CHSE Odisha Class 12 Psychology Unit 5 Questions and Answers

Odisha State Board CHSE Odisha Class 12 Psychology Solutions Unit 5 Questions and Answers.

CHSE Odisha 12th Class Psychology Unit 5 Questions and Answers

Objective Type Question and Answers

Question 1.
The measures of central tendency are:
(a) mean
(b) median
(c) mode
(d) all the above
Answer :
(d) all the above

Question 2.
_____is the middle score in a set of scores that have been ranked in numerical order.
(a) mode
(b) median
(c) range
(d) mean
Answer :
(b) median

Question 3.
_______is the best method of central tendency to use when describing skewed
data.
(a) mode
(b) median
(c) range
(d) mean
Answer :
(b) median

Question 4.
_____ is simply the most frequently occurring score in a data set.
(a) median
(b) range
(c) mean
(d) mode
Answer :
(d) mode

Question 5.
The two-mode are :
(a) binodal
(b) multimodal
(c) only (a)
(d) both (a) and (b)
Answer :
(d) both (a) and (b)

Question 6.
The informative measure of variability I_____.
(a) variance
(b) median
(c) only(b)
(d) none of the above
Answer :
(a) variance

Question 7.
______statistics is the name given to the procedure used to collect classify, summarize and present data.
(a) variance
(b) median
(c) descriptive
(d) only (a)
Answer :
(c) descriptive

Question 8.
The highest and lowest scores in a distribution and it founding by subtracting the lowest force him the highest score is called_____
(a) range
(b) mode
(c) median
(d) variance
Answer :
(a) range

Question 9.
Standard deviation is the root of _____.
(a) variance
(b) range
(c) mode
(d) none of the above
Answer :
(a) variance

Question 10.
The measures of variability used by researchers include the
(a) range
(b) variance
(c) standard deviation
(d) all the above
Answer :
(d) all the above

CHSE Odisha Class 12 Psychology Unit 5 Questions and Answers

Answer in single word / single sentence

Question 1.
Mode is simply the difference between the highest and lowest score in a distribution?
Answer :
True

Question 2.
Mode is useful as a rough guide to the variability demonstrated by a data set?
Answer :
False

Question 3.
The measures of variability used by researchers include the range the variance and standard deviation?
Answer :
True

Question 4.
Median is a good measure of central tendency?
Answer :
True

Question 5.
Mode is the middle score in a set of scores that have been ranked in numerical order?
Answer :
False

Question 6.
Mean is the arithmetic average of a set of scores?
Answer :
True

Question 7.
Methods of determining these central values are called measures of central tendency?
Answer :
True

Question 8.
Four main measures of central tendency?
Answer :
False

Question 9.
The mean can not affect by external scores?
Answer :
False

CHSE Odisha Class 12 Psychology Unit 5 Questions and Answers

Very Short Type Questions With Answer

Question 1.
What is Mean?
Answer :
When people talk about averages, they’re often referring to the mean, which is the arithmetic average of a set of scores. You have probably calculated the mean of a set of Psychology scores many times in the past. Every time you sum a set of scores and divide that sum by the total number of scores you have calculated the arithmetic mean of those scores.

Question 2.
What is the Median?
Answer :
The median is the middle score in a set of scores that have been ranked in numerical order. In cases where there are an even number of scores, the median lies between the two middle scores and is given the value of the midpoint between those scores. Of course, if the middle two scores in an even number of scores are the same, the median has the same value as the two scores themselves.

Question 3.
Range?
Answer :
The range is simply the difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution and is found by subtracting the lowest score from the highest score. This measure of variability gives the researcher only a limited amount of information, as data sets which are skewed towards a low score can have the same range as data sets which are skewed towards a high score, or those which cluster around some central score.

Question 4.
What is Variance?
Answer :
A more informative measure of variability is the variance, which represents the degree to which scores tend to vary from their mean. This tends to be more informative because, unlike the range, the variance takes into account every score in the data set. Technically speaking, the variance is the average of the squared deviations from the mean.
To calculate the variance for a set of quiz scores:

  • Find the mean score.
  • Find the deviation of each raw score from the mean. To do this,
  • Subtract the mean from each raw score. (Note that deviation scores will be negative for scores that are below the mean.) To check your calculations sum the deviation scores. This sum should be equal to zero.
  • Square the deviation scores: By squaring the scores, negative scores are made positive and extreme scores are given relatively more weight.
  • Find the sum of the squared deviation scores.
  • Divide the sum by the number of scores. This yields the average of the squared deviations from the mean, or the variance.

Question 5.
What is the Median?
Answer :
The median is the middle score in a set of scores that have been ranked in numerical order. In cases where their art an even number of scores, the median lies between the two middle scores and is given the value of the midpoint between those scores. Of course, if the middle two scores in an even number of scores are the same, the median has the same value as the two scores themselves.

There is no formula for quickly calculating the median Without doing some initial data analysis. Typically, when dealing with large data sets, researchers construct a frequency distribution representing all the scores in the data set. This allows time to use a formula to calculate each measure of central tendency using the information provided by the frequency distribution.

