Class 12

Odisha State Board CHSE Odisha Class 12 Approaches to English Book 1 Solutions Unit 4 Text C: The Mushroom of Death Textbook Activity Questions and Answers.

CHSE Odisha 12th Class Alternative English Solutions Unit 4 Text C: The Mushroom of Death

Activity -11

Vocabulary:
Find out words from the passage, which mean more or less the following:
(i) to think deeply for a long time (3).
(ii) to spread something so that it will influence a lot of people (4)
(in) a written list of all the objects in a particular place (5)
(iv) Seen to be true of valid (explanation, argument, or statement) (6)
(v) Change in the genetic structure (12)
(vi) a similar action or decision in the past (15)

Answer:
(i) to think deeply for a long time-contemplate
(ii) to spread something so that it will influence a lot of people – propagate
(iii) a written list of all the objects in a particular place – inventory
(iv) Seen to be true of valid (explanation, argument, or statement) -plausible
(v) Change in the genetic structure -genetic mutations.
(vi) a similar action or decision in the past – historical precedent

Activity-12

Link Words:
Choose the correct alternatives and rewrite the sentences after removing the brackets.
(a) I understand your point of view. (However / Although), I don’t agree to it.
(b) Ramesh had lived in this village for 20 years (Even though / Nevertheless) the villagers still considered him an outsider.
(c) He has lived next door to us for a year, (yet / however), we hardly even seen him.
(d) I walked up the stairs cautiously. (Even / though) I nearly slipped twice.
(e) He has refused entry to the USA. (Though / Instead) he was forced to return to India instead.
(f) Someone of his poems was published in newspapers and magazines (so that / consequently) he thought of himself as an established poet.

Answer:
(a) I understand your point of view. However, I don’t agree to it.
(b) Ramesh had lived in this village for 20 years. Nevertheless, the villagers still considered him an outsider.
(c) He has lived next door to us for a year, yet, we hardly even seen him.
(d) I walked up the stairs cautiously even I nearly slipped twice.
(e) He has refused entry to the USA. He was forced to return to India instead.
(f) Someone of his poems was published in newspapers and magazines so he thought of himself as an established poet.

Activity – 15

Cohesive Devices: Link Words
Predict whether the following words present an addition, a result, or a contrast.
(a) Those events have taught us a great deal about nuclear war’s potential physical and biological impact. But ………………….(1)
(b) The light ……………………… causes thermal effects that depend upon the thermal energy incident on the skin of man. Also ………………………. (4)
(c) Authorised unclassified estimates indicate that world arsenals contain about 50,000 weapons, although ………………………… (5)
(d) The impact of the Hiroshima bomb was geographically limited thus ………………………… (2)
(e) The consequences can be a kind that was not even contemplated till recently, that is ………………………. (3).
(f) The fireball spreads out to affirm the distinctive mushroom could and ………………………… (5)

Answer:
(a) Those events have taught us a great deal about nuclear war’s potential physical and biological impact. But it must be remembered that the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki experienced only a single explosion each of a weapon much smaller in field than many of those stockpiled in world nuclear arsenals today, (addition)
(b) The light ………………… causes thermal effects that depend upon the thermal energy incident on the skin of man. Also …………….. (addition)
(c) Authorised unclassified estimates indicate that world arsenals contain about 50,000 weapons, although …………………… (contrast)
(d) The impact ofthe Hiroshima bomb was geographically limited thus …………………… (result)
(e) The consequences can be a kind that was not even contemplated till recently, that is …………………….. (addition)
(f) The fireball spreads out of firm the distinctive mushroom could and ……………………. (addition)

Activity-14(A)

Say which tense is the following sentences in:
(1) Those events have taught us a great deal ____________.
(2) The bomb dropped in Hiroshima released ____________.
(3) All the energy of the explosion is added ____________.
(4) If the explosion occurs close ____________.
(5) It may be better ____________.
(6) As the fireball rises ____________ it spreads ____________.
(7) He became an engineer.
(8) She played well
(9) She took my photograph.

Answer:
(1) Present tense
(2) Past tense
(3) Present tense
(4) Present tense
(5) Present tense
(6) Present tense
(7) Past tense
(8) Past tense
(9) Past tense

Extra Activity – (Miscellaneous)
(c) Directions: Pick up synonyms of the words from the words which follow:

Question 1.
Composure:
(a) Assumed attitude
(b) Liberty or musical
(c) Restlessness
(d) Work tranquility
Answer:
(d) Work tranquility

Question 2.
Implicate:
(a) to insult
(b) doubt
(c) involve
(d) make clear
Answer:
(c) involve

Question 3.
Concert:
(a) agreement
(b) beauty
(c) power
(d) yielding
Answer:
(c) power

Question 4.
Mitigate:
(a) to heal
(b) soften
(c) pardon
(d) send on a mission
Answer:
(b) soften

Question 5.
Buoyant:
(a) childlike
(b) brisk
(c) sturdy
(d) light-hearted
Answer:
(c) sturdy

Question 6.
Unalloyed:
(a) not connected
(b) calm
(c) absolute and complete
(d) inferior
Answer:
(c) absolute and complete

Question 7.
Blandishment
(a) slanders
(b) flattering speech
(c) thieveries
(d) immaturities
Answer:
(b) flattering speech

Question 8.
Propulsive:
(a) explosive
(b) disgusting
(c) impatient
(d) impelling to action
Answer:
(d) impelling to action

Question 9.
Athorart:
(a) crosswise
(b) following
(c) flattened out
(d) just ahead
Answer:
(a) crosswise

Question 10.
Flagging:
(a) becoming afraid
(b) hesitation
(c) growing weak
(d) limping
Answer:
(c) growing weak

Question 11.
Intransigence:
(a) power
(b) bitter criticism
(c) obstinate unwillingness to agree
(d) great anger
Answer:
(c) obstinate unwillingness to agree

Question 12.
Rectify:
(a) to command
(b) destroy
(c) correct
(d) build
Answer:
(c) correct

Question 13.
Incitement:
(a) timmil
(b) calm
(c) stimulus
(d) noise
Answer:
(c) stimulus

Question 14.
Devoid:
(a) evasive
(b) hopeless
(c) lacking
(d) stupid
Answer:
(c) lacking

Question 15.
Resolved:
(a) dummerised
(b) dispelled
(c) strengthened
(d) tonglad
Answer:
(b) dispelled

Question 16.
Privy:
(a) dishonest
(b) caution
(c) secretly aware
(d) quiet
Answer:
(c) secretly aware

Question 17.
Differentiation:
(a) distinction
(b) caution or grounds of difference
(c) argument
(d) quiet
Answer:
(a) distinction

Question 18.
Condon:
(a) pile of logs
(b) smokeless gun powder
(c) line of people as a guard
(d) heavy clock
Answer:
(c) line of people as a guard

Question 19.
Pilfer:
(a) to gossip
(b) steal
(c) trifle
(d) loiter
Answer:
(b) steal

Question 20.
Lore:
(a) sentiment
(b) body of tradition
(c) suspicion
(d) fabestories
Answer:
(b) body of tradition

Question 21.
Baleful:
(a) harmful
(b) kind
(c) happy
(d) dark
Answer:
(a) harmful

Question 22.
Hallowed:
(a) old
(b) decayed
(c) sacred
(d) mellowed
Answer:
(c) sacred

Question 23.
Liar:
(a) landowner
(b) evil glance
(c) den
(d) trap
Answer:
(c) den

Question 24.
Bridle:
(a) to bow
(b) insult
(c) show anger
(d) trap
Answer:
(c) show anger

Question 25.
Slothful:
(a) flit
(b) stubborn
(c) lazy
(d) ignorant
Answer:
(c) lazy

Question 26.
Shift:
(a) to manage
(b) show
(c) slide
(d) drag one’s feet
Answer:
(a) to manage

Question 27.
Gruesome:
(a) dark
(b) rude
(c) painful
(d) ghostly
Answer:
(d) ghostly

Question 28.
Be token:
(a) to be a sign of
(b) invite
(c) threaten
(d) enrich
Answer:
(a) to be a sign of

Question 29.
Last:
(a) unless
(b) but
(c) for fear
(d) enrich
Answer:
(a) unless

Question 30.
Requite:
(a) to repay
(b) demand
(c) complete
(d) need
Answer:
(a) to repay

Question 31.
Mite:
(a) precious stone
(b) small object
(c) strength
(d) probability
Answer:
(b) small object

Question 32.
Cite:
(a) to memorize
(b) use clearly
(c) point out with a figure
(d) quote
Answer:
(d) quote

Question 33.
Satellite:
(a) sparkling
(b) ruler
(c) gem
(d) servile attention
Answer:
(d) servile attention

Question 34.
Respite:
(a) breath
(b) fatigue
(c) ill will
(d) interval of rest
Answer:
(d) interval of rest

Question 35.
Incite:
(a) to cut of
(b) perceive the inner nature of the thing
(c) arouse or stair up
(d) commence
Answer:
(c) arouse or stair up

TEST – II
Directions

Pick up synonyms of the words from die list of words that follow every word:

Question 1.
Parasite:
(a) disease
(b) a loss of motion
(c) a hanger on
(d) an insect
Answer:
(c) a hanger on

Question 2.
Rite:
(a) solemn activity
(b) justice
(c) straitness
(d) a cleaning
Answer:
(a) solemn activity

Question 3.
Apposite:
(a) appropriate
(b) highly unpleasant
(c) fulish
(d) painful
Answer:
(a) appropriate

Question 4.
Chafe:
(a) torudicile
(b) to fret and fume
(c) to cheat
(d) to etch
Answer:
(b) to fret and fume

Question 5.
Bald:
(a) broad
(b) rash
(c) unadorned
(d) insulting
Answer:
(c) unadorned

Question 6.
Clean:
(a) to get bit by bit
(b) speak
(c) to discover
(d) to polish
Answer:
(a) to get bit by bit

Question 7.
Shard:
(a) part of a plough
(b) swindle
(c) fragment
(d) layer of earth
Answer:
(c) fragment

Question 8.
Barge:
(a) to thrush forward
(b) to brag
(c) to smell
(d) to oppose
Answer:
(a) to thrush forward

Question 9.
Claim:
(a) care
(b) fortress
(c) well
(d) heap of stone
Answer:
(d) heap of stone

Question 10.
Wrought:
(a) made or fashioned
(b) broken
(c) complicated
(d) strengthened
Answer:
(a) made or fashioned

Question 11.
Drab:
(a) dull or colorless
(b) tired
(c) discouraged
(d) shabby
Answer:
(a) dull or colorless

Question 12.
Err:
(a) to weaver
(b) to make a mistake
(c) to delay
(d) to become confused
Answer:
(b) to make a mistake

Question 13.
Lode:
(a) weight
(b) discouragement
(c) power
(d) vein of
Answer:
(d) vein of

Question 14.
Cadge:
(a) to be cautious
(b) to sponge
(c) to make a reservation
(d) to snatch
Answer:
(b) to sponge

Question 15.
Irk:
(a) to scold
(b) to make a werry fall
(c) to urge
(d) to annoy
Answer:
(d) to annoy

Question 16.
Butt:
(a) blunt ness
(b) stupidity
(c) target
(d) support
Answer:
(c) target

Question 17.
Wield:
(a) to throw
(b) to use with full effect
(c) to grap
(d) to cut
Answer:
(b) to use with full effect

Question 18.
Wreck:
(a) to twist
(b) to inflict
(c) to emit an unpleasant odor
(d) cadence
Answer:
(c) to emit an unpleasant odor

Question 19.
Lilt:
(a) laughter
(b) physical beauty
(c) hopefulness
(d) cadence
Answer:
(d) cadence

Question 20.
Wrath:
(a) anger
(b) garland of flower
(c) phantom
(d) halo
Answer:
(c) phantom

Question 21.
Chaff
(a) banter
(b) grist
(c) abrasion
(d) comfort
Answer:
(c) abrasion

Question 22.
Crypt:
(a) puzzle
(b) silence
(c) brevity
(d) vault
Answer:
(d) vault

Question 23.
Tilt:
(a) cultivated land
(b) dispute
(c) balance
(d) point of view
Answer:
(d) point of view

Question 24.
Perturb:
(a) to upset
(b) to cause doubt
(c) to burden
(d) to test
Answer:
(c) to burden

Question 25.
Usurp:
(a) to yield
(b) to cause doubt
(c) to burden
(d) to test
Answer:
(c) to burden

Question 26.
Recriminate:
(a) to resist authority
(b) to accuse in return
(c) to respect an illegal act
(d) to restate
Answer:
(b) to accuse in return

Question 27.
Ensconce:
(a) to surround
(b) promote
(c) honor
(d) to settle comfortably
Answer:
(d) to settle comfortably

Question 28.
Elude:
(a) to evade
(b) to omit or leave out
(c) to make mention of
(d) to deceive
Answer:
(a) to evade

Question 29.
Rifle:
(a) to disturb
(b) to shoot
(c) to seize
(d) to plunder or ransack
Answer:
(d) to plunder or ransack

Question 30.
Mollify:
(a) to irritate
(b) to appease
(c) to amuse
(d) to limit the meaning of
Answer:
(b) to appease

Question 31.
Recoup:
(a) to recover
(b) to trap
(c) to strengthen
(d) to shuffle
Answer:
(a) to recover

Question 32.
Substantiate:
(a) to weaken
(b) to substitute
(c) to verify
(d) to make wealthy
Answer:
(c) to verify

Question 33.
Solicit:
(a) to command
(b) to worry
(c) to sympathise with
(d) to ask for
Answer:
(d) to ask for

Question 34.
Embroil:
(a) to anger
(b) to involve in the discussion
(c) to encompass
(d) to bring to boiling point
Answer:
(b) to involve in the discussion

Question 35.
Envisage:
(a) to face
(b) to seek
(c) to understand
(d) to foresee in imagination
Answer:
(d) to foresee in imagination

TEST – III

Question 1.
Compound:
(a) to emphasize
(b) to confuse
(c) to put together
(d) to compress
Answer:
(c) to put together

Question 2.
Beguile:
(a) to charm
(b) to become shy
(c) to fetter
(d) to smile at
Answer:
(a) to charm

Question 3.
Slaken:
(a) to grow weary
(b) to hampen
(c) to become less active
(d) to quentch
Answer:
(c) to become less active

Question 4.
Submerge:
(a) to walk on
(b) to sink
(c) to appear
(d) to join together
Answer:
(b) to sink

Question 5.
Replenish:
(a) to spread around
(b) to fulfill
(c) to give up
(d) to provide a new supply for
Answer:
(d) to provide a new supply for

Question 6.
Convulse:
(a) to shake violently
(b) to restrict
(c) to befuddle
(d) to impel
Answer:
(a) to shake violently

Question 7.
Placade:
(a) tofettenout
(b) to pacify
(c) to annoy
(d) to make secure
Answer:
(b) to pacify

Question 8.
Ingratiate:
(a) to make ungrateful
(b) to force one’s way in
(c) to place oneself in a favorable position
Answer:
(c) to place oneself in a favorable position

Question 9.
Augury:
(a) dispute
(b) alter
(c) place of refuse
(d) omen
Answer:
(d) omen

Question 10.
Flagrant:
(a) widely scattered
(b) poisonous
(c) scandalous
(d) absurd
Answer:
(c) scandalous

Question 11.
Ferret:
(a) to search
(b) to trap
(c) to hide
(d) to flee
Answer:
(a) to search

Question 12.
Impediment:
(a) opposition
(b) told
(c) obstruction
(d) disparagement
Answer:
(c) obstruction

Question 13.
Nomenclature:
(a) adoption of a pen name
(b) system of names
(c) parliamentary rule
(d) history of names
Answer:
(b) system of names

Question 14.
Cumulative:
(a) serious
(b) swollen
(c) rich
(d) steadily increasing
Answer:
(d) steadily increasing

Question 15.
Pedantic:
(a) hanging
(b) making a needless display of leaming
(c) ignorant
(d) solemn
Answer:
(b) making a needless display of leaming

Question 16.
Disparate:
(a) radically different
(b) discouraged
(c) reckless
(d) stingy
Answer:
(a) radically different

Question 17.
Regime:
(a) order of procedure
(b) system of government
(c) recipe for cooking
(d) peacefulness
Answer:
(b) system of government

Question 18.
Inimical:
(a) favorable
(b) unique
(c) unfriendly
(d) wicked
Answer:
(c) unfriendly

Question 19.
Deplete:
(a) to flatten
(b) to conquer
(c) to finish
(d) to exhaust
Answer:
(d) to exhaust

Question 20.
Despensation:
(a) distribution
(b) dismissal
(c) surrender of power
(d) delaying
Answer:
(a) distribution

Question 21.
Circuitous:
(a) surrounded
(b) dizzy
(c) round-about
(d) deceptive
Answer:
(c) round-about

Question 22.
Scintilla
(a) Knsal
(b) trace
(c) veil
(d) brilliant surface
Answer:
(d) brilliant surface

Question 23.
Conversant:
(a) well-mannered
(b) talkative
(c) argumentative
(d) familiar
Answer:
(d) familiar

Question 24.
Villify:
(a) to lie
(b) to prove
(c) to defame
(d) to defraud
Answer:
(c) to defame

Question 25.
Noxious:
(a) dark
(b) injurious
(c) hateful
(d) evil-smelling
Answer:
(b) injurious

Question 26.
Cursory:
(a) informal
(b) penetrating
(c) angry
(d) rapid and superficial
Answer:
(d) rapid and superficial

Question 27.
Actuate:
(a) to explain
(b) to put in action
(c) to furnish proof
(d) to prepare a financial statement
Answer:
(b) to put in action

Question 28.
Flaceid:
(a) weak
(b) pale
(c) dull
(d) scared
Answer:
(b) pale

Question 29.
Dire:
(a) severe
(b) wicked
(c) dreadful
(d) hopeless
Answer:
(c) dreadful

Question 30.
Sequestered:
(a) quiet
(b) shady
(c) safe
(d) secluded
Answer:
(d) secluded

Question 31.
Inconceivable:
(a) unimportant
(b) unthinkable
(c) improbably
(d) inconsequential
Answer:
(b) unthinkable

Question 32.
Inopportune:
(a) untimely
(b) not instant
(c) unreasonable
(d) leisurely
Answer:
(a) untimely

Question 33.
Tactless:
(a) considerable
(b) sharp
(c) pertains to the origin of touch
(d) strong
Answer:
(c) pertains to the origin of touch

Question 34.
Inconclusive:
(a) not apparent
(b) not decisive
(c) positive
(d) unanswerable
Answer:
(b) not decisive

Question 35.
Disputation:
(a) controversy
(b) formal enquiry
(c) dissertation
(d) distribution
Answer:
(a) controversy

TEST-IV

Question 1.
Benign:
(a) radiant
(b) religion
(c) kindly
(d) hopeful
Answer:
(c) kindly

Question 2.
Dictum:
(a) enunciation
(b) law
(c) autocratic ruler
Answer:
(b) law

Question 3.
Appurtenance:
(a) accessory
(b) apt retort
(c) personal characteristic
(d) insult
Answer:
(a) accessory

Question 4.
Asperity:
(a) Ambition
(b) eagerness
(c) promptness
(d) harshness
Answer:
(d) harshness

Question 5.
Cogent:
(a) brief
(b) wise
(c) convincing
(d) mathematical term
Answer:
(c) convincing

Question 6.
Feline:
(a) delicate
(b) catlike
(c) very feminine
(d) slack
Answer:
(b) catlike

Question 7.
Sibilant:
(a) talkative
(b) secret
(c) soft
(d) hissing
Answer:
(d) hissing

Question 8.
Jocose:
(a) merry
(b) fat
(c) clumsy
(d) foolish
Answer:
(a) merry

Question 9.
Mendacious:
(a) bitter
(b) beggarly
(c) boastful
(d) untrustful
Answer:
(d) untrustful

Question 10.
Capitulate:
(a) to emphasize
(b) to rush
(c) to surrender
(d) to overturn
Answer:
(c) to surrender

Question 11.
Recapitulate:
(a) to recover property
(b) to sum up
(c) to repeat oneself tiresomely
(d) to surrender again
Answer:
(b) to sum up

Question 12.
Celerity:
(a) grace
(b) fame
(c) slipperiness
(d) speed
Answer:
(b) fame

Question 13.
Head:
(a) to pay attention
(b) to team
(c) to hesitate
(d) to be positive
Answer:
(a) to pay attention

Question 14.
Rack:
(a) to fleece
(b) to pile up
(c) to torture
(d) to shatter
Answer:
(c) to torture

Question 15.
Squib:
(a) young pigeon
(b) pm point
(c) feather
(d) brief with paragraph
Answer:
(d) brief with paragraph

Question 16.
Bak:
(a) to luxuriate
(b) to be modest
(c) to lie down
(d) to moisten
Answer:
(c) to lie down

Question 17.
Coy:
(a) dainty
(b) glamorous
(c) petish
(d) demure
Answer:
(d) demure

Question 18.
Blurt:
(a) effusive description
(b) impulsive utterance
(c) splash of color
(d) stain
Answer:
(b) impulsive utterance

Question 19.
Want:
(a) need
(b) wish
(c) habit
(d) refusal
Answer:
(c) habit

Question 20.
Refex share:
(a) to splice
(b) to split apart
(c) to unload
(d) to brace
Answer:
(b) to split apart

Question 21.
Pore:
(a) to perspire
(b) to read carefully
(c) to look serious
(d) to rain hard
Answer:
(b) to read carefully

Question 22.
Tome:
(a) large book
(b) mausoleum
(c) echo
(d) aulted roof
Answer:
(a) large book

Question 23.
Marie:
(a) grit
(b) stone
(c) gloom
(d) smudge
Answer:
(c) gloom

Question 24.
Drain:
(a) to shift
(c) to emaciate
(b) to stretch
(d) to exhaust
Answer:
(d) to exhaust

Question 25.
Feint:
(a) to challenge
(b) to make a sham
(c) to withdraw
(d) to grow weak
Answer:
(b) to make a sham

Question 26.
Brawl:
(a) to shout
(b) to cry
(c) to quarrel noisily
(d) to revolt
Answer:
(c) to quarrel noisily

Question 27.
Crime:
(a) frost
(b) dirt
(c) lubricant
(d) grain to be grown
Answer:
(b) dirt

Question 28.
Gad
(a) to stare
(b) to tease
(c) to rush about
(d) to criticize
Answer:
(c) to rush about

Question 29.
Shade:
(a) to secret
(b) amount
(c) privacy
(d) slight difference
Answer:
(a) to secret

Question 30.
Shidge:
(a) soft mud
(b) menial worker
(c) slattern
(d) bookish
Answer:
(a) soft mud

Question 31.
Scrimp:
(a) to shrivel
(b) to be frugal
(c) to be selfish
(d) to be fussy
Answer:
(b) to be frugal

Question 32.
Drub:
(a) to bounce
(b) to leaf
(c) to beat
(d) to be stupid
Answer:
(c) to beat

Question 33.
Dross
(a) lustre
(b) dull surface
(c) mental depression
(d) impurity
Answer:
(d) impurity

Question 34.
Straff
(a) to discipline
(b) to bombard
(c) to rub
(d) to slice
Answer:
(d) to slice

Question 35.
Wend:
(a) to direct one’s course
(b) to wander
(c) to weave
(d) to sloop
Answer:
(a) to direct one’s course

TEST-V

Question 1.
Blunt:
(a) abrupt manner
(b) direct insult
(c) mainshock
(d) retarded shock
Answer:
(c) mainshock

Question 2.
Prime:
(a) to supply with facts
(b) to begin
(c) to assist
(d) to strut
Answer:
(a) to supply with facts

Question 3.
Bode:
(a) to dwell
(b) to foreshadow
(c) to endure
(d) to wait
Answer:
(b) to foreshadow

Question 4.
Wrest:
(a) to grapple with an opponent
(b) to twist into a distorted shape
(c) to compiler
(d) to stretch forcibly
Answer:
(d) to stretch forcibly

Question 5.
Frond:
(a) decorative border
(b) palm leaf
(c) thick branch
(d) prong
Answer:
(b) palm leaf

Question 6.
Mite:
(a) to come up to or touch
(b) to make suitably
(c) to allot
(d) to challenge
Answer:
(b) to make suitably

Question 7.
Flay:
(a) to whip
(b) to spread out
(c) to splice together
(d) to strip off the skin
Answer:
(b) to spread out

Question 8.
Tend:
(a) to sympathize
(b) to incline
(c) to delay
(d) to offer
Answer:
(b) to incline

Question 9.
Pert:
(a) hide
(b) wealth
(c) track of a wild animal
(d) equipment
Answer:
(b) wealth

Question 10.
Tant:
(a) stingy
(b) hard
(c) secretive
(d) tightly drawn
Answer:
(d) tightly drawn

Question 11.
Track:
(a) climb
(b) to travel by wagon
(c) to deceive
(d) to carry
Answer:
(a) climb

Question 12.
Design:
(a) to condescend
(b) to pretend
(c) to disparage
(d) to refuse
Answer:
(a) to condescend

Question 13.
Spume:
(a) spray
(b) anger
(c) foam
(d) noise
Answer:
(c) foam

Question 14.
Effectuate:
(a) to accomplish
(b) begin
(c) practice
(d) end
Answer:
(a) to accomplish

Question 15.
Perceptive:
(a) wise
(b) alert
(c) discerning
(d) precise
Answer:
(c) discerning

Question 16.
Syndrome:
(a) council
(b) combination of symptoms
(c) fetish
(d) monopoly
Answer:
(b) combination of symptoms

Question 17.
Fastidious:
(a) literal
(b) clear
(c) discrete
(d) fussy
Answer:
(d) fussy

Question 18.
Apotheosis:
(a) revelation
(b) pithy saying
(c) perfect example
(d) rhetorical address
Answer:
(c) perfect example

Question 19.
Pristine:
(a) beautiful
(b) prudish
(c) shining
(d) original
Answer:
(d) original

Question 20.
Forbearance:
(a) patience
(b) foresight
(c) stubbornness
(d) inherited traits
Answer:
(a) patience

Question 21.
Coercive:
(a) stick
(b) compelling
(c) persuasive
(d) complaining
Answer:
(b) compelling

Question 22.
Hybrid:
(a) pure
(b) carefully selected
(c) mixed
(d) hardy
Answer:
(c) mixed

Question 23.
Sully:
(a) to ridicule
(b) leap forth
(c) deceive
(d) tarnish
Answer:
(d) tarnish

Question 24.
Blatant:
(a) conceited
(b) unpleasantly noise
(c) brutal
(d) openly hostile
Answer:
(c) brutal

Question 25.
Peregrination:
(a) land measurement
(b) uncertainty
(c) travel
(d) scheme
Answer:
(b) uncertainty

Question 26.
Oblogay:
(a) abusive language
(b) state of being of forgotten
(c) discussion
(d) burial rite
Answer:
(a) abusive language

Question 27.
Mettle:
(a) mood
(b) courage
(c) sternness
(d) belligerence
Answer:
(b) courage

Question 28.
Infraction:
(a) small portion
(b) collision
(c) oversight
(d) violation of law
Answer:
(d) violation of law

Section – C
In Text – A you are exposed to a futuristic view of the scientific and technological world that is likely to emerge by 2050. But will the world survive so long? If your answer is in negative what possible threats do you apprehend?
(i) __________________
(ii) __________________
(iii) __________________
Discuss the possible threats in consultation with others. Now read Amalendu Bandopadhyay’s, ‘The Mushroom of Death’ and find out what dangers, the writer thinks to lie ahead for humanity.

