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Odisha State Board CHSE Odisha Class 11 Invitation to English 4 Solutions Grammar Countable and Uncountable Nouns Textbook Activity Questions and Answers.

CHSE Odisha 11th Class English Grammar Countable and Uncountable Nouns

SECTION – 1

Study the following sentences :

• Red is a color.
• Pradeep is a man of ability.
• Nothing succeeds like success.

The underlined words, namely, red, ability, and success are Nouns.
Here, the definition of old grammar does not account for identifying a Noun in a sentence, i.e. name of a person or place or thing.
Let’s see for ourselves what a Noun in English is and whether there is any precise way of knowing (identifying) it in a sentence.
Look at the different natures and functions of a Noun.

• Birds fly.
• The tall dark red-haired Russian scientist will give a talk tomorrow morning.

The above-underlined words, such as, ‘Birds and scientist’ function as the ‘headword’ in the subject part of the sentences.
We can distinguish a ‘Noun ’ from other word classes if they satisfy the following criteria :

(1) These are open-class words to which new items are constantly added.
Example :
cosmonaut, astronaut, videotape, flyover, etc.

(2) Noun can function as the subject, object, complement, or adjunct in a sentence.
Example :
The man died yesterday, (subj.)
Grammarians are nasty creatures, (comp.)
I am writing this lesson now. (obj.)
The student looked up the word (obj.) in the dictionary. (adjunct)

(3) Most nouns form plurals by taking -s or ~es. e.g. -birds, books, watches, etc.
(4) Nouns can be preceded by determiners like a, an, the, one, my, two, some, a few, this, that, these, those or can go without any determiner.
(5) Many nouns can go with genitives such as -’s, -s’.
Example: A bird’s nest is destroyed.
There will be a writers’ camp soon.
(6) Nouns can be preceded by prepositions. e.g. – It is meant for birds only.
(7) Nouns can also be used directly before other nouns as modifiers, e.g. tea- stall, Art College, etc.
(8) Words quoted with plural marker -s are also sometimes used as nouns e.g., ifs and buts, ups and downs, etc.

The above properties provide a clear-cut basis for identifying words as nouns.
Countable nouns refer to ‘things’ (nouns) that can be counted (numbered) and they have got two forms, such as singular form and plural forms. For example, a pen [singular countable], and two pens [plural countable]. On the other hand, uncountable nouns do not take a plural form. These are normally used in the singular form. For example, hair, sugar, and water. [However, in exceptional cases, we, under the circumstances, use the plural form of uncountable nouns, like – water – waters, hair – hairs, etc.]

Now mark the following conversation/talking.
Mother: We have run out of rice, flour, butter, and a few other things.
Father: All right. I’ll make a shopping list. Let me get a piece of paper and a pen.

Now you need some sugar, tea, and milk, right? We also need ten kilos of rice and half a liter of cooking oil. Anything else?
Remember the criteria or markers we discussed earlier and try out yourself first to find out nouns in the above conversation/dialogue. Then check your answers with the answers given below.
Answer:
rice, flour, butter, things, list, piece, paper, pens, sugar, tea, milk, kilos, oil, etc.

Having discussed the various properties/characteristics of nouns in general, let us now try to classify the nouns. The nouns like pen, piece, kilo, etc. can be counted. So they are called Countable Nouns and nouns like rice, paper, oil, water, etc. cannot usually be counted. So these nouns are called Uncountable Nouns. So there are two groups or categories of nouns, such as Countable Nouns and Uncountable Nouns.

Countable Nouns have the following characteristics.
(i) They have two number forms, such as pen-pens, book-books, etc. (singular – plural forms).
(ii) The singular countable nouns take modifiers like an, a, the, three, fourth, etc. (called determiners) before them.
(We cannot say: There is a book on the table.)
(iii) The plural form may or may not take modifiers like the few, and many before them. (Modifiers are optional here.)
(iv) Nouns like sheep and deer are count nouns, but they have the same form for singular and plural. We call them one-form count nouns.

Uncountable Nouns have the following characteristics.
Examine the characteristics of rice the noun :
– Rice is our chief food.
– The rice in his shop is fine.
– Much rice is grown in the plains of Orissa.
– Little rice is grown in hilly areas.
The noun rice (uncountable) has the following characteristics.
(i) It has one form. It does not take -s or -es form.
(ii) It can be used without modifiers.
(iii) It can be used with the modifiers like much, and little but not with a few, or many.
(iv) It cannot be used with numerals like one, two, third, fourth, etc.
Such nouns like ‘rice’ are called uncountables.

Activity – 1:

Say whether the nouns in the list below are countables or uncountables.

1. car        2. Music     3. Cloud       4. information       5. bottle 6. chair     7. Advice    8. Loaf          9. video               10. pot 11. fruit   12. Hair      13. Girl          14. water               15. weather 16. taxi    17. Traffic  18. leather     19. furniture           20. apple

Answer:
1. countable
2. uncountable
3. countable
4. uncountable
5. countable
6. countable
7. uncountable
8. countable
9. countable/uncountable
10. countable
11. uncountable/countable
12. uncountable/countable
13. countable
14. uncountable
15. uncountable
16. countable
17. uncountable
18. uncountable
19. uncountable
20. countable

Activity — 2

Choose the correct alternatives in the sentences below.
1. There is/are usually a lot of traffic/traffics in the city during working hours.
2. The young man is looking for a work /job at the moment.
3. I want to make a list of candidates attending the meeting. Have you got a paper/ some paper?
4. I don’t want to have a bread/bread for my breakfast.
5. The girl with a blonde (golden or pale colored) hair/hairs lives next door.
6. Good accommodation/accommodations is/are not available in this city.
7. We need some meat/meats for the dinner tonight.
8. The old man could not carry the luggage/luggages.
Answer:
1. There is usually a lot of traffic in the city during working hours.
2. The young man is looking for a job at the moment.
3. I want to make a list of candidates attending the meeting. Have you got a paper
4. I don’t want to have bread for my breakfast.
5. The girl with blonde hair lives next door.
6. Good accommodation is not available in this city.
7. We need some meat for the dinner tonight.
8. The old man could not carry the luggage.

Activity – 3

Use a, an, the, somewhere required, In the blank spaces below. If no word is required, leave the space blank.
1. _________health is more precious than _________ wealth. To keep healthy, we need _________ good food, _________ sleep, and _________ exercise.
2. _________ travel gives us _________ opportunity of seeing how_________ other people live. When we go on _________ journey, we should take _________ note-book with us to make _________ notes of the names of _________ people we meet.
Answer:
1. Health is more precious than wealth. To keep healthy, we need some good food, sleep, and exercise.
2. Travel gives us an opportunity of seeing how other people live. When we go on a journey, we should take a notebook with us to make a note of the names of people we meet.

Activity – 4

There are three countable nouns in the list below. Can you find them?

gold	match	rubbish	love
jam	fun	equipment	knowledge
happiness	wood	homework	food
snow	progress	cheese	bottle
cream	help	cupboard	wind

Answer:
Countable
match, cupboard, bottle

SECTION – 2

Read the dialogue below.
Wife: What did you buy in the market?
Husband: I bought a bottle of milk, a packet of washing powder, and a tube of toothpaste.
Wife: What about the bar of chocolate I asked you to buy?
Husband: Oh dear. I completely forgot.

Do mark now the uncountable nouns used as countable in the above dialogue between wife and husband. We made countable quantities with uncountable nouns such as milk, washing powder, and toothpaste using a bottle of milk, and a packet of washing powder. and a tube of toothpaste.

An uncountable noun does not take words like a, an or one, two before it and does not have a plural form; but we can use expressions like a piece of a drop of a bar of, etc. before it to make it countable. They are used to refer to ‘units’ of such uncountables.
For example — a ball of string, a bar of chocolate, a kilo of rice, etc.

Activity – 5

Match the items in Column ‘A’ with suitable items in Column-‘B’.

Answer:

Activity – 6

Imagine that you ‘went with a friend, on a week-long camping trip. You took some supplies (food, matches, candles, etc.) with you, but you find that most of the things have been used up by the third day. Ask your friend to tell you what supplies are left with him/her, and then tell your friend what things are left with you.
The following is the list of supplies that you took on the trip. You will have to decide which of these supplies have been completely used up and which are still left, and the quantities that still remain.
Follow this pattern :
A: Is there any sugar left?
B: Yes, we still have about a kilogram of sugar.
A: What about soap?
B: I’m afraid there’s no soap left.
(or)
B: Yes, we have four cakes of soap left.
List of supplies taken on the camping trip.

rice	salt	matchbox	chewing-gum
bread	sugar	milk	condensed milk
soap	torch	chocolate	toothpaste
tea	bandages	batteries	antiseptic ointment

Answer:
A: Is there any rice left?
B: No, there isn’t any rice left.
A: What about bread?
B: No, we don’t have any loaf of bread.
A: What about soap?
B: Yes, we have a cake of soap left.
A: Is there any salt left?
B: Yes, we have some pinches of salt left.
(Or)
B: I’m afraid there is no grain of salt left.
A: Is there any chewing-gum left?
B: No, there is no chewing-gum left.
A: Is there any condensed milk left?
B: No, there is no condensed milk left.
A: What about your torch?
B: Yes, we have a torch. It is still working well.
A: Is there any antiseptic ointment left?
B: I’m afraid there’s no antiseptic ointment left.
A: Is there any matches left?
B: Yes, there are five boxes of matches left.
A: What about toothpaste?
B: Yes, we have five tubes of toothpaste left.
A: Is there any chocolate left?
B: Yes, there is still a bar of chocolate left.
A: What about milk?
B: Yes, we have some pints of milk left.
A: Is there any tea left?
B: Yes, we have a packet/pound of tea left.
(Or)
B: We have fifty grams of tea left.
A: What about sugar?
B: Yes, we have two kilograms of sugar left.
A: What about batteries?
B: Yes, we still have five (pieces of) batteries left.
A: Is there any bandage left?
B: Yes, we still have four (strips of) bandages left.

SECTION – 3

Nouns that can be countable as well as uncountable.
Look at the examples mindfully.
1.
(a) Our science teacher wrote a paper on the effects of the cyclone, (a paper means here an article (essay): countable)
(b) Books are printed on paper. (uncountable)
(c) every day I read a paper, (newspaper: countable)
(d) The geography paper was difficult, (subject: countable)

2.
(a) Yesterday I bought an iron. (countable: a thing for ironing dress/clothes)
(b) Iron is stronger than wood, (metal: uncountable)
(c) He is a man of iron, (physical strength: uncountable)
In the above examples paper and iron have different meanings in their use. They are used both as countable and uncountable.

Uncountable		Countable
1.	There is a good deal of noise.	1.	Do not make a noise.
2.	Bread is our staple food.	2.	What breads have you got today? (types of)
3.	Do you have much difficulty with your English?	3.	We have had very few difficulties so far.
4.	The temple is made of stone.	4.	The boys are pelting stones at the frogs.
5.	There is some egg on your chin, (food)	5.	There are four eggs in, the basket.
6.	Eat a little more fish, (food)	6.	There are fish/fishes in the pond.
7.	I don’t like tea.	7.	We want three teas and two coffees.
8.	I don’t like your talk, (gossip)	8.	He gave a nice talk on science.
9.	The table is made of wood.	9.	The poet loves woods. Ismail forest!
10.	Beauty is to be admired.	10.	Lara Dutt is a beauty.
11.	He ate a whole chicken.	11.	I Would like to have some more chicken.
12.	Could I have a glass of water?	12.	Glass is brittle.
13.	Tea is grown in Assam.	13.	This shop sells teas from different parts of India.

SECTION – 4

More on Quantifiers.
1. much, many, a lot of, (a) little, (a) few
Much and many are used in negatives and questions/interrogatives generally. Much is used before uncountable nouns and many with plural countable.

• A lot of and lots of cans be used with countable and uncountables in positive (remarks) sentences.
• A little and little can be used with uncountable nouns only.
• Few and a few can be used with plural countable.

Activity – 7

Use much, many, a lot of, lots of in the blank spaces, where required in the sentences below. (In some blank spaces more than one alternative is possible.)
(a) I can’t come with you. I’ve got _________ work to do.
(b) He’s not got _________money, so he can’t buy that house.
(c) He is very quiet person. He doesn’t speak _________.
(d) I’m hoping to get a ticket for the match. But there aren’t _________ seats left, I hear.
(e) That car is very old. It uses _________ petrol.
(f) I haven’t got _________ time for watching sport at the moment.
(g) ______ people go me to the public meeting addressed by the Chief Minister.
(h) We didn’t visit _________ places when we were on holiday.
(i) We heard the cheapest washing machine costs 10,000 rupees. That is _______, in my opinion.
(j) My father drinks _________ water, – ten liters a day.
(k) The players haven’t won _________ medals.
(l) I take photographs but not as _________ as I used to.
Answer:
(a) much a lot of
(b) much
(c) much
(d) many
(e) a lot of
(f) much/a lot of
(g) lots of
(h) many
(i) lots of
(j) lots of
(k) many
(l) many

Activity – 8

Complete these mini dialogues with much, many, a lot of, and lots of
(a) A: Too ________ students fail in English every year.
B: Yes, and the schools aren’t doing ________ about it.
(b) A: We didn’t have ________ time to spare at the railway station.
B: No, we didn’t have ________ either.
(c) A: There were ________ people at the annual function, weren’t there?
B: Yes, we weren’t expecting so ________.
(d) A: We haven’t bad ________ rain this year, have we?
B: No, there haven’t been ________ rainy days.
(e) A: I don’t think my daughter knows ________ about people!
B: I don’t think ________ children know ________ about people!
Answer:
(a) A: many     B: much
(b) A: much     B: much
(c) A: a lot of   B: many
(d) A: much     B: many
(e) A: much     B: many, much

2. few, a few, little, a little.
We have discussed few, a few, little, and a little in Section 4.1. Do mark that a few, few are used with plural countables. They are not generally used with uncountables.
Example:
He is a man of few words, (negative meaning)
A few students passed in English last year, (positive meaning)
There is little water in the glass, (negative meaning)
I need a little help to move the box. (positive meaning)

Now, look at the following examples.
(a) He isn’t very fond of books. He has only a few books at home.
(b) This is a difficult book to read. I’ve had to look up quite a few words in the dictionary.
(c) If what you say is true, there is little we can do about it.
(d) I can’t give you an opinion now. I need a little time to -think.
In the above examples few’ means ‘not many’, ‘a few’ means ‘a small number’ and ‘little’ means ‘not much’, and ‘a little’ means ‘a small amount’.

Activity – 9

Choose the correct alternative in the sentences below.
(a) They could speak few/a few words of Assamese, but they weren’t very fluent.
(b) This is a boring little town; there’s little/a little to do here.
(c) A: Would you like some pepper in your soup?
B: Yes, please, little / a little.
(d) The mud was quite deep. They had little / a little hope of getting out.
(e) Would you like a little/little more tea? There’s still a little/little left in the pot.
(f) I don’t think Ranjan can become a scientist. He’s got little / a little intelligence.
(g) A: Have you ever been to Koraput?
B: Yes, we’ve been there few / a few times.
(h) Father will be away for / a few days next week.
(i) My brother has got a few /few friends in Delhi and he is very happy there.
(j) They won’t take much time to reach the station. There’s a little/little traffic on the road at this time of the day.
Answer:
(a) a few
(b) little
(c) a little
(d) a little
(e) a little, a little
(f) little
(g) a few
(h) a few
(i) a few
(j) a little

Activity – 10

Use a little, a lot of, few, a few, fewer, many, and much where required, in the sentences below:
I moved to this neighborhood two years ago. There seemed to be _________people in this area who were without telephones, so I expected to get a new phone quickly. I applied for one as soon as I moved into the new house. “We aren’t supplying _________ new phones in your area”, an engineer told me.” _________ people want new phones at present and the company is employing _________ engineers than last year so as to save money. A new phone won’t cost _________ money, but it will take _________ time. We can’t do anything for you before December. You need _________ patience if you are waiting for a new phone and you should have _________ friends whose phones you can use when necessary.” Fortunately, I had both. December came and went, but there was no sign of a phone. I went to the office of the telephone company to protest. They told me I would have a phone by December. I protested. “Which year ?“ the clerk asked.
Answer:
I moved to this neighborhood two years ago. There seemed to be a lot of people in this area who were without telephones, so I expected to get a new phone quickly. I applied for one as soon as I moved into the new house. “We aren’t supplying many new phones in your area”, an engineer told me. “A lot of people want new phones at present and the company is employing fewer engineers than last year so as to save money. A new phone won’t cost much money, but it will take a lot of time. We can’t do anything for you before December. You need a little patience if you are waiting for a new phone and you should have a few friends whose phones you can use when necessary.” Fortunately, I had both. December came and went, but there was no sign of a phone. I went to the office of the telephone company to protest. They told me I would have a phone by December. I protested. “Which year ?“ the clerk asked.

SECTION – 5

The articles: a/an and the
Study the following sentences.
(a) I met a beggar and an orphan. I didn’t like the beggar much, but the orphan was very nice.
(b) My brother wrote a novel and a play. I found the novel very interesting, but the play was boring.

A / An is used before singular countable nouns when the speaker or the writer does not know the person or thing. It means that when he/she wants to say about a thing or a person for the first time, he/she uses a/an. A/An is used for indefinite things or persons. So, a and an are known as indefinite articles.

When the speaker or writer speaks or writes about a person or thing (not for the first time) for the second, third time, and so on, he/she uses article the. It gives the definite or particular meaning of the noun. It is used for countable and uncountable nouns. So it is called the ‘definite article’.

Activity – 11

Use a/an or the, where required, in the blank spaces below.
(a) My uncle lives in _________ small house in _________ remote village. There is _________ beautiful garden behind _________ house. _________ garden has many rare plants.
(b) There are two bags on the table: _________ white one and _________ yellow one. _________ white one belongs to my friend but I don’t know who _________ owner of _________ yellow one is.
(c) My friend witnessed _________ accident this morning. _________ truck crashed into _________ lamp post. _________ driver of _________ truck wasn’t hurt but _________ truck was badly damaged.
(d) _________ taxi drove up to our house. _________ taxi stopped outside our house and _________ woman got out of the taxi. _________ man who was carrying _________ case in his hand also got out. With _________ case in his hand, _________ man looked like _________ salesman.
Answer:
(a) My uncle lives in a small house in a remote village. There is a beautiful garden behind the house. The garden has many rare plants.
(b) There are two bags on the table: a white one and a yellow one. The white one belongs to my friend but I don’t know who the owner of the yellow one is.
(c) My friend witnessed an accident this morning. A truck crashed into a lamp post. The driver of the truck wasn’t hurt but the truck was badly damaged.
(d) A taxi drove up to our house. The taxi stopped outside our house and a woman got out of the taxi. A man who was carrying a case in his hand also got out. With the case in his hand, the man looked like a salesman.

Activity – 12

Complete the story below by using a, an, or the where required.
_________ man walked into _________ bank in America and handed _________ note to one of the cashiers, _________ young woman. _________ woman read _________ note, which told her to give _________ man some money. Afraid that he might have _________ gun, she followed _________ instruction. _________ man then walked out of _________ building, leaving _________ note behind. However, it was not _________ successful crime. _________ man had no time to spend _________ money because he was arrested _________ same day. He had made _________ stupid mistake. He had written _________ note on _________ back of _________ envelope. On _________ other side of _________ envelope was _________ man’s name and address. This information was enough for the police to arrest the man.
Answer:
A man walked into a bank in America and handed a note to one of the cashiers, a young woman. The woman read the note, which told her to give the man some money. Afraid that he might have a gun, she followed the instruction. The man then walked out of the building, leaving the note behind. However, it was not a successful crime. The man had no time to spend the money because he was arrested the same day. He had made a stupid mistake. He had written a note on the back of the envelope. On the other side of the envelope was the man’s name and address. This information was enough for the police to arrest the man.

SECTION – 6

More on the indefinite article (a/an).
Look at the following sentences.
My friend is a doctor. He was born in America but now he lives in a small village in a tribal district of Orissa. He works in a hospital attached to a Catholic Church.
A/An is used before singular count nouns.
Example: doctor, village, hospital, etc. Here we refer to persons, people, and things. With the use of a/an article, we usually get an indefinite meaning.

Activity – 13

Complete the sentences below. (You will have to use a/an in the first blank space in each sentence.)
(a) A place where bread is made is called _________.
(b) A shelter for a horse is called _________.
(c) The home of a lion is called _________.
(d) A place where birds are kept is called _________.
(e) A person who mends water pipes is called _________.
(f) A person who tells the future by the stars is called _________.
(g) A person who treats diseases by performing operations is called _________.
(h) A book in which the events of the day are recorded is called _________.
(i) A play with a happy ending is called _________.
(j) A list of the items to be served at a meal is called _________.
Answer:
(a) a bakery
(b) a stable
(c) a den
(d) a cage
(e) a plumber
(f) an astrologer
(g) a surgeon
(h) a diary
(i) a comedy
(j) a menu

Activity – 14

Can you expand the newspaper headlines below into sentences? You will have to use a/an as well as the other words which are missing. The first one has been done for you.
(a) Blast in Billiar town. ➨ There was a blast in a town in Bihar.
(b) Bomb scare delays train. ➨ Bomb scare delays an Express train.
(c) Snake found in a fruit basket at the hotel. ➨ A snake was found in a fruit basket at a hotel.
(d) Indian ship sinks off Abu Dhabi. ➨ An Indian ship sinks off Abu Dhabi.
(e) Ten injured in the clash. ➨ Ten people were injured in a clash.
(f) Bag snatched. ➨ A bag full of gold was snatched by a robber.

Activity – 15

Who were these people?
1. Kalidas
Answer:
Kalidas was an Indian poet.

2. Newton
Answer:
Newton was a great scientist.

3. Charlie Chaplin
Answer:
Charlie Chaplin was an artist.

4. Nargis
Answer:
Nargis wasa him-star.

5. Tansen
Answer:
Tansen was a great musician.

SECTION – 7

The definite article: the
(a) My uncle bought the house next to the post office.
(b) We are not keen on meeting the people next door.
(c) He works in the garage opposite our house.
(d) The boy I met at the station last night is going to America on a scholarship.
In the above examples look at the words in italics. They tell us something about the noun that comes just before them. With the use of those situations/contexts, we will
be able to know that they identify the persons, things, or places. They speak about a definite/particular person, thing or place. So ‘the’ is usually used before them.

Activity – 16

Rewrite the sentences below, inserting the definite article the at the places.
(a) Cottage by the river has been deserted for many years.
Answer:
The cottage by the river has been deserted for many years.

(b) I bought the book you referred to yesterday.
Answer:
I bought the book you referred to yesterday.

(c) They wanted to meet old man living in the yellow house.
Answer:
They wanted to meet the old man living in the yellow house.

(d) I like tea grown in gardens of Assam.
Answer:
I like the tea grown in gardens of Assam.

(e) This is house that my father built.
Answer:
This is the house that my father built.

SECTION – 8

The definite article used for ‘unique reference’.
Mark the use of ‘the’ in the following sentences.
(a) The moon goes round the earth and the earth goes round the sun.
(b) What is the longest bridge in the world?
(c) No one can predict the end of the universe.
The above nouns such as moon, earth, sun, world, and universe are the unique nouns. Their number is one. They don’t usually have plural form. So the definite article ‘the’ is used before them. The use of a/an is possible before them.
Look at the following example.

• The sky got dark.
• There is only one sky in the universe.

Activity – 17

Use the in the blanks, wherever necessary.
(a) _________Prime Minister met _________ President yesterday.
(b) _________ sky is blue.
(c) I am studying History at _________ university.
(d) It’s difficult to live near _________ North Pole.
(e) _________ manufacturing industry is using _________ computers more and more.
(f) Sailors used to spend weeks crossing _________ Atlantic Sea.
(g) _________ equator runs through Africa.
(h) _________ grass is green but _________ grass in my neighbor’s garden is greener.
(i) There are hundreds of small islands in _________ Pacific Ocean.
Answer:
(a) The Prime Minister met the President yesterday.
(b) The sky is blue.
(c) I am studying at university.
(d) It’s difficult to live near the North Pole.
(e) The manufacturing industry is using computers more and more.
(f) Sailors used to spend weeks crossing the Atlantic Sea.
(g) The equator runs through Africa.
(h) Grass is green but the grass in my neighbor’s garden is greener.
(i) There are hundreds of small islands in the Pacific Ocean.

SECTION – 9

Look at the use of the in the passage below.
When we got home, everyone seemed to be busy. Brother was working in the garden. Father was reading the newspaper in the living room. Mother was making tea in the kitchen. Sister was playing with her friend on the terrace.
The use of the nouns garden, living room, kitchen, etc. is for a definite or particular thing or place. That is why the is used in the above situations.

Activity – 18

Use the where necessary.
(a) _______ teacher entered _______ classroom, went to _______ table, held _______ duster in his left hand and _______ book in his right hand. Then he cleaned _______ blackboard and started writing a passage from _______ book.
(b) Ravi went to the post office and talked to _______ man at _______ counter. He asked Ravi to meet _______ postmaster. _______ postmaster asked him to sign _______ register. Then he handed _______ parcel over to Ravi.
Answer:
(a) The teacher entered the classroom, went to the table, held the duster in his left hand and the book in his right hand. Then he cleaned the blackboard and started writing a passage from the book.
(b) Ravi went to the post office and talked to the man at the counter. He asked Ravi to meet the postmaster. The postmaster asked him to sign the register. Then he handed the parcel over to Ravi.

Activity – 19

Supply ‘the’ where necessary.
(a) A: Who’s at ______ door?
B: It is ______ postman.
(b) Will you please go to ______ market and get some butter for ______ cake I am baking?
(c) They prefer to spend their holidays in ______ country, among ______ mountains, or by ______ sea.
(d) This is ______ front room. ______ ceiling and ______ walls need repair but ______ floor is in good condition.
(e) A: Where is your sister?
B: She is in ______ kitchen at ______ moment.
Answer:
(a) A: Who’s at the door?
B: It is the postman.
(b) Will you please go to (the) market and get some butter for the cake I am baking?
(c) They prefer to spend their holidays in the country, among the mountains or by the Sea.
(d) This is the front room. The ceiling and the walls need repair but the floor is in good condition.
(e) A: Where is your sister?
B: She is in the kitchen at the moment.

SECTION – 10

Place names with and without ‘the’.
We normally use ‘the’ with the following.
(a) Seas and oceans: The Pacific Sea, the Mediterranean.
(b) Rivers : The Mahanadi, the Baitarani, the Kathajori etc.
(c) Canals: The Suez Canal, the Panama Canal, etc.
(d) Deserts The Sahara, the Thar.
(e) Island groups: The West Indies, the Canaries.
(f) Hotels, Cinemas: The Grand Hotel, The Metro Cinema.
(g) Museums, Clubs: The Salarjung Museum (Hyderabad), the Saturday Club, etc.
(h) Restaurants, Pubs: The Sultan Cafe, the Swan (Pub)

Names of ships, trains, newspapers, etc. very often have ‘the’.