Unlike the mean, the median is a good measure of central tendency to use when describing a heavily skewed set of scores. Returning to our example from above, our student’s median test score would be 94%, which is a much better indication of the student’s overall performance.

Thus, the median is a better representation of the scores within a skewed data set than is the mean. In fact, the median is the best method of central tendency to use when describing skewed data.

CHSE Odisha Class 12 Psychology Unit 5 Questions and Answers

Long Questions With Answers

Question 1.
What statistical use for psychology?
Answer :
Much of psychological research involves measuring observations of particular characteristics of either a population or a sample taken from a population. These measurements yield a set of values or scores, and this set represents the findings of the research or data. Often, it is impractical to completely measure, the characteristics of a given population, known as parameters, directly.

Thus, psychologists often focus on the characteristics of samples taken from a population. These characteristics are called statistics. The psychologist then uses these sample statistics to make inferences about population parameters.

In this section, we will focus on a type of statistics known as descriptive statistics. We will begin with an examination of three methods of describing a set of data using scores that seem to be typical of those found in the set. We will then look at three methods of describing how scores within the set vary from these typical scores.

Question 2.
Measures of Central Tendency.
Answer :
Often, data tends to group itself around some central value. This value may, in turn, be used to describe or represent the data set as a whole. Methods of determining these central values are called measures of central tendency. There are three main measures of central tendency used by psychologists. They are the mean, the median, and the mode.

Mean :
When people talk about averages, they’re often referring to the mean, which is the arithmetic average of a set of scores. You have probably calculated the mean of a set of Psychology scores many times in the past. Every time you sum a set of scores and divide that sum by the total number of scores you have calculated the arithmetic mean of those scores.

As you probably know from experience, the mean can be affected by extreme scores. For example, if a student were to receive five test marks over 90% and one test mark less than 20%, (let us say marks of 98%, 96%, 94%, 94%, 92%, and 18%), the mean of – 497 – the test scores would be (98 + 96 + 94 + 94 + 92 +18) / 6 = 82.

Obviously, the mean, in this case, has been pulled in the direction of the score of under 20%. For this reason, the mean can be a very, misleading description of a set of scores with a heavily skewed distribution.

Median :
The median is the middle score in a set of scores that have been ranked in numerical order. In cases where there are an even number of scores, the median lies between the two middle scores and is given the value of the midpoint between those scores. Of course, if the middle two scores in an even number of scores are the same, the median has the same value as the two scores themselves.

There is no, the formula for quickly calculating the median without doing some initial data analysis. Typically, when dealing with large data sets, researchers construct a frequency distribution representing all the scores in the data set. This allows them to use a formula to calculate each measure of central tendency using the information provided by the frequency distribution.

Unlike the mean, the median is a good measure of central tendency to use when describing a heavily skewed set of scores. Returning to our example from above, our student’s median test score would be 94%, which is a much better indication of the student’s overall performance. Thus, the median is a better representation of the scores within a skewed data set than is the mean. In fact, the median is the best method of central tendency to use when describing skewed data.

Mode :
The mode is simply the most frequently occurring score in a data set. Returning once again to the test scores of our sample student, the mode for this data set is would be 94%, as it occurs twice within the data set. If two scores occur equally often within a data set, the set has two modes and is termed bimodal. Any data set that has two or more modes can be referred to as multimodal.

Like the median, there is no formula for calculating the mode without conducting at least some preliminary data analysis. For small data sets the mode may simply be determined by comparing the number of times the most popular scores appear in the set.
Measures of Variability
Almost all data sets demonstrate Some degree of variability. In other words, data sets usually contain scores that differ from one another. Only under very rare circumstances to researchers encounter data sets that have no variability.

Needless to $ say, of the few sets of data that demonstrate no variability, fewer still will be of any interest to psychological researchers. The truly interesting observations are those of characteristics that vary within a population or sample. This variability cannot be captured or shown by measures of central tendency.

For. example, if two data sets have the same mean, there is no guarantee that the two – 498 – sets are very similar at all. What is needed are measures of variability which allow the researcher to determine the degree of variation within a population or sample, and thus to determine just how representative a particular score is of the data set as a whole.

This in turn allows the researcher to determine the scope and validity of any generalizations he or she wishes to make based on his or her observations. The measures of variability used by | researchers include the range, the variance, and the standard deviation.

Question 3.
What is Range?
Answer :
The range is simply the difference between the highest and lowest scores in a
distribution, and is found by subtracting the lowest score from the highest score. This measure of variability gives the researcher only a limited amount of information, as data sets which are skewed towards a low score can have the same range as data sets which are skewed towards a high score, or those which cluster around some central score.

The range is, however, useful as a rough guide to the variability demonstrated by a data set, as it tells the researcher how a particular score compares to the highest and lowest scores within a data set. For example, a student might find it useful to know whether his or her score was near the best or worst on an exam.

