eleven fielders, and two batsmen during the match lends a rare beauty to a cricket field.

An Alarm Clock:
An alarm clock is one that wakes up at a particular time by making a noise. It comes in different designs, sizes, and colors. It is made of different materials. That depends on the manufacturers. An alarm clock has a background called a face with hands that point to the hours and minutes. A digital alarm clock shows the time as a set of numbers. It has great importance in our lives. Today, life has become a hectic one.

In times of emergency, we need an alarm clock most. When we are in a state of delicious slumber, we have an urgent call to attend at a particular time or to go to the station or airport early, its defeaning noise wakes us up. As a result, we become conscious of our duties. Because of it, we cultivate a sense of timing. Thanks to the strides made in the field of science and technology, now mobile phones are playing the role of alarm clocks.

Activity – 4

Now, discuss any one of the following topics in your group. Generate ideas, write them down, organize them into broader sections and write down the outlines. Then distribute the broader sections among the members so that each member can write a paragraph on one of them. You have to do all these quickly so that you can beat other competing groups in the class.
Topics: Concrete
Sports and Games
The Value of Education
The Professions of your choice.

Sports and Games:
Some people seem to think that sports and games are unimportant things that people do, at times when they are not working, instead of going to the cinema, listening to the radio, or sleeping. But in actual fact, sports and games can be of great value, especially to people who work with their brains most of the day, and should not be treated only as amusements. Sports and games make our bodies strong, prevent us from getting too fat, and keep us healthy. But these are not their only uses.

They give us valuable practice in making eyes, brains and muscles work together. In tennis, our eyes see the ball coming, judge its speed and direction, and pass this information on to the brain. The brain then has to decide what to do, and to send its orders to the muscles of the arms, legs, and so on, so that the ball is met and hit back where it ought to go. All this must happen with very great speed, and only those who have had a lot of practice at tennis can carry out this complicated chain of events successfully. For those who work with their brains most of the day, the practice of such skills is especially useful.

Sports and games are also very useful for character training. In their lessons at school, boys and girls may learn about such virtues as unselfishness, courage, discipline, and love of one’s country. But what is learned in books cannot have the same deep effect on a child’s character as what is learned by experience. The ordinary day school cannot give much practical training in living, because most of the pupils’ time is spent in classes, studying lessons.

So it is what the pupils do in the spare time that really prepares them to take their place in society as citizens when they grow up. If each of them learns to work for his team and not for himself on the football field, he will later find it natural to work for the good of his country instead of only for his own benefit.

Answer:
The prospect of defeat in sports and games should not unnerve us. Sometimes we fear failure. Failures are a part and parcel of life. We forget it: ‘hopes are dupes’, fears may be bias. Moreover, defeat should not disappoint us. Sports and games teach us the way to face failure which we come across as an enemy comer. We live in an era of globalization. We should move with changing times. George Orwell, one of the most eminent English writers, satirized sports and games. Let us forget it. We believed in one world. Sports and games pave the way for our cosmopolitan outlook. Men may come and men may go, but they go on forever.

Odisha State Board CHSE Odisha Class 12 Invitation to English 3 Solutions Writing Note-making and Summarizing Textbook Activity Questions and Answers.

CHSE Odisha 12th Class English Writing Note-making and Summarizing

Introduction
Summarization is an important skill in writing. While summarizing a given version, look to the pith and substance leaving out irrelevant and unneccessary details so as to form a relevant and condensed paragraph of the original topic. Summary writing has no fixed length. It may be half, one-third or a quarter of the given version. It depends on the kind of writing we are assigned to or the purpose for which we are writing the summary. The following points are to be taken note of while writing a summary :
(a) Go through the original passage as many times as is possible.
(b) Notice the main theme of the topic first.
(c) Note down the important points leaving out the unnecessary elaboration,
(d) First prepare a draft using your points.
(e) Avoid long phrases and substitute shorter ones or single word expressions.
(f) If you feel necessary, make some changes in the body of your summary.
(g) Avoid adjectival expressions if not absolutely essential.
(h) Read the draft to see if any important point is omitted.
(i) Finally, using the above guidelines, write a neat and orderly summary.

Activity – I

Mr M R Fatnaik, the Press Secretary to the Industries Minister, came across the following letter in the The Times of India. Mr Patnaik went through the letter and prepared notes as in (b). Later, using his notes,he prepared a summary (c) for the Minister. Examine the contents of the letter, the notes and the summary.

(a) The letter : Failure of Public Sector Industries
Sir.
It is sad to note that the public sector industries in India are a failure.
There are several shortcomings which have contributed to the failure of these industries. Some of these shortcomings are as follows : First they run on government funds, under the control of autonomous corporations, which have their peculiar ways of functioning i.e. on non-business-like principles. In other words, it may be said tht they are not run on a commercial basis.

It is incorrect to believe that they are managed on non-commercial lines, as they have shown some profits. If run on commercial lines they can show still better results. Secondly they are generally run by bureaucrats who do not possess adequate business and managerial skills. The result is that there is too much red-tapism that mars the efficiency of these undertakings. These undertakings can show much better results, if their management is entrusted to professional managers.

Thirdly, in many cases it is found that these public sector undertakings are not working to their full capacity. Under-utilization of capacity can never be considered a sound commercial practice, whatever the reasons. Lastly, these undertakings, being autonomous bodies, pay high salaries and allowances to their staff. This breeds inefficiency. It suggests that corrective measures by the Government and the industries should immediately be taken to remove these shortcomings. These measures should be taken before things go out of control.
Bandana Mishra
Talcher

(b) Notes : Failure of Public Sector Industries
1. Reasons:
(i) run by autonomous corporations on non-commercial basis
(ii) run by bureaucrats without business expertise and managerial skill
(iii) most industries work below capacity
(iv) pay high salary and perks to the staff

2. Steps for improvement:
Government and industries to take immediate corrective measures

(c) Final Summary:
Our Public Sector Industries are a failure for the following reasons. They are controlled by autonomous bodies and are run on non-commercial basis. The autonomous bodies, in turn, are manned by bureaucrats having little business expertise or skill. Besides, many of these industries work below capacity and pay high salary and perks to the staff. The Government and the industries should take immediate steps to remove these shortcomings.

Language notes : Notice how longer expressions have been replaced by shorter in the final summary.