The Mushroom of Death Summary in English

Summary:
The bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki has taught us the potential physical and biological impact of a nuclear war. The bomb dropped on Hiroshima released energy equalling 20 kilotons of chemical explosives. Now, the question is what will happen if many modem nuclear weapons are exploded? It is clear that the consequences can be of kind that smoke from massive nuclear-ignited urban fires can cause a worldwide disruption in the planet’s weather and climate. The effects of an air burst will form an extremely strong shock wave that propagates outward rendering the air luminous and creating a fireball in the immediate vicinity of the burst.

If the explosion takes place close to the surface, there will be a shock wave coupled to the ground and a crater can be dug in the ground. Gamma rays and neutrons also release from an air burst. While detonating a nuclear weapon, it releases heat of about tens of millions of degrees Celsius into the nearby air. Even buildings of heavy construction will collapse. Scientists are of the view that the smoke produced by the burning of cities in after match of a nuclear war may significantly affect the earth’s climate for long periods of time. There will be a substantial decrease in precipitation.

Analytical Outlines

• There was a bombing on Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
• It has brought us the potential physical impact.
• It has also brought us a biological impact.
• It was the impact of nuclear war.
• The bomb was dropped on Hiroshima.
• It released high energy.
• It was equal to 20 kilotons of chemical explosives.
• Then the writer asked a very powerful question.
• What will happen if many modem nuclear weapons are exploded?
• It is clear that the consequences will be far more severe than in 1945.
• The consequences can be of such a kind.
• The smoke from massive nuclear-ignited urban fires.
• It can cause a worldwide disruption.
• It can cause it in the planet’s weather and climate.
• It is the effect of an air burst.
• It will form an extremely strong shock wave.
• It propagates outward rendering of the air luminous.

• It creates a fireball.
• The fireball is created in the immediate vicinity of the burst.
• When the explosion takes place close to the surface.
• There will be a shock wave coupled to the ground.
• The aerator can be dug in the ground.
• Gamma rays are released from an air burst.
• Neutrons are also released from this air burst.
• A nuclear weapon is detonated.
• It releases heavy heat.
• It is about tens of millions of degrees Celcius.
• It releases it into the nearby am
• Even buildings of heavy construction will collapse.
• Scientists provide opinions about it.
• They talk about the smoke produced by burning cities.
• This burning is in the aftermath of a nuclear war.
• It may significantly affect the earth’s climate.
• It will affect it for a long period of time.
• There will be a substantial decrease in the precipitation

Meanings Of Difficult Words

arsenals – stores of weapons.
deployment – organizing troops and equipment for immediate action.
incident on – something that occurs in connection with something else.
gamma rays – high-frequency rays emitted from a radioactive atom.
inventory – lit of articles.
unclassified – no longer secret.
megaton – one million tons.
buoyant – capable of keeping an object afloat.
precipitation – condensation in the atmosphere as rain, snow or hait

aftermath – a situation resulting from an important event.
consequences – results, aftermaths
obtain – get
devastating – terrible, horrible, dangerous
vicinity – in the nearby area,
initial – beginning, at the outset.
lethal – deadly, life-killing, dangerous.
plausible – evident, having proofs.
thermal – relating to heat or temperature
precipitation – rainfall.

Odisha State Board CHSE Odisha Class 12 Math Solutions Chapter 12 Vectors Ex 12(b) Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

CHSE Odisha Class 12 Math Solutions Chapter 12 Vectors Exercise 12(b)

Question 1.
Each question given below has four possible answers, out of which only one is correct. Choose the correct one.
(i) (2î – 4ĵ) . (î + ĵ + k̂) = _______.
(a) -3
(b) +2
(c) -1
(d) -2
Solution:
(d) -2

(ii) If a = î + 2ĵ – k̂, b = î + ĵ + 2k̂, c = 2î – ĵ; then
(a) \(\vec{a} \perp \vec{b}\)
(b) \(\vec{b} \perp \vec{c}\)
(c) \(\vec{a} \perp \vec{c}\)
(d) no pair of vectors are perpendicular.
Solution:
(c) \(\vec{a} \perp \vec{c}\)

(iii) (-3, λ, 1) ⊥ (1, 0, -3) ⇒ λ = _______.
(a) 0
(b) 1
(c) impossible to find
(d) any real number
Solution:
(c) impossible to find

(iv) If \(\vec{a} \cdot \vec{b}=\vec{c} \cdot \vec{a}\) for all vectors \(\vec{a}\), then
(a) \(\vec{a} \perp(\vec{b}-\vec{c})\)
(b) \(\vec{b}-\vec{c}\) = 0
(c) \(\vec{b} \neq \vec{c}\)
(d) \(\vec{b}+\vec{c}=\overrightarrow{0}\)
Solution:
(b) \(\vec{b}-\vec{c}\) = 0

Question 2.
Find the scalar product of the following pairs of vectors and the angle between them.
(i) 3î – 4ĵ and -2î + ĵ
Solution:

(ii) 2î – 3ĵ + 6k̂ and 2î – 3ĵ – 5k̂
Solution:

(iii) î – ĵ and ĵ + k̂
Solution:

(iv) \(\vec{a}\) = (2, -2, 1) and \(\vec{b}\) = (0, 2, 4)
Solution:

Question 3.
If A, B, C are the points (1, 0, 2), (0, 3, 1) and (5, 2, 0) respectively, find m∠ABC.
Solution:

Question 4.
Find the value of λ so that the vectors \(\vec{a}\) and \(\vec{b}\) are perpendicular to each other.
(i) \(\vec{a}\) = 3î + 4ĵ, \(\vec{b}\) = -5î + λĵ
Solution:
If \(\vec{a}\) and \(\vec{b}\) are perpendicular \(\vec{a} \cdot \vec{b}\) = 0
⇒ (3î + 4ĵ) . (-5î + λĵ) = 0
⇒ -15 + 4λ = 0
⇒ λ = \(\frac{15}{4}\)

(ii) \(\vec{a}\) = î + ĵ + λk̂, \(\vec{b}\) = 4î – 3k̂
Solution:
If \(\vec{a}\) and \(\vec{b}\) are perpendicular \(\vec{a} \cdot \vec{b}\) = 0
⇒ ( î + ĵ + λk̂) . (4î – 3k̂) = 0
⇒ 4 + 0 – 3λ = 0
⇒ λ = \(\frac{4}{3}\)

(iii) \(\vec{a}\) = 2î – ĵ – k̂, \(\vec{b}\) = λî + ĵ + 5k̂
Solution:
If \(\vec{a}\) and \(\vec{b}\) are perpendicular \(\vec{a} \cdot \vec{b}\) = 0
⇒ (2î – ĵ – k̂) . (λî + ĵ + 5k̂) = 0
⇒ 2λ – 1 – 5 = 0
⇒ 2λ = 6
⇒ λ = 3

(iv) \(\vec{a}\) = (6, 2, -3), \(\vec{b}\) = (1, -4, λ)
Solution:
If \(\vec{a}\) and \(\vec{b}\) are perpendicular \(\vec{a} \cdot \vec{b}\) = 0
⇒ (6, 2, -3) . (1, -4, λ) = 0
⇒ 6 – 8 – 3λ = 0
⇒ -2 – 3λ = 0
⇒ λ = –\(\frac{2}{3}\)

Question 5.
Find the scalar and vector projections of \(\vec{a}\) on \(\vec{b}\).
(i) \(\vec{a}\) = î, \(\vec{b}\) = ĵ
Solution:

(ii) \(\vec{a}\) = î + ĵ, \(\vec{b}\) = ĵ + k̂
Solution:

(iii) \(\vec{a}\) = î – ĵ – k̂, \(\vec{b}\) = 3î + ĵ + 3k̂
Solution:

Question 6.
In each of the problems given below, find the work done by a force \(\overrightarrow{F}\) acting on a particle, such that the particle is displaced from a point A to a point B.
(i) \(\overrightarrow{F}\) = 4î + 2ĵ + 3k̂
A (1, 2, 0), B (2, -1, 3)
Solution:
Displacement of the particle \(\overrightarrow{S}=\overrightarrow{AB}\)
= (2 – 1)î + (-1 – 2)ĵ + (3 – 0)k̂
=î – 3ĵ + 3k̂
Work done = \(\overrightarrow{F} \cdot \overrightarrow{S}\)
= (4î + 2ĵ + 3k̂) . (î – 3ĵ + 3k̂)
= 4 – 6 + 9
= 7 units.

(ii) \(\overrightarrow{F}\) = 2î + ĵ – k̂
A (0, 1, 2), B (-2, 3, 0)
Solution:
Displacement
\(\vec{S}\) = (-2 – 0)î + (3 – 1)ĵ + (0 – 2)k̂
= -2î + 2ĵ – 2k̂
Work done = \(\overrightarrow{F} \cdot \overrightarrow{S}\)
= (2î + ĵ – k̂) . (-2î + 2ĵ – 2k̂)
= -4 + 2 + 2
= 0 units.

(iii) \(\overrightarrow{F}\) = 4î – 3k̂
A (1, 2, 0), B (0, 2, 3)
Solution:
Displacement \(\vec{S}\) = -î + 3k̂
Work done = \(\overrightarrow{F} \cdot \overrightarrow{S}\)
= (4î – 3k̂) . (-î + 3k̂)
= -4 – 9
= -13 units.

(iv) \(\overrightarrow{F}\) = 3î – ĵ – 2k̂
A (-3, -4, 1), B (-1, -1, -2)
Solution:
Displacement \(\vec{S}\) = 2î + 3ĵ – 3k̂
Work done \(\overrightarrow{F} \cdot \overrightarrow{S}\)
= (3î – ĵ – 2k̂) . (2î + 3ĵ – 3k̂)
= 6 – 3 + 6
= 9 units.

Question 7.
If \((\vec{a}+\vec{b}) \cdot(\vec{a}-\vec{b})\) = 0 show that \(|\vec{a}|=|\vec{b}|\).
Solution:

Question 8.
(i) If a and b are perpendicular vectors show that

Solution:

(ii) Prove that two vectors are perpendicular iff \(|\vec{a}+\vec{b}|^2=|\vec{a}|^2+|\vec{b}|^2\)
Solution:

Question 9.
If \(\vec{a}, \vec{b}, \vec{c}\) are mutually perpendicular vectors of equal magnitude, show that \(\vec{a}+\vec{b}+\vec{c}\) is equally inclined to \(\vec{a} \cdot \vec{b} \cdot \vec{c}\)
Solution:

Question 10.
Prove the following by vector method.
(i) Altitudes of a triangle are concurrent;
Solution:
Let ABC be a triangle.

⇒ CF is perpendicular to AB.
Hence the altitudes of a triangle are concurrent.

(ii) Median to the base of an isosceles triangle is perpendicular to the base;
Solution:

⇒ OD is perpendicular to the base AB.
Hence the median to the base of an isosceles triangle is perpendicular to the base. (Proved)

(iii) The parallelogram whose diagonals are equal is a rectangle;
Solution:

⇒ m∠COA = 90°
Hence OABC is a rectangle. (Proved)

(iv) The diagonals ofa rhombus are at right angles;
Solution:

Hence the diagonals of a rhombus are at right angles. (Proved)

(v) An angle inscribed in a semi-circle is a right angle;
Solution:

∴ m∠ABC = 90°
Hence the angle inscribed in a semi-circle is a right-angle. (Proved)

(vi) In any triangle ABC; a = b cos C + c cos B;
Solution:

(vii) In a triangle AOB, m∠AOB = 90°. If P and Q are the points of trisection of AB, prove that OP2 + OQ2 = \(\frac{5}{9}\) AB2;
Solution:

(viii) Measure of the angle between two diagonals of a cube is cos-1\(\frac{1}{3}\).
Solution:

Odisha State Board CHSE Odisha Class 12 Alternative English Solutions Grammar Clauses Exercise Questions and Answers.

CHSE Odisha Class 12 Alternative English Grammar Clauses

Observe the following sentences:
1. She knows where you live. (Knows what?)
2. She knows the place you live (Which place?)
3. She will reach where you live (Shall reach where?)

The clauses, where you live in sentences No. 1 is object of the verb ‘knows’. Therefore, it is noun clause. The clause where you live in sentence No 2. qualifies the noun ‘place’. Therefore, it is an adjective clause. The clause where you live in sentence No. 3 modifies the verb ‘will reach’. Therefore, it is an adverb clause. It is important to note that the same clause (where you live) may be a noun clause, adjective clause and an Adverb clause in different sentences according to its function. Therefore, we cannot state the kind of a clause without finding its function.

Definition:
Those parts of a Sentence which have subjects and predicates are called clauses. There are as many clauses in a sentences as there are Finite Verbs.

Kinds Of Clauses:
Clauses can be classified as the following three types. Such as:
(a) Co-ordinate Clauses.
(b) Subordinate Clauses.
(c) Principal Clauses

A. Co-ordinate Clauses:
1. Observe the following sentences:
2. Rim set or you will lose the race.
3. He ran fast but (he) lost the race.
The above sentences are joined by co-ordinate conjunctions e.g., ‘and’, ‘or’ and ‘but’. They are the examples of co-ordinate clauses. Some more co-ordinate conjunctions are, not only… but also, either… or, neither… nor, or else, otherwise, as well as, for, therefore, both…. and etc. They also join co-ordinate clauses.

Kinds of connections between two co-ordinate clauses.
(a) Copulative
Examples:
1. Gandhi was not only a good leader, he was also a reformer.
2. She cannot sing, nor can she dance.
3. She as well as her parents is stupid.
4. I took my lunch packet and boarder the bus.
In the above sentences, the italicised words (co-ordinate conjunctions) simply couple together two sentences.

(b) Alternative:
Examples:
1. Either you or your sister is naughty.
2. Neither a borrower nor a lender be.
3. Obey your teachers or you will repent.
4. Walk fast, you will not catch the bus.
In the above sentences, the italicised words (Co-ordinate disjunctions) simply offer a choice between the clauses disjointed in meaning.

(c) Adversative:
Examples:
1. She is intelligent but slow-working.
2. She ran last, you she missed the train.
3. Iam week, however, I shall carry your box.
4. Everybody, cursed her, neverthless, she did not come round.
In the above sentences, the italicised words (co-ordinate conjunction) show contrast and are opposite in meaning.

(d) Illative:
Examples:
1. She was not regular in her classes, therefore she was expelled from the college.
2. Her father is poor, so he can not. .
3. He missed the bus, for he did not run fast.
In the above sentences, the italicized words (co-ordinate conjunctions) jo in two clauses wherein the second clause draws inferences from the first clause.

Also obwerve the following sentences:
1. He cursed his parents which (and this) was wrong.
2. She went to Agra, where (and there) she saw the Taj Mahal.
3. Then he called on the Principal, who (and he) promised him to help.
In the above sentences, the co-ordinate clauses begin conjunction (which / where / who) are used in a conjunctive sense. Therefore, they introduce co-ordinate clauses and form a compound sentences.

Analysis Of Compound Sentences
Definition

Analysis is the process of breaking up a sentence into its compound parts.
Process of Analysis of a compound sentence.
(i) Pick out all the finite verbs to ascertain the number of clauses.
(ii) Break up the sentence into clauses.
(iii) Write the clauses in full (by supplying the missing verb or subject)

Model Solutions

Example -1
He is strong but he is dull.
Analysis:
(i) He is strong Principal Clause.
(ii) He is dull (Co-ordinate Clause) Coordinate to (ii) Connective ‘but’

Example – 2
He was stupid, therefore, he was punished.
Analysis:
(i) He was stupid (Principal Clause)
(ii) He punished (Co-ordinate Clause) Coordiante to (i) Connective ‘therefore’

Example -3
I have bought a bicycle, which has proved a white elephant to me.
Analysis:
(i) I have bought a bicycle Principal Clauses
(ii) It has proved a white elephant to me (Co-ordiante Clause) Coordiante to (i) Connective ‘which’

Example – 4
You can fool some of the people all of the times and all of the people some of the times, but you cannot fool all the people all the time.
Analysis:
(i) You can fool some of the people all of the times Principle Clause.
(ii) You cannot fool all the people all the time (Co-ordinate Clause) Coordinate to (ii) and (iii) Connective ‘but’.

Exercises For Practice
I. Add suitable Co-ordinate Clauses in the sentences below:
1. She was proud, therefore ____________
2. She has no hope of recovery, nevertheless ____________
3. Ring up the Fire Brigade at once, otherwise ____________
4. She is both rich and ____________
5. He was hungry still (get) ____________
6. The patient’s condition was thinking, nevertheless ____________
7. It is very hot today, so ____________
8. I offered her money, but ____________

2. Combine the following pairs of sentences by using coordinate conjunctions.
1. She met Ram. He gave her this message.
2. I saw the scenery of the garden. It raised my spirits.
3. She cursed my relatives. It made my blood boil.
4. She went to Allahabad. She got a job there.
5. They studied till late at night. Then they went to bed.
6. She generous. Her sister is parsimonious.
7. She had no recommendation. She managed to get the job.
8. He deserved the prize. He worked.

3. Analyse the following sentences into clauses.
1. She ran very fast, so she started gasping.
2. He is ill and cannot study, yet the attends his classes.
3. She reached the platform, when (and then) the train was about to steam off.
4. I started for the city where (and there) I intended to rent a room.
5. Neither a lender, not a borrower can be good.
6. He is dishonest, so he is insolvent.
7. It rained but the programme was not cancelled.
8. He is weak, however, he will get through.
9. Talents differ, and all is well and wisely put.
10. I am ill, therefore, I cannot escort you.

B. Subordinate Clauses (Complex Sentences)
(I) The Noun Clause:
A noun claused may be:

(a) Subj ect to TVansitive Verb
Observe the following sentences:
1. That God exists everywhere is true.
2. Why the old lady cursed him is known to me,
3. When my father will return is uncertain.
4. How she has got this job is an open secret.
In the above sentences the italicised words are the Noun Clauses.

Definition
A Noun Clause always performs the functions of a noun and answers the questions “what”? The above sentences can be broken, (disjoined) into clauses as follows:

1. It is true. (Principal Clause).
God exists everywhere. (Subordinate / Noun Clause)
Conjunction That

2. It is known to me (Principal Clause)
the old lady cursed him. (Subordinate / Noun Clause)
Conjunction Why

3. It is uncertain (Principal Clause)
My father will return (Subordinate / Noun Clause)
Conjunction When

4. It is an open secret (Principal Clause)
She has got this job. (Subordinate / Noun Clause)
Conjunction How

To find the Noun Clause, we should ask questions like
1. What is true?
2. What is known to me?
3. What is uncertain?
4. What is an open crat?
The answer to the above questions will locate the subordinate ‘is’, ‘is’, known, ‘is’ and ‘is’ respectively.

(b) Object to a Transitive Verb
Observe the following sentences:
1. The bagger asked me ifl could help him.
2. Everybody known why you are late.
3. The teacher said that hard work is the key to success.
4. She asked me ifl would lend her a hundred rupees.
The italicised words in the above sentences are Noun Clauses Connectives (if / why / that) and they are object to the verbs asked, knows, said and asked respectively.

(c) Complement to an Incomplete verb
Observe the: following sentences:
1. It seems that she is very selfish.
2. My opinion is that we should quit this place.
3. He found that his cash was missing.
4. Everybody felt that the old man would not recover.
The clauses of the above sentences are Noun Clauses. Because they answer the question ‘what’? They are joined by the connectives (that). They serve as complement to the verbs (seems, is found and felt) preceding them.

(d) Object to a preposition
Observe the following sentences:
1. There is no truth, what she says.
2. Iam surprised at what step she has taken.
3. Don’t crave for what you cannot achieve.
4. You must stick to what you have promised.
The italicised words in the above sentences are Noun Clauses. They serve as objects to the prepositions (in / at / for / to) preceding them.

(e) Object to a participle
Observe the following sentences:
1. Hoping that I will see her, I visited her house.
2. Hearing that he was ill, I rang up to house.
3. Fearing that the wolf would like the sheep, the shepherd boy began to cry.
4. Seeing that the bear had gone away, the boy climbed down the tree.
The italicised words in the above sentences are Norm Clauses. They serve as objects to the participles (Hoping / Hearing / Fearing / Seeing) preceding them.

(f) Object to an infinite
Observe the following sentences:
1. I want to know what help you expect from me.
2. The girl was made to tell where she had stayed for the night.
3. He was shocked to learn that his father had met with a serious accident.
4. I want to ascertain whether you would accompany me.
The italicised words in the above sentences are Noun Clauses. They serve as objects to the infinite (to know / to tell / to learn / to ascertain) preceding them.

(g) In Apposition to a Noun or a Pronoun
Observe the following sentences:
1. The saying that pride health a fall is true.
2. Then came the news that Mahatma Gandhi was shot dead.
3. It is quite certain that she is not at home.
4. The idea that man is a humble tool in the hands of destiny seems to be true. The italicized words in the above sentences are Noun Clauses. They stand in Apposition to a Noun (saying /news /idea) or Pronoun (it) preceding them.

The following connective words begin the Noun clauses:
(a) The Conjunction ‘that as-
1. He thought that he was right.
2. Iam sure that she would write a letter to me.
Sometimes the conjunction ‘that ’ is omitted but its meaning is implied as:
1. She brought she was mistaken.
2. I am sure that you would stand first.

(b) The Interrogative or Relative Words as:
1. That is what he means.
2. Tell me why you disobeyed your teachers.
3. I know where you go every night.
4. How she manages for household is very astonishing.

(c) The Interrogative or Relative Pronouns as:
1. I can’t say whose house it is.
2. Can you guess who is wandering in the street ?

(d) The Conjunction: ‘If /weather’as:
1. I asked him if (whether) he had packed his luggage.
2. She asked me if (whether) I would teach her.

Exercise For Practice: (Solved)

Analysis of some model sentences:
Study the following model sentences analysed below:

1. Why he abused me is not clear.
2. The begger asked me if I could help him.
3. Hearing that he was ill, I went to see him.
4. You must stick to what you have said.
5. I want to know what she has done.
6. It seems that she is very lucky.
7. It is true that she has been kindnapped.
8. It is a well-known saying that uneasy lies the head that wears the crown.

Answer:
Analysis of the given sentences:
1. Why he abused me is not clear.
(a) (It) is not clear.
Kind – Main clause
Function-It is required to frame a sentence.

(b) Why he abused me.
Kind – Noun Clause
Function – It is necessary to frame a sentence.

2. The beggar asked me if I could help him.
(a) The beggar asked me
Kind – Main Clause
Function – It is necessary to frame a sentence.

(b) If I could help him.
Kind – Noun Clause
Function – Object to the verb ‘asked’

3. Hearing that he was III, I went to see him.
(a) Hearing, I want to see him
Kind – Main Clause
Function – It is necessary to frame a sentence.

(b) that he was ill.
Kind – Main clause
Function – Object to the participle – ‘Hearing’

4. You must stick to what you have said.
(a) You must stick to
Kind – Main Clause
Function – It is necessary to frame a sentence.

(b) What you have said
Kind – Noun Clause
Function – Object to the preposition – ‘to’

5. I want to know what she has done.
(a) I want to know.
Kind – Main Clause
Function – It is necessary to frame a sentence.

(b) What she has done.
Kind – Noun Clause
Function – Object to the infinite ‘to know’

6. It seems that she is very lucky.
(a) It seems
Kind – Main Clause
Function – It is necessary to frame a sentence

(b) that she is very lucky
Kind – Noun clause .
Function – Complement to the verb – ‘seems’

7. It is true that she has been kindnapped.
(a) It is true
Kind – Main Clause
Function – It is necessary to frame a sentence

(b) that she has been kidnapped
Kind – Noun Clause
Function – Apposition to the pronoun ‘it’.