CHSE Odisha Class 12 Psychology Unit 5 Questions and Answers

Question 4.
What is Variance?
Answer :
A more informative measure of variability is the variance, which represents the degree to which scores tend to vary from their mean. This tends to be more informative because, unlike the range, the variance takes into account every score in the data set. Technically speaking, the variance is the average of the squared deviations from the mean.
To calculate the variance for a set of quiz scores:

  • Find the mean score.
  • Find the deviation of each raw score from the mean. To do this,
  • Subtract the mean from each raw score. (Note that deviation scores will be negative for scores that are below the mean.) To check your calculations sum the deviation scores. This sum should be equal to zero.
  • Square the deviation scores. By squaring the scores, negative scores are made positive and extreme scores are given relatively more weight.
  • Find the sum of the squared deviation scores.
  • Divide the sum by the number of scores. This yields the average of the squared deviations from the mean, or the variance.

Question 5.
What is Standard Deviation?
Answer:
More informative still is the standard deviation, which is simply the square root of the variance. You may be asking yourself why not simply use the variance ?’ One reason is that, unlike the variance, the standard deviation is in the same units as the raw scores themselves. This is what makes the standard deviation more meaningful. For example, it would make more sense to discuss the variability of a. set of IQ scores in IQ points than in squared IQ points.

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CHSE Odisha Class 12 Foundations of Education Unit 1 Contribution of Educators Long Answer Questions

Odisha State Board CHSE Odisha Class 12 Foundations of Education Solutions Unit 1 Contribution of Educators Long Answer Questions.

CHSE Odisha 12th Class Foundations of Education Unit 1 Contribution of Educators Long Answer Questions

Long Answer Questions With Answers

Question 1:
Discuss the life philosophy of Gandhi.
Answer:
Gandhi enunciated integral philosophy of fife. He was a naturalist, an idealist,
individualist in one. His ‘Experiment on Truth’ was the outcome of his experience and prominent philosophical activities are his concept of God, truth, doctrines of morality, non¬violence, satyagraha, labor, equality, citizenship, brotherhood of man His life was concerned with:

  • His concept of truth.
  • His concept of karma.
  • His concept of non-violence.
  • His concept of satyagraha.
  • His idea of centralization.
  • His idea of machine.
  • His concept of the village.
  • His news of morality.

1) His concept of truth – Gandhiji believed in truth to be the ultimate reality and God can be realized through truth. God is truth, and truth is God. He said truth is manifested both externally and it is expressed through the voice of God. He was the pioneer of truth and non¬violence and conquered the brutal force. One can realise god through truth.

2) His concept of Karma – In Gita, there is view on life and karma. Gandhiji was deeply influenced by Gita for a religious dedication to the service of man. Service of humanity is God. Religion is not a part from human activity. Action takes its origin from Brahma and Brahma is present in all kinds of sacrifice of service. To Gandhi, society and social service are an integral part of life and they are sacred activities.

3) His concept of non-violence – Non-violence of Gandhi was equivalent to love. His concept of non-violence retained deeply in Indian spirituality. The concept ofAhimsa or non-violence of Gandhi was a means and that an end. Man is the end of his material, mental and moral well-being and growth.

4) His concept of Satyagraha – Gandhiji’s concept of Satyagraha was dynamic aspect of non-violence and a tool that created a human context for social conflict. Truth is the end and non-violence is the means to human activities.The term ‘ Satyagraha’ is derived from the Gujarati word ‘agrapha’ which means firmness. For Gandhiji satyagraha is dynamic quality of non-violence. Satyagraha for Gandhiji’s way a truth force for acting socially and humanely.

5) His idea of decentralization – Gandhiji was against concentration of power and individualism of capitalism. He wished a kind of society where economic and social structure of decentralization on the basis of industry and agriculture. This is the productivity aim of education.

6) His idea of machine – Gandhiji was not against the machine, but he did not want it to become the master of machine. He opposed strongly machines because it created unemployment and exploitation of the poor workers by capitalists and too much dependence on man on machine. So he suggested to limit the manufacture of machine and emphasized on cottage industry and handicrafts.

7) His concept of the village – To Gandhiji, village is a small group of people, consisting a unit of society. So the village should be self-governing. He considered that it should be self¬sufficient in the matter of its vital necessities of life like food, clothing and shelter. Secondly his village was not an agricultural community, there should be a balance between agriculture and the village industries. He desired to create agro-industrial community.

8) Gandhiji’s gramraj – Village self government was the opinion of Gandhi. His idea of Gram raj or village self government means it is a complete republic independent or its neighbours are independent with other necessaries. Thus, for every villages the first concern will be no caste and hopes to abandon untouchability and create a class less society.

9) His views on morality – To Gandhiji, the end of all knowledge is the development of morality. The society and individual progress through morality, purity in thought, speech and deeds. So a social foundation of truth and purity should be established through education. To him moral education is to be imparted in schools. Morality is the best virtue of humanity. By participation in games and sports discipline in thought and action is maintained.

Question 2:
Write a note on the Educational Philosophy of Gandhi.
Answer:
As a socio-political, reformer, educationist, idealist, naturalist, social leader and practical philosopher, Gandhiji father of the Nation, the apostle ofpeace and non-violence, the champion of Freedom movement led a scheme of education of India known as ‘Basic Education’. In another way it is known as “Nayee Talim”. His educational philosophy is the potent force for social reconstruction. To him true education is “An all round drawing out of the best in child and man” – body, mind and spirit. The chieftenents ofhis educational philosophy are as follows:

  • Education should be free and compulsory.
  • Craft centred education.
  • Self supporting education
  • Emphasis on mother tongue.
  • Child centredness.
  • Emphasis of education on non-violence.