Longer expressions	Changed to
the public sector industries in India	our public sector industries
run … under the control of autonomous corporations	controlled by autonomous bodies
not on a commercial basis	on non-commercial basis
bureaucrats who do not possess adequate business and managerial skill	bureaucrats having little business expertise
not working to their full capacity	work below capacity
corrective measures by the Government and the industries should immediately be taken to remove	the Government and the industries should take immediate steps to remove

Activity – 2

The editor of a leading newspaper finds the following report too long to publish. He, therefore, asks the sub-editor to cut it short so that it can be published. Imagine that you are the sub-editor. Read the report and prepare a summary.

(a) The Report

Killing tracks

Every now and then, an elephant gets run over on the 100-year-old railway track bisecting UP’s Rajaji National Park. Over 20 elephants have been killed and many more maimed in the past two decades. Unless something ugrent is done about it, the poor animals in the park are sure to perish soon. In order to save these elephants, the railway authorities may consider implementing the following proposals. This accident-prone area within the park should be declared a caution zone.

The speed of the trains in this area should be decreased. They should be allowed to run at 20 Kmph. Although this would involve an additional 20 minutes of running time, it is worth it considering the fact that the track runs through a national park. Another proposal is to sensitise the railway staff and give every train driver a high frequency whistle to alert the elephants and to keep them away from the track. Despite their huge fan-like ears, elephants can hear only high frequency sounds.

Another suggestion is to build trenches along the track to prevent elephants from walking onto the track. It is also suggested that ridges along the track be levelled out in order to facilitate free movement for the animals. In the historic city of Heidelberg in Germany, signs warn motorists to stop their cars to allow frogs to cross the road. No motorists dare break this rule, and drivers apparently are known to stop and actually assist the forgs in crossing the busy road. Rajaji Park is the last bastion where elephants still survive in north west India. Surely, it is not too much to ask that we allow these majestic animals to live With dignity and without fear.
Rashmi Sehgal

(b) Examine the following notes. (You should read the report again before examining the notes.)

1. Problem of elephnats :
(i) The Rajaji National Park railway track, a killer track.
(ii) Elephants frequently get killed and maimed.

2. Proposals to save the animals :
(i) the area to be declared a caution zone where maximum speed to be 20 kmph.
(ii) drivers to be given high frequency whistles to alert elephants.
(iii) trenches to be built and ridges to be levelled out along the track.
(iv) in Heidelberg in Germany cars stop for frogs to cross to the road.

3. Appeal :
Let these animals live with dignity and without fear.

(c) Summary:
The following in the summary of the report in (a). But there are blanks for you to fill in. Fill in the blanks by re-reading the report and the notes. Remember each dash ( ) stands for a single word only.

The ________ old ________ railway track has turned into a ________ track, where elephants get ________ and ________ very ________. To save these ________ from ________ this park area should be declared ________, ________ , ________ where trains should ________ maximum at a ________, ________ 20 kmph. ________ should be given a ________, ________,________ to keep elephants away ________, ________, ________. The other measures should include ________, ________, ________and ________, ________, ________ along the track. This is not much as ________, ________ in Germany cars stop for ________ to ________, ________, ________. We should let these ________,________,________,________.

Answer:
The 100 year old Rajaji National Park railway track has turned into a killer track, where elephants get killed and maimed very frequently. To save these elephants from death, this park area should be declared a caution zone, where trains should run maximum at a speed of 20 kmph. Drivers should be given a high frequency whistles to keep elephants away from the tracks. The other measures should include trenches along tracks and leveling of ridges along the tracks. This is not much as in Heidelberg in Germany -cars stop for frogs to cross the road. We should let these animals live with dignity.

Activity – 3

Here is a report about jailbreaks in Odisha. Read it carefully, paying particular attention to the various recommendations made by the jail staff and the police.

a. The Report

Lax Security leads to Odisha, Jail breaks

There is little security in Odisha jails as has been shown by the spurt in jailbreaks in the recent years. Altogether 72 prisoners, undertrials and convicts have escaped from various jails in seven major jailbreaks during the last five years. A senior jail staff blames the Government of Odisha for neglecting the jails. Officers have recommended the introduction of closed circuit televisions in the prisons along with very high frequency communication systems as a part of modernisation of the prisons.

They have also asked for the old-fashioned 410 musket rifles to be replaced with 303 rifles with catridges to deal with prison riots. Police say that a nexus between jail staff and prisoners cannot be ruled out. The recent incident at Kodala jail clearly indicates that the jail staff, indeed, help prisoners to escape, say the police. If the jail staff are more alert, such incidents can be averted.
H. Mohanty

b. Notes
The following are the main points of the report. Notice that there are blanks in the notes for you to fill in. Complete the notes by filling in the blanks.

Lax Security Leads to Odisha jailbreaks

Topic : Little jail security in Odisha as shown by jailbreaks

Recommendations to improve jail security :
a. by ____________.
i. Government to improve jail conditions.
ii. __________ and __________ to be introduced.
iii. _____________________________.
b. by ________________.
i. No nexus between jail staff and ___________.
ii. _____________________________.

Recommendations to improve Jail Security
(a) by modernisation
(i) Government to improve jail condition
(ii) Closed-circuit televisions and high-frequency communication systems are to be introduced.
(iii) 410 musket rifles must be replaced by 303 rifles with cartridges.
(b) by prevention
(i) No nexus between jail staff and prisoners be allowed
(ii) Jail staff must be more alert to avert escape of prisoners.

c. Summary
Basing on the above notes, write a brief summary of the report to be faxed to the Home Ministry in New Delhi.
Summary :
Jailbreaks in Odisha are a result of lax security. Jail officials blame the government for neglecting jails, which need modernisation by the introduction of closed circuit televisions, high frequency communications system and replacement of the musket rifles by 303 rifles with cartridges. They also add that by preventing any nexus between jail officials and prisoners and by remaining ever alert, such incidents can be averted.

Activity – 4

Here is another report. It is about genetically modified food. Read it carefully while paying attention to the following questions.
How is food genetically modified ? What are the advantages and disadvantages of genetically modified food?
a. The report

Watch out for genetically modified food

What is genetical engineering and why are consumer groups up in arms against such genetically modified foods or gene foods ? Well, to put in a nushell, it is a process of extracting genes bearing a specific, hereditary trait from one organism and artificially inserting them into a completely different organism. There are several possible benefits from such genetic engineering.

You could have foods whose nutritional values are enhanced. Scientists, for example, are reported to be working on iron- and vitamin-fortified rice. Similarly, you could develop crops that are resistant to pests and give higher yields, or those that survive extreme weather conditions. You could even provide edible vaccines through such engineering.

