BSE Odisha 10th Class English Solutions Chapter 8 Air Pollution: A Hidden Menace

Odisha State Board BSE Odisha 10th Class English Solutions Chapter 8 Air Pollution: A Hidden Menace Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

BSE Odisha Class 10 English Solutions Chapter 8 Air Pollution: A Hidden Menace

BSE Odisha 10th Class English Air Pollution: A Hidden Menace Text Book Questions and Answers

D. Let’S Understand The Text

Question 1.
What accident took place at Bhopal in 1984?
(୧୯୮୪ରେ ଭୋପାଳରେ କେଉଁ ଦୁର୍ଘଟଣା ଘଟିଥିଲା ?)
Answer:
The most tragic industrial accident took place at Bhopal in 1984.

Question 2.
Why is it called an industrial accident?
(ଏହାକୁ କାହିଁକି ଏକ ଔଦ୍ୟୋଗିକ ଦୁର୍ଘଟଣା କୁହାଯାଏ ?)
Answer:
It is called ah industrial accident as it occurred in a chemical plant operated by Union Carbide. Deadly gas from it escaped into the atmosphere for which over 4000 local residents were killed and many others were blind and crippled.

Question 3.
What were the tragic consequences Of it?
(ଏହାର ଦୁଃଖଦ ପରିଣତି କ’ଣ ଥିଲା ?)
Answer:
The tragic consequences of the most tragic industrial accident in Bhopal were heart-rendering. As a result of the escapement of deadly gas from the chemical plant into the atmosphere, more than 4000 local residents were killed and many others were blind and crippled.

Question 4.
How is air important for man?
(ବାୟୁ କିପରି ମନୁଷ୍ୟ ପାଇଁ ଗୁରୁତ୍ଵପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ ?)
Answer:
Air is highly essential for every living being. Because a man can’t live without breathing even for a minute and for breathing air is essential. So air is important for man. It is estimated that an average adult exchanges 15 kg of air a day, in comparison to 1.5 kg of food, and 2.5 kg of water.

Question 5.
What is the major source of contamination of the human body?
(ମନୁଷ୍ୟ ଶରୀର ପ୍ରଦୂଷଣର ମୁଖ୍ୟ ଉତ୍ସ କିଏ ? )
Answer:
Air pollution is a major source of contamination of the human body.

Question 6.
What is the composition of air?
(ବାୟୁର ଗଠନ କ’ଣ ?)
Answer:
Air is composed of 78 per cent nitrogen, 21 per cent oxygen, a little less than 1 per cent argon and 0.03 per cent carbon dioxide. These elements make up 99.9 per cent of dry air.

Question 7.
When is air said to be polluted?
(ବାୟୁ କେତେବେଳେ ପ୍ରଦୂଷିତ ହୋଇଛି ବୋଲି କୁହାଯାଏ ?)
Answer:
Air is a mixture of gases and its different component gases remain in a definite proportion/ratio. The air is pure so long as that definite proportion of component gases is continued to exist. If the oxygen level gets reduced in air, irritating gases enter the atmosphere, air is said to be polluted.

Question 8.
What fuels do the industries use?
(ଶିଳ୍ପଗୁଡ଼ିକ କେଉଁସବୁ ଜାଳେଣି ବ୍ୟବହାର କରନ୍ତି ?)
Answer:
Most industries require steam. In order to produce steam they use fuels like coal, coke or furnace oil.

Question 9.
How does the released smoke affect man?
(ନିର୍ଗତ ବାଷ୍ପ ମନୁଷ୍ୟକୁ କିପରି ପ୍ରଭାବିତ କରିଥାଏ ?)
Answer:
The released smoke of different industries containing obnoxious gases, ash and dust particles mingles with the air and pollutes it. They enter our body through respiration and cause great harm to our lungs without our knowledge.

Question 10.
Why do thermal power stations cause more pollution?
(ତାପଜ ବିଦ୍ୟୁତ୍ କେନ୍ଦ୍ରଗୁଡ଼ିକ କାହିଁକି ଅଧିକ ପ୍ରଦୂଷଣ ଘଟାଇଥାଏ ?)
Answer:
Thermal power stations discharge high amounts of smoke along with ash into the atmospheric air in comparison to other industries. So they cause more pollution than any other industry and chemical plants.

Question 11.
What are the other industries equally harmful to us?
(ଆମ ପାଇଁ ସମପରିମାଣରେ କ୍ଷତିକାର କ ଅନ୍ୟାନ୍ୟ ଶିଳ୍ପଗୁଡ଼ିକ କ’ଣ ?)
Answer:
Other industries like cement industries, steel industries and ore processing industries and chemical plants are equally harmful to us thermal plants.

Question 12.
Why is the number of automobiles increasing on the road?
(ରାସ୍ତା ଉପରେ ମୋଟରଗାଡ଼ି ସଂଖ୍ୟା ବଢ଼ିଚାଲିଛି କାହିଁକି ?)
Answer:
The population is increasing at a very rapid rate. So in order to meet the demand of the exploding population, the automobiles on the road are increasing.

Question 13.
How do automobiles contribute to air pollution?
(ମୋଟରଗାଡ଼ିଗୁଡ଼ିକ ବାୟୁ ପ୍ରଦୂଷଣରେ କିପରି ସହାୟକ ହୋଇଥା’ନ୍ତି ?)
Answer:
Automobiles release maximum carbon monoxide into the atmosphere so that the air is polluted. It is calculated that automobiles are responsible for 60 per cent of air pollution in different parts of the world.

Question 14.
What are the effects of air pollution on vegetable crops and trees?
(ପନିପରିବା ଫସଲ ଓ ବୃକ୍ଷଗୁଡ଼ିକ ଉପରେ ବାୟୁ ପ୍ରଦୂଷଣର କି ପ୍ରଭାବ ପଡ଼ିଥାଏ ?)
Answer:
Car exhaust gases cause a lot of harm to many flower and vegetable crops. They are completely destroyed by air pollution. Trees have been seriously affected and killed by pollution from power plants.

Question 15.
How are buildings affected by polluted air?
(ପ୍ରଦୂଷିତ ବାୟୁଦ୍ଵାରା ଅଟ୍ଟାଳିକାଗୁଡ଼ିକ କିପରି କ୍ଷତିଗ୍ରସ୍ତ ହୁଅନ୍ତି ?)
Answer:
Air pollution causes harm to buildings. Fine buildings become shabby, and their walls get blackened with soot that has settled on them by air pollution. Building surfaces may actually deteriorate because of polluted air.

Question 16.
What health problems are caused by polluted air?
(ପ୍ରଦୂଷିତ ବାୟୁଦ୍ଵାରା କେଉଁ ସ୍ଵାସ୍ଥ୍ୟ ସମସ୍ୟା ସୃଷ୍ଟି ହୁଏ ?)
Answer:
Polluted air causes a lot of health hazards. It causes eye irritations, scratchy throats and respiratory illness.

Question 17.
How is air pollution responsible for increasing the temperature?
(ତାପମାତ୍ରା ବୃଦ୍ଧି ପାଇଁ ବାୟ ପଦଷଣ କିପରି ଦାୟୀ ?)
Answer:
The amounts of air pollutants like carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide in the atmosphere are increasing. These gases tend to trap the radiation that reaches the earth from the sun. As a result of which the atmospheric temperature is continuously increasing. This process would eventually lead to global warming.

Question 18.
What harm can refrigerant do?
(ଶୀତଳକାରକ ପଦାର୍ଥ କି କ୍ଷତି କରିପାରେ ?)
Answer:
A substance that belongs to a group of chemicals and chlorofluorocarbons is used as a refrigerant. The use of this substance may destroy the atmospheric layer that protects us from the harmful rays of the sun.

Question 19.
What is acid rain?
(ଅମ୍ଳବୃଷ୍ଟି କ’ଣ ?)
Answer:
Acid rain is a kind of precipitation which contains a sulphur oxide, nitrogen oxide and other chemicals. And this acid rain affects everything that it falls on.

Question 20.
How is water affected by acid rain?
(ଅମ୍ଳବୃଷ୍ଟିଦ୍ୱାରା ଜଳ କିପରି କ୍ଷତିଗ୍ରସ୍ତ ହୁଏ ?)
Answer:
Acid rain makes the water of rivers and lakes poisonous as it contains oxides of sulphur and nitrogen and other chemicals. The water turns acidic and affects aquatic animals and plants. It also affects crops, buildings and drinking water.

Question 21.
What is the impact of acid rain on soil?
(ମୃତ୍ତିକା ଉପରେ ଅମ୍ଳବୃଷ୍ଟିର ପ୍ରଭାବ କ’ଣ ?)
Answer:
Acid rain changes the soil’s nutrient content. It washes away nutrients like potassium, calcium and magnesium from the upper layer that help trees grow. Acid rain kills large patches of forests leaving behind leafless skeletons of trees.

Question 22.
What are the ways to control air pollution?
(ବାୟୁ ପ୍ରଦୂଷଣ ନିୟନ୍ତ୍ରଣର ଉପାୟଗୁଡ଼ିକ କ’ଣ ?)
Answer:
There are three basic ways to control air pollution preventive measures, dispersal measures and collection measures. Preventive measures can be taken by changing the raw materials used in industry or the ingredients of fuel. Dispersal measures can be taken by raising the heights of tall chimneys of the factories. Collection measures can be taken by designing equipment to trap pollutants before they escape into the atmosphere.

Question 23.
How have different countries tried to check it?
(ବିଭିନ୍ନ ଦେଶଗୁଡ଼ିକ ଏହାକୁ ରୋକିବାକୁ କିପରି ପ୍ରୟାସ କରିଛନ୍ତି ?)
Answer:
Different countries have tried to check air pollution by taking many initiatives such as making laws, setting standards and norms to ensure quality air and burning low-sulphur coal and oil in factories and power plants.

Question 24.
How have the air quality programmes brought us benefits?
(କିପରି ବାୟୁର ଗୁଣାତ୍ମକ ବୃଦ୍ଧି ସମ୍ପର୍କିତ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟକ୍ରମଗୁଡ଼ିକ ଆମର ଉପକାର କରିଛନ୍ତି ?)
Answer:
Air quality programmes have brought us benefits in many areas. For example, burning low-sulphur coal and oil in factories and power plants has lowered pollution in many cities. In order to meet standards, automobile engines are redesigned and new cars have been equipped with devices like catalytic converter which changes pollutants into harmless substances and reduces air pollution.

Question 25.
Why do we still need to find out better ways to control air pollution?
(ତଥାପି ଆମେ କାହିଁକି ବାୟୁ ପ୍ରଦୂଷଣ ନିୟନ୍ତ୍ରଣ ନିମନ୍ତେ ଉନ୍ନତ ଉପାୟମାନ ବାହାର କରିବା ଦରକାର କରୁଛୁ ?)
Answer:
Although the formulation of certain laws and set of standards and norms have checked air pollution up to some extent, it hasn’t been completely checked. So we still need to find out better ways to control air pollution. It is not easy to bring about the new development needed to control it. Now physicians, engineers, botanists and meteorologists are carrying out research, seeking new ways to check it. In the future, we can breathe pure air in the cities where the sunlight is no longer blocked by an umbrella of air pollution.

E. Let’S Go Beyond The Text

Question 1.
Why does the oxygen level in the atmosphere get reduced? What could be its consequences?
(ବାୟୁମଣ୍ଡଳରେ ଅମ୍ଳଜାନ ସ୍ତର କମିଯାଇଛି କାହିଁକି ? ଏହାର ପରିଣାମ କ’ଣ ହୋଇପାରେ ? )
Answer:
The oxygen level in the atmosphere gets reduced for many reasons. Due to deforestation, the photosynthesis process has been reduced and the amount of oxygen gets reduced. Besides burning process also reduces the amount of oxygen in the atmosphere. If it so happens then living beings will be definitely deprived of availing adequate oxygen. Besides, through respiration oxygen gets converted into carbon dioxide which traps radiation that reaches the earth from the sun, as a result, the atmosphere becomes warmer and would eventually lead to global warming.

Question 2.
How do the chemical industries cause dangerous air pollution? What are its far-reaching consequences?
(ରସାୟନ ଶିଳ୍ପଗୁଡ଼ିକ କିପରି ବିପଜନକ ବାୟୁ ପ୍ରଦୂଷଣ ସୃଷ୍ଟି କରୁଛନ୍ତି ? ଏହାର ସୁଦୂରପ୍ରସାରୀ ପରିଣାମ କ’ଣ ?)
Answer:
The chemical industries release certain toxic fumes into the atmosphere, along with smoke. It mingles with the atmospheric air and pollutes it. When people inhale that toxic substance, they suffer from serious diseases.

Question 3.
How is acid rain caused?
(ଅମ୍ଳବୃଷ୍ଟି କିପରି ସୃଷ୍ଟି ହୁଏ ?)
Answer:
Acid rain is a broad term referring to a mixture of wet and dry deposition from the atmosphere containing higher than normal amounts of nitric and sulphuric acid. The chemical forerunners of acid rain formation result from both natural sources such as volcanoes and decaying vegetation and man-made sources primarily emissions of sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides resulting from fossil fuel combustion. Acid rain occurs when these gases react in the atmosphere with water, oxygen and other chemicals to form various acidic compounds.

Question 4.
How does polluted air travel from one country to another?
(ପ୍ରଦୂଷିତ ବାୟୁ କିପରି ଗୋଟିଏ ଦେଶରୁ ଅନ୍ୟ ଦେଶକୁ ଯାଇଥାଏ ?)
Answer:
The polluted air is carried away by the wind from one country to another, often for distances of thousands of miles.

Question 5.
What steps can be taken to reduce the pollution caused by automobiles? Is air pollution a global problem?
(ମୋଟରଗାଡ଼ିଦ୍ଵାରା ସୃଷ୍ଟି ହେଉଥ‌ିବା ପ୍ରଦୂଷଣକୁ କମାଇବାପାଇଁ କି କି ପଦକ୍ଷେପ ନିଆଯାଇପାରେ ? ଏହା ଏକ ଜାଗତିକ ସମସ୍ୟା କି ?)
Answer:
The pollution caused by automobiles can be reduced by taking certain steps. First of all, the ingredients of fuel used in automobiles should be changed. Secondly, automobile engines should be redesigned and equipped with new devices like catalytic converters which can change pollutants into harmless substances. Yes, air pollution is a global problem. It is a problem for the whole world.

(ii) Given below is a table. Read the text and complete the table.