8. It is a well-known saying that uneasy lies the head that wears the crown.
(a) It is a well known saying
Kind – Main clause
Function – It is necessary to frame a sentence.

(b) that necessary lies the head that wears the crown.
Kind – Noun Clause
Function – Apposition to the noun – ‘saying’

Exercise For Practice: (Unsolved)

1. Complete the following sentences inserting Noun Clauses:
1. ____________ is possible.
2. ____________ is a wonder.
3. He promised that ____________.
4. He cannot rely on ____________
5. She is ready to pay ____________
6. The fact is ____________
7 ____________ is quite clear.
8. Poor Suniti ate ____________
9. The ide ____________ seems to be true.
10. Hoping ____________ I appeared at the interview.

2. Locate the Noun Clauses in the following sentences:
1. Do you know who came to my house yesterday?
2. What she says is hundred percent true.
3. His belief was that his daughter would return.
4. Tell me where she is putting up.
5. She returned saying that she would take revenge on me.
6. Thinking that Hari is poor. I lent him to rupees.
7. Life is what we make it.
8. Her wish is that she may win a lottery.
9. No one knows who she is.
10. I want to know how fer Puri from Bhubaneswar.

3. Analyse the following sentences into clauses giving the function of each sub ordinate clause:
1. How long will she stay in Lucknow is not known.
2. Ask her if she can accompany you.
3. I don’t know why she committed suicide.
4. I agreed to what he said.
5. There is no sense in what she says.
6. She wants to know why you entered her private room.
7. It pained me to know that Hari’s daughter had eloped with an out-caste.
8. It is believed that truth always triumphs.
9. That you should cheat me hurts me.
10. It seems that Priya is very smart.

(II) Adjective Clause:
Definition:

The adjective clause performs the functions of an adjective to quality a noun or pronoun of the main clause.
Observe the following sentences:
1. This is the old man who stumbled against a stone.
2. The elephant is an animal which has tusks.
3. She is the girl whose husband divorced her.
4. This is the place where my friend lives.

Analysis of Adjective Clauses:
1. This is the old a stone.
Clause (a) This is the old man.
Kind – Main Clause.
Function-It is the main part of a sentence.

Clause (b) Who stumbled against a stone.
Kind – Adjective clause
Function – Qualifying – “Old man”.

2. The elephant tusks.
Clause (a) The elephant is an animal.
Kind – Main Clause
Function – The main part of the sentence

Clause (b) Which is tusks.
Kind – Adjective Clause
Function – Qualifying – “elephant”

3. She is divorced her.
Clause (a) She is the girl.
Kind – Main Clause
Function – Main part of a sentence.

Clause (b) whose husband divorced her.
Kind-Adjective Clause
Function – Qualifying – ‘girl’

4. This is ____________ lives.
Clause (a) This is the place.
Kind – Main Clause
Function – The main part of a sentence.

Clause (b) Where my friend lives.
Kind-Adjective clause
Function – Qualifying – “place”

The relative pronouns (‘who, which and whose’) join the adjective clauses to the Principal Clause in sentences No. 1,2 and 3 above. Relative Adverb (‘where’) also joins the adjective clause to the Principal Clause in sentence No. 4 above. Sometimes an Adjective Clause is introduced by ‘but’ which is equivalent to a Relative Pronoun followed by not’ ….as:

1. There was not a woman who shed tears at the bride’s departure.
Or,
There was not a woman who did not shed tears at the bride’s departure.

2. There are a few of us who love our motherland.
Or,
There are few of us who don’t love our motherland.

3. There is none in the neighborhood who was not prepared to help her.
Or,
There was none in the neighborhood who was not prepared to help her.

Exercise For Practice: (Unsolved)

I. Complete the following sentences inserting adjective clauses:
1. Sindhi is the only girl ____________
2. The greedy farmer killed the goose ____________
3. This is not such a book ____________
4. Do you know the time ____________
5. The dog ____________ has been shot dead.
6. The bullet ____________ has not yet been cast.
7. ____________ A fox gave the hounds a capital run.
8. The man ____________ is like an animal.
9. Such stories ____________ are very romantic.
10. He ____________ himself falls into it.

2. Locate the Adjective Clauses in the following sentences:
1. The man who is holding the flag is my brother.
2. All that glitters is not gold.
3. The place where the accident had taken place is near Bhubaneswar.
4. The reason why she failed is clear.
5. This is the same car as my father has purchased last year.
6. God helps those who help themselves.
7. This is the time when you should work hard.
8. This is the book that I had presented to my grand father.
9. They also serve who only stand and wait.
10. We all admire a man who helps others.

3. Analyse the following sentences into clauses giving the function of each subordinate clause:
1. This is the place where Indira Gandhi was associated.
2. Childhood is the eye when seeds of character are sown.
3. This is Mamata whose father is a officer in the Navy.
4. This is the bull which has eaten all the paddy.
5. This is the from (that) my elder sister gave (had given) me.
6. This is the school where I had my education.
7. Here comes the man you are looking for.
8. Those whom the Gods love die young.
9. Tomorrow is the day when we shall go on picnic.
10. Blessed is the whom the neighbour praise.

(III) The Adverb Clause
Definition:

The Adverb Clause performs the function of an adverb. It can modify a verb, an adjective or another adverb.

(a) Time-denoting Adverbial Clauses:
Observe the following sentences:
1. All stood up when the President came.
2. What here till I do not come back.
3. She sang while I danced.
4. The doctor had reached there before the patient died.
5. As the hot air cools, the ballon come down.
The italicised words in the above sentences are Adverb Clauses. Their introducing words (‘when, ill, while, before, as’) are time denoting adverbs.
Some other time – denoting adverbs are: after, since, as soon as, whenever as long as, so long as etc.

(b) Place – denoting Adverbial Clauses:
Observe the following sentences.
1. She studies where I study.
2. Live whenever you desire.
3. She returned whence (from where) she had marrie.
4. The soul has reached where from it might not return.
5. The ship sailed whither the wind took her.
The clauses printed in italics in the above sentences point to the place where the action of the main clause take place. They are adverbal clauses and serve as adverbs of places.

(c) Manner – denoting Adverbial clauses:
Observe the following sentences.
1. Try to finish it as she has shown you.
2. He run as if he were frightened.
3. She behaved as though she were annoyed.
4. I did according as I was directed.
The clauses printed in italics in the above sentences point to the manner in which the action of the main clause is done. They are adverbial clauses and serve as adverbs of manners.

(d) Reason or cause-denoting Adverbal Clauses:
Observe the following sentences:
1. As she has been laid up with fever, she cannot take our class.
2. She cannot solve this sum, because she is dull in mathematics.
3. Since you recommend him, I am approaching him.
4. I regret that I could not see you on the appointed day.
5. Now that the sun has set, we should return home.
The clauses printed in italics in the above sentences point to the reason behind the action expressed in the main clause. They are adverbial clauses and serve as adverbs of reasons / cause.

(e) Condition – denoting Adverbial Clauses:
Observe the following sentences:
1. We cannot get first division, unless we burn midnight oil.
2. I will lend you the required money provided that you promise me to return it in time.
3. I cannot led you in if you do not show me your identity card.
4. In case you do not return the library books in time, you will be fined.

The clauses printed in italics in the above sentences point to the condition behind the action in / of the main clause is done. They are adverbial clauses and serve as adverbs of condition. It is important to note that the condition denoting adverb (which introduces the adverbial clause of condition) is sometimes omitted; as

1. Should she came to me, I shall bring her round.
Or,
(If she comes to me, I shall bring her round.)

2. Supposing he falls, he cannot execute his studies.
Or,
(Ifhe fails, he can’t execute his studies)

3. Had you worked hard, you would have got first division.
Or,
(If you had worked hard, you would have got first division).

(f) Extend – denoting Adverbial clauses:
Observe the following sentences:
1. So far as I know, she is a dullard.
2. I cannot say how far I am correct.
3. There was water and water as far as I could see.
4. Can you tell me how long you will accompany me?
The clauses printed in italics in the above sentences point to the extent of the action (fact) mentioned in the main clause. They are adverbal clauses and serve as adverbs of extent.

(g) Comparison-showing Adverbial Clauses:
Observe the following sentences.
1. She is pretty as she is wise.
2. I like him to less than you (do).
3. Lila is cleaver than Shila is.
4. The aeroplane flies fester than railway train can run.
The clauses printed in italics in the above sentences point to the comparison of degrees of a quality in the main clause. They are adverbial clauses and serve as adverbs of comparison.

(h) Result of Effect – denoting Adverbial Clauses:
Observe the following sentences:
1. Run fast so that you may not be late.
2. She ate to much that she fell asleep.
3. He ran so much that he got tired.
4. So bravely did they fight that the enemies retreated.
The clauses printed in italics in the above sentences point to the result ofthe action expressed in the main clause. They are adverbal clauses and serve as adverbs of result / effect.

(I) Contrast or Concession-denoting Adverbial Clauses:
Observe the following sentences: .
1. He is miserly though he is rich.
2. We must go although it is raining.
3. Whatever you may say, I don’t believe a word of it.
4. Even if she apologises, I shall not visit her house.
The clauses printed in italics in the above sentences point to the action expressed in the main clause. They are adverbial clauses and serve as adverbs of contrast / concession.

(J)Purpose – denoting Adverbial Clauses:
Observe the following sentences:
1. She works hard, so that she may get a scholarship.
2. Keep awake – lest somebody should get down with your luggage.
3. You eat that you may live.
4. I went to the post office in order that I might post the letter.
The clauses printed in italics in the above sentences point to the purpose behind the action expressed in the main clause. They are adverbial clauses and serve as adverbs of purpose.

Important Point About Adverbial Clauses:
Some Grammarian treat, the Extent denoting Adverbial Clauses as per with the manner – denoting adverbial clauses and proportion – denoting adverbial clauses.

Subordinate Conjunction	Introduce Adverbial Clause of
when	time
whenever	time
after	time
before	time
while	time
as long as	time
as soon as	time
tin	time
since	time
where	place
wherever	place
whence	place
whither	place
where from	place
that	purpose
in order that	purpose
lest	purpose
so that	purpose
for	cause / reason
because	cause / reason
since	cause / reason
as	cause / reason
that	cause / reason
incase	condition
if	condition
unless	condition
on the condition	condition
provided that	condition
so… that	result / effect
so	result / effect
such	result / effect
such that	result / effect
As as	comparison
So as	comparison
than	comparison
such as	comparison
no less than	comparison
even if	concession/contrast
however	concession/contrast
whatever	concession/contrast
though	concession/contrast
although	concession/contrast
as	manner
as if	manner
as though	manner
The the	extent

Analysis Of Adverbial Clauses
Exercise For Practice (Solved)

Analyse the following sentences into clauses giving the kind and function of each subordinate (Adverbial) Clause:
1. Never talk while you are driving a car.
2. Keep the purse where you can collect it.
3. You may join an institute as you like.
4. She Med because she neglected her studies.
5. She can not finish the paper unless she increases her speed of writing.
6. I do not know how far your statement is true.
7. He is a short-sighted as he is short – statured.
8. He is so old that he cannot climb up the hill.
9. He is dishonest though he is rich.
10. We take exercise so that we may become strong.
Answer:
1. Never talk while you are driving a car.
Clause (a) Never talk
Kind – Main clause
Function – Main part of the sentences.

Clause (b) While you are driving a car.
Kind – Adverb clause
Function-showing-‘time’

2. Keep the purse where you can collect it.
Clause (a) Keep the purse
Kind – Main clause.
Function – Main part of the sentence.

Clause (b) where you can collect it.
Kind – Adverb clause
Function-showing-‘place’

3. You may join an institute as you like.
Clause (a) You may join
Kind – Main clause
Function – Main part of the sentence.

Clause (b) an institute as you like
Kind – Adverb clause
Function – showing – ‘manner ’.

4. She failed because she neglected her studies.
Clause (a) She failed
Kind – Main clause
Function – Main part of the sentence.

Clause (b) because she neglected her studies.
Kind-Adverb clause
Function – showing – ‘reason’.

5. She can not finish the paper unless she increases her speed of writing.
Clause (a) She can not finish the paper.
Kind – Main clause
Function – Main part of the sentence.

Clause (b) unless she increases her speed of writing.
Kind – Adverb clause
Function – showing – ‘condition’.

6. I do not know how far your statement is true.
Clause (a) I do not know.
Kind – Main clause
Function-Main part of the sentence.

Clause (b) how fer your statement is true
Kind-Adverb clause
Function – showing – ‘extent’.

7. He is a short-sighted as he is short – statured.
Clause (a) He is short – sighted
Kind – Main clause
Function – Main part of the sentence

Clause (b) as he is short – statured
Kind – Adverb clause
Function – showing – ‘composition’.

8. He is so old that he cannot climb up the hill.
Clause (a) He is so old
Kind – Main clause
Function – Main part of the sentence

Clause (b) that he can’t climb up the hill.
Kind – Adverb clause
Function – showing – ‘result’.

9. He is dishonest though he is rich.
Clause (a) He is dishonest
Kind – Main clause
Function – Main part of the sentence

Clause (b) through he is rich
Kind – Adverb clause
Function – showing – ‘contras’.

10. We take exercise so that we may become strong.
Clause (a) We take exercise
Kind – Main clause
Function – Main part of the sentence

Clause (b) so that we may become strong.
Kind – Adverb clause
Function – showing – ‘purpose’.

Exercise For Practice (Unsolved)

1. Complete the following sentences inserting Adverb Clauses:
1 ____________ there is hope.
2. ____________ The thiefhid himself
3. I worked hard ____________
4 ____________ he took his umbrella with him.
5. ____________I should never have come.
6. She is as kind a woman ____________
7. Puspa was as kind ____________
8. She behaved ____________

2. Locate the Adverb Clauses in the following sentences:
1. Since she came here, she is unwell.
2. I shall stay wherever you stay.
3. Iam happy that Rupali has got the gold medal.
4. She cannot understand this feet because she is dull minded.
5. Walk carefully least you should fell down.
6. He is so poor that he cannot buy costly medicines.
7. She behaved in such a manner that we were irritated.
8. She talks as if she will betray you.
9. As far as I think she will betray you.
10. Iam hard up these days, all the same, I shall help you.

3. Analyse the following sentences into clauses giving the function of each sub¬ordinate clause:
1. The patient had died before the doctor arrived.
2. The maid-servant went whither I sent her.
3. She works hard so that she may stand first.
4. Bhagat Singh died that the nation might live.
5. Work hard in order that you may win a scholarship.
6. He is so old that he cannot run fast.
7. You are not as tall as your younger sister.
8. She did according as she was ordered.
9. So far as I know Nirupama is an enchantress.
10. I waited for her till the sun set.

Odisha State Board CHSE Odisha Class 12 Approaches to English Book 2 Solutions One-Act Plays Chapter 1 The Hour of Truth Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

CHSE Odisha 12th Class Alternative English Solutions One-Act Plays Chapter 1 The Hour of Truth

Section – 1
Questions For Discussion

Question 1.
How is the opening situation of the play introduced in the stage direction? What , mood or moods does it convey to you ?
Answer:
The opening situation of the play introduced in the stage direction is that it is a rather hot and sultry Sunday after-noon and the sun overhead and the baked clay under foot are merciless.’ In the distance lowing clouds give promise of coming relief. And at the parlour window of a trim little cottage and Baldwin family is anxiously awaiting the return of its head, John the young son of twenty seven smokes a pipe philosophically. Mother and Evie are there. The mood indicates that as if none of them likes to break the silence. The family has been waiting for the head of the family’s arrival with eagerness.

Question 2.
Who are the Baldwin family waiting for as the play begins? What traits of the persons character are they talking about?
Answer:
The Baldwin family comprises Robert Baldwin; Martha, his wife; John, his son and Evie his daughter. The family have been their father who doesn’t disclose before his children.

Question 3.
What do the newspapers think about Robert Baldwin’s role in the fall of Gresham’s Bank? How does Martha defend her husband? .
Answer:
The newspapers think that Robert Baldwin is responsible for the closure of Gresham’s bank. Martha defends her husband saying that her husband has been innocent.

Question 4.
How does John feel about his father naming him after John Gresham? What is his attitude towards his father?
Answer:
Robert Baldwin’s son is John whose name has been named after John Gresham. Mr. Baldwin’s witness will have to sent Gresham to goal. Punishing a person whose name is the same as his son. This punishment seems against Baldwin. He has a negative attitude towards his father.

Section – 2
Questions For Discussion

Question 1.
What does Baldwin say about Gresham had sent for him? What did Gresham propose to him? How did Baldwin respond to his proposal?
Answer:
Baldwin says that Gresham had sent for him for his personal interest. It was to persuade him to give his witness in his favour in connection with the misappropriation of money of the bank. He proposed him to say only three words. I don’t remember” which would help him a lot to be proved Mr. Clean, But Baldwin’s response to such unethical thing was negative. He never wished to help with immoral activities. He decided to tell the truth and send Gresham to goal

Question 2.
What truth does Baldwin throw on his relationship with Gresham? Would you say he sounds emotional? What does he say he would do if required to choose between friendship and personal integrity?
Answer:
Baldwin and Gresham were childhood friends. Gresham seems to be dishonest in misappropriating money. Baldwin is against such unethical mode of living. He told him several times to do good but to of not avail. Baldwin does not sound emotional. He gives priority to reason. If required, he would chose personal integrity between friendship and personal integrity.

Question 3.
Do you find a turning point in the attitude of the rest of the Baldwins towards Robert Baldwin’s honesty? What is it due to? What does it reveal about ordinary human nature? In what way is Robert extraordinary?
Answer:
The rest of the Baldwins other than Robert Baldwin value money and materialistic pursuits above everything else. Personal integrity is receded to the background and money is given up priority. They stress on receiving the large chunk of money from Gresham in exchange of an immoral expression comprising only three words. “I don’t remember” which Robert never stoops to utter. It is due to poverty. It reveals ordinary human nature as materialistic and futuristic. Robert happens to be extra – ordinary because he values personal integrity above anything else on earth.

Question 4.
How did Gresham react to Robert’s rejection of his offer to bribe to help him escape punishment? Why does Robert consider Gresham’s reaction a compliment?
Answer:
Grasham reacts to Robert’s rejection of his offer of bribe to help him escape punishment. Robert declines to tell a lie by Uttering the expression containing three words – “I don’t remember” which will help him liberate from unitive measures. As Grasham’s reaction is not over powering. Robert thinks there won’t be any problem of imposition.

Vocabulary
A. Say which parts of speech do the following belong to:

hot	strength
sultry	swear
sun	nice
window	position
anxiously	witness
young	matter
philosophically	employees
nervousness	Father
tense	mother
loyal	doctor
think	engineer
pause	lecturer
know	expect
indict	shrug
testify	depositors
consolation	wonder
assistant	contradict
yesterday	under
idea	above
thought
morning

Answer:

Words	Parts of Speech
hot	adjective
sultry	adjective
sun	noun
window	noun
anxiously	adverb
young	adjective
philosophically	adverb
nervousness	noun
tense	adjective
loyal	adjective
think	verb
pause	verb
know	noun / verb
indict	verb
testify	verb
consolation	noun
assistant	noun
yesterday	adverb
idea	noun
thought	noun
morning	noun
strength	noun
swear	verb
nice	adjective
position	noun
witness	noun/verb
matter	noun
employees	noun
lather	noun
mother	noun
doctor	noun
engineer	noun
lecturer	noun
expect	verb
shrug	verb
depositors	noun
wonder	noun/verb
contradict	verb
under	preposition
above	preposition

Supply antonyms of the following:

abolish	blame
abstract	bottom
abuse	brief
accord	brutal
accuse	busy
admit	capture
adopt
adult	carnal
advance	cause
afar	casual
agree	cheerful
alone	civilise
apex	clever
arrive	common
attain	cool
attract	creation
away	cruel
back	dark
balance	day
base	debate
before	debit
begin	deep
benefit	defend
batter	deficit
big	delicate

Answer:

Words	Antonyms
abolish	introduce
abstract	concrete
abuse	reward
accord	discord
accuse	praise
admit	deny
adopt	abandon
adult	child
advance	retreat
afar	near
agree	disagree
alone	together
apex	low
arrive	depart
attain	give
attract	repel
away	near
back	forward
balance	imbalance
base	baseless
before	after
begin	end
benefit	loss
better	worse
big	small
blame	praise
bottom	up
brief	elaborate
brutal	human
busy	lazy
capture	liberate
carnal	spiritual
cause	effect
casual	regular
cheerful	dull
civilise	uncivilise
clever	stupid
common	uncommon
cool	warm
creation	destruction
cruel	kind
dark	light
day	night
debate	admit
debit	credit
deep	sallow
defend	offend
deficit	surplus
delicate	rough

C. Use the following in sentence

abuse	ban
account	bark
ache	base
act	beat
address	bend
advance	bite
aim	blame
answer	blow
arm	bomb
attempt	book
back	brush
balance	burn

Answer:
Abuse:
(N) Your abuse have no impact on him.
(V) We should not abuse the poor.

Account:
(N) Make an account of the business of today.
(V) He has accounted the expenditure correctly.

Ache:
(N) Body ache spoils sleep.
(V) My head aches severely.

Act:
(N) This is an act of stupidity.
(V) You should act upon my advice.

Address:
(N) I require his address.
(V) The speaker addressed a large audience.

Advance:
(N) He asked for an advance.
(V) He had advanced a lot.

Aim:
(N) The aim of my life is to be a doctor.
(V) He aimed at the bird and shot successfully.

Answer:
(N) Your answer is correct.
(V) He answered the question correctly.

Arm:
(N) He did this by his arms.
(V) The soldiers are armed to the teeth.

Attempt:
(N) He has taken a good attempt.
(V) You should attempt for the second time.

Back:
(N) He has a boil on his back.
(V) My father backs me with money.

Balance:
(N) I have no balance in my account.
(V) She balanced the situation perfectly.

Ban:
(N) The government put ban on appointment.
(V) New appointments have been presently banned.

Bark:
(N) There is a dog. I never care for its bark.
(V) The dogs bark at night.

Base:
(N) He formed a base in this locality.
(V) The book is based on grammatical exercises.

Beat:
(N) The heart beat of healthy man is 72 times a minute.
(V) Don’t beat the child, it will be obstinate.

Bend:
(N) The bend of the road is sharp.
(V) This boy never bends in argument.

Bite:
(N) The woman died of a snake bite.
(V) His blame has no base.

Blame:
(N) You cannot blame me for this.
(V) His cap was blown away.

Blow
(N) Her father’s death came to her like a blow from the blue.
(V) His cap was blow away.

Bomb:
(N) This bomb can blow away the bridge.
(V) America bombed twice in Japan.

Book
(N) I want your book.
(V) He booked a ticket for me.

Brush:
(N) He bought a tooth brush.
(V) You should brush your teeth twice daily.

Bum:
(N) Apply ointment to the bum.
(V) We should not bum our forests.

section – 3
Questions For Discussion

Question 1.
Do you notice any change in John’s attitude towards corruption in general and Gresham in particular? What is it due to? What are his arguments in Gresham’s favour?
Answer:
There is a sea change in John’s attitude to corruption in general and Gresham in particular when he learns that a hundred thousand dollars has been offered to his lather. It is due to his unemployment and his father having been thrown out of the bank providing sustenances to the family was the prime need. He argues in Gresham’s favour by saying that “your testifying against John Gresham won’t make things any better.

Question 2.
What are the present view of Martha and Evie on the Gresham case? Would you call it a reversal in their earlier attitudes to Baldwin’s honesty? How?
Answer:
Martha and Evie veer round in their views and attitudes. They change their attitude which can be temied a neversal in their earlier attitudes to Baldwin’s honesty. Martha, and Evie were initially with Baldwin’s sense of honesty. Martha said, “…I don’t believe your lather ever did a wrong thing in this life – not if he know it was wrong”. “How dared he (Gresham) ask such a thing” and Evie supported.

But when they learn that Gresham has offered a hundred thousand dollars to make Baldwin say “I don’t remember” to save himself from going to gaol, they feel tempted and change their attitudes. Evie says, “Why do you call it bribe money father.-. .. “And Gresham hasn’t done anything really wrong”. Martha says, “A hundred thousand would mean a great deal to us. Robert. If you don’t find a position soon John will have to support us.”

Question 3.
How does Baldwin react on being impelled by the members of his family to accept the bride offered by Gresham? (Paragraph – 255)
Answer:
When there is pressure from all quarter of his family on Baldwin, he feels like a fish out of water. His son John tells him that nobody will ever hear of Baldwin’s getting money from Gresham. Robert has a reaction. He says “But among ourselves John, whatever we are to the world, let us be honest with each other, the four of us.” His glance travels from John to Evie whose head is bowed from her to his wife who is apparently busy with her knitting. He raises Martha’s head and shouts. “Shams! Liars! Hypocrites! Thieves! And I know better than any of you.

Question 4.
How is Baldwin rewarded at the end for his unfailing honesty? In what does Gresham pay him his ‘supreme compliment’? (Paragraph – 279). What makes Baldwin worry at the end?
Answer:
Truth always triumphs. Baldwin is rewarded at the end for his unfailing honesty Mr. Marshall appears at Baldwin’s house and gives him the supreme compliment. He had been to Gresham. He told Marshall about the offer he made to Baldwin. He knew that no amount of money wouki make him do something he thought wrong. He paid Baldwin the supreme compliment rather than go to trial him to testify against him he confessed.