1) Education should be free and compulsory : Gandhi advocated free and compulsory education for 7 to 14 years and wanted to combine primary education with secondary education called it English Less Matriculation Courses. To him democracy will become successful when education will be free and compulsory. It will develop love for creative work. As India is a poor land and 60 % of population are below the poverty line so education should be free and compulsory for them.

2) Craft centred education : He believed in the principle of learning by doing’ of John Dewey. The basic education aimed at providing education on crafts. He introduced basic crafts like spinning and weaving, carpentry and agriculture. Introduction of crafts evoke the spirit of love for work and teach them the dignity of labour. To him the whole educative process be imparted through handicraft. They will leam the motto “work is worship”. It will develop the dignity of labour.

3) Self-supporting education: Gandhiji knew that India is a poor state and it cannot afford to educate the millions. So Gandhi suggested education to be self supporting. The concept of “Karma Yoga” and dignity of labour will help in the intellectual development. So the child should pay labour partly by binding a gap between education and life drawing upon the cultural, social and vocational potentialities. It is a measure of social reconstruction.

4) Emphasis on mother tongue: Gandhi emphasized mother tongue as the medium of instruction. To him the English system of education hinders understanding and clarity of ideas. By mother tongue, the children can express their views clearly and understand others and this would build sound foundation of education.

5) Child centredness: Child-centredness is an important feature of Basic Education which means the children should be taught to the needs, interests, and capacities of children. So the curriculum and the method of teaching are to be developed to the capacities of learners. Different crafts and subjects to be included in the curriculum to meet individual differences.

6) Education based on non-violence: A unique feature of Gandhiji’s education philosophy was the application of the law of non-violence. He wanted to build a classless society and elimination of exploitation. By the scheme of non-violence and peace, he conquered the heart of brutal forces. So his education of philosophy is based on non-violence. He wanted to create a generation that should believe in non-violence.

Question 3:
What should be the aims, curriculum and methods of teaching of Basic
Education?
Answer:
M. K. Gandhi is called an idealist, a realist, a spiritual person in one. He advocated his philosophy of education and put stress on religious education. The main aims of this philosophy are as follows :

  • The utilitarian aim.
  • The cultural aim.
  • Harmonious development aim.
  • Complete living aim.
  • Character building aim.

1. The utilitarian aims : To fulfill this aim, the basic needs of human life like food, clothing and shelter and self-supporting to be imparted. The self-supporting aspects aimed at self-sufficient and education to meet one’s expenses. It is otherwise known as ‘Bread and Butter Aims ’ of education.

2. The cultural aims: Culture is essential to refine one’s personality.One should have the qualities of mind which should be reflected in one’s own conduct. Such aims helps in the transmission of culture.

3. Harmonious development aim: To Gandhi, education means “An all round draw ing out of the best in child and man, with body, mind and spirit”. To Gandhi, harmonious development means – innate and acquired powers development from social to intellectual. Basic education helps with all round development of personality of the individuals.

4. Complete living aims: To Gandhi, life is very complex. So he formulated a scheme of education which would fit the children to later life and a child to be prepared for complete living. He should learn how to support his living, social adjustment, occupation and self¬reliance.

5. Character building aims: Character building was the chief aim of basic education. To him character is the expression ofthe w’hole personality including the ethical and spiritual aspects. One should subordinate his own interest to the greater interest ofthe society, cooperate his fellow being about a new social order. Such a person is really a man of character. In his aims of education, Gandhi emphasis the building of character.

The individual character will influence the national character.
i)Curriculum: Gandhi emphasized on child centred curriculum. Education should be related to the environment of the child. He opposed English as the medium of instruction and mother tongue as the medium of instruction up to the level of matriculation. To him English hinders the clarity of thought and put a check on self-expression.My mother tongue, one can express his view correctly and understand others. It also helps in the development of nationalism and patriotism
He introduced craft as a part of curriculum and the whole process of education should be imparted through some handicrafts.
ii) Craft: Education should be given through the medium of some craft on productive work. So different handicrafts like weaving, spinning, carpentry, earthen pot building etc.
iii) Activity centred: The teaching of various subjects should be emphasized. Teaching of craft will be the center point and the teaching of all subjects should be related to craft.The co-related teaching methods are to be employed.
iv) Mother tongue: Mother tongue should be medium of instruction. It will help the children for clear expression and clear understanding, develop patriotism and nationalism.
v) Religious and moral education: For the development of personality, character religions and moral education is to be given. All should respect to all religions. Ethics of all religions is to be taught as a part of education. To Gandhi there is need of moral leaders in free India and building modem India.