• the Queen Elizabeth (ship)
• the Falakanama Express
• the Times of India
• the harmonium (any musical instrument)

We do not normally use the following place names.
(a) Continents: Europe, Asia, Africa
(b) Countries, States, Departments: India, China, Orissa
These are the single names of the Countries or States. So they do not go with the definite article ‘the’.
(c) Cities, towns, and villages: Delhi, Bhubaneswar, Astarang.
(d) Individual Islands: Long Island
(e) Lakes : Lake Chilika, Lake Ansupa
(f) Individual mountains: Mount Everest
(g) Streets, Roads: College Street, Lewis Road
(h) Names of games: Football, Cricket, Volley Ball.

We use the with place names when they include a count noun
e.g. Union, Republic, State, Kingdom, Isle, etc.
We use ‘the’ before place names containing of phrases with of:
The University of Delhi, The State of Liberty
The Bank of India, The History of India, etc.

We use ‘the’ when we refer to the parts of the body.
→ She pulled me by the hair.
→ I shook her by the hand.
We use ‘the’ before ordinal or cardinal numbers.
→ Bakul is in the sixth class/class six.
→ Today is the fifteenth of August.
→ The book was published in the 1970s / in the seventies.
We use the + adjective to talk about a whole group of people, a class of people e.g. the poor, the young, the old, the weak, the injured etc.

Activity – 20

Fill in the blanks with ‘the’ where necessary.
(a) _______ Mount Everest is the highest peak in _______ Himalayas.
(b) _______ India celebrated the fiftieth anniversary of its independence in _______ year 1997.
(c) _______ United Nations is an international organization.
(d) _______ United States of America is a republic.
(e) We visited _______ Nehru Park when we were in Hyderabad.
(f) Is _______ Pacific Ocean larger than _______ Indian Ocean?
(g) We read _______ Statesman every day and _______ India Today every week.
(h) _______ University of Utkal is older than Berhampur University.
(i) _______ Grand Trunk Road is the oldest road in India.
(j) _______ Oberoi is _______ only 5-star hotel in _______ Bhubaneswar.
(k) _______ Thar is in _______ Rajasthan.
(l) _______ President visits _______ Pun tomorrow.
Answer:
(a) Mount Everest is the highest peak in the Himalayas.
(b) India celebrated the fiftieth anniversary of its independence in the year 1997.
(c) The United Nations is an international organization.
(d) The United States of America is a republic.
(e) We visited the Nehru Park when we were in Hyderabad.
(f) Is the Pacific Ocean larger than Indian Ocean?
(g) We read the Statesman every day and the India Today every week.
(h) The University of Utkal is older than Berhampur University.
(i) The Grand Trunk Road is the oldest road in India.
(j) The Oberoi is the only 5-star hotel in Bhubaneswar.
(k) The Thar is in Rajasthan.
(l) The President visits Pun tomorrow.

SECTION – 11

Compare the sentences in each of the following pairs.
1. (a) My sister goes to school every morning.
(b) Mina’s father went to the school to meet the headmaster.
2. (a) He has passed the school final examination and will go to college in July.
(b) The new cinema is very near the college.
3. (a) The injured persons have been sent to the hospital.
(b) The hospital was badly damaged by the cyclone.

In the above examples i.e. 1. (a), 2. (a), and 3. (a) ‘the’ is not used before the singular countable nouns like school, college, or hospital. Here the purpose is particular/ primary.
But in sentences 1. (b), 2. (b), and 3. (b) the singular countable nouns school, college, and hospital, do go before them with ‘the’ because the purpose is not primary. Only a few nouns can be used in this way without ‘the’, such as school, college, university, hospital, church, market, and bed.
Do mark deviation: The singular countable noun ‘office’ usually goes with the.
Now mark the following nouns.
work, home.

• He goes to work at 10.
• He will be at home this evening.

In the above examples work and home have some special meanings somewhat similar to the meanings of school, and college. That is why they are used without ‘the’. When nouns like a car, bus, train are used as means of travel (communication), they do not go with ‘the’. We do not normally use articles with the names of different meals i.e. breakfast, lunch, brunch, tea (afternoon meal), supper, dinner, etc.

Activity – 21

Put the into the blank, where necessary.
1. They always go to ______ church on Sunday.
2. When do you plan to go to ______ college?
3. My friend has been taken to ______ hospital.
4. The prisoner was sent to ______ jail.
5. My daughter will go to ______ school next year.
6. When do you usually have ______ lunch?
7. My father goes to ______ work at 9 a.m.
8. I’m taking these books back to ______ library.
9. The weather is too bad to go out. I’m staying at ______ home today.
10. Malati has just had a baby. We are going to ______ hospital to visit her.
11. The prisoner’s wife drove to ______ prison to meet her husband.
12. They like lying on the beach. They always spend their holidays at ______ seaside.
13. ______ bed is very expensive.
14. He went to Delhi by ______ train.
Answer:
1. They always go to church on Sunday.
2. When do you plan to go to college?
3. My friend has been taken to hospital.
4. The prisoner was sent to jail.
5. My daughter will go to school .next year.
6. When do you usually have lunch?
7. My father goes to work at 9 a.m.
8. I’m taking these books back to the library.
9. The weather is too bad to go out. I’m staying at home today.
10. Malati has just had a baby. We are going to the hospital to visit her.
11. The prisoner’s wife drove to the prison to meet her husband.
12. They like lying on the beach. They always spend their holidays at the seaside.
13. The bed is very expensive.
14. He went to Delhi by train.

Activity – 22

Put in ‘the’ where necessary.
Today Alan Broome is a world-famous actor. Forty years ago he was an unhappy child. He didn’t do well at ______ school and he never went to ______ university. His greatest enjoyment was going to ______ movies. The family lived in an unattractive industrial town in England. Their home was next to ______ railway station. Alan’s father was a sailor, and he spent months at ______ sea. He was seldom at ______ home. When he did come home, he did not do much. Sometimes he would lie all day in ______ bed. His wife had to get up at 5 o’clock to go to ______ work. Mr. Broome lost his job in ______ navy and then went to ______ prison for stealing.
Answer:
Today Alan Broome is a world-famous actor. Forty years ago he was an unhappy child. He didn’t do well at school and he never went to university. His greatest enjoyment was going to movies. The family lived in an unattractive industrial town in England. Their home was next to the railway station. Alan’s father was a sailor, and he spent months at sea. He was seldom at home. When he did come home, he did not do much. Sometimes he would lie all day in bed. His wife had to get up at 5 o’clock to go to work. Mr. Broome lost his job in the navy and then went to prison for stealing.

Activity – 23

Insert a / an and the where necessary, in the passage below.
Push metal rod through cork and then put two pins into cork. Take two more corks and push nails into them. Put pins on two glasses and move cork to right place so that it balances properly. Then you need candle and some matches. Make candle stand on saucer under one side of rod and light it. Heat that comes from candle will make metal expand. Extra length will make rod fall. Experiment shows that beat makes metals expand.
Answer:
Push metal rod through a cork and then put two pins into the cork. Take two more corks and push nails into them. Put pins on two glasses and move the cork to right place so that it balances properly. Then you a need candle and some matches. Make a candle stand on a saucer under one side of the rod and light it. Heat that comes from the candle will make the metal expand. An extra length will make the rod fall. The experiment shows that the heat makes the metals expand.

Odisha State Board BSE Odisha 10th Class Maths Solutions Geometry Chapter 1 ଜ୍ୟାମିତିରେ ସାଦୃଶ୍ୟ Ex 1(c) Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

BSE Odisha Class 10 Maths Solutions Geometry Chapter 1 ଜ୍ୟାମିତିରେ ସାଦୃଶ୍ୟ Ex 1(c)

Question 1.
ବନ୍ଧନୀ ମଧ୍ଯରୁ ଠିକ୍ ଉତ୍ତର ବାଛି ଶୂନ୍ୟସ୍ଥାନ ପୂରଣ କର :
(i) △ABC ଓ △DEF ମଧ୍ୟ 6ର , m∠A = m∠D, m∠B = m∠E, AB = 3 ସେ.ମି., , BC = 5 ସେ.ମି.,ଏବଂ DE = 7.5 ସେ.ମି. ହେଲେ,, EF : _____ ସେ.ମି., (10, 10.5, 12, 12.5)
Solution:
12.5
Hint:
△ABC ~ △DEF ⇒ \(\frac { AB }{ DE }\) = \(\frac { BC }{ EF }\) ⇒ \(\frac { 3 }{ 7.5 }\) = \(\frac { 5 }{ EF }\) ⇒ EF = 12.5 ସେ.ମି. |

(ii) △ABC ରେ AB = 5 6 ସେ.ମି., BC = 7 ସେ.ମି., CA = 8 6 ସେ.ମି.; △PQR ରେ PQ = 10 ସେ.ମି., QR = 14 ସେ.ମି. । PR = _____ ସେ.ମି. ହେଲେ, △ABC ଓ △PQR ସଦୃଶକୋଣୀ ହେବେ । (12, 16, 20, 24)
Solution:
16
Hint:
△ABC ~ △PQR ⇒ \(\frac { AB }{ PQ }\) = \(\frac { BC }{ QR }\) ⇒ \(\frac { AC }{ PR }\)

(iii) △ABC ଓ △POR ମଧ୍ଯରେ ∠B ≅ ∠Q | △ABC ର AB = 8 ସେ.ମି. ଏବଂ BC = 12 ସେ.ମି. । A POR ର PQ = 12 ସେ.ମି. ଏବଂ QR = 18 ସେ.ମି. । △ABC ର କ୍ଷେତ୍ରଫଳ 48 ବର୍ଗସେ.ମି. ହେଲେ △PQR ର କ୍ଷେତ୍ରଫଳ = _____ ସେ.ମି. ହେଲେ, (84, 96, 104, 108)
Solution:
108
Hint:
△ABC ~ △PQR
∴ \(\frac { △ABC ର 6ସ୍ତୃତ୍ତ୍ଵଫଳ }{ △PQR ର 6ସ୍ତୃତ୍ତ୍ଵଫଳ }\) = \(\frac{\mathrm{AB}^2}{\mathrm{PQ}^2}\)
⇒ \(\frac { 48 }{ △PQR ର 6ସ୍ତୃତ୍ତ୍ଵଫଳ }\) = \(\frac { 4 }{ 9 }\)
⇒ △PQR ର 6ସ୍ତୃତ୍ତ୍ଵଫଳ = 108 ଦ . ସେ.ମି.

(iv) △ABC ଓ ∠ABC ର ସମଦ୍ୱିଖଣ୍ଡକ \(\overline{\mathrm{AC}}\) କୁ P ଦିନ୍ଦୁ6ର ଛେଦ କରେ | AB = 12 ସେ.ମି. ଓ BC = 9 ସେ.ମି. ହେବେ , AP : AC _____ | (4 : 3, 3 : 4, 7 : 4, 4 : 7)
Solution:
4 : 7
Hint:
∠B ର ସମଦ୍ୱିଖଣ୍ଡନ \(\overline{\mathrm{BP}}\)
⇒ \(\frac { AB }{ BC }\) = \(\frac { AP }{ PC }\) ⇒ \(\frac { 4 }{ 3 }\) = \(\frac { AP }{ PC }\)
∴ \(\frac { AP }{ AC }\) = \(\frac { 4 }{ 7 }\)

(v) ଦୁଇଟି ସମବାହୁ ତ୍ରିଭୁଜର କ୍ଷେତ୍ରଫଳର ଅନୁପାତ 16 : 25 ହେଲେ, ସେହି ତ୍ରିଭୁଜ ଦ୍ଵୟର ଅନୁରୂପ ଯୋଡ଼ାର ଦୈର୍ଘ୍ୟର ଅନୁପାତ _____ | (4 : 5, 2 : 5, 5 : 4, 5 : 2)
Solution:
4 : 5
Hint:
ଦୁକଟି ସମବାହୁ ତିଦୁକର 6ସ୍ତୃତ୍ରଫଳର ଅନ୍ନପାଜର ଦାହୁଦୂଯର ତାଦଣପୁର ବ୍ରଣ ଅନ୍ମଣ ପର ସହ ସମାନ |

(vi) ପାଣ୍ଡଷ୍ଟ ଚିତ୍ରରେ , m∠B = 50°, m∠BDC = 100° ଓ △DBC ~ △CBA ହେଲେ , m∠ACD ______ | (60°, 70°, 80°, 90°)

Solution:
70°
Hint:
△DBC ~ △CBA
⇒ m∠BDC = m∠ACB = 100° କକ୍ମ m∠BCD = 30°
∴ m∠ACD = 70°

(vii) ପାଣ୍ଡଷ୍ଟ ଚିତ୍ରରେ , △ABE ଓ △ACD ର 6ସ୍ତ୍ ତ୍ରଫଳ ସମାଜ 6 ଦୃ6କ , △BOC ~ _____ |

(△ADE, △DOB, △EOD, △OEC)
Solution:
△EOD
Hint:
△ABE 6ସ୍ତୃତ୍ତ୍ଵଫଳ = D ACD 6ସ୍ତୃତ୍ତ୍ଵଫଳ ⇒ △BDE 6ସ୍ତୃତ୍ତ୍ଵଫଳ = △DEC 6ସ୍ତୃତ୍ତ୍ଵଫଳ ⇒ \(\overline{\mathrm{DE}}\) || \(\overline{\mathrm{BC}}\) ⇒ △BOC ~ △EOD

(viii) ପାଶ୍ଚଣ୍ଠ ଚିତ୍ରରେ △ABC ର \(\overline{\mathrm{AE}}\) ଓ \(\overline{\mathrm{BD}}\) ଯଥାକୃ6ମ \(\overline{\mathrm{BC}}\) ଓ \(\overline{\mathrm{AC}}\) ପୃତି ଦିପତାତ ଶାସ୍ତ୍ର ଦିନ୍ଦରୁ କମ , 6ତ6ଦ △BEM ~ △ ___ |

[BEA, ABD, BDC, AEC]
Solution:
△AEC
Hint:
m∠EBM = m∠EAC ଏବଂ m∠MEB = m∠AEF
⇒ △BEM ~ △AEC

(ix) ପାସ୍ତସ୍ଥ ଚିତ୍ର6ର BC ରପରିସ୍ଥ D ଏକ ଦନ୍ଦୁ |
∠ADC ≅ ∠BAC ତ୍ରଫଳ ,
CB. CD = _____

(AC² , AB² , AD . AB, AD. AC)
Solution:
AC²
Hint:
△ABC ~ △DAC ⇒ \(\frac { CB }{ AC }\) = \(\frac { AC }{ CD }\)
⇒ CB . CD = AC²

(x) △ABC ରେ ∠BAC ର ସମଦିଖଣ୍ଡକ BC କୁ M ଦିନ୍ଦୁ6ର ଛେଦକ6ର | AB : AC = 2 : 3 ଏବଂ BC = 15 ସେ.ମି. ହେଲେ, , BM = _____ ସେ.ମି. | (6, 9, 10, 12)
Solution:
6
Hint:
\(\frac { AB }{ AC }\) = \(\frac { BM }{ MC }\) (∠BAC ର ସମଦ୍ୱିଗଣ୍ଡକ \(\overline{\mathrm{AM}}\))
⇒ \(\frac { 2 }{ 3 }\) = \(\frac { BM }{ MC }\)
⇒ BC = BM + MC ⇒ 15 = 2x + 3x ⇒ x = 3, BM = 6

Question 2.
(i)△ABC ରେ AB = 2.5 ସେ.ମି., BC = 2 ସେ.ମି., AC = 3.5 ସେ.ମି. ଏବଂ △PQR 66 PQ = 5 ସେ.ମି. QR = 4 ସେ.ମି. , PR = 7 ସେ.ମି. | m∠A = x° ଓ m∠Q = y° ଛେଦକ, m∠B, m∠C, m∠P ଓ m∠R ହେଲେ କୁର |
Solution:

ଏO|6ର \(\frac { AB }{ PQ }\) = \(\frac { 2.5 }{ 5 }\) = \(\frac { 1 }{ 2 }\) , \(\frac { BC }{ QR }\) = \(\frac { 2 }{ 4 }\) = \(\frac { 1 }{ 2 }\) ଓ \(\frac { AC }{ PR }\) = \(\frac { 3.5 }{ 7 }\) = \(\frac { 1 }{ 2 }\)
⇒ \(\frac { AB }{ PQ }\) = \(\frac { BC }{ QR }\) = \(\frac { AC }{ PR }\) ⇒ △ABC ~ △PQR
⇒ m∠A = m∠P = x° , m∠B = m∠Q = y°
m∠C = 180° – (x – y)° = m∠R |

(ii) △ABC ଓ △DEF 68 ∠B ≅ ∠E, AB = 4 ସେ.ମି., BC = 6 ସେ.ମି., EF = 9 ସେ.ମି. ଓ DE = 6 ସେ.ମି. | △ABC ର ଶ୍ରେତ୍ରଫଳ 20 ଦଗ ସେ.ମି.ଦ୍ରେଭେ , DEF ର ଶ୍ରେତ୍ରଫଳ ନିଗ୍ରଯ କର |
Solution:

\(\frac { AB }{ DE }\) = \(\frac { 4 }{ 6 }\) = \(\frac { 2 }{ 3 }\)
\(\frac { BC }{ EF }\) = \(\frac { 6 }{ 9 }\) = \(\frac { 2 }{ 3 }\)
∴ \(\frac { AB }{ DE }\) = \(\frac { BC }{ EF }\) = ଓ ∠B ≅ ∠E
⇒ △ABC ~ △DEF
⇒ \(\frac { △ABC ର ଶ୍ରେତ୍ରଫଳ }{ △DEF ର ଶ୍ରେତ୍ରଫଳ }\) = \(\frac{\mathrm{AB}^2}{\mathrm{DE}^2}\) = \(\frac { 4 }{ 9 }\)
⇒ \(\frac { 20 ବଗ 6ସ.ମି. }{ △DEF ର 6ଘ୍ତତ୍ରଫଳ }\) = \(\frac { 4 }{ 9 }\)
⇒ △DEF ର 6ଘ୍ତତ୍ରଫଳ = \(\frac { 20 × 9 }{ 4 }\) ଚ୍ଚଗ ସେ.ମି. = 45 ଦଗ6ସ.ମି. |

(iii) ଦୁଇଟି ସଦୃଶ ତ୍ରିଭୁଜ ମଧ୍ୟରୁ ପ୍ରଥମଟିର କ୍ଷେତ୍ରଫଳ ଦ୍ବିତୀୟଟିର କ୍ଷେତ୍ରଫଳର 9 ଗୁଣ ହେଲେ, ତ୍ରିଭୁଜ ଦୁଇଟିର ଅନୁରୂପ ବାହୁଦ୍ୱୟର ଅନୁପାତ ନିର୍ଣ୍ଣୟ କର ।
Solution:
ତ୍ରିଭୁଜଦ୍ୱୟର କ୍ଷେତ୍ରଫଳର ଅନୁପାତ = 9 : 1 = ତ୍ରିଭୁଜଦ୍ଵୟର ଅନୁରୂପ ବାହୁ ।
⇒ ତ୍ରିଭୁଜଦ୍ଵୟର ଅନୁରୂପ ବାହୁ ଦ୍ୱୟର ଦୈର୍ଘ୍ୟର ବର୍ଗାନୁପାତ = \(\sqrt{9^2}\) : \(\sqrt{1^2}\) = 3 : 1

(iv) ପାଣ୍ସ୍ଟଣ ଚିତ୍ର6ର , ∠BAC ≅ ∠DAC , AC = 12 6ସ.ମି. ଓ BC = 15 6ସ.ମି. | △ADC ର ଷ୍ଟେତୃଫକ 32 ଦ.6ସ.ମି. 6ଦୃ6କ , △ABD ର ଷ୍ଟେତୃଫକ ଚିତ୍ର6ର କର |

Solution:
△ABC ଓ △DAC ମଧ୍ୟ6ର
∠BAC ≅ ∠DAC (ଦର)
∠ACB ≅ ∠ACD (ସାଧାରଣ 6କାଣ)
ଥଦଣଘ୍ତ ∠ACB ≅ ∠DAC

∴ △ABC ~ △DAC (6କା – 6କା – 6କା ସାଧାରଣ)
⇒ \(\frac { △ABC ର ଷ୍ଟେତୃଫକ }{ △DAC ର ଷ୍ଟେତୃଫକ }\) = \(\frac { △ABC ର ଷ୍ଟେତୃଫକ }{ 32 ପରିସାମା }\) = \(\frac{\mathrm{BC}^2}{\mathrm{AC}^2}\) = \(\frac{15^2}{12^2}\)
⇒ △ABC ର ଷ୍ଟେତୃଫକ = (\(\frac { 225 }{ 144 }\) × 32 ) ପରିସାମା = 50 ପରିସାମା |
△ABD ର ଷ୍ଟେତୃଫକ = △ABC ର ଷ୍ଟେତୃଫକ – △ADC ର ଷ୍ଟେତୃଫକ = 50 ପରିସାମା – 32 ପରିସାମା = 18 ଦ.6ସ.ମି.

(v) △ABC ର AB = 5 6ସ.ମି., BC = 7 6ସ.ମି.. ଓ CA = 9 6ସ.ମି. | △PQR ~ △ABC ଏବଂ △PQR ର ପରିସାମା 63 6ସ.ମି. ହୋ6କ , PQ, QR ଓ PR କିଣ୍ଡଯ କର |
Solution:
△PQR ~ △ABC (ଦଉ)
△ABC ର ପରିସାମା = (5 + 7 + 9 ) 6ସ.ମି. = 21 6ସ.ମି.
\(\frac { △PQR ର ଷ୍ଟେତୃଫକ }{ △ABC ର ଷ୍ଟେତୃଫକ }\) = \(\frac { 63 }{ 21 }\) = 3 (△PQR ର ପରିସାମା = 63 6ସ.ମି. )
⇒ \(\frac { △PQR ର ଷ୍ଟେତୃଫକ }{ △ABC ର ଷ୍ଟେତୃଫକ }\) = \(\frac{\mathrm{PQ}+\mathrm{QR}+\mathrm{PR}}{\mathrm{AB}+\mathrm{BC}+\mathrm{AC}}\) = \(\frac { PQ }{ AB }\) = \(\frac { QR }{ BC }\) = \(\frac { PR }{ AC }\)
⇒ 3 = \(\frac { PQ }{ 5 }\) = \(\frac { QR }{ 7 }\) = \(\frac { PR }{ 9 }\)
∴ PQ = 5 × 3 6ସ.ମି. = 15 6ସ.ମି. , QR = 7 × 3 6ସ.ମି. = 21 6ସ.ମି. PR = 9 × 3 6ସ.ମି. = 27 6ସ.ମି. |

(vi) △ABC ~ △PQR ; AB = 5 6ସ.ମି. , BC = 12 6ସ.ମି. ., AC = 13 6ସ.ମି. ଓ QR = 8 6ସ.ମି. ସମଦ୍ୱିଗଣ୍ଡକ △PQR ର ଷ୍ଟେତୃଫକ ଚିତ୍ର6ର କର |
Solution:
△ABC ~ △PQR(ଦଉ)
\(\frac { △ABC ର ଷ୍ଟେତୃଫକ }{ △PQR ର ଷ୍ଟେତୃଫକ }\) = \(\frac{\mathrm{BC}^2}{\mathrm{QR}^2}\) = \(\frac { 144 }{ 64 }\) = \(\frac { 9 }{ 4 }\)
(ତ୍ରିଭୁଜଦ୍ୱୟର କ୍ଷେତ୍ରଫଳର ଅନୁପାତ, ସେମାନଙ୍କର ଅନୁରୂପ ବାହୁଦ୍ୱୟର ଦୈର୍ଘ୍ୟର ଅନୁପାତ ସହ ସମାନ ।)
ଆମେ ଜାଣୁ 5² + 12² = 13² ଅର୍ଥାତ୍ ABC ଏକ ସମକୋଣୀ ତ୍ରିଭୁଜ । m∠ABC = 90°
∴△ABC ର ଷ୍ଟେତୃଫକ = \(\frac { 1 }{ 2 }\) × 5 × 12 6ସ.ମି = 30 6ସ.ମି²
\(\frac { 30 6ସ.ମି^2 }{ △PQR ର ଷ୍ଟେତୃଫକ }\) = \(\frac { 9 }{ 4 }\)
⇒ △PQR ର ଷ୍ଟେତୃଫକ = \(\frac { 30 × 4 }{ 9 }\) 6ସ.ମି² = 13\(\frac { 1 }{ 3 }\) 6ସ.ମି²|

(vii) △ABC ~ △PQR | △ABC ପରିସୀମା 60 ସେ.ମି. ଓ କ୍ଷେତ୍ରଫଳ 81 ବର୍ଗ ସେ.ମି. ଏବଂ △PQR ର ପରିସୀମା 80 ସେ.ମି. ହେଲେ, ଏହାର କ୍ଷେତ୍ରଫଳ କେତେ ?
Solution:
△ABC ~ △PQR (ଦଉ)
\(\frac { △ABC ର ପରିସୀମା }{ △PQR ର ପରିସୀମା }\) = \(\frac { 60 ସେ.ମି. }{ 80 ସେ.ମି. }\) = \(\frac { 3 }{ 4 }\)
⇒ \(\frac { AB }{ PQ }\) = \(\frac { 3 }{ 4 }\)
∴ \(\frac { △ABC ର କ୍ଷେତ୍ରଫଳ }{ △PQR ର କ୍ଷେତ୍ରଫଳ }\) = \(\frac{3^2}{4^2}\) = \(\frac { 9 }{ 16 }\)
⇒ \(\frac { 81 30 6ସ.ମି^2 }{ △PQR ର କ୍ଷେତ୍ରଫଳ }\) = \(\frac { 9 }{ 16 }\) ⇒ △PQR ର କ୍ଷେତ୍ରଫଳ = \(\frac { 81 × 16 }{ 9 }\) 6ସ.ମି² = 144 6ସ.ମି² .