Composition

Question 1.
What do you think is the hour of truth? How does Robert Baldwin stand the hour?
Answer:
The one-act play “The Hour of Truth” is undoubtedly the most typical creation of Percival Wilde, an eminent and outstanding American short story writer, writer of mystery novels and plays. The way the writer has dealt corruption and honesty in the play is superb and fantastic. Wilde is, in feet, at his best to justify himself as a prominent writer in this play. However, “The Hour of Truth” is powerful one act play on the corrupting influence of money of people.

The play advocates a message that the truth always triumphs at last. Whatever be the opposing forces, truth always prevails over everything. A worshipper of truth although suffers through his life’s course avails himself of a sensational victory over the evil. Evil may have an upper hand for a short time, but the final victory brings a unique moment of pleasure through purgation. The hour of truth is always the last. Robert Baldwin, the protagonist figure of the play suffers for truth which ultimately makes him win.

However, Robert Baldwin resorts oftruthful persuits of live. He values truth other everything else. Gresham is charged with misappropriating money of which Baldwin remains and eyewitness. He promises Baldwin a hundred thousand dollars to help him escape from punishment. But Robert is dead against such terrible corruption. He does not receive the bribed money and remains in a state of trance and tension Gresham requests him to speak only three words “I don’t remember” which will be enough to help escape punishment.

But Baldwin declines to accept the offer and decides to witness against his childhood friend Gresham. Moreover, he comes back home where his wife and children seem to be in favour of his stand. But when the plot advances, his family veer round and change themselves in favour of bribe and Gresham. The huge amount of covetousness, materialistic desires impel them to pressurise. Mr. Baldwin to accept the money in exchange of one hundred thousand dollars.

They agree with Baldwin to accept the bribe which will help John to do something for the family. His wife Martha and daughter Evie support John in his stand. He has no other alternative except Succumbing. He feels like a fish out of water. In the mean time, Mr. Marshall arrives and declares that Gresham already confessed the matter and he has come to request Baldwin to join the Third National as a token of reward for his honesty. A matter of feet, the above mentioned description tells us that virtue is rewarded at last.

We have marked that Robert Baldwin is victorious in the long run. Hence, Wilde’s exposition of honesty, virtue, truth etc. through the play is superb and fantastic. The depiction that despite of all hazards and obstacles, the truth becomes the winner at last is really most inspiring, thought provoking elevating and heart touching.

Question 2.
Contrast the early and later attitudes of the Baldwin family towards corruption. What brings about the shift in their attitudes?
Answer:
In fact, the one – act play, “The Hour of Truth” is a superb creation of Percival Wilde, aprominent, popular and outstanding American play wright. Wild’s writing most probably deals with positive attitudes which on the course of time crash with negative attitudes but on the long run, the positive attitudes like, truth, honesty, virtue etc. becomes triumphant over all the negative attitudes. These two opposite poles of life are vehemently contrasted in this discussing play.

However, the early and later attitudes of the Baldwin family to wards corruption are sharply contrasted. The one – act play “The Hour of Truth” presents these two attitudes by means of which the play wright tries to evince his testimony. Initially Martha says to John that Baldwin will do his duty no matter what comes of it. Baldwin has nothing against Gresham. He will tell the truth, nothing but the truth. When she comes to know from Baldwin that gresham has offered bribe to her husband to tell lies.

She reacts saying “How dared he how dared he asked such a thing. ‘The same person changes her Jargon when she learns that Gresham has offered Baldwin a huge sum of one hundred thousand dollars. The tempts for money becomes very powerful in her. She says, “It would be sad very sad if the name of John Gresham our son’s name should come to grief through you, Robert”. “…………………. They will say you went back on an old friend Robert”. “I believe say being merciful Robert”. “………………….. Mr. Gresham has always been very good to you. Ah, well! What are you going to do now; Robert?” “ ……………………………. A hundred thousand would mean a great deal to us, Robert.

If you don’t find a position soon. John will have to support us.” Moreover, Evie was initially against Gresham’s activities but her attitudes later on are contrasted. Evie also becomes a part of the system and supports her brother and mother later on. Thus, it is seen that the characters are round characters who under go changes according to the changing situations. In fact, Wide’s depiction of the contrasting characters in the play is outstanding and marvellous. He, though these characters times to expose realistic homely situation which is really inspiring attractive, daring and heart enduring.

Grammar

Add question tags to following:
1. He leaves for London tomorrow.
2. They are looking for a tutor.
3. You speak English well.
4. This man deals in wheat.
5. Pen is mighter than sword.
6. She never comes here.
7. The boy seldom does his homework.
8. Vijay plays well.
9. Come here.
10. Go there.
11. Transfer the salt please.
12. Speak the truth.
13. Let us sing a song.
14. Let us find out a solution.
15. We have been staying here.
Answer:
I. He leaves for London tomorrow, doesn’t he?
2. They are looking for a tutor, aren’t they?
3. You speak English well, don’t they?
4. This man deals in wheat, doesn’t they?
5. Pen is mighter than sword, isn’t it?
6. She never comes here, does he?
7. The boy seldom does his homework, does he?
8. Vijay plays well, doesn’t he?
9. Come here, will you?
10. Go there, will you?
11. Transfer the salt please, will you?
12. Speak the truth, will you?
13. Let us sing a song, shall we?
14. Let us find out a solution, shall we?
15. We have been staying here, haven’t we?

Vocabulary

Use the following in sentences of your own first as nouns and then as verbs.

plough	skin
poison	slap
post	slaughter
present	sleep
progress	smile
race	smell
rain	smoke
reach	soap
replay	sound
rest	stage
ride	stand
rule	start
ruin	step
set	study
share	tax
shave	taste
shop	thunder
shout	touch
show	trouble
sigh	twitter

Answer:
plough:
(N) He tills the land with a wooden plough
(V) The farmer has ploughed the land.

poison:
(N) Poison killed him.
(V) The woman poisoned her husband’s mind.

post:
(N) His post is temporary.
(V) Post the letter now.

present:
(N) She received a present from his uncle.
(V) He presented me a radio on my birthday.

progress:
(N) His progress is very slow.
(V) He has progressed a lot.

race:
(N) He won a hundred meter race.
(V) He raced in the competition.

rain:
(N) The rain of this year is not enough.
(V) It rains high in July.

reach:
(N) The matter is not within my reach.
(V) You should reach the meeting in time.

reply:
(N) I want an immediate reply from you.
(V) He replied promptly.

rest:
(N) He works without rest.
(V) Success rests in labour.

ride:
(N) He goes on a ride in the evening.
(V) He rode past the house.

rule:
(N) A student must obey the rules of the college.
(V) Akbar ruled for a long time.

min:
(N) The house is in ruins.
(V) He ruined his career.

set:
(N) He bought a television set.
(V) You should set a thief to catch the thief.

share:
(N) I want my share today.
(V) The two brothers share their property.

shave:
(N) He has a shave this morning.
(V) He has shaved his beard.

shop:
(N) This shop deals in vegetables.
(V) We shop every Sunday.

shout:
(N) His shout troubled me.
(V) He shouted loudly.

show:
(N) Let us visit the first show of this cinema.
(V) Don’t show your anger.

sigh:
(N) He heaved a sigh of relief.
(V) You should not sigh inside the class.

skin:
(N) Her skin is oily.
(V) She skinned off the vegetables.

slap:
(N) She gave a slap on the boy’s face.
(V) The boy slapped the man.

slaughter:
(N) Slaughter of cows should be stopped.
(V) he slaughters animals.

sleep:
(N) I had a sound sleep.
(V) I want to sleep now.

smile:
(N) Her smile is alluring.
(V) Don’t smile at her.

smell:
(N) The smell is very sweet.
(V) This flower smells sweet.

smoke:
(N) All his efforts ended in smoke,
(V) Don’t smoke cigarette.

soap:
(N) This soap is good for skin.
(V) She soaps her body too much.

sound:
(N) Light travels fester then sound.
(V) Empty vessel sounds much.

stage:
(N) The stage is well decorated.
(V) They staged a drama.

stand:
(N) You should keep your cycle in the stand.
(V) He stands first in the class.

start:
(N) He has a good start.
(V) He started a new business.

step:
(N) You should climb up the steps carefully.
(V) He stepped forward successfully.

study:
(N) He went for higher study.
(V) You should study everyday in time.

tax:
(N) I have paid my income tax.
(V) The government taxes the people heavily.

taste:
(N) The taste of the Suit is sweet.
(V) Quinine tastes bitter.

thunder:
(N) The thunder was dangerous.
(V) The lady thundered into my room.

touch:
(N) The touch is terrible.
(V) Don’t touch me.

trouble:
(N) He has faced a lot of troubles.
(V) He troubled me at school

twitter:
(N) Have you hear a bird twitter?
(V) The birds twitter in the tree.

The Hour of Truth Summary in English

Section – 1
Pre – reading Activity:
1. There is a saying, ’’Honesty is its own reward”. Honesty is the lack of opportunity” goes another saying. What would you say so that ?
2. What does the title “The Hour ofTruth” suggest to you? Can you guess from the title what the play may be about?

Focusing Questions:
As you read the play, ask yourself:
What is the true test of one’s honesty and truthfulness ?
How would you tell the truly honest from the seemingly honest persons ?

Introducing the writer:
Percival Wilde (Bom 1887) is a popular American writer of short stories, mystery novels and plays. “The Hour ofTruth”, a powerful one-act play on the corrupting influence of money on people is taken from a volume ofhis short plays title “A Question of Morality and other plays”.

Characters:
Robert Baldwin Martha, his wife John, his son Evil, his daughter Mrs. Marshall

GIST:
Paragraphs: 1-3
It is a rather hot and sultry Sunday after – noon and the sun overhead and the baked clay under foot are merciless. In the distance, lowering clouds give promise of coming relief. And at the parlour window of a trim cottage the Baldwin family is anxiously awaiting the return of its head. John, the son an average young man of twenty seven is smoking a pipe as philosophically as if this day were no while more momentous that any other.

But his mother had made little progress in the last half-hour and Evil, his sister, take no pains to conceal her nervousness. There is a tense pause. It seems as if none of them liked to break the silence. For the tenth time in ten minutes. Evil goes to the window and looks out along the sultry road.

GIST:
Paragraphs: 4-20
Martha opens the dialogue saying that it is time he was home. Evil affirms to it. Martha again says that the hopes he has forgotten his umbrella which he always does. It is likely to rain. Without waiting for any answer, she goes to the window and looks out anxiously. The sky is dark, there is a flash of lightening. John rises slowly. He moves to a centre table and knocks the ashes out of his pipe. His mother shouts to John to run into his fathers room and see that the windows are closed.

Evil asks her mother of Mr. Gresham, has done anything wrong. He has been arrested and will be tried the next day. Evil enquires why he is in need of father. Her mother replies that it is because father will have to give evidence. Evil says that her father is going to give evidence against Mr. Gresham, why then does he want to see father. Mother says she does not know anything about the matter as father doesn’t say much about his business aflairs.The matter is about the wrecking of the bank.

GIST:
Paragraphs: 21-53
The bankers have not been fair to him because he has been working under Gresham’s orders Martha says that her husband has ever done any wrong in life. John enters through the discussion. Martha asks if the windows were open. He says he has closed them. He asks what has Mr. Gresham have to do with father. Martha replies she doesn’t know. Asked whether she has asked him about it, she says she has but he has never replied. John says that he has asked the assistant cashier the day before he says that nobody has any idea that there was anything wrong until the crash came.

Donovan, the assistant cashier had been there for eight years. He thought he was taken care of for the rest of his life. He had got married on the strength of it. One morning there was a sign up on the door and it was like a bolt out of a clear sky. Father was closer to Gresham than any one else. That puts him in a nice-position. John says that father is the only witness against John Gresham. He says and will say the only truth.

Analytical Outlines

• It is a rather hot and sultry Sunday after-noon.
• The sun is everhead.
• The baked clay under fort are merciless. .
• In the distance, lowering clouds give promise of coming relief
• The Baldwin family lives in a trim little cottage.
• It is at the parlour window.
• The family is anxiously awaiting the return of its head.
• John is the son of Robert Baldwin.
• He is an average young man.
• He is twenty seven.
• He is smoking a pipe.
• He is doing it philosophically.
• As if this day were no while more momentous that any other.
• But his mother has made little programme in the 1st half hour.
• Evil is his sister.
• She takes no pains to cancel her nervousness.
• There is a tense pause.
• It seems as if none of them likes to break the silence.
• It is for the tenth time in ten minutes.
• Evil goes to the window.
• She looks out long the sultry road.
• Martha opens the dialogue.
• She says that it is time he was home.
• Evie affirms to it.
• Martha says he has forgotten his umbrella.
• He always forgets his umbrella.
• It is likely to rain.
• She goes to the window.
• She looks anxiously.
• The sky is dark.
• There is a flash of lightening.
• John rises slowly.
• He moves to a centre table.
• He knocks the ashes out of his pipe.
• His mother turns to him.
• Mother shouts to John to run into his father’s room.
• She tells him to see that the windows are closed.
• Evie asks her mother if Mr. Gresham has done anything wrong.
• He has been arrested.
• He will be tried the next day.
• Evie enquires why he is need of father.
• Her mother replies about the reason.
• His father will have to give evidence.
• Evie says that her father is going to give evidence against Mr. Gresham
• Why than does he want to see father?
• Mother says she does not know anything about it.
• The mother does not say much about his business affairs.
• The matter is about the wrecking of the bank.
• The bankers, have not been fair to him.
• Because he has been working under Gresham’s orders.
• Martha says that her husband her ever done any wrong on life.
• John enters through in the discussion.
• Martha asks if the windows were open.
• He says he has closed them.
• He asks what has Mr. Gresham have to do with father.
• Martha replies she doesn’t know.
• He asks what has Mr. Gresham have to do with father.
• She replies positively.
• But he has never replied anything.
• John says that nobody has any idea about it.
• He says that nobody has any idea about it.
• Actually, there was anything wrong.
• Donovan, the assistant cashier had been there for eight years.
• He thought he was taken care of for the rest of his life.
• He had got married on the strength of it.
• One morning, there was a sign up on the door.
• It was like a bolt out of a clear sky.
• Father was closer to Gresham than any one else.
• That puts him in a nice position.
• John says that father is the only witness against Mr. Gresham.
• He says he will say the only truth.

Meaning Of Difficult Words
Sultry – hot and oppressive
momentous – very important
wrecking – ruin, collapse
indicated – accused officially, or legally a bolt out of
the clear sky – a quite unexpected danger
governor – (informal) father
pegging along – doing a work determinedly
reward – prize, gift
merciless – unkind, cruel, unsympathetic
anxiously – eagerly worriedly
coceal – hidden
pause – halt, coming to a standstill
nod – move ones’ head to consent or deny
evidence – proof, substantial document to prove something
conteirçtuously – hatefull,ç derisively
ratbertimidly – ratherlikeacoward
make for the door – go about quickly to the door.

Section – II

Gist:
Paragraphs: 54-77
John, Mr. Baldwin and Martha enter. Evie also comes. John asks his father that it is time he told something to them. John says that people have been talking about his father a lot. His father interrogates what it is. John says it is all rotten which cannot be contradicted. Baldwin asks the reason why and John replies it is because he does not know anything about what people talk about Baldwin asks if he does not know his father. Baldwin says the he has told Mr. Gresham to make good and even the best he can and the first step is to close the bank.

which he did not want do to. Martha says that he has done that. Baldwin replies he has made him do it, meanwhile. Baldwin says all will be clear the next day. The trial begins in twenty four hours. He is the only witness against him. John seving his skin wants him to perjure himself Baldwin says that it will not be he tells all what he knows John Gresham will go to gaol. No power on earth can save him from it. But he wants Baldwin to forget the essential things when questioned. Baldwin has to say that he does not remember which escape punishment.

Gist:
Paragraphs 78-90
John says it will be a lie. Martha quivers in indignation and says how does he says such a thing. Evie asks what her father has said Baldwin interrogates what John should have said in this context. He says that he should have told him to go to the devil. Baldwin says he has not said such words because he is too old a friend of his to tell such things.

Evie asks what Gresham he replied to her father, Gresham is not surprised to have heard this. “Had it been any body else”, says Baldwin. “ I would have stuck him across the free.” But Gresham and he were boys together. They worked side by side. He is desperate have offered him money. John gets angry and says he has offered money.

Gist:
Paragraphs: 91-135
Baldwin and Gresham have worked together. He has been loyal to him but when Gresham ceases to be an honest man, he wishes to part company. He wants to go to, his grave clean. He rises and goes to the window and looks out. John asks what Gresham has offered him for that. Baldwin says that it is hundred thousand dollars.

He put aside Baldwin without anybody knowing it. It is out of his private fortune; it is not the depositors money John and Evie express surprise at such money Gresham unlocked a drawer and showed him the money. John asks whether it is in cash. It is in a thousand dollar bills which he evamined to be genuine.

Gist:
Paragraphs: 111-120
Evie says slowly that he assures to give such a huge amount only to say, “I don’t remember” only for three words.” John says that he won’t have done that. These three words would have chocked him he tried to speak them, which for some other man would have been easy. When Gresham offered him money Baldwin was angty, but when he rejected ifthe former did not show any surprise. It was perhaps a compliments. John says it is an expensive compliment. It is a compliment which costs a hundred thousand dollars. He hasn’t ever had so much money in his life to spend says Baldwin.

Analytical Outlines

• John, Mr. Baldwin and Martha enter.
• Evie also comes
• John asks his father to tell them something.
• It is the proper time to tell that.
• John says that people have been talking about him a lot.
• His father interrogates what it is.
• John says it is all rotten.
• It cannot be contradicted.
• Baldwin wants to know the reason.
• John says that he does not know about it.
• He does not know what the people talk about.
• Baldwin asks if he does not know his father.
• Baldwin says that he has told Mr. Gresham to make the best he can.
• The first step is to close the bank.
• But he did not want to do that.
• Martha says that he has done that.
• Baldwin replies he has made him to it.
• He was angry.
• Evil tells that the papers do not say that.
• Baldwin replies it is not necessary to tell them.
• Martha says that he let his name rest under a cloud mean while.
• Baldwin says all will be clear the next day.
• The trial begins.
• John indignantly says something then.
• He wants his father lie for saving his skin.
• He wants him to perjure himself.
• Baldwin says that it will be not necessary.
• If Baldwin says what he know.
• Then Gresham will certainly go to gaol.
• No power on earth can save him from it.
• But he wants Baldwin to forget the essential things
• He will do it when questioned.
• Baldwin has to say that he does not remember.
• So that it cannot be proved.
• It will help Gresham escape punishment.
• John says it will be a lie.
• Martha quivers in indignation.
• She says how dares he says such a thing.
• Evie asks what her father has said.
• Baldwin interrogates what John should have said in this context.
• He says that he should have to tell him to go to the devil.
• Baldwin says he has not said such words.
• Because he is too old a friend of his to tell such things.
• Evie asks what Gresham has replied to her father.
• “Had it been anybody else” says Baldwin “ I would have struck him across the free”.
• But Gresham and he were boys together.
• They worked side by side.
• He is desperate.
• He doesn’t know what he is doing.
• Or he wouldn’t have offered him money.
• John gets angry.
• He says he has offered money.
• Baldwin and Gresham have worked together.
• He has been loyal to him.
• But Gresham ceases to go to his grave clean.
• He rises and goes to the window and looks out.
• John asks what Gresham has offered him for that.
• Baldwin says that it is a hundred thousand dollar.
• He puts aside Baldwin without any body knowing it.
• It is out of his private fortune.
• It is not the depositor’s money.
• John and Evie express surprise at such money.
• Gresham unlocked a drawer.
• He showed him the money.
• John asks whether it is in cash.
• It is in a thousand dollar bills.
• He examined it to be genuine.
• Evie says about it slowly.
• She says that he assures to give such a large amount.
• It is only to say, “I don’t remember”.
• She exchanged that it was only for those three words.
• John says that he won’t have done that.
• Those three words would have chocked him.
• He tried to speak them.
• For some other man would have been easy.
• Baldwin became angry by that offer.
• But he rejected this offer.
• Gresham didn’t show any surprise.
• It was perhaps a compliment.
• John says it is an expensive compliment.
• It is a compliment costing hundred thousand dollars.
• Baldwin says that he hasn’t ever had so much money in his life to spend.

Meaning Of Difficult Words
smashup – crash
make good – repair the damage .
under a cloud – under a suspicion
peijure – lie underoath
whiphad – control
Bully for you, Dad – John does not think that what his fàther has done is a great achievement or something very exciting.
mincing matter – cover up an unpleasant statement in delicate or nice words.
heggle – argue, bargain
third national – Third National Bank supervising and controlling private Bank in America.
contradict – say something contrary to what has been said before.
intently – with considerable concentration.
quivering – shaking, shuddering, trembling
indignation – excessive anger and exasperation
furious – very angry and violent
hypnotised – mermarized, under a great spell
annzement – astonishment, surprise, wonder
emphatically – with considerable stress or emphasis
internipting – interfering; intervening
insistently – giving stress, repeatedly

Section – III

Pre-reading Activity:
In Section -1, we gather the discussion among Robert Baldwin’s wife, son and daughter about his unflinching commitment to honesty which they are all so proud of.
In Section – II, Baldwin gives a good account of him self in rejecting Gresham’s offer of a huge amount of money as bride in return for a safe lie in his favour.
So what do you think is going to happen next?

Do you think:
(a) The members of Baldwin’s Bank family will support his action.
(b) Baldwin will succumb to temptation and accept and accept the bride on second thought.
(c) Baldwin will be rewarded for his honesty. Now, read on and see which ofyour guess isright.

Gist:
Paragraphs: 136 -160
John says that Gresham is perhaps going to be punished and his father says, “Yes”. He asks what the reason for his being punished. He replies it is his misappropriating money. John says he knows that and asks what crime he has made. Baldwin says that it is a crime. John says that nobody is less by it and he is going to be punished for this petty matter. John and Evie imitate their father for becoming ready to give witness against Gresham, in the court. Baldwin gets puzzled. John says that it will be a nasty place if Gresham is put on goal with his son named after him (His son’s and Gresham’s name is John).

Gist:
Paragraphs: 161 -190
Martha asks her husband what he is going to do for Gresham the next day. Baldwin replies that he is going to say the three words “I don’t remember” It does not seem right to send an old friend to gab says Martha. It will be sad very sad if the name of John Gresham (their son’s name) should come to grief through her husband Mr. Baldwin says Martha and her children. Baldwin retorts that they were telling him to accept bribe then. Evie says why father should consider it as bribe money.

Gist:
Paragraphs: 191 – 230
Baldwin says that a hundred thousand represents no difference between what he had paid him and what he had actually been worth to him Evie says if John Gresham is put to jail, what will people say, Baldwin says he will reply that he has done his duty. Evie says that same people call him a traitor to his friend. She also says that when they find out that they have not lost any money when John Gresham tells them that he will pay back every cent then they won’t want him to go gaol. Baldwin says he believes so.

John says that they won’t feel too kindly disposed towards the man who will say that Robert Baldwin has gone back on his old friend. Evie says that Gresham has not done anything wrong. John is an opinion that its a technique is what it is nobody loses a cent and nobody wants to see him punished except father. John attacks his father’s morality saying that he is going to send a man to gaol whose name his son’s name has been given. Martha says that Robert should be rather merciful. Mr. Gresham has always been good to him. Baldwin has been out of work since the bank closed. Baldwin says he will have to get another job.

But Martha says how he will be able to get it such an age. Baldwin replies that it is man which is important not age. Martha taunts him saying that he has said it. John says he has heart it from Donovan he has gone with the Third National and they would not take Baldwin on there. Baldwin tells that their staff is full and he won’t be taken on even as a clerk John informs that Mr. Marshall says he won’t employ a man who is just as guilty as John Gresham.

Gist:
Paragraphs: 231 – 260
Baldwin says that he is not at all guilty. John retorts who will believe it. He will find that against himself wherever he goes. His testifying against John Gresham won’t make thing better, if Baldwin ever gets a job, it will be with Gresham. This is a starting idea to Baldwin who shows his surprise. If Gresham doesn’t go to gaol, he will start in business again and he can’t offer him (Baldwin) anything less than a partnership which can be made with the hundred thousand capital.

John continues, not only that, he will owe him (Baldwin) quite a debt of gratitude. Martha says that a hundred thousand will mean a great deal to their family. If he foils to find him a job, John will have to support without John expresses awe and says not to bother for him. Baldwin gets disturbed and shouts “you want me to take this money”. He asks at least one of them must say either ‘yes’ or ‘no’ and he declares that he won’t enter into any partnership with gresham John replies that he should then go into partnership with another and this also needs money for which a hundred thousand is not a small sum.

However, Baldwin is confused and mentally disturbed. He tells himself if he takes tjie money he does a dishonourable thing. He said to John that they four at least should be honest with one another. His glance travels from John to Evie whose head as bowed; from her to his wife who is apparently busy knitting. He raises Martha’s head and looks into her eyes. Martha says that it is not wrong. John repeats the same sum of money.

Gist:
Paragraphs: 261 – 282
John says why Baldwin has refused the money. Whether it has been lost we should say something unfair about it. Baldwin says positively. John assures that nobody except the four will ever know it. John sees someonr coming and says it looks like Mr. Marshall. The door bell rings. He goes to a window commanding a view of the door way. Evie goes to open the door. Martha wins Mr. Baldwin to be careful of what he says Mr. Marshall enters the house buoyantly.

He shakes hand with Mrs. Baldwin and talks to them. Mrs. Baldwin and Evie leave Mr. Marshall says to Mr. Baldwin not to go on his account. He declares if Mr. Baldwin feels like coming around to the Third National sometime that week, he will find a position waiting for him. Baldwin was thunder struck at the news. Mr. Marshall says seriously that he has been to see Gresham that afternoon. Gresham tells him about the offer he has made to Baldwin.

