CHSE Odisha Class 12 Psychology Unit 4 Objective & Short Answer Type Questions

Odisha State Board CHSE Odisha Class 12 Psychology Solutions Unit 4 Objective & Short Answer Type Questions.

CHSE Odisha Class 12 Psychology Unit 4 Objective & Short Answer Type Questions

Multiple Choice Questions With Answers

Question 1.
Abnormality is also caused the _____.
(a) four’Es’
(b) four ‘Fs’
(c) four ‘Ds”
(d) none of the above
Answer:
(c) four ‘Ds”

Question 2.
The four Ds are:
(a) deviance
(b) distress
(c) dysfunctions and danger
(d) all the above
Answer:
(d) all the above

Question 3.
Approaches of abnormal behavior:
(a) deviation from social norms
(b) maladaptive
(c) only (b)
(d) both (a) and (b)
Answer:
(d) both (a) and (b)

Question 4.
When an electrical impulse reaches a neuron’s ending, the nerve ending is stimulated to release a chemical that is called ______.
(a) transmitter
(b) neuro
(c) neurotransmitter
(d) none of the above
Answer:
(c) neurotransmitter

Question 5.
Anxiety disorders have been linked to low activity of the neurotransmitter that aid called _____.
(a) GABA
(b) GBAA
(c) GABB
(d) GAAB
Answer:
(a) GABA

Question 6.
_____ is the excess activity of dopamine.
(a) depression
(b) anxiety disorder
(c) abnormality
(d) schizophrenia
Answer:
(d) schizophrenia

Question 7.
Depression to low activity of _____.
(a) dopamine
(b) serotonin
(c) genetic
(d) none of the above
Answer:
(b) serotonin

Question 8.
Genetic factors have been linked to ______.
(a) mood disorders
(b) schizophrenia
(c) mental retardation
(d) all the above
Answer:
(d) all the above

Question 9.
_____ is the oldest and most famous of the modern psychological models.
(a) psychodynamic
(b) humanistic
(c) cognitive
(d) behavioral
Answer:
(a) psychodynamic

Question 10.
Who stated that abnormal behavior is a symbolic expression of unconscious mental conflicts that can be traced to early childhood or infancy.
(a) Freud
(b) Teekman
(c) Kolo
(d) none of them
Answer:
(a) Freud

Question 11.
______ term is usually defined as a diffuse, vague, very unpleasant feeling of fear and apprehension.
(a) anxiety
(b) psychological
(c) mental retaradation
(d) none of the above
Answer:
(a) anxiety

Question 12.
Phobias can be grouped into three types. They are:
(a) specific phobias
(b) social phobias
(c) agoraphobia
(d) all the above
Answer:
(d) all the above

Question 13.
The most commonly occurring types of phobia is called _____.
(a) social
(b) specific
(c) agoraphobia
(d) only (a)
Answer:
(b) specific

Question 14.
_____ is the term used when people develop a fear of entering unfamiliar situations.
(a) social phobias
(b) agoraphobia
(c) specific phobias
(d) none of the above
Answer:
(b) agoraphobia

Question 15.
In which disorders people are unable to control their preoccupation with specific ideas or are unable to prevent.
(a) obsessive-compulsive
(b) anxiety
(c) schizophrenia
(d) none of the above
Answer:
(a) obsessive-compulsive

Question 16.
The symptoms of conversion disorders :
(a) paralysis
(b) blindness
(c) deafness
(d) all the above
Answer:
(a) paralysis

Question 17.
The symptoms of post-tramumative stress disorder:
(a) recurrent dreams
(b) flashbacks
(c) impaired concentration
(d) all the above
Answer:
(d) all the above

Question 18.
_____ can be viewed as a severance of connection between ideas and emotions,
(a) anxiety disorder
(b) post-traumatic stress disorder
(c) dissociative disorder
(d) none of the above
Answer:
(c) dissociative disorder

Question 19.
Four conditions are included in group of dissociative orders. They are :
(a) dissociative amnesia
(b) dissociative fugue
(c) dissociative identity disorder
(d) all the above
Answer:
(d) all the above