But, on the other hand, when you start tinkering with nature, you could also be exposing yourself to unknown and unforeseen health and environment risks, which may not be immediately apparent, but in the long run turn out to be not just hazardous, but uncontrollable. Currently, the known health risks from genetically modified foods are the possibility of food allergies and increased resistance to antibiotics. However, in the absence of long term safety testing, no one can know for certain what their harmful effects may be.

Besides, growing genetically modified crops on a large scale can have certain serious implications for bio-diversity, wild-life, balance of nature-and environment. Because of these questions consumer groups around the globe are now forcing governments to introduce mandatory labelling of genetically modified foods. Consumers have a right to information, safety and choice. And labelling gives them the choice to buy or reject genetically modified foods. Puspa Girimaji

b. Notes
Complete the notes given bleow.

Watch out for Genetically modified Foods

1. What is genetical engineering ?
_____________________________
2. What are the advantages of genetically modified foods ?
i. _____________________________
ii. _____________________________
iii. _____________________________
3. What are their disadvantages ?
i. : _____________________________
ii. : _____________________________
4. What do the consumer groups around the world demand ?
i. _____________________________
ii. _____________________________

c. The Summary
Ans. You are a junior scientist in the RRL, Bhubaneswar. You are interested in genetically modified foods and want to preserve the contents of this report for your future use. For this purpose, write a brief summary of the report.

(b) Notes

Question 1.
What is genetical engineering ?
Answer:
Genetical engineering is the method by which the genes of one organism having a particular trait is artificially inserted into another organism.

Question 2.
What are the advantages of genetically modified foods ?
Answer:
(i) Nuritional value of food can be increased.
(ii) Crops resistant to pests or high yielding crops or those surviving extreme weather conditions can be developed.
(iii) Edible vaccines can be developed.

Question 3.
What are their disadvantages ?
Answer:
(i) allergic to food
(ii) resistant to antibiotics
(iii) have serious implications for bio-diversity, wild-life balance of nature and environment.

Question 4.
What do consumer groups around the world demand ?
Answer:
(i) labelling of genetically modified foods
(ii) right to information and choice

(c) The Summary :
You are a junior scientist in the RRL, Bhubaneswar. You are interested in genetically modified foods and want to preserve the contents of this report for your future use. For this purpose, write a brief summary of the report. Gene foods- Genetically modified food-stuffs are produced by genetical engineering. This is a process by which genes of one organism, possessing a particular hereditary trait is extracted and then inserted artificially into a different organism.

This makes it possible to increase the nutritional value of food, develop high-yielding pest resistant crops as well as crops suited to extreme weather conditions. Yet the process could adversely affect the environment and create health hazards like food allergies and resistance to antibiotics. Consumer groups are therefore lobbying to make it mandatory for gene foods to be labelled, thereby protecting the consumers right of information and choice.

Activity – 5

Read the following news report and write a summary of it in about 60 words. Your summary should include information about the following:
The manner in which (i) patients are duped (ii) the doctors and others are benefited. It has been reported that in Cuttack, Sambalpur and Rourkela doctors are duping illiterate village patients by prescribing cheap and false medicines. This is facilitated by the nexus between doctors, medicines shops and drug inspectors. Doctors ask patients to buy medicine from specific shop(s) near hospitals and clinic which drug inspectors seldom check. Thus, each earns profit besides this.

You may make notes on the important points in the box beside the report. Begin your summary thus :
“It has been reported that ………………………………………………………. ”
Doctors duping patients
From our correspondent

Berhampur:
Jan. 13, Though medicine has advanced by leaps and bounds, the poor villagers are not educated to distinguish between genuine and fake medicines, letting doctors, both Government and private, force them to buy fake medicines and earn huge amounts in the bargain. Cases of doctors duping the patients in this manner has come to light in Cuttack, Sambalpur and Rourkela.

The doctors in collusion with certain medical shop owners prescribe cheap quality medicines to the patients and insist that they buy them from specified shops. Medical shops are run in clinic and hospital compounds, forcing patients to buy medicines there. The doctors even get additional return like letter pads, in the form of gifts, from these shops. Drug Inspectors are allegedly involved as they are rarely seen checking these shops.

Doctors duping patients:
Ans. It has been reported that illiterate, uneducated villagers are being duped by doctors in Cuttack, Sambalpur and Rourkela. This is facilitated by a nexus between doctors, medicine shops and drug inspectors. Doctors prescribe cheap or fake medicines and ask the illiterate patient to buy it from specific shops near their hospitals and clinics which drug inspectors seldom check. Thus each one profits from this. Besides, doctors also get gifts from the shops.

Activity – 6

Read the following passage on ‘Indian Bamboo’ and write notes on it. Then write a summary of the whole passage in not more than 5 paragraphs.

Indian Bamboo

Grown extensively in the north-east and in the Western Ghats, bamboo covers nearly ten million hectares of India’s forest area. More than one hundred species, ranging from the gigantic 30-to-40 metre tall Dendrocalamus giganteus to the one-metre high Arundinaria densifolia with an eight millimetre girth, are found in the country. We produce about 3.2 million tonnes of bamboo annually. Though more than half the bamboo produced in India is turned into paper, the plant has other uses too-for weapons, tools and as food and construction material.

The Monpas of Assam build suspension bridges with bamboo and in Bihar Bamboo is replacing steel in tube well pipes because it is cheaper, rust-free and more durable. Viklang Kendra, a rehabilitation centre for the handicapped in Allahabad, makes artificial limbs from bamboo which are lighter and cheaper than conventional prostheses. Pickled or stewed bamboo shoots are regarded as delicacies in some parts of the country. The fleshy fruits of the ‘muli’ bamboo of Assam are eaten raw or cooked.

During droughts, it seeds are eaten by people as a substitute for rice. Tabasheer’ or ‘banslochan’ a fine siliceous matter found in the stem of the bamboo is used in Ayurvedic drugs to treat cough and asthma. Associated with several myths, the bamboo is often wershipped to ward off evil spirits. In Bengal during ‘Mark Sankaranthi’ people pray to bamboo as ‘vastu the abode of God. Adivasis in some regions plant bamboo on the outskirts of their village to protect them from their enemies.