But he has known that no amount of money will make Baldwin do something he thought wrong. He had paid Baldwin the supreme compliment rather than go to trial with him to testify against him, he has made he has confused, Baldwin sinks into a chair and gets astonished at Gresham’s confusion. Marshall says that he has said the whole story Martha seizing his hand piteously says “Cant’ you see his crying”?

Analytical Outlines

• John says that Gresham is perhaps, going to be punished.
• His father says positively.
• He asks what the reason of his being punished us.
• He replies it is his misappropriating money.
• John says he knows that.
• He asks what crime he has made.
• Baldwin says that it is a crime.
• John says that nobody loss by it.
• He is going to be punished for this petty matter.
• John and Evie irritate their father.
• Because their father is ready to give witness against Gresham on the court.
• Baldwin gets puzzled.
• John says that it will be nasty place.
• Gresham will be put in gaol with his son.
• Martha asks her husband what he is going to do for Gresham the next day.
• Baldwin replies that he is going to say the three words.
• It is “I don’t remember”.
• It does not seem right to send an old friend to gaol says Martha.
• It will be sad very sad if the name of John Gresham should come to grief through her husband.
• Mr. Baldwin says that Martha and his children retorts that they are telling him to accept bribe then.
• Evie says why father should consider it is bride money.
• Baldwin says that a hundred thousand represents no difference between what he had paid him
• What he had actually been worth to him.
• Evie says if John Gresham is put to gaol what will people say.
• Baldwin says he will reply that he has done his duty.
• Evie says that some people call him a traitor to his friend.
• She also says when they find out that they have not any money.
• When John Gresham tells them.that he will pay back every out them
• They won’t want him to go to gaol.
• Baldwin says he believes so.
• John says that they won’t feel too kindly disposed towards the man.
• It is for the man who helps to put him in gaol.
• Martha says that they will say the Robert Baldwin has gone back on his old friend.
• Evie says that Gresham has not done anything wrong.
• John is ofthe opinion that it is a technicality.
• Nobody loses a cent.
• Nobody wants his father’s morality.
• But they say that he is going to send a man to gaol.
• He is going to send a man after whose name his son’s name has been given.
• Martha says that Robert should be rather merciful.
• Mr. Gresham has always been good to him.
• Baldwin has been out of work since the bank closed.
• Baldwin says he will have to get another job.
• But Martha says how he will be able to get it at such an age.
• Baldwin replies that it is man which is important not age.
• Martha taunts him saying that he has said it.
• John says he has heard it from Donovan.
• He has gone with the Third national.
• They would not take Baldwin on there.
• Baldwin tells that their staff is full.
• He won’t be taken as even as a clerk.
• John informs that Mr. Marshall says he would not employ a man like him
• He is just as guilty as John Gresham
• Baldwin says he is not at all guilty.
• John retorts who will believe it.
• He will find that against himselfwherever he goes.
• His testifying against John Gresham won’t make things better.
• It Baldwin even gets a job, it will be with gresham
• This is a starting idea to Baldwin.
• If Gresham doesn’t go it gaol, he will start in business again.
• He only offers Baldwin a partnership of hundred thousand capital.
• John continues that he will also own his father quite a debt of gratitude.
• Martha says that a hundred thousand will mean a great deal to their family.
• If he fails to find him a job, John will have to support with that.
• So, John expresses awe.
• He says not to bother for him.
• Baldwin is confused.
• He is mentally disturbed.
• He tells himself that if he takes the money.
• He does a dishonourable thing.
• He said John that they four at least should be honest with one another.
• His glance travels from John to Evie.
• Her head is bowed.
• His wife is busy in knitting.
• He raises her head and looks into her eyes.
• Martha says that it is not wrong.
• Johnrepeats the same sumofmoney.
• John said why Baldwin has refused the money.
• Whether it has been lost we should say something unfair about it.
• Baldwin says positively.
• John assures that nobody except the four will ever know it.
• John sees someone coming.
• He says it looks like Mr. Marshall.
• The door bell rings.
• He goes to a window commanding a view of the door way.
• Evie goes to open the door.
• Martha warns her husband to be careful about his talking.
• Mr. Marshall enters the house buoyantly.
• He shakes hand with Mrs. Baldwin.
• Mrs. Baldwin and Evie leave the room.
• Mr. Marshall says to Mr. Baldwin not to go to his account.
• He declares ifMr. Baldwin feels like coming around to the ThirdNational sometime that week,
• He will find a position waiting for him.
• Baldwin was thunder struck at the news.
• Mr. Marshall says seriously that he has been to see Gresham that afternoon.
• Gresham tells him about the offer he has made to Baldwin.
• But he has known something.
• No amount of money will make Baldwin to something he thought wrong.
• He has paid Baldwin the supreme compliment.
• Rather than go to trial with him to testify against him he has made, he has confessed.
• Baldwin sinks into a chair.
• He gets astonished at Gresham’s confession.
• Marshall says that he has said the whole story.
• Martha seizes his hand piteously.
• She says, “Can’t you see he’s crying?”

Odisha State Board CHSE Odisha Class 12 Math Solutions Chapter 12 Vectors Ex 12(a) Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

CHSE Odisha Class 12 Math Solutions Chapter 12 Vectors Exercise 12(a)

Question 1.
Each question given below has four possible answers out of which only one is correct. Choose the correct one.
(i) \(\vec{a}\) = î + 2ĵ + k̂, \(\vec{b}\) = 2î – 2ĵ + 2k̂ and \(\vec{c}\) = -î + 2 ĵ + k̂ then
(a) \(\vec{a}\) and \(\vec{b}\) have the same direction
(b) \(\vec{a}\) and \(\vec{c}\) have opposite directions.
(c) \(\vec{b}\) and \(\vec{c}\) have opposite directions
(d) no pair of vectors have same direction
Solution:
(d) no pair of vectors have same direction

(ii) If the vectors \(\vec{a}\) = 2î + 3ĵ – 6k̂ and \(\vec{b}\) = -α î – ĵ + 2k̂ are parallel, then α = ______.
(a) 2
(b) \(\frac{2}{3}\)
(c) –\(\frac{2}{3}\)
(d) \(\frac{1}{3}\)
Solution:
(c) –\(\frac{2}{3}\)

(iii) If the position vectors of two points A and B are 3î + k̂, and 2î + ĵ – k̂, then the vector \(\overrightarrow{BA}\) is
(a) -î + ĵ – 2k̂
(b) î + ĵ
(c) î – ĵ + 2k̂
(d) î – ĵ – 2k̂
Solution:
(c) î – ĵ + 2k̂

(iv) If \(|k \vec{a}|\) = 1, then
(a) \(\vec{a}=\frac{1}{k}\)
(b) \(\vec{a}=\frac{1}{|k|}\)
(c) \(k=\frac{1}{|\vec{a}|}\)
(d) \(k=\frac{+1}{|\vec{a}|}\)
Solution:
(d) \(k=\frac{+1}{|\vec{a}|}\)

(v) The direction cosines of the vectors \(\overrightarrow{PQ}\) where \(\overrightarrow{OP}\) = (1, 0, -2) and \(\overrightarrow{OQ}\) = (3, -2, 0) are
(a) 2, -2, 2
(b) 4, -2, -2
(c) \(\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}},-\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}, \frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}\)
(d) \(\frac{2}{\sqrt{6}},-\frac{1}{\sqrt{6}},-\frac{1}{\sqrt{6}}\)
Solution:
(c) \(\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}},-\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}, \frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}\)

Question 2.
Rectify the mistakes, if any
(i) \(\vec{a}-\vec{a}\) = 0
Solution:
\(\overrightarrow{0}\)

(ii) The vector \(\overrightarrow{0}\) has unique direction.
Solution:
indefinite direction

(iii) All unit vectors are equal.
Solution:
equal magnitude

(iv) \(|\vec{a}|=|\vec{b}| \Rightarrow \vec{a}=\vec{b}\)
Solution:
\(\vec{a}=\vec{b} \Rightarrow|\vec{a}|=|\vec{b}|\)

(v) Subtraction of vectors is not commutative.
Solution:
true

Question 3.
(i) If \(\vec{a}\) = (2, 1), \(\vec{b}\) = (-1, 0), find \(3 \vec{a}+2 \vec{b}\).
Solution:
\(3 \vec{a}+2 \vec{b}\) = 3 (2, 1) + 2 (-1, 0)
= (6 – 2, 3 + 0)
= (4, 3 )

(ii) If \(\vec{a}\) = (1, 1, 1) , \(\vec{b}\) = (-1, 3, 0) and \(\vec{c}\) =(2, 0, 2), find \(\vec{a}+2 \vec{b}-\frac{1}{2} \vec{c}\).
Solution:
\(\vec{a}+2 \vec{b}-\frac{1}{2} \vec{c}\)
= (1, 1, 1) + 2 (-1, 3, 0) – \(\frac{1}{2}\)(2, 0, 2)
= (1 – 2 – 1, 1 + 6 – 0, 1 + 0 – 1)
= (-2, 7, 0)

Question 4.
If A, B, C and D are the vertices of a square, find \(\overrightarrow{AB}+\overrightarrow{BC}+\overrightarrow{CD}+\overrightarrow{DA}\).
Solution:
Let ABCD be a square.

Question 5.
The given points A, B, C are the vertices of a triangle. Determine the vectors \(\overrightarrow{A B}, \overrightarrow{B C} \text { and } \overrightarrow{C A}\) and the lengths of these vectors in the following cases.
(i) A (4, 5, 5), B (3, 3, 3), C (1, 2, 5)
Solution:

(ii) A (8, 6, 1), B (2, 0, 1), C (-4, 0, -5)
Solution:

Question 6.
Find the vector from origin to the midpoint of the vector \(\overrightarrow{{P}_1 {P}_2}\) joining the points P₁(4, 3) and P₂(8, -5).
Solution:
P₁ = (4, 3) and P₂ = (8, -5)
If P is the mid-point of P₁P₂ then P = (6, -1).
Position vector of P = \(\overrightarrow{{OP}}\) = 6î – ĵ

Question 7.
Find the vectors from the origin to the points of trisection the vector \(\overrightarrow{{P}_1 {P}_2}\) joining P₁ (-4, 3) and P₂ (5, -12).
Solution:

Question 8.
Find the vector from the origin to the intersection of the medians of the triangle whose vertices are A (5, 2, 1), B(-4, 7, 0) and C (5, -3, 5).
Solution:

Question 9.
Prove that the sum of all the vectors drawn from the centre of a regular octagon to its vertices is the null vector.
Solution:

Question 10.
Prove that the sum of the vectors represented by the sides of a closed polygon taken in order is a zero vector.
Solution:
Consider a closed polygon ABCDEFA.

Question 11.
(a) Prove that:
(i) \(|\overrightarrow{a}+\overrightarrow{{b}}| \leq|\overrightarrow{a}|+|\overrightarrow{b}|\)
State when the equality will hold;
Solution:

(ii) \(|\overrightarrow{a}-\overrightarrow{b}| \geq|\overrightarrow{a}|-|\overrightarrow{b}|\)
Solution:

(b) What is the geometrical significance of the relation \(|\overrightarrow{a}+\overrightarrow{b}|=|\overrightarrow{a}-\overrightarrow{b}|\)?
Solution:

Question 12.
Find the magnitude of the vector \(\overrightarrow{PQ}\), its scalar components and the component vectors along the coordinate axes, if P and Q have the coordinates.
(i) P (-1, 3), Q (1, 2)
Solution:

(ii) P (-1, -2), Q (-5, -6)
Solution:

(iii) P (1, 4, -3), Q (2, -2, -1).
Solution:

Question 13.
In each of the following find the vector \(\overrightarrow{PQ}\), its magnitude and direction cosines, if P and Q have co-ordinates.
(i) P (2, -1, -1), Q (-1, -3, 2);
Solution:

(ii) P (3, -1, 7), Q (4, -3, -1).
Solution:

Question 14.
If \(\vec{a}\) = (2, -2, 1), \(\vec{b}\) = (2, 3, 6) and \(\vec{c}\) = (-1, 0, 2), find the magnitude and direction of
\(\vec{a}-\vec{b}+2 \vec{c}\).
Solution:

Question 15.
Determine the unit vector having the direction of the given vector in each of the following problems:
(i) 5î – 12ĵ
Solution:

(ii) 2î + ĵ
Solution:

(iii) 3î + 6ĵ – k̂
Solution:

(iv) 3î + ĵ – 2k̂
Solution:

Question 16.
Find the unit vector in the direction of the vector \(\overrightarrow{r_1}-\overrightarrow{r_2}\), where \(\vec{r}_1\) = î + 2ĵ + k̂ and \(\vec{r}_2\) = 3î + ĵ – 5k̂.
Solution:

Question 17.
Find the unit vector parallel to the sum of the vectors \(\vec{a}\) = 2î + 4ĵ – 5k̂ and \(\vec{b}\) = î + 2ĵ + 3k̂. Also find its direction cosines.
Solution:

Question 18.
If the sum of two unit vectors is a unit vector, show that the magnitude of their difference is √3.
Solution:

Question 19.
The position vectors of the points A, B, C and D are 4î + 3ĵ – k̂, 5î + 2ĵ + 2k̂, 2î – 2ĵ – 3k̂ and 4î – 4ĵ + 3k̂ respectively. Show that AB and CD are parallel.
Solution:
Given that the
position vector of A = 4î + 3ĵ – k̂
position vector of B = 5î + 2ĵ + 2k̂
position vector of C = 2î – 2ĵ – 3k̂
position vector of D = 4î – 4ĵ + 3k̂

Question 20.
In each of the following problems, show by vector method that the given points are collinear.
(i) A (2, 6, 3), B (1, 2, 7) and C (3, 10, -1)
Solution:
Given that A = (2, 6, 3), B = (1, 2, 7) and C = (3, 10, -1)
Then

(ii) P (2, -1, 3), Q (3, -5, 1) and R (-1, 11, 9).
Solution:
Given that P = (2, -1, 3) Q = (3, -5, 1) and R = (-1, 11, 9)

Hence the points P, Q, R are collinear. (Proved)

Question 21.
Prove that the vectors 2î – ĵ + k̂, î – 3ĵ – 5k̂, 3î – 4ĵ – 4k̂ are the sides of a right angled triangle.
Solution:
Let A, B and C be the points whose position vectors are 2î – ĵ – k̂, î – 3ĵ – 5k̂ and 3î – 4ĵ – 4k̂ respectively.

Question 22.
Prove by vector method that:
(a) the medians of a triangle are concurrent;
Solution:

The symmetry of the result shows that the point G also lies on the other two medians.
Hence the medians are concurrent. (Proved)

(b) the diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each other;
Solution:

(c) the line segment joining the midpoints of two sides of a triangle is parallel to the third and half of it;
Solution:

(d) the lines joining the midpoints of consecutive sides of a quadrilateral is a parallelogram;
Solution:

⇒ SR = PQ and SR || PQ
Hence PQRS is a parallelogram.
(Proved)

(e) in any triangle ABC, the point P being on the side \(\overrightarrow{B C} \text {; if } \overrightarrow{P Q}\) is the resultant of the vectors \(\overrightarrow{A P}, \overrightarrow{P B}\) and \(\overrightarrow{P C}\) then ABQC is a parallelogram;
Solution:

Hence ABQC is parallelogram. (Proved)

(f) In a parallelogram, the line joining a vertex to the midpoint of an opposite side trisects the other diagonal.
Solution:

⇒ P divides BD into the ratio 1 : 2.
Similarly we can show that Q divides BD into the ratio 2 : 1.
Hence P, Q are the points of trisection of the diagonal BD. (Proved)

Odisha State Board CHSE Odisha Class 12 Approaches to English Book 2 Solutions Short Stories Chapter 1 The Happy Man Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

CHSE Odisha 12th Class Alternative English Solutions Short Stories Chapter 1 The Happy Man

Section-I

Questions For Discussion

Question 1.
Why was the narrator always hesitant to give advice?
Answer:
The narrator has always hesitated to give advice because how can one advise another how to act unless one knows that other is as well as one knows oneself?

Question 2.
“Each of us is a prisoner in a solitary town How does this statement reflect on human life?
Answer:
Everybody is in shackles. Man is not free. All human beings are like creatures in bondage and he is unable to take any independent decisions.

Question 3.
Does the paragraph logically lead to the story? Where do you find the connection?
Answer:
Yes, the paragraph is logically connected which leads to the story, “Life in a difficult ‘ business…provides the clue.

Question 4.
Why did Stephens meet the narrator? What made him do so?
Answer:
Stephens had come to meet the narrator of the story to know whether any English doctor has worked in Spain. He did so because the narrator had written a book on that.

Question 5.
What impression do you form about Stephens from his account of life at Camberwell? Is he happy with it?
Answer:
Stephens was a doctor who had been brought up by two old aunts. He was poor and had been married six years ago. He had no children.

Question 6.
Why does he want to go to Spain?
Answer:
There was no English doctor in Spain and the present lifestyle which he did not relish made him want to go to Spain.

Question 7.
Would you call him a romantic? Give reasons for our Answers
Answer:
Themainwasromantic who gave more emphasis on emotion without thinking about the fixture.

Question 8.
What does the narrator suggest to Stephens finally?
Answer:
The narrator finally suggested Stephensifhe did not want money and was content to earn just enough to keep body and soul together, he should go. Because he would lead a wonderful life.

Vocabulary
Derive adjectives from the following:

wonder	Spain
habit	absence
hesitate	confidence
emotion	thought
occasion	book
difficulty	silence
satisfaction	apology
quickly	laugh
practice	preciously
feet	marriage
mind	force
knowledge	face
information	hair
	money

Answer:
Words – AdjectiveForms
wonder – wonderful
habit – habitual
hesitate – hesitant
emotion – emotional
occasion – occasional
difficulty – difficult
satisfaction – satisfactory
quickly – quick
practice – practical
feet – factual
mind – mental
knowledge – knowledgeable
information – informative
thought – thoughtful
book – bookish
Spain – Spanish
silence – silent
absence – absent
confidence – confident
apology – apologetic
laugh – laughable
preciously – precise
marriage – marital
force – forcible
face – facial
hair – hairy
money – monetary

Section -II

Questions For Discussion

Question 1.
What change in place and time do you find in this section of the story?
Answer:
There is a change in place and time in this section of the story. The doctor has shifted to Spain and the time gap is around fifteen years.

Question 2.
Why does Stephens refuse to accept fees from the narrator? Do his words acknowledge his gratitude for the right suggestion of the narrator given to him years ago?
Answer:
Stephens refused to accept fees from the narrator as a token gesture of gratitude for the right suggestion the narrator had given to him a year ago.

Question 3.
What impression would you get about Stephens from his changed appearance
Spain?
Answer:
The changed appearance of Stephen in Spain suggests that he has become fit and bold. There is a sea change in his physical body politics.

Question 4.
In which context does Stephens say, “life is full of compensation’? What light does it draw on his character?
Answer:
When the narrator asked that he was married Stephens expressed his sorrow to say about his wife who did not like Spain and went back to Camberwell where she felt homely. He said, ’’Life is full of comprehension. This makes clear that Stephens had accepted the gains and losses of life.

Question 5.
Does the concluding passage reveal an attitude toward life? What kind of attitude
would you call it?
Answer:
The concluding passage of the story reveals an attitude toward life. It tells the man to earn just enough money to keep body and soul together.

Question 6.
Where does happiness lie in the word of the protagonist?
Answer:
According to the protagonist, happiness lies in earning just enough money to keep the body and soul together, and in enjoying life being poor.

Question 7.
Does the narrator favor a life of emancipation from conventionalities and stereotypes?
Answer:
The narrator favors a life of emancipation from the conventionalities and stereotypes of life warranting man together self and riches. But the narrator tells that one can enjoy life being poor.

Question 8.
Which one of the following do you find in Stephens that most appropriately
characterize him?
(a) a cynical attitude
(b) a pleasure-loving temperament
(c) morbidity born of frustrations
(d) A quest for freedom from conventions
Answer:
(d)Aquest for freedom from conventions

Question 9.
Can you guess what could happen if his wife had not deserted him?
Answer:
He could not have been free to go to Spain.

Question 10.
Can you call him “TheHappyMan”? Give reasons for your answer.
Answer:
He is “The Happy Man” because he is quite free and he enjoys life even in being poor. He does not run after money.

Questions For Composition

Question 1.
…………………. but by heaven I’ve enjoyed myself. I could not exchange the life I have had with that of any kind in the world”. Make a critical estimate ofStephensin the light of the given statement.
Answer:
The short story’s happy man” is written by William Somerset Maugham, an eminent and outstanding storyteller. He has written more than 100 stories. However, his stories express a realistic portrait of the degenerated society given to selfish pleasure and hedonism with no respect for human values or scruples encompasses a large area of human experience. In this light, Maugham’s story is superb and fantastic. It is really, the most typical story fall is a collection. However, the present story reveals that Stephens may not embody the essentials and philosophy of a happy man in a metaphysical sense, but projects undoubtedly a new vision and perspective.

What we notice is intimist spiritual attainment, but an abandonment of took-for-granted life and relationship in favor of a life of sunshine, color, and mirth. In him is there a quest for freedom and the pursuit of bohemian life. Maugham seems to provide a new pattern and direction to life through his protagonist. Yet the undertone of irony is apparent to the discerning reader. However, Stephens, following the suggestions of the narrator decided to stay in Spain. He went there at last. His wife did not back to Camberwell where she was even more Homely. But he enjoyed his work in Spain. He was very fat and bold. But his eyes twinkled gaily and his fleshy, red face bore an expression of perfect good humor.

The clothes he wore were terribly shabby. He earned just enough money to keep his body and soul together, but he should lead a wonderful life. Poor has he been and poor shall he always be, but by heaven, he has enjoyed himself. He says emphatically that he would not exchange the life he had with that of any king of the world. As a matter of feet, Maugham’s treatment of life through Stephens is most fascinating and heart-touching Maugham is, in fact, a keen observer of human attitude, on the whole, he has tried his level best to depict a full-fledged manner. Therefore, the way he has portrayed Stephens is superb and fantastic.

Question 2.
Critically comment on the title of the story.
Answer:
The short story“The happy man” is undoubtedly the best typical masterpiece of William Somerset Maugham, a prominent and outstanding storyteller of the twentieth century. Maugham is a prolific writer writing novels, short stories, plays, etc. in one. Hismasteryto provides appropriate titles to his writings is really outstanding. He has written more than 100 short stories. All these are repleted with a realistic portrait of the selfish pleasure and hedonism of society. However, the title of the work of art must be apt and suggestive. It should be precise, concise, and condensed.

Its motto should be to communicate reality vehemently. It should be just like a gorgeous, colorful signboard. It also speaks out the contents, of the shop from its very appearance. The titles are expressive of the contents of the work of art. The story, here, tells us about the life of a man who happens to be the happiest. However, Stephens comes to the narrator to know whether it would be better to go to Spain as a doctor. His future was involved in it and the narrator suggested to him that he had to earn just enough money to keep his body and soul together. He, however, decided to go there. But he was married. His wife did not cooperate with him. She never likes Spain and went back to Camberwellwhere she felt homely.

Stephens went alone and lived there happily. He led a wonderful life there. Poorhehadbeen and enjoyed himself like anything. He would not exchange the life he had with that of any kind in the world. The last lines of the story are themselves expressive of the feet that the protagonist of the story “TheHappyMan” has. The title bears the justification for the right caption of the story. As a matter of fact, the title of the story is most appropriate and suggestive. The way Maugham justified Stephens as the happiest man is really superb, alluring, elevating, and excellent.

Vocabulary
Derive nouns forms the following:

excavate	crucial
lovely	cruel
monumental	casual
interesting	occasional
arrogant	perceptive
expect	deceive
ideological	receive
rigorous	credulous
logical	rival

Answer:

Words	Noun forms
excavate	excavation
expect	expectation
lovely	love
ideological	ideology
monumental	monument
rigorous	rigorousness
interesting	interest
logical	logic
arrogant	arrogance
crucial	independence
cruel	cruelty
casual	casualty
occasional	occasion
perceptive	perception
deceive	deceit/deception
receive	receipt
credulous	credulity
rival	rivalry

Grammar
Supply suitable articles:

1. He is_________ M.A
Answer:
He is an M.A

2. I drank________ cup red tea.
Answer:
I drank a cup of red tea

3. I have not seen such_______  temple.
Answer:
I have not seen such a temple

4. He is_____ eunuch.
Answer:
He is a eunuch.

5. The cow is_______useful animal.
Answer:
The cow is a useful animal.

6. I covered_____half a mile.
Answer:
I covered a half mile

7. He is ______washerman.
Answer:
He is a washerman.

8. He is_______honourable man.
Answer:
He is an honorable man.

9. She is__________M.L.A.
Answer:
She is an M.L.A.

10. He is_______M.P.
Answer:
He is an M.P

11. Gopalis________beggar.
Answer:
Gopal is a beggar.

12. I saw_________tiger.
Answer:
I saw a tiger

13. ________cow is auseful animal.
Answer:
A cow is a useful animal.

14. _______poor should be helped.
Answer:
The poor should be helped.