Question 3.
ପ୍ତମାଣ କର 6ଯ କୁଲଟି ସହଶ ତ୍ରରୁଜର
(a) ଅନୁରୂପ ଉଚ୍ଚତାମାନଙ୍କର ଦୈର୍ଘ୍ୟ, ଉକ୍ତ ତ୍ରିଭୁଜ ଦ୍ୱୟର ଅନୁରୂପ ବାହୁମାନଙ୍କର ଦୈର୍ଘ୍ୟ ସହ ସମାନୁପାତୀ ।

Solution:

Question 4.
ଦୁଇଟି ସଦୃଶ ତ୍ରିଭୁଜର ପରିସୀମା ସମାନ ହେଲେ, ପ୍ରମାଣ କର ଯେ ତ୍ରିଭୁଜ ଦୁଇଟି ସର୍ବସମ ।
Solution:

Question 5.
ଦୁଇଟି ସଦୃଶ ତ୍ରିଭୁଜର ପରିସୀମା ସମାନ ହେଲେ, ପ୍ରମାଣ କର ଯେ ତ୍ରିଭୁଜ ଦୁଇଟି ସର୍ବସମ ।
Solution:

Question 6.
ପ୍ରମାଣ କର : ଦୁଇଟି ସଦୃଶ ତ୍ରିଭୁଜର କ୍ଷେତ୍ରଫଳର ଅନୁପାତ, ଉକ୍ତ ତ୍ରିଭୁଜ ଦ୍ଵୟର
(a) ଅନ୍ତୁପ ଭରତାମାନକର 6ବିଶଇ ଦଗାନ୍ ପାତ ସହ ସମାନ |
Solution:

ଦଭ : △ABC ~ △PQR , A <-> P, B <-> Q ଓ C <-> R
\(\overline{\mathrm{AD}}\) ⊥ \(\overline{\mathrm{BC}}\) ଓ \(\overline{\mathrm{PS}}\) ⊥ \(\overline{\mathrm{QR}}\)
ପ୍ତ।ମାଣୟ : \(\frac { △ABCରଶ୍ରେତ୍ରଫଳ }{ △PQRରଶ୍ରେତ୍ରଫଳ }\) = \(\frac{\mathrm{AD}^2}{\mathrm{PS}^2}\)
ପ୍ତମାଣ : △ABD ଓ △PQR ରେ ∠ABD ≅ ∠PQS (∵ ∠ABC ≅ ∠PQR)
∠ADB ≅ ∠PSQ (ଇବ6ପ୍ ସମ6କାଣ)
ଅତ୍ଣିପ୍ରତି ∠BAD ≅ ∠QPS
△ABD ଓ △PQS (6କା. 6କା. 6କା. ସାଦ୍ଶ୍ୟ)
⇒ \(\frac { AB }{ PQ }\) = \(\frac { AD }{ PS }\) (ସାଦ୍ୱଣଦର ଫଲ୍ଲା)
△ABC ~ △PQR ⇒ \(\frac { AB }{ PQ }\) = \(\frac { BC }{ QR }\) = \(\frac { AC }{ PR }\)
∴ \(\frac { AB }{ PQ }\) = \(\frac { BC }{ QR }\) = \(\frac { AC }{ PR }\) = \(\frac { AD }{ PS }\)
\(\frac { △ABCରଶ୍ରେତ୍ରଫଳ }{ △DEFରଶ୍ରେତ୍ରଫଳ }\) = \(\frac{\mathrm{AB}^2}{\mathrm{PQ}^2}\) = \(\frac{\mathrm{BC}^2}{\mathrm{QR}^2}\) = \(\frac{\mathrm{AC}^2}{\mathrm{PR}^2}\) = \(\frac{\mathrm{AD}^2}{\mathrm{PS}^2}\) (ପ୍ତମାଣିତ)

(b) ଅନୁରୁପ 6ଲାଣ-ସମଦ୍ଦିଖଣନମାନକର 6ବିଣ୍ୟର 6ବଣ୍ୟର ତାଗାନ୍ପାତ ସହ ପାପନ |
Solution:

(c) ଅନୁରୁପ 6ଲାଣ-ସମଦ୍ଦିଖଣନମାନକର 6ବିଣ୍ୟର 6ବଣ୍ୟର ତାଗାନ୍ପାତ ସହ ପାପନ |
Solution:

(d) ଅନୁରୁପ 6ଲାଣ-ସମଦ୍ଦିଖଣନମାନକର 6ବିଣ୍ୟର 6ବଣ୍ୟର ତାଗାନ୍ପାତ ସହ ପାପନ |
Solution:

Question 7.
△ABC ର \(\overline{\mathrm{AB}}\) ଓ \(\overline{\mathrm{AC}}\) ଢାଦୁ ଭଜଟି ଦିନ୍ଦୁ 6ଯପରିକି △BQP ଓ △CPQ ସମ6ଷତ୍ରଫଳ ଦିଣିସ୍ତୃ | ପ୍ରମାଣ କର ଯେ \(\frac { PQ }{ BC }\) = \(\frac { AP }{ AB }\) |

Solution:

Question 8.
ନିମ୍ନ ଚିତ୍ରରେ \(\overline{\mathrm{AB}}\) ଓ \(\overline{\mathrm{CD}}\) ର 6ଛଦଦିନ୍ଦୁ O |
(a) AO. OD = BO. OC 6ହକେ , ପୃମାଣ କର ଯେ △AOC ~ △BOD |
(b) CO. OD = AO. OB 6ହକେ , ପୃମାଣ କର ଯେ △AOC ~ △DOB |
(c) ପୃଦତରା 6କରି ପେଣ \(\overline{\mathrm{AC}}\) ଓ \(\overline{\mathrm{DB}}\) ସମାତୃର 6ଦୃ6ଦ ?

Solution:

Question 9.
ABCD ଟ୍ରାପିଜିଯମ୍ବର \(\overline{\mathrm{AB}}\) || \(\overline{\mathrm{DC}}\) | କଣ୍ଡ \(\overline{\mathrm{AC}}\) s \(\overline{\mathrm{BD}}\) ପରଘରକୁ O ଦିନ୍ଦୁ6ର ଛେଦ କରତି | AO = 3 6ପ.ମି. ଏବଂ OC = 5 6ପ.ମି. | △AOB ର ଘେତ୍ରଫଳ 36 ଦ. 6ପ.ମି. ହେଲେ , △COD ର ଘେତ୍ରଫଳ କିଣ୍ଡଯ କର |
Solution:

ABCD ଟ୍ଟାପିଳିଯମ୍ନରେ \(\overline{\mathrm{AB}}\) || \(\overline{\mathrm{DC}}\) |
\(\overline{\mathrm{AC}}\) ଓ \(\overline{\mathrm{BD}}\) ର ଛେଦଦିନ୍ଦୁ O |
∠ABO ≅∠ODC (ଏକାନ୍ତର 6କାଣ)
∠BAO ≅∠OCD (ଏକାନ୍ତର 6କାଣ)
∠AOB ≅∠COD (ପ୍ତତାପ 6କାଣ)
⇒ △AOB ~ △COD (6କା. 6କା. 6କା. ସାଦ୍ଶ୍ୟ)
⇒ \(\frac { △AOBରଶ୍ରେତ୍ରଫଳ }{ △CODରଶ୍ରେତ୍ରଫଳ }\) = \(\frac{\mathrm{AO}^2}{\mathrm{OC}^2}\)
⇒ \(\frac { 36 ଦଗ ସେ.ମି. }{ △CODରଶ୍ରେତ୍ରଫଳ }\) = \(\frac { 9 }{ 25 }\)
⇒ △COD ର ଶ୍ରେତ୍ରଫଳ = \(\frac { 36 × 25 }{ 9 }\) ଦଶ6ସ.ମି. = 100 ଦଶ6ପ.ମି. |

Question 10.
କିମ୍ନ ଚିତ୍ର6ର △ABC ଓ △DBC ଭଉଯ ଏକ ରମି \(\overline{\mathrm{BC}}\) ଭପରିଷ୍ଟ | \(\overline{\mathrm{AC}}\) ଓ \(\overline{\mathrm{BD}}\) ର 6ଛବଦିହୁ O 6ହ6ଲ ,

Solution:

Question 11.
ପ୍ରମାଣ କର ଯେ ଏକ ତ୍ରିଭୁଜର ବାହୁମାନଙ୍କର ମଧ୍ୟବିନ୍ଦୁର ସଂଯୋଜକ ରେଖାଖଣ୍ଡମାନଙ୍କ ଦ୍ୱାରା ତ୍ରିଭୁଜଟି ଯେଉଁ ଚାରୋଟି ତ୍ରିଭୁଜରେ ପରିଣତ ହୁଏ, ସେମାନେ ସର୍ବସମ ଓ ପ୍ରତ୍ୟେକ ମୂଳ ତ୍ରିଭୁଜ ସହ ସଦୃଶ । ପୁନଶ୍ଚ ପ୍ରମାଣ କର ଯେ ଉତ୍ପନ୍ନ ହୋଇଥିବା ପ୍ରତ୍ୟେକ ତ୍ରିଭୁଜର କ୍ଷେତ୍ରଫଳ, ମୂଳତ୍ରିଭୁଜର କ୍ଷେତ୍ରଫଳର ଏକ ଚତୁର୍ଥାଂଶ ।
Solution:

Question 12.
ପାଣମ୍କ ଟିତ୍ରଭେ , △ABC ର ∠ABC ଏକ ସମ6କାଣ | PQRS ଏକ ଥାଯତରିତ୍ର 6ତ୍ର6କ ଯେ,
△APS ~ △QCR ~ △PQB ~ △ACB |
Solution:

Question 13.
ABCD ଟାପିକଯମ୍6ର \(\overline{\mathrm{AD}}\) || \(\overline{\mathrm{BC}}\) | ∠ABD ≅ ∠DCB 6ଦୁ6କ , ପ୍ତମାଣକର ପେ BD = AD. BC |
Solution:

ଦର : ABCD ଟ୍ରାପିଚ୍ଚିଯମ୍6ର \(\overline{\mathrm{AD}}\) || \(\overline{\mathrm{BC}}\)
ଏଣ ∠ABC ≅ ∠DCB |
ସ୍ତ।ମାଶ୍ୟ : BC² = AD. BC
ପ୍ତମାତ : \(\overline{\mathrm{AD}}\) || \(\overline{\mathrm{BC}}\)
⇒ ∠ADB ≅∠DCB (ଏକାତ୍ରଉ 6କାଣ)
∠ADB ≅∠DCB (ଦଭ)
⇒ △ABD ~ △DCB (6କା. 6କା. 6କା. ସାଦ୍ଶ୍ୟ)
⇒ \(\frac { BD }{ BC }\) = \(\frac { AD }{ BD }\) (ପlଦୃଶ୍ୟର ଫଳା)
⇒ BD² = BC. AD

Question 14.
ନପ୍ ଟିତ୍ର6ର \(\overline{\mathrm{AB}}\) || \(\overline{\mathrm{DC}}\) | △ADO ~ △BCO ବ୍ରେକେ , ପ୍ରମାଣ କର AD = BC |
(ସୂଚନା : ପ୍ରଶ୍ନ 5ରେ ପ୍ରମାଣିତ ତଥ୍ୟକୁ ବ୍ୟବହାର କର ।)
Solution:
ଦର : ABCD ଟ୍ରାପିଚ୍ଚିଯମ୍6ର \(\overline{\mathrm{AB}}\) || \(\overline{\mathrm{DC}}\) , △ADO ~ △BCO |
ସ୍ତ।ମାଶ୍ୟ : AD = BC
ପାଣମ୍କ : \(\overline{\mathrm{AB}}\) || \(\overline{\mathrm{DC}}\)
⇒ △ABD ର ସେତ୍ରଫଳ – △ABC ର ସେତ୍ରଫଳ
⇒ △ABD ର ସେତ୍ରଫଳ – △AOB ର ସେତ୍ରଫଳ
= △ABC ର ସେତ୍ରଫଳ – △AOB ର ସେତ୍ରଫଳ
⇒ △ADO ର ସେତ୍ରଫଳ – △BOC ର ସେତ୍ରଫଳ |
ପ୍ନନଣ୍ଡ , △ADO ~ △BCO (ଜଉ)
⇒ △ADO ≅ △BCO
(∵ ଦୁଇଟି ସଦୃଶ ତ୍ରିଭୁଜ ସମକ୍ଷେତ୍ରଫଳ ବିଶିଷ୍ଟ ହେଲେ ସେ ଦୁଇଟି ସର୍ବସମ ହେବେ । )
⇒ AD = BC

Question 15.
△ABC ର \(\overline{\mathrm{AB}}\) ଓ \(\overline{\mathrm{AC}}\) ବାହୁ ଉପରେ ଯଥାକ୍ରମେ X ଓ Y ବିନ୍ଦୁ ଅବସ୍ଥିତ ଯେପରିକି \(\overline{\mathrm{XY}}\) || \(\overline{\mathrm{BC}}\)ପ୍ରମାଣ କର ଯେ, △ABC ର ମଧ୍ୟମା \(\overline{\mathrm{AD}}\) , \(\overline{\mathrm{XY}}\) କୁ ସମତ୍ତିଖଣ୍ଡ କରେ ।
Solution:
ଦର : △ABC ର \(\overline{\mathrm{AB}}\) ଓ \(\overline{\mathrm{AC}}\) ବାହୁ ଉପରେ ଯଥାକ୍ରମେ X ଓ Y ବିନ୍ଦୁ ଅବସ୍ଥିତ ଯେପରିକି \(\overline{\mathrm{XY}}\) || \(\overline{\mathrm{BC}}\) | \(\overline{\mathrm{AD}}\) ତ୍ରିରୁ ଜର ଏକ ମଧ୍ୟମା | \(\overline{\mathrm{AD}}\) ଓ \(\overline{\mathrm{XY}}\) ର ଛେଦ ଦିନ୍ଦ୍ର O |
ସ୍ତ।ମାଶ୍ୟ : OX = OY
ପାଣମ୍କ : △AXO ଓ △ABD ଦର

∠AXO ≅ ∠ABD (ର୍ଥନ୍ମରୁପ 6କାଣ) (∵ \(\overline{\mathrm{OX}}\) || \(\overline{\mathrm{BD}}\)
∠AOX ≅ ∠ADB (ର୍ଥନ୍ମରୁପ 6କାଣ) (∵ \(\overline{\mathrm{OX}}\) || \(\overline{\mathrm{BD}}\)
⇒ △AXO ≅ △ABD (6କା. 6କା. 6କା. ସାଦ୍ଶ୍ୟ)
⇒ \(\frac { AO }{ AD }\) = \(\frac { OX }{ DB }\) (ସାଦ୍ୱଶ୍ୟର ସଂଳା)
ସେଦିପରି △AYO ~ △ACD ⇒ \(\frac { AO }{ AD }\) = \(\frac { OY }{ DC }\)
⇒ \(\frac { OX }{ DB }\) = \(\frac { OY }{ DC }\) ⇒ OX = OY (∵DB = DC ଦଇ)

Question 16.
△ABC ରେ \(\overline{\mathrm{AD}}\) ଏକ ମଧ୍ୟମା ଏବଂ \(\overline{\mathrm{AD}}\) ର ମଧ୍ୟବିନ୍ଦୁ E | \(\overrightarrow{\mathbf{B E}}\) ରଶ୍ମି \(\overline{\mathrm{AC}}\) କୁ X ବିନ୍ଦୁରେ ଛେଦକଲେ, ପ୍ରମାଣ କର ଯେ BE = 3EX |
Solution:

Question 17.
△ABC 6ର \(\overline{\mathrm{AD}}\) ⊥\(\overline{\mathrm{BC}}\) ଏବଂ AD² = BD. CD ହେଲେ, ପ୍ରମାଣକର ଯେ
(i) ∠BAC ଏକ ସମକୋଣ,
(ii) △ABD ର କ୍ଷେତ୍ରଫଳ ଓ △CADର କ୍ଷେତ୍ରଫଳ AB² ଓ AC² ସହ ସମାନୁପାତୀ
Solution:

Question 18.
△ABC ଓ △DEF 6ର m∠A = m∠D, m∠B = m∠E | \(\overline{\mathrm{BC}}\) ଓ \(\overline{\mathrm{EF}}\) ଉ ମଧ୍ୟ ଦିନ୍ଦୁ ଯଥାକୁ ମେ X ଓ Y ହେଲେ , ପ୍ରମାଣ କର ଯେ
(i) △AXC ~ △DYF (ii) △AXB ~ △DYF |
Solution:

ସ୍ତ।ମାଶ୍ୟ : (i) △AXC ~ △DYF (ii) △AXB ~ △DYF
ପାଣମ୍କ : △ABC ଓ △DEF 6ର m∠A = m∠D, ଓ m∠B = m∠E
⇒ △ABC ~ △DEF (6କା. 6କା. 6କା. ସାଦ୍ଶ୍ୟ)
⇒ \(\frac { AB }{ DE }\) = \(\frac { BC }{ EF }\) = \(\frac { AC }{ DF }\)
⇒ \(\frac { AB }{ BC }\) = \(\frac { DE }{ EF }\) ⇒ \(\frac { AB }{ 2BX }\) = \(\frac { DE }{ 2EY }\) (∵ X, \(\overline{\mathrm{BC}}\) ର ମଧ୍ୟଦିନ୍ଦୁ ଓ Y, \(\overline{\mathrm{EY}}\) ରମଧ୍ୟଦିନ୍ଦୁ )
⇒ \(\frac { AB }{ BX }\) = \(\frac { DE }{ EY }\)
ର୍ଥତ୍ରଗତ ∠ABX ≅ △DEY (∵ m∠B = m∠E)
⇒ △AXB ~ △DYE
ସେହପରି ପ୍ରମାଣ କରାଯାଇପାରିବ △AXC ~ △DYE |

Question 19.
ପାଶ୍ୱମ୍ ଟି ତୃଭେ △ABC ର \(\overline{\mathrm{AB}}\) ଉପରିସ୍କ Q ଏକ ଦିନ୍ଦୁ , \(\overline{\mathrm{QR}}\) || \(\overline{\mathrm{BC}}\) 6ପପରିକି A-R-C, \(\overline{\mathrm{DR}}\) || \(\overline{\mathrm{QC}}\) ରମଧ୍ୟଦିନ୍ଦୁ A-D-B | ପ୍ରମାଣକର ମେ AQ² = AD × AB |

Solution:
ଦର : △ABC ର \(\overline{\mathrm{AB}}\) ଭପରିସ୍ଥ Q ଏକ ଦିନ୍ଦୁ , \(\overline{\mathrm{QR}}\) || \(\overline{\mathrm{BC}}\) 6ଯପରିକି
A-R-C ଏବଂ \(\overline{\mathrm{DR}}\) || \(\overline{\mathrm{QC}}\) 6ଯପରିକି A-D-B |
ସ୍ତ।ମାଶ୍ୟ : AQ² = AD × AB
ପାଣମ୍କ : △AQC ରେ \(\overline{\mathrm{DR}}\) || \(\overline{\mathrm{QC}}\)
⇒ \(\frac { AR }{ AC }\) = \(\frac { AD }{ AQ }\) …(i)
△ABC ରେ \(\overline{\mathrm{QR}}\) || \(\overline{\mathrm{BC}}\) ⇒ \(\frac { AR }{ AC }\) = \(\frac { AQ }{ AB }\) …(ii)
(i) ଓ (ii ) ହ \(\frac { AQ }{ AB }\) = \(\frac { AD }{ AQ }\) ⇒ AQ² = AD × AB

Question 20.
ପାଶଙ୍କ ଚିତ୍ର 6ର \(\overline{\mathrm{AB}}\) || \(\overline{\mathrm{CD}}\) || \(\overline{\mathrm{EF}}\) ଏର୍ଦ \(\overline{\mathrm{AF}}\) ଓ
\(\overline{\mathrm{BE}}\) ପରସ୍ତରକୁ C ବିନ୍ଦୁ 6ର 6ଛଦ କରନ୍ତି | ପ୍ରମାଣ କର ସେ EF × BD = DF × AB |
Solution:

Question 21.
ଦୁଇଟି ସଦୃଶ ତ୍ରିଭୁଜର ଅନ୍ତଃବୃତ୍ତର ବ୍ୟାସାର୍ଦ୍ଧ ଦ୍ବୟର ଅନୁପାତ, ଉକ୍ତ ତ୍ରିଭୁଜର ଦୁଇଟି ଅନୁରୂପ ବାହୁର ଦୈର୍ଘ୍ୟର ଅନୁପାତ ସହ ସମାନ, ପ୍ରମାଣ କର ।
Solution:

Question 22.
A-P-B ଓ A-Q-B 6ହାଲେ ଏଇ \(\frac { AP }{ PB }\) = \(\frac { AQ }{ QB }\) 6ହାଲେ , ପ୍ତମାଣା କର ମେ P ଓ Q ଥିରିନ୍ନ |
Solution:

Question 23.
ପାଣମ୍ଠ ଚିତ୍ରରେ △ABC ର ∠ABC ଏକ ଶୁକ6କାଣ | A ରୁ \(\overrightarrow{\mathbf{B C}}\) ପ୍ରତ ଅଳିତ ଲମୂର ପାଦ ଦିନ୍ଦୁ D | ଯଦି AD² = BD. DC ହୁଏ , ପ୍ରମାଣ କର ଯେ ∠BAD ଓ ∠CAD ପରମର ଅନୁତ୍ପରକ |

Solution:
ଦର : △ABC ରେ ∠ABC ତ୍ପଳ6କାଣ | \(\overline{\mathrm{AD}}\) ⊥ \(\overrightarrow{\mathbf{CB}}\) , AD² = BD. DC
ପ୍ରାମାଣ୍ୟ: m∠BAD + m∠CAD = 90°
ପ୍ରାମାଣ : AD² = BD. DC (ଦର)
⇒ \(\frac { AD }{ BD }\) = \(\frac { DC }{ AD }\)
ଅନ୍ତଗତ ∠ADB ≅ ∠ADC (ପ୍ତ6ତ୍ୟକ ସମ6ଳାଣ)
⇒ △ADB ~ △CDA
⇒ ∠BAD ≅ ∠ACD
△ADC ରେ m∠ACD + m∠CAD = 90°
⇒ m∠BAD + m∠CAD = 90° (∵ ∠BAD ≅ ∠ACD)

Question 24.
△ABC ର \(\overline{\mathrm{AB}}\) ଓ \(\overline{\mathrm{AC}}\) ଉପରେ ଯଥାକ୍ରମେ X ଓ Y ବିନ୍ଦୁ ଅବସ୍ଥିତ, ଯେପରିକି \(\overline{\mathrm{XY}}\) || \(\overline{\mathrm{BC}}\) ଟ୍ରାପିଜିୟମ୍ XBCY ର କ୍ଷେତ୍ରଫଳ, △AXY ର କ୍ଷେତ୍ରଫଳର ଆଠଗୁଣ ହେଲେ, AX : BX ନିର୍ଣ୍ଣୟ କର ।
Solution:

Question 25.
ABCD ଏକ ସ|ମାନ୍ତରିକ ଚିତ୍ର | \(\overrightarrow{\mathbf{AG}}\) ରଣ , \(\overline{\mathrm{BD}}\) , \(\overline{\mathrm{CD}}\) ଓ \(\overrightarrow{\mathbf{BC}}\) କୁ ଯଥାକ୍ତ6ମ E, F ଓ G ଦିନ୍ଦୁ 6ର 6ରଦରକା , ତ୍ପମାଣ କର ଯେ AE : EG = AF : AG |
Solution:

ଦର୍ : ABCD ଏକ ସ|ମାନ୍ତରିକ ଚିତ୍ର | \(\overrightarrow{\mathbf{AG}}\) ରଣ , \(\overline{\mathrm{BD}}\) , \(\overline{\mathrm{CD}}\) ଓ \(\overrightarrow{\mathbf{BC}}\) କୁ ଯଥାକ୍ତ6ମ E, F ଓ G ଦିନ୍ଦୁ 6ର 6ରଦରକା
ପ୍ରାମାଣ୍ୟ: AE : EG = AF : AG
ପ୍ରାମାଣ : △ABG ରେ \(\overline{\mathrm{CF}}\) || \(\overline{\mathrm{BA}}\) |
⇒ \(\frac { BC }{ BG }\) = \(\frac { AF }{ AG }\)
⇒ \(\frac { AF }{ AG }\) = \(\frac { BC }{ BG }\) = ⇒ \(\frac { AD }{ BG }\) (∵ AD = BC)
ପୁନଶ୍ଚ △AED ଓ △GEB ରେ ∠DAE ≅ ∠EGB (ଏଲାନ୍ତର ଲୋଣ)
∠AED ≅ ∠GEB (ପୃତାପ ଲୋଣ)
⇒ △AED ~ △GEB (କୋ . କୋ .ସାହଣ୍ୟ)
⇒ \(\frac { AD }{ BG }\) = \(\frac { AE }{ EG }\) (ସାଦୃଶ୍ୟର ସକା)
⇒ \(\frac { AE }{ EG }\) = \(\frac { AF }{ AG }\) (∵ \(\frac { AD }{ BG }\) = \(\frac { AF }{ AG }\))

Odisha State Board Elements of Mathematics Class 11 Solutions CHSE Odisha Chapter 14 Limit and Differentiation Ex 14(f) Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

CHSE Odisha Class 11 Math Solutions Chapter 14 Limit and Differentiation Exercise 14(f)

Differentiate.