CHSE Odisha Class 12 Foundations of Education Unit 1 Contribution of Educators Long Answer Questions

Question 4:
Discuss the essential features of Basic Education. Explain the gift of Basic education to education.
Answer:
The essential features of Basic education include:

  • Free and compulsory education.
  • Purposeful activity-centred education.
  • Emphasis on mother tongue.
  • Self-supporting education.
  • Primary importance for village.
  • New cooperative regime.
  • Dignity of labor.
  • Co-operative work.
  • Integrated teaching.
  • Educates body, mind, and spirit.

1. Free and compulsory education: Basic Education implies a free and compulsory education for all children between the age of 7 to 14 years. It will reduce the disparity among the children.

2. Purposeful activity centred education: Basic Education centers round some purposeful activity or useful and productive craft training which supports self supporting aims of education.

3. Mother tongue: The medium of instruction should be mother tongue of the child. By this the child can express his views fluently and understand others’ views. It also inculcates the spirit of nationalism and patriotism.

4. Self-supporting: Basic Education is aimed at self-supporting. It followed the principles of learning by doing. They earn from their craft work as well, so as to cover their expenses. Thus craft has both educational and economic value.

5. Primary importance for the village: Basic education was primarily devised for the village. Gandhiji say, “In discussing the question of primary education, I have neither to deliberately confirmed myself to the village, as it is to villages that the bulk of Indians population resides’. To tackle successfully the question of village is to solve the problem for the cities also.

6. New cooperative regime: Basic education aims at bringing about a new cooperative regime in place of the present in-human regime based on exploitation and violent forces.

7. Dignity of labor: Basic education curriculum inculcates the virtue of dignity of labor, a keen sense of discipline, and a great sense of responsibility. Labour-centred education reduces disparity among pupils. It helps with self-employment.

8. Cooperative work: In the scheme of Basic education both the teachers and pupils work for community development and social progress.

9. Integrated teaching: In Basic education, all the subjects are taught in an integrated way. All the instructions are co-related. It seeks to develop the child as a whole. The child is taught with co-related teaching methods of all subjects like math, general science, social sciences, language, drawing and paintings etc. It helps the harmonious development of the child.

10. Educates body, mind, and spirit: Basic education is meant to educate the body, mind and spirit with an unique relation among them. It seeks to develop the child as a whole.

Question 5:
Discuss the causes of downfall of Basic education.
Answer:
Inspite of the merits of Basic education, the scheme was criticised by the richer classes, educationists and suffer from a number of limitations. After the death of Gandhiji the scheme was given a death-blow. The most important reasons of the failure of Basic Education are as follows :

  • The Unclear Concept.
  • Emphasis on Idealistic view.
  • Emphasis on Economic aspects.
  • Compact Area approach. ‘
  • Absence of Text Books.
  • Lack of Trained Skilled Teachers and Textbooks.
  • Faculty timetable.
  • Costliness of Basic Education.
  • Opposition of Traditionalists.
  • Matriculation of Minus English.
  • Lack of Research.

1) The Unclear Concept: In that period most of the educationists the common people, education administrators as well were not clear about the concept of Basic Education. They were confused of craft education and mechanical education. The common people could understand nothing. In that period, there was no provision of propagation and no mass media system to highlight the program. So the concept of the scheme could not touch the common people and got failure.

2. Emphasis on Idealistic Approach: The scheme laid stress on some idealistic practices like manual work. Such scheme of education was not accepted by the British and the intellectuals because they educated people do not appreciate that their children could do any manual labour. They sent their children to public schools and English medium schools. So the confusion is created.

3. Emphasis on Economic Aspects: In Basic Education, too much emphasis was given on economic aspect. The craft centredness was not accepted by the intellectuals as well as educationists. The productivity activity of self supporting aspect exploits the child labour and craft work puts emphasis on economic aspect. The students become money minded. The guardians felt that their children were turned into laborers, so they opposed the basic ideals of craft.

4. Compact Area Approach: Basic schools were opened in some specific areas, especially in rural areas but not in town areas. The scheme was worked out in a limited area on an experimental basis. So compact area approach was a major cause of the failure of such education system.

5. Absence of Text Books: Basic scheme of education emphasized on craft education. It was a mechanical education. Text books were riot emphasized and no text book was prepared as there were no writers to prepare textbooks on craft training. It was another major causes of the downfall of Basic Education.

6. Lack of Qualified teachers: It was a new type of education like craft. The traditional teachers failed to understand the new pattern of education and the curriculum prepared by Dr. Jakir Hussain. Qualified trained teachers were not available as it was mechanical teaching. There was no provision of teachers’ training. So lack of qualified trained teachers, the Basic Scheme of Education led its downfall.

7. Faculty Time Table: In Basic Education much more was invested or devoted for craft work and other subjects were neglected. In a Basic School 2/3rd. of the time was utilized in craft work. On the timetable, academic subjects were taught after craft work. So academic subjects were neglected. Agricultural students become tired to their academic work. So the faulty timetable was an obstacle of spreading Basic Education.

8. Costliness of Basic Education: As Basic Education needed equipment, so more initial cost was required to purchase craft equipment. There were no funds to meet such expenses and the Govt, could not afford it so it led its downfall.

9. Opposition of Traditionalists: The dream of Gandhi to build a classless society was strongly opposed by the higher class people. So the traditionalists and conservatives were afraid that the new social order would upset their position and so they strongly opposed the system of education.