Even as new uses are being found for the bamboo-scientists are Forest Research Institute, Dehra Dun, are working on bamboo reinforced cement concrete and the extraction, of diesel fuel from the plant’s many-jointed stem. India’s bamboo reserves are slowly dwindling, unfortunately, efforts to cultivate bamboo on a large scale have so far not succeeded.
Padma Sastry

1. Growth :
(i) grown extensively in north-east and Western Ghats
(ii) covering ten million hectares of country’s forest area
(iii) more than one hundred species
2. Size and production :
(i) 30 to 40 metre tall
(ii) about 3.2 million tonnes annually
3. Uses :
(i) paper manufacturing
(ii) making weapons, tools
(iii) making construction materials and artificial limbs
4. Food :
(i) pickled or stewed shoots
(ii) fleshy fruits of the ‘muli’ bamboo (eaten raw or cooked)
(iii) seeds
5. Drug :
a selicious matter in bamboo stem used in Ayurvedic drugs to treat cough and asthma.
6. Myths :
(i) worshipped to drive away evils spirits
(ii) ‘vastu’, the abode of God
(iii) planting bamboo by Adivasis on the outskirts of villages for protection from enemies.
7. New uses :
extraction of diesel fuel

Summary :
India produces 3.2 million tonnes of bamboo every year. Extensively grown in the north-east and the western ghats, bamboos cover ten million hectares of India’s forest and contain more than one hundred varieties. Mostly used to produces paper, bamboos are also used as weapons, tools, construction material as well as for building bridge, as tube well pipes and even as artifical limbs. Besides, bamboo shoots, fruits, seeds are consumed as food in different places and by different people.

In addition the siliceous matter found in its stem is used as medicine.Bamboo is also endowed with mythical and religious significance. New uses like using it in reinforcing concrete and extracting diesel from its stem are also being worked on by scientists. However, bambo resources are gradually depleting and simultaneously, efforts to cultivate it on a large scale has failed.

Odisha State Board CHSE Odisha Class 12 Invitation to English 4 Solutions Grammar Phrasal Verbs Textbook Activity Questions and Answers.

CHSE Odisha 12th Class English Grammar Phrasal Verbs

Phrasal verbs are characterised by the following :

They consist of two and only two items. The first is an item which on its own functions as a verb and the second is an adverbial particle.
Put aside = forget
Put (verb) + aside (adverbial particle)
We should put aside our differences and make a new beginning.
Break down = stop because of a mechanical fault.
break (verb) + down (adverbial particle)
His can broke down on the way.

These verbs can be either transitive of intransitive. For example,
Fall through = Fail (intransitive)
My plans fell through.
Turn down = reject (transitive)
I turned down his request.

In some cases, the same phrasal verb can be used both as a transitive and as an intransitive verb. For example,
Work out = solve (transitive)
They have worked out all these sums in one hour.
= go on well or otherwise (intransitive)

Nothing worked out well after the new principal took over.
(i) If the direct object is a noun or a noun-phrase, it can be placed either before or after the adverbial particle. For example,
My sister gave away the books.
My sister gave the books away.
(ii) If the object happens to be a very long and complicated noun phrase, it should come only after the adverbial particle. She gave away all these rare books she had bought during the last five years.
(iii) If the direct object happens to be a pronoun it can come only before the adverbial particle. For example,
My brother gave up it. (Incorrect)
My brother gave it up. (Correct)

Phrasal – Prepositional verbs
Those verbs consist of three words in their base form but prepositional verbs and similarly phrasal verbs consist of only two words.

Prepositional – Phrasal verbs
Break in upon = disturb, interrupt
A continuous loud noise on the road broke in upon our discussion.

Prepositional verbs.
My friend is done for.

Phrasal verb
(i) Intransitive
The roof of that house caved in after the heavy rainfall.
(ii) Transitive
He looked into the matter.

Look at the sun diagram below and make ten phrasal verbs by combining the verb “look” with the other items.

Now make meaningful sentences using the ten phrasal verbs.
Answers
1. Mother looks after the household affairs.
2. I am looking forward to getting a letter from my father.
3. The police are looking into the case.
4. He looked over the surface and found nothing.
5. After scoring 10,000 run, he never looked back.
6. We shouldn’t look down on the poor.
7. Look out. There might be snakes here.
8. I looked through the pages to find the appropriate word.
9. The child looked to the facial expression of its mother.
10. He looked upto him for help, but in vain.

Activity- 1
See how many phrasal verbs you can make in the following grid by joining the verbs in the left column with the prepositions or adverbial particles on the topmost now. If a phrasal verb is possible, mark the sequare with a number and write an example sentence beneath the grid. (One has been done for you as an example.)

	about	at	by	for	from	in	of	out	to	with
break						1
bring								2
cut						3
get		4
give						5
keep									6
let								7
put								8
set						9
take								10

1. The thieves broke in through the kitchen window.
2. The Publisher brought out the book in time
3. Don’t cut in while they are talking.
4. He could easily get at the point in issue.
5. The Soldiers gave in unconditonally.
6. In our country the traffic keeps to the left.
7. He let out a portion of his flat (on rent).
8. The firemen put out the fire quickly.
9. The winter has already set in.
10. He has taken to smoking.

Activity- 2
Choose a verb from box A and a preposition or adverbial particle from box B. Use them in the blank spaces of the sentences given below :

A		B
brush	brought	away	away
catch	called	down	down
gave	cut	off	off
let	get	on	on
put	gone	up	up

(i) Father __________  ___________ has our headmaster yesterday.
(ii) This milk has ______________  ___________.
(iii) Some learners _______________ ______________ very quickly.
(iv) Our players have ___________ us ___________.
(v) I have to ___________ ___________ my English.
(vi) He was ___________ ____________ in a remote village.
(vii) The match has been ______________ ___________ till next week.
(viii) His cough __________ __________ his hiding place.
(ix) it has been a busy day; i need to __________ __________ for a while.
(x) I am running short of money: I must _____________ _______________ my expenses.

Answers
(i) called  on
(ii) gone  down
(iii) catch  up
(iv) brought…. off
(v) brush  away
(vi) brought up
(vii) put  off
(viii) gave  away
(ix) get  away
(x) cut  down

Activity- 3
Match the phrasal verbs in column A with their meanings given in column B. The first one has done for you.

A		B
1. call off	a.	become airborne
2. carry on	b.	boastfully display
3. come across	c.	Cancel
4. fall out	d.	continue
5. go through	e.	end a telephone call
6. hang up	f.	examine carefully
7. show off	g.	have an argument
8. take off	h.	meet by chance
9. turn down	i.	reject
10. turn off	j.	disconnect a switch

Answer:

1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	Phrasal Verbs
c	d	h	g	f	e	b	a	i	j	Put the meaning in this row

Use the above phrasal verbs in meaningful sentences.
1 . The meeting was called off.
2. The workers carried on their work till evening.
3. I came across an old photograph of my grandmother’s.
4. My neighbours never: fall out with me.
5. The police are going through the case records.
6. The disease hung up and he was treated by a doctor.
7. We should never show off.
8. He took off his shoes and entered inside.
9. The manager turned down my request.
10. He turned off the switches and went to bed.