Question 1.
x⁸ + x⁷
Solution:
Let  y = x⁸ + x⁷
Then \(\frac{d y}{d x}\) = 8x⁷ + 7x⁶

Question 2.
x^5/3 – x^1/2
Solution:
Let y = x^5/3 – x^1/2
\(\frac{d y}{d x}=\frac{5}{3} x^{\frac{2}{3}}-\frac{1}{2} x^{-\frac{1}{2}}\)

Question 3.
x³ – 5x
Solution:
Let y = x³ – 5x
Then \(\frac{d y}{d x}\) = 3x² – 5

Question 4.
√x + \(\frac{1}{\sqrt{x}}-\sqrt[3]{x^2}\)
Solution:
Let y = √x + \(\frac{1}{\sqrt{x}}-\sqrt[3]{x^2}\)
= \(x^{\frac{1}{2}}+x^{-\frac{1}{2}}-x^{\frac{2}{3}}\)
⇒ \(\frac{d y}{d x}=\frac{1}{2} x^{\frac{-1}{2}}-\frac{1}{2} x^{\frac{-3}{2}}-\frac{2}{3} x^{\frac{-1}{3}}\)

Question 5.
x² + 2x – sin x + 5
Solution:
x² + 2x – sin x + 5
\(\frac{d y}{d x}\) = 2x + 2 – cos x

Question 6.
\(\frac{1}{2} x^{\frac{1}{2}}+\frac{1}{3} x^{\frac{1}{3}}\)
Solution:
\(\frac{1}{2} x^{\frac{1}{2}}+\frac{1}{3} x^{\frac{1}{3}}\)
\(\frac{d y}{d x}=\frac{1}{4} x^{\frac{-1}{2}}+\frac{1}{9} x^{\frac{-2}{3}}\)

Question 7.
ax² + b tan x + ln x³
Solution:
ax² + b tan x + ln x³
\(\frac{d y}{d x}\) = 2ax + b sec² x + \(\frac{3}{x}\)

Question 8.
√x(√x + 1)
Solution:
Let y = √x(√x + 1) = \(x+x^{\frac{1}{2}}\)
\(\frac{d y}{d x}=1+\frac{1}{2} x^{\frac{-1}{2}}\)

Question 9.
(x – 1)²
Solution:
Let y = (x – 1)²
Then \(\frac{d y}{d x}\) = 2(x – 1)

Question 10.
(x² – x + 2)²
Solution:
Let y = (x² – x + 2)²
\(\frac{d y}{d x}\) = 2(x² – x + 2) × \(\frac{d}{d x}\)(x² – x + 2)
= 2(x² – x + 2)(2x – 1)

Question 11.
x sin x – \(\frac{e^x}{1+x^2}\)
Solution:

Question 12.
tan 2x + sec 2x
Solution:

Question 13.
\(\frac{x^2}{x+1}-\frac{x}{1-x}\)
Solution:

Question 14.
\(\frac{\sqrt{x}-1}{\sqrt{x}+1}\)
Solution:

Question 15.
\(\frac{\tan x-\cos x}{\sin x \cos x}\)
Solution:

Question 16.
\(\left(\frac{x-1}{x+1}\right)^2\)
Solution:

Question 17.
x³ (1 + x)(2 – x)
Solution:

Question 18.
x₃ (sin x) e^{4 ln x}
Solution:

Question 19.
\(\frac{1}{\sqrt{x}}\) + x ln x³
Solution:

Question 20.
x² log₂ x + sec x
Solution:

Question 21.
\(\frac{x^2-1}{x^3+1}\)
Solution:

Question 22.
(x³ + 1)(3x² + 2x – 7)
Solution:

Question 23.
cot x – sec x – log₁₀ x
Solution:
\(\frac{d y}{d x}\) = -cosec ² x – sec x. tan x – \(\frac{1}{x} \log _{10} e\)

Question 24.
\(\frac{1-\cos x}{1+\cos x}\)
Solution:

Question 25.
\(\frac{1-\tan x}{1+\tan x}\)
Solution:

Question 26.
\(\frac{\left[x^{\frac{3}{5}}-2 e^2 \ln x+\ln ^{\frac{2}{3}}\right]}{(1+x)}\)
Solution:

Question 27.
cosec x + cot x
Solution:
Let y = cosec x + cot x
\(\frac{d y}{d x}\) = -cosec x. cot x – cosec ² x

Question 28.
tan² x + sec² x
Solution:
Let y = tan² x + sec² x
\(\frac{d y}{d x}\) = 2 tan x. \(\frac{d}{d x}\)(tan x) + 2 sec x \(\frac{d}{d x}\)(sec x)
= 2 tan x. sec² x + 2 sec² x. tan x
= 4 sec² x tan x

Question 29.
tan² x + a^x
Solution:
tan² x + a^x
\(\frac{d y}{d x}\) = 2 tan x. sec² x + a^x. ln a

Question 30.
sin² x + x ln x
Solution:
sin² x – x ln x

Question 31.
cos² x + e^x cos x
Solution:

Question 32.
\(\frac{a^x-b^x}{x}\)
Solution:

Question 33.
\(\frac{e^x+e^{-x}}{x^2+1}\)
Solution:

Question 34.
\(\frac{\ln x}{x^2}\)
Solution:

Question 35.
Show that f(x) = \(\left\{\begin{array}{l}
x \sin \frac{1}{x}, x \neq 0 \\
0, x=0
\end{array}\right.\) is not differentiable x = 0
Solution:
Differentiability

Odisha State Board Elements of Mathematics Class 11 Solutions CHSE Odisha Chapter 14 Limit and Differentiation Ex 14(e) Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

CHSE Odisha Class 11 Math Solutions Chapter 14 Limit and Differentiation Exercise 14(e)

Question 1.

Find derivatives of the following functions from the definition :
(i) 3x² – \(\frac{4}{x}\)
Solution:

(ii) (4x – 1)²
Solution:

(iii) 2 + x + √x³
Solution:

(iv) x – \(\sqrt{x^2-1}\)
Solution:

(v) \(\frac{1}{x^{2 / 5}}\) + 1
Solution:

Question 2.
(i) cos (ax + b)
Solution:
Let y = cos (ax + b)
Then \(\frac{d y}{d x}\) = -sin (ax + b) × \(\frac{d}{d x}\) (ax + b) by chain rule.
= -sin(ax + b). a = -a sin (ax + b)

(ii) x² sin x
Solution:
Let y = x² sin x
Then \(\frac{d y}{d x}=\frac{d}{d x}\) (x²). sin x + x² \(\frac{d}{d x}\)
[ ∴ \(\frac{\mathrm{d}}{\mathrm{dx}}(u \cdot v)=\frac{d u}{d x} \cdot v+u \cdot \frac{d v}{d x}\)
= 2x sin x + x² cos x

(iii) \(\sqrt{\tan x}\)
Solution:
Ley y = \(\sqrt{\tan x}\) = \((\tan x)^{\frac{1}{2}}\)
Then \(\frac{d y}{d x}=\frac{1}{2}(\tan x)^{-\frac{1}{2}} \times \frac{d}{d x}\)(tan x)
= \(\frac{1}{2 \sqrt{\tan x}}\) sec² x.

(iv) cot x²
Solution:
Let y = cot x²
Then \(\frac{d y}{d x}=-{cosec}^2 x^2 \times \frac{d}{d x}\left(x^2\right)\)
= – cosec² x². 2x
= -2x. cosec² x²

(v) cosec 3x
Solution:
Let y = cosec 3x
Then \(\frac{d y}{d x}\) = -3 cosec 3x . cot 3x

Question 3.
(i) √x sin x
Solution:
Let y = √x sin x
Then \(\frac{d y}{d x}=\frac{d}{d x}\)(√x) sin x + √x. \(\frac{d}{d x}\)(sin x)
= \(\frac{1}{2 \sqrt{x}}\) sin x + √x. cos x

(ii) \(\sqrt{x^2+1}\)cos x
Solution:

(iii) tan x – x² – 2x
Solution:
Let y = tan x – x² – 2x
\(\frac{d y}{d x}\) = sec² x – 2x – 2

Odisha State Board Elements of Mathematics Class 11 Solutions CHSE Odisha Chapter 14 Limit and Differentiation Ex 14(d) Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

CHSE Odisha Class 11 Math Solutions Chapter 14 Limit and Differentiation Exercise 14(d)

Question 1.

Find the derivative of the following functions ‘an initio’, that is, using the definition.
(i) 2x³
Solution:

(ii) x⁴
Solution:

(iii) x² + 1
Solution:

(iv) \(\frac{1}{x}\)
Solution:

(v) \(\frac{1}{3 x+2}\)
Solution:

(vi) \(\frac{1}{x^2}\)
Solution:

(vii) \(\frac{x}{x+1}\)
Solution:

(viii) t(t – 1)
Solution:

(ix) s² – bs + 5
Solution:

(x) √x
Solution:

\(\frac{1}{\sqrt{z}+\sqrt{z}}=\frac{1}{2 \sqrt{z}}\)

(xi) tan θ
Solution:

(xii) cos 2θ
Solution:

(xiii) x sin x
Solution:

Question 2.
Find the derivative of the following function from the definition at the indicated points. Test whether the following functions are differentiable at the indicated points. If so find the derivative.
(i) x⁴ at x = 2
Solution:

(ii) 2x² + x + 1 at x = 1
Solution:

(iii) x³ + 2x² – 1 at x = 0
Solution:
Let x³ + 2x² – 1
Then \(\left.\frac{d y}{d x}\right]_{x=0}\) = \(\lim _{h \rightarrow 0}\left[\frac{\left(h^3+2 h^2-1\right)-(-1)}{h}\right]\)
= \(\lim _{h \rightarrow 0}\) (h² + 2h) = 0

(iv) tan x at x = \(\frac{\pi}{3}\)
Solution:

(v) \(\sqrt{3 x+2}\) at x = 0
Solution:

(vi) In x at x = 2
Solution:

(vii) \(e^x\) at x = 1
Solution:

(viii) sin² θ at θ = \(\frac{\pi}{4}\)
Solution:

Question 3.
\(\frac{x+1}{x-1}\) at x = -1
Solution:
We know that a function f(x) is differentiable at a point
x = c if (i) L.H.D. exists
(ii) R.H.D. exists
(iii) L.H.D. = R.H.D
Let f(x) = \(\frac{x+1}{x-1}\)

Thus L.H.D. and R.H.D. both exist and L.H.D. = R.H.D.
Hence f(x) is differentiable at x = -1 and the derivative is –\(\frac{1}{2}\)

Question 4.
√x at x = 0
Solution:
Let f(x) = √x
Then f(0) = 0

Question 5.
f(x) = \(\left\{\begin{array}{r}
1-x, x \leq \frac{1}{2} \\
x, x>\frac{1}{2}
\end{array} \text { at } x=\frac{1}{2}\right.\)
Solution:

Question 6.
f(x) = \(\left\{\begin{array}{r}
\sin \frac{1}{x}, x \neq 0 \\
0, x=0
\end{array}\right.\) at x = 0
Solution:
f(0) = 0

Question 7.
f(x) = \(\left\{\begin{array}{r}
x^2 \sin \frac{1}{x^{\prime}}, x \neq 0 \\
0, x=0
\end{array}\right.\) at x = 0
Solution:
f(0) = 0

Odisha State Board CHSE Odisha Class 11 Invitation to English 1 Solutions Chapter 2 The Legend behind a Legend Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

CHSE Odisha 11th Class English Solutions Chapter 2 The Legend behind a Legend

CHSE Odisha Class 11 English The Legend behind a Legend Text Book Questions and Answers

UNIT – I
Gist with Glossary

Gist:
The writer walks down memory lane. Exactly 25 years ago, he had spent two days and two nights with Khairi, the tigress of Jashipur, and a collection of wild animals of Saroj and Nihar. A news item on the latest exploits of Khairi evoked his interest to visit the place. He came to know that Saroj Raj Chaudhury was taking care of Khairi. He wrote a letter to him and met with a prompt response. He was filled with great joy. Mr. Chaudhury invited him to Khairi-Jashipur, giving him particular directions on how to reach there. The writer apprised him of when and how he would visit him.

Glossary:
bandit queen : queen of the robbers (ଦସ୍ୟୁରାଣୀ)
menagerie : a collection of wild animals (ବଣ୍ୟଜନ୍ତୁ ମାନ ଙ୍କ ସଂଗ୍ରହାଳୟ)
exploits : some unusual thing that someone does that you think is brave, exciting or entertaining
domesticated : an animal trained to live with or work for humans (ଗୃହପାଳିତ)
struck : occurred (ମନେପଡ଼ିଲା)
gruff : unfriendly and cruel (ନିଷ୍ଠୁର ସ୍ବଭାବସମ୍ପନ୍ନ)
tough : strict and severe (ଶୃଙ୍ଖଳିତ)
brooked no nonsense : tolerated only important and necessary things (ବାଜେ କଥା ସହ୍ୟ କରିପାରନ୍ତି ନାହିଁ)
suffered no feels : did not tolerate stupidity in others (ନିର୍ବୋଧତାକୁ ପ୍ରଶ୍ରୟ ଦିଅନ୍ତି ନାହିଁ)
itnerant articles : articles published in different magazines (ବିଭିନ୍ନ ପତ୍ରିକାରେ ପ୍ରକାଶିତ ଅନେକ ଲେଖା )
shot in the dark : a hopeful attempt (ଏକ ଆଶାପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ ଉଦ୍ୟମ )
utter : great (ମାତ୍ରାତ୍ଵିକ)
delight : pleasure (ଆନନ୍ଦ)
precise : exact (ନିର୍ଦ୍ଦିଷ୍ଟ)
instructions : directions (ନିର୍ଦ୍ଦେଶ )

Think it out:
Question 1.
Who is Khairi?
Answer:
Khairi is a legendary tigress of Jashipur.

Question 2.
How did the writer come to know about Khairi?
Answer:
The writer came to know about Khairi when he had read a small news item in The Statesman that threw light on the latest exploits of the tigress in the Similipal forests of Odisha.

Question 3.
Who was the foster father of Khairi?
Answer:
Saroj Raj Chaudhury was the foster father of Khairi.

Question 4.
Which State does the writer belong to?
Answer:
The writer belongs to Odisha.

Question 5.
What did he learn about Saroj Raj Chaudhury as a person?
Answer:
He learnt that Saroj Raj Chaudhury tolerated only important and necessary things, but not stupidity in others.

Question 6.
How did he contact Mr. Chaudhury?
Answer:
He contacted Mr. Chaudhury by writing a letter to him after getting his address.

Question 7.
Why did he refer some of his articles to Mr. Chaudhury?
Answer:
He referred some of his articles to Mr. Chaudhury in the hope of getting his response.

Question 8.
Did Mr. Chaudhury reply to the author’s letter? What did he write?
Ans.
Yes, Mr. Chaudhury replied to the author’s letter. The former wanted the latter to inform him in advance of the manner and the time of his arrival.

UNIT-II
Gist with Glossary

Gist:
The writer reached Khairi-Jashipur by an overcrowded bus. It was 4 a.m. He was soon provided with food and shelter. In other words, he was accorded fabulous hospitality, thanks to Saroj Chaudhury. Terror seized him when he heard the clear voice of the Tiger just outside the door. It did not last long before the bearer met him to serve hot tea and biscuit and assured him of the presence of Khairi who was making loving inquiries about the new guest in the house. He met Saroj Chaudhury, ‘a frail man in his fifties, slightly balding on the top; the latter greeted the former in a polite manner after asking Jambu, the bear, to get down because the animal holding on to Chaudhury’s waist. They conversed with each other. In Mr. Chaudhury, the writer found a humble and careful man. One of the most caring persons he had ever met in his life was Mr.

Glossary:
semidarkness: half-darkness (ଅର୍ଥ ଅନ୍ଧକାର)
click : sound (ଶବ୍ଦ)
detailed : was given minute instructions (ସମ୍ପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ ସୂଚନା ପାଇଥିଲେ )
escort : guide (ପଥ ପ୍ରଦର୍ଶନକାରୀ)
with a start : in fear (ଭୟଚକିତ ହୋଇ)
terror struck : the writer was seized with fear (ଭୟ ବିହ୍ବଳିତ)
sloth : lazy behaviour (ଆଳସ୍ୟ ସ୍ବଭାବସମ୍ପନ୍ନ )
frail : weak (ଦୁର୍ବଳ)
slightly : a little (ଅତି ଅଳ୍ପ)
gruff : rude, unfriendly
no-nonsense : doing things quickly and effectively without worring too much about people’s fear (ଲୋକଙ୍କ ମନ୍ତବ୍ୟ ପ୍ରତି ଉଦାସୀନ)
humane : caring people and animals ( ମାନବ ପ୍ରତି ସମ୍ବେଦନଶୀଳ)

Think it out:
Question 1.
How did the writer come to Bhubaneswar?
Answer:
The writer came to Bhubaneswar by train.

Question 2.
How did he go to Jashipur from Bhubaneswar?
Answer:
He went to Jashipur from Bhubaneswar in an over-packed bus.

Question 3.
How did the forest guard receive him?
Answer:
The forest guard received him in a very cordial manner. He guided the writer, took him to the guest house, and made him stay in the guest house, assuring him that the water was in the jug.

Question 4.
Why was he terror-struck?
Answer:
He was terror-struck because he heard the clear voice of the Tiger just outside his door.

Question 5.
What did the bearer tell him about Khairi?
Answer:
The bearer told him that Khairi was trying to know about the new guest in the house. There was a ring of friendliness about Khairi.

Question 6.
What was Mr. Chaudhury doing when the writer met him?
Answer:
When the writer met Mr. Chaudhury, he was sitting on a large chair.

Question 7.
How did Mr. Chaudhury greet the author?
Answer:
Mr. Chaudhury warmly greeted the author.

Question 8.
What was the name of the bear?
Answer:
The name of the bear was Jambu.

Question 9.
What was the physical appearance of Mr. Chaudhury?
Answer:
Mr. Chaudhury was a weak man in his fifties with a little baldness on the top.

Question 10.
What kind of man did the author find Mr. Chaudhury to be?
Answer:
In the author’s estimation, Mr. Chaudhury was friendly and responsive. Besides, he was caring to the core.

UNIT – III
Gist with Glossary

Gist:
This part begins with Mr. Chaudhury narrating a wonderful story to the writer. His house turned into a habitat for different species of wild animals. He conducted an experiment to exaggerate that the animals could exist with each other if they were together from childhood. He brought Khairi and one of the most dangerous snakes, krait close to her. The writer marked Khairi’s reaction – it was one of fondness for the strange creature. Whenever the krait got too close to Khairi, he would pull it by its back.

Once he became inattentive and was bitten by a krait. Some of its poison entered his blood and therefore, he was now a permanent patient of low blood pressure. As soon as Mr. Chaudhury finished this wonderful story Jambu tried to give the writer his bear hug, but the former’s stem warning prevented him from doing so. Mr. Chaudhury has a well-knit joint family that was living inside the compound. It comprised a mongoose, a pangolin, wild cat twins, a country dog, and a blind Hyena, each having a name.

Glossary:
emerged : became known (ଜଣାପଡ଼ିଲା)
sips : drink (something) by taking small mouthfuls (ଅଳ୍ପ ଅଳ୍ପ ପିଇବା)
debunked : exaggerated
co-exist : live together (ଏକତ୍ର ବାସ କରିବା)
infancy : childhood (ପିଲାଦିନ)
unmindful : inattentive (ଅମନୋଯୋଗୀ)
tied : bound (ବାନ୍ଧିଥିଲେ )
tourniquet : a piece of cloth bound tightly on an arm or leg to stop bleeding
hypo-glycaemia : condition of having a very low blood pressure (ନିମ୍ନ ରକ୍ତଚାପ)
astonishing : wonderful (ଆଶ୍ଚର୍ଯ୍ୟଜନକ)
take a fancy : to start liking someone (ଜଣକୁ ଭଲ ପାଇବାକୁ ଆରମ୍ଭ କରିବା)
hug : to put ones arms around someone to show love (ଆଲିଙ୍ଗନ)
dissuade : prevent (ବାଧା ଦେବା)
fondness : affection (ସ୍ନେହ, ଶ୍ରଦ୍ଧା)
progressed : advanced (ଆଗେଇ ଚାଲିଲା)
intennittent : occurring occasionally (ସାମୟିକଭାବେ ଘଟୁଥିବା)
crackle : making shout sharp sounds (ସ୍ଵଚ୍ଛ ଅବଶିଷ୍ଟ ଉଚ୍ଚ ଶବ୍ଦ)
veritable : real (ବାସ୍ତବ)

Think it out:
Question 1.
What theory did Mr. Chaudhury prove wrong?
Answer:
The theory that Mr. Chaudhury proved wrong was that the different species of wild animals cannot co-exist unless they are together from childhood.

Question 2.
What was his first story about?
Answer:
The first story was about how his house became the habitat of different species of wild animals who all come at different stages of their lives. It also dealt with their coexistence and the close relationship between Khairi and krait, a dangerous snake.

Question 3.
Why is it so unique and amazing?
Answer:
It is so unique and amazing because, during this experiment, Khairi showed her reaction to the presence of krait, the most poisonous snake. Khairi was curious to know more about the krait as it was a stranger to her.

Question 4.
Why did Mr. Chaudhury allow Khairi to come near the krait?
Answer:
Mr. Chaudhury allowed Khairi to come near a krait to know how they dealt with each other.

Question 5.
What was Khairi’s reaction to the presence of the krait?
Ans.
Khairi’s reaction to the presence of a krait was one of curiosity to know more about the latter.

Question 6.
How did the experiment affect him?
Answer:
The experiment made him a permanent patient of low blood pressure.

Question 7.
What did the bear try to do with the writer?
Answer:
The bear tried to put his arms around the writer to show his love.

Question 8.
What prevented the bear from doing so?
Answer:
Mr. Chaudhury’s strict ‘no’ prevented the bear from doing so.

Question 9.
What kind of family did Mr. Chaudhury have?
Answer:
Mr. Chaudhury had a genuine joint family that comprised a mongoose, a pangolin, wild cat twins, a country dog, and a blind Hyena, each having a name.

Question 10.
What was his relationship with different animals?
Answer:
His relationship with different animals was quite familiar. His act of naming each of them is a case in point.

UNIT – IV

Gist:
Khairi was brought to Saroj Raj Chaudhury as a two-month cub who was hungry and confused. Veteran forester and instinctive lover of wildlife as he was, Saroj imitated the sounds of a mother tigress. It worked wonderfully. The tiger cub’s confidence was restored. Saroj became nostalgic. He recollected his birthday when his mother had presented him with a gun, with which he, as a young man, shot wildlife in a carefree manner. But, soon he realized that it was a mistake and happiness lies in the conservation of these harmless beautiful animals. As the Director of Project Tiger, Saroj was the first to introduce the Tiger Tracing Method of tiger census. For the night, both camped at a guest house deep in the jungle. Never before had the writer experienced one night in a magnificent wooden structure with rooms and a bath that stood 15 feet high from the ground.

Glossary:
cub : (here) a young tigress (ବାଘଛୁଆ, ଛୁଆ ବାଘୁଣୀ)
famished : very hungry (କ୍ଷୁଧାଉଁ)
confused : disturbed (ବିବ୍ରତ ହେଲା)
snarls: making angry sounds in one’s throat and showing teeth
veteran : experienced (ଅଭିଜ୍ଞ, ଦକ୍ଷ)
handle : deal with (ଆୟତ୍ତ କରିବା)
firmly : determindedly (ଦୃଢ଼ ଭାବରେ )
anchored : restored (ଶାନ୍ତ ହେଲା)
the legends : (here) Saroj Raj Chaudhury and Khairi (କିମ୍ବଦନ୍ତୀ )
tag along : accompanied someone (ବ୍ୟକ୍ତିବିଶେଷଙ୍କ ସହ ଯାତ୍ରା
snaked (v) : moved in or had a senes of long curves (ଅଙ୍କାବଙ୍କା ରାସ୍ତାରେ ଗଲା)
amidst: in the midst of (ମଝିରେ)
lush foliage: leaves of trees growing luxuriously
abandon : in an uncontrolled way (ଅବିଚାରିତ ଭାବେ)
conserving: preventing land, water, etc. from being damaged (ସଂରକ୍ଷଣ କରିବା)
wanton harm: reckless harm
authority : (here) Saroj Choudhury (କର୍ତ୍ତୃପକ୍ଷ )
pugmarks: the mark of the footprint of an animal (ପଶୁର ପାଦଚିହ୍ନ)
distinctive: very clear
meticulously: carefully attending to every detail
functional: practical and simple
build on stilts: build on one of a set of posts
a top: at the top of (ଉପରିଭାଗରେ )
magnificent : very beautiful (ଖୁବ୍‌ ସୁନ୍ଦର)

Think it out:
Question 1.
How and when did Mr. Chaudhury come across Khairi?
Answer:
Mr. Chaudhury came across Khairi when 12 Kharia tribals of Similipal brought her to him when she was a two-month cub. It was on October 5, 1974.

Question 2.
In what condition did he And it?
Answer:
He found it in a state of hunger and confusion.

Question 3.
How did he manage the hungry and confused cub?
Answer:
He managed the hungry and confused cub by copying the sounds of the mother tigress. Within minutes, she became firmly confident.

Question 4.
How did he treat wildlife in a young age?
Answer:
He treated wildlife uncontrollably in a young age.

Question 5.
What did he say about his change of attitude towards wildlife to the author?
Answer:
He said to the author that his change of attitude towards wildlife took place because of his realization that there was greater happiness in safeguarding the beautiful wild animals that do not cause reckless harm to man.

Question 6.
What was his contribution to the Tiger Project?
Answer:
His contribution to the Tiger Project was the introduction of the Tiger Tracing Method of tiger census. As a result, one can measure the pugmarks of each animal distinctly and record their characteristics very carefully.

Question 7.
What was the guest house like?
Answer:
The guest house was a wooden structure with simple rooms and a bath. It was built on one of the set of posts and was at a height of 15 feet.

Question 8.
What new experience did the author have in the Tiger Reserve area?
Answer:
The author experienced for the first time, one night stay in the Tiger Reserve area that was unique, especially on a very beautiful ‘machan’.

UNIT – V
Gist with Glossary

Gist :
The writer revisited Khairi-Jashipur after three months. His interest to know more about Khairi gained momentum. Besides Mr. Chaudhury’s old acquaintances, he caught sight of a young python. He focused on Mr. Chaudhury whose quest and passion was amazing. Meanwhile, Mr. Chaudhury got a message from the World Wildlife Fund. He went to New Delhi by air for an urgent meeting. The writer saw him off at the Dum Dum Airport, Calcutta. It was his last meeting with Mr. Chaudhury, a legend behind a legend. Khairi and Mr. Chaudhury are no more.

Glossary:
gracious: kind
in addition to besides
python: a very large snake that kills animals for food by wrapping itself around them and crushing them (ଅଜଗର ସାପ )
quest : search (ଅନ୍ଵେଷଣ)
legend: someone who very many people know about and admire (କିମ୍ବଦନ୍ତୀ ପୁରୁଷ)
unique : extraordinary (ଅସାଧାରଣ)
due: worth (ଯୋଗ୍ୟ)

Think it out:
Question 1.
After what interval of time did the writer visit Mr. Chaudhury for the second time?
Answer:
After three months, the writer visited Mr. Chaudhury for the second time.

Question 2.
What new addition to the Chaudhury family did he find there?
Answer:
The new addition to Chaudhury’s family he found there was an eight-foot-long young python.

Question 3.
Why did he get less time to interact with Mr. Chaudhury this time?
Answer:
He got less time to interact with Mr. Chaudhury because at that moment Mr. Chaudhury got a wireless message from the World Wildlife Fund to attend an important meeting at New Delhi.

Question 4.
Who died first, Khairi or Mr. Chaudhury?
Answer:
Khairi died first.

Question 5.
Who are the two legends the writer talks about?
Answer:
The two legends the writer talks about are Khairi and Mr. Saroj Raj Chaudhury.

Question 6.
Is the text more about Mr. Chaudhury or Khairi?
Answer:
The text throws much light on Mr. Chaudhury, yet Khairi does not lag far behind.

Question 7.
Can you guess now why the title of the text is “The Legend behind the Legend”?
Answer:
The title is aptly justified because the legendary passionate and instinctive lover of wildlife has been instrumental in transforming a two-month-old tiger baby into a legend. She is Khairi.