10. Matriculation Minus English Course: Gandhiji emphasized that English should not be taught to the students in matriculation stages. But the richer classes opposed this and did not prefer to admit their children in such a school. So the strength of the school reduced day by day.

11. Lack of Research: No research activities were encouraged and no research centers were set up. So lack of research, newer methods of teaching, and techniques the Basic Scheme of Education led its downfall.

Question 6:
Discuss the aims of education of Satyabadi School.
Or Explain Gopabandhu’s Educational thoughts.
Or Discuss the contribution of Gopabandhu to the present education.
Answer:
Gopabandhu believed in universal education. The organizers of national Education League opined that everyone has the right of being educated, just as the rays of sun and moon. One shared equally by the people. Pandit Nilakantha Das emphasized classless society education. The people of Odisha are poor and they cannot afford for the education of their children. So Gopabandhu proposed an education that should be ideal, forced, and inexpensive. In 1909 he set up a School at Satyabadi named as Open Air Schooling based on the ideals of Gopabandhu.

The aims, main tenents and educational thoughts of Gopabandhu are discussed below.
1. In-expensive Education: Gopbandhu was hilly aware of that India being a poor country and Odisha a poor province it cannot pay for education of the entire population. So the cost of education to be reduced. He experimented with the groove school on the lines of ancient Gurukul System with no school building and tuition fee payable by the students should be minimum. They should lead a simple and austre life in the school hostel.

2. Idealistic Education – Gopabandhu believed that it is not a costly school building but the idealistic and dedicated teachers who can make a good school were appointed. It is remarked that a school does not consist of only buildings, chairs, and tables, there must be well-educated, sincere and idealistic teachers. No education worthwhile can be imparted without good and efficient teachers.

3. Practical Education – Gopabandhu was cirtical about the prevailing system of education which does not equip the individual to meet the requirement of life. He wanted education to be practical which should make the students economically independent.
To him the present system of education failed to prepare our students for the struggle of life. So they should be taught crafts to maintain their livelihood and they should be taught physical exercise, industry and agriculture etc.

4. Religious and Moral Education: Gopabandhu believed in the all round development of the personality of an individual through education. The students must be taught craft skills in order to capable them to earn their living. There is need of civilized and cultured individuals. So there is need of religious and moral instructions for morality.

5. Social Service and National Integration: Gopabandhu did not stress on individuality. To him, individual is a part of society. So education would enable the individuate to perform the social functions as efficiently as successfully as possible. For him education is a preparation for a life of dedicated social service in the society or nation.Through this education, he wanted to bring about emotional and national integration. In the community dinner in his hostel, every day, high or low sit together and take meals.

6. Women’s Education – Gopabandhu was revolutionary in nature. He knew that in the backward and traditional society of Odisha,a great deal of courage is essential to advocate women’s education. To him, women are the wealth of the family as well as the wealth of the nation. They are the Goddess of family life. If women are educated, they will take care of their children.

7. Mother tongue as the Medium of Instruction – Gopabandhu emphasized on the importance of the mother tongue in the education of a child. It is essential to develop his mental powers. It is also essential to realize the intellectual cultural and spiritual aims of education So education should be imparted through the mother tongue. By mother tongue, the creative powers is to be developed.

Question 7:
Discuss the main features of Groove School ?
Answer:
The main basic principles in which the groove school grew up includes the following:

  • Open Air School.
  • Free Education.
  • Ideal Teachers.
  • All round development of Personality.
  • Teaching Craft Skills.
  • New Methods of Teaching.
  • Community dinner and Cultural programmes.
  • Emphasis on co-curricular activities.

Importance on Mother’s tongue.

1. Open Air School: Gopabandhu knew well that Indians cannot afford and spend the amount of money in constructing school building and to reduce the expenditure in education without reducing the educational standards the attempts been made opening a groove school on the lines of old Gurukul system Thus, it is an Open Air School similar to Shantiniketan.

2. Free Education: Education was free and minimum fee was charged. The attempts to set up school, an old Gurukul system and the students will lead a simple austere life.

3. Ideal Teachers: Gopabandhu put high premium on the quality of teachers. Gopabandhu aimed at ideal education and teachers should be ideal sacrificing in nature. The teachers of Satyabadi school had voluntarily given up the pleasures of life for the purpose of rendering service to the community.

4. All round development of Personality: Satyabadi system of education aimed at the development of all the aspects of the personality. He emphasized character building inculcation of social values, virtues qualities of good citizenship, patriotism, brotherhood and spirituality. For the development of good qualities various co-curricular activities, debates, excursions, physical exercises, games and prayer assemblies are essential.

5. Teaching Craft Skills: The system of education strongly opposed the system of education bookish and aimed at imparting education of art and craft skills. Then the children will be able to prepare for the future, learn the struggle for life. Craft education may enable to earn their livelihood.

6. New Method of Teaching: Satyabadi Vana Vidyalaya was a residential school and the teachers and students stay together, in the hostels. The Headmaster, asks the teachers to submit their class notes to him for supervision. The teachers and the Headmasters, sit together and discuss mutually the course. The programs like debate, excursion etc. are continued.