Answer:

F. Let’S Do Some Activities

1. Let’s think together :
The text you have read mentions some steps to reduce air pollution. Now work in groups to suggest more steps for dealing with the problem. You can refer to newspapers, and journals and discuss among yourselves to get more ideas (The teacher divides the class into four or five groups for the purpose)(This activity will be done in the class by the teacher.)

2. Let’s speak and listen :
Each group presents its ideas in class regarding the steps to control air pollution. Other groups listen and react to the ideas. After all the groups have presented ideas, commonly agreed aspects should be finalized. (The teacher acts as the observer and coordinator.) (This activity will be done in the class by the teacher.)

3. Let’s write :
Write a letter to the Editor of a newspaper / the Minister, Department of Environment explaining the importance of clean air and suggesting ways to keep it clean and pure. (ପରିଷ୍କାର ବାୟୁର ଗୁରୁତ୍ଵ ଏବଂ ଏହାକୁ ପରିଷ୍କାର ଓ ବିଶୁଦ୍ଧ ରଖିବାର ଉପାୟମାନ ବୁଝାଇ ସମ୍ବାଦପତ୍ରର ସମ୍ପାଦକ/ପରିବେଶ ବିଭାଗର ମନ୍ତ୍ରୀଙ୍କୁ ଏକ ପତ୍ର ଲେଖ ।)

Pubusahi, Khurda
Date ……………………..

To,
The Editor
The Telegraph
Kolkata
Sub – Importance of clean air.

Dear Sir,

I shall be much obliged if you kindly publish this news item in your widely circulated newspaper.
Everybody needs pure and clean air in order to make his body fit. It is essential for the human body. Man can’t live even a moment without air. But it has become a dream now. Every comer of the world is filled with polluted air because of the growing industries of automobiles. When we respire the polluted air we suffer from many harmful diseases. The polluted air has caused a lot of harm not only to living creatures but also to trees and buildings.

All living creatures need pure and clean air so that they can keep themselves fit both physically and mentally. We all have to do something to keep it clean. A large number of trees should be planted every year to neutralize some pollutants. Some of the industries should be disestablished. The raw materials used in factories or the ingredients of fuel should be changed and equipment should be designed in such a way that can trap the pollutants before they escape into the atmosphere. Automobile engines should be equipped with devices that can change pollutants into harmless substances. Above all the government should pass laws to prevent and control air pollution.

Through your much-esteemed paper, I would like to draw the attention of the public as well as the government to do something to check air pollution and ensure a pure air.

Yours faithfully
Sasmita Praharaj

4. Let’s debate:
Some speak ‘for’ the motion and some ‘against’. The teacher acts as Chairperson.
(କେତେକ ପ୍ରସ୍ତାବ ସପକ୍ଷରେ ଓ କେତେକ ପ୍ରସ୍ତାବ ବିପକ୍ଷରେ କହିବେ, ଶିକ୍ଷକ ସଭାପତିଭାବେ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ କରିବେ ।)
(i) Use of private vehicles should be banned to control air pollution.
(ବେସରକାରୀ ଯାନବାହନ ବ୍ୟବହାର ନିଷିଦ୍ଧ ହେବା ଉଚିତ ।)
Answer:
Group — A (For)
Undoubtedly the number of private vehicles used is more than the number of government vehicles. Their contribution to causing air pollution is more. It causes near about 60 per cent of air pollution. Some people misuse their vehicles. Even they take their vehicles to a very short distances. Some people use it as a luxury item. So private vehicles should be banned so that air pollution can be controlled.

Group – B (Against)
Only private vehicles can meet the demand of the exploding population. Though a number of passenger carriers and goods carriers are run by the government, they can’t meet the rising demand of the people. Government can’t provide adequate service transportation. Of course, vehicles are responsible for air pollution. But all private vehicles shouldn’t be banned. A lot of problems will arise if it is done.

(ii) Industries being the major source of pollution need to be disestablished
(ପ୍ରଦୂଷଣର ମୁଖ୍ୟ ଉତ୍ସ ହୋଇଥିବାରୁ ଶିଳ୍ପଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ବିଲୋପ କରିବା ଆବଶ୍ୟକ ।)
Answer:
Group – A (For)
Most industries spew smoke, ash, dust and other pollutants into the atmospheric air. So the air gets polluted. It affects human beings, aquatic creatures, plants, trees as well as soil. Of course, industries fulfil the demand of the people. But they need to be disestablished to check pollution and save people and others from its ill effects.

Group – B (Against)
Modem society would come to halt without industries. Industrial products fulfil the demand of the people. Everything we use in our day-to-day life is a product of an industry or other. So the industries shouldn’t be disestablished.

G. Lets Enrich Our Vocabulary:

(i) There are some words/phrases in the text used to convey the harmful effects of air pollution on mankind.
(ବାୟୁ ପ୍ରଦୂଷଣର ମଣିଷ ସମାଜ ଉପରେ କ୍ଷତିକାରକ ପ୍ରଭାବ ଜଣାଇବା ନିମନ୍ତେ ପାଠ୍ୟ ବିଷୟରେ କେତେଗୁଡ଼ିଏ ଶବ୍ଦ|ବାକ୍ୟାଶ ଅଛି ।)
A few examples are given : deadly, irritating gases, a
ଅଳ୍ପ କେତୋଟି ଉଦାହରଣ ଦିଆଯାଇଛି: deadly, irritating gases
Pick out other such words/expressions from the text and write in your copy.
(ସେହିଭଳି ଅନ୍ୟାନ୍ୟ ଶବ୍ଦ/ବାକ୍ୟାଶଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ପାଠ୍ୟ ବିଷୟରୁ ବାଛି ତୁମ ଖାତାରେ ଲେଖ ।)

(ii) toxic fumes, toxic substances, respiratory illness, sensitive tissues, polluted air, dense smoke, scratchy throats, serious diseases
(a)The word ‘respiration’ is the noun form of the verb ‘respire’.
(respiration’ଶବ୍ଦଟି କ୍ରିୟାପଦ ‘respire’ର ବିଶେଷ୍ୟ ରୂପ ।)
Now with the help of a dictionary find out verb/noun forms of the following.
(ବର୍ତ୍ତମାନ ଅଭିଧାନର ସାହାଯ୍ୟ ନେଇ ନିମ୍ନଲିଖତଗୁଡ଼ିକର କ୍ରିୟା| ବିଶେଷ୍ୟ ରୂପ ବାହାର କର ।)

Noun	Verb	Verb	Noun
Resident		Consume
Pollution		Alter
Composition		Believe
Inhalation		Reduce
Emission		Produce
Comparison		Operate
Knowledge		Expect
Recovery		Represent
Destruction		Radiate
Contamination		Illustrate
Precipitation		Justify
Deterioration		Prevent

Answer:

Noun	Verb	Verb	Noun
Resident	Reside	Consume	Consumption
Pollution	Pollute	Alter	Alteration
Composition	Compose	Believe	Belief
Inhalation	Inhale	Reduce	Reduction
Emission	Emit	Produce	Production
Comparison	Compare	Operate	Operation
Knowledge	Know	Expect	Expectation
Recovery	Recover	Represent	Representation
Destruction	Destroy	Radiate	Radiation
Contamination	Contaminate	Illustrate	Illustration
Precipitation	Precipitate	Justify	Justification
Deterioration	Deteriorate	Prevent	Prevention

(b) Arrange the words provided under noun and verb in the order in which they should come in a dictionary.
( Noun ଓ verb ତଳେ ଦିଆଯାଇଥିବା ଶବ୍ଦଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ସେମାନେ ଅଭିଧାନରେ ଆସୁଥ‌ିବା କ୍ରମରେ ସଜାଅ । )
Answer:

Noun	Verb	Noun	Verb
Comparison Contamination Deterioration Inhalation Pollution Recovery	Alter Consume Illustrate Operate Produce Reduce	Composition Destruction Emission Knowledge Precipitation Resident	Believe Expect Justify Prevent Radiate Represent

(iii) Read the sentences below :
buildings of Krakow are slowly being destroyed by acidic smog.
Mark the word underlined. Two words, i.e. ‘smoke and fog’ (smoke + fog) have formed the word ‘smog’. Such process of word formation is known as blending. Many new words are being made in this process and are increasingly in use.

Given below is an exercise. Complete it.
Foreign + exchange bank = ………………… bank
………………. + …………….. policy = Exim policy
Slim + tender = ……………..
……………… + …………….. = telecast
Answer:
Foreign + exchange bank = Forex bank
Export + import policy = Exim policy
Slim + tender = slender
Television + broadcast = telecast

(iv) Given below are some expressions. Use a single word for each expression. Go to the text to find the words.
(ନିମ୍ନରେ କେତେକ ଶବ୍ଦପୁଞ୍ଜ ଦିଆଯାଇଛି । ପ୍ରତ୍ୟେକ ଶବ୍ଦପୁଞ୍ଜ ପାଇଁ ଗୋଟିଏ ଶବ୍ଦ ବ୍ୟବହାର କର ଶବ୍ଦଗୁଡ଼ିକ ପାଇବା ପାଇଁ ପାଠ୍ୟବିଷୟ ଦେଖ ।)
a great threat
getting worse day by day
things used to make something
a body of laws
one who studies weather conditions
Answer:
a great threat – menace
getting worse day by day – deteriorating
things used to make something – ingredients
a body of laws – legislation
one who studies weather conditions – meteorologist

H. Let’s Learn Language:

(a) Mark the following sentences used in the text:
(ପାଠ୍ୟ ବିଷୟରେ ବ୍ୟବହୃତ ନିମ୍ନଲିଖୂ ବାକ୍ୟଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ଲକ୍ଷ୍ୟ କର ।)
(i) …………………..  irritating gases enter the atmosphere.
(ii) every day, every moment we breathe polluted air to become a victim of air pollution.

The words underlined above are known as ‘participle adjectives. Here ‘irritating’ is the present participle adjective and ‘polluted’ is the past participle adjective in the above sentences.
(ଉପର ରେଖାଙ୍କିତ ଶବ୍ଦଗୁଡ଼ିକ ‘participle adjectives’ ଭାବେ ପରିଚିତ । ଉପର ବାକ୍ୟଗୁଡ଼ିକରେ ‘irritating’ ହେଉଛି ‘present participle adjective’ ଓ ‘polluted’ ହେଉଛି ‘past participle adjective’ ।)

Find out in the text how many such participles are there and make a list.
(ଏପରି କେତୋଟି participle ପାଠ୍ୟବିଷୟରେ ଅଛି ଖୋଜି ବାହାର କର ଓ ଏକ ତାଲିକା ପ୍ରସ୍ତୁତ କର ।)

Present Participle _______, ________, ________, ________
Past Participle ________, _________, ________, ________
Answer:
Present Participle — surviving, exploding (population), damaging (effects),drinking, designing, expanding (society), processing
Past Participle — contaminated, increased, industrialised, polluted

Complete the following sentences with appropriate participles of the verbs given in brackets.
(ବନ୍ଧନୀ ମଧ୍ୟରେ ପ୍ରଦତ୍ତ କ୍ରିୟାଗୁଡ଼ିକର ଉପଯୁକ୍ତ participleଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ବ୍ୟବହାର କରି ନିମ୍ନଲିଖ ବାକ୍ୟଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ କର ।)

1. The beggar is wearing a _______ shirt. (tear)
2. My father bought me a ______ suit. (swim)
3. My friend wanted a _______ instrument. (clean)
4. 1 never like to take a _______ egg. (boil)
5. Air pollution causes ______ problem. (breath)
6. People get deceased in a _______ atmosphere. (pollute)
7. Air pollution has _______ effect on buildings. (damage)
8. Severity of air pollution is more found in _______ countries. (develop)
Answer:
1. The beggar is wearing a torn shirt. (past participle)
2. My father bought me a swimming suit. (the present participle)
3. My friend wanted a cleaning instrument. (the present participle)
4. 1 never like to take a boiled egg. (past participle)
5. Air pollution causes breathing problems. (the present participle)
6. People get deceased in a polluted atmosphere. (past participle)
7. Air pollution has a damaging effects on buildings. (the present participle)
8. Severity of air pollution is more found in developed countries. (past participle)

(b) Punctuate the following text (ନିମ୍ନଲିଖ୍ ପାଠ୍ୟଟିକୁ ବିରାମ ଚିହ୍ନ ଦେଇ ଲେଖ) :
In the United States, control of air pollution is chiefly the responsibility of the state and local governments all the states have air quality management programmes which are patterned after federal laws the basic federal law dealing with air pollution is the clean air act of 1970 amended in 1990 under this law the federal environment protection again sets standards for air quality what are the standards.
Answer:
In the United States, control of air pollution is chiefly the responsibility of the state and local governments. All the States have air quality management programmes which are patterned after federal laws. The basic federal law dealing with air pollution is the Clean Air Act of 1970 amended in 1990. Under this law, the Federal Environment Protection Agency sets standards for air quality. What are the standards?

I. Let’S Prepare A Project

You live in a locality. You might have experienced some sort of pollution in your locality. It might be pollution of air or water or soil or could be noise pollution. Survey your area with a focus on the nature of pollution, its ill effects, causes of pollution and measures to control the same. Analyse and interpret the data/information collected. Write all these in a project format.
(It could be an individual or group project.)
(ତୁମେ ଏକ ଅଞ୍ଚଳରେ ବାସ କରୁଛ । ତୁମ ଅଞ୍ଚଳରେ କେତେକ ପ୍ରକାର ପ୍ରଦୂଷଣର ଅନୁଭୂତି ତୁମର ଥାଇପାରେ । ଏହା ବାୟୁ ବା ଜଳ ବା ମୃତ୍ତିକା ବା ଶବ୍ଦ ପ୍ରଦୂଷଣର ହୋଇଥାଇପାରେ । ପ୍ରଦୂଷଣର ପ୍ରକୃତି, ଏହାର କୁପ୍ରଭାବ, ପ୍ରଦୂଷଣର କାରଣ, ଏହାର ନିୟନ୍ତ୍ରଣ ଉପାୟ ଆଦି ଉପରେ ନଜର ରଖ୍ ତୁମ ଅଞ୍ଚଳ ସର୍ବେକ୍ଷଣ କର । ସଂଗୃହୀତ ତଥ୍ୟକୁ ବିଶ୍ଳେଷଣ ଓ ବ୍ୟାଖ୍ୟା କର ।) (ଏହା ବ୍ୟକ୍ତିଗତ ବା ଦଳଗତ ଯୋଜନା ହୋଇପାରେ ।)
Answer:
Title of the Project:
Air Pollution in Choudwar – Causes and Impacts on Environment.