Use Of Some Phrasal Verbs

Add up = find the sum of
He made a mistake in adding up in figures

Back out =fail to keep a promise; withdraw from a promise or understanding
He promised to help me compute my data, but later he backed out

Back up = support
These days it is difficult to get a top job unless you have a minister to back you up.

Barge into = (i) intrude
We were discussing something when he suddenly barged in.
(ii) interrupt clumsily.
You should not barge into other people’s conversation like this.

Bear out =support, confirm
I hope Dr. Joseph will bear me out if I say that it is a very useful project.
The facts gathered by you do not bear out your hypothesis.

Bear up =be brave, not show feelings of sorrow or despair.
A truly dedicated scientist would bear up well against all academic opposition.

Blow out=(i) be destroyed (said of tyre and electrical appliances)
(a) I’m late because one of my tyres blew out.
(b) Because of a fault in the electric boiler the fuse blew out in the middle of the experiment.
(ii) put out
The wind blew out all the candles soon after the table was set for dinner.

Blow up =(i) explode
If you light a match here, the whole laboratory will blow up.
The captain ordered the soldier to blow up the bridge.
(ii) become very angry
My supervisor blew up when he came to know that the explosion in the laboratory was due to my carelessness.

Break down=(i) analyze into details
He just gave me the total of his expenses. He did not want to break them down into food, transport, and so on.
(ii) stop because of a mechanical fault
His car broke down on the way.
(iii) give way to one’s feeling
Mrs Joseph broke down and started weeping when we told her the news.

Break out =(i) start suddenly
A big riot broke out during the night.
(ii) escape
Several prisoners have broken out of prison again.

Break up =(i) decompose, split, break into small pieces.
The ship broke up during a violent storm.
(ii) end, disperse.
When is the meeting likely to break up?

Bring down= (i) cause to fall
He was awarded a medal for skill fully bringing down a number of hostile aircrafts.
(ii) lower
The government is doing its best to bring down the price of medicines

Bring forth = Produce, give birth to
He brought forth a brilliant suggestion during the discussion yesterday.

Bring forward = Produce, supply
He tried to argue his case but brought forward no evidence in support of his argument.
Can you bring forward any proof of what you have said?

Bring out= (i) publish
I hope the publishers will soon bring out his new book on nuclear chemistry.
(ii) produce, cause to appear
He is trying to find out whether the use of certain photo-electric devices can bring out mango blossoms a month earlier than usual

Bring up= introduce into a discussion
May I just bring up one small point before the Chainman closes the discussion?

Brush up= Study or practice something in order to revive one’s knowledge or skills
If you are going to Germany, you should brush up your German.

Build up= develop, cause to grow
Within five years he built up an excellent business and very good reputation.

Call off= (i) withdraw, stop
The strike will perhaps be called off tomorrow.
(ii) order soldiers, policemen, etc. to stop
After an hour’s encounter with the smugglers, the inspector called the
policemen off.

Call out= (i) summon
The army had to be called out to restore law and order.
(ii) read out in a loud voice.
Would you please call out the names of the successful candidates?

Catch on= become popular
His new song caught on very fast.

Carry out= (i) give effect to, put into practice
It is not enough to make plans; you should know how to carry them out.
(ii) perform
Experiments carried out at Oxford have shown that ants can make their way
over tough ground with unerring accuracy towards their nest.

Cave in= fall down, collapse
The roof of that house caved in after the heavy rainfall.

Come down= (i) become lower or cheaper
The price of gold is not likely to come down this year.
(ii) lose dignity or social position.
Since that unprovoked quarrel with his neighbour he has come down in the eyes of his friends.

Come out = be published
His book on nuclear chemistry has come out now.

Come up = begin to grow
The seeds I sowed last week haven’t come up yet.

Cool down = become calm.
He is trrrible speaker; he needs half an hour to warm up and then two hours to cool down.

Cut off = disconnect, remove
After five minutes of conversation the operator suddenly cut us off.

Light up= (i) to apply flame to a cigarette, a cigar or a stove
He sat comfortably in one of the beautiful arm chairs and then lit up one of his expensive cigars.
(ii) brighten
Her face lit up with a smile for a minute and then she sank again into an endless gloom.

Lock out= (i) lock the door from inside so as to prevent someone from entering
The warden said that he would lock us out if we did not return till 11 p.m.
(ii) lose the key and thus be stopped from entering I was locked out last night and was compelled to break the lock.

Lock up=(i) lock doors properly
Lock up the rooms properly before you go out.
(ii) make safe by placing in a locker or a box etc.
You must lock up all these confidential documents before you go.
(iii) imprison
The student leaders were locked upon for their acts of violence.

Look up= (i) search for (a word in a dictionary, facts in a reference book, etc.)
Look up this word in the dictionary.
You could look up some of these details in an encyclopedia.
(ii) pay a visit to someone, call on
Would you please look him up when you are in Kolkata next month?
Look me up next time you’re in London.
(iii) improve in price or prosperity.
The shares of the petro-chemical industry in India have started looking up now.
Business conditions are beginning to look up.

Make out= Understand
I cannot make out what he says.
Your handwriting is so bad that I can hardly make it out.

Make up= (i) make good
It is impossible for him to make up the losses he sufferered last year.
(ii) invent
I don’t think what he says is true. I think he has made up this story.
(iii) apply cosmetics
No sensible girl would like to make herself up in public.

Pass out= (i) distribute
The teacher passed the examination papers out.
(ii) distribute generously as a gift.
You can save a lot of money if you stop passing out drinks.
(iii) faint
Mrs Jones passed out when she heard the news of her son’s death.

Patch up= settle
They have patched up their differences now.

Pick out = select
All these books are equally good. It is difficult to pick out any one them.

Pick up= (i) collect, stop to give a lift to
I will pick you up at 2 o’clock.
Please do pick up, my children on your way.
(ii) take hold of and lift
Pick up all these books and files and take them to my study room.
(iii) learn without taking lessons
He did not learn French in school, he picked it up during his stay in Paris.
(iv) recover
His health picked up after a month at the hill station.
(v) increase, accelerate
The bus moved slowly at the beginning but picked up spread later.

Pile up = (i) accumulate
He is on leave these days and so his work is piling up.
(ii) crash into each other
Several cars piled up on this road during the fog yesterday.