7. Community dinner and Cultural program: The elected Secretary (from the boarders) manage the hostel The school and hostel for self-discipline democratic management and ideal student life. The students and teachers take dinner together. It teaches them community living.

8. Emphasis on co-curricular activities: To bring an all around development of personalities of the students various types of co-curricular activities were arranged in the Satyabadi School, such as (i) Literary activities (ii) Debates and games (iii) Prayer assembly (iv) Physical exercises (v) Literary magazines etc. Debates are aimed at oratoral abilities of the students. Physical exercises brings about the development of character, discipline and virtues. Prayer assembly develops the discipline and moral instructions.

9. Importance of Mother tongue: Mother tongue emphasized on the medium of instruction. It helps in understanding and developing nationalism, and patriotism and the child can express his views clearly and understand others.

CHSE Odisha Class 12 Foundations of Education Unit 1 Contribution of Educators Long Answer Questions

Question 8:
Explain, the causes of downfall of Open Air Schooling or Satyabadi Vana Vidyalaya.
Answer:
Like the downfall of Basic Education of Gandhi, for some reasons Satyabadi Vana Vidyalaya led its downfall. The chief causes are:

  • Lack of local support and unclear concept.
  • Economic condition.
  • Lack of help of the Govt.
  • Participation of Gopabandhu in Indian National Movement.
  • The death of Utkalmani.

1. Lack of local support and unclear concept – Satyabadi Vana Vidyalaya was surrounded by conservative villages. Conservative people and Brahmin society. Such conservatives did not appreciate the idealistic education system of Gopabandhu. Pandit Nilakantha Das wanted to build a classless society education which was a stroke to the conservatives.

The conservatives opposed this and they do not like to read their children with other backward-class children. They wanted to continue the superstitions.Lack of local support the enrolment of children is reduced.To oppose Gopabandhu’s system of education in 1912 on March 22, the conservatives fired the school and the main property of school library was destroyed. Such an incident shook the strength of the school.

2. Non-cooperation of the Govt.: It was not a traditional education system nor followed the British system of education and opposed the older beliefs, superstitions and conservatism. It is filled with idealism, patriotism, nationalism and social service programs.It aimed at creating leader for the state. So the British opposed it. No Govt, grant lias come and the application for Govt. Recognition was canceled. The school was transferred under Calcutta University in 1916 and then to Patna University in 1917, but it could not get the Govt. help.

3. Economic Condition : The third cause of the downfall of Open Air Schooling was the economic condition of the school. In 1921 Vana Vidyalaya was transferred into a National School. But the Govt, grant only two hundred rupees per year was refused and cut off very relationship from Patna University. In 1923, it turned to a National College and become autonomous. But it did not exist long. It suffered from the financial crisis. The teachers demanded to merge the college with the University. For this Gopabandhu remained away from the college. But the colleagues failed to continue the college for which it led its downfall.

4. Participation in Non-cooperation Movement: In 1920, Utkalamani joined in the Non-cooperation movement. He invested all his time and resources in the Freedom struggle. He found no time and resources to invest in groove school. Thus, the school led its downfall

5. The Death of Utkalamani: The day before the World famous Car Festival on June 17, 1928, Gopabandhu died in an immature death. The glorious chapter of Odia’s history’ came to an end. The next generation did not give any importance to the institution and just five years after the death of Utkalamani, the other Satyabadi Panchasakhas died one after another, the school was neglected and led its downfall.

Question 9:
Discuss the educational philosophy of Sri Aurobindo.
Answer:
Sri Aurobindo dedicated his whole life for society and education to provide contribution to travel towards divine perfection and to express the power, harmony, beauty and joy of self-realization.By education, he means that which will offer the tools whereby one can live for the divine for the country for oneself and for others. His principle of the philosophy of education, the awareness of man as a spiritual being.

Integral Education – Aurovindo’s integral education means integral growth of the individual’s personality. The function of education is to study the mind of individuals, people, nature, the universe. He put more emphasis to study the mind.

The human mind consists of four layers. They are :
1. Chitta – the storehouse of memory.
2. Manas – the sixth sense like – sight, sound, taste, smell, touch.
3. Budhi – thought or intellect.
4. Truth – Satya
Integral education, attempts to the integral development of physical being, vital beings, psychic being and mental being about a transformation of man into a spiritual being.

Aurobindo’s philosophy of Education are:
1. Education of the Physical being: To Aurovindo beauty is the ideal of physical life such as (i) To discipline and control the physical function (ii) For harmonious development of the body and physical movements (iii) Rectification of defects (iv) To awaken the body consciousness one has to undertake physical exercises. The factors of spiritual discipline, service, bhakti, and yoga are essential physical education. Restlessness is the important aspect to control the body and to achieve. Concentration physical education also controls sex drives or impulses. Emphasis is given on games and sports which an renew physical and higher forms of energy, develop tolerance, self control, friendliness etc.

2. Education of the Vital Being : It helps in the development of character. Vital education emphasizes on the vital being of man by which the man be able to understand the inner and outer world. It develops self observation. Vital being means utilization of the sense organs which help us to receive knowledge. The senses like a sight hearing, small, touch, taste and mind should be trained. Vital education also aimed at the aesthetic personality development.