15. He is _______one-eyed man.
Answer:
He is a one-eyed man.

16. Hari is___farmer.
Answer:
Hari is a farmer.

17. Give me____umbrella.
Answer:
Give me an umbrella.

18. She saw_______tiger_______forest.
Answer:
She saw a tiger in a forest

19. ______brave should be rewarded.
Answer:
A brave should be rewarded

20. What__________big temple.
Answer:
What a big temple.

21. There was______little water in the glass.
Answer:
There was a little water in the glass.

22. Rambabu is______ readerin English.
Answer:
Rambabu is a reader of English

23. ______universities cricket team came to this place to play a friendly match.
Answer:
A university cricket team came to this place to play a friendly match.

24. Give me __________ half kilo potato.
Answer:
Give me a half kilo of potato.

25. ___________ few people were present in the meeting.
Answer:
A few people were present at the meeting.

26. I like _________ red wine with lunch.
Answer:
I like a red wine with lunch.

27. London is_________ city.
Answer:
London is a city.

28. We electedhim as__________ M.L.A.
Answer:
We elected him as an M.L.A.

29. __________Ramayan is_______ famous epic.
Answer:
The Ramadan is a famous epic.

30. I shall backin__________hour.
Answer:
I shall be back in an hour.

31. I read_________Prajatantra every day.
Answer:
I read the Prajatantra every day.

32. He is holding________umbrella.
Answer:
He is holding an umbrella

33. He is__________ one – eyed.
Answer:
He is a one-eyed.

34. I like thebeauty of__________ Himalayas.
Answer:
I like the beauty of the Himalayas

35. ___________elephant is a strong animal.
Answer:
An elephant is a strong animal.

36. I like to give_________ useful present.
Answer:
I like to give a useful present.

37. London is in _________ Thames.
Answer:
London is in the Thames.

38. Is there_______ school in this town?
Answer:
Is there a school in this town?

39. He is__________ principalofour college.
Answer:
He is the principal of our college.

40. He is________lecturer.
Answer:
He is a lecturer.

41. _________Mahanadi is the longest river of Odisha.
Answer:
The Mahanadi is the longest river in Odisha.

42. He is__________ lecturer.
Answer:
He is a lecturer.

43. I saw_______ snake and_______ snake rushed towards me.
Answer:
I saw a snake and the snake rushed towards me.

44. I went by_________ Konark Express.
Answer:
I went by the  Konark Express.

45. She is___________ actress.
Answer:
She is an actress.

46. I like________ mangoes you eat.
Answer:
I like the mangoes you eat.

47. He is speaking like __________ Kalidas.
Answer:
He is speaking like a Kalidas.

48. She is________ mostbeautiful womanofour village.
Answer:
She is the most beautiful woman in our village.

49. He is____________first person to come.
Answer:
He is the first person to come.

50. There was__________ temple.
Answer:
There was a temple.

51. Sitais swimmingin __________ pond.
Answer:
Sita is swimming in thepond.

52. He aremaking__________union.
Answer:
He is making a union.

53. _______ Gita is_________ sacred book.
Answer:
The Gita is a sacred book.

54. He is________ European.
Answer:
He is a European

55. It is _________ great honor to be invited to the ceremony.
Answer:
It is a great honor to be invited to the ceremony

56. _________ I have a glass of milk.
Answer:
Could I have a glass of milk?

57. I _________ be twenty on my next birthday.
Answer:
I will be twenty on my next birthday.

58. Why_________ women be paid less than men for doing the same?
Answer:
Why should women be paid less than men for doing the same?

59. I________wear a coat today it is quite warm.
Answer:
I need not wear a coat today it is quite warm.

60 __________ I close the door.
Answer:
Shall I close the door?

61. It mayrain you_________ carryan umbrella.
Answer:
It may rain you should carry an umbrella.

62. It is late. You __________ go to bed.
Answer:
It is late. You should go to bed.

63. You_______hurry, there is enough time.
Answer:
You need not hurry, there is enough time

64. __________ you lend me your pen, please.
Answer:
Could you lend me your pen, please

65. India_________ take active steps to reduce population growth.
Answer:
India should take active steps to reduce population growth.

66. _______ you open the window, please?
Answer:
Could you open the window, please?

67. I am afraid the weather____________not improve for another two or three days.
Answer:
I am afraid the weather might not improve for another two or three days

68. You________respect your teacher.
Answer:
You should respect your teacher.

69. ________you stand on your hands.
Answer:
Can you stand on your hands?

70. After four he______ write well.
Answer:
After four he could write well.

71. __________ you lend me Rs 50?
Answer:
Could you lend me Rs 50?

Section-I

Pre-reading activity:
You might have at times thought about who a happy man is. What do you think brings happiness to one’s life?
(i) It is something related to wealth and material comforts.
(ii) Or is it purely a state of mind, with nothing much to do with one’s financial status or social or social position?
(iii) Does it he in a life of adventure and romance, a life of freedom and carefree enjoyment away who is a happy man?

Notes On The Writer:
William SomersetMaugham(1874-1965) is a prolific writer of the twentieth century having to his credit about 17 novels, 32 plays, more than 100 short stories, two travelogues, and two treatises containing his views of life and literature. Amonghisnovels “OfHumanBondage”. “The Moon and Six Pence” “The Printed VeilCakes and” and ‘The Razor’s Edge” have earned him critical acclaim.

His novels, plays, and short stories give a realistic portrait of a degenerate society, a society given to selfish pleasures and hedonism with no respect for human values or scruples encompassing a larger area of human experience. Most of them depicted the crumbling of the institution of marriage, which has almost become a tightrope around the neck of the spouse’s affair, such indulgences often leading to promiscuity. With deft and dexterous use of irony and satire, his vision grows from a study of the wider spectrum of life to an affirmation of its meaning at the individual level.

The Story:
A careful reading of the story reveals that Stephens may not embody the essentials and philosophy happy man in a metaphysical sense, but projects undoubtedly a new vision and perspective. What we notice is intimist spiritual attainment but an abandonment of taken-for-granted life and relationship in favor of a life of sunshine, color, and mirth. Intimate there is a quest for freedom and the pursuit of bohemian life. Maugham seems to provide a new pattern and direction to life through his protagonist. You have the undertone of irony apparent to the discerning reader.

GIST:
Paragraph -1
It is a dangerous thing to order the lives of others and it has been often a wonder that the politicians, reforms, and such like who are prepared to force upon their fellow measures that must alter their manners, habits, and points of view making a strong confidence in this regard. The thoughts and emotions of the neighbors can only be guessed. Life is a difficult business and it is found hard enough to make a complete and rounded thing.

GIST:
Paragraphs (2-3)
The narrator was a young man who lived in a modem apartment in London near Victoria Station. Late one afternoon, when he was beginning to think he had worked enough for that day, he heard a ring at the bell. He opened the doorto atotal stranger. He asked the narrator’s name. He asked to come in and he did it instantly. He led the stranger to his sitting room and told him to sit down. He seemed a trifle embarrassed. He also offered him cigarettes.

Gist:
Paragraphs (4-10)
The stranger said that his name was Stephens and he was a doctor. He said that the has read a book by the narrator about Spain and he wanted to ask him about that. The book is not so good. The fact remains that he knows something about there’s no one else who knew it so well. He was silent for a movement. He reached out for his seat and held. It is one hand absentmindedly stroking it with the other. He surmised that it gave him confidence.

Gist:
Paragraphs – (11-12)
He was brought up by two old aunts. He has never been anywhere. He has been married for six years. He has no children. He is a medical officer at the Camberwell Infirmary. There was something very striking in the short, sharp sentences he used. They heard a force bring. He had ’ not given him more than a cursory glance, but then looked at him with curiosity. He was a little man. thick-set and stout of thirty perhaps, with around red face from which store small, dark, and very bright eyes. His black hair was cropped close to a bullet-shaped head. He was dressed in a blue suit a good deal the worse for wear.

Gist:
Paragraphs – (13-22)
He again said that I must know what the duties of a medical officer in an infirmary are! One day is much like another and that’s all he has got to look forward for the root of his life. The narrator said that it was a means of livelihood; the one is pretty good and interrogated whether he thought there would be any change for an English doctor in Spain.

He continued that it was not like caramels, but there was sunshine, good wine, and color and there is the air you can breathe. He said that he heard by accident that there was no English doctor in service. It could be foolish on his part to give a good safe job for an uncertainty. His wife was also willing to his leaving the house. The narrator said that the doctor would lead a wonderful life. He left him.

Analytical Outlines

• It is a dangerous thing to order the lives of others.
• It has been often a wonder.
• However, the politicians, reformers, and such people.
• They prepare to force upon their fellows.
• They may have a view about their manners, habits, etc.
• They make strong confidence in this regard.
• The thought and emotions of the neighbor can only be guessed.
•  Life is a difficult business.
•  It is found that it is very hard to make a complete and minded thing.
• The narrator was a young man.
• The narrator was a young man.
• He lived in a modest apartment.
• He was; thinking one afternoon.
• He had worked enough for that day.
• He heard a ring at the bell.
• He opened the door.
• He found a stranger.
• He asked the narrator his name.
• He asked him to come in.
• He did it instantly.
• He led the stranger to his sitting room.
• The narrator told him to sit down.
•  He seemed a trifle embarrassed.
• He also offered him cigarettes.
• The stranger’s name was Stephens.
• He was a doctor.
• He said that he had read a book.
• The book is written by the narrator.
• The book was written about Spain.
• He wanted to ask him about that.
• The book is not so good.
• The feet is that he knows something about that.
• No other one knew so well.
• He was silent for a moment.
• He reached out for his head.
• He reached out for his holding.
• He absentmindedly stroked it with the other.
• He surmised about it.
• It gave him confidence.
• He was brought up by two old aunts.
• He has never been anywhere.
• He has been married for six years.
• He has no children.
• He is a medical officer.
• He is an officer at CambrewellInfirmacy.
• There was something very striking.
• He used short, sharp sentences.
• They heard a force bring.
• He had not given him more than a cursory glance.
• He looked at it with curiosity.
• He was a little man.
• He was thick-set.
• He was stout of thirty.
• He was with a round face.
• He was dark and very bright eyes.
• His black hair was cropped.
• It cropped close to a bullet-shaped head.
• He was dressed in a blue suit.
• It was worse for wear.
• He knew the duty of a medical officer.
• One day is much like another.
• That’s all he has got to look forward to for the livelihood.
• Themoneyispretty is good.
• It is interrogated why he had gone to him.
• He replaced to this question.
• He wanted to know about the chance of an English doctor in Spain.
• He said that it was not like carmen.
• But, he found there sunshine and good wine.
• He accidentally heard about something.
• There was no English doctor in service.
• It could be foolish to get a good job there.
• I was not certain about it.
• His wife was also willing to his leaving the house.
• The narrator said that the doctor would lead a wonderful life.
• He left him.

Meaning Of Difficult Words

flounder – to stumble, to thinking or speaking
confidence – reliance, trust
modest – humble, bashful
embarrassed – immediately, on the spur of the moment
stroked – disheartened, distressed
instantly – blow, an attach, abeat of pulse
surmised – doubted
glance – look
curiosity – anxious to learn, inquisition
stout – strong, robust
cropped – produced
pretty – beautiful, pleasing
interrogate – to question, to examine
infirmary -a hospital or place for the treatment of the sick
carmen – an opera(1 875) by George Bizet.

Section -II

Gist:
Paragraphs – (23-25)
Fifteen years passed by. The narrator happened to be in service and having some trifling indication asked the hotel porter whether there wasinEnglishdoctorinthe town. He said positive and gave him the address. He took a cab and when he reached the house, a little fat man came out of it. He hesitated when he caught sight of the narrator explaining his purpose and the doctor asked him to go in.

He lived in an ordinary Spanish house, with a patio and his consulting room which led out of it was littered with papers, books, medical appliances, and lumber. They finished the business and he asked the doctor what his fee was. The doctor shook his head and smiled. He said that there was no fee. He asked the narrator whether he remembered why the doctor had been there. It was because of something he had once said to him. His life changed only for the narrator, the doctor admitted. He said he was Stephens.

Paragraphs (26 – 28)
The narrator had forgotten all about it. He had not the least notion of what he was talking about. He remembered him of their interview and the narrator after a lot of thinking recalled the matter. Stephens did not believe he could get a chance to have sight of the narrator to give thanks to him for what he had done for him. The narrator looked at him. He was very fat and bold, his eyes twinkled gaily and his fleshy, red face bore an expression of perfect good humor. The clothes he wore were terribly shabby.

Gist:
Paragraphs (29-33)
The narrator asked whether Stephens had gotten married. Stephens replied in negative. Hardly and Stephens replied when a Spanish woman, no longer in her first youth, but still boldly and voluptuously beautiful appeared at the door. She spoke to him in Spanish and the narrator believed that she might have been theirs. of the house.

As he stood at the door to let the narrator out he said that later told him when he saw him lost that the former would go to Spainhe should earn enough money just to keep body and soul together but he should live a wonderful life. And the narrator was perfectly right. He has been and will be poor but he has enjoyed life to the brim.

Analytical Outlines

• Fifteen years passed by.
• The narrator happened to be in service.
• He has some trifling indisposition.
• He asked the hotel porter something.
• He asked if there was an English doctor in the town.
• He answered positively
• Then he gave him the address.
• He looked cab.
• He reached the house.
• A little fat man came outfit.
• He hesitated when he caught the sigh of the narrator.
• The narrator explained his purpose.
• The doctor asked him to go in.
• He lived in an ordinary Spanish house.
• He was living with a patio.
• He has a consulting room
• It was uttered with papers.
• It was uttered with books.
•  It was also littered with medical appliances and lumber.
• They finished the business.
•  He asked the doctor about his fees.
• The doctor shook his head.
• The doctor also smiled.
• He said that there was no fee.
• He asked the narrator something
• Whether he remembered why the doctor had been there.
• It was because of something he had once said to him.
• His life changed only for the narrator.
• The doctor admitted this.
• He said he was Stephens.
• The narrator had forgotten all about it.
• He had not the least notion.
• He was not concerned about what he was talking about.
• He reminded him of their interview.
• After a lot of thinking, the writer recalled the matter.
• Stephens did not believe it.
• He would get a chance to meet the narrator again.
• So that he would thank him for that.
• He thanked him for what he had done for him.
• The narrator looked at him.
• He was very fat.
• He was also very bold.
• His eyes twinkled gaily.
• His fleshy red face bore on expression.
• It was with perfect good humor.
• He wore terribly shabby clothes.
• The narrator asked whether Stephens had gotten married.
• Stephensrepliedinnegative.
• A woman appeared all the door.
• She was a Spanish woman.
• She was no longer in her first youth.
• But still, she was bold.
• She was voluptuously beautiful.
• She spoke to him in Spanish.
• The narrator believed that she might have been the Mrs. of the house.
• He stood at the door to let the narrator out.
• He said that the latter told him when he saw him last.
• The former would go to Spain.
• He should earn enough money there.
• He has just to keep body and soul together.
• But he should live a wonderful life.
• And the narrator was perfectly right.
• He has been and will be poor.
• But he has enjoyed life to the brim

Meaning Ofdifficult Words

trifle – unimportant
indisposition – un arrangement, un distribution, unplanned
porter – doorkeeper, a coolie
cab – covered four or two-wheeled carriage cabriolet
hesitate – to stop making a decision
litter – to cover with strew, to bring forth
appliances – instruments used for some special-purpose
lumber – a useful article, furniture stored away.
errand – business, purpose
patio – courtyard
admit – allow to enter
twinkle – to blink, to glitter, to shine
shabby – mean, low, paltry
boldly – courageously, daringly
sombrero – Aman’s hat with every wide brim which sowed especially in Mexico.
dissipated – drunken
voluptuously – luxuriously sensual
silenus – any group of forest spirits similar to stars but having the legs of horses.

Odisha State Board CHSE Odisha Class 12 Approaches to English Book 2 Solutions Poem 5 Toads Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

CHSE Odisha 12th Class Alternative English Solutions Poem 5 Toads

Pre-Reading activity:
What ideas do you associate with Toads? List them here… The poem you are going to read now has the title “Toads”. See if the ideas you associate with Toads are reflected in the poem. Your focus, however, should be on finding answer to. Is it real Toads that the poem is about? If not, what does the poet mean by Toads?

Notes On The Poet:
Philip Larkin (1922-1995) is one of the outstanding poet of the post-war generation of poets. His volumes – include “The North Ship” (1 995) and “The Less Deceived” (1955). His poetry responds to all he tints and flavours of provinced life. His sensitivity to human “absurdity and pathos” is strongly marked in many of his poems. The poem “Toads” is expressed the poet’s disgust with a vice-like grip of a routined engagement.

Questions For Discussion:

Question 1.
What does the poet mean by toads?
Answer:
The poet means by toads that they sit heavy with their hunkers which are as cold as snow.

Question 2.
How do the two questions with which the poem begins set the tone of the poem?
Answer:
The poet is disgusted with the toad that squats on his life. He wishes to drive it off. The tone marks a reaction against the ill luck of life.

Question 3.
The thing that oppresses the poet is first called “the toad” then “the brute” then “it”. Does this convey the poet’s progressive indifference to the creature? What else could this convey?
Answer:
The use of “the toad”, “the brute” and “it” display the poet’s progressive indifference to the creature. It also conveys an irksome attitude of the poet to the creature.

Question 4.
Which stanza expresses the poet’s intense disgust? What is he disgusted with?
Answer:
The poet is disgusted with a vice-like grip of a routined engagement.

Question 5.
Identify the stanza where alliteration is most pronounced? What purpose does it serve?
Answer:
Alliteration is the repetition of consonant speech sounds in the sequence of nearby woods. This is prominent in “Lots” of folk five on their wits/lecturers, lispers/losels, loblolly men, louts …”

Question 6.
What is the poet’s attitude to the people ‘who live on their wits? Why does he cite their examples?
Answer:
The poet holds a positive view for the people who live on their wits. He cites examples of witty persons because they don’t end as paupers.

Question 7.
What can the poet mean by the expression “Their unspeakable wives”?
Answer:
The wives are unspeakable because they cannot be studied and spoken off. They are unscrutable and unspeakable. They are as skinny as whippets.

Question 8.
What is the poet’s wish in Stanza 6?
Answer:
The poet says this in Stanza 6 which reflects an unpleasant experience. When one does not want the pension that is offered and one get’s angry.

Question 9.
In the first stanza the poet says “why should I let the toad work/squat on my life; in Stanza 7 he says” “For something sufficiently toad-like / squats in me too.” Are they two different squatters? Is there a difference of mood between Stanza -1 and Stanza – 7?
Answer: The squatter in stanza- 1 and the one in Stanza- 7 are different squatters. There is a difference of mood between Stanza- 1 and Stanza – 7.

Question 10.
What does the poet require from life? Is he frustrated because he can’t get “All at one sitting”?
Answer:
The poet requires a free and enchanting life rather than the routined engagement. He is not frustrated as such in the lines indicated.

Question 11.
The poet is a deft manipulated of words but he envies those who make a living through unscrupulous manipulation of words, who “blarney” their way to success. What could he mean would you consider it mock modesty?
Answer:
The poet through his enjoy of those who make a living through unscrupulous manipulation of words is quite choosy and idealist in employing right words in the right situations. It can be termed as a mock modesty.

Question 12.
What do these lines mean? Attempt a simple and brief paraphrase.
“I don’t say, one bodies the other
One’s spiritual truth
But I do say it’s hard to lose either.
When you have both”.
Answer:
These lines have a bearing with the previous lines. Something to ad-like sits in him heavy with its hind legs which never allow to blarney his way to getting the feme, the girl and the money all at one sitting. He does not say that one bodies the other one’s spiritual truth. It is also difficult to lose either of the two in the event of having the both.

Composition:

Question 1.
Assess the significance of the little “Toads”?
Answer:
The poem ‘Toads” is composed by Philip Larking, an eminent and out-standing poet of the post-war generation. His poetry responds to all the tints and flavours of provinced life. He has indeed great mastery in proving apt and suggestive title to his poems. His quality in this sense is superb and fantastic. This is a typical poem demonstrating this quality.

However, the title of work of art must be pointed, precise, concise, sharp and suggestive. It should be lie a colourful and attractive signboard which attracts the attention of the customers instantly. It can also show the inside contents of the shop. Similarly an attractive and suggestive title makes the reader spell bound to go through the piece of writing with much interest and fascination. The discussing poem ‘Toads” is sucha poem which satisfies all the characteristics of a good title. Toads are very inactive, rough and ugly creatures that sit heavy hindering its and other progress simultaneously.

The little taken from these living makes it clear that the toads keeping hanging on the poet which hinder his progress. Moreover, the poet starts the poem with two questions at the outset of the poem. One, “Why should I let the toad work/squat on my life?” Second, can I use my wit as a pitchfork/And drive the brute off?” The second stanza of the poem says that the toad soils six days of the week with its sickening poison just for paying a few bills that is out of proportion. A lot of people live on their wits. Lecturers, lispers, losels, loblolly- men, louts don’t end as paupers. Yet many more people live up lanes with fires in a bucket that eat winds falls and tinned sardines and seem to like it.

In the fifth stanza, the poet says that their children here got bare feet, their unspeakable wives are skinny as small thin racing dogs and yet no one actually stores. Had he been courageous enough to shout “stuff your pension” but he knows, all too well, that is the stuff that dreams are made on. In the seventh, eighth and ninth stanzas, the poet continues his thoughts saying that for something sufficiently toad-like squats in him to blarney his way to getting the fame and the girl and the money all at one sitting. He does not say that one bodies the other one’s spiritual truth but he does say that it is hard to lose either when one has the both. As a matter of fact, it is very much clear from the above description that, the title of the poem is apt and suggestive. The poet’s explanation about the toads as really fantastic, outstanding, though-provoking and appropriate.

Question 2.
Write an appreciation of the poem. First state the theme and say briefly how this theme is related to “Toads”. Then discuss how the problem is introduced and elaborated in the poem and whether there is any suggestion of a resolution of the problem. Also examine how the introducing stanza and the concluding stanza are related to each other and so the stanza in between. Identify the unusual words in the poem, if you find any and point out their relevance in the poem. And conclude your appreciation with your personnel response to the theme and its treatment in the poem.
Answer:
In fact, Philip Larkin’s poem ‘Toads” is his superb and fantastic composition. Here he expresses his disgust with a vice like grip of routined engagement. It is such a poem which satisfies the characteristics of a good poem. Toads are very inactive, rough and ugly creatures,
that sit heavy hindering its and the other’s progress simultaneously. The title taken from these living beings makes it clear that the toads keep hanging on the poet which hinder his progress.

However, the poet starts the poem with two questions at the outset of the poem One is –
“why should I let the toad work/squat on my life”? The second one is – “can’t I use my wit as a pitch work /And drive the brute off?” The second stanza of the poem says that the toad soils six days of the week with its sickening poison just for paying a few bills that is out of preparation. A lot of people live on their wits. Lecturers, lispers, losels, loblolly-men, louts don’t end as paupers yet, many more people live up lanes with fires in a bucket that act windfalls and tinned sardines and seemed to like it.

Moreover, the poet delineates in the fifth stanza that their children have got bare feet; their unspeakable wives are skinny as small racing dogs and yet no one actually shores”, but he knows all two well, that is the stuff that dreams are made on. In the seventh, eighth and ninth stanza the poet continues his thought saying that for something sufficiently toad like squats in him too. Its hind legs are so heavy that they are as hard luck and cold as snow which will never allow him to blarney his way to getting the fame and the girl and the money all at one sitting.

He does not say that one bodies the other one’s spiritual truth but he does say that it is hard to lose either when one has the both.
The presence of alliteration which is a repetition of speech sounds in the sequence of nearby words makes the poem very effective. The initial’s sounds in the words ‘six’ ‘soils’ and the final ‘s’ sound in the words- ‘that’s, ‘proportion’; The I sounds in ‘tots’ ‘folk’, ‘live’, ‘lecturers’, ‘lispers’, ‘losels’, ‘loblolly-men’, Touts’ etc. are the alliterative sounds that enrich the poem As a matter of feet, the poem ‘Toads” of Philip Larkin is a typical masterpiece of suggestion which teaches and delights at one. The way he conveys the theme through toads is really superb
and outstanding. One the whole, the poem is inspiring, thought-provoking, elevating and heart-touching.

Toads Summary in English

Why should the speaker let the toad work and quat it on his life? Whether he can use his intelligence as a pitch form and drive the brute off. It soils six days out of seven with its sickening poison. A lot of people live on their wits. Lecturers, lispers, losels, loblolly-men, louts don’t end as paupers. Lots of people also live up lanes with files in a bucket and act windfalls and tinned surdines. Their children have got bare fact. Their unspeakable wives are skinny as whippets and no one actually stars. The speaker can’t have say to shut “stuff your pension”. But he knows everything very well that dreams are made on Because something sufficiently toad-like sits on him and its hunkers are heavy as hard luck and cold as snow and will never allow him to talk pleasant but untrue things in order to convince or persuade people. He wishes to get the fame and the girl and the money all at one sitting. He does not say that one bodies one other one’s spiritual truth but he says it is hard to lose either when both are heard.

Analytical Outlines:

• The poet begins the poem with a question.
• Why should the speaker let the toad work and quit it on his life?
• Whether he can use his intelligence.
• He can use it as a pitchfork.
• He can drive the brute off.
• It soils six days out of seven.
• It soils with its sickening poison.
• A lot of people live on their wits.
• Lecturers and whispers don’t end as paupers.
• G. Losels, loblolly-men, and louts don’t end as paupers.
• Lots of people also live up lanes.
• They live up with fires in a bucket.
• They act windfalls.
• They act tinned surdines.
• Their children have got bare feet.
• Their unspeakable wives are skinny.
• They are skinny as whippets.
• No one actually starves.
• The speaker shouts something.
• He shouts, “stuff your poison”.
• But he knows everything very well.
• He knows that dreams are made on.
• Because, something sufficiently toad-like sits on him.
• Its hunkers are heavy.
• These are like hard hick.
• These are as cold as now.
• They will never allow him to talk pleasant.
• They will never allow him untrue things in order to convince or persuade.
• He wishes to get the fame.
• He wishes to get the money all at one sitting.
• He does not say that one bodies the other one’s spiritual truth.
• But he says it is hard to lose.