Purpose of the study :
To find out the causes and bad effects of air pollution on the human population in Choudwar and to suggest control measures.
1. Air is the life breath of living beings but polluted air stands in the way of life.
2. Growing industrialization and deforestation are the causes of air pollution.

Methodology:
A survey method by sampling was adopted to carry out this study. Data from the field were collected on the following parameters covering a period of the last five years.

• Number of industries
• Running of vehicles/bikes etc., traffic jam
• No. of trees existing, cut down or newly planted trees during the year 2002-2006.
• Use of pesticides in the agricultural fields
• Use of LPG instead of firewood.
• Use of air conditioners, and coolers like electronic machinery.

Findings :
The entire area chosen for the study was surveyed and data were collected by direct observation from Government records, by interviewing senior citizens and local people including farmers. The collected year wise data are presented in the following tables.
Number of industries in Choudwar during the years 2002-2006

Type of industry	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006
Textile industry	01	01	03	05	10
Paper industry	Nil	Nil	Nil	01	02
Scrap Iron industry	02	02	04	04	06
Plastic industry	01	03	03	06	06
Sugar industry	Nil	Nil	Nil	01	01
Cement industry	Nil	Nil	Nil	Nil	01
Total	04	06	10	17	26

Number of vehicles plying on the highway passing through Choudwar at a particular hour during the years 2002-2006

Type of vehicles	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006
Two-wheelers	10	25	48	55	70
Cars, jeeps, etc.	04	07	15	21	35
Three wheelers	07	19	27	35	45
Buses and trucks	05	12	25	30	42

Number of big trees existing, cut down and newly planted in Choudwar during the years 2002-2006 (Collected from records of Office of the Forest Department,
Govt, of Odisha)
Number of Trees

Trees	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006
Existing	700	450	280	200	150
Cut down	50	250	170	80	30
Planted	300	150	90	70	50

Number of farmers using pesticides in their fields during those years Number of farmers in %

	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006
Pesticide users	5%	15%	30%	55%	85%

Number of families using LPG as fuel for cooking during those years Number of LPG user families (in %)

	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006
LPG users	8%	30%	65%	78%	91%

Number of people suffering from health disorders caused by air pollution at Choudwar during years 2002-2006 (Collected from Govt. Hospital records)
Number of people

Name of the disease	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006
Respiratory disorders	15	30	58	156	230
Skin disorders	18	25	37	48	115
Eye disorders	25	36	49	65	130
Cancer	02	10	14	22	36
Blood disorders	03	08	11	18	26

From the above data it becomes apparent that the air of Choudwar has been polluted during those years due to an increase in the load of vehicular traffic (Table 2), a number of different industries (Table 1) and a number of pesticides users, lack of required green cover, cutting down a large number of trees, poor plantation drive and above all due to lack of required awareness among people regarding the cause and effects of air pollution.

As a result, disorders of the respiratory system, skin, eyes, blood etc. are on the rise in this area. The only satisfying development is the rise in the number of families using LPG as fuel for cooking. Though it is not possible to install the industrialisation, use of pesticides and number of vehicles used for transportation, the following remedial measures can be taken to reduce the degree of pollution as well as the extent of pollution-related health disorders.

• Industrialists should be cajoled to use smokeless fuels and develop green covers around the factories.
• Industries should be compelled to use precipitators, scrubbers and filters to check the production of particulate matter.
• Industries should be shifted to places far from human habitation.
• Owners of automobiles should use positive crankcase ventilation and catalytic converter to reduce emissions.
• The use of low-sulphur fuel should be made compulsory.
• Antipollution devices and alternate fuels should be used in automobiles.
• No big tree should be cut down further and steps should be taken for adequate – plantation.
• The public should be made aware of air pollution through electronic media, print media, shows, symposia etc.

Conclusion:
Hence a clear and transparent atmosphere is pleasant for leading a smooth life. The presence of smoke and dust in the air irritates the human mind. High population density and a large number of plying automobiles, industries etc. make the air highly polluted. This polluted air contains carbon monoxide, nitrogen, hydrocarbons, sulphur dioxide, dust, ashes, pesticide granules etc. which are detrimental to human health. Every citizen should come forward to wipe out the pollution so that we can make the world better.

Let’s Know More

A. Related words.

Noun	Verb	Adjective	Adverb
alteration	alter	alterable	alterably
alarm	alarm	alarming	alarmingly
contamination	contaminate	contaminated	–
death	die	dead	deadly
damage	damage	damaging	–
disorder	disorder	disorderly	–
difficulty	–	difficult	–
difference	differ	different	–

 

Noun	Verb	Adjective	Adverb
pollution	pollute	polluted
origin	originate	original	originally
irritation	irritate	irritating	irritatingly
industry	industrialize	industrial	industrially
explosion	explode	explosive	explosively
drama	dramatize	dramatic	dramatically
involvement	involve	involved	–
improvement	improve	–	–
sense	sensitize	sensitive	sensitively
strike	strike	striking	strikingly
event	–	eventful	eventually
prevention	prevent	preventive	–
participation	participate	participative	–
production	Produce	productive	–
acid	acidify	acidic	acidly
danger	endanger	dangerous
surety	ensure	sure	surely
distance	–	distant	–

B. A single word for the group of words:
1. relating to industry – industrial
2. someone who suffers as a result of something – victim
3. of many different kinds – manifold
4. chemically inactive gas – argon
5. having small holes – porous
6. a mixture of smoke and fog – smog
7. things used to make something – ingredient
8. a person who studies weather conditions – meteorologist
9. a system of sending out smoke-emission
10. a body of laws – legislation
11. rain or snow falling to the ground – precipitation
12. a place where waste materials are left – dump
13. easily feeling pain – sensitive
14. inhaling or exhaling air – respiration
15. polluted by the addition of harmful substances – contaminated
16. act of breathing something in – inhalation
17. the waste materials or rubbish – garbage
18. a person who smokes cigarettes – a smoker
19. the seriousness of something unpleasant – severity
20. great threat – menace
21. going out of steam or smoke from an engine – exhaust
22. first step – an initiative
23. substances causing pollution – pollutant
24. cause discomfort – irritate
25. a person who studies plants – a botanist
26. a tall chimney at a factory – smokestacks
27. getting worse day by day – deteriorating

C. Opposite words (antonyms) of the following words.
local – national
survive – crumple, die
victim – attacker .assailant
obvious – obscure, imperceptible
pure – impure
dense – thin, sparse
knowledge – ignorance
high – low
dangerous – safe
disperse – gather
tragic – glorious, successful
damage – repair
inhale – exhale
contaminate – purify
adult – juvenile
pollution – purity
equivalent – different, dissimilar
large – small
crucial – unimportant, complimentary
pollute – purify, clean
enter – exit
urban-rural
disappear – appear
slowly – quickly
significant – insignificant, meaningless
expand – contract
difficulty – easiness
death – birth
different – similar
harmless – harmful
easy – difficult
mingle – separate, part
irritate – appease, pacify

BSE Odisha 10th Class English Air Pollution: A Hidden Menace Important Questions and Answers

Very Short Objective Questions With Answers
Answer The Following Questions In A Word Or A Phrase

Question 1.
When did the industrial accident take place at Bhopal?
Answer:
on 3 December 1984

Question 2.
From where did the deadly gas escape into the atmosphere?
Answer:
a chemical plant operated by Union Carbide

Question 3.
How many local residents were killed due to the industrial accident at Bhopal?
Answer:
over 4000

Question 4.
How much food does an average adult consume a day?
Answer:
1.5 kg

Question 5.
What do you mean by contaminated food?
Answer:
impure food

Question 6.
Which gas is the major constituent of air?
Answer:
nitrogen-78%

Question 7.
What can lead to respiratory disorders?
Answer:
inhalation polluted air

Question 8.
What is new in air pollution?
Answer:
the scope and severity

Question 9.
What do industries spew?
Answer:
dense smoke

Question 10.
Why are fuels burnt in industries?
Answer:
to produce steam

Question 11.
When is smoke produced?
Answer:
during burning process

Question 12.
What does polluted air contain?
Answer:
obnoxious gases, ash and dust particles

Question 13.
Which internal parts of the human body slowly become garbage dumps for pollutants?
Answer:
our lungs

Question 14.
What do you mean by obnoxious gases?
Answer:
unpleasant gases

Question 15.
Which industries discharge high amounts of smoke and ash?
Answer:
Thermal Power Stations

Question 16.
Which industries release toxic fumes into the air?
Answer:
chemical industries

Question 17.
What amount of pollutants do the automobiles in Kolkata spew every day?
Answer:
about 1500 tonnes

Question 18.
What do automobiles release into the atmosphere?
Answer:
carbon monoxide

Question 19.
How have trees been killed?
Answer:
pollution from power plants

Question 20.
What causes rubber tyres on automobiles to crack and become porous?
Answer:
air pollution

Question 21.
Where were the periods of high levels of air pollution liked to an increased number of deaths?
Answer:
in the United States and Europe

Question 22.
Which gases tend to trap the radiation that reaches the earth from the sun?
Answer:
carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide

Question 23.
What may destroy the atmospheric layer?
Answer:
chlorofluorocarbons

Question 24.
What causes the damage to the water in lakes and rivers?
Answer:
acid rain

Question 25.
Where have 4000 lakes been affected due to acid rain?
Answer:
in Sweden

Question 26.
What are the soil’s nutrients?
Answer:
potassium, calcium and magnesium

Question 27.
Which fish has vanished from the river of Central Wales?
Answer:
Dipper fish

Question 28.
From where has the Brown Tout vanished?
Answer:
Norwegian lakes

Question 29.
What harm can acid rain do to the skin?
Answer:
skin lesions

Question 30.
How are the beautiful buildings of Krakow being destroyed?
Answer:
by acidic smog

Question 31.
Where is acid rain eating into the marble of its world-famous monuments?
Answer:
in Athens

Question 32.
How many basic approaches are there to control air pollution?
Answer:
three

Question 33.
What are the basic approaches to control air pollution?
Answer:
preventive measure, dispersal measure and collection measure

Question 34.
What do all the industrialized countries have to prevent and control air pollution?
Answer:
some type of legislation

Question 35.
How are the pollutants carried from one country to another?
Answer:
by the wind

Question 36.
What has caused damage in Sweden?
Answer:
acids produced in Britain and France

Question 37.
What has brought improvements in many areas?
Answer:
air quality programmes

Question 38.
What can change pollutants into harmless substances?
Answer:
catalytic converter

Question 39.
What do you mean by ‘emission system’?
Answer:
a system of sending out smoke

Question 40.
What has been made in different countries to check air pollution and ensure quality air?
Answer:
law, setting standards and norms

Fill In The Blanks With Right Words

1. Air pollution is a hidden __________.
Answer:
menace

2. The most tragic industrial accident occurred at __________ in 1984.
Answer:
Bhopal

3. Union Carbide is a ________ plant.
Answer:
chemical

4. In the most tragic industrial accident __________ people were killed.
Answer:
4000

5. A man can live without food for ___________.
Answer:
a month

6. It is estimated that an average adult exchanges __________ kg of air a day.
Answer:
15

7. A man can intake __________ kg of water in a day.
Answer:
2.5

8. The quantum of pollutants that enter our body through respiration would be _________ in comparison to food and water.
Answer:
manifold

9. Air is a mixture of several _________.
Answer:
gases

10. The percentage of carbon dioxide in the air is __________.
Answer:
0.03

11. If the composition of air is altered, the oxygen level gets __________.
Answer:
reduced

12. Polluted air can lead to __________.
Answer:
respiratory disorders

13. ________ is new in air pollution.
Answer:
Scope and severity

14. Most industries spew _________ from their chimneys.
Answer:
dense smoke

15. Industries require __________ to run on.
Answer:
steam

16. During the burning of the fuels, along with heat, __________ is also produced.
Answer:
smoke

17. We respire polluted air containing, __________ ash and dust particles.
Answer:
obnoxious gases

18. ________ are rated the first among the industries that discharge high amounts of smoke and ash into the atmosphere.
Answer:
Thermal Power Stations

19. All ________ also release toxic fumes into the air, along with the smoke.
Answer:
chemical industries

20. Automobiles in Greater Kolkata alone spew about _________ tonnes of pollutants into the atmosphere every day.
Answer:
1500

21. Automobiles are responsible for __________ per cent of air pollution.
Answer:
60

22. Automobiles release a maximum of _________ into the atmosphere.
Answer:
carbon monoxide

23. Many flower and vegetable crops suffer ill effects from __________ gases.
Answer:
car exhaust

24. Building surfaces may actually be because _________ of air pollution.
Answer:
deteriorate

25. Air pollution causes rubber tyres on automobiles to crack and become __________.
Answer:
porous

26. In both the __________. periods of high levels of air pollution were linked to an increased number of deaths.
Answer:
United States and Europe

27. The synonym of ‘intake’ is __________.
Answer:
consumption

28. The antonym of ‘obnoxious’ is __________.
Answer:
pleasant/agreeable

29. Obnoxious gases tend to _________ the radiation that reaches the earth from the sun.
Answer:
trap

30. ‘Chlorof1urocarbon is used as a and a cleaner _________.
Answer:
refrigerant

31. Acid rain contains oxides of _________ along with other chemicals.
Answer:
sulphur and nitrogen

32. In Sweden __________ lakes have been positioned due to acid rain.
Answer:
400

33. Acid rain leaches away __________ from the upper layer of the soil.
Answer:
nutrients

34. Acid rain poisons __________.
Answer:
aquatic plants and animals

35. The Pied Flycatcher and Apollo Butterfly are threatened by acid rain in ___________.
Answer:
Sweden

36. __________ fish has vanished from the river of Central Wales.
Answer:
The Dipper fish

37. Smoke + fog = __________ (Fill in the blank with a blending word)
Answer:
smog

38. Krakow is a town of __________.
Answer:
Poland

39. Changing of raw materials comes under __________ measures.
Answer:
preventive

40. According to the experts more damage has been done in the past 25 years than in the previous years.
Answer:
200

41. Raising the heights of smokestacks comes under __________ measures.
Answer:
dispersal measures

42. the highly industrialized countries of (he world have some type of ___________ to prevent and control air pollution.
Answer:
legislation

43. Acids produced in Britain and France have caused damage in ___________.
Answer:
Sweden

44. The death of lakes in Eastern Canada has been caused by acid rain that originated in the ___________.
Answer:
United States

45. Air quality programmes have brought _________ in many areas.
Answer:
improvements

46. __________ changes pollutants into harmless substances in new cars.
Answer:
Catalytic converter

47. The synonym of ‘trap’ is ___________.
Answer:
retain

48. The persons who research plants are called __________.
Answer:
Botanists

49. _________ of new cars is a new invention to control air pollution.
Answer:
Emission system

50. Acid rain can also cause skin _________.
Answer:
lesions

51. Perhaps the day will come when the sunlight is no longer blocked by __________.
Answer:
an umbrella of pollution

52. Buildings of Krakow are being destroyed by ___________.
Answer:
acidic smog

53. Pollution control means ________ prices.
Answer:
higher

54. A blend of foreign and exchange banks is ___________.
Answer:
forex bank

55. A blending for export and import policy is __________.
Answer:
Exim policy

56. A blending word for slim and tender is ___________.
Answer:
slender

57. When we mix television with broadcast the blending word will be ___________.
Answer:
telecast

58. Brown trouts have vanished from ___________.
Answer:
the Norwegian lakes

59. Beautiful buildings in Krakow are being destroyed by __________.
Answer:
acidic smog

60. The world-famous marble monuments in Athens are being destroyed by ___________.
Answer:
acid rain

61. It is estimated that an average adult takes ___________. kg air, water and food in a day.
Answer:
19

62. Without our knowledge our lungs are becoming __________.
Answer:
dumps

63. Lorries, trucks and goods carriers are called _______ vehicles.
Answer:
heavy

64. Cars, jeeps and buses are called ________ vehicles.
Answer:
light

65. A two-wheeler that has no gear system is called __________.
Answer:
moped

66. Carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide are inviting ___________.
Answer:
global warming

67. Air pollution represents a loss of billion of __________ every year.
Answer:
dollars

68. Acid rain poisons plants and animals that live in __________.
Answer:
water

69. The levels of air pollution in Kolkata, Delhi, Mumbai and Chennai are ___________.
Answer:
alarming

70. The upper layer of soil contains potassium, magnesium and __________.
Answer:
calcium

Question 71.
A person who studies plants is called ___________.
Answer:
botanist

72. The process of in and exhaling air is called __________.
Answer:
respiration

73. Acid rain washes away __________ from the upper layer of soil.
Answer:
nutrients

74. Air pollution from car exhaust can be controlled by using ___________.
Answer:
catalytic converter

75. Athens is the capital city of ___________.
Answer:
Greece

76. Coal, coke and furnace oil are called __________.
Answer:
fuels

77. Bhopal gas tragedy is an example of __________.
Answer:
industrial accident

78. The byproducts from the smelters are poisoning __________.
Answer:
cattle

79. Acid rain is leaving behind leafless __________.
Answer:
skeleton of trees

80. If the trend of automobile exhausts continues, we have to wear __________ in the future.
Answer:
nasal filters

Multiple Choice Questions With Answers
Pick out the correct alternative.

Question 1.
The capital of Madhya Pradesh is __________?
(A) Jagadalpur
(B) Bhopai
(C) Patna
(D) Simia
Answer:
(B) Bhopal

Question 2.
The industrial accident in Bhopal took place in the year ____________?
(A) 1964
(B) 1974
(C) 1984
(D) 1994
Answer:
(C) 1984

Question 3.
The chemical plant at Bhopal was operated by __________?
(A) Samsung Digital
(B) Union Carbide
(C) Onida Carbide
(D) Maruti Carbide
Answer:
(B) Union Carbide

Question 4.
How many people in Bhopal were killed due to the industrial accident?
(A) 2000
(B) 3000
(C) 4000
(D) 5000
Answer:
(C) 4000

Question 5.
Man can’t live without for a minute?
(A) eating
(B) drinking
(C) breathing
(D) bathing
Answer:
(C) breathing

Question 6.
Every day a large number of pollutants enter our body through __________?
(A) respiration
(B) consumption
(C) operation
(D) legislation
Answer:
(A) respiration

Question 7.
Air which is a mixture of several gases consists of _________ per cent nitrogen?
(A) 28
(B) 78
(C) 88
(D) 98.
Answer:
(B) 78

Question 8.
When _________ level is reduced in the air. Do irritating gases enter the atmosphere?
(A) Oxygen
(B) Nitrogen
(C) Argon
(D) Carbon monoxide
Answer:
(A) Oxygen

Question 9.
If we respire polluted air, it leads us to ___________?
(A) mental disorder
(B) respiratory illness
(C) cardiac disorder
(D) optical disorder
Answer:
(B) respiratory illness

Question 10.
Most of the industries __________ dense smoke from their chimneys?
(A) sew
(B) spew
(C) flew
(D) exhaust
Answer:
(B) spew

Question 11.
Coal. coke and furnace oil are called __________?
(A) fuel
(B) fodder
(C) fire
(D) ore
Answer:
(A) fuel

Question 12.
We respire the air containing obnoxious gases and without our knowledge our lungs become?
(A) garbage carrier
(B) garbage dumps
(C) power stations
(D) spray cans
Answer:
(B) garbage dumps

Question 13.
Which industries are raced the first among industries that discharge high amounts of smoke and ash into the air?
(A) cement, steel and ore processing industries.
(B) herbal medicine industries
(C) automobile industries
(D) telecommunication industries
Answer:
(A) cement, steel and ore processing industries.

Question 14.
Do chemical industries release _____________ and smoke into the air?
(A) acidic fumes
(B) toxic fumes
(C) polluted dust
(D) harmful ash
Answer:
(B) toxic fumes

Question 15.
A person who lives in Kolkata inhales toxic substances equivalent to smoking?
(A) three packets of cigarettes.
(B) two packets of cigarettes
(C) two cups of toxic acid
(D) three bottles of alcohol.
Answer:
(B) two packets of cigarettes

Question 16.
Lorries and goods carriers are called vehicles?
(A) harmless
(B) light
(C) heavy
(D) invalid
Answer:
(C) heavy

Question 17.
Do automobiles contribute _____________ per cent of air pollution?
(A) 40
(B) 50
(C) 60
(D) 70
Answer:
(C) 60

Question 18.
If the trend of automobile exhausts continues, we have to wear _____________ ¡ri future?
(A) ear cover
(B) nasal filters
(C) sunglasses
(D) mouth covers
Answer:
(B) nasal filters

Question 19.
Pollutants may be carried from one country to another?
(A) the water
(B) the wind
(C) the animals
(D) the birds
Answer:
(B) the wind

Question 20.
Which programme has brought improvements in the air?
(A) water purification
(B) soil conservation
(C) deforestation
(D) air quality
Answer:
(D) air quality

Vocabulary
Do As Directed.

Question 1.
Most industries spew dense smoke. the underlined word means ___________?
Answer:
throw out

Question 2.
Air pollution is nothing new but what is new is the scope and severity of air pollution. the underlined word means _________?
Answer:
seriousness

Question 3.
The polluted air contains obnoxious gases. Does the underlined word mean __________?
Answer:
unpleasant

Question 4.
Acid rain leaches away soil nutrients. The underlined phrase means __________?
Answer:
washes away

Question 5.
At first, we didn’t understand the seriousness of her wounds. (Substitute a single word for the underlined part)
Answer:
severity

Question 6.
Nowadays a number of cars are plying on road. The meaning of ‘plying’ is ___________?
Answer:
running

Question 7.
Air pollution is a hidden menace. Here ‘menace’ means __________?
Answer:
threat

Question 8.
A single bomb can __________ a country in a minute. (Fill in the blank with the verb form of ‘destruction’)
Answer:
destroy

Question 9.
The _________ of rice is more in our state than any other state. (Fill in the blank with the noun form of ‘consume’)
Answer:
consumption

Question 10.
Air pollution causes _______ illness. (Fill in the blank with a related word of ‘respire’)
Answer:
respiratory

Question 11.
Contaminated food causes harm to our bodies. The meaning of the underlined word is __________?
Answer:
impure

Question 12.
Some countries have some type of legislation to prevent and control air pollution. The underlined word means __________?
Answer:
a body of law

Question 13.
We respire the polluted air containing obnoxious gases. The underlined word means _________?
Answer:
unpleasant

Question 14.
Acid rain causes skin ‘lesions’. The underlined word means __________?
Answer:
injuries

Question 15.
Another concern is acid rain. Here ‘concern’ means _________?
Answer:
worry

Question 16.
Building surfaces may actually become worse because of air pollution. A single word for the underlined expression will be _________?
Answer:
deteriorate

Subjective Questions With Answers
Answer the following question in about 50 words.

Question 1.
What are the basic approaches to control air pollution?
Answer:
There are three basic approaches to controlling air pollution. Preventive measures can be taken by changing the raw materials used in industry or the ingredients of fuel. Dispersal measures can be taken by raising the heights of smokestacks and collection measures can be taken by designing equipment to trap pollutants before they escape into the atmosphere.

Question 2.
What is acid rain and how does it cause damage in lakes and rivers?
Answer:
Acid rain is rain that contains oxides of sulphur and nitrogen along with other chemicals released into the atmosphere. It is very harmful to the environment. It makes water in rivers and lakes poisonous. The water turns acidic and affects aquatic animals and plants. It affects crops, trees, buildings, soils, drinking water as well as human beings.

Question 3.
What is the composition of air? When is air said to be polluted?
Answer:
Pure air doesn’t contain a single element. It is a mixture of several gases. It comprises 78 per cent nitrogen, 21 per cent oxygen, a little less than 01 per cent argon together with 0.03 per cent carbon dioxide. The air is pure and transparent as long as this composition is maintained. If the oxygen level gets reduced or irritating gases enter the atmosphere, the air is said to be polluted.

Question 4.
What are the basic approaches to control air pollution?
Answer:
There are three basic approaches to controlling air pollution. Preventive measures can be taken by changing the raw materials used in industry or the ingredients of fuel. Dispersal measures can be taken by raising the heights of smokestacks and collection measures can be taken by designing equipment to trap pollutants before they escape into the atmosphere.

Question 5.
What is acid rain and how does it cause damage to lakes and rivers? Or, What are the harmful effects of acid rain?
Answer:
Acid rain is rain that contains oxides of sulphur and nitrogen along with other chemicals released into the atmosphere. It is very harmful to the environment. It makes the water of the rivers and lakes poisonous. The water turns acidic and affects aquatic animals and plants. It affects crops, trees, buildings, soils, drinking water as well as human beings.

Question 6.
Where and when did the tragic Industrial accident take place? What were its consequences? Or, What accident took place at Bhopal in 1984? What were its tragic consequences?
Answer:
The most tragic industrial accident took place in Bhopal on 3 December 1984. A deadly gas from a chemical plant operated by Union Carbide escaped into the atmosphere. As a result of it, 4000 thousand local residents were killed and a large section of the city’s surviving population was rendered blind and crippling.

Question 7.
How is smoke produced? Where does it go?
Answer:
Various industries require steam. In order to produce the steam, they use fuels like coal, coke or furnace oil. These fuels are burnt in industries. During burning, along with heat, smoke is also produced. Of course, it disappears in a short time. But actually, it mingles with the atmospheric air and pollutes it.

Question 8.
How do thermal power stations cause more pollution?
Answer:
Some of the significant industries contributing to air pollution are cement, steel and ore-processing industries. But thermal power stations are rated the first among them as they discharge high amounts of smoke and ash into the atmospheric air. So they cause more pollution.

Question 9.
What are the effects of air pollution on vegetable crops and trees?
Answer:
Automobiles release maximum carbon monoxide into the atmosphere. As a result, the air is polluted. Particularly vegetable crops suffer ill effects from car exhaust gases. Many trees have been killed by the pollution from power plants.

Question 10.
How are buildings affected by polluted air?
Answer:
Polluted air not only affects human beings but also plants as well as buildings. Due to air pollution, fine buildings become shabby, and their walls blackened with soot that has settled on them. Building surfaces may actually deteriorate because of polluted air.

Question 11.
What harm can refrigerant do?
Answer:
Chlorofluorocarbons are a group of chemicals. They are gaseous compounds of chlorine, fluorine and carbon. These substances are used as refrigerants and cleaners. They can cause damage to the atmospheric layer. They may destroy the atmospheric layer (ozone layer) that protects us from harmful kinds of solar energy.

Question 12.
How is acid rain caused?
Answer:
Acid rain is caused due to the presence of sulphur oxide, nitrogen oxide and other chemicals in the atmosphere. It occurs when these gases react in the atmosphere with water, oxygen and other chemicals to form various acidic compounds.

Question 13.
Why do we still need to find out better ways to control air pollution?
Answer:
In spite of the formulation of laws and set of standards and norms, air pollution hasn’t been completely checked. So we still need to find out better ways to control it. Now physicians, engineers, botanists and meteorologists are carrying on research seeking new ways to check it.

Question 14.
What steps can be taken to reduce the air pollution caused by automobiles and factories?
Answer:
To reduce the air pollution caused by automobiles, the engines have been redesigned and new cars have been equipped with devices such as catalytic converters. They convert pollutants into harmless substances. Because of these new devices, air pollution from car exhaust has been reduced. Burning of low-sulphur coal and oil in factories has lowered pollution in many cities.

Question 15.
How do pollutants travel from one country to another?
Answer:
Now industrialised countries have taken steps to prevent and control air pollution. But one difficulty is that pollutants may be carried by the wind from one country to another. They often travel distances of thousand of miles. The death of lakes in eastern Canada has been caused by the acid rain that originated in the United States. Acids produced in Britain and France have caused damage in Sweden.

Question 16.
How is air more important for the man than food and water?
Answer:
A man can live without food for a month, and without water for two or three days. But he cannot live without breathing even for a minute. It is estimated that an average adult exchanges 15 kg of air a day, in comparison to about 1.5 kg of food consumed and 2.5 kg of water intake. So it is clear that air is more important for the man than food and water.

Question 17.
How do automobiles cause air pollution?
Answer:
The number of vehicles plying on the roads is increasing day by day to meet the demand of an exploding population of the world. Equally a greater number of lorries, and goods carriers are on the move. The use of cars, jeeps, and two-wheelers has increased dramatically along with heavy vehicles. Automobiles release Carbon Monoxide into the atmosphere. Thus they are responsible ’ for about 60 per cent of air pollution in various parts of the world.

Question 18.
How is air pollution responsible for increasing the temperature? Or, What is global warming and how is it caused?
Answer:
Global warming is the gradual increase in the earth’s temperature caused by high levels of Carbon Monoxide, Methane and Nitrous Oxide in the atmosphere. These gases tend to trap the radiation that reaches the earth from the sun. This process would eventually lead to global warming.

Question 19.
What health problems are caused by polluted air?
Answer:
The high cost of air pollution is most strikingly illustrated in its damaging effects on the human body. Polluted air causes eye irritations, scratchy throats and respiratory diseases. It also contributes to a number of serious diseases in the human body. The high levels of air pollution were linked to an increased number of deaths in Europe and the United States.

Question 20.
What are the industries that contribute to air pollution?
Answer:
Our air is being polluted with the by-products of industries. Of all the industries thermal power stations are rated the first, that discharge plenty of smoke and ash into the atmosphere. Besides cement, steel and ore processing industries also contribute to air pollution. Some of the chemical industries also release toxic fumes into the air along with the smoke.

Question 21.
Why does the oxygen level in the atmosphere get reduced?
Answer:
Various industries have been set up in modern times to meet the growing demand of the exploding population. They release irritating gases along with smoke into the atmosphere. These harmful irritating gases mingle in the atmosphere and pollute the air. So oxygen level in the atmosphere gets reduced and the air is said to be polluted causing respiratory disorders.

Question 22.
How have air quality programmes brought us benefits? Or, What are the air quality programmes made in different countries?
Answer:
The air quality programmes have brought improvements in several areas. Burning low-sulphur coal and oil in factories and power stations has reduced air pollution in many cities. The automobile engines have been redesigned and new cars are equipped with devices such as catalytic converters, which convert pollutants into harmless substances.

Question 23.
What are the basic approaches to control air pollution?
Answer:
There are three basic approaches to checking air pollution. They are preventive measures, dispersal measures and collection measures. Preventive measures involve changing the raw materials used in the industries or ingredients of fuel. Dispersal measures are raising the heights of smokestacks. Collection measure is designing equipment to trap pollutants before they escape into the atmosphere.

Air Pollution: A Hidden Menace Summary in English

Lead-In

If our surroundings get polluted we suffer from many kinds of diseases and sicknesses. If our surroundings get highly polluted our life gets endangered. Many factors contribute to this air getting polluted. Smoke rises from automobiles, workshops, restaurants and hotels pollute our environment. The harmful gas rises from heaps of filth, from the latrines and urinals and from the uncleaned drains also pollutes our environment. This air pollution is a hidden menace and poses the greatest threat to mankind in future. Let’s read this topic and think of ways in which we can ensure that we breathe clean and pure air.

ଉପକ୍ରମ :

ଆମ ଚତୁଃପାର୍ଶ୍ଵ ଦୂଷିତ ହୋଇଗଲେ ଆମେ ନାନାପ୍ରକାର ରୋଗ ତଥା ଅସୁସ୍ଥତାର ଶିକାର ହେଉ । ଯଦି ଆମ ଚତୁଃପାର୍ଶ୍ଵ ବହୁମାତ୍ରାରେ ଦୂଷିତ ହୋଇଯାଏ ତେବେ ଆମ ଜୀବନ ବିପଦଗ୍ରସ୍ତ ହୋଇପଡ଼େ । ବାୟୁ ଦୂଷିତ ହେବା ନିମନ୍ତେ ଅନେକ ଉପାଦାନ ସହାୟକ ହୋଇଥାଆନ୍ତି । ଯାନବାହନ, କଳକାରଖାନା, ରେଷ୍ଟୁରାଣ୍ଟ ଓ ହୋଟେଲ୍‌ରୁ ବାହାରୁଥିବା ଧୂଆଁ ପରିବେଶକୁ ଦୂଷିତ କରିଥାଏ । ଅଳିଆଗଦା, ପାଇଖାନା ଓ ମୂତ୍ରାଗାର ତଥା ଅପରିଷ୍କୃତ ନର୍ଦ୍ଦମାରୁ ବାହାରୁଥ‌ିବା କ୍ଷତିକାରକ ବାଷ୍ପ ମଧ୍ୟ ପରିବେଶକୁ ଦୂଷିତ କରିଥାଏ । ଏହି ବାୟୁ ପ୍ରଦୂଷଣ ଏକ ଲୁକ୍‌କାୟିତ ବିପଦ ସଦୃଶ ଏବଂ ଭବିଷ୍ୟତରେ ମାନବଜାତି ପାଇଁ ସବୁଠାରୁ ବଡ଼ ଭୟ/ବିପଦ ସୃଷ୍ଟି କରିବ । ଚାଲ ଏହି ବିଷୟଟିକୁ ପଢ଼ିବା ଓ ବିଭିନ୍ନ ଉପାୟ ଚିନ୍ତା କରିବା ଯଦ୍ଦାରା ଆମେ ନିର୍ମଳ ତଥା ଶଦ୍ଧ ବାୟ ସେବନ କରିପାରିବା ବୋଲି ନିଶ୍ଚିତ ହୋଇପାରିବା ।

Paragraphs Explanation

Para: No one can forget one of the most tragic industrial accidents that occurred at Bhopal on 3 December 1984. Deadly gas from a chemical plant operated by Union Carbide escaped into the atmosphere, killing over 4000 local residents and rendering them blind and crippling a large section of the city’s surviving population. Not only Bhopal but now every city, every town, and every corner of the earth is facing such a crucial problem. Every day, every moment we breathe polluted air and may become a victim of air pollution.

ଅନୁବାଦ : ୧୯୮୪ ମସିହା ଡିସେମ୍ବର ୩ ତାରିଖ ଦିନ ଭୋପାଳରେ ଘଟିଥ‌ିବା ସର୍ବାଧ‌ିକ ମର୍ମନ୍ତୁଦ ଔଦ୍ୟୋଗିକ (ଶିଳ୍ପ) ଦୁର୍ଘଟଣାକୁ କେହି ଭୁଲିପାରିବେ ନାହିଁ । ୟୁନିଅନ୍ କାର୍ବାଇଡ୍ଦ୍ୱାରା ପରିଚାଳିତ ଏକ ରାସାୟନିକ ଶିଳ୍ପରୁ ମାରାତ୍ମକ ବାଷ୍ପ ବାୟୁମଣ୍ଡଳକୁ ନିର୍ଗତ ହୋଇ ୪୦୦୦ରୁ ଊର୍ଦ୍ଧ୍ବ ସ୍ଥାନୀୟ ଅଧିବାସୀ ପ୍ରାଣତ୍ୟାଗ କଲେ ଏବଂ ସହରର ବଞ୍ଚିଯାଇଥ‌ି ଲୋକସଂଖ୍ୟାର ଅଧିକାଂଶ ଭାଗକୁ ଅନ୍ଧ ଓ ପଙ୍ଗୁ କରିଦେଇଥିଲା । ବର୍ତ୍ତମାନ କେବଳ ଭୋପାଳ ନୁହେଁ ପୃଥ‌ିବୀର ପ୍ରତ୍ୟେକ ନଗର, ପ୍ରତ୍ୟେକ ସହର, ପୃଥ‌ିବୀର ପ୍ରତ୍ୟେକ କୋଣ ଏହିପରି ଏକ ସଙ୍କଟମୟ ସମସ୍ୟାର ସମ୍ମୁଖୀନ ହେଉଛି । ପ୍ରତିଦିନ, ପ୍ରତି ମୁହୂର୍ତ୍ତରେ ଆମେ ଦୂଷିତ ବାୟୁ ଗ୍ରହଣ କରୁଛ ଓ ବାୟୁ ପ୍ରଦୂଷଣର ଶିକାର ହେଉଛୁ ।

Para: A man can live without food for a month, and without water for two or three days, but he cannot live without breathing even for a minute. It is estimated that an average adult exchanges 15 kg of air a day, in comparison to about 1.5 kg of food consumed and 2.5 kg of water intake. It is obvious that the quantum of pollutants that enter our body through respiration would be manifold in comparison to those taken in through polluted water or contaminated food.

ଅନୁବାଦ : ଜଣେ ଲୋକ ଖାଦ୍ୟ ବିନା ଗୋଟିଏ ମାସ, ପାଣି ବିନା ଦୁଇ କିମ୍ବା ତିନି ଦିନ ବଞ୍ଚିପାରିବ, କିନ୍ତୁ ଶ୍ଵାସକ୍ରିୟା ବିନା ଏପରିକି ଗୋଟିଏ ମିନିଟ୍ ମଧ୍ୟ ବଞ୍ଚୁପାରିବ ନାହିଁ । ଏହା ଆକଳନ କରାଯାଇଛି ଯେ ଜଣେ ସାଧାରଣ ପ୍ରାପ୍ତବୟସ୍କ ବ୍ୟକ୍ତି ଦିନକୁ ପ୍ରାୟ ୧.୫ କି.ଗ୍ରା. ଖାଦ୍ୟ ଓ ୨.୫ କି.ଗ୍ରା. ଜଳ ଗ୍ରହଣ କରୁଥିବାବେଳେ ସେହି ତୁଳନାରେ ୧୫ କି.ଗ୍ରା. ବାୟୁ ବିନିମୟ କରିଥାଏ । ଏହା ସ୍ପଷ୍ଟ ଯେ ଯେତିକି ପରିମାଣର ପ୍ରଦୂଷଣକାରୀ ଆମ ଶରୀର ମଧ୍ୟକୁ ଶ୍ଵାସକ୍ରିୟାଦ୍ଵାରା ପ୍ରବେଶ କରନ୍ତି, ତାହା ଆମେ ଗ୍ରହଣ କରୁଥିବା ଦୂଷିତ ଜଳ ଓ ଖାଦ୍ୟ ତୁଳନାରେ ବହୁଗୁଣ କ୍ଷତିକାରକ ।

Para: Air is a mixture of gases comprising 78 per cent nitrogen, 21 per cent oxygen and a little less than 1 per cent argon, together with 0.03 per cent carbon dioxide. These elements make up 99.9 per cent of dry air. As long as this composition is maintained, the air is pure. If this composition is altered, i.e. the oxygen level gets reduced or irritating gases enter the atmosphere, then the air is said to be polluted and inhalation of this polluted air can lead to respiratory disorders.

ଅନୁବାଦ : ବାୟୁ ହେଉଛି କେତେଗୁଡ଼ିଏ ବାଷ୍ପର ମିଶ୍ରଣ ଯେଉଁଥିରେ ୭୮ ପ୍ରତିଶତ ଯବକ୍ଷାରଜାନ, ୨୧ ପ୍ରତିଶତ ଅମ୍ଳଜାନ ଏବଂ ଏକ ପ୍ରତିଶତରୁ ସାମାନ୍ୟ କମ୍ ଆର୍‌ଗନ୍ ସହିତ ୦.୦୩ ପ୍ରତିଶତ ଅଙ୍ଗାରକାମ୍ଳ ଅନ୍ତର୍ଭୁକ୍ତ । ଏହି ଉପାଦାନଗୁଡ଼ିକ ଶୁଷ୍କ ବାୟୁର ୯୯.୯ ପ୍ରତିଶତ ପୂରଣ କରିଥାଏ । ଯେଉଁ ପର୍ଯ୍ୟନ୍ତ ଏହି ସମାହାର ସ୍ଥିର ଥ‌ିବ, ବାୟୁ ଶୁଦ୍ଧ ରହିବ । ଯଦି ଏହି ସମାହାରରେ ବ୍ୟତିକ୍ରମ ଘଟିବ ଅସନ୍ତୁଳିତ ହୋଇଯିବ, ଉଦାହରଣସ୍ୱରୂପ, ଅମ୍ଳଜାନ ସ୍ତର ହ୍ରାସ ପାଇବ କିମ୍ବା ବାୟୁମଣ୍ଡଳରେ ବିରକ୍ତିକର ବାଷ୍ପସବୁ ପ୍ରବେଶ କରିବ, ତେବେ ବାୟୁ ଦୂଷିତ ହୋଇଛି ବୋଲି କୁହାଯିବ ଏବଂ ଏହି ଦୃଷିତ ବାୟ ସେବନ ଶ୍ଵାସକ୍ରିୟାଜନିତ ସମସ୍ୟା ସୃଷ୍ଟି କରିପାରେ ।

Para: Our air is being poisoned with the by-products of an expanding technological society. Air pollution is nothing new, but what is new is the scope and severity of air pollution.

ଅନୁବାଦ : ପ୍ରସାରଣଶୀଳ ବୈଷୟିକ ବିଦ୍ୟାସମ୍ପନ୍ନ ସମାଜର ଉପଜାତ ଦ୍ରବ୍ୟଗୁଡ଼ିକଦ୍ବାରା ଆମ ଦାୟ ବିଷାକ୍ତ ହୋଇଯାଇଛି । ବାୟୁ ପ୍ରଦୂଷଣ କିଛି ନୂଆ କଥା ନୁହେଁ, ବରଂ ଯାହାକିଛି ନୂଆ ତାହା ହେଉଛି ବାୟୁପ୍ରଦୂଷଣର ପରିସର ଓ କ୍ଷତିକାରିତା ।

Para: In recent times, quite a large number of industries can be seen in urban areas as well as in rural pockets. Most of these industries spew dense smoke from their chimneys. What is this smoke made of and how is it produced? Industries require steam and to produce it various fuels such as coal, coke, and furnace oil are burnt. During burning, along with heat, smoke is produced. Where does this smoke go? Apparently, it disappears in a short time but in reality, it never does so. Instead, it mingles with the atmospheric air and pollutes it. We respire this polluted air containing obnoxious gases, ash and dust particles. Without our knowledge, our lungs slowly become garbage dumps for these pollutants.

ଅନୁବାଦ : ସମ୍ପ୍ରତି ସହରାଞ୍ଚଳ ତଥା ଗ୍ରାମାଞ୍ଚଳରେ ଅନେକ ଶିଳ୍ପାନୁଷ୍ଠାନ ଦେଖିବ । ତନ୍ମଧ୍ୟରୁ ଅଧିକାଂଶ ଶିଳ୍ପ ସେମାନଙ୍କର ଧୂମନଳିକାରୁ ଧୂଆଁ ନିର୍ଗତ କରୁଛନ୍ତି । ଏହି ଧୂଆଁ କେଉଁଥ‌ିରେ ତିଆରି ଓ କିପରି ଉତ୍ପନ୍ନ ହେଉଛି ? ଶିଳ୍ପଗୁଡ଼ିକ ବାଷ୍ପ ଆବଶ୍ୟକ କରନ୍ତି ଏବଂ ଏହା ଉତ୍ପନ୍ନ କରିବାପାଇଁ ବିଭିନ୍ନ ଜାଳେଣି ଯଥା – କୋଇଲା, କୋକ୍, ଉତ୍ତପ୍ତ ତେଲ ଇତ୍ୟାଦି ଦହନ କରାଯାଏ । ଦହନ ସମୟରେ ଉତ୍ତାପ ସହିତ ଧୂଆଁ ମଧ୍ୟ ଉତ୍ପନ୍ନ ହୁଏ । ଏହି ଧୂଆଁସବୁ କୁଆଡ଼େ ଯାଏ ? ଆପାତତଃ ଅଳ୍ପ ସମୟ ମଧ୍ୟରେ ଏହା ଅଦୃଶ୍ୟ ହୋଇଯାଏ; କିନ୍ତୁ ବାସ୍ତବରେ ତାହା ହୁଏ ନାହିଁ । ତା’ ବଦଳରେ ଏହା ବାୟୁମଣ୍ଡଳର ବାୟୁରେ ମିଶିଯାଏ ଓ ଏହାକୁ ଦୂଷିତ କରେ । ଆମେ ଏହି ବିରକ୍ତିକର ବାଷ୍ପ, ପାଉଁଶ ଓ ଧୂଳିକଣା ଥ‌ିବା ପ୍ରଦୂଷିତ ବାୟୁକୁ ନିଃଶ୍ୱାସପ୍ରଶ୍ଵାସରେ ଗ୍ରହଣ କରୁ । ଆମ ଅଜ୍ଞାତରେ ଆମ ଫୁସ୍‌ଫୁସ୍ ଏହି ପ୍ରଦୂଷଣକାରୀ ଉପାଦାନଗୁଡ଼ିକର ଆବର୍ଜନା ଗଦାରେ ପରିଣତ ହୁଏ ।

Para: Thermal power stations are rated the first among the industries that discharge high amounts of smoke and ash. Other significant industries contributing to air pollution are cement, steel and ore processing industries. Some of the chemical industries also release toxic fumes into the air, along with the smoke.

ଅନୁବାଦ : ଅଧ‌ିକ ପରିମାଣର ଧୂଆଁ ଓ ପାଉଁଶ ଛାଡୁଥ‌ିବା ଶିଳ୍ପମାନଙ୍କ ମଧ୍ୟରେ ତାପଜ ବିଦ୍ୟୁତ୍ କେନ୍ଦ୍ରଗୁଡ଼ିକ ପ୍ରଥମଶ୍ରେଣୀ ଅନ୍ତର୍ଭୁକ୍ତ । ଅନ୍ୟାନ୍ୟ ଉଲ୍ଲେଖଯୋଗ୍ୟ ବାୟୁ ପ୍ରଦୂଷଣ କରୁଥିବା ଶିଳ୍ପଗୁଡ଼ିକ ହେଉଛି ସିମେଣ୍ଟ, ଇସ୍ପାତ ଏବଂ ଧାତୁପିଣ୍ଡ ପ୍ରକ୍ରିୟାକରଣ ଶିଳ୍ପ । କେତେକ ରାସାୟନିକ ଶିଳ୍ପ ମଧ ବାୟୁ ଭିତରକୁ ଧୂଆଁ ସହିତ ବିଷାକ୍ତ ବାଷ୍ପ ଛାଡ଼ିଥାଆନ୍ତି ।

Para: Automobile exhausts are in no way less dangerous than industrial smoke. It is reported that automobiles in Greater Kolkata alone spew about 1500 tonnes of pollutants into the atmosphere every day. It is stated that a person living in Kolkata, whether he is a smoker or not, is forced to inhale toxic substances equivalent to smoking two packets of cigarettes a day. The level of pollution in cities like Delhi, Mumbai and Chennai are equally alarming. To meet the demands of an exploding population, the number of buses plying on the roads are being increased. Equally a greater number of lorries and other goods carriers are on the move.

Along with heavy vehicles, the use of cars, jeeps and two-wheelers such as bikes, scooters and mopeds has increased dramatically – all contributing to significant levels of air pollution. Automobiles are responsible for 60 per cent of air pollution in various parts of the world as they release maximum carbon monoxide into the atmosphere. The menace of air pollution attributed to automobile exhausts has now reached the peak level and if this trend continues, we may have to wear nasal filters on our noses in future.

ନୁହନ୍ତି । ସୂଚନା ମିଳେ ଯେ କେବଳ ବୃହତ୍ କୋଲ୍‌କାତା ସହରରେ ଗାଡ଼ିମଟରଗୁଡ଼ିକ ଦୈନିକ ୧୫୦୦ ଟନ୍‌ ପ୍ରଦୂଷଣକାରୀ ପଦାର୍ଥ ବାୟୁମଣ୍ଡଳକୁ ନିର୍ଗତ କରିଥା’ନ୍ତି । । କୋଲକାତାରେ ବାସ କରୁଥିବା ଜଣେ ବ୍ୟକ୍ତି ଧୂମପାନକାରୀ ହୋଇଥାଉ ବା ନ ହୋଇଥାଉ, ସେ ଦୈନିକ ଦୁଇ ପ୍ୟାକେଟ୍ ସିଗାରେଟ୍ ପାନ କରିବା ସହ ସମପରିମାଣର ବିଷାକ୍ତ ବାଷ୍ପ ପ୍ରଶ୍ଵାସରେ ନେବାକୁ ବାଧ୍ୟ ହୋଇଥାଏ ବୋଲି କୁହାଯାଏ । ଦିଲ୍ଲୀ, ମୁମ୍ବାଇ ଓ ଚେନ୍ନାଇ ସହରଗୁଡ଼ିକର ପ୍ରଦୂଷଣ ସ୍ତର ସମାନ ହାରରେ ବିପଜ୍ଜନକ । ବିସ୍ଫୋରିତ ଜନସଂଖ୍ୟାର ଚାହିଦା ପୂରଣ କରିବାକୁ ରାସ୍ତାରେ ଚଳାଚଳ କରୁଥିବା ବସ୍ ସଂଖ୍ୟା ମଧ୍ୟ ବଢୁଛି । ସମ ପରିମାଣର ଟ୍ରକ୍, ଓ ଅନ୍ୟ ଦ୍ରବ୍ୟବାହକ ଗାଡ଼ିଗୁଡ଼ିକ ମଧ୍ୟ ଚଳାଚଳ କରୁଛି । ଭାରୀ ଯାନ ସହିତ କାର୍, ଜିପ୍, ବାଇକ୍ ସ୍ଫୁଟର ଓ ମୋପେଡ୍ ପରି ଦୁଇଚକିଆ ଯାନ ଚଳାଚଳ ଅତି ନାଟକୀୟ ଭାବରେ ବୃଦ୍ଧି ପାଇଛି । ଏସବୁ ବାୟୁ ପ୍ରଦୂଷଣକୁ ଏକ ଗୁରୁତ୍ଵପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ ସ୍ତରରେ ପହଞ୍ଚାଇବାରେ ସହାୟକ ହୋଇଛି । ପୃଥ‌ିବୀର ବିଭିନ୍ନ ପ୍ରାନ୍ତରେ ୬୦ ପ୍ରତିଶତ ବାୟୁ ପ୍ରଦୂଷଣ ପାଇଁ ଯାନବାହନଗୁଡିକ ଦାୟୀ ଯେହେତୁ ସେଗୁଡ଼ିକ ଯଥେଷ୍ଟ ପରିମାଣର କାର୍ବନ ମନୋକ୍ସାଇଡ଼ ବାଷ୍ପ ବାୟୁମଣ୍ଡଳକୁ ନିର୍ଗତ କରିଥା’ନ୍ତି । ଯାନବାହନର ନିଷ୍କାସିତ ଧୂମ ହେତୁ ବାୟୁ ପ୍ରଦୂଷଣର ବିପଦ ଏବେ ଶୀର୍ଷ ସ୍ତରରେ ପହଞ୍ଚିଛି ଏବଂ ଯଦି ଏହି ଗରିମା ରାଇ ରବେ ତେବେ ଆମକ ହୁଏତ ଭବିଷ୍ୟତରେ ଅନନାସିକ ଛଣା ଯନ୍ତ୍ରସବ ନାକରେ ପିନ୍ଧିବାକୁ ପଡ଼ିପାରେ ।

Para: The damage caused by pollution is enormous. In money alone, it represents a loss of billions of dollars each year. Many flower and vegetable crops suffer ill effects from car exhaust gases. Trees have been killed by pollution from power plants. Cattle have been poisoned by the fumes from smelters and recover aluminium from ore. Air pollution causes rubber tyres on automobiles to crack and become porous. Fine buildings become shabby, their walls blackened with soot that has settled on them. Building surfaces may actually deteriorate because of air pollution.

ଅନୁବାଦ : ପ୍ରଦୂଷଣଦ୍ୱାରା ହେଉଥ‌ିବା କ୍ଷତି ଅତି ବ୍ୟାପକ । କେବଳ ଟଙ୍କା ଆକାରରେ ପ୍ରତିବର୍ଷ ନିୟୁତ ନିୟୁତ ସଂଖ୍ୟକ ଡଲାର କ୍ଷତି ହେଉଛି । କାର ନିଃସୃତ ବାଷ୍ପଗୁଡ଼ିକର ଖରାପ ପ୍ରଭାବରେ ଅନେକ ଫୁଲ ଓ ପରିବା ଫସଲ କ୍ଷତିଗ୍ରସ୍ତ ହୁଏ । ବିଦ୍ୟୁତ୍ ଉତ୍ପାଦନ କେନ୍ଦ୍ରରୁ ଉତ୍ପନ୍ନ ପ୍ରଦୂଷଣଦ୍ୱାରା ଗଛଗୁଡ଼ିକ ମରି ଯାଉଛନ୍ତି । ଧାତୁ ଦ୍ରାବକଶାଳାରୁ ଓ ଧାତୁପିଣ୍ଡରୁ ଆଲୁମିନିୟମ୍ ପ୍ରସ୍ତୁତି ସମୟରେ ନିର୍ଗତ ବାଷ୍ପଦ୍ବାରା ଗୋରୁଗାଈଗୁଡ଼ିକ ବିଷକ୍ରିୟାଦ୍ୱାରା କ୍ଷତିଗ୍ରସ୍ତ ହେଉଛନ୍ତି । ବାୟୁ ପ୍ରଦୂଷଣ ମୋଟରଗାଡ଼ିର ରବର ଟାୟାରଗୁଡ଼ିକରେ ସଂକୀର୍ଣ୍ଣ ଫାଟ ସୃଷ୍ଟି କରେ ଓ ସେଗୁଡ଼ିକ ସଚ୍ଛିଦ୍ର ହୋଇଯାଏ । ସୁନ୍ଦର ସୁନ୍ଦର କୋଠାବାଡ଼ିଗୁଡ଼ିକ ଅପରିଷ୍କାର ହୋଇଯାଏ, ସେଗୁଡ଼ିକର କାନ୍ଥ ସେଥ‌ିରେ ବସିଯାଇଥବା ଅଳନ୍ଧୁଦ୍ବାରା କଳା ପଡ଼ିଯାଏ । ବାୟୁ ପ୍ରଦୂଷଣ ହେତୁ କୋଠା ଚଟାଣସବୁ ବାସ୍ତବରେ କ୍ଷତିଗ୍ରସ୍ତ ହୋଇପାରେ ।

Para: But the high cost of air pollution is most strikingly illustrated in its damaging effects on the human body. Air pollution causes eye irritations, scratchy throats, and respiratory illnesses. It also contributes to a number of serious diseases. In both the United States and Europe, periods of high levels of air pollution were linked to an increased number of deaths.

ଅନୁବାଦ : କିନ୍ତୁ ବାୟୁ ପ୍ରଦୂଷଣର ବଡ଼ କ୍ଷତିଭାବେ ମଣିଷ ଶରୀର ଉପରେ ପକାଉଥ‌ିବା ଖରାପ ପ୍ରଭାବକୁ ଅତି ବିସ୍ମୟକର ଭାବରେ ବର୍ଣ୍ଣନା କରାଯାଏ । ବାୟୁ ପ୍ରଦୂଷଣ ଚକ୍ଷୁ ପ୍ରଦାହ, ଗଳା କର୍କଶତା ଓ ଶ୍ଵାସକ୍ରିୟାଜନିତ ଅସୁସ୍ଥତା ସୃଷ୍ଟି କରାଇଥାଏ । ଏହା ମଧ୍ୟ ଅନେକ ପ୍ରକାରର ଗୁରୁତର ରୋଗ ସୃଷ୍ଟି କରାଏ । ଉଭୟ ସଂଯୁକ୍ତ ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ର ଏବଂ ଇଉରୋପରେ ଉଚ୍ଚ ସ୍ତରର ବାୟୁ ପ୍ରଦୂଷଣ ସମୟରେ ମୃତ୍ୟୁସଂଖ୍ୟା ମଧ୍ୟ ବୃଦ୍ଧି ପାଇଥିଲା ।

Para: Much direct harm is done by air pollution. Scientists are alarmed because the amounts of gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide in our atmosphere are increasing. These gases tend to trap the tradition that reaches the earth from the sun and as a consequence of which the atmosphere could become warmer. This process would eventually lead to global warming.

ଅନୁବାଦ : ବାୟୁ ପ୍ରଦୂଷଣଦ୍ୱାରା ବହୁ ପରିମାଣର ପ୍ରତ୍ୟକ୍ଷ କ୍ଷତି ଘଟୁଛି । ବୈଜ୍ଞାନିକମାନେ ସତର୍କ ହୋଇଯାଇଛନ୍ତି କାରଣ ଆମ ବାୟୁମଣ୍ଡଳରେ ଅଙ୍ଗାରକାମ୍ଳ, ମିଥେନ୍ ଏବଂ ନାଇଟ୍ରସ୍ ଅକ୍‌ସାଇଡ୍ ଭଳି ବାଷ୍ପଗୁଡ଼ିକର ପରିମାଣ ବୃଦ୍ଧି ପାଇବାରେ ଲାଗିଛି । ଏହି ବାଷ୍ପଗୁଡ଼ିକ ପୃଥ‌ିବୀରେ ପହଞ୍ଚିଥ‌ିବା ସୂର୍ଯ୍ୟଙ୍କ ବିକିରଣକୁ ଧରି ରଖେ ଏବଂ ଯାହାଫଳରେ କି ବାୟୁମଣ୍ଡଳ ଅଧିକ ଉତ୍ତପ୍ତ ହୋଇଯାଇପାରେ । ଏହି ପ୍ରକ୍ରିୟା ଶେଷ ପରିଣତି ବିଶ୍ବ ତାପନ ଅବସ୍ଥା ଆଡ଼କୁ ନେଇଯିବ ।

Para: Scientists have been concerned, too, about the widespread use of a substance that may destroy the atmospheric layer that protects us from harmful kinds of solar energy. This substance belongs to a group of chemicals and chlorofluorocarbons. It is used as a refrigerant and a cleaner and was once widely used in spray cans.

ଅନୁବାଦ : ବୈଜ୍ଞାନିକମାନେ ମଧ୍ୟ ଗୋଟିଏ ଉପାଦାନର ବ୍ୟାପକ ବ୍ୟବହାର ବିଷୟରେ ଚିନ୍ତା ପ୍ରକଟ କରିଛନ୍ତି ଯାହାକି କ୍ଷତିକାରକ ସୌରଶକ୍ତିଠାରୁ ଆମକୁ ସୁରକ୍ଷା ପ୍ରଦାନ କରୁଥିବା ବାୟୁମଣ୍ଡଳୀୟ ସ୍ତରରୁ ନଷ୍ଟ କରିଦେଇପାରେ । ଏହି ଉପାଦାନ ଏକ ରାସାୟନିକ ଶ୍ରେଣୀ ଓ କ୍ଲୋରୋଙ୍ଗ୍ ରୋକାର୍ବନର ଅନ୍ତର୍ଭୁକ୍ତ । ଏହା ଏକ ଥଣ୍ଡା କରିପାରୁଥିବା ଦ୍ରବ୍ୟ ଓ ସଫା କରିପାରୁଥିବା ଦ୍ରବ୍ୟ ଭଳି ବ୍ୟବହାର କରାଯାଏ ଏବଂ ସିଞ୍ଚନ ପାତ୍ରରେ ବ୍ୟାପକ ଭାବରେ ଏକଦା ଏହାକୁ ବ୍ୟବହାର କରାଯାଉଥିଲା ।

Para: Another concern is acid rain. This is rain or other precipitation that contains oxides of sulphur and nitrogen, along with other chemicals. Acid rain causes damage to lakes and rivers. It poisons the plants and animals that live in the water. It may also affect crops and other plants. Stone buildings and monuments and drinking water.

ଅନୁବାଦ : ଅନ୍ୟ ଏକ ଚିନ୍ତାଜନକ ବିଷୟ ହେଉଛି ଅମ୍ଳ ବୃଷ୍ଟି । ଏହା ଏକ ବୃଷ୍ଟିପାତ କିମ୍ବା ଅନ୍ୟ ଧରଣର ବୃଷ୍ଟି ଯେଉଁଥରେ ସଲଫର୍‌ ଅକ୍‌ସାଇଡ୍ ଓ ଯବକ୍ଷାରଜାନ ଅକ୍‌ସାଇଡ୍ ସହିତ ଅନ୍ୟାନ୍ୟ ରାସାୟନିକ ପଦାର୍ଥ ରହିଥାଏ । ଅମ୍ଳ ବୃଷ୍ଟି ହ୍ରଦ ତଥା ନଦୀଗୁଡ଼ିକର କ୍ଷତି ସାଧନ କରିଥାଏ । ଏହା ଜଳରେ ଥ‌ିବା ଉଭିଦ ଓ ଜୀବମାନଙ୍କୁ ବିଷକ୍ରିୟାଗ୍ରସ୍ତ କରାଏ । ଏହା ମଧ୍ଯ ଫସଲ ତଥା ଅନ୍ୟାନ୍ୟ ଉଦ୍ଭିଦ, ପ୍ରସ୍ତର ସୌଧ, ସ୍ମୃତିସୌଧ ଓ ପାନୀୟ ଜଳକୁ କ୍ଷତିଗ୍ରସ୍ତ କରାଏ ।

Para: Acid rain affects everything it falls on. The water in rivers and lakes turns acidic. For instance, in Sweden, 4000 lakes have been so severely affected that no fish has survived. It also changes the soil’s nutrient content. It washes or leaches away nutrients like potassium, calcium and magnesium from the upper layer that help trees grow. Acid rain kills large stretches of forests, leaving behind leafless skeletons of trees.

ଅନୁବାଦ : ଅମ୍ଳ ବୃଷ୍ଟି ପଡ଼ୁଥ‌ିବା ପ୍ରତ୍ୟେକ ଜିନିଷକୁ କ୍ଷତିଗ୍ରସ୍ତ କରାଏ । ନଦୀ ଓ ହ୍ରଦର ଜଳ ଅମ୍ଳୀୟ ହୋଇଯାଏ । ଉଦାହରଣସ୍ୱରୂପ, ସ୍ବିଡ଼େନରେ ୪୦୦୦ ହ୍ରଦ ଏତେ ପରିମାଣରେ ଗୁରୁତର କ୍ଷତିଗ୍ରସ୍ତ ହୋଇଛି ଯେ ସେଥ‌ିରେ କୌଣସି ମାଛ ବଞ୍ଚାହାନ୍ତି । ଏହା ମଧ୍ୟ ମୃତ୍ତିକାର ପୁଷ୍ଟିକର ଉପାଦାନକୁ ପରିବର୍ତ୍ତନ କରିଦିଏ । ଏହା ଉପର ସ୍ତରରେ ଥ‌ିବା ପୋଟାସିୟମ୍, କ୍ୟାଲସିୟମ୍, ମାଗ୍ନେସିୟମ୍ ଭଳି ପୁଷ୍ଟିକର ଉପାଦାନଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ଧୋଇନିଏ ଯାହାକି ଉଭିଦ ଅଭିବୃଦ୍ଧିରେ ସହାୟକ ହୋଇଥାଏ । ଅମ୍ଳ ବୃଷ୍ଟି ବିସ୍ତୀର୍ଣ୍ଣ ଅଞ୍ଚଳର ଜଙ୍ଗଲକୁ ନଷ୍ଟ କରିଦିଏ, କେବଳ ପଛରେ ଛାଡ଼ିଯାଏ ପତ୍ରଶୂନ୍ୟ ବୃକ୍ଷସମୂହ ।

Para: When forests begin to die, the animals and birds in those forests follow. Among the growing list of species threatened by acid rain are the Pied Flycatcher and Apollo Butterfly in Sweden. The Dipper fish has vanished from the river of Central Wales, and the Brown Trout from Norwegian lakes. The list goes on.

ଅନୁବାଦ : ଜଙ୍ଗଲଗୁଡ଼ିକ ଶେଷ ହେବା ଆରମ୍ଭ କଲେ, ସେହି ଜଙ୍ଗଲଗୁଡ଼ିକର ପଶୁପକ୍ଷୀଙ୍କ ପାଳି ତା’ ପରେ ପରେ ପଡ଼େ । ଅମ୍ଳବୃଷ୍ଟିଦ୍ୱାରା ବିପଦରେ ପଡ଼ୁଥ‌ିବା ବିଭିନ୍ନ ପ୍ରଜାତିଙ୍କର ବର୍ଣିତ ତାଲିକାରେ ଅଛନ୍ତି ସ୍ବିଡ଼େନ୍‌ର ପାଏଡ୍ ଫ୍ଲାଇକ୍ୟାଚର ଓ ଆପୋଲୋ ବଟରଫ୍ଲାଏ । କେନ୍ଦ୍ରୀୟ ୱେଲ୍‌ସ୍‌ର ନଦୀରୁ ଡିପର୍ ମାଛଗୁଡ଼ିକ ଏବଂ ନରୱେ ହ୍ରଦଗୁଡ଼ିକରୁ ସାଲମନ୍‌ଜାତୀୟ ମାଛ ଅନ୍ତର୍ଦ୍ଧାନ ହୋଇଗଲେଣି । ଏହି ତାଲିକା ବଢ଼ି ବଢ଼ି ଚାଲିଛି ।

Para: What about our health? Acid rain irritates the sensitive tissues of our eyes and lungs, particularly in children. It can also cause skin lesions.

ଅନୁବାଦ : ଆମ ସ୍ୱାସ୍ଥ୍ୟ ବିଷୟରେ କ’ଣ କହିବା ? ଅମ୍ଳବୃଷ୍ଟି ଆମ ଆଖୁ ସମ୍ବେଦନଶୀଳ ଟିସୁ ଓ ଫୁସ୍‌ଫୁସ୍‌ ବିଶେଷକରି ଶିଶୁମାନଙ୍କ କ୍ଷେତ୍ରରେ ଅସ୍ବସ୍ଥ କରିପକାଏ । ଏହା ମଧ୍ୟ ଚର୍ମକ୍ଷତ ସୃଷ୍ଟି କରିପାରେ ।

Para: Living being apart, even buildings are not spared. In Poland, the beautiful old buildings of Karkow are slowly being destroyed by acidic smog. In Athens, a city which is highly polluted, acid rain is eating into the marble of its world-famous monuments. Experts say that more damage has been done in the past 25 years than in the previous 2000!

ଅନୁବାଦ : ଜୀବନ୍ତ ପ୍ରାଣୀମାନଙ୍କ ବ୍ୟତୀତ, ଏପରିକି କୋଠାଗୁଡ଼ିକ ବାଦ୍ ପଡ଼ନ୍ତି ନାହିଁ । ପୋଲାଣ୍ଡରେ ଅମ୍ଳଯୁକ୍ତ ଧୂମକୁହୁଡ଼ିଦ୍ୱାରା କ୍ରାକୋର ସୁନ୍ଦର ପୁରାତନ କୋଠାଗୁଡ଼ିକ ଧୀରେ ଧୀରେ ନଷ୍ଟ ହୋଇଯାଉଛି । ଅତ୍ୟ ପ୍ରଦୂଷିତ ଏଥେନ୍ସ ସହରରେ ଏହାର ପୃଥବୀପ୍ରସିଦ୍ଧ ସ୍ମୃତିସୌଧଗୁଡ଼ିକର ମାର୍ବଲ ପଥରକୁ ଅମ୍ଲବୃଷ୍ଟି ନଷ୍ଟ କରିବାରେ ଲାଗିଛି । ବିଶାରଦମାନେ କୁହନ୍ତି ଯେ ବିଗତ ୨୦୦୦ ବର୍ଷ ମଧ୍ୟରେ ହୋଇଥିବା କ୍ଷତିଠାରୁ ଗତ ୨୫ ବର୍ଷ ମଧ୍ୟରେ ଅଧୂକ କ୍ଷତି ଘଟିଛି ।

Para: There are three basic approaches to control air pollution – Preventive measures, such as changing the raw materials used in industry or the ingredients of fuel; dispersal measures such as raising the heights of smokestacks; and collection measures, such as designing equipment to trap pollutants before they escape into the atmosphere.

ଅନୁବାଦ : ବାୟୁ ପ୍ରଦୂଷଣକୁ ନିୟନ୍ତ୍ରଣ କରିବାକୁ ତିନୋଟି ପ୍ରମୁଖ ଉପାୟ ରହିଛି – ପ୍ରତିଷେଧମୂଳକ ପଦକ୍ଷେପ ଯଥା ଶିଳ୍ପରେ ବ୍ୟବହୃତ କଞ୍ଚାମାଲର ପରିବର୍ତ୍ତନ କିମ୍ବା ଜାଳେଣିର ଉପାଦାନଗୁଡ଼ିକର ପରିବର୍ତ୍ତନ କରିବା; ବିକ୍ଷେପଣ ପଦକ୍ଷେପ ଯଥା ଉଚ୍ଚ ଚିମିନିର ଉଚ୍ଚତା ବଢ଼ାଇବା ଏବଂ ସଂଗ୍ରହଣ ପଦକ୍ଷେପ ଯଥା ପ୍ରଦୂଷକଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ବାୟୁମଣ୍ଡଳକୁ ଚାଲିଯିବା ପୂର୍ବରୁ ଧରି ରଖିବା ନିମନ୍ତେ ଯନ୍ତ୍ରପାତି ନିର୍ମାଣ କରିବା ।

Para: Nearly, all the highly industrialized countries of the world have some type of legislation to prevent and control air pollution. One difficulty is that pollutants may be carried by the wind from one country to another, often for distances of thousands of miles. The death of lakes in eastern Canada has been caused by acid rain that originated in the United States. Acids produced in Britain and France have caused damage in Sweden.

ଅନୁବାଦ : ପ୍ରାୟତଃ ସମସ୍ତ ଶିଳ୍ପସମୃଦ୍ଧ ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରଗୁଡ଼ିକ ବାୟୁ ପ୍ରଦୂଷଣର ନିରାକରଣ ଓ ନିୟନ୍ତ୍ରଣ କରିବାକୁ କେତେକ ପ୍ରକାର ଆଇନ ପ୍ରଣୟନ କରିସାରିଛନ୍ତି । ଗୋଟିଏ ଅସୁବିଧା ହେଉଛି ବହୁତ ସମୟରେ ହଜାର ହଜାର ମାଇଲ ଅତିକ୍ରମ କରି ପ୍ରଦୂଷକଗୁଡ଼ିକ ଗୋଟିଏ ଦେଶରୁ ଅନ୍ୟ ଏକ ଦେଶକୁ ପବନଦ୍ଵାରା ପରିବାହିତ ହୋଇଯାଆନ୍ତି । ଯୁକ୍ତରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରରେ “ଉତ୍ପତ୍ତି ହୋଇଥ‌ିବା ଅମ୍ଲବୃଷ୍ଟିଦ୍ୱାରା ପୂର୍ବ କାନାଡ଼ାର ହ୍ରଦଗୁଡ଼ିକର କଂସ ସାଧନ ଘଟିଛି । ବ୍ରିଟେନ୍ ଓ ଫ୍ରାନ୍‌ସ୍‌ରେ ସୃଷ୍ଟି ହେଉଥ‌ିବା ଅମ୍ଳଗୁଡ଼ିକ ସ୍ବିଡ଼େରେ କ୍ଷତି ସାଧନ କରିଛି ।

Para: There have been many initiatives in different countries for making laws, and setting standards and norms to check air pollution and ensure quality air. Air quality programmes have brought improvements in many areas. For example, burning low-sulphur coal and oil in factories and power plants has lowered pollution in many cities. To meet standards, automobile engines have been re-designed and new cars have been equipped with devices such as the catalytic converter which changes pollutants into harmless substances. Because of these new devices, air pollution from car exhaust has also been reduced.

ଅନୁବାଦ : ବାୟୁ ପ୍ରଦୂଷଣ ରୋକିବାକୁ ଓ ଶୁଦ୍ଧ ବାୟୁ ପାଇବାର ନିଶ୍ଚିତତା ବୃଦ୍ଧି କରିବାକୁ ବିଭିନ୍ନ ଦେଶରେ ଆଇନ ପ୍ରଣୟନ, ମାନ ଓ ସାଧାରଣ ଢାଞ୍ଚା ସ୍ଥିର କରିବା ପାଇଁ ପ୍ରାଥମିକ ପଦକ୍ଷେପମାନ ନିଆଯାଇସାରିଛି । ବାୟୁର ଗୁଣବତ୍ତା ବୃଦ୍ଧି ସମ୍ପର୍କିତ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟକ୍ରମଗୁଡ଼ିକ ଅନେକ ଅଞ୍ଚଳରେ ଉନ୍ନତି ଆଣିଛି । ଉଦାହରଣସ୍ୱରୂପ, କାରଖାନାଗୁଡ଼ିକରେ ନିମ୍ନ ସଲ୍ଫର୍‌ଯୁକ୍ତ କୋଇଲା ଓ ତେଲ ଦହନଦ୍ୱାରା ଅନେକ ସହରରେ ପ୍ରଦୂଷଣର ମାତ୍ରା କମିଯାଇଛି । ମାନ ବଜାୟ ରଖିବାପାଇଁ ମଟରଗାଦିର ଇଞ୍ଜିନଗଦିକ ପନଃନିର୍ମାଣ କରାଯାଇଛି ଓ ନୂତନ କାରଗୁଡ଼ିକରେ ପ୍ରତିକ୍ରିୟାହୀନ ରୁପାନ୍ତରକାରୀ ଉପକରଣ ଖଞ୍ଜାଯାଇଛି ଯାହାକି ପ୍ରଦୂଷକଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ କ୍ଷତିବିହୀନ ପଦାର୍ଥକୁ ପରିବର୍ତ୍ତିତ କରିଦେଉଛି । ଏହି ନୂତନ ଉପକରଣଗୁଡ଼ିକ ଯୋଗୁଁ କାର ନିର୍ଗମନଜନିତ ବାୟୁ ପ୍ରଦୂଷଣ ହ୍ରାସ ପାଇଛି ।

Para: It is not easy to bring about the new developments needed to control air pollution. Many – physicians, engineers, meteorologists, botanists, and others are involved in research seeking new ways. Vast sums of money will have to be spent in the future to clean the air and to keep it clean. Often pollution control means higher prices – to cover the cost of control devices in emission systems of new cars, for example. But to most people, the cost is justified. Perhaps the day will come when people everywhere can breathe pure air in cities where the sunlight is no longer blocked by an umbrella of pollution.

ଅନୁବାଦ : ବାୟୁ ପ୍ରଦୂଷଣ ନିୟନ୍ତ୍ରଣ ନିମନ୍ତେ ଆବଶ୍ୟକ ନୂତନ ବିକାଶ ପ୍ରକ୍ରିୟା ଆଣିବା ଏତେ ସହଜ ନୁହେଁ । ଚିକିତ୍ସକ, ଯନ୍ତ୍ରୀ, ପାଣିପାଗ ବିଶାରଦ, ଉଭିଦ ବିଜ୍ଞାନୀ ଓ ଅନ୍ୟାନ୍ୟ ଅନେକ ଲୋକ ନୂତନ ଉପାୟମାନ ଖୋଜି ବାହାର କରିବାକୁ ଗବେଷଣାରତ ରହିଛନ୍ତି । ଭବିଷ୍ୟତରେ ବାୟୁକୁ ପରିଷ୍କାର କରିବାକୁ ଓ ଏହାକୁ ନିର୍ମଳ ରଖୁବାକୁ ପ୍ରଚୁର ଟଙ୍କା ଖର୍ଚ୍ଚ କରିବାକୁ ପଡ଼ିବ । ବହୁ କ୍ଷେତ୍ରରେ ପ୍ରଦୂଷଣ ନିୟନ୍ତ୍ରଣ ଅର୍ଥ ଅଧ‌ିକ ଅର୍ଥ ଖର୍ଚ୍ଚ – ଉଦାହରଣସ୍ୱରୂପ ନୂତନ କାରଗୁଡ଼ିକରେ ନିର୍ଗମନ ପଦ୍ଧତିରେ ସଂଯୁକ୍ତ ନିୟନ୍ତ୍ରକ ଯନ୍ତ୍ରପାତିଗୁଡ଼ିକର ଖର୍ଚ୍ଚ ଭରଣା କରିବା । କିନ୍ତୁ ଅଧିକାଂଶ ଲୋକଙ୍କ ମତ ଅନୁସାରେ ଏହି ଖର୍ଚ୍ଚ ଯୁକ୍ତିସଙ୍ଗତ । ବୋଧହୁଏ ସେହିଦିନ ଆସିବ ଯେଉଁଦିନ ସହରରେ ଲୋକମାନେ ସବୁଆଡ଼େ ଶୁଦ୍ଧ ବାୟୁ ସେବନ କରିପାରିବେ ଏବଂ ସେହି ସ୍ଥାନରେ ପ୍ରଦୂଷଣ ଛତାଦ୍ବାରା ଆଉ ସୂର୍ଯ୍ୟାଲୋକ ବାଧାପ୍ରାପ୍ତ ହେବ ନାହିଁ ।

Word Meaning /Glossary:
occurred -took place
industrial -relating to industry (ଶିଳ୍ପ ସମ୍ବନ୍ଧୀୟ | ) Jagatpur is an industrial town.
tragic – sorrowful I witnessed a tragic accident on the road.
deadly – capable of causing death (ମାରାତ୍ମକ)
Union Carbide – name of an industry in Bhopal (ଭୋପାଳସ୍ଥିତ ଏକ ଶିଳ୍ପର ନାମ )
plant – factory (କାରଖାନା)
escaped – released, slipped
rendering – leaving
crippling – damaging (ପଙ୍ଗୁ କରିଦେବା) The deadly gas made people crippled.
crucial – serious, important, vital (ଗୁରୁତ୍ୱପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ)
victim – someone who suffers as a result of something Thousands of trees have fallen victim to this disease.
surviving – those have survived (ବଞ୍ଚିରନ୍ତିଯାଇଥିବା)
is estimated – is calculated
adult – grown-up (ପ୍ରାପ୍ତବୟସ୍କ)
in comparison to – relatively, comparatively (ତୁଳନାତ୍ମକ ଭାବରେ )
intake – consumption If you want to reduce your weight, you should reduce your intake of fat and alcohol.
quantum – quantity ( ପରମାଣ )
respiration – breathing (ଶ୍ଵାସକ୍ରିୟା )
polluted – Polluted water causes many diseases.
manifold – too many/much ( ଅତ୍ୟଧ୍ବକ)
comprising – act of mixing (ସମାହାର କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ )
composition – mixture of gases (ଗ୍ୟାସ୍‌ଗୁଡ଼ିକର ମିଶ୍ରଣ)
altered – changed (ବଦଳିଲା)
irritating – annoying (ବିରକ୍ତି)
getsreduced – is decreased (ହ୍ରାସପାଏ, କମିଯାଏ )
inhalation – the act of breathing in (ସେବନ )
respiratory disorders – illness caused by breathing (ଶ୍ଵାସକ୍ରି ୟାଜନି ତ ଅସୁସ୍ଥତା )
by-products – a secondary product made in the manufacturing of something else ( ଉପଜାତ ଦ୍ରବ୍ୟ)
Scope – sphere of activity
in recent times – recently (ନିକଟ ଅତୀତରେ)
rural pockets – rural areas (ଗ୍ରାମାଞ୍ଚଳ ସବୁ)
fuel – fire oil (ଜାଳେଣି ତୈଳ)
garbage dump – ଅଳିଆଗଦା
ore processing- (ଧାତୁପିଣ୍ଡ ପ୍ରକ୍ରିୟାକରଣ)
pollutants – ପ୍ରଦୂଷଣକାରୀ
automobile – ମୋଟର ଗାଡ଼ି
consumed – eaten
contaminated – that has been polluted
mixture – an act of getting mixed
severity – seriousness ( ଗମ୍ଭୀରତା)
apparently – clearly ( ସ୍ପଷ୍ଟ ଭାବରେ )
in reality – obviously, truly
mingles – mixes (ମିଶିଯାଏ)
alarming – threatening The forests are disappearing at an alarming rate.
respire – breathe in and out
obnoxious – deadly poisonous (ମାରାତ୍ମକ ଭାବେ ବିଷାକ୍ତ) Our atmosphere contains some useful as well as obnoxious gases.
radiation – ବିକିରଣ
irritation – ରାଗ
concerned – worried (ଉଦ୍‌ବେଗ | ଚିନ୍ତା ପ୍ରକଟ କରିବା)
refrigerant – ଥଣ୍ଡା କରି ପାରୁ ଥ‌ି ଦ୍ରବ୍ୟ
widespread – extensive (ବ୍ୟାପକ)
manifold – of many different kinds Mobile phone has manifold advantages.
contaminated –  impure (ଦୂଷିତ) We shouldn’t eat contaminated food.
argon – chemically inactive gas (ଏକ ନିଷ୍କ୍ରିୟ ବାଷ୍ପ / ଆର୍ଗନ୍)
furnace oil – ଚୁଲି ତେଲ
severity – seriousness Everybody should realise the severity of air pollution. (ଗମ୍ଭୀରତା)
spew – throw out The industries and vehicles that spèw harmful smoke to the atmosphere. (ନିର୍ଗତ କରିବା)
disappears – vanishes (ଅଦୃଶ୍ୟ ହୁଏ)
mingles with – is mixed with (ମିଶିଯାଏ)
garbage dumps – unwanted waste leaving place (ଅଳିଆ ଫିଙ୍ଗାଯାଉଥ‌ିବା ସ୍ଥାନ)
coke – baked coal ( ପୋଡ଼ା କୋଇଲା)
exhausts – the gas or steam out of the engine of a car etc (ବାଷ୍ପ ବା ଜଳୀୟବାଷ୍ପ ). Industrial smoke and automobile exhausts pollute the environment.
plying – running (ଯାତାୟାତ|ଚଳାଚଳ କରୁଛି) Nowadays a lot of vehicles are plying on the road.
menace – threat (ଧମକ/ବିପଦ) The busy road is a menace to the children’s safety.
smelters – furnaces (ଧାତୁ ଦ୍ରାବକଶାଳା )
porous – having small holes This clay pot is porous.
chlorofluorocarbons – chemicals used for cooling in refrigerators
vast stretches of foreSts – a large cover of forests
leafless – without leaf
skeletons of trees – dead leafless trees
vast stretches of forests – a large cover of forests
leafless – without leaf
skeletons of trees – dead leafless trees
precipitation – fall of rain, snow or hail There will be precipitation on hills tonight.
leaches away – washes away The rainwater leaches away the fertilizer from the fields.
upper layer – upper surface
lesions – wounds or injuries Excessive heat of the sun in summer cause skin lesions.
smog – a mixture of smoke and fog We can see sing around the industrial areas. (ସ୍ମଗ୍ – ଧୂଆଁମିଶ୍ରିତ କୁହୁଡ଼ି)
ingredients – things used to make something Imagination and hard work are the ingredients of success.
dispersal measures – ways of scattering things (ବିକ୍ଷେପଣ ପଦକ୍ଷେପ| ବିକ୍ଷେପଣ ପଦ୍ଧତି)
smokestacks – tall chimneys that carry. smoke away from factories
trap – retain Various designed equipment that should be used to trap pollutants.
raising – increasing (ବୃଦ୍ଧି କରିବା)
designing – making especially
peak level – top level
trend – rate
nasal filters – masks that cover nostrils
legislation – a body of laws The government will introduce legislation to restrict the sale of firearms.
equipment – device
trap – catch ( ଧରିବା )
meteorologist – a person who studies weather conditions Meteorologists can forecast weather.
prevent – check (ରୋକିବା)
emission system – a system of sending out smoke (ଧୂଆଁ ନିର୍ଗମନ ପ୍ରଣାଳୀ) New devices in emission system of new cars has checked the air pollution to some extent.
lakes – natural water bodies
are involved – are engaged ( କାର୍ଯ୍ୟବ୍ୟସ୍ତ ଅଛନ୍ତି )
initiative – preliminary steps
device – tool (ଉପକରଣ )
catalytic – ଅନୁଘଟକ
physician – ଚିକିତ୍ସକ
reduce – ହ୍ରାସ କରିବା
global warming – ବିଶ୍ବ ତାପନ/ବିଶ୍ଵ ଉଷ୍ମାୟନ global warming
the vast sum of money – a lot of money
soot – black powder produced from fuels
sensitive – easily feeling pain
thermal – relating to heat Thermal clothes are specially designed to keep the boy warm.
chemical industries – industries concerned with chemistry
toxic fumes – harmful gases (କ୍ଷତି କାରକ ଗ୍ୟାସ୍ )
atmosphere – ବାୟୁମଣ୍ଡଳ
smoker – one who smokes tabacco (ଯେ ଧୂମପାନ କରେ)
forced – bound (ବାଧ୍ୟ ହେବା )
exploding population – growing population
exhaust – going out smoke from an engine (ଇଞ୍ଜିନ୍‌ରୁ ବହିର୍ଗତ ଧୂଆଁ)
processing – taking a series of actions for a result (ପ୍ରକ୍ରିୟାକରଣ )
moped – a two-wheeler having no gear system
botanist – a person who studies the life of plants ( ଉଭିଦବିଜ୍ଞାନୀ)
discharge – release, allow leaving (ତ୍ଯାଗ କରେ)
equivalent – equal to (ସମାନ)
level – rate (ସ୍ତର)
exploding population – steep rise in population (ଜନସଂଖ୍ୟାର ଦ୍ରୁତ)
attributed – held responsible
continues – persists (ଚାଲୁ ରହେ)
nasal – relating to the nose
billions – a thousand millions
shabby – dirty ( ଅପରିଷ୍କାର )
deteriorate – worsen (ଖରାପ କରିବା)
surfaces – upper parts
strikingly illustrated – beautifully explained
damaging effects – ନଷ୍ଟକାରୀ ପ୍ରଭାବସବୁ
eye irritation – pain related to the eyes
scartchy throat – pain related to throat ( ତଣ୍ଟି ଯନ୍ତ୍ରଣା)
linked to – connected to (ସମ୍ପର୍କିତ)
alarmed – terrified (ଆତଙ୍କିତ)
eventually – finally (ଶେଷରେ)
solar energy – the energy of the sun (ସୌରଶକ୍ତି)

BSE Odisha 10th Class English Detailed Text

• Chapter 1 All Things Bright and Beautiful
• Chapter 2 A letter to God
• Chapter 3 The Solitary Reaper
• Chapter 4 At the High School
• Chapter 5 Village Song
• Chapter 6 Festivals of North-East India
• Chapter 7 The Flower-School
• Chapter 8 Air Pollution: A Hidden Menace
• Chapter 9 From the Formalin Jar
• Chapter 10 School’s Goodbye
• BSE Odisha 10th Class English Solutions Chapter 8
• Finnifty 21350