Question 20.
The person is unable to recall important, personal information often related to a stressful and traumatic report that is called ______.
(a) somato form disorder
(b) dissociative fugue
(c) dissociative amnesia
(d) none of the above
Answer:
(c) dissociative amnesia

Question 21.
The most common mood disorder is _____.
(a) depression
(b) abnormality
(c) anxiety disorder
(d) none of the above.
Answer:
(a) depression

Question 22.
_______ can refers to a symptom area disorder.
(a) depression
(b) anxiety
(c) schizophrenia
(d) none of the above
Answer:
(a) depression

Question 23.
Types of mood disorder:
(a) depressive
(b) manic
(c) bipolar disorder
(d) all the above
Answer:
(d) all the above

Question 24.
The symptoms of mood disorders are :
(a) sleep problems
(b) trideness
(c) inability to think clearly
(d) all the above
Answer:
(d) all the above

Question 25.
Mania is called ______ disorder.
(a) schizophrenia
(b) mood disorders
(c) only (a)
(d) none of the above
Answer:
(b) mood disorders

Question 26.
The symptoms of schizophrenia are divided in 3 categories. They are:
(a) positive
(b) negative
(c) psychomotor
(d) all the above
Answer:
(d) all the above

Question 27.
The positive symptoms of schizophrenia :
(a) excessness of thought
(b) emotion
(c) behavior
(d) all the above
Answer:
(d) all the above

Question 28.
Schizophrenia develop ______.
(a) illusion
(b) hallucination
(c) delusions
(d) only (a)
Answer:
(c) delusions

Question 29.
The two main features of ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder) are:
(a) inattention
(b) hyperactivity impulsivity
(c) only (a)
(d) both (a) and (b)
Answer:
(d) both (a) and (b)

Question 30.
Psychotherapies are classified in 3 broad groups. These are:
(a) psychodynamic
(b) behavior
(c) existential
(d) all the above
Answer:
(d) all the above

True/False Questions

Question 1.
Behaviour is a not group of psychotherapies
Answer:
False

Question 2.
Psychodynamic therapy is pioneered by Sigmund Freud.
Answer:
True

Question 3.
Psychoanalysis treatment are 4 stages.
Answer:
False

Question 4.
Positive reinforcement is given to increase the deficit.
Answer:
True

Question 5.
Freud formulated the RET (Rational Emotive Therapy).
Ans.
False

Question 6.
Existential therapy is called logotherapy.
Answer:
True

Question 7.
Client-centered therapy was given by Carl Rogers.
Answer:
True

Question 8.
Agoraphobia is the term used when people developed a fear of entering unfamiliar situations.
Answer:
True

Question 9.
Specific phobias are the most owned type of phobia.
Answer:
True

Question 10.
Biological factors influence all aspects of our behavior.
Answer:
True

Question 11.
Abnormality is also called the four P’s
Answer:
False

Question 12.
Anxiety disorders have not been linked to GABA aid.
Answer:
False

Question 13.
Depression is the excess activity of dopamine.
Answer:
False

Question 14.
Genetic factors have been linked with mood disorders only.
Answer:
False

Question 15.
Psychodynamics is the oldest and most famous modern psychological model.
Answer:
True

Question 16
Paralysis is not a symptom of conversion disorders.
Answer:
False

Question 17.
Flashbacks are not symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder.
Answer:
False

Question 18.
Dissociative can be viewed as a severance of connection between ideas and emotions.
Answer:
True

Question 19.
Dissociative fugue are conditions group of dissociative orders.
Answer:
True

Question 20.
The most common mood disorder is depression.
Answer:
True

Very Short-Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is a neurotransmitter?
Answer:
Synapse separates one neuron from the next and the message must move across that space. When an electrical impulse reaches a neuron’s ending, the nerve ending is stimulated to release a chemical, called a neurotransmitter.