Meaning Of Difficult Words:

squat – to sit on one’s heels.
pitchfork- a fork with a long handle.
wit- intelligence
lispers- those who speak with a speech fault
losels- loafers.
loblolly-men- those who trick others into giving them money.
louts- rude, violent men.
windfalls- fruits blowing offa tree
sardines- small young fish that are often pecked in flat metal boxes.
whippets- small thin racing dogs
nippers- children.
stuff your pension- you say this when you do not want the pension that is offered and you are angry
hunkers- bent knees while the toad is sitting.
blarney- talk pleasant but untrue things in order to convince or persuade people.

Odisha State Board CHSE Odisha Class 12 Approaches to English Book 2 Solutions Poem 4 Mirror Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

CHSE Odisha 12th Class Alternative English Solutions Poem 4 Mirror

Pre-Reading activity:
Every one of us looks into a mirror everyday. In which way(s) is a mirror useful to us. Can you list them here? You are about to read a poem named Mirror. Can you guess what this poem tells the reader? Now read the poem and find out.

Notes On The Poet:
Sylvia Plath (1932-1963) in her life, as in her poetry, tried to fuse the role of‘Muse, Mother and Poet”. Her poetry is intensely perporial and powerfully confessional. Notable among her works age. “The Cotossues” (1960) and “Ariel” (1965). In the poem“Mirror” Plath shows how the mirror reflects more than mere images.

Questions For Discussion:
Question 1.
Who is the speaker in the poem?
Answer:
The mirror is the speaker in the poem.

Question 2.
What are the two things that the mirror in the poem reflects?
Answer:
It reflects both love and dislike.

Question 3.
Why is the mirror called the “eye of little God”?
Answer:
The mirror is called the “eye ofa little God” because it accepts reflection whatever it sees.

Question 4.
Why could the poet mean when she says”
“Now I am a lake……….”
Answer:
The poet means that the mirror is a tiny lake which accepts anything that comes its way. It also reflects things exactly like a lake without prejudice.

Question 5.
Why are the candles and moon “liars”
Answer:
The candles and the moon are “liars” because the candles and the moon do not speak of exactly what a women is.

Question 6.
How does the woman react to her reflection in the lake?
Answer:
The woman bends over the mirror lake and searches for what she really is and then turns to the liars.

Question 7.
Would our views of the aging women different if she instead of the mirror had narrated the story?
Answer:
The view would have been different if the aging women instead of the mirror had narrated story. The aging woman would have been a liar.

Question 8.
Here the poet uses at least three of the poetic devices: personification, metaphor and simile. Identify the times where these figures of speech are used.
Answer:
Personification: – “……………… I have no preconceptions\ ……………..I see I swallow immediately………………”.
Metaphor: “I am silver …………….”.The eye of a little god”, “Now I am a lake”
Smile: “Rises towards her day after day.
Like a terrible fish.

Question 9.
“………………….. and in one an old woman rises towards her day after day, like a terrible fish”. What is the significance of the image of a “terrible fish” here?
Answer:
The image of a “terrible fish” stands for the slow movement of time and death which are quite immediate.

Question 10.
Do you agree that the mirror in this poem reflects more than mere images? How sow?
Answer:
The mirror in this poem reflects more than mere images. It speaks the truth; it makes women search for the exactness.

Question 11.
Notice that the first stanza of he poem begins with “I can silver and exact” and the second stanza begins with “Now I am a lake”. Do these two autobiographical statements of the mirror contradict each other? It so, how are they reconciled in the poem?
Answer:
These two autobiographical statements. “I am silver and exact” and “Now I am lake” are two contradictory statements of the mirror. But both these statements and their ideas have reconciled the poem. It indicates that the mirror has two personalities. It is exact and faithful and at the same time profound and deep like a lake. It sometimes deceives in depth and is hence dangerous.

Composition:

Question 1.
Write an appreciation of the poem “Mirror” beginning with a statement of he theme and then proceeding to analyse the poem by lines along with your views regarding their communicative value (= how effectively the lines with their images and other poetic devices. If any communicate an idea). The conclusion would sum up the salient features of the poem and end with your general assessment of the poem.
Answer:
The poem“Mirror” is composed by Sylvia Plath, and eminent and out standing poet of the twentieth century. In her unique approach in English poem, plath is really superb and fantastic. The poem deals with something spectacular about mirror. The mirror as a reflecting device does something more than mere reflection. However, the poem is written in first person narrative giving an auto biographical sketch of the inanimate objects. Of course, the poem reflects life in mirror.

The barrier of the non-living things and rises above the personified in the poem to which human qualities have been attributed. It says that it is silver and exact. It neither exaggerates nor condemns, neither magnifies nor belittles. It speaks of as is it. Treats love and hatred alike. It is unprejudiced and truthful. It is the eye of a little god “The eye of a little god” is a metaphorical expression which tells that it is bright and truthful. Moreover, the second stanza is a continuance of the first one.

The mirror says that it meditates on the opposite wall. It is pink with speckles. Faces and darkness separate them over and over and now it is a lake. It says “Now I am a lake. A woman bands over it searching its reaches for what she really is. Then she turns to those liars – the candles and the moon. It sees her back and reflects it faithfully. She awards it with tears and an agitation of hands. Each day, she has drowned a young girl and in it an old woman rises towards her day after day like a terrible fish.

As a matter of fact the poem is unique attempt at making an imaginative and a thoughtful approach to life. The poet attributes human qualities to the living and non-living things. The approach and technique of the poem are balanced and impressive. On the whole, the poem is most inspiring, elevating and heart-touching.

Question 2.
Basing on what you know of the relationship between the Mirror and the Wall in the poem. Write a dialogue between them on the subject of the world around them.
Answer:
The wall – Good Morning, Miss Mirror
The mirror – Good morning Mr. Wall. How are you?
The wall – Fine, thank you – How are you?
The mirror – Fine, thank you. Why do you look so pensive today? What’s the matter?
The wall – It’s because I didn’t see you yesterday where’d you been?
The mirror – I’s in the bathroom the whole day.
The wall – I haven’t seen himself the whole day.
The mirror – You haven’t seen yourself.
The wall You myself. I seen myself in you everyday. Don’t I?
The mirror – You see yourself in me ! What do you mean?
The wall – Very simple Don’t people see themselves in you?
The mirror – Yes they do. So what?
The wall –  I also see myself in you exactly like that. This is what I do every day.
The mirror – No only you, everything and every bring do the same, don’t they?
The wall – Yes, of course. But there’s a difference.
The mirror – What is it?
The wall – Aren’t you feeling me in the room?
The mirror – Yes, I am. There is a lot of things that face me in the room. Chairs, tables, lights and so on.
The wall – But you are vis-a-vis me, aren’t you?
The mirror – Yes, I’m. So also you.
The wall – I do admit it. Therefore, I see myself in you.
The mirror – You see yourself in me, but I don’t see myself in you!
The wall – No, you don’t, you reflect me and I see myself.
The mirror – Why don’t you reflect me in you?
The wall – No, I don’t reflect anything.
The mirror – Oh! you only take from others, you don’t give.
The wall – Not exactly, I neither take nor give. I’m quite unconcerned.
The mirror- Is it?
The wall – Yes it is.

Mirror Summary in English

The mirror lays that is silver and exact. It has no preconceptions. Whatever it sees it accepts into its delicate surface and produce just as it is. It is unmisted by Love or dislike. It accepts everything be it a thing of love or hatred. It is not cruel. It is truthful. Most of the time-it meditates on the opposite wall. It is pink with speckles. The person who wishes to get his reflection through it looks at it and thinks it as a past of his heart. Faces and darkness separate the on looker and the mirror over and over. The mirror is a lake. A woman bends over it searching her reaches for what she really is. Then she turns to these liars, the candles or the moon. She rewards it with tears and an agitation of hands. It is important to her, she comes and goes. Each morning her face replaces the darkness. She has drowned a young girl and an old woman rises from it towards her(the young girl).

Analytical Outlines:

• The mirror says that it is silver and exact.
• It has no preconceptions.
• It has delicate surface.
• It accepts what it sees.
• It produces just as it is.
• It is unmisted by love.
• It is also unmisted by dislike.
• It accepts everything.
• It may be love.
• It may be hatred.
• It is not cruel.
• It is truthfull.
• Most of the time, it meditates on the opposite wall.
• It is pink with speckles.
• A person wishes to get his reflection.
• He looks at it.
• He thinks it as a part of his heart.
• Faces and darkness separate the onlooker and mirror over and over.
• The mirror is a lake.
• A woman bends over it.
• She searches her reaches for.
• She searches in it what she really it.
• Then she turns to those liars.
• She turns to the candles.
• She turns to the moon.
• She rewards it with tears.
• She rewards it with an agitation of hands.
• It is important to her.
• She comes and goes.
• Each morning, her face replaces the domes.
• Each morning her face replaces the darkness
• She has drowned a young girl.
• An old woman rises from it towards her.

Meaning Of Difficult Words:
preconceptions- opinions formed before knowing actual facts.
accept – to receive, to agree to
delicate- pleasing, graceful, tender
unmisted- not prejudiced, unaffected
hatred- disliking
cruel- pitiless, savage, severe, painful
meditate- consider deeply
speckles- sports
agitation- disturbance
domes- a rounded vault
flickers- flashing on and off quickly, agitation of
hands- waving of hands.

Odisha State Board CHSE Odisha Class 12 Approaches to English Book 2 Solutions Poem 1 Indian Children Speak Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

CHSE Odisha 12th Class Alternative English Solutions Poem 1 Indian Children Speak

Pre-Reading Activity:
Very often we fall to understand each other. This happens especially when we are prejudiced against each other. To understand the other we need to develop a positive attitude. How would you react if you are described as just the opposite of what really you are? What can you do to clear the misunderstanding? Now read the poem below to see how the speaker tries to clear one such misunderstanding of some white people about the Red Indian children.

Questions For Discussion:
Question 1.
When you read the poem, you come across such names as Pansy, Delores, Ramon and Joe Henry. How can you describe them together.
Answer:
They are all Red Indian children.

Question 2.
Throughout the poem the phrase ‘people said’ has been repeated. Who are these people?
Answer:
These people are the white people.

Question 3.
What does moon-coloured dress refer to?
Answer:
It is bright, yellowish-white coloured dress.

Question 4.
Are the Indian children really dumb? Give reasons for your answer.
Answer:
The Indian children are really not dumb. It is because the narrator says, ‘clearly, I hear Delores answer/yes, the sunset is so good,I think God is throwing /Abright show I around the shoulders of the sky.’

Question 5.
Who do you think are rude – the white people or the Indians? Why do you think so?
Answer:
The white people were rude because they say Indian children are heard to reach, they are silent, they are dumb, they have no affection, they don’t seem very bright and they never take other in.

Question 6.
What is the speaker’s attitude towards the Indian children?
Answer:
The speaker is sympathetic and co-operative with the Indian children. His sense of sympathy stands as a sharp contrast with the uncompromising apathy of white men.

Question 7.
How many voices do you hear in this poem? Whose are they?
Answer:
There are three voices – the voice of the speaker the voice of white men and the voice of the Indian children in this poem.

Question 8.
The poem begins with ‘people said’. But towards the end of the poem the speaker says – ‘I have forgotten the idle words that people said’. Does this suggest a transition of mood and attitude in the speaker? Explain
Answer:
This certainly suggests a transition of mood and attitude in the speaker. It is because shedding the age old hackneyed bitter expression of the white man on the Indian children, the speaker switches over to another mood and mind.

Question 9.
What does the speaker convey in the last three lines of the poem?
Answer:
The last three lines are the concluding lines which convey that the speaker has personally parted with the indecent attitude towards the Indian children. He keeps in store in his heart to slip into the heart of Indian Lands and wants for that time to come.

Question 10.
Do you think the Indian children’s view of the world is different from that of the white people’s? How so?
Answer:
The Indian children’s view of the world is certainly different from that of the white people’s. The white people’s view is quite detrimental, command and selfish.

Question 11.
Is the speaker in the poem an American, Indian or a white American? How do you know?
Answer:
The speaker in the poem happens to be an American who makes it explicit in the line of the poem. ‘AndI steeped into the heart ofIndianLand’. This statement proves that the poet is an on-Indian.

Composition:
Question 1.
The speaker in the poem is not one of the ‘Indian children’. When then does the poem bear the title ‘Indian children speak’? Examine the appropriateness of the title of the poem.
Answer:
The title of the poem reads ‘Indian children speak’. The very title is suggestive of the voice of the Indian children although the poet himself is not one of the Indian children. The Indian children are the focus point of the poem. They are the pivotal characters around whom the whole edifice of the poem revolver. The speaker in the poem is not one of the ‘Indian children’. But the poem bears the title ‘Indian children speak’. The speaker is dissociated from the Indian children and makes an impersonal approachonbehalfoftheIndian children whom he likes and wishes to become apart of them He also desires to forget the idle words the people said and wants to treasure the day when the day when the iron doors swung wide so that he would slip into the heart of Indian land. All these speaks volumes of the question in contest.

Question 2.
There is an undercurrent of irony throughout the poem. Discuss how.
Iron refers to _______________________________________
Now discuss how there is an under current of irony in the poem?
Answer:
There is an under current of irony throughout the poem Irony refers to the expression of one’s meaning by saying something which is the direct opposite of one’s thoughts in order to make one’s remarks forceful.

Activity On Poem Completion:

Fill in the gaps appropriately with the lines given below the text of the incomplete poem ‘Nurses Song’.

Nurses’ Song
When the voices of children are heard on the green
_______________________________________
My hear is at rest without my breast
And everything else is still
Then come home, my children the sun is gone down.
And the dews of the night arise
Come, come, leave off play and let us away
_______________________________________
_______________________________________
And we cannot go to sleep
Besides, in the sky the little birds fly.
_______________________________________
The little ones leaped and shouted and laughed

Missing Lines:
(i) And the hills are all covered up with sleep.
(ii) And laughing is heard on the hill.
(iii) And, then go home to bed.
(iv) No, no, let us play for it yet day.
(v) Till the morning appears in the skies.

Answer:
When the voices of children are heard on the green
And laughing is heard on the hill.
My hear is at rest without by breast
And everything else is still
Then come home, my children the sun is gone down.
And the dews of the night arise
Come, come, leave off play and let us away
And the hills are all coverup with sleep.
And, then go home to bed.
And we cannot go to sleep
Besides, in the sky the little birds fly.
Till the morning appears in the skies
Well, well go and play till the fight fades away.
‘No, no, letus play, for it is yet day’
The little ones leaped and shouted and laughed
And all the hills echoed.

Indian Children Speak Summary in English

It is said that Indian children are hard to teach. They should not be expected to talk. One day a short and fat little boy said that the moon had gone all the way with him the previous night. It is said that Indian children are very silent and their works are ‘yes’ or ‘no’. But the ragged pansy confused softly and said that his dress was old but at night the moon was kind when he wore a beautiful moon, colored dress. It is again said that Indian children are dumb. They hardly make any replay. He clearly hears Delores answer. The sunset is so good that he thinks God is throwing a bright shawl around the shoulders in the sky. However, it is also said that Indian children have no affection. They just don’t care for anyone. Then he feels that Ramon’s hand and hears him whisper. A wild animal races in me since his mother sleeps under the ground. Whether it will always run and run. It is also said that Indian children are rude. They don’t seem very bright. Then he remembers Joe Henery’sremark. The tree is hanging down her head because the sun is staring at her. White people always stare. They do not know it is not polite. It is said that Indian children never take people in. One usually always stands outside their thoughts. He has forgotten the idea words that people said but tree sure the day when iron doors swang wide and he supports into the heart of Indian Land.

Analytical Outlines:

• It is said that Indian children are hard to teach.
• They should not be expected to talk.
• One day a short and fat little boy said something.
• He said about the moon
• He said that it had gone all the way with him.
• It happened in the previous right.
• Again people say something about Indian children.
• It is said that Indian children are Very silent.
• Their works are ‘yes’ or ‘no’
• But the ragged pansy confided softly.
• He said that his dress was old.
• But at night the moon is kind.
• Because he wore a beautiful moon-colored dress at night.
• It isagain said something by thepeople.
• They say Indian children are dumb.
• They hardly make any reply.
• He clearly hears Delores answer.
• The sunset is extremely good.
• He thinks God is throwing a bright shawl around the shoulders in the sky.
• However, people say something negatively.
• They say that Indian children have no affection.
• They just don’t care for anyone.
• Then he feels the Ramon’s hand.
• He also hears him whisper.
• A wild animal raises in me.
• His mother sleeps under the ground.
• Whether it will run and run.
• It is also said that Indian children are rude.
• They don’t seem very bright.
• Then he remembers something:
• It is Joe Henry’s remark.
• The trees is hanging down her head.
• Because, the sun is staring at her.
• While people always stare.
• They do not know it is not polite.
• It is said that Indian children never take people in.
• One usually always stands outside their thoughts.
• He has forgotten the idle words people say.
• He treasures the day when iron doors swung wide.
• He supports into the heart of Indian Land.

Meaning Of Difficult Words:
stubby – short and thick
ragged – (with clothes) tom (here, refers to someone wearing rags)
dumb – speechless, mute, here stupid, unintelligent
shawl – loose square cloth worn over the shoulders or head by women.
confided – told a secret.

Odisha State Board CHSE Odisha Class 12 Approaches to English Book 1 Solutions Unit 4 Text B: Powershift Textbook Activity Questions and Answers.

CHSE Odisha 12th Class Alternative English Solutions Unit 4 Text B: Powershift

Activity-5:

Vocabulary:
Find the words from the passage which more or less mean the following:
(i) Shocking or amazing(1)
(ii) Careful watching a suspect (2)
(ii) boring and uninteresting (9)
(iv) to include something in a larger group(10)
(v) a group of three similar things(18)

Answer:
(i) Shocking or amazing – astounding
(ii) Careful watching a suspect – surveillance technologies
(iii) boring and uninteresting-tedious repetition
(iv) to include something in larger group-subsume information.
(v) a group of three similar things – the Patriarch of a family President of a company. Prime Minister of a nation.

Activity-6

Writer’s Bias:
‘Our best computers are still stone-axe primitive’. The italicized metaphor emphasizes the obsoleteness and inadequacy of our best computers. Can you find any other such expression in the passage which have a metaphysical meaning? Do you such expressions convey the writer’s bias?

Expression	Meaning	Any bias of the writer

Answer:

Expression	Meaning	Any bias of the writer
Stone-axe primitive	obsoleteness and inadequacy of our best computer	undeveloped condition of our computers.
‘dumb’ weapons	uncaring for	violent, abortive
power-seekers	people seeking power	power hungry, selfish

Activity – 7:

In many old-fashioned Grammar books, you may find some objection to the use of one-line paragraphs. Are there any one-line paragraphs in this passage? Why does the writer use them? Is he justified in using such small paragraphs?

Answer:
Yes, there are some one-line paragraphs in this passage. They are:

1. Besides its great flexibility, knowledge has other important characteristics that make it fundamentally different from lesser sources of power in tomorrow’s world. (Paragraph – 12)
2. Today in the first changing affluent nations, despite all inequalities of income and wealth, the coming struggle for power will increasingly turn into a struggle over the distribution of and access to knowledge. (Paragraph -12).
   The writer makes use of such one line paragraph in order to put forth his own views in the midst of a general discussion. He is quite justified to have used such a paragraph system.

Activity – 8:

Note-Making:
In the first section of the passage, we came to know that-
1. Force and wealth of knowledge.
2. Knowledge —> power.
3. Force and wealth g knowledge.
That is to say, force and wealth depend on knowledge, is the source of the highest quality power and knowledge is the most important ingredient of force and wealth. Now, make point notes on Sections 2 and 3 using such symbols wherever possible.

Answer:
Weapons and surveillance technologies & knowledge
Knowledge —> computers.
Non-facts and disputed facts a power conflicts in society. False and lies / ‘true’ facts and scientific ‘laws’ —> knowledge.

Activity-9:

Answer the questions as briefly as you can:-
Question (i).
How does Toffler establish that knowledge is the most important ingredient of force and wealth?
Answer:
The military which rests on force uses computerized knowledge. The advanced economy can not for thirty seconds without (knowledge) computers.

Question (ii).
How does he distinguish among ‘data’ information and ‘knowledge’?
Answer:
‘Data’ means more or less connected ‘facts’, ‘information’ refers to data that have been fitted into categories and classification schemes or patterns; ‘knowledge’ means information that has been further refined into more general statements.

Question (iii).
Why is the second section named ‘facts’, ‘lies’, and ‘truth’?
Answer:
Facts, lies, and truth are the things around which the second section has been centered. The whole section is a reflection of most things.

Question (iv).
How is it that knowledge is the most democratic source of power?
Answer:
Knowledge is the key to all kinds of things. It encompasses the means of communication that shapes the message that flows through them. Unlike bullets or budgers, knowledge itself gets used up. The revolutionary characteristics of knowledge that it can be grasped by the weak and poor as well make it the most democratic source of power.

Question (v).
What does Toffler mean by the concept of power-tria? (Paragraph -18)
Answer:
The power tria-patriarch of a family, president of a company, and Prime Minister of a nation wants to control the quantity, quality, and distribution of knowledge within his or her domain.

Question (iv).
Look at the introduction and the conclusion and say briefly, how they relate to the body paragraph of the exports.
Answer:
The introduction starts with knowledge of the part which had never imagined such an explosion of knowledge in the modem world. The conclusion tells that the modem knowledge has reached such a zenith that its provision is not too far. The control of knowledge has become the most important aspect. The introduction and conclusion of the passage are just like prefixes and suffixes ofthe body. The body passage is just an advancement between the introduction and the conclusion.

Extra Activity – 9(A)

Find words in Text – B and use them first as nouns and then as verbs in sentences of your own.

mind	shape
speed	dispute
rule	play
Advance	form
run	help
make	use
turn	process
concern	race
force	control

Answer:

mud	(N) You can’t change his mind. (V) Mind your own business.
speed	(N) We should not drive cars in a high speeds. (V) You should speed up your writing.
rule	(N) The students must obey the rules of the college. (V) Akbar ruled for a long time
advance	(N) The employee asked for an advance. (V) The army advanced forward.
run	(N) The player could not make a good run. (V) I can run five kilometers.
make	(N) The watch is a foreign make. (V) I can’t make a fire now.
turn	(N) His turn came last. (V) All his efforts turned into failure.
concern	(N) Power has become the principal concern of politics. (V) This book concerns human liberty.
force	(N) He exerted force to extract money. (V) Don’t force me to do this.
shape	(N) The shape of the globe is round. (V) Education shapes human personality.
dispute	(N) The two brothers are in dispute for land division. (V) We should not dispute for a piece of land.
play	(N) The play was very attractive. (V) He plays cricket every day.
form	(N) I want an admission form. (V) We have decided to form a club.
help	(N) I want your help to do this work. (V) I can help you in this matter.
use	(N) You should know the process use of a computer. (V) I always use a ballpoint pen.
process	(N) This is not the process of preparing coffee. (V) He processed everything for the meeting.
race	(N) He participated in the 100 mtrs. race. (V) He raced along the street to catch a thief.
control	(N) Our government provides much stress on fund control. (V) We should always control our anger.

Section – B

There is a popular saying ‘knowledge is power’. How can it be true? Give examples to explain this equation. Now, read Alvin Toffler’s ‘Power – shift’. You may find some of your points mentioned. You must focus your attention on the way Toffler presents those points while reading the text.

Power-Shift Summary in English

Summary:

From satellites to submarines, modem weapons are constructed of information-rich electronic components. Today’s fighter plane is a flying computer. Even ‘dumb; computers are manufactured with the help of supersmart computers with electronic chips. The military, to choose a single example uses computerized knowledge – ‘expert systems’ – in missile defense. The Pentagon’s Defence Advanced Research Projects Agency (D ARPA) has set as a long-range goal the design of a system that can make ‘one million logical inferences per second’.

Logic inference, and epistemology – is short, brain work by humans and machine is today’s precondition for military power. It has so become that the advanced economy could not run for thirty seconds without computers. Therefore, knowledge is not only the source of the highest quality power but also the most important ingredient of force and wealth. Put differently knowledge has gone from being an adjunct of money power and muscle power to bringing their very essence.

It is, in feet, the ultimate amplified which is the key to the power shift that lies ahead. There are as many definitions of knowledge as there are people who regard themselves as knowledgeable. Matters grow worse when words like signs, symbols, and imagery are given highly technical meanings. To make things simple and escape from these definitional quicksands, even at the expense of vigor, the term knowledge will be expanded in the pages ahead.

However, besides its great flexibility, knowledge has other important characteristics that make it fundamentally different from the lesser sources of power in tomorrow’s world. Thus force, for all practical concerns, is finite. There is a limit to how much force can be employed before we destroy what we wish to capture to defend knowledge, in principle different and infinitely expandable. Knowledge is also inherently different from both muscle and money because one gun can not be used simultaneously by two people. But by contrast, both ofthe men can use the same knowledge either for or against each other, and in that very process, we may even produce still more knowledge.