Post-Reading Activities:

I. Arranging in Order
Provided below are some events from the lesson. These are not in order. Arrange them in order as they occur in the lesson by putting numbers within the brackets provided against the items. One is done for you.
(a) Khairi played with the krait. ( )
(b) Khairi was brought to Mr. Chaudhury. ( )
(c) The writer sees Mr. Chaudhury off at Dum Dum Airport. (8)
(d) The writer reads a news item about Khairi. ( )
(e) Chaudhury writes a letter to the writer. ( )
(f) The writer reaches Jashipur by bus. ( )
(g) He stays with Chaudhury in a camp guest house in the forest. ( )
(h) The writer saw a python as a pet of Chaudhury. ( )
Answer:
(a) Khairi played with the krait. (6)
(b) Khairi was brought to Mr. Chaudhury. (5)
(c) The writer sees Mr. Chaudhury off at Dum Dum Airport. (8)
(d) The writer reads a news item about Khairi. (1)
(e) Chaudhury writes a letter to the writer. (2)
(f) The writer reaches Jashipur by bus. (3)
(g) He stays with Chaudhury in a camp guest house in the forest. (4)
(h) The writer saw a python as a pet of Chaudhury. (7)

II. Note-making
Notes-making helps you to develop your reading and writing skills. This lesson has, you know, two major themes – Khairi and Mr. Chaudhury. You have to read the lesson, make notes (in words and phrases) on these two, and then use these points to write about them. One has been done below on Khairi as a model. Make notes on Mr. Chaudhury.

Notes on Khairi
Para 1
→ Tigress of Jashipur
→ Made the forest famously
→ Domesticated tigress in the Similipal forest of Odisha
→ Writer reads a news item about Khairi
Para 5
→ Khairi roared to welcome the writer
→ He was terror struck
Para 9
→ On October 5, 1974, Khairi was brought as a cub, hungry, confused
Para 15
→ Chaudhury manages her imitating the sounds of a mother tigress.
The death of Khairi was followed by the death of Chaudhury.
With the help of these notes, write a paragraph on Khairi.
Khairi:
Khairi was a domesticated tigress. She made the Simmilipal forest and Jashipur famous. The writer read about her from a news item. Then he visited Jashipur to see Khairi and Chaudhury who had kept Khairi as a pet. He came to know from Mr. Chaudhury that Khairi was brought to Chaudhury on October 5, \91A by twelve Kharia tribals. It was then a small cub, hungry and confused. Chaudhury handled the cub well by imitating the sounds of a tigress. She grew up as a domesticated tigress under the loving care of Chaudhury. But she did not live long. Chaudhury also died soon after the death of Khairi.

Now write notes (from the lesson) and develop the notes into a write-up on Mr. Chaudhury.

Notes on Mr. Chaudhury
Para 3
→ Mr. Chaudhury was a very responsible person.
Para 4
→ Hospitable to the core
Para 6
→ A weak man in his fifties, slightly balding on the top
→ Nice and down-to-earth
→ One of the most humane beings
Para 7
→ His experiment concerning the co-existence of wild animals in the presence of Khairi and the krait
→ The latter is a dangerous snake
→ Noticed Khairi’s reaction of fondness
→ A permanent patient with low blood pressure
Para 8
→ Strict
→ Possessed a joint family of animals in his house
Para 9
→ An officer of the Indian Forest Service
→ Veteran forester and instinctive lover of wildlife
→ Showed skill in handling hungry and confused two-month-old tiger cub
→ Imitated the sounds of a mother tigress
Para 11
→ An authority on the tiger and Director of Project Tiger in India
→ Introduced the Tiger Tracing Method of tiger census
Para 13
→ Gracious
Para 14
→ Journey to New Delhi for an important meeting
Para 15
→ The writer’s last meeting with him in the Dum Dum Airport, Calcutta
→ A legend behind a legend
→ He is no more.
Mr. Chaudhury
Mr. Chaudhury, responsible, hospitable, and down-to-earth, was a weak person in his fifties. He was one of the most humane beings. He made an experiment by effecting contact between Khairi and the krait, one of the most dangerous snakes, to know about the co-existence of different wild animals. Khairi’s reaction, he noticed, was one of great love. Mr. Chaudhury, a veteran forester and an instinctive lover of wildlife possessed a joint family of different animals in his house. He was strict. He showed his skill in handling the hungry and confused two-month-old tiger cub by imitating the sounds of a mother tigress. Mr. Chaudhury, an authority on the tiger and Director of Project Tiger in India, was the first to introduce the Tiger Tracing Method of tiger census. The writer saw such a graceful legend off in Dum Dum Airport on his way to New Delhi, for the last time. Mr. Chaudhury is no more.

III. Doing with words Collocation
(a) Collocation in expressions means which words go with which other words. Collocations are fixed expressions. For example sweet dreams, daydreams, bad dreams, pipe dreams, hard-earned money, public money, extra money, and tax-payers money.

Answer:

(b) Find out five collocations from the test. (Example: to take a fancy).
Answer:
brooked no nonsense
suffered no fools
terror-struck
no-nonsense
hypo-glycaemia

(c) Which word in each line does not collocate with the headword?
(i) a theory: come up with, do, debunk, build
(ii) a debate: open, listen to, join in, find
(iii) legend: fresh, famous, well-known, sports
(iv) veteran: soldier, idealist, activist, man
(v) gracious: welcome, hospitality, building, smile
Answer:
(i) do
(ii) find
(iii) fresh
(iv) man
(v) building

CHSE Odisha Class 11 English The Legend behind a Legend Important Questions and Answers

I. Short Answer Type Questions with Answers

1. Read through the extract and answer the questions that follow.
Khairi made the entire forest where she lived famously. She was not a bandit queen but Khairi, the tigress of Jashipur. It was exactly 25 years ago when I spent two days and two nights with Khairi and the menagerie of Saroj and Nihar, I had read a small news item in The Statesman about the latest exploits of a domesticated tigress in the Similipal forests of Odisha. Suddenly, it struck me that this was happening in my own State. I thought, “why not attempt to experience it myself ?” I spoke to N.S. Ayyangar, a senior journalist in Berhampur, and a few other elders.

I was told that Khairi was under the care of a rather gruff and tough man called Saroj Raj Chaudhury who brooked no nonsense and suffered no fools. I got his address and wrote asking if I could visit him. For good measure, I referred to a few itinerant articles I had written for Indian magazines. It was a shot in the dark and I did not really expect to hear from him. But, to my utter delight, I got a letter within a week inviting me to Khairi-Jashipur, giving precise instructions about how to reach there. Mr. Chaudhury also asked me to let him know in advance how and when I was reaching. I gave him a date and said I would be taking a bus from Bhubaneswar on a particular night.

Questions :
(i) Why was the forest made famous?
(ii) “Why not attempt to experience it myself ?” What does ‘It’ refer to?
(iii) Why did the writer contact N.S. Ayyanger and a few others? What was the result?
(iv) Explain the expression “It was a shot in the dark.”.
(v) Suggest a suitable title to the extract.

Answers :
(i) The forest was made famous by Khairi, the tigress of Jashipur because it was her abode.
(ii) ‘It’ refers to the writer’s curiosity to be aware of the latest exciting things carried by a tigress in the Similipal forests of Odisha. She had been to live with and work for humans.
(iii) The writer contacted N.S. Ayyanger and a few other seniors to know about Khairi. He learned that Saroj Raj Chaudhury, who was rather an unfriendly and severe man, took care of the tigress.
(iv) The writer’s reference to a few articles he had written for Indian magazines was a sort of hopeful attempt to see Khairi and Saroj Raj Chaudhury’s positive response to his letter.
(v) The Writer’s Quest of Khairi

2. Read through the extract and answer the questions that follow.
I packed my bag, took the train, and boarded the overcrowded bus from Bhubaneswar. I arrived sometime before 4.00 a.m. wondering where to go in that semidarkness. To my utter surprise, within a minute there was the click of boots and a voice welcoming me to Khairi-Jashipur. The Forest Guard, detailed to escort me, took me to the guest house, put me in my room, and assured me that water was in the jug; I could sleep as long as I wanted and Saab would see me as soon as I was ready.

I think I had an hour of blissful sleep. I woke up with a start when I heard the unmistakable voice of the Tiger just outside my door. I was terror-struck. Within minutes, a bearer came to the room with hot tea and biscuits. He smiled at the expression on my face and assured me that it was only Khairi outside the door, making friendly inquiries about the new guest in the house. I finished my tea, had a quick shower and went to the main house.

Saroj Raj Chaudhury was sitting on a large chair. There was a sloth bear behind him, holding on to his waist and making gurgling sounds. He said, “Get down, Jambu, get down’’ and rose to greet me – a frail man in his fifties, slightly balding on the top. We got talking. I didn’t find a gruff and rough no-nonsense man. What I found was one of the most humane human beings I had ever met in my life.

Questions :
(i) Describe the bus the writer had boarded.
(ii) When did he reach Jashipur?
(iii) Describe the treatment according to the writer in Jashipur.
(iv) How did a bearer react to the writer’s terror-stricken face?
(v) Throw light on Jambu.

Answers :
(i) The bus the writer had boarded was packed with passengers beyond its capacity.
(ii) The writer reached Jashipur sometime before 4 a.m. It was half-dark.
(iii) As soon as the writer reached Jashipur, the Forest Guard led him to the guest house, and showed him his room. He assured the writer of the presence of a jug filled with water. Later a bearer provided him with hot tea and biscuits in his room.
(iv) A bearer reacted smilingly to the writer’s terror-stricken face.
(v) The bear Jambu was seen in a lazy mood, behind Saroj Raj Chaudhury, and holding on to his waist making gurgling sounds.

3. Read through the extract and answer the questions that follow.
Here is the first story that emerged from this very unusual man between sips of coffee: “As you will see, I have different species of wild animals in this house. They all came in at different stages of their lives. I have debunked the theory that they cannot co-exist unless they are together from infancy. One thing I wanted to experiment with was the reaction of a young tiger to a snake. One day, when Khairi was much younger, we found a baby krait in the house. As you know, the krait is one of the most poisonous snakes.

I was noting Khairi’s reaction to its presence. Khairi was curious to know more about this strange new creature. Every time the krait got too close to Khairi, I would pull it back by its tail. This went on for some time. At some point, I must have been a little unmindful. It turned around and bit me. I immediately tied a tourniquet above that and got the poison out. I saw the doctor as soon as possible. Luckily it was a baby. Still, some of the poison got into my bloodstream and as a result, I am now a permanent patient of hypo-glycemia.”

By the time he finished this astonishing story, Jambu took a fancy to me and climbed behind to give me his bear hug. A stern ‘no’ from Saroj was enough to dissuade him from this expression of fondness. As the day progressed, between our conversations and the intermittent crackle on the VHF wireless set by which he was giving instructions to his men in the forests, I got to know a veritable joint family that was living inside the compound – a mongoose, a pangolin, wild cat twins, a country dog, and a blind Hyena. Each had a name.

Questions :
(i) When did Saroj narrate the first story to the writer?
(ii) What is the theory that Mr. Chaudhury has exaggerated?
(iii) ‘It turned round and bit me.’ What does ‘It’ refer to?
(iv) How was Mr. Saroj Chaudhury’s story?
(v) Throw light on Jambu.

Answers :
(i) Between sipping coffee, Saroj narrated the first story to the writer.
(ii) The theory that Mr. Chaudhury has exaggerated is that different species of wild animals cannot co-exist unless they are together from childhood.
(iii) ‘It’ refers to a krait, one of the most poisonous snakes.
(iv) Mr. Chaudhury’s story was wonderful.
(v) The bear Jambu was a picture of fondness. He started liking the writer climbing behind. The creature was interested to give a bear hug, but in vain, because of Mr. Chaudhury’s strict ‘no’.

4. Read through the extract and answer the questions that follow.
Khairi’s story started on October 5, 1974, when 12 Kharia tribals of Similipal brought a two-month-old tiger cub to Saroj Raj Chaudhury, an officer of the Indian Forest Service. Saroj noticed that it was a female – famished and confused. His first experience of what was to become his passion in life was angry snarls and scratching claws. But, the veteran forester and instinctive lover of wildlife knew how to handle a hungry, angry cub. He imitated the sounds of a mother tigress.

“Within minutes, her confidence was firmly anchored in the fostering human,” is how he recalled those first few minutes between the legends. Early the next morning, Saroj started his inspection of the Tiger Reserve area. I tagged along in the jeep that snaked through a narrow road in the woods amidst lush foliage. “My mother gave me a gun for my eighth birthday. As a young man, I shot wildlife with abandon. But soon, I realized that there is greater happiness in conserving these beautiful animals that do no wanton harm to man” is one of the things he told me about his life during that long travel.

At that time, he was an authority on the tiger and Director of Project Tiger in India. Saroj introduced the Tiger Tracing Method of tiger census where the pugmarks of each animal with distinctive measurements and characteristics are meticulously recorded. For the night, we camped at a guest house deep in the jungle. It was a wooden structure with functional rooms and a bath. It was built on stilts and stood a good 15 feet above the ground. I experienced for the first time, one night atop a magnificent machan.

Questions :
(i) What picture of Saroj Chaudhury do you get in the 1st para of the extract?
(ii) When did he go to inspect the Tiger Reserve area?
(iii) Describe his journey to this place.
(iv) When did Mr. Chaudury’s realization concerning the conservation of wildlife come?
(v) What was the writer’s experience of staying one night at the guest house a top?

Answers :
(i) In the first para of the extract, we learn that Saroj Chaudhury, an officer of the Indian Forest Service, was a veteran forester and instinctive lover of wildlife. The way he handled the two-year-old tiger cub is a case in point.
(ii) Early the next morning of his arrival, he went to visit the Tiger Reserve area.
(iii) In the course of his journey, Saroj Chaudhury in the jeep went through a narrow road in the woods amidst leaves of trees growing luxuriantly.
(iv) Mr. Chaudhury’s realization concerning the conservation of wildlife came when he, as a young man, had shot wildlife in a carefree life.
(v) The writer’s experience of staying one night at the guest house atop was very beautiful.

II. Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) with Answers
Choose the correct option.

Unit – I
The text
Khairi made ………………. night.

Question 1.
Who was the tigress of Jashipur?
(a) Nhairi
(b) Khairi
(c) Bhairi
(d) Shairi
Answer:
(b) Khairi

Question 2.
Where did Khairi live?
(a) Bhitarkanika
(b) Similipal forests
(c) Kanchanjanga
(d) National Zoo, Kolkata
Answer:
(b) Similipal forests

Question 3.
Who was N. S. Ayyangar ?
(a) a politician
(b) a senior journalist
(c) a zoologist
(d) a veterinary doctor
Answer:
(b) a senior journalist

Question 4.
Khairi was under the care of:
(a) N. S. Ayyangar
(b) Hariharan
(c) Saroj Raj Chaudhury
(d) Nihar Raj Chaudhury
Answer:
(c) Saroj Raj Chaudhury

Question 5.
Khairi was a :
(a) domesticated tigress
(b) wild tigress
(c) zoo tigress
(d) tigress of a circus
Answer:
(a) domesticated tigress

Question 6.
Who had invited the author to Khairi- Jashipur?
(a) Nihar Raj Chaudhury
(b) Saroj Raj Chaudhury
(c) N. S. Ayyangar
(d) Forest ranger
Answer:
(b) Saroj Raj Chaudhury

Unit – II
The text
I packed my bag, ……………… met in my life.

Question 7.
Who escorted the author to the guest house from the bus stop at Khairi- Jashipur?
(a) Forest Ranger
(b) Forest Guard
(c) Forest Guide
(d) none of the above
Answer:
(b) Forest Guard

Question 8.
What was Khairi doing outside the guest house when the author was inside the room?
(a) making friendly enquiries
(b) making fun
(c) searching for enemies if any
(d) none of the above
Answer:
(a) making friendly enquiries

Question 9.
Who was Jambu?
(a) a monkey
(b) a bear
(c) a sloth bear
(d) a donkey
Answer:
(c) a sloth bear

Unit – III
The text
Here is the first story……………..had a name.

Question 10.
The name of the snake living in Mr. Chaudhury’s house was :
(a) cobra
(b) Python
(c) krait
(d) rattlesnake
Answer:
(c) krait

Question 11.
Mr. Chaudhury was bitten by a snake and as a result, he became a permanent patient of
(a) diabetics
(b) hypo-glycaemia
(c) leukaemica
(d) high blood pressure
Answer:
(b) hypo-glycaemia

Question 12.
How did Mr. Chaudhury instruct his men in the forests?
(a) on the computer internet
(b) on the VHF wireless
(c) on the T.V.
(d) by the mobile phone
Answer:
(b) on the VHF wireless

Question 13.
What did Mr. Saroj Chaudhury do when he was bitten by a krait, the poisonous snake?
(a) immediately cut the biting place
(b) immediately applied for medicine
(c) immediately tied a tourniquet
(d) met a doctor
Answer:
(c) immediately tied a tourniquet

Unit – IV
The text
Khairi’s story…….. magnificent machan.

Question 14.
When did Khairi come to Mr. Chaudhury’s hands?
(a) Nov. 5, 1974
(b) Dec. 5, 1974
(c) Oct. 5, 1974
(d) Sept. 5, 1974
Answer:
(c) Oct. 5, 1974

Question 15.
Who got the baby tiger and handed it over to Mr. Chaudhury?
(a) 12 Kharia tribals
(b) 12 Gonda tribals
(c) 12 Santhal tribals
(d) none of them
Answer:
(a) 12 Kharia tribals

Question 16.
Who was Saroj Raj Chaudhury?
(a) Indian Police Service officer
(b) Indian Foreign Service officer
(c) Indian Forest Service officer
(d) a low cadre forest official
Answer:
(c) Indian Forest Service officer

Question 17.
What do you mean by the word ‘famished’?
(a) very tired
(b) very smart
(c) very careful
(d) very hungry
Answer:
(d) very hungry

Question 18.
How did Mr. Choudhury handle and consoled the hungry and angry cub?
(a) by giving it milk to drink
(b) by showing her the picture of a mother tigress
(c) by making the sounds of a mother tigress
(d) by leaving it all alone
Answer:
(c) by making the sounds of a mother tigress

Question 19.
Where does lie the greater happiness of Mr. Chaudhury?
(a) in killing animals
(b) in conserving animals
(c) in destroying animals’ habitat
(d) none of the above
Answer:
(b) in conserving animals

Question 20.
What do you mean by the word ‘wanton harm’?
(a) no harm
(b) less harm
(c) reckless harm
(d) secret harm
Answer:
(c) reckless harm

Question 21.
Who was then an authority on the tiger and Director of Project Tiger in India?
(a) Nihar Raj Chaudhury
(b) Bhasker Raj Chrudhury
(c) Saroj Raj Chaudhury
(d) N. S. Ayyangar
Answer:
(c) Saroj Raj Chaudhury

Question 22.
Which parts of speech is the word ‘meticulously’?
(a) noun
(b) verb
(c) adverb
(d) adjective
Answer:
(c) adverb

Question 23.
Which according to the author was a magnificent machan?
(a) a guest house deep in the jungle
(b) the building where Saroj Chaudhury lived
(c) the house where Khairi and other animals lived
(d) none of the above
Answer:
(a) a guest house deep in the jungle

Unit – V
The text
I went to ……………… 25 years hence.

Question 24.
When did the author come to Khairi- Jashipur again?
(a) after six months
(b) after four months
(c) after three months
(d) after seven months
Answer:
(c) after three months

Question 25.
What was the purpose of the second visit of the author to Khairi-Jashipur?
(a) to know more about Mr. Chaudhury
(b) to know more about Khairi
(c) to see the place again
(d) to enjoy the nature
Answer:
(b) to know more about Khairi

Question 26.
Which new animal do he saw in his second visit?
(a) a pangolin
(b) a blind hyena
(c) a rattlesnake
(d) a young python
Answer:
(d) a young python

Question 27.
What did the author search about in his second visit?
(a) about Saroj Chaudhury and his passion
(b) about World Wildlife Fund
(c) about the animals
(d) none of the above
Answer:
(a) about Saroj Chaudhury and his passion

Question 28.
Where came a wireless message to the Chaudhury?
(a) Department of Forest
(b) World Wildlife Fund
(c) Central Government
(d) none of the above
Answer:
(b) World Wildlife Fund

Question 29.
To whom the author has described a legend behind a legend?
(a) Khairi
(b) Mr. Saroj Chaudhury.
(c) Nihar Raj Chaudhury
(d) none of the above
Answer:
(b) Mr. Saroj Chaudhury.

Question 30.
Where did the author meet Mr. Chaudhury last time?
(a) at New Delhi
(b) in Dum Dum Airport
(c) at Mumbai
(d) at Jashipur
Answer:
(b) in Dum Dum Airport

Question 31.
Who made the forest famous?
(a) Mr. Chaudhury
(b) Khairi
(c) author
(d) tourist
Answer:
(b) Khairi

Introducing the Author:
Hariharan Balakrishnan excels in the art of writing articles on wildlife. He is also a columnist.

About the Topic:
‘The Legend Behind A Legend’, as the title suggests, deals with two legends: Mr. Saroj Raj Chaudhury and Khairi; the former was an authority on tiger and Director of Project Tiger, and the latter a magnificent famous tigress. Mr. Chaudhury was a foster father of Khairi. The writer showers accolade on both legends.

Summary:
The writer takes us back to the Similipal forests of Odisha, which served as the habitat of Khairi, the tigress of Jashipur. The place carved out a name for itself, thanks to this tigress. She was not a queen of the robbers. She was the queen of Jashipur. The writer goes down memory lane. 25 years have elapsed since he had spent two days and two nights with Khairi and other wild animals of Saroj and Nihar. A news item on the latest exploits of Khairi evoked his interest to visit the place. He came to know that Saroj Raj Chaudhury was taking care of Khairi.

He wrote a letter to him and met with a prompt response. He was filled with great joy. Mr. Chaudhury invited him to Khairi – Jashipur, giving him particular directions on how to reach there. The writer apprised him of when and how he would visit him. This was his meeting. The writer left Berhampur by train. He reached in Jashipur before 4 a.m. by an overpacked bus. The Forest Guard was present there to cordially welcome him. He made all comfortable arrangements for the writer. He spent an hour of sound sleep.

Terror gripped him when he heard the clear voice of the Tiger just outside the door. Within minutes, the bearer came to his room and served him with hot tea and biscuits. He smiled at the panic-stricken expression of his face. He assured the writer of the presence of Khairi who was making loving enquiries about the new guest in the house. He met Saroj Chaudhury, a frail man in his fifties, slightly balding on the top; the latter greeted the former in a polite manner after asking Jambu, the bear, to get down, because the animal holding on to Chaudhury’s waist.

They conversed with each other. In Mr. Chaudhury, the writer found a humble and careful man. One of the most caring persons he had ever met in his life was Mr. Chaudhury. While sipping tea, Mr. Chaudhury narrated a story to the writer. He drew the latter’s attention to the presence of different species of wild animals in his house. They all had not come at the same time. He exaggerated the theory that they could not exist with each other unless they were together from childhood. He conducted an experiment to ascertain the truth.

He brought Khairi and one of the most dangerous snakes, krait. The writer marked Khairi’s reaction – it was one of fondness for the strange creature. Whenever the krait goes too close to Khairi, Mr. Chaudhury would pull it by back by its tail. Once he became inattentive and was bitten by the krait. Some of its poison entered his blood and therefore, he was now a permanent patient with low blood pressure. As soon as Mr. Chaudhury finished this wonderful story, Jambu tried to give the writer his bear hug, but the former’s stern warning prevented him from doing so.

Mr. Chaudhury has a well-knit joint family that was living inside the compound. It comprised a mongoose, a pangolin, wild cat twins, a country dog, and a blind Hyena, each having a name. Khairi’s story dates back to October 5, 1974, when twelve Khaira tribals of Similipal brought a two-month-old tiger cub to Saroj Raj Chaudhury who was an IFS officer. He found the female cub in a state of hunger and confusion. He managed it by imitating the sounds of a mother tigress. Her anger and disturbance vanished at once.

She was in her element. Saroj became nostalgic. He recollected his birthday when his mother had presented him with a gun, with which he, as a young man, shot wildlife in a carefree manner. But, soon he realized that it was a mistake and happiness lies in the conservation of these harmless beautiful animals. As the Director of Project Tiger, Saroj was the first to introduce the Tiger Tracing Method of tiger census. For the night, both camped at a guest house deep in the jungle. Never before had the writer experienced spending one night in a magnificent Wooden structure with rooms and baths that stood 15 feet high from the ground.

It is three months since the writer last visited Khairi-Jashipur. Then he went there again for the second time to know more about Khairi. Saroj welcomed him in his characteristic gracious manner. This time the writer saw a python as a pet of Chaudhury. His passion for wildlife knew no end. In a response to a message from the World Wildlife Fund, he went to New Delhi by plane with a view to attending an important meeting. In just over three months, Khairi passed away. Saroj Raj Chaudhury did not survive for long. The topic comes to a close with the writer saluting Saroj Chaudhury. He is worthy of it.