Pin down = be precise about
I hate that man but I find it difficult to pin down the reason for it.

Put across = convey
In spite of his best efforts, he could not put across his ideas to the audience.

Put aside = (i) save
She has put aside a large sum of money.
(ii) disregard, ignore
He put aside all your valuable suggestions.

Put forward = advance, explain something and ask people to consider it.
When Darwin put forward his theory of evolution, he met with a lot of opposition.

Put in = (i) submit
Have you put in an application for that job?
(ii) do, perform
He will be paid a handsome allowance for putting in an extra hour of work every evening.

Put off = delay, postpone
For diplomatic reasons, the Minister put off his journey for about a week.

Put out = (i) blow out, extinguish, switch off
At 10 p.m. the nurse drew the curtains and put out the lights.
(ii) issue, publish
The government has put out an advertisement inviting applications for the post.
The Ministry of Finance has put out a pamphlet giving details of the new regulations.

Put up = (i) lodge and entertain.
My friend can put you up for the week-end.
(ii) take up one’s lodging at
Where are you going to put up during your stay in London?
He put up at an inn for the night.

Rally round = make a joint effort to help at a time of difficulty.
All his colleagues rallied round him when his officer wanted to suspend him.

Ring in = Celebrate the arrival of
Ring out the old and ring in the new.

Ring off = replace the receiver, end the telephone call.
I am sorry I will have to ring off now. I have an important visitor waiting for me in the drawing room.

Ring out = celebrate the departure of
Ring out the old and ring in the new.

Ring up = call someone on phone
Please ring me a bit later.
He does not want people to ring him up after 11 p.m.

Rope in = persuade a person to join a movement, a project etc.
You will have a better chance of success if you can rope in some more talented persons like him.

Run away = (i) steal and disappear
The laboratory assistant ran away with all the expensive chemicals.
The servant ran away with all her jewels.
(ii) recede, go away from.

MultipIe Choice Questions (MCQs) with Answers

Question 1.
He _________ a brave fight.
(A) put up with
(B) put up
(C) put down
(D) put off
Answer:
(B) put up

Question 2.
We need two players to ____________ the team.
(A) make out
(B) make of
(C) made from
(D) make up
Answer:
(D) make up

Question 3.
His plan __________.
(A) fell through
(B) fell down
(C) fell off
(D) fell upon
Answer:
(A) fell through

Question 4.
He always _________ late.
(A) turns out
(B) turns down
(C) turns up
(D) none of these
Answer:
(C) turns up

Question 5.
The strike has been ___________.
(A) called out
(B) called off
(C) called in
(D) called upon
Answer:
(B) called off

Question 6.
It is high time the caste system was ___________.
(A) done away with
(B) done for
(C) done out
(D) none of these
Answer:
(A) done away with

Question 7.
It is very difficult for me to __________ early.
(A) get down
(B) get over
(C) get up
(D) get on
Answer:
(C) get up

Question 8.
Winter has ___________.
(A) set out
(B) set in
(C) set up
(D) set out for
Answer:
(B) set in

Question 9.
We will ___________ you in your hour of crisis.
(A) stand out
(B) run down
(C) bring up
(D) stand by
Answer:
(D) stand by

Question 10.
The old building has been ___________.
(A) thrown out
(B) fallen out
(C) pulled down
(D) pulled up
Answer:
(C) pulled down

Question 11 .
My brother has _________ a temple.
(A) made up
(B) set up
(C) put up with
(D) none of these
Answer:
(B) set up

Question 12.
I cannot,___________ what you say.
(A) make from
(B) spring up
(C) make out
(D) make for
Answer:
(C) make out

Question 13.
A horde of robbers __________ him.
(A) got on
(B) kept on
(C) set upon
(D) made away with
Answer:
(C) set upon

Question 14.
This factory ___________ 100 cars a day.
(A) turns out
(B) makes up
(C) drops in
(D) draws on
Answer:
(A) turns out

Question 15.
I shall ___________Kolkata tomorrow.
(A) go off
(B) make for
(C) set out for
(D) none of these
Answer:
(C) set out for

Question 16.
The President _______________ the people to serve their country.
(A) called in
(B) called on
(C) called upon
(D) called out
Answer:
(C) called upon

Question 17.
The girl _________ in the middle of the speech.
(A) fell off
(B) broke off
(C) broke out
(D) broke in
Answer:
(B) broke off

Question 18.
He finds himself ________ from the outside world.
(A) get down
(B) do out
(C) cut off
(D) break off
Answer:
(C) cut off

Question 19.
The house is on fire, __________the fire-brigade at once.
(A) call out
(B) look up
(C) look down
(D) call in
Answer:
(D) call in

Question 20.
________your expenditure on smoking.
(A) cut off
(B) put out
(C) put down
(D) cut down
Answer:
(D) call in

Odisha State Board CHSE Odisha Class 12 Invitation to English 4 Solutions Grammar The Passive Textbook Activity Questions and Answers.

CHSE Odisha 12th Class English Grammar The Passive

Section -1

We can use English sentences either in active or passive voice. But we have a wrong notion that all the active sentences can be passivized and vice versa. While it is possible to express most ideas both in the active or the passive voice, some constructions are natural only in the active and a few others only in the passive.

The passive voice is normally used for one of the following reasons.
1 . The active subject (or the doer/agent of the action) is unknown or cannot be easily identified.
His father was killed in World War- II.
(The killer or his father is unknown/or difficult to identify)

2. The active subject or agent is evident from the context.
Mr Amitabh Bachchan was elected Member of Parliament.
(The active subject/agent (i.e. the people of a particular constituency) is well known from the context.

3. There may be a special reason for (fact, delicacy of sentiment or fixing responsibility) not mentioning the active agent.
The matter has been referred to an expert committee.

4. Where greater interest is taken in the subject of the passive.
His mother was run over by a truck.

5. In scientific discoveries, inventions, observations, public notices etc. we use passive sentences. Now mark how we can transform an active sentence into a passive construction. We normally take the help of the following steps to make a sentence from active to passive voice.
(i) Make the object of the active sentence the subject of the passive.
(ii) Change the active verb into the passive equivalent by using be-verb + past participle form of the main verb.
(iii) Decide whether the subject of the active sentence is to be included or deleted in the passive sentence. If included, it should be put after the preposition ‘by’.

This ‘by-phase’ is used (i) when the agent is an important person (ii) when the agent is an indefinite person or thing, (iii) when the agent is an inanimate (non-living object or thing and is regarded as something unusual or unexpected).
In present-day English, ‘by-phrase’ is normally avoided/omitted in passive sentences.
We use a ‘by-phrase’ when the speaker/writer wants to give emphasis on the active subject/agent.