Unlike bullets or budgers, knowledge itself does not get used up. This alone tells us that the rules ofthe knowledge power game are sharply different from the precepts relied on by those who use force or money to accomplish their will. In fact, today, in the first changing affluent nations despite of all inequalities of income and wealth the coming struggle for power will increasingly turn into a struggle over the distribution of and access to knowledge. The control of knowledge has become the most important necessity which can save humanity.

Analytical Outlines

• It may be a satellite.
• Even it may be a submarine.
• The modem weapons are constructed of information-rich electronic components.
• Today’s fighter plane is a flying computer.
• Even we may consider the ‘dumb’ computers.
• They are manufactured with the help of super-smart computers.
• They are manufactured with electronic chips.
• Let us consider one burning example.
• It is that the military uses computerized knowledge.
• They use ‘expert systems’.
• They use it in missile defense.

• The Pentagon’s Defence Advanced Research Projects Agents have designed such a system.
• This system can make one million logical inferences per second.
• This logic inference is epistemology.
• Its use has increased military power.
• The advanced economy can’t run without computer knowledge.
• It becomes the source of the highest quality power.
• It also becomes the most important ingredient of force and wealth.
• It becomes an adjunct of money power and muscle power.
• In fact, it is the ultimate amplifier.
• It is really the ray to the power shift.
• There can be as many definitions of knowledge as there are people.
• Actually, matters grow worse.
• Words like signs, symbols, and imagery are given highly technical meanings.
• However, we can provide a simple definition of knowledge.
• Hence, the term knowledge will be given an expanded meaning.
• Actually, knowledge is greatly flexible in its meaning.
• It has other important characterization too.
• It makes it fundamentally different from other lesser sources of power.
• Thus, force is finite for all practical concerns.
• The employment force depends upon the wish of capture or defense.
• Knowledge is also inherently different from both muscle and money.
• Because one gun can not be simultaneously used by two people.
• But, by contrast, both of men can use the same knowledge either for or against each other.
• Through this process, We may even produce still more knowledge.
• Unlike bullets or budgers, knowledge itself does not get used up.
• The rules of knowledge are different from those who use force or money to accomplish their will.
• In feet, today, the nations are fatty changing.
• Even if they are having inequalities of income or wealth.
• They are in greater struggle in the distribution of knowledge.
• The control of knowledge has become the most important necessity.
• Because it can save humanity.

Meanings Of Difficult Words:

congeal – thickening of a liquid.
Pentagon – Headquarters of the US Department of Defence.
cliche(s) – A frequently used idea that has lost effectiveness.
chasm – a very deep creek (in rock, earth, or ice)
erus – the most important part of a problem.
sweeping – moving rapidly, quick movements
genius – a talented mind, a person having fabulous intelligence
astounding – amazing, surprising, wonderful
technologies – technologies that make their master’s mere servants.
supersmart – doing things very smartly even more smartly than expected.
epistemology – theory of knowledge
diverse – different, not the same of similar
maldistribution- uneven, distribution of wealth.
affluent – rich, abundant, plenty, having a lot.
abuse – misuse, wrong use of something
threat – danger, jeopardy

Odisha State Board Elements of Mathematics Class 12 Solutions CHSE Odisha Chapter 11 Differential Equations Additional Exercise Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

CHSE Odisha Class 12 Math Solutions Chapter 11 Differential Equations Additional Exercise

(A) Multiple Choice Questions (Mcqs) With Answers

Question 1.
If f is an odd function, then write the value of \(\int_{-a}^a \frac{f(\sin x)}{f(\cos x)+f\left(\sin ^2 x\right)}\) dx
(a) 1
(b) 0
(c) -1
(d) 2
Solution:
(b) 0

Question 2.
If p and q are respectively degree and order of the differential equation y = e^dy/dx then write the relation between p and q.
(a) p ≠ q
(c) p ≡ q
(b) p = q
(d) None of these
Solution:
(b) p = q

Question 3.
Write the value of \(\int_0^1\){x} dx where {x} stands for fractional part of x.
(a) \(\frac{1}{2}\)
(b) \(\frac{3}{2}\)
(c) \(\frac{1}{4}\)
(d) \(\frac{2}{3}\)
Solution:
(a) \(\frac{1}{2}\)

Question 4.
Write the value of:
\(\int_0^{\pi / 2} \frac{\sin x}{\sin x+\cos x}\) dx – \(\int_0^{\pi / 2} \frac{\cos x}{\sin x+\cos x}\) dx
(a) 1
(b) 2
(c) 0
(d) π
Solution:
(c) 0

Question 5.
Write the value of \(\int_{\frac{\pi}{4}}^{\frac{\pi}{4}}\)sin⁵ x cos x dx
(a) 0
(b) 1
(c) cos x
(d) sin x
Solution:
(a) 0

Question 6.
Write the particular solution of the equation \(\frac{d y}{d x}\) = sin x given that y(π) = 2
(a) y = cos x + 1
(b) y = -cos x + 1
(c) y = -cos x – 1
(d) y = -sin x + 1
Solution:
(b) y = -cos x + 1

Question 7.
Write the degree of the following differential equation:
\(\frac{\mathrm{d}^2 \mathrm{y}}{\mathrm{dx}^2}\) = \(\frac{2 y^3+\left(\frac{d y}{d x}\right)^4}{\sqrt{\frac{d^2 y}{d x^2}}}\)
(a) 0
(b) 1
(c) 2
(d) 3
Solution:
(d) 3

Question 8.
Write the order ofthe following differential equation:
\(\frac{d^2 y}{d x^2}\) = \(\frac{2 y^3+\left(\frac{d y}{d x}\right)^4}{\sqrt{\frac{d^2 y}{d x^2}}}\)
(a) 0
(b) 1
(c) 2
(d) 3
Solution:
(c) 2

Question 9.
What is F(x) if F(x) = \(\int_0^x\)e^2t sin 3t dt?
(a) e^2x sin 3x
(b) e^2x cos 3x
(c) e^x sin 3x
(d) e^2x sin x
Solution:
(a) e^2x sin 3x

Question 10.
\(\int \frac{d x}{\cos ^2 x \sin ^2 x}\) = ?
(a) -2 cos 2x + C
(b) -2 cot 2x + C
(c) -2 sin 2x + C
(d) 2 cot 2x + C
Solution:
(b) -2 cot 2x + C

Question 11.
If \(\int_1^2\)f(x) dx= λ, then what is the value of \(\)f(3 – x) dx?
(a) λ
(b) λ²
(c) 1λ
(d) 2λ
Solution:
(a) λ

Question 12.
What is the value of \(\int_{-1}^1 \frac{d x}{1+x^2}\)?
(a) \(\frac{2 \pi}{2}\)
(b) 2π
(c) π
(d) \(\frac{\pi}{2}\)
Solution:
(d) \(\frac{\pi}{2}\)

Question 13.
Write the order of the following differential equation:
\(\frac{d^3 y}{d x^3}\) = \(\left(\frac{d^2 y}{d x^2}\right)^2\) + \(\left(\frac{\mathrm{dy}}{\mathrm{dx}}\right)^4\) + y
(a) 1
(b) 3
(c) 2
(d) 0
Solution:
(b) 3

Question 14.
Write the degree of the following differential equation:
\(\frac{d^3 y}{d x^3}\) = \(\left(\frac{d^2 y}{d x^2}\right)^2\) + \(\left(\frac{\mathrm{dy}}{\mathrm{dx}}\right)^4\) + y
(a) 1
(b) 2
(c) 3
(d) 0
Solution:
(a) 1

Question 15.
Write the particular solution of \(\frac{\mathrm{dy}}{\mathrm{dx}}\) = (1 + x)⁴, y = 0 when x = -1.
(a) y = \(\frac{(1+x)^2}{5}\)
(b) y = \(\frac{(2+x)^5}{5}\)
(c) y = \(\frac{(1-x)^5}{5}\)
(d) y = \(\frac{(1+x)^5}{5}\)
Solution:
(d) y = \(\frac{(1+x)^5}{5}\)

Question 16.
Evaluate the integral ∫2x cosec² x² dx?
(a) cot x² + C
(b) -cot x² + C
(c) -cot 2x² + C
(d) cot 2x² + C
Solution:
(b) -cot x² + C

Question 17.
What is the value of \(\frac{d}{d x} \int_{250}^{300}\left(x^4+5 x^3\right)^2\) dx
(a) 0
(b) 1
(c) -1
(d) 2
Solution:
(a) 0

Question 18.
Write down the integral of ∫\(e^{x^2}\) 2x dx.
(a) \(e^{2 x^2}\)
(b) 2\(e^{2 x^2}\)
(c) \(e^{x^2}\)
(d) None of the above
Solution:
(c) \(e^{x^2}\)

Question 19.
What is the integral of ∫log e^x dx?
(a) \(\frac{2 x^2}{2}\) + C
(b) \(\frac{2 x^2}{3}\) + C
(c) \(\frac{x^2}{2}\) + C
(d) None of the above
Solution:
(c) \(\frac{x^2}{2}\) + C

Question 20.
What is the value of \(\int_{-2}^2\)|x| dx?
(a) 0
(b) 1
(c) 2
(d) 3
Solution:
(a) 0

Question 21.
\(\int_{-1}^1\)|1 – x| dx = ______.
(a) 0
(b) 1
(c) 2
(d) -1
Solution:
(c) 2

Question 22.
If ∫x³\(e^{c x^4}\)dx = \(\frac{1}{20} \mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{cx}}\) then C = ______.
(a) 0
(b) 2
(c) 4
(d) 5
Solution:
(d) 5

Question 23.
\(\int_a^b\)f(x) dx = 1 ⇒ \(\int_a^b\)k f(t)dt ______.
(a) k
(b) -k
(c) 2k
(d) None of the above
Solution:
(b) -k

Question 24.
\(\int_{-1}^1\)f(x) dx = k and f is an even function then \(\int_{-1}^1\)f(x) = ______.
(a) k
(b) -k
(c) 2k
(d) None of the above
Solution:
(c) 2k

Question 25.
If ∫\(\int_0^1\)f(x) dx = 4, \(\int_0^2\)f(t) dt and \(\int_4^2\)f(u) du = 1 then \(\int_1^4\)f(x) dx = ______.
(a) 0
(b) 1
(c) 3
(d) -3
Solution:
(d) -3

Question 26.
I(f) = \(\int_a^x\)f(t) dt and Df = f'(x) then (ID – DI) f = ______.
(a) -f(a)
(b) 2f(a)
(c) f(a)
(d) None of the above
Solution:
(a) -f(a)

Question 27.
\(\int_0^\pi\)cos¹⁰¹ x dx = ______.
(a) 0
(b) 1
(c) -1
(d) 101
Solution:
(a) 0

Question 28.
Let f satisfies all the conditions of Rolle’s theorem in [1, 6] then \(\int_1^6\)f'(x) dx = ______.
(a) 0
(b) 1
(c) -1
(d) 6
Solution:
(a) 0

Question 29.
\(\int_{-2}^2\)|x| dx = ______.
(a) 1
(b) 2
(c) 3
(d) 4
Solution:
(d) 4

Question 30.
Integrate ∫log x dx
(a) x. log x + x + C
(b) x. log x – x + C
(c) log x – x + C
(d) None of these
Solution:
(b) x. log x – x + C

Question 31.
Evaluate \(\int_0^2\)[x – 1] dx
(a) 0
(b) 1
(c) -1
(d) 2
Solution:
(b) 1

Question 32.
What is the value of: ∫\(\frac{f^{\prime}(x)-f(x)}{e^x}\) dx?
(a) e^x f(x) + C.
(b) e^2x f(x) + C.
(c) e^-x f(x) + C.
(d) None of the above
Solution:
(c) e^-x f(x) + C.

Question 33.
What is the value of \(\int_0^1\)x(1 – x)⁹⁹ dx?
(a) \(\frac{1}{100}\)
(b) \(\frac{1}{10}\)
(c) \(\frac{1}{1010}\)
(d) \(\frac{1}{10100}\)
Solution:
(d) \(\frac{1}{10100}\)

Question 34.
Solution of \(\frac{\mathrm{dy}}{\mathrm{dx}}\) = xy + x + y + 1 is ______.
(a) 2x + \(\frac{x^2}{2}\) + C
(b) x + \(\frac{x}{2}\) + C
(c) x + \(\frac{2 x^2}{2}\) + C
(d) x + \(\frac{x^2}{2}\) + C
Solution:
(d) x + \(\frac{x^2}{2}\) + C

Question 35.
f(x) = \(\int_0^x\)t sin t dt then f ‘(x) = ______.
(a) x cos x
(b) x sin t
(c) x sin x
(d) x tan x
Solution:
(c) x sin x

Question 36.
What is the value of the integral \(\int_a^b \frac{|x|}{x}\)dx?
(a) |b| – |a|
(b) |a| – |b|
(c) |b| + |a|
(d) |a| + |b|
Solution:
(a) |b| – |a|

Question 37.
What is the value of ∫x^x (1 + ln x) dx?
(a) x^2x + C
(b) x^x + C
(c) 2x^x + C
(d) x² + C
Solution:
(b) x^x + C

Question 38.
Evaluate: \(\int_0^{\mathrm{p} / 2}\)ln(cot x) dx.
(a) 0
(b) 1
(c) cot x
(d) sin x
Solution:
(a) 0

Question 39.
Evaluate: \(\int_{-3}^4\)|x| dx
(a) \(\frac{2}{25}\)
(b) \(\frac{25}{2}\)
(c) \(\frac{25}{4}\)
(d) \(\frac{25}{-3}\)
Solution:
(b) \(\frac{25}{2}\)

Question 40.
Evaluate: \(\int_0^{\frac{\pi}{2}}\)(cos x – sin x) dx
(a) 0
(b) 1
(c) -1
(d) π
Solution:
(a) 0

Question 41.
Evaluate: \(\int_0^{\frac{\pi}{2}}\)log tan x dx.
(a) 1
(b) -1
(c) 0
(d) π
Solution:
(c) 0

Question 42.
Integrate: \(\frac{d x}{3 e^x-1}\)
(a) \(\ln \left(\frac{e^{3 x}-1}{e^x}\right)\) + C
(b) \(\ln \left(\frac{3 e^x+1}{e^x}\right)\) + C
(c) \(\ln \left(\frac{3 e^x-1}{e^x}\right)\) + C
(d) \(\ln \left(\frac{3 e^x+1}{e^{3 x}}\right)\) + C
Solution:
(c) \(\ln \left(\frac{3 e^x-1}{e^x}\right)\) + C

Question 43.
Evaluate: \(\int_0^1 \ln \left(\frac{1}{x}-1\right)\)dx
(a) 1
(b) 2
(c) 0
(d) -1
Solution:
(c) 0

Question 44.
Evaluate: ∫e^x\(\left(\frac{1-\sin x}{1-\cos x}\right)\)dx
(a) -e^x cot\(\frac{x}{2}\) + C
(b) e^x tan\(\frac{x}{2}\) + C
(c) e^x cot\(\frac{x}{2}\) + C
(d) -e^x sin\(\frac{x}{2}\) + C
Solution:
(a) -e^x cot\(\frac{x}{2}\) + C

Question 45.
Evaluate: \(\int_0^1\)x log(1 + x) dx
(a) \(\frac{1}{2}\)
(b) \(\frac{1}{4}\)
(c) \(\frac{1}{3}\)
(d) \(\frac{2}{3}\)
Solution:
(b) \(\frac{1}{4}\)

Question 46.
What is the integrating factor of the equation y’ + y cot x = cosec x?
(a) cot x
(b) sin x
(c) cos x
(d) cosec x
Solution:
(b) sin x

(B) Very Short Type Questions With Answers

Question 1.
Write the order of the differential equation whose solution is given by
y = (c₁ + c₂) cos (x + c₃) + c₄\(e^{x+c_5}\) where c₁, c₂, c₄ and c₅ are arbitrary constants.
Solution:
y = (c₁ + c₂) cos (x + c₃) + c₄\(e^{x+c_5}\)
y = (c₁ + c₂) cos (x + c₃) + c₄\(e^{c_5}\).e^x
= A cos(x + c₃) + Be^x
Where c₁ + c₂ = A, c₄\(e^{c_5}\) = B
As there are 3 independent constants the order of the differential equation is 3.

Question 2.
If p and q are respectively degree and order of the differential equation y = e^dy/dx, then write the relation between p and q.
Solution:
Given differential equation is
y = \(e^{\frac{d y}{d x}}\) ⇒ \(\frac{d y}{d x}\) = ln y
Whose order = 1 = p
Degree = 1 = q
∴ p = q

Question 3.
Write the value of \(\int_0^1\){x} dx where {x} stands for fractional part of x.
Solution:

Question 4.
Write the order of the differential equation of the family of circles
ar² + ay² + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0
ax² + ay² + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0
Solution:
As there are 3 independent constants, the order of the differential equation is 3.

Question 5.
If p and q are the order and degree of the differential equation
y\(\left(\frac{d y}{d x}\right)^2\) + x² \(\frac{d^2 y}{d x^2}\) + xy = sin x, then choose the correct statement out of (i) p > q, (ii) p = q, (iii) p < q.
Solution:
Order of the given differential = p = 2
Degree of the given differential equation = q = 1
∴ p > q

Question 6.
Write the order of the differential equation of the system of ellipses:
\(\frac{x^2}{a^2}\) + \(\frac{y^2}{b^2}\) = 1
Solution:
As there are two unknown constants in the system of ellipses \(\frac{x^2}{a^2}\) + \(\frac{y^2}{b^2}\) = 1 the order of the differential equation is 2.

Question 7.
What do you mean by integration? Write your answer in one sentence.
Solution:
Integration is the antiderivative of a function.

Question 8.
Write the differential equation of the family of straight lines parallel to the y-axis.
Solution:
\(\frac{d x}{d y}\) = 0 is the differential equation of family of lines parallel to y-axis.

Question 9.
Write the value of ∫\(\int_{-\pi / 4}^{\pi / 4}\)sin⁵ x cos x dx.
Solution:
Let f(x) = sin⁵ x cos x
f(-x) = sin⁵ (-x) cos (-x)
= -sin⁵ x cos x = -f(x)
i.e. f is an odd function.
Thus \(\int_{-\pi / 4}^{\pi / 4}\)sin⁵ x cos x dx = 0

Question 10.
Write the degree of the differential equation ln\(\left(\frac{\mathrm{d}^2 \mathrm{y}}{\mathrm{dx}^2}\right)\) = y
Solution:
The degree of the differential equation ln\(\left(\frac{\mathrm{d}^2 \mathrm{y}}{\mathrm{dx}^2}\right)\) = y is 1.

Question 11.
What is F'(t) if F(t) = \(\int_a^t\)e^3x .cos 2x dx ?
Solution:
F(t) = \(\int_a^t\)e^3x .cos 2x dx
⇒ F'(t) = e^3x cos 2t

Question 12.
Write the order and degree of the following differential equation:
\(\frac{d^2 y}{d x^2}\) = \(\frac{2 y^3+\left(\frac{d y}{d x}\right)^4}{\sqrt{\frac{d^2 y}{d x^2}}}\)
Solution:
Order = 2, Degree = 3

Question 13.
∫\(\frac{\cot x d x}{\ln \sin x}\) = ?
Solution:
∫\(\frac{\cot x d x}{\ln \sin x}\) = ln(ln sin x) + C

Question 14.
What is F'(x) if F(x) = \(\int_0^{\mathbf{x}}\)e^2t sin 3t dt?
Solution:
If F(x) = \(\int_0^{\mathbf{x}}\)e^2t sin 3t dt then F'(x) = e^2x sin 3x

Question 15.
∫\(\frac{d x}{\cos ^2 x \sin ^2 x}\) = ?
Solution:
∫\(\frac{d x}{\cos ^2 x \sin ^2 x}\) = 4∫\(\frac{d x}{\sin ^2 2 x}\)
= 4∫cosec² 2x dx = -2 cot 2x + C

Question 16.
What is the value of ∫\(\frac{d}{d x}\)f(x) dx – \(\frac{d}{d x}\)(∫f(x) dx)?
Solution:
∫\(\frac{d}{d x}\)f(x) dx – \(\frac{d}{d x}\)(∫f(x) dx)
= f(x) + C – f(x) = C (constant)

Question 17.
If \(\int_1^2\)f(x) dx = λ, then what is the value \(\int_1^2\)f(3 – x) dx?
Solution:
If \(\int_1^2\)f(x) dx = λ, then \(\int_1^2\)f(3 – x) dx = λ

Question 18.
What is the value of \(\int_{-1}^1 \frac{d x}{1+x^2}\)?
Solution:
\(\int_{-1}^1 \frac{d x}{1+x^2}\) = \(\left[\tan ^{-1} x\right]_{-1}^1\)
= tan^-1 1 – tan^-1 (-1)
= tan^-1 1 + tan^-1 1
= 2tan^-1 (1) = 2 . \(\frac{\pi}{4}\) = \(\frac{\pi}{2}\)

Question 19.
Write the order and the degree of the following differential equation:
\(\frac{d^3 y}{d x^3}\) = \(\left(\frac{d^2 y}{d x^2}\right)^2\) + \(\left(\frac{d y}{d x}\right)^4\) + y
Solution:
Order = 3
Degree = 1

Question 20.
Write the particular solution of \(\frac{d y}{d x}\) = (1 + x)⁴, y = 0 when x = -1.
Solution:
\(\frac{d y}{d x}\) = (1 + x)⁴ ⇒ \(\frac{(1+x)^5}{5}\) + C
Given y = 0 for x = -1
⇒ o = o + c ⇒ c = o
∴ The particular solution is y = \(\frac{(1+x)^5}{5}\)

(C) Short Type Questions With Answers

Question 1.
Evaluate: ∫\(\frac{2 x+1}{\sqrt{x^2+10 x+29}}\)dx
Solution:

Question 2.
Evaluate: \(\int_0^{\pi / 2} \frac{\cos x d x}{(2-\sin x)(3+\sin x)}\)
Solution:

Question 3.
Evaluate: ∫\(\frac{d x}{(1+x) \sqrt{1-x^2}}\)
Solution:

Question 4.
Solve: cosec x \(\frac{d^2 y}{d x^2}\) = x.
Solution:
cosec x \(\frac{d^2 y}{d x^2}\) = x => \(\frac{d^2 y}{d x^2}\) = x sin x
⇒ \(\frac{d y}{d x}\) = ∫x sin x dx + A
= x (-cos x) – ∫(-cos x) dx + A
= -x cos x + sin x + A
⇒ y = -∫x cos x dx + ∫sin x dx + A∫dx + B
= [x sin x – ∫sin x dx] – cos x + Ax = B
⇒ y = -x sin x – 2 cos x + Ax + B is the solution.

Question 5.
Find the particular solution of the following differential equation:
\(\frac{d y}{d x}\) = \(\frac{1+y^2}{1+x^2}\) given that y = √3 when x = 1
Solution:

Question 6.
Evaluate: \(\int_0^a x^2\left(a^2-x^2\right)^{5 / 2}\) dx
Solution:

Question 7.
Evaluate: \(\int_0^a \frac{d x}{e^{4 x}-5}\)
Solution:

Question 8.
Evaluate: ∫x² tan^-1 x dx.
Solution:

Question 9.
If f(x) = e^x + \(\frac{1}{1+x^2}\) and f(0) = 1, then find f(x).
Solution:
f(x) = e^x + \(\frac{1}{1+x^2}\)
⇒ f(x) = ∫\(\left(e^x+\frac{1}{1+x^2}\right)\)dx + C
= e^x + tan^-1 x + C
f(0) = 1
⇒ 1 = 1 + 0 + C => C = 0
Thus f(x) = e^x + tan^-1 x

Question 10.
Evaluate: ∫(log x)² dx
Solution:
I = ∫(log x)² dx
= (log x)². x – 2∫(log x) . \(\frac{1}{x}\) . x . dx
= x (log x)² – 2 ∫log x. dx
= x (log x)² – 2 {(log x) x – ∫dx}
= x (log x)² – 2x log x + 2x + C

Question 11.
Evaluate: ∫\(\frac{2 x+9}{(x+3)^2}\)dx
Solution:

Question 12.
Solve: ydy + e^-y x sin x dx = 0
Solution:
ydy = e^-y x sin x dx = 0
⇒ y e^y dy + x sin x dx = 0
⇒ ∫y e^y dy + ∫x sin x dx =C
⇒ y e^y – e^y + (-x cos x) + sin x = C
⇒ e^y (y – 1) – x cos x + sin x = C is the general solution.

Question 13.
Evaluate: ∫\(\frac{d x}{x \ln x \sqrt{(\ln x)^2-4}}\)
Solution:

Question 14.
Find the particular solution of the differential equation \(\frac{d^2 y}{d x^2}\) = 6x given that y = 1 and \(\frac{d y}{d x}\) = 2 when x = 0.
Solution:
\(\frac{d^2 y}{d x^2}\) = 6x ⇒ \(\frac{d y}{d x}\) = 6 . \(\frac{x^2}{2}\) + A
\(\frac{d y}{d x}\) = 3x² + A ⇒ y = x³ + Ax + B
Using the givne conditions x = 0, \(\frac{d y}{d x}\) = 2, y = 1, we get
2 = 0 + A ⇒ A = 2
and 1 = 0 + 0 + B ⇒ B = 1
The particular solution is y = x³ + 2x + 1

Question 15.
Evaluate: \(\int_0^{\frac{3}{2}}\)[x²] dx
Solution:

Question 16.
Find the differential equation whose general solution is ax² + by = 1, where a and b are arbitrary constants.
Solution:

Question 17.
Integrate: ∫\(\frac{\sin 6 x+\sin 4 x}{\cos 6 x+\cos 4 x}\) dx.
Solution: