Bhagya

Odisha State Board CHSE Odisha Class 12 Political Science Solutions Unit 3 Democratic Process in India-II Long Answer Questions.

CHSE Odisha 12th Political Science Unit 3 Democratic Process In India-II Long Answer Questions

Short Notes
Question:
Communalism
Answer:
The other long-term development during this period was the rise of politics based on religious identity, leading to a debate about secularism and democracy. We noted in Chapter Six that in the aftermath of the Emergency, the Bharatiya Jana Sangh had merged into the Janata Party. After the fall of the Janata Party and its break-up, the supporters of erstwhile Jana Sangh formed the Bharatiya Janata Party ( BJP) in 1980.

Initially, the BJP adopted a broader political platform than that of the Jana Sangh. It embraced ‘Gandhian Socialism’ as its ideology. But it did not get much success in the elections held in 1980 and 1984. After 1986, the party began to emphasise the Hindu nationalist element in its ideology. The BJP pursued the politics of ‘Hindutva’ and adopted the strategy of mobilising the Hindus. Hindutva literally means ‘Hinduness’ and was defined by its originator, V. D. Savarkar, as the basis of Indian (in his language also Hindu) nationhood.

It basically meant that to be members of the Indian nation, everyone must not only accept India as their ‘fatherland’ (pitrubhu) but also as their holy land (punyabhu). Believers of ‘Hindutva’ argue that a strong nation can be built only on the basis of a strong and united national culture.

They also believe that in the case of India the Hindu culture alone can provide this base. Two developments around 1986 became central to the politics of BJP as a ‘Hindutva’ party. The first was the Shah Bano case in 1985. In this case a 62-year old divorced Muslim woman, had filed a case for maintenance from her former husband. The Supreme Court ruled in her favour.

The orthodox Muslims saw the Supreme Court’s order as an interference in Muslim Personal Law. On the demand of some Muslim leaders, the government passed the Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Divorce) Act, 1986 that nullified the Supreme Court’s judgefnent. This action of the government was opposed by many women’s organisations, many Muslim groups and most of the intellectuals. The BJP criticised this action of the Congress government as an unnecessary concession and ‘appeasement’ of the minority community.

Question:
Ayodhya dispute
Answer:
The second development was the order by the Faizabad district court in February 1986. The court ordered that the Babri Masjid premises be unlocked so that Hindus could offer prayers at the site which they considered as a temple. A dispute had been going on for many decades over the mosque known as Babri Masjid at Ayodhya.

Mughal emperor Babur’s General. Some Hindus believe that it was built after demolishing a temple for Lord Rama in what is believed to be his birthplace. The dispute took the form of a court case and has continued for many decades. In the late 1940s the mosque was locked up as the matter was with the court.

As soon as the locks of the Babri Masjid were opened, mobilisation began on both sides. Many Hindu and Muslim organisations tried to mobilise their communities on this question. Suddenly this local dispute became a major national question and led to communal tensions. The BJP made this issue its major electoral and political plank.

Along with many other organisations like the RSS and the Vishva Hindu Pari shad (VHP), it convened a series of symbolic and mobilisational programmes. This large scale mobilisation led to surcharged atmosphere and many instances of communal violence. The BJP, in order to generate public support, took out a massive march called the Rathyatra from Somnath in Gujarat to Ayodhya in UP.

Question:
Demolition and after. Explain.
Answer:
In December 1992, the organisations supporting the construction of the temple had organised a Karseva, meaning voluntary service by the devotees, for building the Ram temple. The situation had become tense all over the country and especially at Ayodhya. The Supreme Court had ordered the State government to take care that the disputed site will not be endangered.

However, thousands of people gathered from all over the country at Ayodhya on 6 December 1992 and demolished the mosque. This news led to clashes between the Hindus and Muslims in many parts of the country. The violence in Mumbai erupted again in January 1993 and continued for over two weeks.

Question:
Write about the Anti-Muslim riots in Gujarat
Answer:
In February-March 2002, large-scale violence against Muslims took place in Gujarat. The immediate provocation for this violence was an incident that took place at a station called Godhra. A bogey of a train that was returning from Ayodhya and was full of Karsevaks was set on fire. Fifty seven people died in that fire. Suspecting the hand of the Muslims in setting fire to the bogey, large-scale violence against Muslims began in many parts of Gujarat from the next day. This violence continued for almost a whole month.

Nearly 1100 persons, mostly Muslims, were killed in this violence. The National Human Rights Commission criticised the Gujarat government’s role in failing to control violence, provide relief to the victims and prosecute the perpetrators of this violence. The Election Commission of India ordered the assembly elections to be postponed. As in the case of anti-Sikh riots of 1984.

Question:
Popular movements
Answer:
Chipko movement: The movement began in two or three villages of Uttarakhand when the forest department refused permission to the villagers to fell ash trees for making agricultural tools. However, the forest department allotted the same patch of land to a sports manufacturer for commercial use. This enraged the villagers and they protested against the move of the government. The struggle soon spread across many parts of the Uttarakhand region.

Larger issues of ecological and economic exploitation of the region were raised. The villagers demanded that no forest-exploiting contracts should be given to outsiders and local communities should have effective control over natural resources like land, water and forests. They wanted the government to provide low cost materials to small industries and ensure development of the region without disturbing the ecological balance.

The movement took up economic issues of landless forest workers and asked for guarantees of minimum wage. Women’s active participation in the Chipko agitation was a very novel aspect of the movement. The forest contractors of the region usually doubled up as suppliers of alcohol to men. Women held sustained agitations against the habit of alcoholism and broadened the agenda of the movement to cover other social issues.

The movement achieved a victory when the government issued a ban on felling of trees in the Himalayan regions for fifteen years until the green cover was fully restored. But more than that, the Chipko movement, which started over a single issue, became a symbol of many such popular movements emerging in different parts of the country during the 1970s and later. In this chapter we shall study some of these movements.

Party based movements :
Popular movements may take the form of social movements or political movements and there is often an overlap between the two. The nationalist movement, for example, was mainly a political movement. But we also know that deliberations on social and economic issues during the colonial period gave rise to independent social movements like the anti-caste movement, the kiscm sabhas and the trade union movement in early twentieth century.

These movements raised issues related to some underlying social conflicts. Some of these movements continued in the post¬independence period as Well. Trade union movement had a strong presence among industrial workers in major cities like Mumbai, Kolkata and Kanpur. All major political parties established their own trade unions for mobilising these sections of workers.

Peasants in the Telangana region of Andhra Pradesh organised massive agitations under the leadership of Communist parties in the early years of independence and demanded redistribution of land to cultivators. Peasants and agricultural labourers in parts of Andhra Pradesh, West Bengal, Bihar and adjoining areas continued their agitations under the leadership of the Marxist-Leninist workers; who were known as the Naxalites (you have already read about the Naxalite movement in the last chapter). The peasants’ and the workers’ movements mainly focussed on issues of economic injustice and inequality.

These movements did not participate in elections formally. And yet they retained connections with political parties, as many participants in these movements, as individuals and as organisations, were actively associated with parties. These links ensured a better representation of the demands of diverse social sections in party politics.

Dalit Panthers:
It is a well-known Marathi poet Namdeo Dhasal. Do you know who these ‘pilgrims of darkness’ in this poem are and who the ‘sunflower-giving fakir’ was that blessed them? The pilgrims were the Dalit communities who had experienced brutal caste injustices for a long time in our society and the poet is referring to Dr. Ambedkar as their liberator. Dalit poets in Maharashtra wrote many such poems during the decade of : seventies.

These poems were expressions of anguish that the Dalit masses continued to face even after twenty years of independence. But they were also full of hope for the future, a future that Dalit groups wished to shape for themselves. You are aware of Dr. Ambedkar’s vision of socio-economic change and his relentless struggle for a dignified future for Dalits outside the Hindu caste-based social structure. It is not surprising that Dr.Ambedkar remains an iconic and inspirational figure in much of Dalit liberation writings.

Origins:
By the early nineteen seventies, the first generation Dalit graduates, especially those living in city slums began to assert themselves from various platforms. Dalit Panthers, a militant organisation of the Dalit youth, was formed in Maharashtra in 1972 as a part of these assertions. In the post-Independence period, Dalit groups were, mainly fighting against the perpetual caste based inequalities and material injustices that the Dalits faced in spite of constitutional guarantees of equality and justice. Effective; implementation of reservations and other such policies of social justice was one of their, prominent demands.

Bharatiya Kisan Union:
The social discontent in Indian society since the seventies was manifold. Even those sections that partially benefited in the process of development had many complaints against the state and political parties. Agrarian struggles of the eighties is one such example where better off farmers protested against the policies of the state.

Growth :
In January 1988, around twenty thousand farmers had gathered in the city of Meerut, Uttar Pradesh. They were protesting against the government decision to increase electricity rates. The farmers camped for about three weeks outside the district collector’s office until their demands were fulfilled.

It was a very disciplined agitation of the farmers and all those days they received regular food supply from the nearby villages. The Meerut agitation was seen as a great show of rural power of the Bharatiya Kisan Union (BKU), an organisation of farmers from western Uttar Pradesh and Haryana regions.

The BKU was one of the leading organisations in the farmers’ movement of the eighties. We have noted in Chapter Three that farmers of Haryana, Punjab and western Uttar Pradesh had benefited in the late 1960s from the state policies of green revolution’. Sugar aid wheat became the main cash crops in the region since then.

The cash crop market faced a crisis in mid-eighties due to the beginning of the process of liberalisation of Indian economy. The BKU demanded higher government floor prices for sugarcane and wheat, abolition of A Bhartiya Kisan Union Rally in Punjab.

Credit:
Hindustan Times restrictions on the inter-state movement of farm produce, guaranteed supply of electricity at reasonable rates, waiving of repayments due on loans to farmers and the provision of a government pension for farmers.

Characteristics:
Activities conducted by the BKU to pressurise the state for accepting its demands included rallies, demonstrations, sit-ins, and fail bharo (courting imprisonment) agitations.

Uttar Pradesh and adjoining regions. Throughout the decade of eighties, the BKU organised massive rallies of these farmers in many district headquarters of the State and also at the .national capital. Another novel aspect of these mobilisations was the use of caste linkages of farmers. Most of the BKU members belonged to a single community.

The organisation used traditional caste panchayats of these communities in bringing them together over economic issues. In spite of lack of any formal organisation, the BKU could sustain itself for a long time because it was based on clan networks among its members. Funds, resources and activities of BKU were mobilised through these networks.

Women Movements 
Arreck Movement
Origins :
In a village in the interior of Dubagunta in Nellore district of Andhra Pradesh, women had enrolled in the Adult Literacy Drive on a large scale in the early nineteen nineties. It is during the discussion in the class that women complained of increased consumption of a alcoholism had taken deep roots among the village people and was ruining their physical and mental health.

It affected the rural economy of the region a great deal. Indebtedness grew with increasing scales of consumption of alcohol, men remained absent from their jobs and the contractors of alcohol engaged in crime for securing their monopoly over the arrack trade. Women were the worst sufferers of these ill effects of alcohol as it resulted in the collapse of the family economy and women had to bear the brunt of violence from the male family members, particularly the husband.

Women in Nellore came together in spontaneous local initiatives to protest against arrack and forced closure of the wine shop. The news spread fast and women of about 5000 villages got inspired and met together in meetings, passed resolutions for imposing prohibition and sent them to the District Collector. The arrack auctions in Nellore district | were postponed 17 times. This movement in Nellore District slowly spread all over the State.

Linkages:
The slogan of the anti-arrack movement was simple — prohibition on the sale of arrack. But this simple demand touched upon larger social, economic and political issues of the region that affected women’s life. A close nexus between crime and politics was established around the business of arrack.

The State government collected huge revenues by way of taxes imposed on the sale of arrack and was therefore not willing to impose a bail. Groups of local women tried to address these complex issues in their agitation against arrack. They also openly discussed the issue of domestic violence.

Their movement, for the first time, provided a platform to discuss private issues of domestic violence. Thus, the anti-arrack movement also became part of the women’s movement. Earlier, women’s groups working on issues of domestic violence, the custom of dowry, sexual abuse at work and public places were active mainly among urban middle class women in different parts of the country.

Their work led to a realisation that issues of injustice to women and of gender inequalities were complicated in nature. During the decade of the eighties women’s | movement focused on issues of sexual family and outside.

These groups ran a campaign against the system of dowry and demanded personal and property laws based on the norms of gender equality. These campaigns contributed a great deal in increasing overall social awareness about women’s questions. Focus of the women’s movement gradually shifted , from legal reforms to open social confrontations like the one we discussed above.

As a result the movement made demands of equal representation to women in politics during the nineties. We know that 73rd and 74th amendments have granted reservations to women in local level political offices. Demands for extending similar reservations in State and Central legislatures have also been made.

A constitution amendment bill to this effect has been proposed but has not received enough support from the Parliament yet. Main opposition to the bill has come from groups, including some women’s groups, who are insisting on a separate quota for Dalit and OBC women within the proposed women’s quota in higher i political offices.

Narmada Bachao Andolan:
An ambitious developmental project was launched in the Narmada valley of central India in early eighties. The project consisted of 30 big dams,-135 medium sized and around 3,000 Small dams to be constructed on the Narmada and its tributaries that flow across three states of Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat and Maharashtra. Sardar Sarovar Project in Gujarat and the Narmada Sagar Project in Madhya Pradesh were two of the most important and biggest, multi-purpdse dams planned under the project.

Narmada Bachao Aandolan, a movement to save Narmada opposed the construction of these dams and questioned the themselves to mobilisation and collective action by women. Women’s studies and women’s movements are often used synonymously.

Of course, both are closely related and the former includes the latter but the focus of the present essay, as we have discussed in Chapter I, limited to a review of the literature on women’s collective actions. For that purpose, research- based monographs on women’s movements in India are relatively few.

Most of them are at an exploratory stage.Except for a few, many of the studies are anecdotal, impressionistic and polemical for action—prescription for action—written by feminist activists in journalistic style. For activists involved in feminist movements, feminism is not merely a discourse to be analysed, but ‘a method of bringing about social change’.

Whether one argues that the discourse and methodology—strategies, tactics and programmes—for social change are inseparable or not, the increasing literature certainly provides valuable theoretical and philosophical articulation and empirical data, posing relevant questions and hypotheses for in-depth studies on the social system in general and women’s position therein, in particular.

Some theoretical studies are also available, but more often than not, it is felt that they deal mainly with issues raised by western scholars. Even if this is so, this should not belittle the importance of such studies. Western influence, after all, affects all spheres of our life.

This is more so in the era of globalisation. Moreover, ‘women’s resistance to male domination’, as we understand it today, was the product of western education. British, women took the initiative in forming women’s organisations and defining their objectives!

Women’s liberation movements in India are believed to be largely influenced by women’s movements in the west, which emphasise the ‘universality’ of gender oppression and therefore ‘universal sisterhood’ of women. This has been questioned by many intellectuals.

Questions Solved

Question 1.
Which among the following statements about the partition is incorrect?
(a) Partition of India was the outcome of the “two-nation theory”.
(b) Punjab and Bengal were the two provinces divided on the basis of religion.
(c) East Pakistan and West Pakistan were not contiguous.
(d) The scheme of Partition included a plan for transfer of population across the border.
Answer:
(d)The scheme of partition included a plan for transfer of population across

Question 2.
Match the principles with instances:

(a) Mapping of boundaries on religious ground	(i)Pakistan and Bangladesh
(b) Mapping of boundaries on grounds of different languages	(ii)India and Pakistan
(c) Demarcating boundaries within a country by geographical zones	(iii)Jharkhand and Chhatisgarh
(d) Demarcating boundaries within a country on administrative and political grounds	(iv)Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand

Answer:
(a)-(ii), (b)-(iv), (c)-(i), (d)-(iii)

Question 3.
Take a current political map of India (showing outlines of states) and mark the location of the following Princely States,
(a) Junagadh
(b) Manipur
(c) Mysore
(d) Gwalior.

 

Answer:
The places are marked as 3(a), 3(b), 3(c) and 3(d).

Question 4.
Here are two opinions: Bismay: “The merger with the Indian State was an extension of democracy to the people of the Princely States.” Inderpreet: “I am not so sure, there was force being used. Democracy comes by creating consensus.” What is your opinion in the light of accession of Princely States and the responses of the people in these parts?
Answer:
Accession of Princely States and merger with Indian union was to expand democracy all over the country because princely states never enjoyed their political rights. Indian government central government used force to extend democracy to some extent as this was mandatory to have a uniform base in the country.

Question 5.
Read the following very different statements made in August 1947: “Today you have worn on your heads a crown of thorns. The seat of power is a nasty thing. You have to remain ever wakeful on that seat you have to he more humble and forbearing now there will be no end to your being tested. ” -M.K, Gandhi “India will awake to a life of freedom we step out from, the old to the new we end, today a period of ill fortune and India discovers herself again. The achievement we celebrate today is but a step, an opening of opportunity, -Jawaharlal Nehru Spell out the agenda of nation building that flows from these two statements. Which one appeals more to you and why?

Answer: These two statements focus on the agenda of secularism, democracy, sovereignty and freedom. It focuses on the path which will lead to the real development and prosperity of our country. The first statement appeals to me more than the second one because it invokes the countrymen to remain awake, alert and conscious as it is not the end of our struggle. The time to build the nation initiates now.

Question 6.
What are the reasons being used by Nehru for keeping India secular? Do you think these reasons were only ethical and sentimental? Or were there some prudential reasons as well?
Answer:
Reasons for keeping India secular:
1. All the Muslims did not leave India during participation, some muslims stayed in India as a minority and Jawaharlal Nehru wanted to deal with them in a very civilised and dignified manner.
2. He advocated security and democratic rights of Muslims as a citizen of India. No, these reasons were not only ethical and sentimental, but there were some prudential reasons also as:

•  India’s secular nature cherished its long term goals and principles like socialism, equality, liberty and fraternity.
•  Secularism stops any single faith to become superior and inferior to those who practicised another religion. Hence it considers all citizens equal irrespective of religious affiliation.

Question 7.
Bring out two major differences between the challenge of nation building for eastern and western regions of the country at the time of Independence.
Answer:
The two major differences between eastern (Bengal) and Western (Punjab)regions can be summed up as follows:1. These regions were the muslim majority provinces to be joined. Hence, it was decided that new country Pakistan will comprise two territories i.e. West and East Pakistan.
2. Secondly, there was a problem of minorities on both sides of border (East and West). Lakhs of Hindus and Sikhs in areas of Pakistan and Muslims on the Indian side of Punjab and Bengal found themselves trapped with no option except to leave their homes.

Question 8.
What was the task of the States Reorganisation Commission? What was its most salient recommendation?
Answer:
The State ReorganisationCommission was set up in 1953 by central government to look into the matter of redrawing of boundaries of state:
1. The commission evolved that states’ boundaries should reflect the boundaries of different languages to accommodate linguistic diversity.
2. The State Reorganisation Act was passed in 1 956 which resulted the creation of 14 states and 6 union territories.
3. Its most salient recommendation was the formation of linguistic states i.e. to reorganise states on the basis of accommodation of their languages to prepare a uniform base for the nation.

Question 9.
It is said that the nation is to large extent an “imagined community” held togetherby common beliefs, history, political aspirations and imaginations. Identify the features that make India a nation.
Answer:
India proved herselfthrough all stages of three challenges at the time of nation building like:
1. India is a secular country where people speak different languages and follow different cultures and religions to be recognised as a-nation of unity in diversity with common faith and beliefs.
2. Political aspiration ensures demo-xratic setup based on parliamentary form of government creating political competition in a democratic framework.
3. India’s imaginations established a welfare state on the principle of equality and special protection to socially disadvantaged groups and religions as well as cultural communities.

Question 10:
Read the following passage and answer the questions below:
“In the history of nation-building only the Soviet experiment bears comparison with the Indian. There too, a sense of unity had to be forged between many diverse ethnic groups, religious, linguistic communities and social classes. The scale-geographic as well as demographic was comparably massive. The raw material the state had to work with was equally unpropitious: a people divided by faith and driven by debt and disease.”—Ramachandra Guha
(a) List the commonalities that the author mentions between India and Soviet Union and give one example for each of these from India.
(b) The author does not talk about dissimilarities between the two experiments. Can you mention two dissimilarities?
(c) In retrospect which of these two experiments worked better and why?
Answer:
(a) Commonalities between India and Soviet Union:
(i) Both the nations shaped the nation on linguistic basis.
(ii) To promote welfare motives, the economic and technological developments took place in India also.
(iii) States were divided 6n the grounds of geographical boundary and strength of populations also in both the nations.

(b) Dissimilarities:
(i) Soviet Union was divided into 15 independent republics/countries to be disintegrated.
(ii) India maintained its unity and integrity even among diversified nature of’ ates and peoples without any more division.

(c) The Indian experiment worked better to promote linguistic and cultural plurality without affecting unity and integrity of the nation though India adopted some diplomatic measures to make country united.

Long Answer Type Questions With Answers

Question 1.
What forced the Union Government of India to appoint the State Reorganisation Commission in 1953? Mention its two main recommendations. Name any four new states formed after 1956.
Answer:
1. State Reorganisation Commission was appointed in 1953 by central Government to rearrange the boundaries of states.
2. Its main recommendations were to organise states on language basis as well as the boundaries of state could reflect the linguistic aspects also.
3. The Madras province under British India created following linguistic states:
(a) Andhra Pradesh (Telugu)
(b) Taniilnadu (Tamil)
(c) Kerala (Malayalam)
(d) Karnataka (Kannad)
4. The state Reorganisation Act was passed in 1956 which created 14 states and 6 Union territories.

Question 2.
Explain any three challenges faced by India at the time of its independence.
Answer: India had to face many challenges immediately after she got independence, which can be summed up as follows:
1. Challenge to Shape a Nation: India was divided among various states at the time of independence. Hence a great challenge arose to unify and integrate country into one bond. Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel took upon himself to integrate these states either wishfully or diplomatically to be completed into different stages.
2. To Establish Democratic Set up: India constituted representative democracy based on parliamentary form of government and it was a great challenge to develop these democratic practices in the nation.
3. To Ensure Development and Well Being ofthe Society: Indian polity made herself to achieve welfare goals with the evolvement of effective economic policies and eradication of poverty and unemployment.

Question 3.
How did the reorganisation of states take place in India after its independence? Explain.
Answer:
1. In the initial years it was felt that linguistic states may foster seperatism and create pressures on newly founded nation, but India considered democracy and federalism by making a favour to linguistic states only.
2. State Reorganisation Commission was appointed in 1 953 central Government to rearrange the boundaries of states.
3. Its main recommendations were to organise states on language basis as well as the boundaries of states could reflect the linguistic aspects also.
4. The State Reorganisation Act was passed in 1956 which created 14 states and 6 union territories.
5. Linguistic states enhanced democratic practices.
6. Linguistic states reduced separatist attitude by accepting the regional and linguistic claims of all regions.

Question 4.
Explain any three consequences of partition in India.
Answer:
1. In the name of religion, people of one community killed and mained people of the other community. Cities like Lahore, Kolkata and Amritsar were titled as communal zones.
2. People went through social sufferings also be forced to abandon their homes especially minorities, who took shelter in refugee camps.
3. To preserve the honour offamily, many women were killed even many children were separated from their family and if crossed borders, they did not have any home.
4. The partition did not only divide property, assets or liabilities but also the government employees and the railways, etc.

Question 5.
Assess the role played by Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel in nation building.
Answer:
Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel is also known as ‘Iron man of India, became India’s Deputy Prime minister and Home minister during integration of princely states. He played a historic role in negotiating the rulers of princely states and diplomatically brought most of them in Indian Union. It was very complicated which required skilful persuation i.e. there were 26 small states in today’s Odisha, Saurashtra Region of Gujarat had 14 states with 119 small states, etc.

Picture/Map Based Questions

A. Study the picture given below and answer the questions that follow:

Question 1.
What does this picture represent?
Answer:
This picture represents the painful scene of partition of country when people were supposed to leave their homes.

Question 2.
Mention some consequences of partition.
(i) Communal Riots (ii) Social Sufferings (iii) Administrative Concerns and Financial Strains.

Question 3.
Which year is being denoted in the picture?
Answer:
The year of 1947, most abrupt, unplanned year in the history.

B. Study the picture given below and answer the questions that follow:

Question 1.
Identify the person in the centre of the cartoon and mention the challenge surrounding him.
Answer:
The person is the first Prime Minister of India Pt. Jawahar Lai Nehru, who faced the first and foremost challenge of integration of princely states and formation of linguistic states.

Question 2.
What does the picture actually refer?
Answer:
The picture refers the problem of reorganization of states on linguistic basis with the fear of disintegration in the country.

Question 3.
How did India avoid all these conflicts?
Answer:
India identified and respected regional demands of the people and enhanced democracy by providing some autonomy to the states also.

C. On a political outline map of India locate and label the following and symbolise them as indicated:

Question 1.
Name and mark the original state from. which the following states were carved out.
(a) Gujarat (b) Meghalaya (c) Haryana (d) Chhattisgarh
Answer:
(a) Gujarat (from Bombay) (b) Meghalaya (from Assam) (c) Haryana (from Punjab) (d) Chhattisgarh (from Madhya Pradesh)

Question 2.
Name and mark the countries reorganised on religious grounds.
Answer:
(a) India (b) Pakistan

Question 3.
Demarcated boundaries of these countries by geographical zones.
Answer:
(a) Pakistan (b) Bang

Odisha State Board CHSE Odisha Class 12 Political Science Solutions Unit 3 Democratic Process in India-II Short Answer Questions.

CHSE Odisha 12th Class Political Science Unit 3 Democratic Process In India-II Short Answer Questions

Short Questions With Answers
Question 1.
Name three problems that the newly independent nation of lndia faced.
Answer:
Three problems that the newly independent nation of India faced:

• As a result of Partition, 8 million refugees had come into the country from Pakistan. These people had to be found homes and jobs.
• The Maharajas and Nawabs of the Princely States (almost 500) had to be persuaded to join the New Nation.
• A political system had to be adopted which would best serve the hopes and expectations of the Indian population.

Question 2.
What was the role of the Planning Commission?
Answer:
The Planning Commission was set up to help design and execute suitable policies for the economic development of India.

Question 3.
What did Dr Ambedkar mean when he said that “In politics we will have equality, and in social and economic life we will have inequality”?
Answer:
According to Dr Ambedkar, political democracy had to be accompanied by economic and social democracy. Giving the right to vote would not automatically lead to the removal of other inequalities such as between rich and poor, or between upper and lower castes. He believed that India needed to work towards eradicating all forms of inequality in the economic and social spheres. Only then would the equality granted by the Constitution in the sphere of politics (i.e., one vote for every adult Indian citizen) be of any value. Otherwise, India would just be a land of contradictions – following the principle of “one man, one vote and one value” in its political life and denying the principle of “one man, one value” in its economic and social lives.

Question 4.
After Independence, why was there a reluctance to divide the country on linguistic lines ? .
Answer:
In the 1920s, the Congress had promised that once the country won independence, each major linguistic group would have its own province. However, after independence, it did not take any steps to honour this promise. There was a reason for this. India had already been divided on the basis of religion. The joy of freedom had come along with the tragedy of Partition. This Partition had led to the killing of a million people in riots. Fresh divisions were not considered to be feasible. Congress leaders believed that any further divisions of the country would only disrupt its unity and progress. They felt that the need of the hour was for India to remain strong and united, and work towards becoming a nation, and anything that hindered the growth of nationalism had to be rejected.

Question 5.
Give one reason why English continued to be used in India after Independence.
Answer:
People of the south those who could not speak Hindi, opposed Hindi as National Language. They threatened to separate from India if Hindi was imposed on them. The Constituent Assembly finally decided that Hindi would be the “official language” of India and English would be used in the courts, the services, and communications between one state and another.

Question 6.
How was the economic development of India visualised in the early decades after Independence?
Answer:
The economic development of India visualised in the early decades after Independence were:

• Objectives: Lifting India and Indians out of poverty, and building a modern technical and industrial base were among the major objectives of the new nation.
•  Planning Commission and Five Year Plans: A Planning Commission was set up to help design and execute suitable policies for economic development.
• Mixed-economy: A mixed-economy model was agreed upon. In this economic model, both the State and the private sector would play important and complementary roles in increasing production and generating jobs.
• Focus on heavy industries and dams: In 1956, the Second Five Year Plan was formulated. This focussed strongly on the development of heavy industries such as steel, and on the building of large dams.
• The focus on heavy industry, and the effort at state regulation of the economy (which was to guide the economic policy for the next few decades) had many critics. This approach was criticised because:
  (i) It put inadequate emphasis on agriculture.
  (ii) It neglected primary education.
  (iii) It did not take into account the environmental implications of concentrating. on science and machinery.

Question 7.
Vhat are the challenges India face while building the nation?
Answer:
At the hour of midnight on 14-15 August 1947, India attained independence. Jawaharlal Nehru, the first Prime Minister of free India, addressed a special session of the Constituent Assembly that night. This was the famous ‘tryst with destiny’ speech that you are familiar with. This was the moment Indians had been waiting for. You have read in- your history textbooks that there were many voices in our national movement. But there were two goals almost everyone agreed upon one, that after Independence, we shall run our country through democratic government; and two, that the government will be run for the good of all, particularly the poor and the socially disadvantaged groups.

Now that the country was independent, the time had come to realise the promise of freedom. This was not going to be easy. India was born in very difficult circumstances. Perhaps no other country by then was born in a situation more difficult than that of India in 1947. Freedom came with the partition of the country. The year 1947 was a year of unprecedented violence and trauma of displacement. It was in this situation that independent India started on its journey to achieve several objectives. Yet the turmoil that accompanied independence did not make our leaders lose sight of the multiple challenges that faced the new nation.

Question 8.
Write Three Challenges of India face after independence.
Answer:
Broadly, independent India faced three kinds of challenges. The first and the immediate challenge was to shape a nation that was united, yet accommodative of the diversity in our society. India was a land of continental size and diversity. Its people-spoke different languages and followed different cultures and religions. At that time it was widely believed that a country full of such kinds of diversity could not remain together for long. The partition of the country appeared to prove everyone’s worst fears. There were serious questions about the future of India: Would India survive as a unified country ? Would it do so by emphasising national unity at the cost of every other objective? Would it mean rejecting all regional and sub-national identities? And there was an urgent question: How was integration of the territory of India to be achieved?

The second challenge was to -establish democracy. You have already studied the Indian Constitution. You know that the Constitution granted fundamental rights and extended the right to vote to every citizen. India adopted representative democracy based on the parliamentary form of government. These features ensure that the political competition would take place in a democratic framework.
A democratic constitution is necessary but not sufficient for establishing a democracy. The challenge was to develop democratic practices in accordance with the Constitution.

The third challenge was to ensure the development and well-being of the entire society and not only of some sections. Here again the Constitution clearly laid down the principle of equality and special protection to socially disadvantaged groups and religious and cultural communities. The Constitution also set out in the Directive Principles of State Policy the welfare goals that democratic politics must achieve. The real challenge now was to evolve effective policies for economic development and eradication of poverty.
Regionalism

The decade of 1980s also witnessed major developments in the State of Punj ab. The social composition of the State changed first with Partition and later on after the-carving out of Haryana and Himachal Pradesh. While the rest of the country was reorganised on linguistic lines in 1950s, Punjab had to wait till 1966 for the creation of a Punjabi speaking State. The Akali Dal, which was formed in 1920 as the political wing of the Sikhs, had led the movement for the formation of a ‘Punjabi suba’. The Sikhs were now a majority in the truncated State of Punjab.Political context.

After the reorganisation, the Akalis came to power in 1967 and then in 1977. On both the occasions it was a coalition government. The Akalis discovered that despite the redrawing of the boundaries, their political position remained precarious. Firstly, their government was dismissed by the Centre mid-way through its term. Secondly, they did not enjoy strong support among the Hindus. Thirdly, the Sikh community, like all other religious communities, was internally differentiated on caste and class lines. The Congress got more support among the Dalits, whether Hindu or Sikh, than the Akalis.

It was in this context that during the 1970s a section of Akalis began to demand political autonomy for the region. This was reflected in a resolution passed at their conference at Anandpur Sahib in 1973. The Anandpur Sahib Resolution asserted regional autonomy and wanted to redefine centre-state relationship in the country. The resolution also spoke of the aspirations of the Sikh qaum (community or nation) and declared its goal as attaining the bolbala (dominance or hegemony) of the Sikhs. The Resolution was a plea for strengthening federalism, but it could also be interpreted as a plea for a separate Sikh nation.

The Resolution had a limited appeal among the Sikh masses. A few years later, after the Akali government had been dismissed in 1980, the Akali Dal launched a movement on the question of the distribution of water between Punjab and its neighbouring States. A section of the religious leaders raised the question of autonomous Sikh identity. The more extreme elements started advocating secession from India and the creation of‘Khalistan’.

Question 9.
Discuss the North-East regional aspiration.
Answer:
In the North-East, regional aspirations reached a turning point in 1980s. This region how consists of seven States, also referred to as the ‘seven sisters’. The region has only 4 per cent of the country’s population but about twice as much share of its area. A small corridor of about 22 kilometers connects the region to the rest of the country. Otherwise the region shares boundaries with China, Myanmar and Bangladesh and serves as India’s gateway to South East Asia. The region has witnessed a lot of change since 1947. Tripura, Manipur and Khasi Hills of Meghalaya were erstwhile Princely States which merged with India after Independence. The entire region of North-East has undergone considerable political reorganisation. Nagaland State was created in 1960; Meghalaya, Manipur and Tripura in 1972 while Arunachal Pradesh and Mizoram became separate States only in 1986. The Partition of India in 1947 had reduced the North-East to a land locked region and affected its economy. Cut off from the rest of India, the region suffered neglect in developmental terms. Its politics too remained insulated. At the same time, most States in this region underwent major demographic changes due to influx of migrants from neighbouring States and countries. The isolation of the region, its complex social character and its backwardness compared to other parts of the country have all resulted in the complicated set of demands from different states of the North-East. The vast international border and weak communication between the North-East and the rest of India have further added to the delicate nature of politics there. Three issues dominate the politics of North-East: demands for autonomy, movements for secession and opposition to ‘outsiders’. Major initiatives on the first issue in the 1970s set the stage for some dramatic developments on the second and the third in the 1980s.

Question 10.
Write about the Demands for autonomy of states.
Answer:
At independence the entire region except Manipur and Tripura comprised the State of Assam. Demands for political autonomy arose when the non-Assamese felt that the Assam government was imposing Assamese language on them. There were opposition and protest riots throughout the State. Leaders of the major tribal communities wanted to separate from Assam. They formed the Eastern India Tribal Union which later transformed into a more comprehensiveA.il Party Hill Leaders Conference in 1960. They demanded a tribal State to be carved out of Assam. Finally instead of one tribal State, several States got carved out of Assam. At different points of time the Central Government had to create Meghalaya, Mizoram and Arunachal Pradesh out of Assam. Tripura and Manipur were upgraded into States too.
The reorganisation of the North-East was completed by 1972. But this was not the end of autonomy demands in this region. In Assam, for example, communities like the Bodos, Karbis and Dimasas wanted separate States. They worked for this demand by

f mobilising public opinion and popular movement as well as through insurgency. Often the , same area was claimed by, lore than one community. It was not possible to go on making | smaller and yet smaller States. Therefore, some other provisions of our federal set up were
used to satisfy their autonomy demands while remaining in Assam. Karbis and Dimasas have been granted autonomy under District Councils while Bodos were recently granted Autonomous Council.

Question 11.
Write about ‘Mandal Commission’.
Answer:
In the 1980s, the Janata Dal brought together a similar combination of political groups with strong support among the OBCs. The decision of the National Front government to implement the recommendations of the Mandal Commission further helped in shaping } the politics of ‘Other Backward Classes’. The intense national debate for and against reservation in jobs made people from the OBC communities more aware of this identity. Thus, it helped those who wanted to mobilise these groups in politics. This period saw the emergence of many parties that sought better opportunities for OBCs in education and employment and also raised the question of tlje share of power enjoyed by the OBCs. These parties claimed that since OBCs constituted a large segment of Indian society, it was only democratic that the OBCs should get adequate representation in administration and have their due share of political power.

Question 12.
Political fallouts of Dalits. explain.
Answer:
The 1980s also saw the rise of political organisation of the Dalits. In 1978 the L Backward and Minority Classes Employees Federation (BAMCEF) was formed. This ’organisation was not an ordinary’ trade union of government employees. It took a strong OBC and minorities. It was out of this that the subsequent Dalit Shoshit Samaj Sangharsh Samiti and later the Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP) emerged under the leadership of Kanshi Ram. The BSP began as a small party supported largely by Dalit voters in Punjab, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh. But in 1989 and the 1991 elections, it achieved a breakthrough in Uttar Pradesh. This was the first time in independent India that a political party supported mainly by Dalit voters had achieved this kind of political success.

In fact, the BSP, under Kanshi Ram’s leadership was envisaged as an organisation based on pragmatic politics. It derived confidence from the fact that the Bahujans (SC, ST, OBC and religious minorities) constituted the majority of the population, and were a formidable political force on the strength of their numbers. Since then the BSP has emerged as a major political player in the State and has been in government on more than one occasion. Its strongest support still comes from Dalit voters, but it has expanded its support now to various other social groups. In many parts of India, Dalit politics and OBC politics have developed independently and often in competition with each other.

Question 13.
What is the meaning of Regionalism?
Answer:
Regionalism means love for ones local or regional interests and values over and above the national interests and values.

Question 14.
What have been the main causes of Regionalism?
Answer:
The main causes of Regionalism have been
(1) Localism
(2) Religious fundamentalism
(3) Linguistic Regionalism
(4) Parochial approach
(5) Illiteracy and ignorance.

Question 15.
What major steps should be adopted for checking Regionalism?
Answer:
The steps should be adopted for checking regionalism are:
(1) Spread of education
(2) Rapid economic development in all parts of the country.
(3) Adoption of secularism as the way of life.
(4) Use of mass media for promoting rational integration.

Question 16.
What is Casteism?
Answer:
Casteism is the principle of giving caste undue importance in social and political relations. Caste based behaviour is casteism.

Question 17.
What is Caste?
Answer:
Caste is a kinship group in which every member is either an actual or a potential kin of another.

Question 18.
What is the role of casteism in Indian politics?
Answer:
Caste has been a factor in Indian politics. Some caste-based attempts atforcible imposition of particular demands and interests over other communities are at work. Caste has been a factor of party politics, voting behaviour and leadership behaviour.

Question 19.
What has been the most disturbing and inhuman impact of casteism?
Answer:
Caste based violence, murders, riots and mass killings constitute the biggest and most disturbing facts of our social and political life.

Question 20.
What is communalism?
Answer:
Communalism is the exploitation of Indian social pluralism for narrow and selfish ends by some groups. It involves communal tensions, communal violence and communal riots.

Question 21.
What are the forms of Communalism?
Answer:
The forms of Communalism are:
(1) Religious Communalism.
(2) Linguistic Communalism.
(3) Regional Communalism.
(4) Ethnic Communalism.

Question 22.
What is Communalisation of history?
Ans. It means attempts at presenting a distorted, nonobjectiv; and sectarian account as historical events and facts. Projection of our rational heroes as members of a particular region or community constitutes attempts at communalisation of history.

Question 23.
What is Terrorism?
Answer:
Terrorism begins with acts of violence designed to ‘violate’ the legal basis of the state and to injure permanently the instruments on which it depends for order.

Question 24.
What are the major factors which act as reasons behind the emergence of terrorism in a society?
Answer:
Terrorist violence and terrorism find a place in a society which is characterised by the socioeconomic, Underdevelopment, illiteracy, ignorance, poverty, sub-nationalism j and preserve of anti-national fundamentalist and bigotic elements.

Question 25.
What is son’s of the soil principle?
Answer:
Another form of regionalism in India has been the popularity of the principle of the sons of the soil. Acting under it, the states impose residential and domicile conditions for appointments within their respective administrations. This principle has a constitutional basis which empowers the legislatures to make residence within their states a qualification for employment.

Question 26.
What has been the role of Caste in Indian Politics?
Answer:
Caste continues to be a major determinant of Indian Politics. It has been acting as a big limiting factor of the process of national integration. Presence of caste and casteism has been adversely affecting the process of national integration. Unfortunately, caste continues to be a major determinant of electoral politics, political participation, voting j behaviour of Indian Politics.

Question 27.
What steps can be taken for checking casteism in our society and politics?
Answer:
The step can be taken for checking casteism in our society and politics are:
(1) Popularisation of secularism as the best way of life.
(2) Spread of Education. .
(3) Making education value-based;
(4) Use of mass media, particularly TV and films to highlight the uselessness of , caste distinctions and casteism.
(5) To promote and develop free flow of trade, commerce and business.
(6) To discourage the political parties from using caste as a basis of getting votes.

Question 28.
What is meant by Communalism of history?
Answer:
Communalism involves the exploitation of social pluralism of Indian Society by various fundamentalist groups, organisations and sects for securing their respective narrowly conceived political, religious and sectarian goals. Communalism has been showing its ugly presence in several forms, fanaticism, bigotism etc.

Question 29.
What are the major factors behind the emergence of terrorism in the world?
Answer:
(1) Religious fundamentalism and Jihadi terrorism.
(2) Presence of some elements of sub-nationalism.
(3) Ethnic nepotism and conflict.
(4) Availability of weapons in the international illegal arms market.
(5) Hostile neighbourhood activity as a source of cross-border terrorism.

Question 30.
Suggest some steps for meeting the challenge of terrorism.
Answer:
(1) Some groups resort to terrorism and violence for securing their narrow interests. The need is to prevent the organization and activities of such groups.
(2) The terrorists always use violence and terror as a means to create fear among the people.
(3) Efforts for encouraging the process of peaceful conflict-resolution in society must be consistly made.

Question 31.
What is Environmental Laws?
Answer:
The Government has enacted several laws for creating a legal framework capable of empowering the public authorities engaged in the works of environment protection and prevention and control of pollution. These have empowered and assigned the responsible for continuously working for securing a state, clean, green, healthy and sustainable environment in India.

Question 32.
What is the Environment Act. 1986?
Answer:
1986—The environment Act: It authorizes the Central government to protect and improve environmental quality, control and reduce pollution from all sources and prohibit or restrict the setting or operation of any industrial facility on environmental grounds.

Question 33.
What is 1989 Environmental Law?
Answer:
1989 – The manufacture, storage and important of hazardous Rules. These define the terms used in this context and sets up. an authority to inspect, once a year, the industrial activity connected with hazardous chemicals and isolated storage facilities.

Question 34.
What is the Environment Rules 1999?
Answer:
These lay down detailed provisions relating to areas to be avoided for siting of industries, precautionary measures to be taken for site selecting as also the aspects of environmental protection which should have been incorporated during the implementation of the Industrial Development Projects.

Question 35.
What is Noise Pollution Rules?
Answer:
2002- The Noise Pollution (Regulation and Control) Amendment Rules. These lay down such terms and conditions as are necessary to reduce noise pollution, permit use of loud speakers or public address systems during night hours (between 10..00 p.m. to 12.00 midnight) on or during any cultural or religious festive occasion.

Question 36.
What is the Laws relating to Water Resources of India?
Answer:

• 1882 – The Essement Act.
• 1897 – The Indian Fisheries Act.
• 1956 – The river boards Act.
• 1970 – The Merchant Shipping Act.
• 1974 – The Water (Prevention and control of pollution) Act.
• 1977 – The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess Act.
• 1978 – The Water Cess Rules.
• 1991 – The Coastal Regulation Zone Notification.

Question 37.
What is the Easement Act. 1882 which relates to Water Resources of India.
Answer:
1882- The Easement Act. It allows private rights to use a resource that is, groundwater, by viewing it as an attachment to the land. It also states that all surface water belongs to the state and is a state property.

Question 38.
What is the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act 1974?
Answer:
1974- The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution Act. It establishes an institutional structure for preventing and abating water pollution. It establishes standards for water quality and effluent. Polluting industries must seek permission to discharge waste into effluent bodies. The CPCB (Central Pollution Control Board) was constituted under this Act.

Question 39.
What is the laws for securing the purity of Air?
Answer:
The laws for securing the purity of air are:

• 1948 – The factories Act and Amendment in 1987.
• 1981 – The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act.
• 1982 – The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Rules.
• 1982 – The Atomic Energy Act.
• 1987 – The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Amendment.
• 1988 – The Motor Vehicles Act.

Odisha State Board CHSE Odisha Class 12 Political Science Solutions Unit 3 Democratic Process in India-II Objective Questions and Answers.

CHSE Odisha 12th Class Political Science Unit 3 Democratic Process In India-II Objective Questions

Multiple Choice Questions With Answers

Question 1.
The worse form of Regionalism is:
(a) State autonomy
(b) Secessionism
(c) Linguistic Regionalism
(d) Sons of the soil policy
Answer:
(b) Secessionism

Question 2.
Regionalism in its negative form means:
(a) Love of ones culture
(b) Love of Ones area
(c) Living in a region
(d) Giving primacy to local interests over national interests.
Answer:
(d) Giving primacy to local interests over national interests.

Question 3.
Regionalism can be checked by:
(a) Promotion of National Integration
(b) Spread of education.
(c) Rapid economic development
(d) All the above.
Answer:
(d) All the above.

Question 4.
Some Regionalism is:
(a) Evil
(b) National
(c) Unnatural
(d) Anti-national
Answer:
(b) National

Question 5.
Casteism adversely affects:
(a) Government-making
(b) Status group
(c) Social group
(d) All the above
Answer:
(d) All the above

Question 6.
Caste is a:
(a) Association
(b) Social group
(c) Kinship group
(d) Status group
Answer:
(c) Kinship group

Question 7.
Casteism can be checked by:
(a) Family
(b) legal Ban
(c) Religion
(d) Secularism and Education
Answer:
(d) Secularism and Education

Question 8.
Caste was described by» Jay Prakash Narayan as:
(a) Factor of politics
(b) Most major political party
(c) Source of Unity.
(d) Social symbol.
Answer:
(b) Most major political party

Question 9.
Communalism is:
(a) Inhuman conduct
(b) Social evil
(c) Mental disease
(d) All the above
Answer:
(d) All the above

Question 10.
Casteism is a:
(a) Social Evil
(b) Natural
(c) Moral Code
(d) Necessary Evil
Answer:
(a) Social Evil

Question 11.
Communalism can be checked by:
(a) Military
(b) Police
(c) Government
(d) People
Answer:
(d) People

Question 12.
Communalism is the product of:
(a) Narrow and irrational outlook
(b) Politics
(c) History
(d) Social relations
Answer:
(a) Narrow and irrational outlook

Question 13.
What encourages communalism in society?
(a) Communal politics
(b) Communal thinking
(c) Communalization of history
(d) All the above
Answer:
(d) All the above

Question 14.
Communalism constitutes the biggest challenge to:
(a) Economy
(b) Public health
(c) National Unity and Integration
(d) Religious freedom
Answer:
(c) National Unity and Integration

Question 15.
What is weapon used by terrorism for facing the people to obey its command?
(a) Suppression and Dominance
(b) Militancy
(c) Terror
(d) Organized power
Answer:
(c) Terror

Question 16.
What is the basic means which the terrorists use for securing their narrow selfish goals?
(a) Violence
(b) Killings
(c) Force
(d) All the above
Answer:
(d) All the above

Question 17.
Terrorism can be tackled by which means:
(a) International law
(b) Collective global action
(c) State Terrorism
(d) Promotion of strong National Integration.
Answer:
(d) Promotion of strong National Integration.

Question 18.
Terrorism is:
(a) Anti-Liberal
(b) Anti-Democratic
(c) Anti-Human
(d) All the above
Answer:
(d) All the above

Question 19.
National Integration can be strengthened by which means?
(a) Efforts of the civil society
(b) Faith in Multi-culturism and secularism
(c) Value based education
(d) All the above
Answer:
(d) All the above

Question 20.
National Integration can be achieved by dependence upon which means?
(a) Social reforms
(b) Conscious collective efforts of the People
(c) Constitutional Directives
(d) State laws
Answer:
(b) Conscious collective efforts of the People

Fill in the Blanks with Appropriate Words

1. Subjects that were placed on the Union List were ______, _______ and __________.
Answer: taxes, defence, and foreign affairs.

2. Subjects on the Concurrent List were ______ and ______.
Answer: forest and agriculture.

3. Economic planning by which both the state and the private sector played a role in development was called a _________ model.
Answer: mixed-economy

4. The death of _______ sparked off such violent protests that the government was forced to give in to the demand for the linguistic state of Andhra.
Answer: Potti Sriramulu

True or False

1. At independence, the majority of Indians lived in villages.
Answer:
True

2. The Constituent Assembly was made up of members of the Congress party.
Answer:
False

3. In the first national election, only men were allowed to vote.
Answer:
False

4. The Second Five Year Plan focussed on the development of heavy industry.
Answer:
True

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Name the leader who played a historic role in negotiating with the rulers of princely states to join the Indian Union.
Answer:
Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel.