Activity -1
Change the sentences below into their passive forms.
1. The Head Master punished the student.
2. Foolish men build large houses.
3. The umpire declared the batsman out.
4. Did Vibhishan betray Ravana?
5. Van Gogh did not paint this picture.
Answers
1. The student was punished by the Head Master.
2. Large houses are built by foolish men.
3. The batsman was declared out by the umpire.
4. Was Ravana betrayed by Vibhisan?
5. This picture was not painted by Van Gogh.

Activity- 2
Change the voice of the sentences below.
1. The dates for polling have been announced by the Election Commission.
2. Oriyas living in America have sent fifty crores for relief work.
3. The party has chosen a new president.
4. The plane was hijacked by five terrorists.
5. Can this cheque be cashed by my brother?
Answers
1. The Election Commission has announced the date for polling.
2. Fifty crores has been sent by Oriyas living in America for relief work.
3. A new president has been chosen (by the party).
4. Five terrorists hijacked the plane.
5. Can my brother cash this cheque?

Section -2

When do we use the passive?
The rules
The rules for changing the active voice into the passive voice are reliable, up to a point. However, it is wrong to think that every active sentence can be changed into the passive form. The passive voice is used in special situations, in which it would not be appropriate to use the active voice. It is important to know what these situations are.

What the “subject” of the sentence does?
We said above that the first rule for changing an active sentence into its passive form is to make the object of the active sentence the subject of the passive sentence. But why do we do this?
Every sentence must have a subject, which comes at or near the beginning of the sentence, before the verb. The subjects in the following sentences are printed in bold letters. Each sentence also contains an object, which is printed in italics.
1. The boys fed the lions in the zoo.
2. The kind old gentleman gave the blind beggar ten rupees
3. Bhima killed Dushashana in a fight.
4. The cyclone destroyed two thousand villages.

The subject, in each of these sentences, has two function.
(a) It introduces the topic that the speaker is going to talk about.
(when we hear the opening words of sentence 1, “The boys…” we know that the speaker is going to tell us something about the boys. The rest of the sentence tells us what the speaker has to say on this topic.)
(b) The subject also refers to the person or the thing that performs the action indicated by the verb. In other words, the subject is the “doer” of the action, or the agent that performs the action.

What about the object?
The object refers to the person or thing on which some action is performed by the agent (subject). Notice what happens when we change an active sentence into a passive sentence.

Example
The policeman arrested the thief, (active)
The thief was arrested by the policeman. (passive)

In the active sentence, the subject (policeman) represents the agent who performs the action, as well as the topic. Here, the speaker seems to be interested mainly in the policeman and what the policeman did.

But in the passive sentence, the agent (policeman) is no longer the subject or the topic. Instead, thiefbtcom&s the topic. The speaker seems to be more interested now in the thief and what happened to him than in the policeman, who is pushed into the background. So, when we turn an active sentence into its passive form, the effect is to turn the “spotlight” away from the agent. The passive is used when we are more interested in the action that is performed than in the agent that performs the action. This can happen in the following situations.

(a) when the speaker does not know the identity of the agent or is not sure of it, e.g.:
My bicycle has been stolen.

(b) when it is not necessary to mention the agent, because it is obvious who the agent is, e.g.:
The earth was created many millions of years ago.
The accused was tried in court and sentenced to prison.

(c) when the speaker does not want to mention the agent, for some reason, e.g.:
I have been cheated.

(d) when the speaker does not wish to offer a personal opinion, but wants to sound formal and objective, e.g.:
It is believed that no life exists on the planet Mars.

The agent is not mentioned in the majority of passive sentences. However, the agent must be mentioned (together with the preposition by) in the following contexts :
(a) when the agent is an important person- an inventor, an artist, a writer, a famous personality etc., e.g.:
1. ‘Chandrabhaga’ was written by Radhanath Ray.
2. The bridge will be opened by the Chief Minister.
3. The ratio was invented by Marconi.

(b) when the agent is someone or something that is unexpected, e.g. :
1. All the work in this factory is done by robots.
2. The man was killed by a tiger.

Section – 3

The uses of the passive.
Passive sentences are more commonly used in writing than in speech. The use of the passive is particularly common in scientific and technical writing, e.g. reports on experiments, descriptions of scientific processes, etc. Passives are also frequently used in official documents, where rules and regulations are laid down.
Here are some examples.
1. Payment can be made at any bank.
2. The liquid is heated to boiling point.
3. All lights are switched off at 11 p.m.
4. Sensitive data should not be fed into this computer.
5 . Sugar is exported to Japan.

Activity – 3
Use the verbs (given in brackets) in the correct form.
(a) Originally, this novel (write) __________ in Hindi, but it (translate) _________ into Oriya in 1985.
(b) Cheese (make)- from milk.
(c) There was an accident this afternoon. Somebody called an ambulance but as nobody (injure) _________ the ambulance (not require) ________.
(d) The office is in a mess. The telephone (never answer)__________, no proper records (keep) __________ and worst of all, no reports(write)__________.
(e) A three-year-old girl who hid in a sack while her mother was picking potatoes (run over) _________ by a tractor at a farm in Karnataka.
(f) A tree is lying across the road. It (blow down)____________ in the storm.
(g) The letter (post) _________ a week ago and it arrived yesterday.
(h) Two people (report) ___________ injured in a bomb explosion at a factory in Calcutta early this morning.
(i) A new museum (build) _________ in the city. Work started last year and the museum (expect) ___________ to open next year.

Answers
(a) Originally, this novel was written in Hindi, but it was translated into Oriya in 1985.
(b) Cheese is made from milk.
(c) There was an accident this afternoon. Somebody called an ambulance but as nobody was injured, the ambulance was not required.
(d) The office is in a mess. The telephone is never answered, no proper records are kept and worst of all, no reports are written.
(e) A three-year-old girl who hid in a sack while her mother was picking potatoes was run over by a tractor at a farm in Karnataka.
(f) A tree is lying across the road, it is blown down in the storm.
(g) The letter was posted a week ago and it arrived yesterday.
(h) Two people are reported injured in a bomb explosion at a factory in Calcutta early this morning.
(i) A new museum is being built in the city. Work started last year and the museum is expected to open next year.