Question 2.
What is Anxiety Disorder?
Answer:
One day while driving home, Deb felt his heart beating rapidly, he started sweating profusely and even felt short of breath. He was so scared that he stopped the car and stepped out. In the next few months, these attacks increased and now he was hesitant to drive for fear of being caught in traffic during an attack. Deb started feeling that he had gone crazy and would die. Soon he remained indoors and refused to move out of the house.

Question 3.
What is hypochondriasis?
Answer:
Hypochondriasis is diagnosed if a person has a persistent belief that s/he has a serious illness, despite medical reassurance, lack of physical findings and failure to develop the disease. Hypochondriacs have an obsessive preoccupation and concern with the condition of their bodily organs, and they continually worn7 about their health.

Question 4.
Define two features of dissociative order.
Answer:
Dissociative amnesia :
The person is unable to recall important, personal information often related to a stressful and traumatic report. The extent of forgetting is beyond normal.

Dissociative fugue:
The person suffers from a rare disorder that combines amnesia with traveling away from a stressful environment. The person exhibits two or more separate, and contrasting personalities associated.

Question 5.
What is dissociative fugue?
Answer:
Dissociative fugue has, as its essential feature, an unexpected travel away from home and workplace, the assumption of a new identity and the inability to recall the previous identity. The fugue usually ends when the person suddenly ‘wakes up’ with no memory of the events that occurred during the fugue.

Question 6.
What is mood disorders?
Answer:
Mood disorders are characterized by disturbances in mood or prolonged emotional state. The most common mood disorder is depression, which covers a variety of negative moods and behavioral changes. Depression can refer to a symptom or a disorder. In day-to-day life, we often use the term depression to refer to normal feelings after a significant loss, such as the break-up of a relationship, or the failure to attain a significant goal.

Question 7.
Symptoms of Schizophrenia.
Answer:
The symptoms of schizophrenia can be grouped into three categories, viz. positive symptoms (i.e. excesses of thought, emotion, and behavior), negative symptoms, (i.e. deficits of thought, emotion, and behavior), and psychomotor symptoms. Positive symptoms are ‘pathological excesses’ or ‘bizarre additions’ to a person’s behavior.

Question 8.
What is PDD?
Answer:
The ways in which children express and experience depression are related to their level of physical, emotional and cognitive development. An infant may show sadness by being passive and unresponsive; a pre-schooler may appear withdrawn and inhibited; a school-age child may be argumentative and combative, and a teenager may express guilt and hopelessness. Children may also have more serious disorders called Pervasive Developmental Disorders.

Question 9.
What is a Therapeutic Relationship?
Answer:
The special relationship between the client and the therapist is known as the therapeutic relationship or alliance. It is neither a passing acquaintance nor a permanent and lasting relationship. There are two major components of a therapeutic alliance.

Question 10.
What is transference neurosis?
Answer:
The therapist encourages this process because it helps her/him in understanding the unconscious conflicts of the client. The client acts out her/his frustrations, anger, fear, and depression that s/he harbored towards that person in the past, but could not express at that time. The therapist becomes a substitute for that person in the present. This stage is called transference neurosis.

Question 11.
Logotherapy.
Answer:
Victor Frankl, a psychiatrist and neurologist propounded the Logotherapy. Logos is the Greek word for soul and Logotherapy means treatment for the soul. Frankl calls this process of finding meaning even in life-threatening circumstances as the process of meaning-making. The basis of meaning-making is a person’s quest for finding the spiritual truth of one’s existence. Just as there is an unconscious, which is the repository of instincts (see Chapter 2), there is a spiritual unconscious, which is the storehouse of love, aesthetic awareness, and values of life.

Question 12.
What is Gestalt Therapy?
Answer:
The German word gestalt means ‘whole’. This therapy was given by Frederick (Fritz) Peris together with his wife Laura Peris. The goal of gestalt therapy is to increase an individual’s self-awareness and self-acceptance. The client is taught to recognize the bodily processes and the emotions that are being blocked out from awareness. The therapist does this by encouraging the client to act out fantasies about feelings and conflicts. This therapy can also be used in group settings.