Question 2.
What is meant by Two Nation Theory?
Answer:
Two Nation Theory was propounded by Muhammad Ali Jinnah to create separate state for Muslims.

Question 3.
Mention the main recommendation of the State Reorganisation Commission of 1953.
Answer:
The main recommendation of the State Reorganisation Commission was to organise states on language basis and the boundaries of states could also reflect the linguistic aspects.

Question 4.
Which two languages were spoken in Bombay state before it was divided in 1960?
Answer:
Gujarati and Marathi

Question 5.
Name any four princely states that resisted their merger with the Indian Union?
Answer:
Junagadh, Hyderabad, Kashmir and Manipur.

Question 6.
How many princely states consisted at the time of independence of India?
Answer:
565 princely states.

Question 7.
What was meant by princely states?
Answer:
Princely states were ruled by princes who employed some form of control over their internal affairs under the supremacy of the British.

Question 8.
What was the basis of the report of States Reorganisation Commission?
Answer:
States Reorganisation Commission Report was based on the distribution of boundaries of states on language basis to reflect linguistic aspects.

Question 9.
Why were the states reorganised on linguistic basis in India in 1956?
Answer:
States were reorganised on linguistic basis in India in 1956 to maintain unity and integrity of the nation to avoid violence and conflicts among the people.

Question 10.
Whose speech was known as ‘tryst with destiny’?
Answer:
‘Tryst with destiny’ speech was delivered by the first Prime Minister of independent India Pt. Jawahar Lai Nehru while addressing special session of constituent Assembly as the midnight of 14-15 August 1947.

Question 11.
Name the states which decided to remain independent in place of joining India.
Answer:
Travancore, Junagadh, Hyderabad and Bhopal decided to remain independent.

Question 12.
In which Congress Session proposal for linguistic principles of reorganisation was accepted?
Answer:
Nagpur Congress Session of 1920.

Question 13.
Name the movement which demanded the separate province for Andhra region.
Answer:
The Vishal Andhra movement demanded that Telugu speaking areas should be separated from Madras Province of which they were a part and be made into a separate Andhra Province.

Question 14.
Why did Amritsar and Kolkata become communal zones?
Answer:
Amritsar and Kolkata became communal zones because Muslims did not wish to move into area of Hindus and Sikhs majority and on the other hand Hindus and Sikhs also wanted to stay away from the areas of Muslim predominance.

Question 15.
Define Globalisation.
Answer:
Globalisation refers to integration of an economy with the other country based on interdependence.

Question 16.
What is WSF?
Answer:
WSF is the World Social Forum, a global platform to bring together a wide coalition of human rights activists, environmentalists and women activists.

Question 17.
Identify any two consequences of the partition of India in 1947.
Answer:
1. Communal Riots took place as the people of one community were killed and maimed by the people of other community in the name of religion.
2. People went through immense sufferings as they were forced to abandon their homes and to secure temporary shelter in the refugee camps. Thousands of women were abducted on both sides of border.

Question 18.
Mention any two challenges that India faced just after independence.
Answer:
(i) Challenge to shape a nation
(ii) Challenges to establish democracy. Or
(iii) Challenge to ensure the development and well being of the entire society.

Question 19.
Name the original states from which the following states were carved out.
(a) Meghalaya (b) Gujarat
Answer:
(a) Assam (1972) (b) Bombay (1960)

Question 20.
Explain the role played by Sardar Patel in the integration of princely states into the Indian Union.
Answer:
Sardar Patel negotiated with the rulers of princely states and diplomatically merged most of them into the Indian Union i.e. there were 26 small states in today’s Orissa and 14 big states and 119 small states in today’s Gujarat.

Question 21.
Which state got divided on bilingual basis?
Answer:
Bombay got divided on bilingual basis consisting of Gujarat and Marathi speaking people. After popular agitation, the states of Maharashtra and Gujarat were created in 1960.

Question 22.
Name the leader who advocated separate state of Andhra Pradesh by observing fast unto death and participation in Salt Satyagraha.
Answer:
The leader Potti Sriramulu of Madras resigned from government job to participate in Salt Satyagraha and advocated equality in the society and demanded entry of dalits in temples of Madras as well as observed fast unto death since 19 October 1952 to create separate state of Andhra Pradesh

Question 23.
What was government’s approach towards the integration of princely states was based on three considerations?
Answer:
1. Most of the princely states willingly wanted to join Indian Union.
2. The government wanted to accommo-‘date plurality by adopting flexible approach
in dealing with the demand of the region.
3. The central government was so much concerned towards integration and
consolidation of territorial boundaries of Indian nation.

Questions 24.
Which interests were hidden behind the conflicts between Hindus and Muslims at the time of independence?
Answer:
Hindu and Muslim communities bear some political interests at the time of independence:
1. Muslim League demanded a separate nation for Muslims to protect the interests of Muslims only.
2. There were some Hindu organisations also which made efforts to look after the interests of Hindus only to make India a‘Hindu Nation’.

Question 25.
“India got independence under very difficult circumstances rather than any other country”. Justify thfe statement.
Answer:
India got independence in 1947 under very difficult circumstances:
1. Freedom came with the partition of the country.
2. The year 1947 became the year of unprecedented violence and trauma.
3. Still our leader faced all these challenges in an appreciable manner by accommodating regional diversities also.

Passage Based Questions With Answers

Passage 1.
Read the passage given below carefully and answer the following questions:
The interim government took a firm stance against the possible division of India into smaller principalities of different sizes: The Muslim League opposed the Indian National Congress and took the view that the States should be free to adopt any course they liked. Sardar Patel, India’s Deputy Prime Minister and the Home Minister during the crucial period, immediately after Independence, played a historic role in negotiating with the rulers of Princely States in bringing most of them into the Indian Union.

Question 1.
Which government has been referred to as the interim government?
Answer:
The Indian National Congress has been referred to as the interim government.

Question 2.
Why did the Muslim League oppose the Indian National Congress?
Answer:
The Muslim League opposed the Indian National Congress because it was of the view that the states should be free to adopt any course they liked.

Question 3.
What makes the role of Sardar Patel a historic one? Explain.
Answer:
Sardar Patel was India’s Deputy Prime Minister and the Home Minister during the
crucial period immediately following Independence. He negotiated with the rulers of princely states firmly but diplomatically and brought most of them into the Indian Union.

Passage 2.
Read the passage given below carefully and answer the questions:
We should begin to work in that spirit and in course of time all these angularities of the majority and minority communities, the Hindu community and the Muslim community- because even as regards Muslims you have Pathans, Punjabis, Shias, Sunnis and so on and among the Hindus you have Brahmins, Vaishnavas, Khatris, also Bengalees, Madrasis, and so on-will vanish. You are free; you are free to go to your temples, you are free to go to your mosques or to any other place of worship in this State of Pakistan. You may belong to any religion or caste or creed-that has nothing to do with the business of the State. — Mohammad Ali Jinnah.

Question 1.
Do you think that Jinnah’s statement contradicts the theory which was the basis of creation of Pakistan? Justify your answer.
Answer:
Jinhah’s statement does not con-tradict the ‘Two Nations’ Theory’ as he aimed at the creation of separate state for Muslims without any interference in other communities like Pathans, Punjabis, Shias and Sunnis.

Question 2.
What is the essence of Jinnah’s statement in this passage?
Answer:
The essence of Jinnah’s statement in this passage is his secular outlook regarding the protection and promotion of every community by giving freedom to practices one’s own beliefs (religiously).

Question 3.
To what extent did Pakistan live up to Jinnah’s expectations in this passage?
Answer:
Pakistan did not live up to Jinnah’s expectations because Pakistan became an orthodox Muslim country that did not respect the interests of other communities after independence.

Passage 3.
Read the passage given below carefully and answer the questions:
We have a Muslim minority who are so large in numbers that they cannot, even if they want, go anywhere else. That is a basic fact about which there can be no argument.. Whatever the provocation from Pakistan and whatever the indignities and horrors inflicted on non-Muslims there, we have got to deal with this minority in a civilized manner. We must give them security and the rights of citizens in a democratic state. If we fail to do so, we shall have a festering sore which will eventually poison the whole body politic and probably destroy it. —Jawaharlal Nehru.

Question 1.
Why did Jawaharlal Nehru want to deal with the Muslim minority in a civilized way?
Answer:
Because India adopted democracy which commits equal rights and opportunities to each and every human being in a place of dividing them.

Question 2.
Why this minority should be given security and rights on the same footing as 20 all others in a democratic system?
Answer:
It was argued by Jawaharlal Nehru not only for ethical and sentimental reasons but prudential reasons also to realize long-cherished goals and principles such as socialism, equality, and fraternity.

Question 3.
If this minority was not provided security and rights what kind of scenario is envisaged?
Answer:
If this minority was not provided security and rights it may affect:

• Basic nature of the democratic system.
• It is against the secular nature of India.
• It may affect India’s foreign policy also.
• It may threaten other minorities also.
• Most important it may lead to the disintegration of the nation.

Odisha State Board CHSE Odisha Class 12 Political Science Solutions Unit 5 Issues in International Politics Long Answer Questions.

CHSE Odisha 12th Class Political Science Unit 5 Issues in International Politics Long Answer Questions

Long Type Questions With Answers

Question 1.
Explain any four components of India’s security strategy.
Answer:
(a)To strengthen its military capabilities.

• India has been involved in conflicts with its neighbours as Pakistan in 1947-48, 1965, 1971, 1999 and China in 1962
• In South Asian region, India is surrounded by nuclear armed countries.

(b) To strengthen international norms and institutions.

• India’s first Prime Miniter J.L. Nehru supported Asian solidarity, disarmament, decolonisation and the UN as a forum to settle down international conflict.
• It used non-alignment to help to carry out an area of peace outside the blocs.

(c) To meet security challenges within country.

• Several militant groups from areas such as Nagaland, Mizoram, Punjab, Kashmir have sought to break away from India.
• India has made efforts to preserve national unity by adopting a democratic political system by providing freedom of speech and expression along with the right to vote.

(d) To develop its economy:

• India develops the way to lift vast mass of citizens out of poverty, misery and huge economic inequalities.
• A democratically elected government is supposed to combine economic growth with human development without any demarcation between the rich and the poor.

Question 2.
Identify and explain any four new sources of threats to security.
Answer:
Four new sources of threats to security can be identified as follows.

• Terrorism is a war against democrary and a crime against humanity. It refers to political violence that targets civilians deliberately and discriminately to use it as a weapon against national government. It has become a global phenomena because even superpower is not free from terrorist attacks.
• Human rights are those basic conditions which an individual is supposed to enjoy as a human being. These rights include political rights, freedom of speech and expression, economic rights, social and civil rights and fights of indigenous people to lead as honourable and dignified life.
• Global poverty refers to low economic growth, low national income and low standard of living of developing or least developed countries.
• Health epidemic is a very serious threat to a country’s security because severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), HIV-AIDS, bird flue etc. diseases spread across countries through migration business, tourism and military operations.

Question 3.
What is meant by Security? Mention any four components of Indian security strategy.
Answer:
At its most basic, security implies freedom from threats. Human existence and the life of a country are full of threats. We generally say that only those things that threaten ‘core values’ should be regarded as being of interest in discussions of security. Thus, security relates only to extremely dangerous threats- threats that could so endanger core values that those values would be damaged beyond repair if we did not do something to deal with the situation.

India’s security strategy has four broad components which have been used in varying combination from time to time.

1. The first component was strengthening its military capabilities because India has been involved in conflicts with its neighbours – Pakistan in 1947-48,1965, 1971 and 1999 and China in 1962. Since it is surrounded by nuclear-armed countries in the South Asia region,
2. India’s decision to conduct nuclear tests in 1998 was justified by the Indian government in terms of safeguarding national security.
   The second component of India’s security strategy has been to strengthen international norms and international institutions to protect its security interests.
3. The third component of Indian security strategy is geared towards meeting security challenges within the country. Several militant groups from areas such as Nagaland, Mizoram, the Punjab and Kashmir among others have from time to time sought to break away from India. India has tried to preserve national unity by adopting a democratic political system.
4. There has been an attempt in India to develop its economy in a way that the vast mass of citizens are lifted out of poverty and misery and huge economic inequalities are not allowed to exist.

Question 4.
Give a comparative analysis of Indian expenditure on traditional and non-traditional security.
Answer:

• India spends more on traditional security than non-traditional because:
• India has been involved in conflict with its neighbours as Pakistan in 1947-48, 1965,1971 and 1999 and China in 1962.
• In South Asian Region, India is surrounded by nuclear armed countries. Hence, India’s decision to conduct nuclear test n 1990 was justified to safeguard national security.
• India’s first tested nuclear device in 1974.
• Though India has made efforts to develop its economy and an individual’s security from poverty but still it is lagging behind even now and we are supposed to make more efforts.

Question 5.
Mention and explain the components and India’s security strategy.
Answer:
India has faced traditional military and non-traditional threats to its Security that have emerged from within as well as outside its borders. Its security strategy has four broad components i.e.:

• To strengthen its Military capabilities;
  Because:
  (a) India has been involved in conflict with its neighbours, as Pakistan in 1947¬48, 1965, 1971 and 1999 and China in 1962.
  (b) In South Asia Region, India is surrounded by nuclear armed countries. Hence, India’s section to conduct nuclear test in 1990 was justified to safeguard national security.
  (c) India first tested nuclear device in 1974.
• To strengthen international Norms and international Institutions:
  (a) India’s first Prime Minister J.L. Nehru supported Asian solidarity, disarmament, decolonisation and the UN as a forum to settle down international conflict.
  (b) India signed Kyoto Protocol in 1997 to be a part of roadmap for reducing the emissions of greenhouse gases to check global warming.
• To Meet Security Challenges within the Country.
  (a) Several militant groups from areas such as Nagaland, Mizoram, Punjab, Kashmir has sought to break away from India.
  (b) India makes efforts to preserve national unity by adopting a democratic political system by providing freedom of speech and expression along with the right to vote.
• To Develop its Economy.
  (a) India develops the way to lift vast mass of citizens out of poverty, misery and huge economic inequalities.
  (b) A democratically elected government is supposed to combine economic growth with human development without any demarcation between the rich and the poor.

Question 6.
Explain the areas of operation of non-traditional notion of security.
Answer:
Non-traditional concept of security includes human and global security covering a wide range of threats affecting human existence:
1 It does not cover only the states but also the individuals and communities also.
2. It emphasises on security on nature of threat and right approach to deal with the threat its sources can be identified as follows:

• Terrorism refers to political violence to target civilians deliberately and discriminately to use it as a weapon against national government.
• Human Rights refer to basic conditioons which an individual is supposed to enjoy as a human being as political rights, freedom of speech and expression, economic rights, social and civil rights to lead an honourable and dignified life.
• Global poverty refers to low economic growth, low national income and low standard of living of developing or least developed countries.
• Health epidemics is a very serious threat to country’s security because severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (ARS), HIV, AIDS, bird flue diseases spread across countries through migration, business, tourism and military operations.

Question 7.
What is Traditional security?
Answer:
The traditional security paradigm refers to a realist construct of security in which the referent object of security is the state. The prevalence of this theorem reached a peak during the Cold War. For almost half a century, major world powers entrusted the security of their nation to a balance of power among states.

In this sense international stability relied on the premise that if state security is maintained, then the security of citizens will necessarily follow. Traditional security relied on the anarchistic balance of power, a military build-up between the United States and the Soviet Union (the two super powers) and on the absolute sovereignty of the nation state.

States were deemed to be rational entities, national interests and policy driven by the desire for absolute power. Security was seen as protection from invasion; executed during proxy conflicts using technical and military capabilities. As Cold War tensions receded, it became clear that the security of citizens was threatened by hardships arising from internal state activities as well as external aggressors.

Civil wars were increasingly common and compounded existing poverty, disease, hunger, violence and human rights abuses. Traditional security policies had effectively masked these underlying basic human needs in the face of state security. Through neglect of its constituents, nation states had failed in their primary objective.

In the historical debate on how best to achieve national security, writers like Hobbes, Macchiavelli and Rousseau tended to paint a rather pessimistic picture of the implications of state sovereignty. The international system was viewed as a rather brutal arena in which states would seek to achieve their own security at the expense of their neighbors. Inter-state relations were seen as a struggle for power, as states constantly attempted to take advantage of each other.

According to this view, permanent peace was unlikely to be achieved. All that states could do was to try to balance the power of other states to prevent any one from achieving overall hegemony. This view was shared by Writers such as E.H. Carr and Hans Morgenthau. More recently, the traditional state-centric notion of security has been challenged by more holistic approaches to security.

Among the approaches which seeks to acknowledge and address these basic threats to human safety are paradigms that include cooperative, comprehensive and collective measures, aimed to ensure security for the individual and, as a result, for the state. To enhance international security against potential threats caused by terrorism and organized crime, there have been an increase in international cooperation, resulting in transnational policing.

The international police Interpol shares information across international borders and this cooperation has been greatly enhanced by the arrival of the Internet and the ability to instantly transfer documents, films and photographs worldwide.

Question 8.
Identify various factors causing environmental degradation.
Answer:
Envirnomental Problem: Some of the notable problem of environment can be identified as under: –

• Land Air And Water: Pollution of land and water has affected plants, animals and human beings. The quality of soil is deterionating resulting in the loss of agricultural land. The loss is estimated to be about five to seven million hectares of land each year. Soil erosion, as a result of wind and/or water, costs the world dearly. The recurring floods have their own peculiar casualties like deforestation, silt in the river bed, inadequate and improper drainage, loss of men and property. The vast oceans, after being turned into dumping grounds for all nuclear wastes, have poisoned and polluted the whole natural environment.
• Population Growth: Population growth means more people to eat and breathe, and putting an excessive pressure on land and forest, and ultimately disturbing the ecological balance. Our growing population is putting pressure on land, leading to poor quality of productivity, deforestation (the loss of forest land so necessary for ecological balance and exitinction of wild life leading to imbalance in the ecological order, loss of wild life heritage and ultimately dwindling of several species. The growing population is not only a problem for the natural environment; it is a problem for any other aspect of environment, say, for example social, economic, political etc.
• Urbanization: Urbanization is no less a source of pollution, and therefore, a threat to the environment. Urbanization means maddening race of people from villages to the cities. The net result of urbanization is dirt, disease and disasters. In a state of growing urbanization, environmental problem like sanitation, ill-heath, housing, water-supply and electricity keep expanding. On the other, the environmental degradation is caused in the rural life due to indiscriminate collection of firewood, overgrazing and depletion of other natural resources.
• Industrialization: Industrialization coupled with the development of the means of transport and communication has not only polluted the environment, but also has led to the shrinking of the natural resources. Both ways, the loss is really heavy. Increasing level
  of heat fluxes, carbon dioxide and particulate, radioactive nuclear wastes and the like create environment hazards. On the other hand, the consumption of conventional source of energy leads to the loss of natural resource. We are building a world without caring for future generations.

Question 9.
What are the national and international commitment for environment protection?
Answer:
The growing awareness about environmental protection has resulted in new measures across the world. The late Prime Minister Mrs. Indira Gandhi was the only Head of Government, attending the 1972 Stockholm conference, which was called the “U.N. Conference on Human environment”. The Rio Conference 20 years later was called the “U.N. Conference on Environment and Development”.

It was Mrs. Gandhi who first pointed out that poverty was the greatest polluter and unless it was eliminated through national and international efforts it was futile to talk about protecting the planet from environmental disaster. UNDP, the World Bank and other institutions of the U.N. system are now advocating the elimination of poverty as the central task in sustainable development.

Indeed environmental and development polices are seen as complementing each other. The compulsions of development is certainly to be resolved. But any world order cannot be sustainable if three-fourths of its population continues to live in poverty. Environmental rights and developmental rights together constitute the democratic and human rights of all the people of the world.

The Montreal convention and the conventions on climate change; bio-diversity and forest adopted at Rio are important landmarks in the world movement for sustainable development and environmental protection. India has accepted these conventions and is taking systematic measures to implement them. An environmental action programme funded by U.N.D.P.is under implementation. There are 31 schemes for industrial pollution control approved by the World Bank, involving of US. $ 105 million.

On the anvil are common effluent plants for small industries located in a cluster, the big plants being looked after individually. Seventeen grossly polluting industries have been identified for environment control within a time schedule. For certain categories of industries, prior environment clearance is compulsory before they can be set up.

In regard to transport pollution apart from conversation measures, population free engines are being designed, some of which have already been introduced for two-wheelers, three-wheelers and some of the popular cars. A National Forestry Plan is in progress. Environmental Brigades, Afforestation Brigades and Ecological task Force have been organized by Non-government organizations (NGOs.) India’s wild life conservation projects have met with remarkable success.

India has a protected network of75 national parks and 421 wild life sanctuaries. The Tiger project has been a great success. India also has an elaborate law relating to the prevention of pollution of water, soil and air and a system of environmental audit of most industrial projects. While this is voluntary for most countries, India has a mandatory rule in this regard.

India is also engaged in serious and systematic efforts to develop alternative and renewable sources of energy like solar, wind and wave energy which are environment friendly. Emphasis is laid on solar energy on which some significant technological progress has been made. India is taking all these measures partially with international assistance.

Question 10.
Write about the justice of the poor against factories that pollute the Environment.
Answer:

• Environmental Courts: Special courts are being set up to ensure speedy
• Environment Friendly Products: The government is setting stringent standards for all products in the market. Those, which meet these standards of production and performance will be given the label of excellence like the ISI mark.
• Unleading of Petrol: Refineries are being persuaded to make their petrol lead free. Indian petrol has the highest lead content, which creates major pollution through automobiles.
• Ban on Harmful Pesticides: Eight chemical pesticides, of which DDT, BHC, Aldrin and Malathion are the main culprits have been isolated. There are now plans to replace them with safe biopesticides.
• National Waste Management Council: The main task is to convert 40 million tones of fly ash, that lie as a mountain near thermal power plants into bricks, city garbage into energy and sewage into fertilizer.
• Public Liability Insurance: This makes it mandatory for all companies to take out a public liability insurance to be paid in 48 hours.
• Pollution by Motor Vehicles: Anti-pollution measures against motor vehicles are being strictly enforced. Vehicles not adhering to the standards prescribed are fined heavily and may even be asked to be off the road.
• Hotel Near Sea Shore: Action has been taken against a large number of hotels which encroach beaches in flagrant violation of laws.
• National River Action Plan: The proposal is to set up a National river authority which will plan policy for water use and waste management at the national level.
• Solar Energy Commission: Since the energy sector is the major polluter, the idea is to create decentralized energy at the village level, instead of multiplying the mainstream producer.
• No Smoking In Public Places: A ban is proposed on smoking in public places. The Delhi government has taken a lead in this direction, majors taken by India for environment pollution.

Question 11.
What is sustainable development?
Answer:
The world commission on environment and development (the Brundtland commission) submitted its report entitled “Our common future in 1987. This report highlighted and popularised the concept of ‘sustainable development’. Sustainable development has been defined on meeting the needs of the present generation without compromising the need of future generations. All developmental activities involve some amount of environmental degradation.

What is required is to take into account the damage to environment as a result of development, and strike a balance between development and environmental protection. The aim should be to achieve sustainable levels of people’s welfare and development. The primary concern is how many people can ultimately be supported by environment and at what level of quality of life.

The mainstream greens scholars like Carr, Brown, Dala, Schumacher. Does not make sense and others, all lay stress on the “sustainability” of the environment together with development. The emphasis of the mainstream green’ are not on pollution, but on

1. energy and its resource may be renewed, and be kept renewing,
2. the waste be changed into raw-material, raw-material into waste, waste into raw- material: recycling of waste into raw material;
3. gross national product and its growth targets need not be sought, but what should be sought is the satisfaction of real human needs’.

The greens say that growth means cancer, a cancer that threatens to spread worldwide and destroy all life. The concept of sustainable development is more about the environment and less about development; more about stability and less about change; more about restricting one’s wants and less about continuing material development more about the non-exploitative attitude towards environment and less about harnessing it; more about small communities and less about the larger ones.

It is not a concept of development with environment, but is environment without growth. Indeed, ecological degradation should stop. But why should the pace of development stop? A disciplined uses of environmental benefits go a long way for all round development. Scholars and activists assert that environmental degradation can be controlled and reversed only by ensuring that the parties causing the damage should be made accountable for their action and that they should participate in improving environmental conditions.

What is needed is a set of norms, which bring the demands of development and the compulsion of the environment closer to each other.

Question 12.
What is the objective of India’s National Environment policy?
Answer:
Ans. In India, environmental awareness gained importance in 1 970s after the UN-sponsored conference on the environment in Stockholm (1972). The Indian government took many environment-friendly activities. Ministry of environment and forest was established and laws were enacted on environment protection in -1986. The objective of India’s National Environment, policy, here, is worth stating.