ସାରାଂଶ:
“The Legend Behind A Legend’ ବିଷୟଟି ଦୁଇଟି କିମ୍ବଦନ୍ତୀକୁ ଆଧାର କରି ରଚିତ । ବାଘମାନଙ୍କ ଉପରେ ନିଜର ଦକ୍ଷତା ହାସଲ କରିପାରିଥିବା Project Tigerର ନିର୍ଦ୍ଦେଶକ Mr. Saroj Raj Chaudhury ଏବଂ ପ୍ରସିଦ୍ଧ ମହାବଳ ବାଘୁଣୀ ‘ଖଇରୀ’ର ଜୀବନୀ ଉପରେ ଏହା ପର୍ଯ୍ୟବସିତ । ସରୋଜ ରାଜ ଚୌଧୁରୀ ଖଇରୀର ପାଳିତ ପିତା ଭଳି ଥିଲେ । ଶିମିଳିପାଳ ଜଙ୍ଗଲର ପ୍ରସିଦ୍ଧ ବାଘୁଣୀ ଥିଲା ଖଇରୀ । ସେ ଥୁଲା ଯଶିପୁରର ମହାବଳ ବାଘୁଣୀ । ଲେଖକ ସ୍ମୃତିଚାରଣ କରି କହନ୍ତି ଯେ ୨୫ ବର୍ଷ ପୂର୍ବେ ସେ ଦୁଇ ଦିନ ଓ ଦୁଇ ରାତି ଖଇରୀ ସହିତ ସରୋଜ ଓ ନିହାରଙ୍କ ବନ୍ୟଜନ୍ତୁ ସଂଗ୍ରହାଳୟରେ ସମୟ ଅତିବାହିତ କରିଥିଲେ । ଲେଖକ ଖଇରୀର ଅଦ୍ଭୁତ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟକଳାପ ବିଷୟରେ ‘The Statesman’ର ଏକ ଖବରରୁ ଜାଣିପାରିଥିଲେ ଏବଂ ସେଇ ସ୍ଥାନକୁ ବୁଲିଯିବା ପାଇଁ ଆଗ୍ରହ ପ୍ରକାଶ କରିଥିଲେ ।

ସେ ଜାଣିବାକୁ ପାଇଲେ ଯେ, ଖଇରୀ ସରୋଜ ରାଜ ଚୌଧୁରୀଙ୍କ ତତ୍ତ୍ଵାବଧାନରେ ପାଳିତ ହେଉଛି । ସେଥ‌ିପାଇଁ ଲେଖକ ସେଠାକୁ ଯିବାର ଅନୁମତି ମାଗି ସରୋଜଙ୍କ ପାଖକୁ ପତ୍ର ଲେଖିଲେ । ସରୋଜ ଅତି ଖୁସିରେ ଲେଖକଙ୍କୁ ନିମନ୍ତ୍ରଣ ପତ୍ର ଲେଖୁଲେ ଏବଂ ଯିବାପାଇଁ ସମସ୍ତ ତଥ୍ୟ ସହିତ ତାରିଖ ମଧ୍ୟ ଜଣାଇଲେ । ଭୋର ୪ଟା ସମୟରେ ଲେଖକ ଏକ ଜନଗହଳିପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ ବସ୍‌ରେ ବସି ଖଇରୀ-ଯଶିପୁରରେ ପହଞ୍ଚିଲେ । ତାଙ୍କୁ ଉତ୍ତମ ଆତିଥ୍ୟ ସତ୍କାର କରାଗଲା । ଖାଦ୍ୟ ଓ ବିଶ୍ରାମ ପାଇଁ ସବୁପ୍ରକାରର ବ୍ୟବସ୍ଥା କରାଯାଇଥିଲା । ଲେଖକ ବିଶ୍ରାମ ନେଉଥ‌ିବାବେଳେ ଦ୍ଵାରଦେଶର ବାହାରେ ବାଘୁଣୀର ଗର୍ଜନ ଶୁଣି ଭୟଭୀତ ହୋଇଯାଆନ୍ତି । ଏହାର ଅଳ୍ପ ସମୟ ପରେ ଜଣେ ବ୍ୟକ୍ତି ଚା’ ଓ ବିସ୍କୁଟ ଧରି ଆସିଲେ ଏବଂ କହିଲେ ଖଇରୀ ବାଘୁଣୀ ବାହାରେ ଥାଇ ଆନନ୍ଦରେ ଗର୍ଜନ କରି ନୂତନ ଅତିଥିଙ୍କୁ ସ୍ଵାଗତ କରୁଛି ।

ତା’ପରେ ଲେଖକ ସରୋଜଙ୍କୁ ସାକ୍ଷାତ କଲେ । ଦୁର୍ବଳ ଶରୀରଧାରୀ ପଚାଶ ବର୍ଷୀୟ ଏହି ବ୍ୟକ୍ତିଜଣକ ଟିକେ ଚନ୍ଦା ଥିଲେ । ସେ ଲେଖକଙ୍କୁ ଅତି ଭାବରେ ସ୍ଵାଗତ କଲେ ଏବଂ ତାଙ୍କ ଅଣ୍ଟାକୁ ଧରି ଠିଆ ହୋଇଥିବା ଭାଲୁକୁ ବସିବାକୁ କହିଲେ । ପରସ୍ପର କଥାବାର୍ତ୍ତା ହେଲେ । ଲେଖକ ସରୋଜ ରାଜ ଚୌଧୁରୀଙ୍କଠାରେ ଭଦ୍ର ଯେଉଁ ବିନମ୍ର ସ୍ଵଭାବ ଦେଖିଥିଲେ, ସେ ତାଙ୍କ ଜୀବନରେ ଅନ୍ୟ କାହାଠାରେ ଦେଖିନଥିଲେ । କଥାବାର୍ଭା ସମୟରେ ଶ୍ରୀଯୁକ୍ତ ଚୌଧୁରୀ ମହାଶୟେ କହିଲେ ତାଙ୍କ ଘର କିଭଳି ଭାବେ ବିଭିନ୍ନ ଜୀବଜନ୍ତୁମାନଙ୍କର ଏକ ଆଶ୍ରୟସ୍ଥଳୀ ହୋଇଯାଇଛି । ଜୀବଜନ୍ତୁମାନଙ୍କୁ ଯଦି ଶୈଶବାବସ୍ଥାରୁ ଏକାଠି ରଖାଯାଏ, ସେମାନେ ପରସ୍ପର ସହିତ ମିଳିମିଶି ରହିପାରିବେ ବୋଲି ସେ କହିଥିଲେ । ଏହାର ପରୀକ୍ଷଣ ନିମନ୍ତେ ସେ ଖଇରୀ ନିକଟରୁ ତାଙ୍କ ଅଗଣାରୁ ଧରା ଯାଇଥିବା

ଏକ ବିଷଧର ନାଗସାପକୁ ଆଣିଥିଲେ । ସେତେବେଳେ ଖଇରୀ ଖୁବ୍ ଛୋଟ ଥିଲା । ଖଇରୀର ସେହି ସାପ ପ୍ରତି ପ୍ରତିକ୍ରିୟାକୁ ଲେଖକ ଲକ୍ଷ୍ୟ କରିଥିଲେ । ଏଇ ବିଷଧର ସାପ ପ୍ରତି ଖଇରୀର ଆଗ୍ରହ ପ୍ରକାଶ ପାଇଥିଲା । ଯେତେବେଳେ ଏହି ସାପଟି ଖଇରୀ ଆଡ଼କୁ ଆଗ୍ରସର ହେବାକୁ ଚାହୁଁଥିଲା, ଲେଖକ ତାକୁ ଲାଞ୍ଜ ଧରି ପଛକୁ ଟାଣି ଦେଉଥିଲେ । ଥରେ ସେ ଅନ୍ୟମନସ୍କ ହୋଇ ଏହି ବିଷଧର ନାଗସାପକୁ ଟାଣିଦେବା ସମୟରେ, ସେ ଲେଖକଙ୍କୁ କାମୁଡ଼ି ଦେଇଥିଲା । ତାଙ୍କ ରକ୍ତରେ କିଛି ବିଷ ପ୍ରବାହିତ ହୋଇଯାଇଥିଲା । ତା’ପରଠାରୁ ସେ ନିମ୍ନ ରକ୍ତଚାପ ରୋଗରେ ପୀଡ଼ିତ ହୋଇଥିଲେ । ଏହି ସମୟରେ ଭାଲୁ ଲେଖକଙ୍କୁ କୁଣ୍ଢାଇବାକୁ ଆସୁଥିଲା । କିନ୍ତୁ ସରୋଜଙ୍କ କଡ଼ା ନିର୍ଦ୍ଦେଶ ହେତୁ ସେ ସେଥୁରୁ ନିବୃତ୍ତ ରହିଲା ।

ସରୋଜଙ୍କର ଏହି ଯୌଥ ପରିବାରରେ ସମସ୍ତେ ଯଥା ନେଉଳ, ଗୋଧ, ପକ୍ଷୀ, ସାପ, ଦେଶୀ କୁକୁର, ବାଘ, ଭାଲୁ ସମସ୍ତେ ଉତ୍ତମ ବୁଝାମଣାରେ ଏକ ଶୃଙ୍ଖଳିତ ଜୀବନଯାପନ କରୁଥିଲେ । ଖଇରୀ ଯେତେବେଳ ଏକ ୨ ମାସର ବାଘଛୁଆ ଥିଲା, ସେତେବେଳେ ଶିମିଳିପାଳର ୧୨ ଜଣ ଖରିଆ ଆଦିବାସୀ ତାକୁ ସରୋଜଙ୍କ ନିକଟକୁ ଆଣିଥିଲେ । ସେ ଥିଲେ ଜଙ୍ଗଲ ବିଭାଗର ଜଣେ ଅଧିକାରୀ ଥିଲେ । ଏହି ବାଘଛୁଆଟି ଥୁଲା ଭୋକିଲା ଓ ବିବ୍ରତ । ସେ ରାଗି ଗର୍ଜନ କରୁଥିଲା ଓ ତା’ର ପଞ୍ଝାକୁ ଘୋଷାରୁଥିଲା । ସରୋଜ ଏକ ମା’ ବାଘର ସ୍ଵରକୁ ଅନୁକରଣ କରିଥିଲେ ଯାହାକି ଖଇରୀକୁ ପୋଷା ମନେଇବା ପାଇଁ ଚମତ୍କାର ଭାବେ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ କରିଥିଲା । ସେଥ‌ିରେ ସେ ସଫଳ ହୋଇଥିଲେ ଏବଂ ଖୁସିରେ ବିଭୋର ହୋଇଯାଇଥିଲେ । ତା’ ପରଦିନ ସକାଳୁ ସରୋଜ ଲେଖକଙ୍କୁ ନେଇ ଏକ ଜିପ୍‌ରେ ବ୍ୟାଘ୍ର ସଂରକ୍ଷଣ ଅଞ୍ଚଳ ବୁଲିବାକୁ ଗଲେ ।

ତାହା ଥିଲା ଏକ ସରୁ ଅଣଓସାରିଆ ରାସ୍ତା । ବାଟରେ ସରୋଜ ଅତୀତର ସ୍ମୃତିଚାରଣ କରି କହିଲେ, ତାଙ୍କୁ ଜନ୍ମଦିନରେ ତାଙ୍କ ମା’ ଏକ ବନ୍ଧୁକ ଉପହାର ଦେଇଥିଲେ ଯାହାଦ୍ଵାରା ଜଣେ ଯୁବକଭାବେ ସେ ବନ୍ୟଜନ୍ତୁମାନଙ୍କୁ ମୁକ୍ତଭାବେ ଶିକାର କରିଥିଲେ । ତା’ପରେ ସେ ଅନୁଭବ କଲେ ଯେ ପଶୁମାନଙ୍କୁ ମାରିବା ଏକ ଅପରାଧ। ଆନନ୍ଦ ଥାଏ ଏହି ନିରୀହ ସୁନ୍ଦର ଜୀବଜନ୍ତୁମାନଙ୍କୁ ସଂରକ୍ଷଣ କରିବାରେ । ବ୍ୟାଘ୍ର ପ୍ରକଳ୍ପର ନିର୍ଦ୍ଦେଶକ ଭାବେ ସେ ପ୍ରଥମେ ବ୍ୟାଘ୍ର ଗଣନା ପ୍ରଣାଳୀ ପ୍ରଚଳନ କରିଥିଲେ । ସେହି ରାତ୍ରିରେ ଉଭୟେ ଘଞ୍ଚ ଜଙ୍ଗଲ ମଧ୍ୟରେ ଥିବା ଏକ ଅତିଥୁ ଗୃହରେ ରାତ୍ରିଯାପନ କରିଥିଲେ । ଏହା ପୂର୍ବରୁ ଲେଖକ ଭୂମିଠାରୁ ୧୫ ଫୁଟ ଉଚ୍ଚରେ କାଠରେ ନିର୍ମିତ ଏକ ଘରେ ରହିବାର ଆନନ୍ଦ କେବେ ଅନୁଭବ କରିନଥିଲେ । ସେହିଘରେ କେତେଗୁଡ଼ିଏ କୋଠରୀ ସହ ଏକ ଗାଧୁଆଘର ଥିଲା। ତିନିମାସ ପରେ ଲେଖକ ପୁନର୍ବାର ସେହି ଖଇରୀ ଓ ଯଶିପୁରକୁ ବୁଲିବାକୁ ଗଲେ ।

ଖଇରୀ ବିଷୟରେ ଅଧିକ ଜାଣିବାର ଇଚ୍ଛା ତାଙ୍କୁ ସେଠାକୁ ପୁନର୍ବାର ଟାଣି ନେଇଥିଲା । ଶ୍ରୀ ଚୌଧୁରୀ ତାଙ୍କୁ ସ୍ଵାଗତ କଲେ ଏବଂ ଭାରି ଖୁସି ହେଲେ । ସେ ସେଠାରେ ଅନ୍ୟ ଜୀବମାନଙ୍କ ସହିତ ଏକ ଆଠ ଫୁଟ ଲମ୍ବର ଏକ ଅଜଗର ସାପ ଦେଖିଲେ । ତା’ପରେ ସେ ଚୌଧୁରୀ ଜୀବଜନ୍ତୁମାନଙ୍କୁ ସଂରକ୍ଷଣ କରିବାର ନିଶା ବିଷୟରେ ଜାଣିବାକୁ ଆଗ୍ରହ ପ୍ରକାଶ କଲେ । ଏହି ସମୟରେ ଏକ ଜରୁରୀ ସଭାରେ ଯୋଗ ଦେବାପାଇଁ ବିଶ୍ବ ବନ୍ୟଜନ୍ତୁ ପାଣ୍ଠି ତରଫରୁ ଏକ ତାରବାର୍ତ୍ତା ଆସି ପହଞ୍ଚିଲା। ସେ କଲିକତାର ଦମ୍ଦମ୍ ଉଡ଼ାଜାହାଜ ପଡ଼ିଆରୁ ବିମାନ ଯୋଗେ ଦିଲ୍ଲୀ ଯାତ୍ରା କଲେ । ଏହା ଥିଲା ଚୌଧୁରୀଙ୍କ ସହିତ ଲେଖକଙ୍କର ଶେଷ ସାକ୍ଷାତ । ଏହାର ତିନି ମାସ ପରେ ଖଇରୀର ମୃତ୍ୟୁ ଘଟିଥିଲା । ତା’ପରେ ଖଇରୀ ବିନା ଚୌଧୁରୀ ମଧ୍ୟ ବେଶି ଦିନ ବଞ୍ଚୁରି ନ ଥିଲେ ।

Odisha State Board CHSE Odisha Class 11 Invitation to English 1 Solutions Chapter 1 Standing Up for Yourself Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

CHSE Odisha 11th Class English Solutions Chapter 1 Standing Up for Yourself

CHSE Odisha Class 11 English Standing Up for Yourself Text Book Questions and Answers

UNIT – I
Gist with Glossary:

Gist:
The author was alone and living in Moscow. His parents were separated. His father seldom sent letters to him. His mother was a geologist, but later she gave it up to become a singer. She was entertaining the troops. These circumstances drove the author to live in the street. The street was his world which taught him how to overcome his fear of the stronger.

Glossary:
divorced : (husband and wife) separated by a court of law
front: war front, a place where two armies are engaged in a battle (ଯୁଦ୍ଧକ୍ଷେତ୍ର)
geologist: a person who studies rocks and crust of the earth to know its history (ଭୂତତ୍ତ୍ବବିତ୍)
concert: musical entertainment
elegantly: neatly, showing a good sense of style (ସୁନ୍ଦର ଭାବରେ)
overcome : conquer (ଜୟ କରିବା)

Think it out:
Question 1.
Is the narrator a child or an adult narrating his childhood experiences?
Answer:
The narrator is an adult narrating his childhood experiences.

Question 2.
Does the narrator have happy experiences in his childhood? Why/Why not?
Answer:
The narrator has both happy and unhappy experiences in his childhood. His parents were divorced. His mother left him. These circumstances made him lonely. The street became his teacher. He cultivated all bad habits. Another good habit he developed was the spirit of fearlessness which he has kept intact till today.

Question 3.
What was his relationship with his father?
Answer:
The narrator’s father lived somewhere in Kazakhstan with his new wife and hardly he got letters from his father. In short, there was no genuine relationship between father and son.

Question 4.
How did his mother spend his time?
Answer:
His mother spent her time in singing and giving entertainment to the troops.

Question 5.
What does ‘my education was left to the street’ mean here?
Answer:
After the divorce, his father lived with his new wife and his mother spent time in singing and giving entertainment to the troops. As a result, he became lonely and the street became his master. It taught him both good and bad habits.

Question 6.
What were two habits that remained with him all his life?
Answer:
The two habits that remained with him all his life were his preparedness to face the battle of life at any moment and his spirit of fearlessness.

Question 7.
What in your opinion was the best lesson that the street taught to the writer?
Answer:
In my opinion, the best lesson that the street taught to the writer was the habit of fearlessness. It taught him not to fear anyone.

UNIT – II
Gist with Glossary:

Gist:
A boy named Red was the monarch of the street. He possessed a peculiar appearance. He with two or three of his lieutenants was a terror in the street. The whole street was in the throes of fear at the sight of Red.

Glossary:
masterfully : carelessly (ବେଖାତର ଭାବରେ )
gait : manner of walking (ଚାଲିବା ଢଙ୍ଗ)
peak: a lock of hair growing just above the forehead (ମୁଣ୍ଡ ଉପରେ ଥ‌ିବା ଜଟ)
tumble : fall (ପଡ଼ିଯିବା)
cascade : waterfall (ଜଳପ୍ରପାତ)
pock-marked face: face with marks left after the smallpox
lieutenants : (here) supporters (ସମର୍ଥକ)
impressively : (here) without the slightest hesitation (ଦ୍ବିଧାହୀନଭାବେ )
tripped : followed by walking or running (ଜୋର୍ ରେ ପାଦ ପକାଇ ଚାଲିବା)
knuckle-duster: metal covering for the knuckles, for attack or defense

Think it out :
Question 1.
What made Red look older than he really was?
Answer:
His big and broad shoulders made Red look older than he really was.

Question 2.
How did he roam in the street?
Answer:
He roamed carelessly in the street with his legs wide. He walked like a seaman on the floor of a ship.

Question 3.
How did he dress himself?
Answer:
He dressed himself in a peculiar manner. He put on a cap. From under his cap, the writer noticed its peak at the back of his head.

Question 4.
Did he intentionally dress and walk in the manner described?
Answer:
A villain as he was, Red intentionally dressed and walked in the manner described.

Question 5.
Why did his lieutenants also wear their caps back to front?
Answer:
His lieutenants also wore their caps back to front, because they, like Red, wanted to evoke fear in everyone’s mind.

Question 6.
What pet animal comes to your mind when you read the expression ‘tripped at his heels’?
Answer:
When we read the expression ‘tripped at his heels’, the pet animal that comes to my mind is a dog.

Question 7.
What was his way of forcing money out of other boys?
Answer:
His way of forcing money out of other boys was to stop them and say simply but firmly the one-word ‘money’.

Question 8.
How did he rule the street?
Answer:
He ruled the street by stopping any boy and saying simply but firmly nothing but the one word ‘money’. His hangers-on emptied his pockets, and they beat him ruthlessly in case he resisted.

Question 9.
Was the narrator afraid of Red? Quote the sentence from the text in support of your answer.
Answer:
The narrator was certainly afraid of Red. The line ‘So was /’ is a case in point.

UNIT – III
Gist with Glossary:

Gist:
The author wrote a poem about him which by the next day became very popular. The people got the poem by heart and were filled with joy in expressing their hatred for Red. The author became a victim of Red. The ruffian gave him a violent strike with his knuckle duster. The author suffered fierce wounds. He lay unconscious and was bedridden for several days. After some days he went out with his bandaged head. As soon as he saw Red, he sprang to his feet. The author’s reaction was one of disgrace. He made up his mind to face Red without any fear.

Glossary:
exulted : showed great joy and pride (ଗର୍ବ ଓ ଆନନ୍ଦ ପ୍ରଦର୍ଶନ କଲେ)
triumphant: showing great joy or satisfaction (ଅତ୍ୟଧ୍ଵ ଆନନ୍ଦ ଓ ସନ୍ତୋଷ ପ୍ରଦର୍ଶନ)
hatred : dislike exhibited with joy (ଘୃଣା)
bore : make a bore, (here) looked pointedly (ତୀକ୍ଷ୍ଣ ଦୃଷ୍ଟିରେ ଚାହିଁଲେ )
drawled : spoke slowly so that the sounds of the vowels are longer than as usual (ଧୀର କଣ୍ଠରେ ସ୍ଵର ଲୟେଇ କହିବା)
crookedly : dishonestly, shrewdly (ଚତୁରତାପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ ଢଙ୍ଗରେ)
remuneration: reward; (here the word has been used satirically) (ପାଉଣା )
pounding : beating heavily and repeatedly (ନିର୍ଘାତ ମାଡ଼ଦେବା)
impotent : helpless or powerless (ଶକ୍ତିହୀନ)
vanquishe : defeat completely (ସମ୍ପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ ପରାସ୍ତ କରିବା)

Think it out :
Question 1.
What was the first thing the narrator did to overcome his fear of Red?
Answer:
The first thing that the narrator did to overcome his fear of Red was to write a poem about him.

Question 2.
How did the people in the street respond to the poem?
Answer:
The people in the street learnt the poem by heart. They were filled with great joy and excitement. Their hatred for Red ruled the most.

Question 3.
Explain the expression ‘triumphant hatred’.
Answer:
The narrator’s poem about Red filled the people in the street with great joy and excitement. They gave up their fear of Red and expressed their hatred for him with great satisfaction.

Question 4.
How did Red sneer at the narrator?
Answer:
Red addressed the narrator as a poet slowly with a mischievous smile on his face. He commented sarcastically that at last he wrote verses and asked if they rhymed.

Question 5.
What was the result of his first encounter with Red?
Answer:
Red struck the narrator’s head with a metal covering for the knuckles. As a result, he fell down with blood gushing out of his head and lost consciousness. He was confined to bed for several days. This was the result of his first encounter with Red.

Question 6.
‘This was my first remuneration as a poet’ – was the narrator happy with his reward as a poet?
Answer:
The narrator was not happy at all with his reward as a poet.

Question 7.
What was a more difficult situation for the narrator: to be injured by Red or to overcome his fear of Red when he saw Red after his injury?
Answer:
A more difficult situation for the narrator was overcoming his fear when he saw Red after his injury.

Question 8.
What was the result of his second encounter with Red?
Answer:
The result of his second encounter with Read was his determination to defeat the fear of Red despite suffering shame and experiencing futile anger at his cowardice.

UNIT – IV
Gist and Glossary:

Gist:
The author made up his mind to face Red without any fear. He trained himself with parallel bars and weights. He bought one textbook on ju-jitsu. After practicing the Japanese form of self-defense at home, he went out again. He encountered Red and his associates when they were absorbed in playing vingt-et-un. He went to them, kicked, and scattered the cards with utter contempt. The author’s rudeness made Red violently furious. Fierce fighting broke out.

Red was bewildered at his amazing fearlessness. He was disgracefully defeated. He was sobbing and wiping out his tears with his dirty hands. Red no longer became the monarch of the street. He learnt a great lesson from his encounter with Red. There is no need to be afraid of the strong. The strong can be challenged fearlessly, but one should be trained in the Japanese art of self-defense to overcome them. Besides, to be a poet, one should write not only poetry but abide by its essence.

Glossary:
parallel bars : pair of parallel bars on posts for physical exercise (ଶାରୀରିକ ବ୍ୟାୟମ ନିମନ୍ତେ ବ୍ୟବହୃତ ଏକଯୋଡ଼ ସମାନ୍ତର ଦଣ୍ଡ )
session : single meeting
miraculous : most remarkable ( ଉଲ୍ଲେଖନୀୟ )
ju-jitsu : Japanese art of self- defence (ଆତ୍ମରକ୍ଷା ନିମନ୍ତେ ଏକ ଜାପାନୀ କୌଶଳ)
vingt-et-un : a kind of card game (ଏକପ୍ରକାର ତାଳ)
impudence : utter disrespect
menacingly : in a threatening manner (ଧମକ ଦେବା ଭଙ୍ଗୀରେ)
divied into pocket : rushing quickly into pocket (ହଠାତ୍ ପକେଟ୍‌ରେ ପୂରାଇଲେ)
jabbing : aiming a sudden blow (ଲକ୍ଷ୍ୟକରି ଦୃତ ଆଘାତ ଦେବା)
bewildered : puzzled, confused
grubby : dirty (ମଇଳା)
stand up for: back up (ସହାୟତା ଦେବା)

Think it out :
Question 1.
How did the narrator train himself to grow stronger?
Answer:
To grow stronger, the narrator trained himself with a pair of parallel bars meant for gymnastic exercises. Besides, he resorted to weights.

Question 2.
How did he get a textbook on ju-jitsu?
Answer:
He got a textbook on ju-jitsu in exchange of a week’s ration card.

Question 3.
How long did he train himself before the final encounter with Red?
Answer:
He trained himself for three weeks before the final encounter with Red.

Question 4.
Where did the final encounter take place? What was Red doing then?
Answer:
The final encounter took place on the lawn in their yard, when Red was lost in playing a card game called vingt-et-un with his hangers-on.

Question 5.
How did the narrator attack Red?
Answer:
The narrator kicked and scattered cards played by Red and his lieutenants.

Question 6.
How did Red react to the narrator’s attack?
Answer:
Red reacted to the narrator’s attack in a state of surprise and asked him mockingly if he was looking for more.

Question 7.
How did the narrator tackle Red?
Answer:
The narrator tackled Red by making a fast sudden blow to him. Confused, he came towards the former furiously. The narrator cut him to size by catching his wrist and squeezing slowly.

Question 8.
How did Red suffer at the hands of the narrator?
Answer:
Crying loudly in pain, Red rolled on the ground. His fingers suffered injuries. The narrator made him sob and rub the tears over his small-pox-marked face with his dirty fist.

Question 9.
What lesson did the narrator learn during his encounter with a bully like Red?
Answer:
During his encounter with a bully like Red, the narrator learns that one needn’t be afraid of the strong. Besides, it is imperative for all to know the technique of vanquishing them.

Question 10.
What career did the narrator prepare himself for?
Answer:
The narrator prepared himself for becoming a poet. Besides writing poems, he should defend their themes at any cost.

Question 11.
Which of these do you think is true: courage means not having fear at all or courage means conquering fear? Justify your choice.
Answer:
I think courage means conquering fear. The narrator’s strong determination to defeat Red, the ruler of the street, bore a fruitful result and Red was defeated by him. This is a glittering example on point.

Post-Reading Activities:

Doing the Words
(A) In order to understand what you are reading from an English text, you need to guess the meaning of unfamiliar words/expressions from the context. Guess at the meaning of words from the way it is used in the sentences/text below. This will help you read faster and easier.