Activity- 4
Rewrite the following newspaper report using passive forms of the verbs.
Thieves held the manager of the Taj Hotel at gun point last night during a daring raid in which they took nearly Rs. 500,000 from the hotel safe. They also broke into several of the bedrooms and removed articles of value.
The thieves made their escape through the kitchen, where they damaged several pieces of equipment. They injured the chef when he tried to stop them and left him lying unconscious on the floor. Police arrested the thieves early this morning.
Answers
1. The manger of the Taj Hotel was held at gun point last night.
2. Nearly Rs. 5,00,000 was taken from the hotel safe (by them).
3. Several of the bedrooms were also broken into (by them).
4. Articles of value were also removed.
5. Several pieces of equipment were damaged by them.
6. The chef was injured by them when he tried to stop them.
7. He was left unconscious on the floor.
8. The thieves were arrested (by the police) early this morning.

Activity- 5
The following is a part of a newspaper report. Use the verbs supplied in the blank spaces, in their appropriate forms.

(a) In Bhubaneswar yesterday a shopkeeper (force) ________ to hand over Rs. 10,000 after (threaten) ________ by a man with a knife. The man escaped in a car which (steal) _________ earlier in the day. Later, the car (find) ________ in a garage where it (abandon)- by the thief. A man who (suspect) _________ of (involve) __________ in the robbery (arrested) _________ and (question) _________ by the police.

(b) The state library (damage) __________ in a fire last Sunday. The fire, which (discover) _________ at about 11 p.m., spread very quickly. Nobody (injure) __________ but two people had to (rescue) __________ from a room upstairs. A number of valuable books (bum)__________. It (not know) __________ how the fire started.

Answers
(a) In Bhubaneswar yesterday a shopkeeper was forced to hand over Rs. 10,000 after being threatened by a man with a knife. The man escaped in a car which was stolen earlier in the day. Later, the car was found in a garage where it was abandoned by the thief. A man who was suspected of being involved in the robbery was arrested and questioned by the police.

(b) The state library was damaged in a fire last Sunday. The fire, which was discovered at about 11 p.m., spread very quickly. Nobody was injured but two people had to be rescued from a room upstairs. A number of valuable books were burnt. It was not known how the fire started.

Activity- 6
Mrs. Mohanty went out for a while. When she came back, she soon realised that someone had been in the room while she was away. Given below a list of the things that had been disturbed. Write sentences to describe the room, using the following hints.

bookcase/move door/open wall clock/remove
food on the table/eat candle/light record player/smash
window/close flower vase/break television/switch off

Answers
1. The bookcase had been moved.
2. The food on the table had been eaten.
3. The window had been closed.
4. The flower vase had been broken.
5. The door had been open.
6. The candle had been lighted.
7. Television had been switched off.
8. The wall clock had been removed.
9. The record player had been smashed.

Activity- 7
Do you know how to prepare a cup of tea, using a tea bag? If you don’t, you can follow the ‘recipe’ (pronounced re-si-pi) below.
A recipe is a set of instructions which you follow when you are preparing some food. Usually, recipes are given in the form of “commands”, using sentences in the active form. The following recipe for making tea is an example.
1 . Use one tea bag to make each cup of tea.
2. Place the required number of tea bags in a kettle.
3. Add boiling water.
4. Stir the water, but make sure that the tea bags do not open up.
5. Allow the tea to stand for four minutes.
6. Pour the tea into cups.
7. Add sugar and milk to taste

The instructions in the recipe can be re-written, using sentences in the passive form. What you get now is a description of a process. Write the recipe given above, using sentences in the passive form. The first sentence has been done for you.

How tea is made, using tea-bags
Answers
1. One tea-bag is used for making each cup of tea.
2. The required number of tea bags are placed in a kettle.
3. Boiling water is added.
4. The water is stirred, but make sure that the tea bags do not be opened up
5. The tea is allowed to stand for four minutes.
6. The tea is poured into cups.
7. Sugar and milk is added to taste.

Activity-8
When you become a member of a library, you are supposed to obey certain library rules. Rules are generally stated in sentences using the passive form.
Here is a list of “Dos” and “Don’ts” for users of public library. Can you turn them into library ruels, using the passive?
Dos
1. You should maintain strict silence inside the library.
2. You must bring your membership card with you when you visit the library.
3. You must leave your bags, books, note-books, etc. at the checking counter, outside the library.
4. You should ask the librarian to help you in case you are unable to find a book
Answers
1. Strict silence must be maintained inside the library.
2. Your membership card must be brought (required) when you visit the library.
3. Your bags, books, note-books, etc. must be left/kept outside the library, at the checking counter.
4. The librarian may/should be asked to help you in case you are unable to find a book.

Don’ts
1. You mustn’t write anything inside a book which you borrow from the library.
2. You shouldn’t damage the book in any way.
3. You mustn’t keep the book longer than the due date.
4. You shouldn’t lend the book to anyone who is not a member of the library.
Answers
1. Anything inside a book mustn’t be written which you borrow from the library.
2. The book shouldn’t be damaged in any way.
3. The book mustn’t be kept longer than the due date.
4. The book shouldn’t be lent to anyone who is not a member of the library

Multiple-Choice Questions (MCQs) with Answers

1. We ____________ by a loud noise during the night.
(A) woke up
(B) are woken up
(C) were woken up
(D) were waking up
Answer:
(C) were woken up

2. There’s somebody walking behind us. I think ___________.
(A) we are following
(B) we are being followed
(C) we are followed
(D) we are being following
Answer:
(B) we are being followed

3. ‘Where ?’ ‘In London.’
(A) were you born
(B) are you born
(C) have you been born
(D) did you born
Answer:
(A) were you born

4. The train __________ arrive at 11.30 but it was an hour late.
(A) supposed to
(B) is supposed to
(C) was supposed to
(D) none of these
Answer:
(C) was supposed to

5. Where________ ? Which hairdresser did you go to?
(A) did you cut your hair
(B) have you cut your hair
(C) did you have cut your hair
(D) did you have your hair cut
Answer:
(D) did you have your hair cut

6. I don’t like ______________by others.
(A) be laughed
(B) being laughed
(C) to be laughed
(D) to have been laughed
Answer:
(B) being laughed

7. They __________ to go there.
(A) are made
(B) are making
(C) have made
(D) should make
Answer:
(A) are made

8. Accidents ___________ by negligence.
(A) are made
(B) must be made
(C) made
(D) none of these
Answer:
(A) are made

9. I ________to all.
(A) am knowing
(B) am known
(C) have known
(D) none of these
Answer:
(B) am known

10. Where ___________ your kites?
(A) you are flying
(B) are you flying
(C) you have to fly
(D)none of these
Answer:
(B) are you flying