• Conserve and develop a safe, healthy, productive, and aesthetically satisfying environment.
• Upgrade, develop and manage rural and urban settlements to enhance the quality of life.
• Plan development on sound ecological principles with environmental impact assessment and incorporating appropriate environmental safeguards.
• Promote environmental safety technologies, recycling of resources, and utilization of wastes.
• Conserve the biotic diversity in the country by creating nature reserves and sanctuaries for specific habitats such as mountains, rain forests, pastures, deserts, wetlands, lakes, beaches, mangroves, estuaries, lagoons, and islands.
• Safeguard the environment within the national maritime Exclusive Economic Zone.
• Evolve environmental norms and establish effective mechanisms for monitoring surveillance and collection and dissemination of information.
• Preserve science landscapes, as well as historic and cultural monuments and their environs.
• Promote environmental education at all levels and create public awareness.
• Encourage research in environmental science and technological and social investigation to conserve and improve the environment.
• Develop adequate manpower within the country, of ecologists, environmental scientists, planners, and managers of the highest- quality and recognize their work as an important component of national development.

Odisha State Board CHSE Odisha Class 12 Political Science Solutions Unit 5 Issues in International Politics Short Answer Questions.

CHSE Odisha 12th Class Political Science Unit 5 Issues in International Politics Short Answer Questions

Short Questions With Answers

Question 1.
What is security?
Answer:
The concept of security in general refers to freedom from the risk of loss or damage to a thing that is important to survival and well-being. It can have both broad and narrow application, and it can apply to a limited set of objects to be secured, or to a deeper array of interconnected elements in a social system. In its shallowest and narrowest form, which is also its most influential and widespread interpretation, security refers to the security of the nation-state from attack from armed forces.

Question 2.
Define National security.
Answer:
Richard Ullman (1983), for example, has defined a national security threat as anything that can quickly degrade the quality of life of the inhabitants of a state, or that narrows the choices available to people and organizations within the state.

Question 3.
What is securitization?
Answer:
Indeed, because security is a “speech act” that raises the profile of a problem to be of paramount importance to whoever constructs the discourse, broadening the range of security risks without explicitly identifying a referent object that is not the state most often operationalizes state monopolization of responses to meet the new security challenges. This is what is implied in the idea of “securitization”.

Question 4.
What is “Global”?
Answer:
The scale of consumption and pollution in modem, high-energy societies has caused large decreases in primary forest cover; biodiversity losses; depletion of fish stocks; land degradation; water pollution and scarcity; coastal and marine degradation; the contamination of people, plants and animals by chemicals and radioactive substances; and climate change and sea-level rise. These environmental changes are “global” because they are ubiquitous and because some pollutants such as greenhouse gases and radioactive wastes have global consequences.

Question 5.
Define human security.
Answer:
Human security is the combination of threats associated with war, genocide, and the displacement of populations. At a minimum, human security means freedom from violence and from the fear of violence.

Question 6.
Define corporative security.
Answer:
Corporate security is the involvement of international corporation depending on the nature of threat and the willingness and ability of countries to respond.

Question 7.
Mention any two human rights in poltical field.
Answer:
One is freedom of speech and expression and second is freedom to assemble in peaceful maimer.

Question 8.
Which is the greatest danger to security as per traditional notion of secuirity?
Answer:
It is from military threats which lies in another country to endanger the core value of sovereignty independence and territoirial integration of country.

Question 9.
What is meant by disarmament?
Answer:
Disarmament bound state to give up certain kinds weapon to avoid mass destruction through signing various treaties.

Question 10.
What is global poverty?
Answer:
Global poverty signifies a condition available in the state to suffer from low income and less economic growth that is developing or underdeveloped countries.

Question 11.
Is the notion of security applicable to all the state.
Answer:
All states do not experience the same threat at a time hence security is groued into two as per requirements. Traditional and non-traditional conception.

Question 12.
Suggest any one effective step which would limit war and violence between countries.
Answer:
An effective step may be in the form of cooperative security only that involves international corporation which may be bilateral, regional, continental or global which depends upon the nature of threats and the willingness and ability of countries to respond to limit war or violence corporative security place at national and international levels.

Question 13.
Highlight any two threats of country’s security as per traditional notion of security or explain traditional concept of security.
Answer:
Traditional notion of security covers both internal and external threats of country’s security. External threats consist of four components that is military threats, threat of war, balance of power and alliance building. Internal threats include maintenance of internal peace and order and recognise corporative security to limit violence.

Question 14.
What is military threats?
Answer:
Military threats refers to military action from another country to endanger the core value of country’s sovereignty, independence and territorial integrity. Military action often targets men and women that is ordinary citizens.

Question 15.
Explain non-traditional concept of security.
Answer:
Non-traditional concept of security includes human an4 global security covering a wide range of threats affecting human existence.
(1) It does not covers the state only but also the individual and community.
(2) It emphasize on security on nature of threats and right approach to deal with threat.

Question 16.
Write a note on Arms control.
Answer:
Arms control regulates the acquisition or development of weapons by adopting following measures:

• The Anti Ballistic Missiles Treaty in 1992 stopped the US and Soviet Union from using ballistic missiles to limit large scale production.
• Other arms control treaties were also signed i.e. Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START), Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty and Nuclear non-proliferation Treaty (NPT) to limit the weapons which may bring large scale destruction.
• NPT regulated the acquisition of nuclear weapons in 1968.
• NPT did not abolish nuclear weapons rather it limited number of countries that could have them.

Question 17.
What is global security?
Answer:
Defining global security In an address in 1993 I defined “global security” as the absence of threats to the vital interests of the planet, and I argued that this new concept should replace that of “national security.” Furthermore, the idea of security must extend well beyond its traditional military dimension to encompass the interrelated military, political, economic, environmental, health and other threats I list above. Now is an opportune time to build global consensus on these issues and the logical party to take the initiative would clearly be a revitalized UN. International cooperation will become increasingly important in achieving our shared global security goals. We will need new theories and analytic frameworks for global security to replace traditional theories such as containment, balance of power, deterrence, and hegemonic stability.

Question 18.
What is Human security?
Answer:
Defining human security “Human security” will be defined here as the absence of threats to the vital interests of individual people on a worldwide basis. In the words of the UN Development Programme, which originated the concept, human security is “freedom from pervasive threats to people’s rights, safety or lives,” involving both “safety for people from violent threats, such as organized conflict, gross violations of human rights, terrorism and violent crime” and “safety from non-violent threats, such as environmental degradation, economic crises, illicit drugs, infectious diseases and natural disasters.” These two concepts of security, global security and human security, are not inconsistent; rather, they are both complementary and mutually reinforcing.

Question 19.
What are the main features of Human Security?
Answer:
Human security brings together the ‘human elements of security, rights and development. As such, it is an inter-disciplinary concept that displays the following characteristics: people-centered multi-sectoral comprehensive context-specific prevention-oriented As a people-centered concept, human security places the individual at the ‘centre of analysis. ’

Consequently, it considers a broad range of conditions which threaten survival, livelihood and dignity, and identifies the threshold below which human life is intolerably threatened. Human security is also based on a multi-sectoral understanding of insecurities.

Therefore, human security entails a broadened understanding of threats and includes causes of insecurity relating for instance to economic, food,health, environmental, personal, community and political security.

Question 20.
Explain the concept of environmental degradation.
Answer:
Environment constitutes a. very important part of our life. To understand life without studying the impact of environment is simply impossible. The need to protect environment can be ignored only at our peril. We use environmental resources in our day to day life. These resources are renewabteand non-renewable. We have to be more cautious in consuming non-renewable resources like coal and petroleum, which are prone to depletion.

All human activities have an impact on environment. But in the last two centuries or so, the human influence on environment has increased manifold due to the rapid population, growth and the fast development in science and technology. These two are the major factors in reducing the quality of environment and causing its degradation. The environmental degradation poses a great danger to man’s own survival.

It should be realized, sooner than later, that conservation and improvement ofthe environment are vital for the survival, and well being of mankind. Natural resources of land, air and water have to be used wisely as a trust to ensure a healthy environment for the present and future generations.

Question 21.
Write about awareness about environment problem.
Answer:
In the past two decades, environment has attracted the attention of decision makers, scientists and even laymen in many parts of the world. They are becoming increasingly, conscious of issues such as famines, droughts, floods, scarcity of fuel, firewood and fodder, pollution of air and, water, problems of hazardous chemicals and radiation, depletion of natural resources, extinction of wildlife and dangers to flora and fauna.

People are now aware of the need to protect the natural environmental resources of air, water, soil and plant life that constitute the natural capital on which man depends. The environmental issues are important because the absence of their solutions is more horrible. Unless environmental issues are not solved or not taken care of the coming generations may find earth worth not living. The need of the planet and the needs of the person have become one.

There is no denying the fact that environment has to be protected and conserved so to make future life possible. Indeed, man’s needs are increasing and accordingly, the environment is also being altered, indeed, nature’s capacity is too accommodating and too regenerative yet there is a limit to nature’s capacity, especially when pressure of exploding population and technology keep mounting. What is required is the sustenance, conservation and improvement of the changing and fragile environment.

Question 22.
Which third weapon both the superpowers did not want to give up under the concept of disarmament?
Answer:
Disarmament requires all states to give up certain kinds of weapons i.e. the 1972 Biological Weapons Convention (BWC) and 1992 Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) banned the production and possession of these weapons. Despite the US and Soviet Union were not ready to give up the third type of weapons of mass destruction namely nuclear weapons.

Question 23.
“The secure states do not imply the secure people in itself”. Examine the statement.
Answer:
The secure states are supposed to protect their people from an individual in security also rather the territorial security only. Hence they are required to provide security from foreign attacks hunger, diseases and natural disasters, etc. because it destructs the people rather than war.

Question 24.
How is global poverty a source of insecurity? Explain.
Answer:
Global poverty refers to low economic growth, low national income, and low standard of living of developing or least developed countries. It is a source of insecurity because:

• Half the world’s population growth occurs in just six countries- India, China, Pakistan, Nigeria, Bangladesh, and Indonesia, considered developing countries, and even in the poorest countries population is expected to triple in the next 50 years.
• Globally, this disparity contributes to the gap between the northern and southern countries of the world.
• Poverty in the south has also led to a large migration to seek better economic opportunities in the north.
• All these created international political fiction as international law and norms make a distinction between migrants and refugees as they do not get ready to accept migrants.

Odisha State Board CHSE Odisha Class 12 Political Science Solutions Unit 5 Issues in International Politics Objective Questions and Answers.

CHSE Odisha 12th Class Political Science Unit 5 Issues in International Politics Objective Questions

Multiple Choice Questions With Answers

Question 1.
Propnens of narrow concept of human security focus on?
(a) Violent threats to individual.
(b) Violent threat to country
(c) Violent threat
(d) None
Answer:
(a) Violent threats to individual.

Question 2.
Strategic Arms limitation Treaty was signed by?
(a) Brezne
(b) W.Carter
(c) Brezhnev and Jimmy Carter
(d) None
Answer:
(c) Brezhnev and Jimmy Carter

Question 3.
The art of reducing,limiting or abolishing weapn was termed as?
(a) Disbarment
(b) Armcontrol
(c) Armrace
(d) Unarm
Answer:
(a) Disbarment

True or False

1. Coal is a renewable resource.
Answer: False

2. The fast development in science and technology is a major factor contributing to the environmental degradation.
Answer: True

3. The growing population in India does not contribute to the environmental degradation.
Answer: False

4. Trees are a good example of non-renewable resource.
Answer: False

Passage Based Questions With Answers

Passage 1.
Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions:
The US and Soviet Union signed a number of other arms control treaties including the strategic Arms Limitations Treaty II (SALT II) and the Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START). The Nuclear Non-proliferation Treaty (NPT) of 1968 was an arms control treaty in the sense that it regulated the acquisition of nuclear weapons, those countries that had tested and manufactured nuclear weapons before 1967 were allowed to keep their weapons and those that had not done so were to give up the right to acquire them. The NPT did not abolish nuclear weapons; rather; it limited the number of countries that could have them.

Question 1.
What is arms control treaty?
Answer:
To regulate the acquisition or development of weapons among countries.

Question 2.
Was NPT an arms control treaty? Why?
Answer:
Yes, because it regulated the acquisition of nuclear weapons to protect world from large seat destruction.

Question 3.
What was the intention behind regulation of NPT?
Answer:
It did not abolish nuclear weapons rather it limited the number of countries that could have them.

Passage 2.
Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions:
Global poverty is another source of insecurity. The world population- now at 650 crores will reach 700 to 800 crore within 25 years and many eventually level out of 900 to 1000 crore. Currently, half the world’s population growth occurs in just six countries – India, China, Pakistan, Nigeria, Bangladesh, and Indonesia. Among the world’s poorest countries, the population is expected to triple in the next 50 years whereas many rich countries will see population shrinkage in that period, high per capita income and low population growth make rich states or rich social groups get richer, whereas low incomes and high population growth reinforce each other to make poor states and poor groups get poorer.

Question 1.
Name the countries expected to occur half the world’s population growth.
Answer:
India, China, Pakistan, Nigeria, Bangladesh, and Indonesia.

Question 2.
Mention two reasons to make rich states higher.
Answer:
(i) High per capita income
(ii) Low population growth.

Question 3.
What makes poor countries poorer?
Answer:
Low income and high population growth.

Odisha State Board CHSE Odisha Class 11 Political Science Solutions Unit 2 Basic Concept Long Answer Questions Part 1.

CHSE Odisha 11th Class Political Science Unit 2 Basic Concept Long Answer Questions Part 1

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Define liberty and discuss various kinds of liberty. Or
Make a classification of liberty.
Answer:
Liberty is a democratic concept that has been existing since the state of nature. Liberty is essential for the development of individual personality. An individual cannot lead a restricted life. Liberty is abstract and hypothetical in nature. It is difficult to give a comprehensive definition of liberty.

The word ‘Liberty’ has been derived from the Latin word ‘Liber’ which means ‘freedom’ But, liberty does not mean the absence of restraint. No individual in the modem society can be given the freedom to do whatever he likes. This is regarded as negative liberty. J.S. Mill, Locke, Spencer, and Friedman, etc.

supported this view of liberty. But negative liberty is founded on the postulate for an atomized and unsocial individual. So, Laski, Barker and Macpherson, etc. have talked of the positive aspects of liberty. Laski says, “Liberty is the eager maintenance of an atmosphere in which mean have the opportunity to be their best selves.” This means that individuals should be at free to avail opportunities to develop his personality but such freedom cannot be enjoyed in the absence of restraints.

Liberty is a product of rights. The. state through a grant of rights creates an atmosphere of self-realization. Thus, positive liberty looks upon the state as a positive agency to promote social welfare. Liberty in this sense means the removal of hindrances from the path of the good life and the creation of opportunity for all.

Classification of Liberty:
Liberty can be classified into natural, civil, political, economic, national and international liberty. It can be classified in the following manner.

Natural Liberty :
The idea of natural liberty has its origin from the state of nature and Rousseau is the principal exponent of this liberty. He said men in the state of nature enjoyed natural liberty or unrestricted freedom. But, with the emergence of civil society, the concept has lost its significance. Modern political thinkers consider natural liberty as vague and abstract. They say, there can be no liberty in the absence of the state.

Civil Liberty :
It is the liberty that man enjoys in a civil society. Civil liberty is considered useful, as it provides facilities of good life to the citizen. Civil liberty is available to an individual in the capacity of a person and it consists of the rights and privileges that the state creates and enforces such as freedom of thought and expression, freedom of religion, freedom of life, liberty and property, equality before law etc. It enables an individual the opportunity of self-expression and self-expansion.

Political Liberty :
Every democratic country grants political liberty to its citizens. It refers to the right to take part in the management of the state. Political liberty constitutes the right of the citizen to form and exercise control over the government. It includes the right to vote, the right to contest an election, to hold public office, to criticize Govt, or to form a political party etc. It can be enjoyed by educated citizens with adequate means of information.

Economic Liberty:
This kind of liberty enables an individual to earn his livelihood. It is available in the capacity of the worker. This means freedom of profession, occupation, trade or business. Economic liberty lies in the absence of exploitation, unemployment inequality, unfair wage and substandard living and it grants each person the security and opportunity to earn his daily bread. Economic liberty consists of the right to work, the right to a decent wage, right to leisure. It is the foundation of civil and political liberty.

National Liberty :
National liberty envisages that every nation must be free from foreign domination. It implies the right of the people to rule over themselves. It is opposed to colonialism and imperialism. National liberty means that the nation is free to exercise control over citizens and subjects residing within the territory of the state.

International liberty :
International liberty is a modem concept that means the renounciation of war, limitations on production and use of ornaments, giving up of the use of force, peaceful settlement of disputes etc. In the co-existence of nation-states, international cooperation and creation of a peaceful world order.

Moral Liberty:
It means the freedom of the person to act according to one’s conscience to sense of justice.lt refers to the freedom to act according to one’s real self. Moral liberty has meaning only in the context of the common good and it gives every individual the scope to develop his personality.

Question 2.
Describe the safeguard, of liberty. Or
Examine the various safeguards of liberty. Or
How liberty of an individual can be safeguard?
Answer:
Liberty is the product of rights available to the citizen in a democracy. Every democratic country grants certain rights to individuals and thereby enables him to seek the best possible development of his personality. Thus, there can be no liberty without rights and as the stage grants rights, without the state there can be no liberty for individuals.

Safeguards of Liberty: Liberty is a socially useful concept that every individual requires in his social life. It is guaranteed by a democratic state through the constitutional character of liberty. It is to be safeguarded from possible encroachments of the state and the legal system. The conditions essential for safeguarding liberty can be discussed below.

Rule of Law:
Law is the best safeguard of liberty. The state creates conditions of liberty through laws. Law treats each person equally and prevents discrimination on artificial grounds. Thus, law safeguards liberty from the arbitrary interference of the state.

Fundamental Rights :
The Constitutional guarantee of fundamental right also act as a safeguard of liberty. These rights restrict the scope of government activity and neither the legislature nor the executive can interfere in the affairs of the liberty of the individual.

Democratic System :
A democratic form of government is the best safeguard of liberty. Because in a democracy the people have ample opportunity to protect their right from all types of threats.

Separation of Powers :
It is another safeguard of liberty Concentration of powers in few hands endangers the liberty of the people. Unless the three branches, the executive, the legislature and the judiciary are separated from each other. There will be no mis-utilisation of public authority and the liberty of every individual shall be safeguarded. The separation will check every branch of government from encroaching upon individual liberty.

Independent Judiciary :
Individual liberty and rights cannot be safeguarded unless the judiciary is impartial and independent. If the Judges remain sub-servant to the executive or legislature, individual liberty is threatened. If the Judges remain free from the undue influences of the executive and legislature they can maintain the integrity of the Judiciary and the liberty of the citizens.

Absence of Special Privileges:
Liberty is the possession of every individual and it must be enjoyed by all equally. A society where special privileges are given to any class or group individual liberty and freedom s threatened.

Decentralization of Power:
It is another safeguard of liberty. The concentration of power in a few hands is inimical to liberty for which every democratic system, functional and territorial decentralization of authority is made. Devolution of powers to the democratic local bodies is considered to be a safeguard of individual liberty.

Eternal Vigilance:
It is said that, eternal vigilance is the price of liberty. This statement of Laski suggests that unless the people of a country are vigilant and conscious of their liberty and rights cannot be safeguarded. The people themselves must be conscious of defending their liberty against all sorts of encroachments. Laski says, “Liberty is never real unless the government is called to account when it invades the rights of the people”.

Organized Public Opinion:
Strong and effective public opinion is another safeguard of individual liberty. Where-the public opinion is vigorous and organized the Govt, cannot venture to invade individual rights, has the liberty of the individual remains safe.

Free Press and Well-organised Party-System:
Freedom of the press is another essential condition for the safeguarding of individual liberty. Press supplies useful information to the people and helps in the organization of public opinion. Free press criticizes the loops of the ruling party and opposition and that prevents the Govt, from endangering individual liberty. An organized party system and the presence of an organized opposition is other safeguards of individual liberty. Whether the people are courageous to oppose and resist the tyranny of the government they can enjoy liberty safely in that country.

Question 3.
Describe the relationship between law and liberty. Or
Explain how law is related to liberty. Or
Law is a Condition of liberty. Comment.
Answer:
The relationship between law and liberty is controversial. One cannot exactly point out what is the point of the relationship between law and liberty in concrete terms. A few political philosophers hold that law is detrimental for the realization of liberty. Law hinders the enjoyment of liberty. But there are others who point out that law does not go against liberty rather law creates conditions for the realization of liberty and without law there would be no liberty. It is law alone that safeguards and protects liberty from encroachments.

Whatever may be the differences among political scientists with regard to the exact relationship between law and liberty, whether law creates conditions for liberty or law destroys liberty can be discussed below.

• First view :
  According to some people, the law is the very opposite of liberty. The more there is law, the less there would be liberty. The Sophists in ancient Greece on the basis of the principles of laissez fairs theory advocated that the enactment of laws means the curtailment of liberty. The anarchists even went to the extent of advocating for the abolition of the state in order to ensure complete liberty for all individuals.
• Second view:
  But on the order hand, some people advocated that law is regarded as a condition of liberty. One must not consider liberty as a license. One should obey the laws of the state to enjoy liberty. From the above description of the two antagonistic views, it is very much clear that both schools have sufficient grounds for their argument. So what is the actual relationship between law and liberty? The true answer to this question lies in the reconciliation of the two views.

One can definitely say that a law supported by public opinion is undoubtedly a condition of liberty. Such type of law does not necessarily encroach upon liberty but such a law paves the way for the successful realization of liberty. In welfare countries where various welfare laws are passed by the state, i.e., fixation of wages for laborers, prohibition of child labor, legislation to stop economic exploitation etc. must be regarded as the conditions of liberty. The fixation of such laws guarantees the liberty of the workers against encroachment by selfish employers. But all laws are not welfare in nature. There are also laws that are passed with a view to meeting the callous and self-interest of the ruler. When such laws are passed in complete disregard of public opinion.

Liberty is being hampered and the disregard of such law does not go against the justice or the interest of the state. In conclusion, it can be told that all laws supported by public opinion are the conditions of liberty. Because good laws impose restrictions on individuals retaining them from doing harm to others. Laws which are protected and supported by public opinion are not detrimental to liberty. Thus, laws and liberty are both complementary and supplementary to each other and there is no contradiction between them.

Question 4.
Define equality and discuss various kinds of equality.
Answer:
In common parlance, equality refers to giving equal opportunities to all and the elimination of privileges for any particular section of society or the group of people living in the society. Equality implies a leveling process in which chances are given to all for the development of their potentialities. There should be no discrimination on the ground of sex, caste, color or creed and the state should provide equal and adequate opportunities to all for developing their abilities to their full stature. arouse out of two main incidents like the French and American Revolutions.

The American Declaration of Independence proclaims that, all men are created equal and the French Declaration proclaims that men are born and always continue free and equal in respect of their rights.” Whatever may be the opinions about the conception of equality but the term equality has no definite meaning. Perfect equality is an impossible task. When nature has created inequality among men, it is different to have perfect equality in society.

Equality is a leveling process that insists that all men are politically equal and entitled to take part in political life equally. According to Professor Laski, “Equality means that no man shall be placed in the society that he can overreach his neighbor to the extent which constitutes a denial of the latter’s citizenship. Another political philosopher Lipson defines, “Equality as the absence of man-made and socially fostered discriminations in the avenues of advancement.

So, from the above viewpoints, it is very much clear that equality has been derived from the supreme value of the development of personality in each alike and equally. Equally implies that all persons should be treated under any circumstances. It amounts to equal distribution of rights by the state.

Various kinds of Equality: There are various kinds of equality found in different societies and political systems which are discussed below.

Civil Equality:
Civil equality implies that all citizens be treated equally and alike in the matter of possession of their rights other than political rights. Civil equality in a slate refers to that all persons are subject to the same law in enjoyment of their various rights and duties, Particularly, in the context of the democratic setup of government, civil equality is highly honored.

Political Equality :
Political equality implies that all men should have an equal right to select their representatives for the management of the State or the opportunity to be elected to any public office without any discrimination Political right further spells that everybody should have equal access to all public offices of authority. Political equality refers to that everybody should have the right top form political parties, to contest the election and to form the government and for that there should not be any discrimination. All the above-mentioned political rights are normally seen in a democratic form of government.

Economic Equality:
Economic equality refers to the wealth that should be enjoyed by all. According to Lord Bryce, economic equality “is an attempt to expunge all differences in wealth allotting to every man and woman an equal share in worldly goods,” Economic equality in welfare states further implies that poverty should be abolished and basic amenities should be provided to all. Political equality or political democracy is meaningless without economic equality. The importance on economic equality is immense in all the communist countries which oppose the accumulation of wealth in the hands of a few people. But perfect economic equality seems to be an impossible phenomenon in complex economic situations.

Social Equality :
Social equality refers to that each and every member of society should be treated alike and there should be no such social barriers like caste, color or untouchability etc. Every member of society must enjoy equal opportunity and there should be the absence of privileges. So equality condemns any sort of inequality to the enjoyment of privileges by a particular caste or class of people in the social setup. It is not possible to do away with the social loopholes existing in society. Though there are legal provisions in India against social inequality, it has not been completely eliminated from society.

Natural Equality:
Natural equality means that all men are born free and equal and they are gifted with equal talents and abilities. It is a primitive notion that demands that the state should always try to reduce inequality or man¬made discrimination based on race, sex, color or caste. It is based On the feeling that

• all men are ruled by the law of nature.
• all men are the children of God, and
• the desires of all men are identical But, the idea of natural equality is an unattainable phenomenon.

International Equality:
It refers to the equality prevailing among sovereign nation-states. It means equality among the nation-states in the international community of nations. It prevents interference in the internal affairs of a nation. It believes in the settlement of inter-nation disputes through peaceful means, abandonment of use of force, eradication of distribution of scientific and technological knowledge among nations etc. Thus, equality can be classified into different forms, but perfect equality is an impossible disposition.

Question 5.
Examine the relationship between liberty and Equality. Or
“Liberty and Equality are antithetic,” Comment. Or
“Equality and Liberty are complementary to each other” Discuss. Or
“Both Liberty and Equality matter, but equality matters more than Liberty.” Discuss
Answer :
Liberty and equality are two different democratic concepts that an ordinary individual cannot understand. Both of them are not contradictory but related to each other in such a way that, one while enjoying liberty must be conscious of the liberty of others as it is the equal possession of all. Absolute liberty is inimical to the enjoyment of equality hence liberty is to be enjoyed under restraint. So far as, the relationship between liberty and equality is concerned two opposite views have been expressed.

• Liberty and equality are antithetical and
• Liberty and equality are complementary to each other.

Liberty and equality are antithetical:

1. Lord Action, Alex De Tocqueville, Lecky, Bagehot Hume, May, Cartland etc. hold that liberty and equality are opposed to each other. Lord Acton regards equality as opposed to being endowed with unequal capacities and powers, freedom of action would enable those with better talents to make better use of their opportunities and rise higher than the rest. Thus, equality destroys individual liberty. Absolute equality is neither possible nor desirable because man by birth is unequal. Some are physically strong while others are weak. Some are intelligent, and sharply minded while others are dull. Therefore, liberty gives rise to inequality. If an attempt is made to ensure equality then liberty is to be retained.
2. De Tocqueville says, the rise of equality implies the decline of liberty. Liberty believes in the absence of restraints while equality presupposes some restraints. Thus, the desire for equality1 results in limitations of liberty.
3. Equality is unfair to the honest and intelligent but liberty has no, meaning for the poor and distressed.
4. Equality demands positive state action which curtails individual liberty.

Liberty and equality are complementary to each other:

The second proposition is given by scholars like Harrington, Maitland, Laski, Barker, Pollard, etc. who say that liberty far from inimical to equality is necessary for it. Liberty would be hollow without equality and equality will be meaningless without liberty. Equality in no way hampers liberty.

• They say that the first group of thinkers: have defined liberty in the negative sense, as the absence of restraints, such a conception of liberty would amount to liberty for the privileged few and the absence of liberty for the vast majority. Liberty in order to be enjoyed by all should be qualified by equality.
• Equality does not mean mechanical uniformity in society and liberty is to be interpreted in a positive sense. Equality by securing legal capacity to all leads to the university of liberty.
• Democracy is meaningless without equality and liberty cannot be enjoyed outside a democratic policy. Hence, Liberty is related to equality.
• According to Pollard, liberty lies in inequality. Liberty without equality degenerates into license and equality in the absence of liberty lapses into uniformity.
• Liberty and equality both have a common goal, i.e, the development of human personality. A large measure of liberty is essential for equality. Thus, liberty and equality are complementary. Equality is the true basis of liberty. But, liberty is more useful for equality and equality serves the requirement of liberty.

Question 7.
Discuss, the detail about various civil rights of a citizen.
Answer:
The following are some of the civil rights of an individual.

Right of life:
The right of life is one of the be£ important civil rights of an individual. The individual must have after all the security to life and the state must provide adequate provision for the personal safety of an individual. The right to life may otherwise the termed as the right to self-defense and the prevention of suicide.

Right to Liberty :
The right to liberty would otherwise be termed as the right, to free movement in his own country. According to this right, the individual might tint he is detained ordinarily and if he happens to be detained there must be an adequate reason behind his detention. There must be adequate constitutional provisions for the right to liberty constitutionally.

Right to Property :
The right to property in almost all democratic countries has been guaranteed either in the form of a fundamental right or a legal right. Right to property is regarded as one of the best conditions for the enhancement of individual initiative. In socialistic countries there is provision for the abolition of the private property yet without the right to the property there is a very poor possibility of profit and adequate production.

Freedom of Press :
In a democratic country, the press has been democratically accepted as the fourth estate of democracy. The right to press ordinarily refers to the right of the individual to public opinion which is done lawfully. Freedom of the press in an essential requirement to moral public opinion and which is also necessary top have a check and balance on the working to democracy.

Right to Freedom of Speech :
Right to speech refers to the free expression of an individual to express his views without any restraint. Citizens must have a free opinion to raise their voice against injustice and unlawful acts of authority. So in the modern age right to freedom strives for the development of the individual.

Right to Contract :
Right to contract is one of the important civil rights of the life of the modem age in numerous manage to maintain his life. The individual must freely for work life, work and earn. The contract is the mutual agreement among the parties imposing some obligations on each other. The contract is also the basis of society.

Right to Association :
The civil right, the right to an association means to provide a free Option to the individual to act freely for the development of his inner dignity. Unlike the best, the human being cannot manage to live in isolation and he must collaborate with others for the satisfaction of his multifarious needs culminating in the formation of associations. It is only through mutual cooperation and association that human being would be able to develop his individuality.

Right to Religion and Conscience :
Man cannot manage to refrain from his inner urge to think about the ethical and spiritual aspects of life. The man’s salvation its inheritance, the migration of some, etc. for which there are different ways and means for the choice of which should n6t be any external barrier of a hindrance. Accordingly, it has been guaranteed through various civil laws of the land.

Right to Language and Culture :
Unlike beasts or any other creatures, human being cannot remain indifferent towards the long-established and long-existing values, beliefs, customs, traditions, etc. which are different to different sections of people. So the law provides that no culture should be hindered which does not go against the principles of humanity. Other than, the above-mentioned civil rights there are also other civil rights. The right to equality and the right to family are of such standard.

Odisha State Board CHSE Odisha Class 12 Foundations of Education Solutions Unit 3 Current Issues in Education Short Answer Questions.

CHSE Odisha 12th Class Foundations of Education Unit 3 Current Issues in Education Short Answer Questions

Short Type Questions With Answers

Question 1.
What is wastage?
Answer:
Wastage means the immature or premature withdrawal of students from any class before the completion of primary course. This is due to social, economic and geographical causes.

Question 2.
What is stagnation?
Answer:
According to Hartog Committee 1929, the retention of the children in primary classes for more than one year in a class, not promoted to next class is stagnation. It is due to educational defects.

Question 3.
Give three educational causes of wastage and stagnation?
Answer:
Three educational causes of wastage and stagnation are:

• Heavy and uninteresting curriculum.
• Defective method of teaching.
• Irregularities of attendance.

Question 4.
Give two activities which develop national integration in Elementary schools?
Answer:

•  By observing national days in the school.
• Co-curricular activities like games, sports, debates should be organised.

Question 5.
Give the function of DPEP?
Answer:

• Stress on child-centred education,
• Emphasis on minimum levels of learning.
• Emphasis on qualitative and quantiative education.
• Joyful learning and work education to be emphasized.

Question 6.
Give three steps for universalization?
Answer:

• Necessary teaching aids which are attractive.
• Midtime meals provision and supply of play materials,
• Stock of maximum play materials in school.

Question 7.
Give three causes of dropouts?
Answer:

• Poor economic condition of parents.
• Rapid population growth and lack of schools.
• Indifferent attitude towards women education.
• Geographical causes.

Question 8.
Give the elements of Operation Black-board?
Answer:

• Two classrooms with a big verandah.
• Supply of necessary play materials.
• Black-board, maps, and chart, globes and aids.

Question 9.
Give three educational functions of National Integration?
Answer:

• Evoke democratic thoughts among the children by discussion and seminars.
• All should participate in play, games, sports, visting etc. without feeling of caste, creed and religion.
• All should participate in the observation of National Days.

Question 10.
Give two measures to inculcate a spirit of N.I.?
Answer:
The measures to insulate the spirit of national Unity are:

• Celebrate various National days.
• The lives and works of great freedom fighters to be included in the curriculum
• Teachings of great religious leaders should be included in the curriculum.
• Organise inter matches.

Question 11.
Give three remedial measures to check wastage and stagnation?
Answer:

• School hours to be fixed to the geographical situation of the child.
• Enrolment system to be modified to the universal enrolment system.
• Necessary equipments and teaching aids to be provided to schools.

Question 12.
Give three causes that hampers universalization?
Answer:

• Universal provision.
• Apathy to the female education.
• Lack of proper facilities in the school.
• Poor condition of parents.

Question 13.
Give three obstacles of N.I?
Answer:

• Provincialism.
• Multilingualism.
• Unsuitable curriculum
• Lackofnatkaialsystonofeducatioa

Question 14.
Give two activities which develop national integration in Elementary Schools?
Answer:

• By observing national days in the school.
• Co-curricular activities like games and sports, debates should be encouraged.

Question 15.
Give two needs of national integration?
Answer:

• To safeguard the country from foreign aggression and terrorism.
• To safeguard our democracy.
• To develop the spirit of oneness without communal disparities.

Question 16.
Give two measures to inculcate the spirit of NI?
Answer:

• Celebrating various national days.
• The lives and works of great freedom fighters to be included in the curriculum
• Teachings of great religious leaders should be included in the curriculum

Question 17.
Explain three co-curricular activities to promote NI?
Answer:

• Observe national festivals.
• Holding picnics, NCC camps, NSS camps, etc.
• Holding picnics and excursions, debates and seminars, etc.

Question 18.
Give three Educational functions of NI?
Answer:

• Evoke democratic thoughts among the children by discussion and seminars.
• All should participate in play, games, and sports, visiting, etc. Without the feelings of caste, creed, and religion.
• All should participate in the national days celebration.

Question 19.
Explain three elements of values?
Answer:
In national curriculum such intrinsic elements are kept to develop value education such as:

• History of India’s freedom struggle.
• Constitutional rights and duties.
• Equality without men and women before law and other aspects.
• Develop scientific attitude.

Question 20.
What is Eternal values?
Answer:
Eternal values builds man with Saty-Siva-Sundar. Joy is the last aims of man. Such joy is eternal value. Idealists believe in eternal value because those values are spiritual, eternal and everlasting. It remains and remains forever in future. It is permanent and unchangeable.

Question 21.
Explain the main causes of wastage and stagnation?
Answer:
In 1929, Hartog Committee explored the causes and stagnation in Education. To him, the main impediment on the way of universal primary education is wastage and stagnation.
For wastage and stagnation, there are a number of causes, like social, economic, geographical, and educational They are as follows:

• Single-teacher school.
• Lack of trained teachers and women teachers.
• Lack of proper educational equipment and aids.
• Lack of suitable timetable.
• Lack of adequate teaching methods.
• Unsuitable curriculum.
• Lack of a national system of education.
• Poverty of parents.

Question 22.
What are the measures taken in the school to inculcate the spirit of National Integration?
Answer:
Education plays a major role in inspecting the national integration and the following measures are taken in promoting National Integration.

• Observance of various national days and foil participation of the teachers and students. .
• The lives of great men, their contributions and sacrifices of great freedom fighters and national leaders should be included in the curriculum.
• The curriculum should be designed according to national ideals and pay respect to the constitution the fundamental rights and duties.

Question 23.
Explain the major co-curricular activities which can promote national unity or national integration?
Answer:
The following are some of the major co-curricular activities which can promote national unity, are as follows :

• Observance of national festivals like Independence Day, Republic Day and Birth Anniversaries of National heroes should be celebrated in the school.
• Talks and seminars on national ideals.
• Co-curricular activities like sports and games, drama and debate.
• Stamp collection pen-friendship.
• In schools the students should be taken on tours, travels, excursions etc.

Question 24.
Discuss the factors of intrinsic values?
Answer:
In national education curriculum, the following intrinsic values are included. Such as:

• The history of India’s freedom struggle.
• Constitutional rights and duties. ‘
• Ancient heritage and cultural traditions.
• Equality despite ofmen and women.
• Eradication of social evils.
• Decision of snail family.
• Creation of scientific attitude.
• Common harmony, democracy and secularism.

Question 25.
Aims and objectives of value education?
Answer:
The aims and objectives of value education are as follows:

• To develop the moral, spiritual, aesthetic and cultural values among the children.
• To acquaint pupils with democracy, socialism, secularism, law and justice, scientific attitude, etc.
• To develop the character and morality of children.
• Purpose utilization of leisure.
• To develop cultural values among the children.
• To create the awareness of social service attitude and social efficiency with the school children.
• To make our children to be dutiful and an ideal citizen.

Question 26.
What are the problems on the way of value education?
Answer:
The main problems on the way of value education are as follows:

• Value education is a continuous process and so it is not possible to achieve values in one day or so.
• For change in value education there is need of patience.
• A child’s nearest environment is polluted choosing values because which is beautiful attractive, essential for one, it is ugly, unuseful to other.

Question 27.
What is Indian Values, Explain?
Answer:
From time immemorial for ages together India has influenced the world with the fight pf education and civilization. In the exploration of knowledge with world the role of India’s education, civilization and culture contributes greatly.

Dedication, tapasya (worship), and tapovan are the important characteristics of Indian culture. The whole world is a family in such feelings were created in Ancient education. Dharma, Artha, Kama and Mokshya were the four elements which helps in the salvation of man.

Indians are influenced by non-violence, simplicity, cooperation, peace, sanctity and love. Buddha, Shankaracharya, Kabir and Sura Das were the creator of such values.Under the leadership of Gandhi, India got its independence by non-violence and truth.

The fundamental principle of one national system of education are socialism, freedom, equality, brotherhood, nationality and international attitude. After independence Indian bears the values like modernisation, productivity, balance of environment, small family and national integration.

Question 28.
Explain, the ways and means of making universalization of primary education of our State successful?
Answer:
A few measures are suggested below for making universalization of primary education a success in our State.
(1) Workout universal provision – According to Article – 45 of the Indian Constitution 6 to 14 age groups of all children to be given free and compulsory education. Now every village having a school. To support this D.P.E.P. is working in the district level.

(2)Free education -Primary education has become free of tuition fee, provision of mid time meals for children, free medical service, supply of dress, scholarships and maintenance allowance for parents.

(3)Equal education facilities – Privileges equal educational opportunities is given, abolition of tuition fee from primary stage, supply of textbooks and development of an elaborate programme of scholarships, supply of bicycles, etc.

(4)Harnessing wastage and stagnation – Adequate steps taken to minimize of incidence of wastage.

Question 29.
Write down the advantages and disadvantages of I.T. in Education?
Answer:
Advantages –
Although CAI is developed on the principle of programmed learning it also utilises the concept of audio-visual education communication theory, system analysis, data processing and learning theory.

CAI provides learning experiences effectively and efficiently. A good amount of information stored in the computer is made available the learner more rapidly than any other media.
The interaction between a student and instrumental programme is made more dynamic and more individualised. A careful programming is essential for this.

Disadvantages –
CAI is extremely expensive which is not possible in a poor country like India. It is also mostly mechanical and deprived of human touch. So innovation will dehumanize the education system and the teaching-learning process will lifeless and mechanical

Question 30.
Discuss the role of CAI in the field of education?
Answer:
CAI can deal the problem of quality in education more effectively and more flexibly for a student. A learner can make progress at one’s pace receive immediate feedback on the basis of his personal needs and choose material level of instruction freely.

Since each learner’s performance is recorded and evaluated and education can be provided easily. Any lesson in any subject can be programmed for CAI if the objectives be clearly defined and learning materials be represented in words, visuals, and experiments. So CAI is beneficial to a student.

Question 31.
Explain the function of computer in Education?
Answer:
Now computer is considered as a super teaching machine. Its use in education is innovative. In developed countries, its teaching efficiency has proved. The computer has been helping the teacher in the following ways.

• Evaluation of students’ performance and classification of children according to abilities.
• Preparation of timetable and schedules.
• Allocation of fearing materials according to individual needs and interests.
• Maintenance of progress cards efficiently.
• Providing information/data for guidance and reference.
• Provision of direct interaction between pupils and subjects in tutorial work.
• Providing immediate feedback to students for better interaction and motivation.

Question 32.
What is Internet?
Answer:
The Internet is a vast computer network of information and technology in which large number of small network is connected. It is called the super highway of information. The importance of the internet is W (world wave) which is connected with persons, and institutions of the world. By online sendee telecommunication and e-mail, service is possible.

In this short time, information, letters, and pictures are sent from one computer to another computer. Now e-library facilities are there and qualitative information are collected.

For international qualitative education at the international level as well as an e-journal, e-leaming and e-governance is possible.

Question 33.
What is input devices? Give its kinds?
Answer:
An input device is a machine that feeds data into a computer. The input unit is actually a device that provides man-to-machine communication with the computer.

Data and instructions data. Input data may be characters, symbols, audio, visual, or audio-visual The following functions are performed by input devices,

• It accepts the list of instructions and data from the outside world,
• It converts these instructions and data into binary form for acceptance by the computer.
• It supplies converted instructions and data to a computer system for further processing.

The number of input devices inputting information into a computer such as – keyboard, mouse, joystick, lightpen, optical character, recognition bar code scanner, speed recognition, and graphic scanner, etc.

Question 34.
What is an output device? Give kinds of it.
Answer:
The device through which we get information from the computer is known as an output device.

The output coming from the CPU is in the form of electronic binary signals which needs conversion in the same form which can be easily understood by human beings, i.e. graphical
The output can be given:

• On the screen by the visual display unit.
• In printed form by printers.
• In graphic form by plotters.
• In audible sound form by speech.

The output devices may adopt, hard copy devices, and soft copy devices and hard copy devices produce a permanent record on media such as paper sheets.

Odisha State Board CHSE Odisha Class 11 Political Science Solutions Unit 3 Indian Constitution Long Answer Questions.

CHSE Odisha 11th Class Political Science Unit 3 Understanding Political Theory Long Answer Questions

Long Type Questions With Answers

Question 1.
Discuss the composition and functions of the constituent assembly of India. Or, Narrate the organization and role of the Indian Constituent Assembly?
Answer :
The constitution of free India was framed by a constituent assembly. The assembly was a representative body that was organized on the recommendation of the Cabinet mission and with the purpose of formulating a new constitution.

Composition :
The assembly comprised members elected from provincial legislatures. As per the recommendation, members were chosen in the ratio of one in every one million (10 lakh) population. Members were elected on the basis of propositional representation through a single transferable vote. There was a special provision for the election of members on communal lines. The total strength of the Assembly was 389, out of which 210 seats were reserved for general candidates. 78 for Muslims for sixth and the rest four for chief commissioner provinces. 93 seats out of 389 were reserved for the representatives of princely states.

Election to the Assembly was held in November 1946 in which the Congress was 211 seats out of 296, Muslim league won 73 and the rest 12 went to Sikhs, independents, and others. Princely states did not participate in the election to the constituent assembly. The dominance of the congress was unbearable for Muslim League for which it did not participate in tire assembly, The very first meeting of the constituent assembly was held in the central hall of Parliament under the presidentship of Dr. S.N. Sinha, Later Dr. Rajendra Prasad was elected as Chairman and Dr. H.C. Mukherji as vice chairman.

The first meeting was held on 9th December 1946. The assembly was represented by eminent lawyers. Statesmen said activists intellectuals and other luminaries of India. Status of the Assembly: The constituent Assembly was never a sovereign body and all its powers were derived from the authority of the British parliament. But, after formation, a resolution was passed to strengthen its states so that the British parliament could not dissolve it at will. After independence, the Assembly became fully sovereign and continued up to 25th January 1950.

Role and Functions:
The Assembly had to perform two major functions The making of the new constitution and Acting as the parliament of India till a new parliament is elected. The constituent assembly adopted the objective resolution on 22nd January 1947 and thereby specified its goal. On the 15th of August 1947, when India became free the assembly enjoyed sovereign states as the most powerful legislature of new India.
The Constituent Assembly was divided into several committees and sub-committees to expedite the process. These committees discharged.

their responsibility and committees discharged their responsibility and submitted the final proposal to the Assembly for approval. The Assembly tried to take all decisions by unanimity, not by majority. The Drafting committee played a very. crucial role in the making of the constitution of India. It was formed on 29th August 1947 with Dr. B.R. Ambedkar as its Chairman and seven other outstanding legal seminaries and its members.

The entire constitution was drafted by this committee after thorough examination, review, and discussion on all major issues.
The final draft was approved on 25th November 1949 by the constituent assembly. The constitution came into force on 26th January 1950.

Question 2.
Discuss the organization of the constituent assembly and its objective resolution. Or,’ Explain the composition and objective resolution of the constituent assembly?
Answer :
The Indian constitution is a hand made of constituent assembly. It was a representative body that took 2 years, 11 months, and 18 days to prepare the constitution of India. The Assembly was established under the provisions of the cabinet mission plan. The idea of the Constituent, Assembly, as a representative body, was framed specifically for the purpose of formulating the fundamental law of the nation.

Composition:
The Constituent Assembly consisted of the representatives of the principal communities in India. Seats were distributed roughly among the different provinces in the ratio of one member for every one million population. The legislative Assembly of each province elected this representative on the basis of proportional representation by means of a single transferable vote.

The total strength of the constituent assembly was fixed at 389, out of which 210 seats were reserved for the general candidates. 78 for the Muslims, four for the Sikhs, and the rest for the Chief Commissioners’ provinces, and 93 seats were reserved for the representatives of the princely states.

After the election to the Assembly Congress won 211 seats out of 296, Muslim League won 73, and the rest 12 went to the independents and other parties. The princely states did not join the Assembly for which its membership came down to 296. The dominance of the congress party was unbearable to the Muslim League which remain absent.

The Constituent Assembly for the first time met on 9th December 1946 with Dr. Rajendra Prasad as the Chairman and Dr. H.K. Mukherjee as Vice-Chairman. It was mostly represented by eminent lawyers, politicians, and statesmen. Dr. B.R. Ambedkar was the chairman of the Drafting Committee and for his contribution, he is regarded as the father of Indian constitution. The Assembly took a period of 2 years II months and 18 days to frame the new constitution.

Objective resolution :
The Constituent Assembly met in its second plenary session from January 20 to 309 in the year 1947 Pandit Nehru adopted an objective resolution in this session. The resolution declared that India must be a Sovereign Democratic Republic and the Programmes of the constitution were outlined thereon. The principles of the resolution may be discussed below.

The territories that now comprise British India, the territories that now form the Indian state, and such other parts of India as the outside. British India and the states as well as such other territories as they willing to be constituted into independent sovereign India shall be a union of them also.

The territories with their present boundaries and with such others as may be determined by the Constituent Assembly and thereafter according to the law of the constitution shall possess and retain the status of automatic units together with residuary powers and exercise all powers and functions of government and administration, except such powers and functions as are as assigned to the union or a’s are implied in the union or other form.

All powers and authority of sovereign India, its constituent parts, and organs of government are derived from the people.
The constitution shall guarantee and secure to the people of India, social, economic and political equality of status and opportunity and before the law freedom of thought, expression, faith, belief worship, vocation, association, and action subject to the law and public morality.

Adequate safeguards are provided for minorities of backward and tribal areas and other backward classes. The integrity and sovereignty shall be maintained on land, sea, and air according to the law of the nation. India will attain its honorable place in the world and make its constitution towards peace and welfare of mankind.

Question 3.
Explain the preamble to the Indian Constitution. Discuss the basic principles of the Preamble to the Indian Constitution. Or, Write an essay on the Preamble to the Indian Constitution?
Answer :
The Indian Constitution starts with the Preamble which outlines the aims, objectives, and ideals of the Constitution. It is the soul of the Constitution and an introduction to the political setup. The preamble reads “WE THE PEOPLE OF INDIA having solemnly resolved to constitute India into a SOVEREIGN SOCIALIST SECULAR DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC and to secure to all its citizens. JUSTICE, social, economic, and political LIBERTY of thought expression, faith, belief, and worship.

EQUALITY of status and opportunity and to promote among them all. FRATERNITY assuring the dignity of the individual and die unity and integrity of die nation IN OUR CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY this twenty-sixth day of November; 1949 do hereby ADOPT ENACT AND GIVE TO OURSELVES THIS CONSTITUTION. The 42nd Constitutional Amendment has introduced the words, SOCIALIST and SECULAR, in place of SOVEREIGN DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC, and in plae of unity of the nation, the word ‘integrity’ has been added.

Significance :
The Preamble is considered to be the soul of the Constitution and it explains about the aims and objectives in a nutshell. The preamble speaks of four things.

• the source of the constitution.
• the aims and objectives of the constitution.
• the ideas and philosophy of the Constitution.
• and the data of its approval. The Preamble contains the fundamental principles of the Constitution and the words used in it make it sublime.

The Supreme Court has said that the preamble indicates the general purposes for which the people have ordained and established the Constitution. It explains about the nature and spirit of the Indian Policy.

Basic Principles:
The basic principles of the Preamble can be discussed below:
We the People of India :
The Preamble starts with the phrase we the people of India which boldly declares about popular sovereignty. The constitution is considered to be framed by the representatives of the Indian citizens and not an Imposition from above. The Constitution is made by the people and it embodies popular ideals and aspirations.

Sovereign, Socialist, Secular, and Democratic Republic:
The Preamble depicts India as a Sovereign Socialist Secular Democratic Republic.  India is a sovereign independent entity. It is externally free from the control and influence of others and internally, it is a component to adopt principles of governance. None can interfere in its domestic matters.

The term Socialist indicates the country’s determination to follow the principles of socialism like the nationalization of industries, protection of the interests of the economically backward sections of the society, etc. The term ‘secular’ represents tolerance towards minority groups and equality of opportunity and protection to all religious groups. Indian Political System is organized on the basis of democratic principles.

The Parliament and state legislatures are elective bodies. A franchise is extended universally to all adults above 18 years of age. The citizens are granted with rights and freedom and the Govt is responsible to the people, hence it is a democratic country. Republic represents the elective office of the President and the representative character of the Head of State.

Justice:
The Preamble also clarifies the intention of the Govt, to ensure justice in the social, economic, and political spheres. The Constitution has abolished untouchability and offered equal opportunity to all in matters of public employment to ensure social justice. Equitable distribution of national resources is meant to ensure economic justice and universal suffrage is guaranteed as a mark of political justice.

Liberty :
The preamble also emphasizes on grant of liberty to the Indian citizens, such as liberty of thought, freedom of expression, faith, belief, and worship. These are provided under the Fundamental Rights.

Equality :
Equality is an essential attribute of the state in India. The Constitution has assured equality of status and opportunity to all irrespective of discrimination. The enjoyment of equal rights and political equality are significant aspects of the principle of equality.

Fraternity :
The constitution has sought to maintain universal brotherhood among its citizens so as to maintain the unity and integrity of the nation in the face of disintegrating forces.

Date of adaptation :
The Preamble states that the Constitution has been adopted by the Constituent Assembly on 26th November 1949. The Preamble of the Constitution thus reflects the soul and substances of the Constitution in brief.

Question 4.
Discuss the salient features of the Indian Constitution, Or, Analyse the basic principles of Indian Constitution. Or, Brief the unique features of Indian Constitutional system?
Answer :
The Constitution is the basic law of the land or the principles of governance. Every democratic country today possesses a written Constitution of its own. Similarly, in India – there is a written Constitution which is prepared after going through some useful democratic constitutions of the world. The framers incorporated those principles which they felt suitable for our nation and the people. The basic feature of our Constitution can be discussed below.

Sovereign Socialist Secular Democratic and Republic :
Indian Constitution declares it to be Sovereign, the master of its’ own destiny. India is internally free to control it’s subjects and externally independent of all other sovereign states. The Constitution provides for a democratic election where people enjoy adequate rights and liberties.

Constitution clearly mentions about the republican aspect of the Constitution The head of the state, the President is indirectly elected by the people. Indian Constitution also provides for a secular state where everybody enjoys an opportunity to profess any religion, any belief or worship any God for his salvation. The minority community is not left unsafe.

There is tolerance of the minority. The state does not follow any particular religion and does not assign any privilege to any particular religion. All are equal before and must enjoy freedom equally. Liberty is guaranteed to every kind of religious person. Constitution provides for the socio-economic and political right of the individual.

The largest Constitution in the world :
At present, the constitution of India is the largest constitution in the world. It consists of 395 Articles and 12 Schedules with the inclusion of Panchayat Raj, the seventy-third Constitutional amendment of 1992.

Every possibility of efforts have been taken to reflect the will and opinion of the people in the Consti tution of India. The Constitutional fathers, considering the heterogeneity aspect of the Constitution, and the experiences of communalism, have taken all sorts of initiative to have a balanced and effective Constitution.

Again in other federal Constitutions like U.S.A. and Switzrland where lies a separate Constitution for the state, the same does not exist in India. The power and authority of state have been enumerated in the same Constitution. Various provisions have been made to meet the different needs of the people and there are also special provisions to safeguard the interests of the minority.

The Schedule Caste and Schedule Tribes have been accorded special benefits under the constitution. The detailed chapters on fundamental rights and directive principles of the state policy, emergency, provisions, fundamental duties have caused for large size of constitution.

Parliamentary form of Government :
The Constitution of India proposes a Parliamentary form of Government where there is daily and periodic assessment of responsibility of government. The Parliamentary form of Government was adopted in the Constitution of India because of our long association with British Government.

Federal in form but unitary in spirit:
Although there is no mention of the term federation yet the Constitution of India in its Article – 1 declares that India is a Union of States. In India there are the features of a federal like he dual polity, written constitutional government, independent judiciary etc. are reflected in the constitutional of India. Though there are, federal features in the Constitution of India but there is also strong unitary spirit in the Constitution. The central Government bears preferential treatment over the Stats Government.

The emergency provisions, the appointment of the Govemer by the Central Government, the provisions of all India services, the integrated judiciary, single citizenship etc. are clear illustrations of all those things. Often the Constitution of India has been criticized by critics as Quasi federal, federal in form but unitary in spirit etc.

Balance between rigidity and flexibility:
The constitution of India is a happy blending of both rigidity and flexibility. So far as the amendment of the Constitution is concerned a balanced is struck between rigidity and flexibility. A flexible constitution is one which can be easily amended without having any rigid procedure.

India is partly flexible because certain provisions of the Constitution can be simply amended by the simple majority of the Parliament but on the other hand a rigid Constitution is one whose amendment procedure is very much difficult. In India there are certain provisions which can not ordinarily be amended by the simple majority of the parliament and it requires ratification by the states.

In India the provisions like the creation of new states, abolition of the second chamber of the states, changes in citizenship requires simple majority. But other requires the two-third majority of the House. The presidential power, mode of election, the executive and legislative powers of the state provisions regarding the supreme court and high courts, etc.

a Majority of the total membership of the House of Parliament Not less than 2/3rds members of each House present and voting. Rectification by one-half of the states. The above analysis clearly shows how the Constitution of India, is a happy blending of both rigidity and flexibility.

Fundamental Rights :
Unlike the bill of rights of the American Constitution, the Constitution of India provides a scheme of fundamental rights which has been incorporated and discussed in the III part of our Constitution. The Constitution in its Articles 12 to 35 deals with the scheme of fundamental rights. There are six categories of fundamental rights. Those are

• Right to equality,
• Right to freedom,
• Right against exploitation,
• Right to freedom or religion,
• Cultural and educational rights
• Right to constitutional remedies.

Fundamental duties :
Rights without duty is meaningless which was realized in the 42nd constitutional amendment in 1976. A scheme of fundamental duties waš incorporated into the Constitution of India in Article 51A. The Constitution of India provides for 10 categories of fundamental duties.

Directive Principles of State Policy :
Following the Spanish and Irish Constitution, the Constitution of India have incorporated a scheme of Directive Principle of State Policy which are fundamental principles for the governance of the country. The Directive Principles óf State Policy contains the socialist Gandhian and the liberal ideals.

Single CitizenshIp :
Though there are federal principles in the Constitution of India yet it has not opted for double citizenship. In India, there is provision of single citizenship which implies that irrespective of birth or residence all are citizenship which implies that irrespective of birth or residence all are citizens of India are entitled to enjoy all civil and political rights. They are free to purchase land and to settle anywhere in the country. Single citizenship is a great step forward in the creation of an integrated Indian society.

Secular State :
The constitution of India in its preamble contains the secular conception of the state. The secular state assigns no special privilege or patronage to any particular kind of religion and the state has no religion. Article -16 of the Constitution provides for equal opportunity for employment under the stale without discrimination against any religious community. The state also does not possess any power for the imposition of any religious taxes.

Thus, an all-around attempt has been made by our Constitution makers to embody secularism in our Constitution and absolute freedom is given to the citizens to profess or practice and worship any kind of religion they prefer.

Integrated and Independent Judiciary :
Normally a federal state has a dual form of the judiciary at one the federal level the other in the states. But in India, there is the provision for an independent and integrìted Judiciary for the country. The judiciary is organized on a hierarchical basis which begins from the Supre Court to the level of Naya Panchayats.

The judiciary in India also remains independent from the legislature and executive. Originally the judiciary enjoys the powers of judicial review and it can declare any law as ultra vires or void if the law does not conform to the values and beliefs of the constitution.

Universal Adult Franchise :
The Constitution of India in its Article 326 provides a universal adult franchise which reads The election to the House of the People and the House of the State, Legislative Assembly shall be in the basis of Universal adult suffrage. In other words, it can be told that any person who is a òitìzen of India and have attained the age of eighteen will be entitled to cast his right to vote for the purpose of selection of representatives.

Parliamentary Form of Government and Judicial Supremacy:
Normally in all Parliamentary forms of government, the Parliament enjoys comparatively a high degree of power because there is no strict separation of power and the judiciary in the Parliamentary form of Government does not enjoy that much power by which it can declare any law of the state as ultra vires or void.

Though our Constitution is silent with regard to the power of the Supreme Court to declare any Act of Parliament as ultra vires but in practice, it is observed that the Supreme Court of India has got a limited judicial review. Again Parliament and amend the Constitution with the prescribed majority. Once the Constitution is amended the Supreme Court will accept it. Thus, the powers of the Parliament and judiciary are balanced.

Welfare State :
The Indian Constitution under Art. 38 does ordain to establish a welfare state. The directives inserted into the Constitution are intended to transform the policy into a welfare state. The Govt pledges to provide basic minimum needs to every Indian. It has undertaken a variety of steps to maintain social security, justice, and equality reducing the gap between rich and poor. Thus, the Indian Constitution is considered to be a model Constitution for new, independent backward nations.

Question 5.
Write an essay on Art. 368 of the Indian Constitution. Or, Discuss the procedure of Constitutional Amendment in India. Or, Is the Indian Constitution rigid?
Answer :
No democratic Constitution can be static. It must be dynamic and in course of time, it must be amended in response to the needs of society. Therefore, the framers of the Indian Constitution have adopted a flexible procedure of amendment with rigidity on federal matters to make the constitution a dynamic one.

The procedure of Amendment: The Indian Constitution under Art. 368 has Procedure of Amendment The Indian Constitution under Art. 368 has empowered the Parliament to make necessary alternations, revisions, addition, repeal, variation, or detection of any provision of the Constitution. Such a proposal can be introduced into either House of Parliament and after approval, in both Houses, the President can make necessary changes in the Constitution. Art. 368 prescribes three different procedures for amendment of the Constitution.

Flexible Procedure :
The first procedure is a flexible one and the provisions like

• Creation of a new state;
• Creation on the abolition of the second chamber of the states;
• Change in citizenship;
• Changes or alternations of the boundary of states; can be amended if the proposal is approved in both the Houses of Parliament by a simple majority of votes.

Neither rigid nor flexible :
The second procedure is a combination or rigidity and flexibility. In this procedure, most of the provisions of the Constitution can be amended such as; fundamental rights, directive principles, emergency provisions, etc. such a proposal of an amendment requires a special majority in both the Houses of Parliament, viz.

By 2/3rd majority of members present and voting in both houses and By majority membership in each house. Such a proposal shall be effective only after receiving President’s assent. The president can’t withhold assent to an amendment bill.

Rigid Process :
This is the most difficult process in which the federal provisions, mode of appointment and election of president his powers and procedure of removal, the appointment of High Court, Supreme Court judges center state relations, etc. can be amended. Any such proposal of amendment must e passed in both the Houses of Parliament by a special majority and must be ratified by at least half of the state legislature. Thereafter with presidential consent, the constitution stands amended.

Thus from the above description, it is clear that the procedure of amendment strikes a balance between rigidity and flexibility. In case of disagreement, the proposal is killed and a joint sitting can not be convened in matters of the amendment. However, due to party Govt, the procedure is more flexible than rigid.

Question 6.
“India is a Sovereign Socialist Secular Democratic Republic.” Justify?
Answer :
The Constitution of India in its Preamble states that we the people have solemnly resolved to constitute India into a sovereign socialist, secular, democratic, republic, lire following discussion illustrates the justification of the embodiment of above conception.

Sovereign :
The Constitution of India declares India to be a sovereign state. It is the sole proprietor of its own destiny. The supreme power of India is exercised that used not by any outside power but rather by its own authority. Internally it possesses the power to control and regulate the citizens and subjects residing within the territory of India. India possesses absolute jurisdiction over them. Viewed from an external point of view it is also independent of all other external or outside powers.

It possesses the right to maintain an independent and equal relationship in relation to foreign powers. Socialist: The Constitution of India also declares it to be a socialist state. It does not prefer the concentration of wealth in the hands of a few persons leading to a monopoly of production and exploitation. The state also endeavors to ensure the upliftment of the standards of the poor and downtrodden through its Directive principles of state policy.

Secular :
The socialist and secular conception of the Constitution of India was incorporated in the 42nd constitutional amendment. By which the state must honor all religions equally and internally. The state has no religion and the state will not hinder in the spread of any religion and the individual must not be compelled to accept or renounce any particular religion.

Rather maximum authority and independence is provided to every individual to profess and worship any kind of religion according to their sweet will. Article 16 provides for equal opportunity for employment under state government without any religious discrimination. The state-managed educational institutions are debarred from imparting any kind of religious instruction in the educational institutions. The Constitution also prohibits any kind of religious taxes etc.

Democratic :
Liberty, equality and fraternity, rule of law limited constitutional government, representative form of democracy, free press and public opinion and popular sovereignty, etc. are commonly accepted as the pillars of democracy. The Constitution of India has taken the best possible steps to owe and observe all those above-mentioned principles to materialize.

Maximum efforts has been taken to enhance the common good welfare conception of the state has been accepted. So India can be regarded as a democratic form of state when people by their franchise select the representatives and governs the state through their representatives.

Republic:
Finally, India is also a republic state. A republic state is one where the head of state must be directly or indirectly elected by the people. The constitution provides that with regard to the election of President of India who is the head of state is elected by an indirect election by an electoral college which is formed on behalf of the people.

Question 7.
Discuss the basic features of Indian Fundamental Rights?
Answer :
The Indian Constitution in Part – III under Art. 12-35 has provided six fundamental rights to Indian citizens. These rights are borrowed from the democratic constitutions of the USA, France, and Japan and they provide adequate opportunities to the people for self-development.

Features:
The basic features of Indian fundamental rights can be discussed below.

• The fundamental rights in India are elaborate and comprehensive in character. These are discussed in 24 articles. Initially, there were seven rights but after the 44th Amendment Act, of 1978 the people today enjoy only six rights.
• The fundamental rights do not contain any natural rights.
• The constitution has guaranteed certain special rights for the protection of minorities. It has been abolished untouchably and granted special rights for women and children.
• The Fundamental Rights contain both negative and positive rights. The negative rights impose restrictions on state activity
  while positive rights grant certain freedom to the citizen.
• No social and economic rights are included in the list of Fundamental Rights
• All the fundamental rights are guaranteed to the citizens but there are some rights available to the aliens, such as the right to equality before the law & freedom of religion, etc.
• The fundamental rights in India are not absolute in character. The parliament is empowered to impose reasonable restrictions on the enjoyment of these rights. The Supreme Court is there to find out whether parliamentary restrictions are reasonable or not.
• These rights are binding equally upon the Union, the State, and other state authorities.
• The constitution not only guarantees fundamental rights but also provides legal sanctions for the enforcement of these rights. The Supreme Court and High Courts can issue writs for protecting the rights of the people.
• Parliament of India can amend the fundamental rights excluding the basic structure.
• During an emergency under Art. 352 the rights guaranteed under Act. 19 and 3 / cease to have any value.
• The constitution under Art. 21-A has guaranteed the Right to Education to children belonging to the age group of 6 to 14 years.
• These rights are enjoyed by the citizens of India when they live in India and abroad.
• Parliament can modify by law as to the application of fundamental rights to the members of armed forces or to any other persons.
• These rights are superior to ordinary laws of the land and directive principles. If any law of the Union or state goes against any right it is declared void.

Question 8.
Describe the fundamental rights of the Indian citizens?
Answer :
a democratic constitutional Indian constitution has incorporated a list of fundamental rights for the citizens. These rights are mostly political in character and they are essential For the development of individual personality. Some of these rights are meant for aliens, but all them are useful for citizens. These fundamental rights are constitutional in character and justifiable in nature. In case of violation, the courts can enforce them by the issue of writs.

The original constitution prescribed for seven fundamental rights-, but the 44th Amendment Act of 1979 has deleted the right to property from fundamental rights, so we now enjoy only six fundamental rights which can be discussed below.

Right to Equality :
The constitution under Art. 14 to 18 has discussed about right to equality. Art. 14; guarantees equality before the law and equal protection of laws to all citizens within India. Art. 15 prohibits discrimination on grounds, of religion, race, caste, sex or place of birth, etc. in regard to access to shops, public restaurants, hotels and places of public entertainment, or the use of roads and place of public resorts ‘ maintained wholly or partly out of state funds.

But, the state can make special provisions for women and children, (c) Art. 16 grants of opportunity to all citizens in matters of employment under the state. But, reservations for backward classes does not hinder this equality, (d) Under Art. 17 untouchability is abolished and its practice in any form is forbidden, (e) Art. 18, denies conferment of titles and honors except that of military or academic in character.

Right to Freedom:
This right is mentioned from Arts. 19 to 22. As per Art. 19. All citizens of India shall have the right.

• to freedom of speech and expression;
• to assemble peacefully without arms;
• to form associations or unions;
• to move freely throughout India;
• to reside and settle in any part of India, and
• to practice any profession, trade, or business.

Article 19 (2) provides that the right to freedom is not absolute in nature, and the state can. impose reasonable restrictions on those rights in the interest of the state, and friendly relations with the foreign state. public order or in matters of Article – 20 provides that no person shall be deprived of his life or personal liberty except according to procedure established by law. Article – 22 deals with protection against arbitrary arrest and detention.

Right against Exploitation :
Article 23 of the constitution prohibits all forms of forced labor, unpaid labor, and traffic in human beings. It frees the poor, downtrodden, and dumb people of the Indian states from the curse of beggars. Further Article – 24 provides that no child below the age of 14 years shall be made to work in any factory or mines or engaged in any other hazardous work. Thus it gives security to the weaker sections.

Right to Freedom of Religion:
Article 25 provides that all persons are equally entitled to freedom of conscience and the right to profess, organize and propagate religion subject to public order, morality and health.

Article 26 provides, that subject to the moral order, public order health, every religion, denomination or any section thereof shall have the right to establish and maintain institutions for religious and charitable purposes, to manage its own affairs in matters of religions to owe and acquire movable and immovable property and to administer such property in accordance with the law.

Article-27 provides that no person shall ‘ be compelled to pay any tax which are expended for the purpose of promotion of any particular religion. Article 28 provides that no religious instruction shall be provided in any educational institution with entirely managed funds. But it is not applicable to institutions which have been established under an endowment or trust.

Cultural and Educational Rights:
Cultural and educational rights have been guaranteed from Article-29 to 30. Article 29 provides that any citizen residing in any part of the territory of India having a distinct language, script, or culture of its own, shall have the right to conserve the same. No citizen shall be prohibited to take admission into any educational institution maintained by the state or receiving aid from out-of-state funds.

According to Article 30, all minorities are guaranteed cultural freedom too. preserve its language, script and culture. All minorities possess right to establish and manage educational institutions at their own. The cultural and educational rights of minorities are constitutionally protected. 6. Right to Constitutional

Remedies:
The right to constitutional remedies refers to the enforcement of the rights mentioned in the Constitution. Article 32 provided that the Supreme Court shall uphold the fundamental rights and entitles the citizens to go to such court by appropriate proceedings for the enforcement of fundamental rights.

According to Article 32 the Supreme Court is the protector of fundamental rights. The Supreme Court can accept direct complaints for the violation of the fundamental right and may also hear appeals against the decision of the High Court. But in case of emergency, some of the fundamental rights can be suspended.

Question 9.
Discuss various writs issued by the judiciary for the protection of Fundamental Rights?
Answer :
The constitution has empowered the Supreme Court to act as the guardian of fundamental rights. The Supreme Court can protect it on the basis of issuing various writs which are five in number. These are Habeas Corpus, Mandamus, Prohibition, Quo-warranto, and Certiorari which are discussed below in detail.

Habeas Corpus :
Habeas Corpus is a Latin term which means to have the body. This is the power of the Supreme Court to ask the Government or the executive authority about the allegation against the person, whether the ‘person has been lawfully ‘detained or not.

If a person is found to have been arrested without having any valid reason, the court orders for his release. The sole purpose behind issuing the writ of Habeas Corpus is to ensure the liberty of a person who has been confined without any legal justification. This writ is issued by the Supreme Court and the High Court.

Mandamus :
Mandamus is a Latin word that refers to “We order”. Mandamus is an order which commands a person or to authority to do a certain thing that falls under his jurisdiction. Normally in India, this type of. writs are issued to. public officers. It is used for public purposes to ensure the performance of public duties.

Prohibition:
Usually, this type of write is issued to lower Courts prohibiting the lower court to, r Train from usurping a jurisdiction in which it is not legally competent. In other words, it is the authority of the Supreme Court and High Court in India to direct the lower court to keep itself within the jurisdiction what is assigned to lower court.

Certiorari:
Certiorari is the writ by which higher court can direct the lower court to transfer the case from lower court to higher court. It can be done before the trial or during a trial to quash an order which has been made without jurisdiction.

Quo-warranto:
The writ of Quo- warranto is issued by Supreme Court or High Court to prevent an illegal assumption to any public office. Quo-warranto means by what authority. Suppose a person who is contesting in the election is below 25 years of age and if he is elected the court can declare him unfit and the post vacant as he is under aged.

Before the enactment of the present constitution this type of writ was particularly exercised and issued by the High Court of Bombay, Madras, and Calcutta High Court but now it is being enjoyed by both Supreme Court and High Court.

Question 10.
Fundamental rights are neither fundamental nor right. Discuss?
Answer :
Though the Constitution of India has boldly declared about the fundamental rights in the Constitution, the heterogeneity and mutual opposition of certain articles of the Constitution has been subjected to scathing criticism. Many other critics are of the view that there are so many limitations on the working of the fundamental rights that practically the citizens do not enjoy much substantial rights, the fundamental rights have been described as neither fundamental nor rights because of the following reasons.

The provisions of preventive detentions suspension of Article-19 to 32 during emergency causes for direct encroach upon the fundamental rights of the people. What are given in the form of fundamental rights that are taken away on the assumption of national security and declaration of emergency by the Government of India

Further fundamental rights have left a number of important categories of rights such as the right to work, the right to rest and leisure, right to education and right to social security, So there is a vast gap between the fundamental rights guaranteed in the constitution and the limited reality of those rights in India nowadays.

Further, the frequent constitutional amendments have restricted the exercise of fundamental rights. The right to freedom which has been amended for so many times out of which the right to freedom has lost its concrete shape. Though Article 17 of the Constitution prohibits the systems of untouchability. evil still exists in various parts of the country. The frequent misuse of preventive detention has subordinated and decayed the sanctity of fundamental rights.

Though there are historic judicial interpretations in favor of the protection of fundamental rights like the judgment in 1967 in favor of the Right to property, there is no strict judicial review. Unlike the Constitution of America, the Supreme Court of India does not possess the power of judicial review which became clear in the 42nd Constitutional Amendment of 1976. In India, there is a parliamentary democracy where popular sovereignty resides in the Parliament and the Supreme Court processes no power to override the intention of the Parliament.

Further presence of Directive Principles of State Policy has caused a point of limitation over fundamental rights. In the 42nd constitutional the union legislature was of the opinion that Directive Principles of State Policy seek to promote and the interest of the community as a whole which intends to promote justice in the society but fundamental rights are concerned with the interest of the individual alone.

So the Directive Principles of State Policy should prevail over fundamental rights. From the above-mentioned reason, it is
clear that though constitutionally the fundamental rights have been guaranteed to citizens in India yet there are several loopholes that restrict the operation of fundamental rights. Various political philosophers criticize them as un fundamentalistic.

Question 11.
Make a brief statement of the Directive Principles of State policy as embodied in the constitutions?
Answer :
The Directive Principles of State Policy are the feature of the socialism, and liberalism. and Gandhism which has been discussed in Part. IV of the Constitution of India. India being a poor country where there is .uneven distribution of resources the economic fundamental rights is not possible for realization. Considering the lack of finance and backwardness of the nation the Constituent; Assembly made a special provision which are known as the Directives in order to protect the interest of all but not a few.

There are sixteen directives enumerated in the Constitution of India which extends from Articles 36 to 51 of the Constitution. The Directive Principles of State Policy are often considered guidelines to central government and the state governments. The state and central government at the time of formulation of laws should keep in mind the instructions contained in the Directive Principles of State Policy.

Those Directive Principles of State Policy are often considered as the fundamental principles for the governance of a state. Those principles are welfarist in nature and intend to promote the socio-political and economic well-being of the people. Unlike fundamental rights, the Directive Principles of State Policy are not enforceable in a court of law. But the working of the constitution since 1950 has proved that; Directive Principles of State Policy are superior in comparison to fundamental rights. Jha Directive Principles of State Policy can be broadly divided into three categories, viz.

the Gandhian Principles, the Marxian Principles, and the Liberal Principles which are discussed below:
Gandhian Principle:
Gandhian Principles are based on the ideology and principles of MK Gandhi. Those are the Revival and organization of Village Panchayats which will work as self-governing autonomous units. Promotion of village or cottage industries in rural areas. The state should take special initiative for an educational and economical promoters and progress of the backward and weaker section in society. Prevention of slaughter of cows, calves, and other milchy cattle. Prohibition of drugs and intoxicants, except for medical use.

Marxian or Socialist Principles:
Socialistic principles refer to abolition of the economic exploitation in society and the establishment of economic democracy on the basis of the socialistic pattern of society. The state should follow and implement the following principles in order to establish Marxian or socialistic principles in society. The state should endeavor to provide v adequate means of livelihood to all citizens. The state should ensure the equitable distribution of material resources of the country so as to prevent the concentration of wealth from leading to exploitation.

To ensure equal pay for equal work both for men and women. Promotion of the standards of the working class. To make provision for securing the right to work to education and to public assistance in case of unemployment, old age pension, sickness, and other similar cases.
To ensure a decent standard of living and facilities of leisure for all workers.

(3)Liberal Principles:
The third category of Directive Principles of State Policy contains some general principles which can be branded as liberal’ principles which are considered for the general well-being of the people. They are the following category. The state shall take steps to separate the judiciary from the executive in the public services of the state. Article-44provides that the state should provide for its citizens a uniform civil and criminal code throughout the territory of the country.

Article-49 provides that it shall be the obligation of the state to protect eve monuments of late or objects of historic interest. Article 51 states that the state shall endeavor to promote national peace and security, and will maintain just and honorable relations between nations in order to foster respect for international law and peace obligations, should encourage the settlement of an international dispute by peaceful arbitration.

Other than the above-mentioned principles the 42nd constitutions amendment of 1976 inserted new Jiree kinds of Directive Principle of State Policy as 39-A, 43-A & 48-A. Article-3 9-A reads that the state shall secure the operation of the legal system for the promotion of justice on the basis, of equal opportunity and shall provide free legal aid by suitable legislation or in any other way to ensure that the operation of justice is not, denied to anyone on the ground of economic or any other disabilities.

Article-43-(A) provides for the participation of workers in industries, undertakings or in any other organizations. Article-48-(A) reads that the state shall endeavor to protect and improve the environment and to safeguard the forest and will live off the country. The sole purpose behind the creation of Directive Principles State Policy is to have social and economic democracy in order to sustain the political democratic government in the interest of the state is gradually implementing the Directive Principles of State Policy.

Question 12.
Analyze the importance of Directive Principles of State Policy in the Constitutional setup of India?
Answer :
Directive Principles of State Policy is considered as the fundamental basis for the governance of India. It is a bunch of directions or principles, which are enlisted in the Constitution of India which the Central and the State Governments shall gradually implement in the administration of the state.

Originally those directive principles of state policy has been inherited Com the Irish and Spanish Constitution. The Directive Principles of State Policy are socioeconomic instructions to the government which guide the government in the affairs of formulation and execution of certain socioeconomic principles for the management of the affairs of the state.

These principles provide a criterion or standard to adjudge the performance of the ruling party. The Directive Principles of State Policy are positive in nature because it provides a wider scope to the government to enact them as the laws of the state. Unlike the fundamental rights, the Directive Principles of State Policy are not enforceable in a court of law but the Directive Principles of State Policy occupy a significant position in the administration of the state and the government should consider them with utmost importance and implement them gradually.

Significance:
The Directive Principles of State Policy are the directive or creative part of the Constitution of India. They are considered as the ideals of the Indian Constitution which seek, to promote the socioeconomic justice of the citizens of India.

The Directive Principles of State Policy are induced in the Constitution with a view to providing opportunities for state initiation in the socio-economic life of Indians. There was no legal basis behind the operation of Directive Principles of State Policy but the 42 Constitutional amendments of 1976 assigned a comparatively comfortable position to it.

Though it may not have the desired level basis yet it would be self-sufficient to say that the voice of people of public opinion is the real support in a democratic setup. If the government will display an apathetic posture toward the execution of Directive Principles of State Policy then it would likely to lose the support of the people.

The Directive Principles of State Policy act as a guideline for the legislators of the rulers in India in order to promote the welfare of the nation as a whole. The importance of Directive Principles of State Policy lies for the successful working of democracy. There is only a legal basis with regard to political democracy but it is well known and commonly accepted that political democracy without having a sound socio and economic basis would turn into a fiasco considering the socio-economic backwardness and lack of resources in India.

The Directive Principles of State Policy does riot provide an) legal basis but at the same time, it provides that the state must look after the Directive Principles of State Policy and, implement it gradually ir the interest of the community. The Directive Principles of State Policy is regarded as the foundation stone o socio-economic democracy in India. The Indian Constitution will be meaningless without Directive Principles of State Policy.

Thus, it is a matter of compulsion on the part of the particular political party not to exhibit any sign of indifferent attitude toward the execution .of tries principles because India essentially believes in socialism, and any political party may remain power but it should be instrumental for the execution of those principles.

The Constitution has specially given importance to fundamental rights and accorded it their legal status and any person or institution who violates those principles will be penalized by the legal procedure. But during the working of the Constitution since the 1950’s the Directive Principles of State Policy has enjoyed a preferential position over fundamental rights. Even the judiciary has recognized and upheld the importance of Directive Principles of State Policy.

Chief Justice Kania once remarked that Directive Principles of State Policy do not represent the will of the majority temporarily but it possesses the wisdom of the nation. Because the court was of the opinion that the fundamental rights are directed to remote political democracy and a safeguard for the protection of the individual interest but the Directive Principles of State Policy paves the way for socio and economic democracy without which no political democracy would be workable and which seeks to promote and protect the interest of all i.e.

the interest of the community. For the above reasons, Directive Principles of State Policy has been declared by the Constitution as the fundamental principles in the governance of the country. These are an asset to the progressive forces in the country which lays down the foundation stone of democracy.

Question 13.
Differentiate and distinguish between Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles of State Policy?
Answer :
The following points of distinction can be asserted between fundamental rights and Directive Principles of State Policy. The first point of difference between fundamental rights and Directive Principles of State Policy is that fundamental rights are justifiable but the Directive Principles of State Policy are not justifiable in a court of law.

If the fundamental rights are violated by any particular person or institution the aggrieved party may move to Supreme Court or High Court to get the right re¬enforced and his suffering might be redressed but if a Directive Principle is violated in cannot be re-forced in the court of law. The fundamental rights are considered as the foundation stone of the political democracy in India whereas the aim of the Directive Principles of State Policy is to ensure and achieve socioeconomic democracy in India.

Directive Principles of State Policy constitute very comprehensive political social and economic programs for the successful working, of a modem democratic state. The fundamental rights are prohibitory in nature and instruct the central and the state Government to refrain from doing certain things which would encroach upon the rights and liberties of the individual.

They are negative in character. But oft the other hand Directive Principles of State Policy are positive in nature. The Directive Principles, of State Policy, are a bunch of obligations of the state towards the citizens and the subjects which intend for the improvement or upliftment of the socio-economic conditions of the citizens.

These directives are affirmative instructions to the government to do certain things. The Directives are non-justifiable and in case of conflict between fundamental rights and directive principles these principles run subsidiary to the fundamental rights. The directives are to ‘ be implemented carefully so that fundamental rights are not infringed. In case of conflict, the rights prevail upon the directives.

Question 14.
Discuss the Fundamental Duties of the Indian Citizens?
Answer :
The Indian Constitution on the lines of the Japanese, Chinese and Soviet constitutions has mentioned about fundamental duties under Art. 51-(A) in Part IV-A. These duties were inserted. into the constitution after the 42nd Amendment Act of 1976. Initially, there were ten fundamental duties but after 86th Amendment Act, of 2002 one more duty was added making it eleven. The duties are the responsibilities of the I citizens and with their inclusion into the constitution it was expected that all Indians The duties are enumerated below:
would be playing their part in the die nation-building process.

• To abide by the constitution and respect its ideals and institutions, the National Flag and National Anthem.
• To Cherish and follow the noble ideals which inspired our national struggle for freedom.
• To uphold and protect sovereignty. Unity and integrity of India.
• To defend the country and render national service whenever called upon to do so.
• To promote harmony and spirit of common brotherhood among all the people of India and to renounce practices derogatory to the dignity of women.
• To value and preserve the rich heritage of Our composite culture.
• To protect and improve the natural environment including lakes, rivers, and wildlife, and to have compassion for living creatures.
• To develop scientific temper, humanism, and the spirit of inquiry arid reform.
• To safeguard public property and to abjure violence.
• To strive towards excellence in all spheres of individual collective activity so that the nation constantly rises to higher levels of endeavor and achievement.
• All Indian parents to send their children to school between the age of 6 to 14 years.

Question 15.
Narrate the Socialistic Principles of the Directives?
Answer :
The socialistic principles of the directives underline the goal of a welfare state. These principles are meant for the poor backward people, women children, and the working class. These principles can be enumerated below.

• The state shall strive to promote the welfare of the people by securing a social order in which social, economic and political justice will prevail. (Art. 38)
• The state shall provide adequate means of livelihood to all citizens, men, and women. (Art. 39)
• The state shall secure the equitable distribution of material resources of the community to ensure common good. (Art. 39-(b)
• The state shall regulate the economy. system in such a way as to prevent the concentration of wealth and means of production in a few hands. (Art. 39-(c))
• The state shall try to provide equal pay for equal work for both men and women. (Art. 39-(d))
• The state shall try to protect the health and strength of workers, men, and women, to protect the children from entering vocations. Unsuited to their age and strength. (Art. 39-(e))
• The state shall try to protect children and youth from exploitation, and moral and material abandonment. (Art. 39-(f))
• Art. 39-(A) has been added after the 42nd Amendment Act, 1976 which states that: the state shall provide free legal aid to people, to economically disabled persons to secure social justice; and to secure participation of works in the management of industries.
• The state shall try to secure right to work, to education, and to public assistance in cases of unemployment, old age, sickness, and disablement and in other cases of undeserved want. (Art. 41)
• The state shall try to make provisions for securing just and humane conditions of work and for maternity relief. (Art. 42)
• The state shall try to secure to all workers’ right to work, a living wage, conditions of work, a decent standard of life, and full enjoyment of leisure and socio-cultural opportunities. (Art. 43)
• The state shall try to promote the educational and economic interests of the weaker sections of the society and to protect them from injustice and all forms of exploitation. (Art. 46)
• The state shall try to raise the (eve: of nutrition and the living standards of the people and improve public health.

Odisha State Board CHSE Odisha Class 12 Sociology Solutions Unit 1 Introducing Indian Society Long Answer Questions.

CHSE Odisha 12th Class Sociology Unit 1 Introducing Indian Society Long Answer Questions

Long Questions With Answers

Question 1.
What do you mean by Unity in diversity? Discuss the various factors promoting unity in India?
Answer:
In spite of diversity, there is unity in India. There are bonds of unity may be located in certain mechanisms of integration Herbert Rosley census commissioner in 1911, was right when he observed “Beneath the manifold diversity of physical and social type, language, custom and religion which strikes the observer and in India.

there can still be discovered a certain underlying uniformity of life from the Himalayas to cape Cambrian. The concept of one united India has always been the fascinating idea of many great thinkers of this land. Since time immemorial India has been regarded as. one district society, unity in India. In the production of certain factors. We will now describe each of them.

Geographical Unity:
From a very early time. India has been visualised as one nation covering the whole landmass from the Himalayas to the ocean on the other sides. The Aryan thinkers and other philosophers named this landmass as Bharat Varsha. The term Bharat Varsha i.e., India has always referred to thus the vast expense of the land expanding from the Himalayas in North to the cap commotion on the South and from the Brahmputra in the East to the Indus in the west. These natural boundaries give the land geographical unity.

Religious Unity:
Although India in a land of many religions, religion has been one of the bases of national unity. As Srinivas says. The concept of the unity of India is essentially a religious one Hinduism being the religion of the majority of the people of India provides a basis for unity. Religious unity of the country in expressed through the existence of pilgrimage centres of great spiritual merits in the four parts of the country. Badrinaryan in the North. Rameswaram in the South, Dwarika in the West and Puri in the East eloquently speak the religious unity in India.

Cultural Unity :
India has cultural unity. The fundamental approaches to art, philosophy and literature are typically Indian in the character. Social institutions like the caste system and the joint family are found all over India which are once again topically Indian. Caste in such a widespread social institution in India that every Indian whether a Hindu, a Muslim or a Christian finds himself a universe of caste. These common social institutions and cultural traditions faster unity among the Indians.

Political Unity :
India has also political unity in India in the product of cultural and religious unity. The idea of bringing the whole country under one central authority is not new to Indians. Unification of vast areas and populations under one rule has been the highest goal of the kings statements. The ancient Indian political concept of Chakravarti clearly refers to the idea of political unification of the whole land. Many great kings right from Dilip, Yayati, Mandhata and Yudhisthira to Chandragupta Maurya.

Ashoka and Samudra Gupta of the later period had established there in sovereignty almost all over India the country and achieved the distinction of being a Chartkravai or universal ever lord. In the past kings often waged wars on one another with another purpose than to achieve thus indicating that religious support extended to the idea of political unification of the country.

Emotional Unity:
Last but not least there is an emotional bond that binds all the inhabitants of this vast land. The very name Bharat Mata emotionally brings all Indians together. Although linguistic diversity poses a threat to emotional integration, Sanskrit being the mother of all Indian languages serves as a significant untying bond in the emotional integration of the people.

A tradition of Independence:
We have had a remarkable tradition to independence which has held us together throughout countries. One manifestation is found in the form of the jamjar system. It is a system of independence of castes. The term Jajamani refers generally to a relationship between food-producing formally and the families that supported them with goods and services. These came to be called the Jajamani relations Jajamani system as the backbone of rural economy and social order under this system each caste group within a village is expected to give certain stand and used services to the families of other castes.

The tradition of Accommodation:
We have heard of the syncretic quality of Indian culture and its remarkable quality of accommodation and tolerance. Hinduism, which is the majority religion of India has an elastic character. We know that Hinduism as not a homogeneous religion. It is not a religion having one God, one book and one temple. It is described as a federation of faiths. goes to the extent of accommodating village-level deities of the tribal faiths. Hinduism has been open religion an encompassing religion.

Question 2.
Write a brief essay on the “Unity in Diversity” in Indian society. Or, Indian Society essentially presents a “Unity in Diversity”.Discuss?
Answer:
India is not only the world’s largest but also probably the most complex federal democracy. While its democratic structure protects its political unity, its federal form guarantees the harmonious co-existence of socio-cultural diversities. That is why political unity is super imposed by the constitution and cherished by the major national parties.

The world has seldom known a country like India with an age-old socio-cultural diversity which gives a unique impression of pluralism. None of the federal politics, old or new, the bourgeoisie or socialist, Imperial Prussia, Austro-Hungarian Empire, Switzerland, United States, Canada, Nigeria, Malaysia, Yugoslavia or the Soviet Union are known to encompass such a wide range of distinct sub-national identities and that too with a long historical past as is the case with India.

Viewing the unity and its rich cultural heritage intellectuals say that India presents diversity in unity while others say that “India presents unity in diversity.” It is a fact that India is the second-largest state in the world in terms of population. It is the sixth-largest state in terms of territory. All the eight major religious communities of the world have a place in this benevolent motherland.

The problems of Indian society are very in number. Conflict takes place between states for sharing of river water. Still, there is a border dispute between different states. The terrorist and secessionist activities in different parts of India poses threat to Are very unity of India. The crossing of borders from alien countries creates very many problems in Indian society. There are several diversifying factors, among Communication, Casteism, Linguism and Regionalism are notable.

Communalism in Indian society refers to feelings of rivalry based on religious differences. We all know communalism was responsible for the division of the country into India and Pakistan in 1947. Even partition could not solve this problem in India because it still left a large Muslim minority in the country. The world’s major religious groups are found in India.

They are Hindus, Muslims, Christians, Sikhs, Buddhists, Jains, Parsis and Jews. Apart from the tribes who also constitute about 7% of the total Indian population, Hindus constitute an overwhelming majority which in percentages is about four times more than the total of all the other religious communities put together. Adherence to religion and the religious system is not communalism.

The exploitation of religion is communalism. Using a religious community against other communities and against nations is communalism. So, due to religious differences, sometimes conflicts and tensions are created among people of different communities. The political parties at the centre create a vote bank in favour of them depending upon religious groups. This appeasement policy of govt creates hatred feeling among other communities.

Now, there is not uniform civil code for all the nationals of India. Though there is a provision in the constitution in favour of a common civil code. Such a critical period is dawned that the national song for every people comes into question. Some of religious groups are getting assistance from outside to disturb national development and also to disintegrate Indian society.

Casteism is another serious problem in the way of national Integration. Though democracy and caste system both oppose each other in their principle yet it is seen that casteism is gradually strengthening in modem democratic India. Casteism is a feeling that creates a favourable attitude towards one’s own caste and hatred towards other castes. Thus, casteism is blind loyalty towards one’s own caste.

In other words, when the consideration of superiority between the castes and the tendency to consider the interest of one’s own caste as opposed to other castes is called casteism. Among other causes social inequality, social distance, illiteracy conservatism, development in the means of transportation and communication etc. are responsible for casteism.

It is also seen that many political parties are formed on the basis of caste in India encouraging caste loyalties to win the elections, which creates ill- feeling among different castes and hence hampers national unity. India is not only a multi-ethnic and multi-religious but also a multi-linguistic society. India, therefore, has rightly been called a “veritable tower of babel”.

Eighteen languages are recognized as the major languages of India, linguisticians are not unanimous about the total Languages spoken in India. All the eighteen languages listed in the eighth schedule of the constitution with the exception of Sanskrit. Indian states are reorganized on the basis of language. The real problem in India is that no link language has yet evolved. Though Hindi has been constitutionally recognized as the national language to replace English, its enforcement as of India appears to be problematic.

Being motivated by a group blindly one who raises his voice against the other language is called linguism. It is an anti-linguistic attitude or feeling of people towards other languages and a positive feeling towards their own language. Regionalism is another problem which poses a problem to the federal infrastructure of Indian society. Owing to its vastness, India is divided in to a number of regions and the territory of each region is determined on the basis of language.

Regionalism as we mean is the love and loyalty towards own region. Even people of one region try to develop their own region even at the cost of other regions. At other times it is seen that this feeling does not allow people from other regions to work and settle in their region. Thus regionalism militates against nationalism and thereby impedes the process of national integration. Regionalism refers to the sub-nationalism demanding preference of the region as against the country as a whole.

In spite of these diversities, there are other diversifying factors which pose a problem for national unity. But behind all in Indian society, the idea of unity is not something new to India. The concept of one unified India has always been the fascinating idea of many great thinkers of this land.

Geographical unity:
India, though very large in size possesses geographical unity with natural boundaries. It is surrounded on one side by the great Himalayas and on the other side by the high seas. Religious thinkers political philosophers, poets, statements and kings have always conceived Bharat Varsha as expanding from the Himalayas in the north to Cape Cameron in the south and from the Brahmaputra in the east to the Indus in the west.

Religious unity:
Though India is a land of many religions, some say that the concept of the unity of India is essentially a religious one. Hinduism is the religion of the majority of people of India and provides a basis for unity. The same myths, legends and deities are shared by all the Hindus in spite of their sectarian differences. Epics like Ramayan, Mahabharat and Bhagabat Gita are read by every people.

pilgrimage centres like Badrinarayan, Rameswaram, Dwarika and Puri four comers speak the religious unity of this vast land. The rivers like Ganga, Jamuna, Godavari etc. are regarded as sacred for every Hindu. Each Indian regard each inch of this Bharat Varsha as sacred.

Cultural unity :
India possesses cultural unity which runs through every aspect of Indian social life. The art, literature, philosophy, customs, traditions etc, are typically Indian in character. Social institutions like the caste system and joint family system are found all over the country. Every Indian, whether he is a Hindu, a Muslim, a Sikh, or a Buddhist finds himself in a universe of caste. Similarly, festivals are observed all over the country with a very similar fashion.

Political unity :
Political unity is not new to India. The idea of bringing the whole country under one central authority has always been a preoccupation with great kings and statesmen in India. The concept of “Chakravarti” clearly refers to this idea of the political unification of India under one authority. The prevalence of religious practices like the Aswamedha Yajna only indicates the religious support extended to the idea of political unification of India under one central authority.

Emotional unity:
There is an emotional bond in India that binds all the inhabitants of the land. The very Name ‘Bharatmata’ brings all Indians emotionally closer to one another. From the above discussion, it is very clear that in India there is an undercurrent of unity running through the apparent diversity of race, religion, language, customs etc. India is thus a fine example of unity in diversity.

Question 3.
Discuss the Religious Composition of Indian Society?
Answer:
India is a country, where the world’s almost all major religions are found. Here are Hindus, Islam, Christianity, Sikhism, Buddhism, Zoroastrianism and Animism. Again each of these main religions has a number of sects of its own. A real man of God i. e. a. true believer in religion is also expected to be a good human being, and indeed most of the time.

In Indian people seem to be more loyal to their respective religions than to their nation. This religious diversity has been a factor and a source of dis- unity and disharmony in the country. It is also a fact that religious difference was responsible for the development of the two-nation theory and the consequent partition of the country into India and Pakistan.

The partition of India neither solved the Muslim minority problem nor it has created a homogeneous population in India from a religious point of view. The religious differences in Indian society sometimes create communalism which results in loss of life and property and poses problems in the way of national integration. Let us look at the composition of Indian society from a religious point of view.

Hinduism:
Hinduism is the religion of the majority of the people of India. Some also say that Hinduism is not a religion but a way of life. Anyone can adopt the way of life provided by Hinduism, for a better life. Hinduism is the amalgamation of Indo- Aryan, Dravidian and Pre- Dravidian religious, elements. Nearly about 83% of the Indian population are Hindus.

Hindus (the Caste Hindus and scheduled caste) constitute an overwhelming majority which in percentages is about four times more than the total of all the other religious communities put together. In fact, even the aggregate and the percentage of the caste Hindus alone is singly bigger than that of all the rest. Hinduism is not a monolithic religion, it allows a number of possible conceptions of God and also a variety of alternative ways of attaining union with God.

This does not mean that there is nothing common among the Hindus. There are certain beliefs which are shared by all Hindus irrespective of the sects they belong to. For example, every Hindu believes in the immortality of the soul, transmigration of the soul, law of Karma, Dharma, Moksha, Maya etc. Hinduism as a religion of the majority of people provides a basis for national unity.

Hinduism unites more than two-thirds of the Indian population by means of common Gods, common beliefs, common festivals etc. Lingayat, Kabirpanthi, Sakta, Radhaswamy, Satnami, Brahmasamaj and a host of other sects are a number of sects of Hinduism.

Islam:
Islam is the religion of Muslims. Muslims constitute about 13% of India’s total population. In undivided, India Muslims constituted nearly 24% of the total population. Muslims living in India are more in number than in Pakistan. Today, India has the second-largest Muslim population in the world. Muslims entered India towards the end of the twelfth century A.D.

They spread and settled in India under the political patronage of Muslim rulers. The number of Muslims gradually swelled mainly due to conversions from Buddhism and Hinduism, Majority of the Indian Muslims are the descendants of converts. Therefore, they are not very different from their Hindu neighbours Muslims are mainly of two sects. They are the Sunni and the Shia.

Christianity:
Christians constitute more than 2% of the population in India. In Kerala, their population is about 25% of the state’s population. Christians are widely scattered all over the country. In northern India, Christianity is mainly confined to certain sections of the tribal population and depressed castes. There are mainly three sects in Christianity. They are

• Romo- Syrians,
• Roman Catholics,
• Protestants.

Sikhism:
The Sikh population in India is around 2% which is mainly concentrated in Punjab. Sikhism was founded by Guru Nanak in the 16th century A.D. The Sikhs are ideologically nearer to the Hindus than to Muslims. The Sikhs can easily be identified by anyone, because of the five ‘K’s they always wear. The five ‘K’s are – Kesh, Kanga, Kaccha, Kera and Kripan.

Buddhism:
The founder of Buddhism is Gautam. Buddhism originated in India during the 6th century B.C. Buddhism enjoyed royal patronage for a long period beginning from the great emperor Ashoka in the 3rd century B.C. As a result, Buddhism spread not only in India but also in countries outside India. Practically Buddhism lost its influence, by the 1 Oth century A.D.

The Buddhists represent only less than 1 % of the total population. Its main creed is Ahimsa. The Buddhists are found in Maharashtra as a result of the recent conversions under the leadership of Dr Ambedkar. Buddhism has two sects, namely- Hinayana and the Mahayana.

Jainism:
Jainism was established by Lord Mahavir, in India during 6th century B.C. It represents only a small portion of the Indian population i.e. 0.45% of our population. Jainism is very close to Hinduism. Many of the Hindu doctrines are retained in it. They worship cows and enter into Hindu temples. Jains are mainly urban people and are found in the towns and cities of Punjab, U.P., Rajasthan, Gujarat and Maharashtra. Jains are divided in to three sects namely.

• Digambaras,
• Svetambaras,
• Dhundias.

Zoroastrianism or Parsi:
The Parsis or the followers of Zoroaster of Zarathushtra came to India in the 7th century A.D. from Persia in order to escape the forcible conversions to Islam. They worship fire. They expose their dead on the so-called ‘towers of silence to be eaten up by vultures so that the elements- earth, fire and water are not defiled by the contact of the dead matter. They are about 0.3% in number and half of which live in the city of Bombay alone. They are mainly urban and are on the top of the economic ladder of India.

Animism :
Animism is a tribal faith. It is a very primitive religion, according to which man is believed to be surrounded by a number of impersonal ghostly powers. These powers are said to reside in rocks, rivers, trees stones etc. In India, there are about 2 5 million people who believe in Animism.

Question 4.
Discuss the Racial composition of Indian Society?
Answer:
Indian society is a multi-ethnic, multi-religious, multi-linguistic and multi-racial society. Its people worship differently. Its people have different faiths and different ideologies. The Indian society, the vast population is composed of people having diverse creeds, customs and colours. Let us see the racial composition of Indian society. A.W. Green says that “A race is a large biological human grouping with a number of distinctive inherited characteristics which vary within a certain range.

Similarly, A.L. Krober says that “A race is a valid biological concept. It is a group united by heredity, a breed or genetic strain or a sub-species. The Indian sub-continent received a large number of migratory races mostly from the western and eastern directions. Observing C.B. Memoria remarks that the “Indian population contains many primitive strains of mankind not found elsewhere to the same extent.

Different scholars have described the racial composition of Indian society. The first racial classification of the Indian population on scientific lines is probably of Sir Herbert Risely. He classified the Indian population into seven types. They are

• Turko – Iranian
• Indo-Aryan
• Scytho-Dravidian
• Arya-Dravidian
• Mongolo-Dravidian
• Mongoloid
• Dravidian

Turko- Iranian:
People having this strain in their blood are mainly found in Beluchisthan and Afghanistan, which are now outside the political borders of India.

Indo- Aryan:
Indo- Aryan strain is mainly found in east Punjab, Raj as than and Kashmir, especially among the people belonging to the castes of Rajput, Khatri and Jat.

Scythe- Dravidian :
Scythe – Dravidian is a mixed racial type of Scythians and Dravidians. People having this racial ancestry are said to be found in Saurashtra, Coorg, and the hilly tracts of Madhya Pradesh. It is said that the upper strata people are of Scythians while the lower strata people are dominated by Dravidians.

Arya- Dravidian :
Arya- Dravidian racial type is an admixture of Indo- Aryan and Dravidian elements. The Aryan elements is more pronounced among the upper castes, especially Brahmins. The Dravidian element is more prominent among the Harijans and other lower-caste people.

Mongol – Dravidian:
Mongols- Dravidian racial type is the intermixture of the Dravidian and Mongolian races. The Brahmins and Kayasthas of Bengal and Odisha are believed to belong to this race.

Mongoloid:
Mongoloid racial element is mainly found among the tribal people of North-East Frontier and Assam.

Dravidian:
The people of south India and Madhya Pradesh are claimed to be of this stock. Most of anthropologists are not ready to accept the racial classification of Risley. D. N. Mazumdar says that the ‘Dravidian’ like the term ‘Aryan’ is a linguistic classification and not a racial classification. A.C. Haddon gives his own classification dis- regarding the classification of Risley.

According to him the principal races are

• The Pre- Dravidian
• The Dravidian
• The Indo-Aryan
• The Indo-Alpine
• The Mongolian

J.N. Hutton also describes about the composition of the Indian population. But it is Dr B.S. Guha, after having revised the earlier classification has presented his own list of races that are believed to have composed the Indian population. His classifications are

The Negrito:
The presence of Negrito race in India is a controversial issue among anthropologists who say the presence of Negrito race say that they are relatively in pure form are still found in Andaman Island and also among some South Indian tribal people. Keeping these facts in view the protagonists of this view believe that the earliest occupants of India were Negritos, who were later displaced by Proto- Australoid.

But the antagonists of this view say that there is no weighty evidence to prove conclusively the existence ofNegrito element in the Indian population. So it may be safely said that Negrito race though existed in past, has left little trace in India today.

The Proto- Austroloid:
Indian tribal population is by and large dominated by this racial element. The Santals, the Juangs, the Koreas, the Soares, the Parjas, the Khonds, the Chenchus are a few of the many tribes of this race.

The Mongoloid:
The Mongoloid race came to India from Northwestern China, via- Tibet. People of this racial element are mainly found in North-Eastern India. This race consists of two fundamental types. They are

Palaeo- Mongoloid:
The Palaeo- Mongoloid consists of a long-headed type and of broad-headed type.

Tibeto- Monogoloid :
The people of Sikkim and Bhutan are said to belong to the Tibeto-Mongoloid race.

The Mediterranian:
The Mediterranian race is divided into three types. They are

Palaeo – Mediterranian:
This racial type is represented by the Tamil and Telugu Brahmins of the South.

The Mediterranian:
People of this racial type are believed to be the builders of the Indus valley civilization.

Oriental:
This race is very much similar to the Mediterranean type. The Mediterranean race as a whole, once a predominant race all over India, is now mainly concentrated in the south.

Western Brachycephals:
Western- Brachycephal race entered India from the west. The Alpinoid, the Dinaric and the Armenoid are the three main types of this race.

Alpinoid:
The people of Saurashtra, Gujarat and also Bengal are said to have of this race.

Dinaric:
This strain is claimed to be found among the people of Odisha, Bengal and Coorg.

Armenoid:
The Parsis of Bombay are believed to be the true representatives of this racial type.

Nordic Race :
People belonging to the Nordic race came to India from the North and spread all over Northern India during the 2nd millennium B.C. The people of this stock are believed to have enriched Indian culture by contributing new ideas to its philosophy and literature. From the above-discussed races, the first three races namely the Proto-Austroloid and the Mongoloid and Negrito constitute the Indian tribal population, while the other three races namely the Mediterranian, the Alpo- Dinaric and the Nordic, constitute the general population of India.

From the above discussion, it is very clear that the Indian population is composed of almost all the important races of the world. Today, there is no such race in India which is completely pure. All the races have got inter- mixed with one another. The intermixture of race is thorough that even in the same family we find one brother is quite fair while the other is quite dark. So India is rightly called a “Museum of races” or a “Melting pot of races”.

Question 5.
India is a ‘Spectacle of Museum of tongues’- Explain. Or. Discuss the linguistic composition of Indian society?
Answer:
India is not only a multi-ethnic and multi-religious but also a polyglot society. Apart from English which is one of the major languages of administration, law higher academic teaching and research, Journalism and inter-regional communication, eighteen languages are recognized as the major languages of India. Linguists are not unanimous about the total number of languages spoken in India. Various enumerations are given in support of different criteria.

Dr George Grierson in the ‘Linguistic Survey of India’ tests 179 major languages and 544 dialects. The Linguistic Survey of India conducted in the first decade of this century recorded that “Language changes every 20 miles in India.” While the 1931 census lists more than 200 languages dialects, the 1961 census registered 1652 spoken languages of which 1549 were indigenous to India. Of these, about 572 covered almost 90% of the total population.

The multiplicity of languages creates new social cleavages in the already divided population of India by caste and creed. In the words of A.R. Desai, “India presents a spectacle of the museum of tongues.” Some also say that India is a ‘Veritable tower of babe. ’ We all know that all the eighteen languages listed in the Eighth Schedule of the constitution with the exception of Sanskrit. By 1966 partly by design and partly by the accident of political action, the linguistic formula acquired legitimacy as the primary criterion of state re¬organization in India.

These numerous Indian languages can however be grouped into four different speech families. They are

• Indo-Aryan
• The Dravidian
• TheAustric
• The Sino- Tibetan

Indo- Aryan Languages:
Hindi is the most important language, of all the languages belonging to the Indo- Aryan speech family. The Indian constitution recognizes Hindi as the national language which eventually is to replace English as the official link language on the lingua franca of India Hindi along with other allied languages like Hindusthani, Urdu, and Punjabi is claimed to be the mother tongue of 46.3% of India’s total population.

The people inhabiting the great Indo- Gangetic plains in Northern India speak this language in one form or the other. The other Indo-Aryan languages are Assamese, Bengali, Odia, Gujarathi, Marathi, and Kashmiri. These languages are spoken by the people of the states named after these languages. Hindi, unlike Urdu, borrowed words from Sanskrit and used Devanagari as its script. Hindi and Urdu were together known as Hindustani till 1947. These two languages are very similar in their spoken form, though they greatly differ in their written form.

At present Hindi is progressively being Sanskritized by dropping Persian words and incorporating itself more and more Sanskrit words. Punjabi is the language of mainly Sikh religious minorities. Though it resembles Hindi in its spoken form, it differs from it in its written form. Urdu freely borrowed a large number of words from the Persian language. It also adopted the Persian script as its own.

Dravidian Languages:
Tamil, Telugu, Kannada and Malayalam, the four southern languages belonging to the Dravidian speech family. Tamil is the language spoken by the people of Tamil Nadu who constitute 8.2% of our population. Telugu is the language of the people of Andhra Pradesh. It represents 10.2% of the total population of India and as such form the second-largest linguistic group in India after Hindi. The people of Karnataka speak Kannada, which constitutes 4.5% of the total population. Malayalam is the language spoken by the Keralites form 4.1% of our population.

Austria – Languages:
Most of the languages and dialects are spoken by the tribes of Central India belong to the Austric speech family.

Sino- Tibetan Languages :
The languages and dialects of North- Eastern tribal population are mainly of the Sino- Tibetan speech family. Nearly 3.2% of India’s total population speak one or the other of the 23 tribal languages belonging to either the Austric or the Sino-Tibetan speech families. At present India is divided into states along linguistic lines for the simple reason that most of these major languages are localized in different parts of the country.

While each language tends to concentrate in a particular part of the country, there is much overlapping of two or more languages, especially in areas near the borders. Therefore there are linguistic minorities in each of the linguistic states as well as in big cities. Viewing such linguistic composition of Indian society an American specialist in Indian languages says that villagers in the locality may find it difficult to understand the speech of their relatives living a hundred miles away from them.

Question 6.
Discuss the Tribal composition of Indian society?
Answer:
India is claimed to have the largest total tribal population compared to any other single country in the world. The tribal population in India constitutes nearly 7% of the total population. The vast tribal population in India is not a homogeneous group. Rather it is composed of different tribes. According to the scheduled tribe’s list modification order 1956, there are 414 tribes in India. All these tribes are classified into different groups on various bases like geographical location, language, race and levels of economic and social development.

1. On the basis of geographical location:
On the band of geographical or territorial location tribes are divided into three main zones, namely

The North-North Eastern zone :
Eastern Kashmir, Eastern Punjab, Himachal Pradesh, North Uttar Pradesh, Nagaland, Assam etc. constitute this zone. The Aka, Mishmi, Chulikata, and Naga are some of the tribes of this zone.

Central Zone:
Bihar, Bengal, Southern, U.P., Southern Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and Odishacome are under this zone. The Savara, the Khond, the Santhal, the Bhil, the Gond, the Muria and the Bangla etc. live in this zone.

Southern Zone:
The Southern zone is comprised of the four Southern states, namely Andhra Pradesh, Tamilnadu, Karnataka and Kerala. The Toda, the Chenchu, the Kedar etc. are some of the important tribes of this zone.

Classification on the basis of Language:
The languages of the tribes of the three zones belong to three different speech families namely

Sino- Tibetan linguistic group :
Most of the tribes of the North- North- Eastern zone speak Sino- Tibetan languages in one form or other.

Austro- Asiatic linguistic group:
The dialects and languages spoken by most of the central zone belong to the Austric speech family. But some of the important tribes of this region like the Gonds and the Khonds speak languages having an affinity with the Dravidian speech family.

Dravidian Linguistic groups:
Tribal people in the Southern Zone in one form on other the Dravidian languages. Telugu, Tamil, Kannada and Malayalam.

Classification on the Basis of Race:
Indian tribes are broadly classified into three racial groups. They are.

The Mongoloid:
The North- North – Eastern zone tribes, in habiting the Himalayan regions belong to the one on the other type of Mongoloid race.

The Proto- Austroloid :
The central Indian tribes are mainly found to be Proto- Austroloid in their physical features.

The Negrito:
A few tribes like the Kadar of the extreme South and the Andamanese are said to be of this racial origin.

On the basis of cultural development:
Dr Elvin has classified Indian tribes into four classes on the basis of their levels of cultural development and contact with the plains.

Class -I:
The members of the tribes of class 1 are more or less isolated, and primitive, lead a communal life and cultivate with axes.

Class – II:
The people belonging to class – II are more individualistic, less simple, less honest, more used to outside life and less occupied with axe cultivation than the members of class-1 tribes.

Class – III:
People of this category are most exposed to external influence and they represent the largest section of the Indian tribal population. These people are already on the way of losing their tribal culture, religion and social organization as a result of external influences.

Class -IV:
The Bills and Nagas are members of this class of tribes. Dr Elvin believes that these people are the representatives of the old aristocracy of the country. Madan and Mazumdar have clarified the tribal communities into three main groups exclusively on the basis of cultural distance maintained from the rural-urban groups. The first group of tribes are culturally far away from the rural-urban groups. It includes all those tribes which have not come in contact with rural-urban groups in any significant way.

The second group consists of tribes which are in active contact with and under the direct influence of the outside rural-urban groups. As a consequence, these tribal communities are experiencing discomfort and problems. The third group consists of those tribes that have come into contact with the rural-urban groups but have not suffered from it. That is to say, these tribes have been successfully acculturated into the rural-urban way of life.

The tribal Welfare- Committee has suggested a classification of Indian tribes into four classes.
Tribal Communities:
These communities are by and large confined to their forest habitat and still lead a primitive way of life.

Semi-Tribal Communities:
The communities have come out of their forest habitat to settle in the rural areas and have taken up agricultural and other allied occupations.

Acculturate Tribal Communities:
These are the communities which have migrated to urban and semi-urban centres and have taken up occupations in modem industries and other works. They also have adopted many of the cultural traits of modem society.

Totally Assimilated Tribal Communities:
These are the tribes which have totally got assimilated into the modem way of life. An attempt has been made by Madan and Mazumdar to make a classification of Indian tribes on the basis of economic development. The first category of tribes are mainly dependent on forests for their livelihood and their economy is food gathering.

The tribes of the second category are those whose economy falls midway between food gathering and primitive agriculture. The economy of the third category is mainly agriculture but is supplemented by forest produce whenever and wherever possible. Finally, there is a new economic category of tribal men which is coming up in India with the growth of Industry. This new economic category includes those tribes who have been driven out of their traditional occupations and habitat and are employed in modern industry.

Odisha State Board CHSE Odisha Class 12 Sociology Solutions Unit 1 Introducing Indian Society Short Answer Questions.

CHSE Odisha 12th Class Sociology Unit 1 Introducing Indian Society Short Answer Questions

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is Unity?
Answer:
Unity means integration where in hitherto divisive people and culture are synthesized into a united whole. It connotes a sense of oneness, a sense of oneness. It stands for the bonds which hold the members of a society together.

Question 2.
What is diversity?
Answer:
Diversity means difference, however, means something more than more difference. It means collective differences that is differences which mark off one group of people from other. These differences may be biological, religious linguistic, etc.

Question 3.
Mention two factors of diversity.
Answer:
Mention two factors of diversity

• Racial Diversity
• Linguistic Diversity

Question 4.
Mention two factors of Unity.
Answer:

• Geographical Unity
• Religious Unity

5. Define race.
Answer:
A. W. Green says A race as a large biological human grouping with a number of distinctive inherited characteristics which vary within a certain range.

Question 6.
What is Racial Diversity?
Answer:
India is a museum of different races. Herbert Rosely had classified the people of India into seven racial types. These are Turko- Indian, Indo- Aryan, Scytho Dravidian Aryo – Dravidian, Mangolo Dravidian Mongolid and Dravidian.

Question 7.
What is Linguistic Diversity?
Answer:
According to A. R. Desai India presents as a spectacle of a museum of tongues. The famous linguist given dismissive noted that India has 179 languages and 544 dialects.

Question 8.
What is Religious Diversity?
Answer:
India is a land of many religions. There are also followers of various faiths particularly of Hinduism, Islam, Christianity, Buddhism, Jainism, and Zoroastrianism among others, etc.

Question 9.
Caste Diversity?
Answer:
Indis is a country of castes. The caste as peculiar to Indian society. There are more than 3,000 castes or Jati in India. These are hierarchically graded on different ways on different regions.

Question 10.
Geographical Unity?
Answer:
From very early times, India has been visualized as one nation covering the whole landmass from the Himalayan to the ocean on the other sides. The Aryan thinkers and other philosophers named this landmass as Bharatvarsha.

Question 11.
Religious Unity?
Answer:
Although India as a land of many religious religions has been one of the basis of national unity. As Srinivas says. The concept of the unity of India is essentially a religious one Hinduism being the religion of the majority of the people of India provides a basis for unity.

Question 12.
Cultural Unity?
Answer:
India has cultural unity. The fundamental approaches to art, philosophy and literature and typically Indian on the character. Social institutions like the caste system and the joint family are found all over India which are once again typically Indian.

Question 13.
Political Unity?
Answer:
India has also political unity. Political unity in India as the product of cultural and religious unity. The Idea of being the whole country under one central authority as not new to Indians.

Question 14.
Emotional Unity?
Answer:
The emotional bond that binds all the inhabitants of this vast land. The very same Bharat Mata emotionally brings all Indians together. Although linguistic diversity poses a threat to emotional integration.

Question 15.
Tribal Composition of Ridia?
Answer:
The tribal population in India constitutes nearly 7% of the total population India is cleaned to have the largest total tribal population compared to any other single country on the world.

Question 16.
Geographical Unity?
Answer:
From very early time India has been visualized as one nation covering the whole landmass from the Himalayans to the ocean on the other sides. The Aryan thinkers and other philosophers named this landmass as Bharat Varsha. The term Bharat Varsha i.e., India has always referred to this vast expense of the land expanding from the Himalayas in North to the cap camo rain on the south and from the Brahmaputra on the East to the Indus the west. These national boundaries given the land geographical unity.

Question 17.
Religious Unity?
Answer:
Although India is land of many religious religions has been one of the basis of national unity. As Srinivas says. The concept of the unity of India is monolithic essentially religious one Hinduism the religion of the majority of the people of India. Provides a basis for unity. It is a fact that Hinduism is not a religion, There are number seats of in Hinduism. But they have some faith in common with slight variation.

Question 18.
Cultural Unity?
Answer:
India has cultural unity. The fundamental approaches to art philosophy and literature are typically Indian in the character. Social institutions like the caste system and the joint family are found all over India which are once again topically Indian. Caste is such a social institution in India that every Indian whether a Hindu, a Muslim or a Christian finds himself a universe of caste. The common social institutions and cultural traditions foster unity among the Indians.

Question 19.
Political Unity?
Answer:
India has also political unity, political unity in India in the product of cultural and religious unity. The idea of bringing the whole country under one central authority is not new to Indians. Unification of vast area and populations under one rule has been the highest goal of the things and statesmen. The ancient Indian political unification of the whole land.

Many great things right from Dilip, Yayati, Mandhata and Yudhistira to Chandragupta Maurya, Ashoka and Samudra Gupta of later period had established theory sovereignty all most all over India the country and achieved the distinction of being a Chakravarti or universal overlord.

Question 20.
Emotional Unity?
Answer:
The emotional bond that binds all the inhabitants of this vast land. The very name Bharat Mata emotionality brings all Indians together. Although linguistic diversity poses a threat to emotional integration. Sanskrit belongs the mother of all Indian languages and serves as a significant unifying bond in the emotional integration of the people.

Question 21.
What do you mean by Unity in diversity?
Answer:
Unity means integration. Where in hitherto divisive people and culture are synthesized into a united whole. It connotes a sense of oneness, a sense of we-ness. It stands for the bonds which hold the members of a society together. There is a difference between unity and uniformity, uniformity presupposes similarly, but unity does not.

Unity may be bom out of similarity. It many or many not be based in uniformity. Diversity means difference it however means something more than more difference. It means collective differences that as a difference which mark off one group of people from other.

Question 22.
Discuss various religions in India?
Answer:
Different religions have coexisted in India in past centuries. The history of our religious movements have been such that out us incorporated diverse faiths and values. Religion has been, on the one hand, the basis of national unity. On the other hand, religious diversity has been a factor of disunity and disharmony in out severity. India as a country where all the world’s major religions are found. In India are come across Hindus, Buddhists, Jains, Zeroastorms, Sikhs, Muslims and Christians etc.

Question 23.
Racial Composition?
Answer:
A race as a biological human grouping with a number of distinctive physical characteristics. A group of people are distinguished from other groups of people on the basis of physical characteristics such as completion height and shape of face etc. A such distinctive group of human beings is each called a race. These races are Aryan, Dravidian, Austroheld and Mongoloid, etc.

Question 24.
Linguistic Groups?
Answer:
A says, A.R. Desai. India presents a spectacle of the museum of tongues. According to the 1951 census, there are 845 different languages and dialects spoken in India. But the actual number is estimated to be around 1000, George Grierson, in his linguistic. Survey of spoken alone in North India. While a few of these languages are spoken by crores of people a large number of them have less than a hundred thousand speakers each. All these Indian languages and dialects can be grouped into four speech families mainly.

• Indo-Aryan,
• Dravidian,
• Austria, and
• Sino – Tibetan, etc.

Question 25.
Tribal Groups?
Answer:
The tribes of India form an important part of the total population. The tribal population in India constitutes about 7% of the Indian population. India has the largest total tribal population compared to any other country in the world. The large tribal population of India is not a homogeneous group.

It is composed of a number of different tribes – our constitution recognized 212 tribes and these tribes are found in different parts of the country. According to the scheduled Tribes’ last modification order in 1956, there are 414 tribes in India. The tribes of India are classified into different groups on the basis of geographical location, language, race, and levels of socioeconomic development.