Question (i).
Alexander was so good with horses that he could ride any horse masterfully.
(clue: Did Alexander behave as a ‘master’ ?)
Answer:
skilfully

Question (ii).
His courage used to bewilder many including his father. One example was when he tried to master Bucephalus, an unruly horse, everyone was bewildered at his behavior.
(clue: Bigger words come from smaller ones whose meaning you would know: be + wild + er. ‘wild’ is something that we don’t know.)
Answer:
confuse

Question (iii).
He never worked as a lieutenant in the Greek army but was always its leader.
(clue: Is a lieutenant senior or junior to the leader of an army ?)
Answer:
sub-ordinate

Question (iv).
Alexander wanted to conquer the whole world. He actually conquered most of it.
(clue: Is it to rule or defeat ?)
Answer:
rule

Question (v).
Although he died very young, his military achievement was impressive.
(clue: Bigger words come from smaller ones that you may know, impress + ive. Was Alexander’s achievement remarkable or ordinary ?)
Answer:
remarkable

(B) Some words are in italics in each of the following sentences, and three different meanings are given below the sentence. Identify the meaning that best fits the words in italics.

Question 1.
What matters in the struggle for life is overcoming fear?
(i) present situation
(ii) have an important effect
(iii) problems
Answer:
(ii) have an important effect

Question 2.
Most of the play is written in verse.
(i) prose
(ii) dialogues
(iii) poetry
Answer:
(iii) poetry

Question 3.
We have decided to complete the project at whatever cost.
(i) no matter what the risk or loss may be
(ii) without considering how much money is needed
(iii) in the least expensive way
Answer:
(i) no matter what the risk or loss may be

Question 4.
I know for certain that daffodils bloom in Spring.
(i) want to make sure
(ii) know without a doubt
(iii) declare with confidence
Answer:
(ii) know without a doubt

Question 5.
She has made up her mind to buy a car this month.
(i) hoped
(ii) decided
(iii) thought
Answer:
(ii) decided

Question6.
We must stand up for what is right even if we are standing alone.
(i) defend
(ii) represent
(iii) face boldly
Answer:
(i) defend

(C) Mark the use of ‘heel’ in “Two or three lieutenants, in peaked caps back to front like Red’s, tripped at his heels.” Look up the word ‘heel’ in the dictionary. Study the meanings of ‘heel’ in the following idiomatic expressions. Use each of them in a sentence of your own.
(a) take to one’s heels – To run away
(b) on the heels of – Following closely behind somebody
(c) cool one’s heels – Completely controlled by somebody
(d) kick up one’s heels – To be relaxed and enjoy yourself
(e) turn on one’s heels – To turn around suddenly
(f) head over heels – Loving somebody very much
(g) come to heel – To agree to obey somebody and accept his order
(h) show a clean pair of heels
Answer:
(a) take to one’s heels – The two suspicious-looking men standing outside the jeweler’s shop took to their heels when the police car drew up.
(b) on the heels of – TV camera team arrived on the heels of the police.
(c) cool one’s heels – The interviewer hadn’t arrived, so the Secretary kept the four of us cooling our heels in the corridor for hours.
(d) kick up one’s heels – They were forced to keep up their heels for nearly an hour.
(e) turn on one’s heels – She turned on her heel and went back to her room.
(f) head over heels – They met in 2000 and felt head over heels in love.
(g) come to heel – A few government rebels refused to come to heel and had to be expelled from the party.
(h) show a clean pair of heels – Butler showed them all a clean pair of heels as he raced for the finishing line.

CHSE Odisha Class 11 English Standing Up for Yourself Important Questions and Answers

I. Short Answer Type Questions with Answers

1. Read through the extracts and answer the questions that follow.
In 41, I was living alone in an empty flat on a quiet Moscow street. My parents were divorced and my father was somewhere in Kazakhstan with his new wife and their two children. I seldom received letters from him. My mother was at the front. She had given up her work as a geologist to become a singer and was giving concerts for the troops. My education was left to the street. The street taught me to swear, smoke, spit elegantly through my teeth, and to keep my fists at the ready – a habit that I have to this day. The street taught me not to be afraid of anything or anyone – this is another habit I have kept. I realized that what mattered in the struggle for life was to overcome my fear of those who were stronger.

The ruler of our street was a boy of about sixteen who was nicknamed Red. Red was big and broad-shouldered beyond his years. Red walked masterfully up and down our street, legs wide and with a slightly rolling gait, like a seaman on his deck. From under his cap, its peak always at the back of his head, his forelock tumbled down in a fiery cascade, and, out of his round pock-marked face, green eyes, like a cat’s, sparkled with scorn for everything and everyone. Two or three lieutenants in peaked caps back to front like Red’s tripped at his heels. Red could stop any boy and say impressively the one-word ‘money’. His lieutenants would turn out the boy’s pockets, and if he resisted they beat him up hard. Everyone was afraid of Red. So was I. I knew he carried a heavy metal knuckle duster in his pocket.

Questions :
(i) Throw light on the writer’s father.
(ii) What bad habits did the narrator learn from the street?
(iii) Describe the physical appearance of Red.
(iv) How did his green eyes look like? What did they convey?
(v) What was the narrator aware of?

Answers :
(i) The writer’s parents were divorced. Then his father married again. He was living somewhere in Kazakhstan with his new wife and their two children.
(ii) The bad habits the narrator learnt from the street were smoking and spitting through his teeth in a nice manner.
(iii) Red had a round pock-marked face with green eyes.
(iv) Red’s green eyes looked like those of a cat. They conveyed his contempt for everything and everyone.
(v) The narrator was aware of the fact that Red carried a heavy metal covering for the knuckles in his pocket.

2. Read through the extract and answer the questions that follow.
I wanted to conquer my fear of Red. So I wrote a poem about him. This was my first piece of journalism in verse. By the next day, the whole street knew it by heart and exulted with triumphant hatred. One morning on my way to school, I suddenly came upon Red and his lieutenants. His eyes seemed to bore through me. “Ah, the poet,” he drawled, smiling crookedly. “So you write verses. Do they rhyme ?” Red’s hand darted into his pocket and came out armed with its knuckle duster; it flashed like lightning and struck my head. I fell down streaming with blood and lost consciousness. This was my first remuneration as a poet. I spent several days in bed. When I went out, with my head still bandaged, I again saw Red. I struggled with myself but lost and took to my heels. At home, I rolled on my bed, biting my pillow and pounding it in shame and impotent fury at my cowardice. I made up my mind to vanquish it at whatever cost.

Questions :
(i) When did the narrator suddenly meet Red?
(ii) Why did he faint?
(iii) ‘It flashed like lightning.’ What does ‘It’ refer to?
(iv) What happened to the narrator after Red had attacked him ruthlessly?
(v) Explain the expression ‘impotent fury’.

Answers :
(i) One morning when the narrator was going to school, he suddenly met Red.
(ii) He fainted because Red struck him on the head with his knuckle duster.
(iii) ‘It’ refers to Red’s knuckle-duster.
(iv) The narrator lay unconscious and was confined to bed after Red had attacked him ruthlessly.
(v) The expression ‘impotent fury’ signifies the narrator’s futile anger at his cowardice. He was incapable of encountering cruel and mischievous Red.

3. Read through the extract and answer the questions that follow.
I went into training with parallel bars and weights. After every session, I would feel my muscles they were getting bigger, but slowly. Then I remembered something I had read in a book about a miraculous Japanese method of wrestling which gave an advantage to the weak over the strong. I exchanged a week’s ration card for a textbook on ju-jitsu. For three weeks, I stayed at home, practicing with two other boys. Then I went out. Red was sitting on the lawn in our yard, playing vingt-et-un with his lieutenants. He was absorbed in the game.

Fear was still deep in me, urging me to go back. But I went up to the players and kicked and scattered the cards. Red looked up, surprised at my impudence after my recent flight. He got up slowly. “You looking for more ?” he asked menacingly. As before, his hand dived into his pocket for the knuckle duster. But I made a quick jabbing movement and Red, howling with pain, rolled on the ground. Bewildered, he got up and came at me swinging his head furiously from side to side like a maddened bull.

I caught his wrist and squeezed slowly, as I had read in the book until the knuckle-duster dropped from his limp fingers. Nursing his hand, Red fell down again. He was sobbing and smearing the tears over his pock-marked face with his grubby fist. That day Red ceased to be the monarch of our street. And from that day on, I knew for certain that one need not fear the strong. All one needs is to know the way to beat them. For every strong man, there is a special ju-jitsu. What I also learned on this occasion was that to be a poet, I had not only to write poems but know how to stand up for them.

Questions :
(i) What is the importance of a textbook on ju-jitsu?
(ii) In what state did the narrator attack Red?
(iii) Where did Red always keep the knuckle duster?
(iv) What quality in the narrator prevented Red from becoming the monarch of their street again?
(v) Suggest a suitable title to the extract.

Answers :
(i) The textbook on ju-jitsu deals with a miraculous Japanese technique of wrestling that gives benefits to the weak over the strong.
(ii) The narrator attacked Red in a state of great determination, though fear was still haunting him.
(iii) Red always kept the knuckle duster in his pocket.
(iv) The narrator’s firm determination to overcome the fear of the strong prevented Red from becoming the monarch of the street again.
(v) The value of fearlessness.

II. Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) with Answers
Choose the correct option.

UNIT-I
WARM-UP
Have you ever…………..up in the streets.

Question 1.
The author belongs to which of the following country?
(a) England
(b) America
(c) Russia
(d) Germany
Answer:
(c) Russia

Question 2.
The author is:
(a) a poet
(b) a novelist
(c) a dramatist
(d) all of the above
Answer:
(d) all of the above

Question 3.
In the Warm-up section there is a reference about a child, who is :
(a) given all comfort by parents
(b) deserted by parents
(e) looked after by a destitute center
(d) none of the above
Answer:
(b) deserted by parents

Question 4.
In the Warm-up para, the name of a movie is mentioned. The movie is:
(a) The Wizard Millionaire
(b) The Millionaire of London
(c) Slumdog Millionaire
(d) The Mumbai Crorepati
Answer:
(c) Slumdog Millionaire

Question 5.
Who is Danny Boyle?
(a) film producer
(b) film director
(c) film actor
(d) none of these
Answer:
(b) film director

Question 6.
Who is Loveleen Tandan ?
(a) a co-director of the film
(b) director of the film
(c) film producer
(d) film actor
Answer:
(a) a co-director of the film

Question 7.
The film in the Warm-up para is an adaptation of a novel. What is that?
(a) The Novel A and Q
(b) The Novel of the Young Generation
(c) The Fall of Paradise
(d) The Novel Q and A
Answer:
(d) The Novel Q and A

Question 8.
The adaptation of the novel is done by an Indian author and diplomat. Who is he?
(a) Vikash Swarup
(b) Akas Swarup
(c) Nancy Swarup
(d) Loveleen Tandan
Answer:
(a) Vikash Swaru

Question 9.
The story in the text is about :
(a) a French child
(b) an Indian child
(c) a Russian child
(d) a Chinese child
Answer:
(c) a Russian child

Question 10.
The child in the story is :
(a) a young film actor
(b) the author himself
(c) an English writer
(d) a storyteller
Answer:
(b) the author himself

The Text:
In 41, I was living alone ……….. were stronger.

Question 11.
Where did the boy live?
(a) in a bungalow in Moscow
(b) in a slum in London
(c) in an empty flat in Moscow
(d) in a modest house in Paris
Answer:
(c) in an empty flat in Moscow

Question 12.
What had happened to his parents?
(a) They were divorced.
(b) They were living together.
(c) They were always quarreling.
(d) They were dead.
Answer:
(a) They were divorced.

Question 13.
Where did his father live with his new wife?
(a) in Mumbai
(b) in Baluchistan
(c) in Kazakhstan
(d) in Moscow
Answer:
(c) in Kazakhstan

Question 14.
He received letters from his father :
(a) often
(b) seldom
(c) every month
(d) none of these
Answer:
(b) seldom

Question 15.
What was his mother?
(a) an anthropologist
(b) a stenographer
(c) a historian
(d) a geologist
Answer:
(d) a geologist

Question 16.
Why did she (his mother) give up her work as a geologist?
(a) to become an actress
(b) to become a politician
(c) to become a singer
(d) to become a dancer
Answer:
(c) to become a singer

Question 17.
What was she doing after leaving her work as a geologist?
(a) giving concerts for the troops as a singer
(b) giving training to the dancers
(c) giving guidance to the youth for social work
(d) working as a film director
Answer:
(a) giving concerts for the troops as a singer

Question 18.
What do you mean by the word ‘front’ here?
(a) the border of a state
(b) in front of a place or street
(c) place where two armies are fighting in a war
(d) all of these
Answer:
(c) place where two armies are fighting in a war

Question 19.
What do you mean by the word ‘concert’?
(a) cooperation
(b) confrontation
(c) musical entertainment
(d) mutual effort
Answer:
(c) musical entertainment

Question 20.
The word ‘troop’ refers to :
(a) dance party
(b) army
(c) group
(d) herd
Answer:
(b) army

Question 21.
The author’s parents were divorced when he was :
(a) a young man
(b) a boy
(c) a middle-aged man
(d) quite grown up
Answer:
(b) a boy

Question 22.
His fate pushed him to life :
(a) in the street
(b) in Luxury
(c) in danger
(d) none of these
Answer:
(a) in the street

Question 23.
To swear, smoke and spit were his :
(a) vice
(b) virtue
(c) good habits
(d) none of these
Answer:
(a) vice

Question 24.
What do you mean by the word “elegantly”?
(a) showing a bad sense of style
(b) showing a good sense of style
(c) attack somebody with style
(d) it is a style of dance
Answer:
(b) showing a good sense of style

Question 25.
Which habit he has kept to this day?
(a) smoking
(b) spit elegantly through his teeth
(c) keeping his fists at the ready
(d) all of these
Answer:
(c) keeping his fists at the ready

Question 26.
Another habit he had kept was :
(a) fearful
(b) fearlessness
(c) cowardice
(d) none of these
Answer:
(b) fearlessness

Question 27.
What kind of fear the boy had to overcome?
(a) fear of those who were stronger
(b) fear of losing friendship
(c) fear of being robbed
(d) none of these
Answer:
(a) fear of those who were stronger

Question 28.
What was the experience of the narrator in his childhood?
(a) unhappy
(b) happy
(c) feeling of danger
(d) none of these
Answer:
(a) unhappy

Question 29.
What in your opinion was the best lesson that the street taught to the narrator?
(a) spit elegantly
(b) to keep his fists at the ready
(c) not to be afraid of anything or anyone
(d) none of these
Answer:
(c) not to be afraid of anything or anyone

Unit – II

Warm-up
The Text
Do you think a duster……….. in his pocket.

Question 30.
The narrator was scared of someone in his childhood. Who was he?
(a) a boy nicknamed Robbin
(b) a man who was a murderer
(c) a boy nicknamed Red
(d) a friend of his who was a terror
Answer:
(c) a boy nicknamed Red

Question 31.
How old was Red?
(a) twenty years
(b) sixteen years
(c) eighteen years
(d) nineteen years
Answer:
(b) sixteen years

Question 32.
Who was called the ruler of our street?
(a) the child
(b) the author
(c) the boy Red
(d) none of these
Answer:
(c) the boy Red

Question 33.
How was Red look like?
(a) big and broad-shouldered
(b) short and fatty
(c) tall and slim
(d) all of these
Answer:
(a) big and broad-shouldered

Question 34.
What do you mean by the word ‘masterfully’?
(a) to behave like a master
(b) to do the mastermind work
(c) not caring for others
(d) none of these
Answer:
(c) not caring for others

Question 35.
What do you mean by the word ‘gait’?
(a) manner of standing
(b) manner of sitting
(c) manner of talking
(d) manner of walking
Answer:
(d) manner of walking

Question 36.
‘Like a seaman on his deck’ refers to :
(a) the author
(b) a seaman of the past
(c) the boy Red
(d) none of these
Answer:
(c) the boy Red

Question 37.
What do you mean by the word ‘peak’ here?
(a) the highest point
(b) lock of hair growing just above the forehead
(c) the top of a mountain
(d) all of these
Answer:
(b) lock of hair growing just above the forehead

Question 38.
What is the meaning of the word ‘cascade’?
(a) vast grassland
(b) waterfall
(c) a green belt
(d) the surface of the body of water
Answer:
(b) waterfall

Question 39.
How was the face of Red looked like?
(a) red flat face
(b) round pock-marked face
(c) black round pock-marked face
(d) none of these
Answer:
(b) round pock-marked face

Question 40.
His green eyes were compared with like that of a :
(a) monkey
(b) tiger
(c) cat
(d) deer
Answer:
(c) cat

Question 41.
Which word from the following is the synonym of the word ‘scorn’?
(a) angry
(b) contempt
(c) remark
(d) conserve
Answer:
(b) contempt

Question 42.
Lieutenants here refers to :
(a) assistants of Red
(b) friends of Red
(c) supporters of Red
(d) none of these
Answer:
(c) supporters of Red

Question 43.
What was Red demanding from the boys stopping them on the road?
(a) to obey him
(b) money
(c) to steal for him
(d) to rob people on the way
Answer:
(b) money

Question 44.
What did his lieutenants do if somebody resisted?
(a) beat him up hard
(b) keep him confined in a place
(c) leave him to go silently
(d) none of these
Answer:
(a) beat him up hard

Question 45.
What did Red always carry in his pocket?
(a) a knife
(b) a rifle
(c) a knuckle-duster
(d) a blade
Answer:
(c) a knuckle-duster

Question 46.
Why did he carry a heavy metal duster?
(a) to attack
(b) for defense
(c) both for attack and defense
(d)none of these
Answer:
(c) both for attack and defense

Unit – III

Warm-up
The text
Does the narrator ……………….. whatever cost.

Question 47.
What did the narrator want to conquer?
(a) fear of God
(b) fear of ghost
(c) fear of himself
(d) fear of Red
Answer:
(d) fear of Red

Question 48.
What did he do to win over his fear of Red?
(a) wrote a poem about him
(b) prayed to God to give the strength
(c) decided to avoid him
(d) none of these
Answer:
(a) wrote a poem about him

Question 49.
This poem of the narrator was in the form of :
(a) poem
(b) verse
(c) dialogue
(d) dilect
Answer:
(b) verse

Question 50.
Which was the first piece of journalism of the narrator in verse?
(a) the first poem of the author
(b) the first article of the author
(c) the first short story of the author
(d) none of these
Answer:
(a) the first poem of the author

Question 51.
What do you mean by the statement “the whole street knew it by heart”?
(a) It was distributed to people of the street.
(b) The poem was popular among the people of the street.
(c) The street people sang the poem standing together.
(d) all of these
Answer:
(b) The poem was popular among the people of the street.

Question 52.
What do you mean by the word ‘exulted’?
(a) showed displeasure and unhappiness
(b) showed physical and mental strength
(c) showed great joy and excitement
(d) showed bad temperament and falsehood
Answer:
(c) showed great joy and excitement

Question 53.
What do you mean by the word “triumphant”?
(a) the feeling of victory with satisfaction
(b) the feeling of victory with anger
(c) showing bad manners by winning something
(d) all of these
Answer:
(a) the feeling of victory with satisfaction

Question 54.
What do you mean by the word phrase ‘triumphant hatred’?
(a) the feeling of victory over something or somebody you dislike
(b) feeling very bad after the victory
(c) showing bad manners after winning a match
(d) all of these
Answer:
(a) the feeling of victory over something or somebody you dislike

Question 55.
At what time the narrator one day met Red and his lieutenants?
(a) in the evening
(b) at night
(c) in the afternoon
(d) in the morning
Answer:
(d) in the morning

Question 56.
What is the meaning of the phrase ‘bore through’?
(a) to look at somebody aggressively
(b) to threaten someone to kill
(c) to stare in a way that makes somebody feel uncomfortable
(d) all of the above
Answer:
(c) to stare in a way that makes somebody feel uncomfortable

Question 57.
What do you mean by the word ‘drawl’?
(a) to say something speedily and angrily
(b) to say something slowly with longer vowel sounds
(c) to say something slowly with longer consonant sounds
(d) none of the above
Answer:
(b) to say something slowly with longer vowel sounds

Question 58.
What do you mean by the phrasal words ‘impotent fury’?
(a) fruitful anger
(b) futile anger
(c) fruitful with no anger
(d) none of these
Answer:
(b) futile anger

Question 59.
What do you mean by the word ‘vanquish’?
(a) defeat completely
(b) win completely
(c) break somebody’s power
(d) all of these
Answer:
(a) defeat completely

Question 60.
Who was smiling crookedly at the narrator?
(a) people in the street
(b) Red
(c) Red’s lieutenants
(d) none of the above
Answer:
(b) Red

Question 61.
Who told this to whom? “So you write verses. Do they rhyme ?”
(a) Red to his lieutenants
(b) Red to the people in the street
(c) Red to the narrator
(d) none of the above
Answer:
(c) Red to the narrator

Question 62.
What do you mean by the word ‘darted’?
(a) moved slowly
(b) moved suddenly
(c) moved secretly
(d) moved upward
Answer:
(b) moved suddenly

Question 63.
What is a knuckle-duster?
(a) It is an iron knife.
(b) It is an iron hammer.
(c) A metal covering for the knuckles for attack or defense.
(d) An axe-type weapon.
Answer:
(c) A metal covering for the knuckles for attack or defense.

Question 64.
What was the author’s first remuneration as a poet?
(a) a word of admiration by the people
(b) struck on his head with a knuckle-duster
(c) streaming with blood and lost consciousness
(d) none of the above
Answer:
(b) struck on his head with a knuckle-duster

Question 65.
Avoiding meeting Red in the second time, the author considers this act on his part as
(a) bravery
(b) cowardice
(c) cleverness
(d) wise
Answer:
(b) cowardice

Question 66.
What did he want to do at whatever cost?
(a) to conquer
(b) to win
(c) to vanquish
(d) to get rid of
Answer:
(c) to vanquish

Unit – IV

Warm-up
The text
Fear of Red ………….. stand up for them.

Question 67.
Which method of wrestling is an advantage to the weak over the strong?
(a) Chinese method of wrestling
(b) Japanese method of wrestling
(c) German method of wrestling
(d) French method of wrestling
Answer:
(b) Japanese method of wrestling

Question 68.
Which game Red was playing sitting in the lawn when the narrator went out to meet him?
(a) chess
(b) vingt-et-un
(c) length-ut-sn
(d) oxat-ut-bun
Answer:
(b) vingt-et-un

Question 69.
Which textbook on martial art did the narrator buy?
(a) on fu-fitsu
(b) on ju-jitsu
(c) on lu-litsu
(d) gu-bitsu
Answer:
(b) on ju-jitsu

Introducing the Author:
Yevgeny Yevtushenko is a promising Russian poet. His poetic career started with the publication of his first volume of poems in 1952. He represented the young generation of poets. He became the voice of the young poets who were bent upon seeing the old truths about socialist realism in a newer light. Flowers and Bullets, Freedom to Kill, and Stolen Apples testify to his poetic genius. Besides, he is a novelist, essayist, dramatist, screenwriter, actor, editor and director of films.

About the Topic:
The author’s parents were divorced when he was still a boy. The divorce plunged him into a state of loneliness. He turned this loneliness into a challenge. Thus his life began on a note of challenge. This topic is built around an incident in his boyhood while he was living in Moscow. It demonstrates that fear can be met effectively and successfully.

Summary:
The present essay gives a poetic description of the author’s bold encounter with a hoodlum while as a boy he was living in Moscow. The author injects realism in his narration of the incident. The essay begins with the author’s description of his divorced parents. Their divorce drove him into the street. His life started in the street. It became his home. He found his world in it. He describes his life in the street in a lighter vein. It was in the street that he swore and smoked. Here he learned the spirit of fearlessness.

The author gives a vivid account of ‘the ruler’ of the street. A boy about sixteen nicknamed Red was the hero of the street. He was a picture of panic to all. He was walking up and down the street careless of the people around him. His wide legs, fiery forelock, and green eyes dominated the street. He was always moving with two or three lieutenants. Red was a The author gives a vivid account of ‘the ruler’ of the street. A boy about sixteen nicknamed Red was the hero of the street. He was a picture of panic to all.

He was walking up and down the street careless of the people around him. His wide legs, fiery forelock, and green eyes dominated the street. He was always moving with two or three lieutenants. Red was a ruffian. His lieutenants could stop any boy unhesitatingly and empty out his pocket. The whole ‘street reacted in blatant fear. The author was also not free. But still, he was seized with a desire to conquer his fear of Red. He wrote a poem about the ruffian who always carried a heavy metal knuckle duster in his pocket.

The poem was on everybody’s lips. The whole street exhibited their dislike for Red with great joy. One morning on the way to school, the author accidentally met Red and his lieutenants. His eyes were fixed on the author with hatred and vengeance. He struck his head violently with his knuckle duster. He was unconscious and was confined to bed for several days. He again saw Red and tom in panic, he quickly escaped his notice. A sense of shame and cowardice overwhelmed him. He mustered the courage.

Fierce determination stared him in the face. He would defeat Red come what may. It was a challenge to him. He took to training with parallel bars and weights. He also remembered the Japanese method of wrestling which he had read in a book. He had to barter his ration card for a textbook on ju-jitsu which deals with the Japanese art of self-defense. He was engrossed in practicing this art with his friends for three weeks. He was filled with renewed confidence. He went out to meet the challenge of his life.

Sitting on the lawn, Red was lost in playing vingt-et-un with his lieutenants. In spite of lurking fear, he faced them with utter rudeness scattering their cards. Red flew into anger and before he used the knuckle-duster, the author crushed him. Writhing with pain, Red lay on the ground. He came to him like a maddened bull. What that writer had read in the book prompted him to deal with him without a shred of fear. He caught his wrist and squeezed him.

His knuckle duster could not help him. He fell down and was left to sob and wipe out his tears of defeat. The strong ruffian’s vanity and rule of the street were toms to pieces. The incident still clings to the author’s memory. His encounter with the monarch of the street taught him a lesson. One can easily overcome the fear of the strong, and the secret to beating them is to master the Japanese art of self-defense. Another lesson that he learned was that to be a poet one need not only write poems but to support their essence.