Question 13.
Ethics in Psychotherapy
Answer:
Some of the ethical standards that need to be practiced by professional psychotherapists are:

•  Informed consent needs to be taken.
• The confidentiality of the client should be maintained.
• Alleviating personal distress and suffering should be the goal of all attempts of the therapist.
• The integrity of the practitioner-client relationship is important.
• Respect for human rights and dignity.
• Professional competence and skills are essential.

Question 14.
What is CBT?
Answer:
CBT is a short and efficacious treatment for a wide range of psychological disorders such as anxiety, depression, panic attacks, borderline personality, etc. CBT adopts a biopsychosocial approach to the delineation of psychopathology. It combines cognitive therapy with behavioral techniques.

Question 15.
Dysfunctional cognitive structure?
Answer:
Negative thoughts are persistent irrational thoughts such as “nobody loves me”, “I am ugly”, “I am stupid”, “I will not succeed”, etc. Such negative automatic thoughts are characterized by cognitive distortions. Cognitive distortions are ways of thinking which are general in nature but which distort reality in a negative manner. These patterns of thought are called dysfunctional cognitive structures.

Short Questions With Answers 

Question 1.
What is Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT)?
Answer:
Research into the outcome and effectiveness of psychotherapy has conclusively established CBT to be a short and efficacious treatment for a wide range of psychological disorders such as anxiety, depression, panic attacks, borderline personality, etc. CBT adopts a biopsychosocial approach to the delineation of psychopathology. It combines cognitive therapy with behavioral techniques.

The rationale is that the client’s distress has its origins in the biological, psychological, and social realms. Hence,c addressing the physical aspects through relaxation procedures, the psychological ones through behavior therapy and cognitive therapy techniques, and the social ones with environmental manipulations makes CBT a comprehensive technique that is easy to use, applicable to a variety of disorders, and has proven efficacy.

Question 2.
What is Humanistic-existential Therapy?
Answer:
The humanistic-existential therapies postulate that psychological distress arises from feelings of loneliness, alienation, and an inability to find meaning and genuine fulfillment in life. Human beings are motivated by the desire for personal growth and self-actualization, and an innate need to grow emotionally. When these needs are curbed by society and family, human beings experience psychological distress.

Self-actualization is defined as an innate or inborn force that moves the person to become more complex, balanced, and integrated, i.e. achieving complexity and balance without being fragmented. Integrated means a sense of the whole, being a complete person, being, in essence, the same person in spite of the variety of experiences that one is subjected to. Just as lack of food or water causes distress, the frustration of self-actualization also causes distress.

Question 3.
What is Existential Therapy?
Answer:
Victor Frankl, a psychiatrist, and neurologist propounded the Logotherapy. Logos is the Greek word for soul and Logotherapy means treatment for the soul. Frankl calls this process of finding meaning even in life-threatening circumstances as the process of meaning-making. The basis of meaning-making is a person’s quest for finding the Spiritual truth of one’s existence.

Just as there is an unconscious, which is the repository of instincts (see Chapter 2), there is a spiritual unconscious, which is the storehouse of love, aesthetic awareness, and values of life. Neurotic anxieties arise when the problems of life are attached to the physical, psychological or spiritual aspects of one’s existence. Frankl emphasized the role of spiritual anxieties in leading to meaninglessness and hence it may be called an
existential anxiety.

Question 4.
What is Client-centred Therapy?
Answer:
Client-centered therapy was given by Carl Rogers. Rogers combined scientific rigor with the individualized practice of client-centered psychotherapy. Rogers brought into psychotherapy the concept of self, with freedom and choice as the core of one’s being. The therapy provides a warm relationship in which the client can reconnect with her/his disintegrated feelings.

The therapist shows empathy, i.e. understanding the client’s experience as if it were her/his own, is warm, and has unconditional positive regard, i.e. total acceptance of the client as s/he is. Empathy sets up an emotional resonance between the therapist and the client. Unconditional positive regard indicates that the positive Warmth of the therapist is not dependent on what the client reveals or does in the therapy sessions. This unique unconditional warmth ensures that the client feels secure and can trust the therapist.

Question 5.
What is Biomedical Therapy?
Answer:
Medicines may be prescribed to treat psychological disorders. Prescription of medicines for the treatment of mental disorders is done by qualified medical professionals known as psychiatrists. They are medical doctors who have specialized in the understanding, diagnosis, and treatment of mental disorders. The nature of medicines used depends on the nature of the disorders.

Severe mental disorders such as schizophrenia or bipolar disorder require antipsychotic drugs. Common mental disorders such as generalized anxiety or reactive depression may also require milder drugs. The medicines prescribed to treat mental disorders can cause side effects that need to be understood and monitored. Hence, it is essential that medication is given under proper medical supervision.

Question 6.
Three factors Contributing to Healing in Psychotherapy!
Answer:
As we have read, psychotherapy is a treatment of psychological distress. There are several factors that contribute to the healing process. Some of these factors are as follows:

• A major factor in healing is the techniques adopted by the therapist and the implementation of the same with the patient/client. If the behavioral system and the CBT school are adopted to heal an anxious client, the relaxation procedures and the cognitive restructuring largely contribute to the healing.
• The therapeutic alliance, which is formed between the therapist and the patient/ client, has healing properties, because of the regular availability and the therapist, and the warmth and empathy provided by the therapist.
• At the outset of therapy, while the patient/client is being interviewed^ in the initial sessions to understand the nature of the problem, s/he unburdens the emotional problems being faced.

Question 7.
Rehabilitation of the mentally ill.
Answer:
The treatment of psychological disorders has two components, i.e. reduction of symptoms and improving the level of functioning or quality of life. In the case of milder disorders such as generalized anxiety, reactive depression, or phobia, reduction of symptoms is associated with an improvement in the quality of life. However, in the case of severe mental disorders such as schizophrenia, reduction of symptoms may not be associated with an improvement in the quality of life.

Many patients suffer from negative symptoms such as disinterest and lack of motivation to do work or to interact with people. Rehabilitation is required to help such patients become self-sufficient. The aim of rehabilitation is to empower the patient to become a productive member of society to the extent possible.

Question 8.
What are Alternative Therapies available for treatment?
Answer:
Alternative therapies are so-called because they are alternative treatment possibilities to conventional drug treatment or psychotherapy. There are many alternative therapies such as yoga, meditation, acupuncture, herbal remedies, and so on. In the past 25 years, yoga and meditation have gained popularity as treatment programs for psychological distress.

Yoga is an ancient Indian technique detailed in the Ashtanga Yoga of Patanjali’s Yoga Sutras. Yoga as it is commonly called today either refers to only the asanas or body posture component or to breathing practices Or pranayama, or to a combination of the two. Meditation refers to the practice of focusing attention on the breath or on an object or thought or mantra.

Question 9.
What is Cognitive Therapy?
Answer:
Cognitive therapies locate the cause of psychological distress in irrational thoughts and beliefs. Albert Ellis formulated Rational Emotive Therapy (RET). The central thesis of this therapy is that irrational beliefs mediate between antecedent events and their consequence. The first step in RET is the antecedent belief- consequence {ABC) analysis. Antecedent events, which caused psychological distress, are noted.

The client is also interviewed to find the irrational beliefs, which are distorting the present reality. Irrational beliefs may not be supported by empirical evidence in the environment. These beliefs are characterized by thoughts with ‘musts’ and ‘shoulds’, i.e. things ‘must’ and ‘should’ be in a particular manner.

Question 10.
Behavioral Techniques
Answer:
A range of techniques is available for changing behavior. The principles of these techniques are to reduce the arousal level of the client, alter behavior through classical conditioning or operant conditioning with different contingencies of info: elements, as well as to use vicarious learning procedures, if necessary. Negative reinforcement and aversive conditioning are the two major techniques of behavior modification.

As you have already studied in Class XI, Negative reinforcement refers to following an undesired response with an outcome that is painful or not liked. For example, the teacher reprimands a child who shouts in class. This is negative reinforcement. Aversive conditioning refers to the repeated association of an undesired response with an aversive consequence.