ସାରାଂଶ:
ଲେଖକ ଯେତେବେଳେ ବାଳକ ଥିଲେ ସେତେବେଳେ ସେ ପିତାମାତାଙ୍କଦ୍ୱାରା ଉପେକ୍ଷିତ ହୋଇଥିଲେ । ଫଳରେ ସେ ଏକାନ୍ତ ଭାବରେ ନିଃସଙ୍ଗ ଅବସ୍ଥାରେ ଜୀବନ କଟାଇଥିଲେ । ମସ୍କୋର ରାସ୍ତା ହିଁ ଥିଲା ତାଙ୍କର ସଂସାର । ସେ କ୍ଵଚିତ୍ ବାପାଙ୍କଠାରୁ ପତ୍ର ପାଉଥିଲେ । ରାସ୍ତାର ଶିକ୍ଷା ତାଙ୍କର ଜୀବନକୁ ପ୍ରଭାବିତ କରିଥିଲା । ରାସ୍ତାରେ ଯେଉଁମାନେ ଜୀବନ କଟାନ୍ତି ସେମାନଙ୍କ ପରି ଶପଥ କରିବା, ଧୂମପାନ କରିବା ଏବଂ ହାତମୁଠା ଟାଣ କରିବା ସେ ଶିଖୁଥିଲେ । କୌଣସି କଥାକୁ ଭୟ ନ କରିବା ଏବଂ କାହାକୁ ଭୟ ନ କରିବା ମନୋଭାବ, ରାସ୍ତା ହିଁ ତାଙ୍କୁ ଶିକ୍ଷା ଦେଇଥିଲା । ସେ ଅନୁଭବ କରିଥିଲେ ଯେ ଯେଉଁମାନେ ତାଙ୍କଠାରୁ ବଳବାନ୍ ତାଙ୍କୁ ବଳରେ ଟପିଯିବା ହିଁ ଜୀବନର ଆବଶ୍ୟକତା । ସେ ସମୟରେ ରାସ୍ତାର ଦାଦା ଥିଲା ଜଣେ ଷୋହଳ ବର୍ଷ ବୟସର ତୁରଣ, ଯା’ର ଡାକ ନାମ ଥିଲା ‘ରେଡ୍’ ।

ବିଲେଇର ଆଖ୍ ପରି ତା’ର ଆଖ୍ ଦୁଇଟି ସବୁବେଳେ ଜଳୁଥିଲା । ତା’ ପାଖରେ ଦୁଇ କିମ୍ବା ତିନିଜଣ ସମପୋଷାକ ପରିଧାନ କରିଥିବା ପାଖଲୋକ ଥାଆନ୍ତି । ରାସ୍ତାରେ ଯାଉଥ‌ିବା ଯେକୌଣସି ପିଲାକୁ ସେ ଅଟକାଇ ପାରୁଥିଲା ଏବଂ ସେତେବେଳେ ତା’ର ଦୁଷ୍କର୍ମରେ ସହାୟକ ପାଖଲୋକ ଦୁଇଟି ତା’ର ପକେଟ୍‌ରେ ଥ‌ିବା ପଇସା କାଢ଼ି ନେଉଥିଲେ । ଯଦି ପିଲାଟି ବାଧା ଦେଉଥୁଲା, ତେବେ ସେମାନେ ତାକୁ ନିସ୍ତୁକ ମାଡ଼ ଦେଉଥିଲେ । ଅନ୍ୟମାନଙ୍କ ପରି ଲେଖକ ବି ତାକୁ ଭୟ କରୁଥିଲେ । ସେ ଜାଣିଥିଲେ ରେଡ୍‌ର ପକେଟ୍‌ରେ ଗୋଟିଏ ଓଜନଦାର ଧାତୁନିର୍ମିତ ଅସ୍ତ୍ର ଅଛି । ରେଡ୍ ପ୍ରତି ଭୟ କିପରି ଦୂର ହୋଇପାରିବ ଲେଖକ ସେହି କଥା ଚିନ୍ତା କରୁଥିଲେ । ସେ ତେଣୁ ତା’ ବିଷୟରେ ଗୋଟିଏ କବିତା ଲେଖୁଲେ ।

ତା’ପରଦିନ ରାସ୍ତାର ସମସ୍ତେ ତାହା ମନେରଖ‌ିଲେ । ଅନ୍ୟମାନଙ୍କ ପରି ଲେଖକ ବି ତାକୁ ଭୟ କରୁଥିଲେ । ସେ ଜାଣିଥିଲେ ରେଡ୍‌ର ପକେଟ୍‌ରେ ଗୋଟିଏ ଓଜନଦାର ଧାତୁନିର୍ମିତ ଅସ୍ତ୍ର ଅଛି । ରେଡ୍ ପ୍ରତି ଭୟ କିପରି ଦୂର ହୋଇପାରିବ ଲେଖକ ସେହି କଥା ଚିନ୍ତା କରୁଥିଲେ । ସେ ତେଣୁ ତା’ ବିଷୟରେ ଗୋଟିଏ କବିତା ଲେଖୁଲେ । ତା’ପରଦିନ ରାସ୍ତାର ସମସ୍ତେ ତାହା ମନେରଖ‌ିଲେ । ଦିନେ ସକାଳେ ସ୍କୁଲ ଯିବା ରାସ୍ତାରେ ସେ ରେଡ୍ ଓ ତା’ର ସହକର୍ମୀମାନଙ୍କର ସମ୍ମୁଖୀନ ହେଲେ । ରେଡ୍ ତା’ ପକେଟ୍‌ରୁ ସେହି ଓଜନଦାର ଜିନିଷଟି କାଢ଼ିଲା । ତାହା ଚିକ୍ ଚିକ୍ କରିଉଠିଲା । ରେଡ୍‌ର ଆଘାତରେ ଲେଖକ ଆହତ ହୋଇ ଶଯ୍ୟାଶାୟୀ ହେଲେ । ତାଙ୍କ ଭାଷାରେ କବିରୂପେ ଏହା ତାଙ୍କର ପ୍ରଥମ ପାଉଣା ।

ମୁଣ୍ଡରେ ବେଣ୍ଡେଜ୍ ଥ‌ିବା ଅବସ୍ଥାରେ ରେଡ୍ ସହିତ ପୁଣି ତାଙ୍କର ସାକ୍ଷାତ ହୋଇଥିଲା, କିନ୍ତୁ ସେ ଦୂରେଇ ଯାଇଥିଲେ । ଭୀରୁତାଜନିତ ବ୍ୟଥୀରେ ସେ ଅଧୀର ହୋଇ ପଡ଼ିଥିଲେ । ରେଡ୍‌ର ସମ୍ମୁଖୀନ ହେବାପାଇଁ ଶକ୍ତି ସଞ୍ଚୟ କରିବାକୁ ସେ ମନେ ମନେ ସ୍ଥିର କଲେ । ତାଙ୍କର ମନେପଡ଼ିଲା ଗୋଟିଏ ବହିରେ ପଢ଼ିଥିବା କଥା । ଜାପାନୀ ମୁଷ୍ଟିଯୁଦ୍ଧର କୌଶଳଦ୍ଵାରା କିପରି ବଳବାନ୍‌ଠାରୁ ଆତ୍ମରକ୍ଷା କରିହୁଏ ତା’ ଜାଣିବାପାଇଁ ନିଜୟ ପଡ଼ିକାର୍ଡ ବଦଳରେ ସେ ବହିଟି କିଣିଲେ । ତିନି ସପ୍ତାହ ଦୁଇଟି ପିଲାଙ୍କ ସହ କୌଶଳ ଅଭ୍ୟାସ କରିବା ପରେ ସେ ବାହାରକୁ ବାହାରିଲେ । ତାଙ୍କ ଭିତରେ ତଥାପି ଭୟ ଥିଲା । ସେ କିନ୍ତୁ ମନରେ ଦୃଢ଼ଭାବ ପୋଷଣ କରି ରେଡ୍‌ର ସମ୍ମୁଖୀନ ହେଲେ ।

ରେଡ୍ ପକେଟ୍‌ରେ ଥ‌ିବା ଓଜନଦାର ଅସ୍ତ୍ରଟି ତାକୁ ସାହାଯ୍ୟ କରିପାରି ନଥିଲା । ଜାପାନୀ କୌଶଳରେ ସେ ତାକୁ ଆଘାତ କଲେ । ଯନ୍ତ୍ରଣାରେ ରେଡ୍ ଭୂଇଁରେ ଗଡ଼ିଗଲା । ଗୋଟିଏ ପାଗଳ ଷଣ୍ଢ ପରି ରେଡ୍ ତା’ପରେ ତାଙ୍କୁ ଆଘାତ କରିବାକୁ ଆସିଲା; କିନ୍ତୁ ବହିରେ ପଢ଼ିଥିବା କୌଶଳ ଅନୁଯାୟୀ ସେ ତା’ର ମଣିବନ୍ଧକୁ ଏପରିଭାବେ ଚାପିଦେଲେ ଯେ, ରେଡ୍‌ର ହାତର ଅସ୍ତ୍ର ତଳେ ପଡ଼ିଗଲା । ସେଇଦିନଠାରୁ ରାସ୍ତାର ଦାଦାର ଗରିମା ରେଡ୍‌ର ରହିଲା ନାହିଁ ଏବଂ ସେହିଦିନଠାରୁ ଲେଖକ ଜାଣିଲେ ଯେ, ଜଣେ ବଳବାନ୍‌କୁ ଭୟ କରିବା ଉଚିତ ନୁହେଁ । କେବଳ ବଳବାନ୍‌କୁ କିପରି ପରାସ୍ତ କରିବାକୁ ପଡ଼ିବ ତା’ର ଉପାୟ ଜାଣିବା ଉଚିତ । ଲେଖକ ପୁଣି ଶିକ୍ଷା କରିଥିଲେ ଯେ, କେବଳ କବିତା ଲେଖୁବା ସବୁକିଛି ନୁହେଁ, କବିତାର ମୂଲ୍ୟବୋଧକୁ ବଞ୍ଚାଇ ରଖୁ ବଡ଼ କଥା ।

Odisha State Board Elements of Mathematics Class 11 Solutions CHSE Odisha Chapter 14 Limit and Differentiation Ex 14(b) Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

CHSE Odisha Class 11 Math Solutions Chapter 14 Limit and Differentiation Exercise 14(b)

Question 1.

Using the ε – δ definition prove that
(i) \(\lim _{x \rightarrow 0}\) (2x + 3) = 3
Solution:
Let f(x) = 2x + 3
Here a = 0 and ℓ = 3
Let ε be any positive real number however small it may be.
Now |f(x) – ℓ| =| 2x + 3 – 3| =|2x|
Thus |f(x) – ℓ| < ε whenever
|2x| < ε i.e |x| < \(\frac{\varepsilon}{2}\)
Then |f(x) – ℓ| < ε
whenever |x – 0| < δ
under the condition δ = \(\frac{\varepsilon}{2}\)
∴ \(\lim _{x \rightarrow 0}\) (2x + 3) = 3

(ii) \(\lim _{x \rightarrow 1}\) (2x – 1) = 1
Solution:
Here f(x) = 2x – 1, ℓ = l and a = 1
Now |f(x)| = | 2x – 1 – 1|
= |2x – 2| = 2|x – 1|
Thus |f(x) –  ℓ| < ε
whenever 2|x – 1| < ε
i,e. |x – 1| < \(\frac{\varepsilon}{2}\) put δ = \(\frac{\varepsilon}{2}\)
Then |f(x) – ℓ| < ε
whenever|x – 1| < δ
Hence \(\lim _{x \rightarrow 1}\) (2x – 1) = 1

(iii) \(\lim _{x \rightarrow -2}\) (3x + 8) = 2
Solution:
|(3x + 8) – 2|
= |3x + 6| = 3|x + 2|
So |3x + 8 – 2| < ε
whenever 3|x + 2| < ε
i.e. |x + 2| < \(\frac{\varepsilon}{3}\)
Hence |(3x + 8) – 2| < ε
whenever | x + 2 | < δ
∴ \(\lim _{x \rightarrow -2}\) (3x + 8) = 2

(iv) \(\lim _{x \rightarrow 3}\) (x² + 2x – 8) = 7
Solution:
|(x² + 2x – 8) – 7|
= |(x² + 2x – 15|
= |(x + 5) (x – 3)|
=| x + 5| | x – 3|
If |x – 3| < 1 then| x + 5| =| x – 3 + 8| < |x – 3| + 8 < 9
Thus |(x² + 2x – 8) – 7| < 9 |x – 3|
So |(x² + 2x – 8) – 7| < ε
whenever 9|x – 3| < ε
i.e.| x – 3| < \(\frac{\varepsilon}{9}\)
Choose δ = minimum of 1 and \(\frac{\varepsilon}{9}\)
Then |(x² + 2x – 8) – 7| < ε
whenever |x – 3| < δ
∴ \(\lim _{x \rightarrow 3}\) (x² + 2x – 8) = 7   (proved)

(v) \(\lim _{x \rightarrow 9}\) √x = 3
Solution:
|√x – 3| = |\(\frac{(\sqrt{x}-3)(\sqrt{x}+3)}{\sqrt{x}+3}\)|
= \(\frac{|x-9|}{|\sqrt{x}+3|}\)

(v) \(\lim _{x \rightarrow a}\) √x = √a, a > 0
Solution:

(vii) \(\lim _{x \rightarrow 1}\) |3x + 2| = 5
Solution:
When x → 1, 3x + 2 is always positive.
So |3x + 2| = 3x + 2
Thus ||3x + 2| -5| = |3x + 2 – 5|
= 3|x – 1|
∴ ||3x + 2| – 5 | < ε
whenever 3|x – 1| < ε
i.e. |x – 1| < \(\frac{\varepsilon}{3}\)
put δ = \(\frac{\varepsilon}{3}\)
Hence ||3x + 2| – 5| < ε
whenever |x – 1| < δ
∴ \(\lim _{x \rightarrow 1}\) |3x + 2| = 5

(viii) \(\lim _{x \rightarrow 2}\) |5x – 7| = 3
Solution:
Let any arbitrary ε > 0
then |5x – 7 – 3| < ε
If |5(x – 2)| < ε
i.e. if lx – 2| < \(\frac{\varepsilon}{5}\)
Choosing δ = \(\frac{\varepsilon}{5}\) we have
for any arbitrary ε > 0 there exists a δ > 0 depending on ε
Such that
|x – 2| < δ ⇒ |(5x – 7) – 3| < ε
∴ \(\lim _{x \rightarrow 2}\) |5x – 7| = 3

Question 2.
If \(\lim _{x \rightarrow a}\) f(x) = ℓ then prove that \(\lim _{x \rightarrow a}\) |f(x)| = | ℓ | Is the converse true ? Justify your answer with reasons.
Solution:
Let \(\lim _{x \rightarrow a}\) f(x) = ℓ
Then |f(x) – ℓ| < ε whenever |x – a| < δ
Now |f(x)| – ℓ| < |f(x) – ℓ| < ε
whenever |x – a| < δ
So \(\lim _{x \rightarrow a}\) |f(x)| = | ℓ |
The converse is not always true because | ℓ | = | -ℓ |
So \(\lim _{x \rightarrow a}\) f(x) = ℓ or -ℓ

Question 3.
(i) Prove that \(\lim _{x \rightarrow a}\) x = a
Solution:
Let ε is any positive number
Let f(x) = x
Now |f(x) – a| < ε
if |x – a| < ε
Choosing δ = ε we see that for each ε > 0 we find a δ > 0 depending on ε such that
|x – al < d ⇒ |f(x) – a| < ε
⇒ \(\lim _{x \rightarrow a}\) f(x) = a i,e. \(\lim _{x \rightarrow a}\) x = a

(ii) Using (i) and the laws of limits prove that \(\lim _{x \rightarrow a} x^n=a^n\), when n is an integer.
Solution:
Case-1: Let n > 0 and n ε z
Now \(\lim _{x \rightarrow a} x^n=\lim _{x \rightarrow a}\) (x. x. x…….. n factors)
= a. a …… n factors = aⁿ
Case-2: Let n = 0

(iii) Using (ii) and the laws of limits prove that \(\lim _{x \rightarrow a} \frac{x^n-a^n}{x-a}=n a^{n-1}\) where n is an integer.
Solution:

Case-3: n = 0  Hence the case is obvious

(iv) Using (iii), the laws of limits and assuming that \(\lim _{x \rightarrow a} \frac{1}{x^m}=a^{\frac{1}{m}}\) where m is a non-zero integer prove that for any rational number n, \(\lim _{x \rightarrow a} \frac{x^n-a^n}{x-a}=n a^{n-1}\).
Solution:

Question 4.
Evaluate the following :
(i) \(\lim _{x \rightarrow 1}\) (1 + 2x – 3x² + 4x³ – 5x⁴)
Solution:
\(\lim _{x \rightarrow 1}\) (1 + 2x – 3x² + 4x³ – 5x⁴)
= 1 + 2 – 3 + 4 – 5 = 7 – 8 = -1

(ii) \(\lim _{x \rightarrow 0}\) (3x² + 4x – 1)(x⁴ + 2x³ – 3x² + 5x + 2)
Solution:
\(\lim _{x \rightarrow 0}\) (3x² + 4x – 1)(x⁴ + 2x³ – 3x² + 5x + 2)
=(-1). 2 = -2

(iii) \(\lim _{x \rightarrow 2}\) \(\frac{x^2+3 x-9}{x+1}\)
Solution:
\(\lim _{x \rightarrow 2}\) \(\frac{x^2+3 x-9}{x+1}\)
\(\frac{2^2+3 \cdot 2-9}{2+1}=\frac{1}{3}\)

(iv) \(\lim _{x \rightarrow 3}\) \(\frac{x^2-9}{x-3}\)
Solution:
\(\lim _{x \rightarrow 3}\) \(\frac{x^2-9}{x-3}\)
= \(\lim _{x \rightarrow 3} \frac{(x-3)(x+3)}{x-3}\)
= \(\lim _{x \rightarrow 3}\) (x + 3) = 3 + 3 = 6

(v) \(\lim _{x \rightarrow 1} \frac{x^3-1}{x-1}\)
Solution:
\(\lim _{x \rightarrow 1} \frac{x^3-1}{x-1}\)
= \(\lim _{x \rightarrow 1} \frac{(x-1)\left(x^2+x+1\right)}{x-1}\)
= \(\lim _{x \rightarrow 3}\) (x² + x + 1)
= 1 + 1 +1 = 3

(vi) \(\lim _{x \rightarrow 2} \frac{x-2}{x^4-16}\)
Solution:

(vii) \(\lim _{x \rightarrow 2} \frac{x^3-8}{x^5-32}\)
Solution:

(viii) \(\lim _{x \rightarrow 3} \frac{x^2+2 x-15}{x^2-x-6}\)
Solution:

(ix) \(\lim _{x \rightarrow 0} \frac{(3+x)^3-27}{x}\)
Solution:

(x) \(\lim _{x \rightarrow 2} \frac{\frac{1}{x^2}-\frac{1}{4}}{x-2}\)
Solution:

(xi) \(\lim _{x \rightarrow 1} \frac{1}{(x-1)}\left\{\frac{1}{x+3}-\frac{2}{3 x+5}\right\}\)
Solution:

(xii) \(\lim _{h \rightarrow 0} \frac{(x+h)^3-x^3}{h}\)
Solution:

(xiii) \(\lim _{h \rightarrow 0} \frac{(x+h)^4-x^4}{h}\)
Solution:

(xiv) \(\lim _{x \rightarrow 1} \frac{x^m-1}{x^n-1}\), where m, n are integers.
Solution:

(xv) \(\lim _{x \rightarrow 1} \frac{x^2-2 x+1}{x^2-x}\)
Solution:

(xvi) \(\lim _{x \rightarrow 1} \frac{x^2+x-2}{x^3-x^2-x+1}\)
Solution:

Question 5.
Evaluate the following :
(i) \(\lim _{x \rightarrow \infty} \frac{2 x+1}{3 x-2}\)
Solution:
\(\lim _{x \rightarrow \infty} \frac{2 x+1}{3 x-2}\)
= \(\lim _{x \rightarrow \infty} \frac{2+\frac{1}{x}}{3-\frac{2}{x}}=\frac{2}{3}\)
[ ∵ As x → ∞, \(\frac{1}{x}\) → 0]

(ii) \(\lim _{x \rightarrow \infty} \frac{3 x^2+x-1}{2 x^2-7 x+5}\)
Solution:
\(\lim _{x \rightarrow \infty} \frac{3 x^2+x-1}{2 x^2-7 x+5}\)
\(=\lim _{x \rightarrow \infty} \frac{3+\frac{1}{x}-\frac{1}{x^2}}{2-\frac{7}{x}+\frac{5}{x^2}}=\frac{3}{2}\)

(iii) \(\lim _{x \rightarrow \infty} \frac{x^3+2 x^2+3}{x^4-3 x^2+1}\)
Solution:
\(\lim _{x \rightarrow \infty} \frac{x^3+2 x^2+3}{x^4-3 x^2+1}\)
\(\lim _{x \rightarrow\infty}\frac{\frac{1}{x}+\frac{2}{x^2}+\frac{3}{x^4}}{1-\frac{3}{x^2}+\frac{1}{x^4}}=\frac{0}{1}\) =0
[ ∵ As x → ∞, \(\frac{1}{x}\) → 0]

(iv) \(\lim _{x \rightarrow \infty} \frac{x^4-5 x+2}{x^3-3 x+1}\)
Solution:
\(\lim _{x \rightarrow \infty} \frac{x^4-5 x+2}{x^3-3 x+1}\)
\(\lim _{x \rightarrow \infty} \frac{x-\frac{5}{x^2}+\frac{2}{x^3}}{1-\frac{3}{x^2}+\frac{1}{x^3}}\) = ∞

(v) \(\lim _{x \rightarrow \infty}\left(\frac{x^3}{2 x^2-1}-\frac{x^2}{2 x+1}\right)\)
Solution:

(vi) \(\lim _{n \rightarrow \infty} \frac{n}{n+1}\)
Solution:
\(\lim _{n \rightarrow \infty} \frac{n}{n+1}\)
= \(\lim _{n \rightarrow \infty} \frac{n}{1+\frac{1}{n}}\) = 1

(vii) \(\lim _{n \rightarrow \infty}\left(\frac{n^2+n+1}{5 n^2+2 n+1}\right)\)
Solution:

(viii) \(\lim _{n \rightarrow \infty}\left(\frac{\sqrt{n}-1}{\sqrt{n}+1}\right)\)
Solution:
\(\lim _{n \rightarrow \infty}\left(\frac{\sqrt{n}-1}{\sqrt{n}+1}\right)\)
= \(\lim _{n \rightarrow \infty} \frac{1-\frac{1}{\sqrt{n}}}{1+\frac{1}{\sqrt{n}}}\) = 1

(ix) \(\lim _{n \rightarrow \infty}\left(\frac{6 n^5+2 n+1}{n^5+n^4+3 n^3+2 n^2+n+1}\right)\)
Solution:

(x) \(\lim _{n \rightarrow \infty} \frac{1+2+3+\cdots+n}{n^2}\)
Solution:

(xi) \(\lim _{n \rightarrow \infty} \frac{1^2+2^2+3^2+\ldots+n^2}{n^3}\)
Solution:

(xii) \(\lim _{n \rightarrow \infty} \frac{1^3+2^3+3^3+\ldots+n^3}{n^4}\)
Solution:

(xiii)  \(\lim _{n \rightarrow \infty} \frac{1+\frac{1}{2}+\frac{1}{2^2}+\ldots+\frac{1}{2^n}}{1+\frac{1}{3}+\frac{1}{3^2}+\ldots \frac{1}{3^n}}\)
Solution:

(xiv) \(\lim _{n \rightarrow \infty} \frac{\lfloor n}{\mid n+1-\lfloor n}\)
Solution:

Question 6.
Examine the existence of the following limits :
(i) \(\lim _{x \rightarrow \sqrt{3}}\) [x]
Solution:
L.H.L. = \(\lim _{x \rightarrow \sqrt{3}-}\) [x] = \(\lim _{h \rightarrow 0}\) [√3 – h] = 1
R.H.L. = \(\lim _{x \rightarrow \sqrt{3}+}\) [x] = \(\lim _{h \rightarrow 0}\) [√3 + h] = 1
Thus L.H.L., R.H.L both
exist and L.H.L. = R.H.L.
So the limit exists and its value is 1.

(ii) \(\lim _{x \rightarrow 0}[x]\)
Solution:

(iii) \(\lim _{x \rightarrow-2}[x]\)
Solution:
L.H.L. = \(\lim _{x \rightarrow-2-} \frac{x-2}{|x-2|}\)
= \(\lim _{h \rightarrow 0}\)[-2 – h] = -3
R.H.L. \(\lim _{x \rightarrow-2+}\) [x] = \(\lim _{h \rightarrow 0}\)[-2 + h] = -2
Thus L.H.L. ≠ R.H.L.
So the limit does not exist.

(iv) \(\lim _{x \rightarrow 0} \frac{|x|}{x}\)
Solution:

(v) \(\lim _{x \rightarrow 2} \frac{x-2}{|x-2|}\)
Solution:

(vi) \(\lim _{x \rightarrow \frac{1}{2}} \frac{|2 x-1|}{2 x-1}\)
Solution:

(vii) \(\lim _{x \rightarrow 1}[2 x+3]\)
Solution:

(viii) \(\lim _{x \rightarrow \infty} \frac{x}{[x]}\)
Solution:

(ix) \(\lim _{x \rightarrow \infty} \frac{x^2-x}{\left[x^2-x\right]}\)
Solution:

(x) \(\lim _{x \rightarrow 1} \frac{\left|x^2-3 x+2\right|}{x^2-3 x+2}\)
Solution:

(xi) \(\lim _{x \rightarrow \infty}(-1)^{[x]}\)
Solution:
\(\lim _{x \rightarrow \infty}(-1)^{[x]}\)
[Put n ≤ n + 1,As n→ ∞, x → ∞
= \(\lim _{x \rightarrow \infty}(-1)^n\) [ ∵ [x] = n
= ± 1 [If n is odd, (-1)ⁿ = – 1 and if n is even (-1)ⁿ = 1 ]
We know that whenever the limit exists it must be unique.
So \(\lim _{x \rightarrow \infty}(-1)^{[x]}\) does not exist.

(xii) \(\lim _{x \rightarrow \infty} \sin x\)
Solution:

(xiii) \(\lim _{x \rightarrow \infty} \cos x\)
Solution:

(xiv) \(\lim _{x \rightarrow 0} \cos \frac{1}{x}\)
Solution:

(xv) \(\lim _{x \rightarrow \infty} \sin \frac{1}{x}\)
Solution:

(xvi) \(\lim _{x \rightarrow 1} f(x) \text { if } f(x)= \begin{cases}2 x-1, & x \leq 1 \\ 2 x+1, & x>1\end{cases}\)
Solution:

(xvii) \(\lim _{x \rightarrow 0} f(x) \text { and } \lim _{x \rightarrow 1} f(x)\)
if \(f(x)=\left\{\begin{array}{l}
0 . x \leq 0 \\
1-2 x, 0<x \leq 1 \\
3-4 x, x>1
\end{array}\right.\)
Solution:

Question 7.
Let f(x) = {1 if x is rational, 0 if x is irrational then show that \(\lim _{x \rightarrow a}\) f(x) does not exist for any a ∈ R.
Solution:
Let x → a through rational numbers.
Then \(\lim _{x \rightarrow a}\) f(x) = 1
If x → a through rational numbers.
Then \(\lim _{x \rightarrow a}\) f(x) = 0
Thus \(\lim _{x \rightarrow a}\) f(x) does not exist.