3. Education of the Mental Being: Mental being education emphasizes on mental science and concentration. The mother says to silence the mind, one has to take the help of classical yoga. By yoga, one can acquire mastery of the mind. So knowledge of the education of mental being which helps is the gradual liberation from ignorance.
Mental education has three-fold functions:
i)To gather old knowledge.
ii) To discover new knowledge.
iii) To develop the capacity use and apply the knowledge acquired.
Through the application of knowledge, the pupil develops cognition, ideas, intelligence and mental perception. For this man becomes the source of knowledge.

4. Education for Psyche Being: Psyche being is the psychological centre of mind. The function of education is to enable man to become conscious of the psychological centre which is key to an integral personality. Psyche education is to enable an individual to see his soul grow in freedom. It supports the vital, physical, and mental being. When an individual develops psyche consciousness, he understands life and himself.

To him the psyche being is a spiritual personality put forward by the soul in its evaluation. The business of education is to develop the capacity of psychological being towards a realization of potentialities. Psyche being is possible through yoga or tapasya of love. As a result of this yoga one can attain liberation from suffering.As a result four-fold approval like the physical, the mental, the psyche and love in the ii idi v ideal student, the man gets liberation from the material world, desires, ignorance and suffering.
A tota 1 spiritual education is the goal of education and spiritual transformation of man is the goal o f integral education.

Question 10:
Discuss the philosophical thoughts of Rousseau.
Answer:
Rousseau’s philosophical thoughts are related to Naturalism and Negative Education.

1) His Naturalism
a) God has made all humans good but when they come in contact with society they become spoiled. In order to change them again into good, we should bring them back to nature.
b) In the beginning of human civilization, man was happy and good, but now he is unhappy. If he goes back to nature, he will again be happy and good. Thus, a child be educated and developed according to his natural tendencies. Society and school has no role to play in the process.
c) He did not like old values and traditions of the society. According to him, social relations can be brought about by destroying these values.
d) There are three main forms of naturalism such as Social, Psychological and Physical. In his social naturalism, he devises education as a method to mold the society. He opined that we could not become a man and citizens at the same time. Out of two options, we should become a man only. Thus, the individuality of man is honored by him. Psychological naturalism meant that the child should be given chance to develop on the basis of his inner feeling and natural tendencies and experiences gained from contact with others are harmful and unnatural.By physical naturalism, Rousseau means that child should be given chance to come in contact with birds, animals, and other physical objects of nature and learn in the process. This learning will make him free from evils.
e) He opposes the organization of education in social foundations. Thus he opposed school/education in the formal sense and advocated an individual basis of education.
f) He opposed too all sorts of habit formation in the child. It is because this can make a child traditional.
Thus, Rousseau’s Naturalism is fully of many unnatural and impracticable ideas and he himself realized it but he put three ideas with such a force that is influenced not only the society of Europe but also the educational system of the period.

2) Negative Education
In the 17th. century, Europe, man was considered bad by nature. So efforts were made to change the nature of man by imparting religious education.
Rousseau went contrary to this believing infallibility of man and proposed the idea of Negative Education. By this education he means not teaching truth or virtues to a child but shielding his heart from evils and mind from errors. The feature of his negative education are given below:
a) Nothing against the interest, attitude on age of the child should be taught. He should be given full freedom to choose his own curriculum.
b) The education of a child should be based on his natural tendencies and stages of development by using different organs and senses of the child. Mind should be less taxed for the purpose. Mind should be inactive toll the child develops discretion power in him thus he emphasized, the training of senses by keeping the mind idle.
c) Child should be protected from outside environment to keep him alien to vices. In this way, there will not be any need to impart knowledge of virtues to the child. Virtues may be taught of the later stage of life.
d) The child should not be taught anything at all, especially from books. Small children should learn from nature itself.
e) Thus by Negative Education, Rousseau opposed not only the mental development of the individuals/child but he also opposed moral and spiritual development.

Question 11:
Discuss the different phases of education of Emile as supported by Rousseau. Curriculum, methods of teaching and discipline.
Answer:
Rousseau’s programme of education for Emile is devised into different phases and Rousseau had divided the whole programme of education curriculum on the basis of the development stages of human child.
(i) Infancy (from 00 to 5 years): At this stage instead of giving the child controlled information of various subjects it is better to pay attention to the development of child’s body and his sense organs. He should be allowed to play with whatever things he likes. The dresses should be made for free movement. His toys should be cheap ordinary and natural like leaves, plants flowers, stems etc. According to Rousseau Emile should be given a negative Education druing infancy.

(ii) Childhood (5 to 12 years): Rousseau opposed the use of textbooks during this period. The child should be given chance to leam everything through observation and experiences. These experiences develop sense organs, which will lead to the development of mind and power of reasoning. He should be allowed full freedom to use his sense, the sense organs, the eyes to be trained to measure height, weight, and distance.

(iii) Adolescence (12-15 years): During this period natural curiosity of the adult develops. So he should be taught natural science and languages, mathematics, music, painting and social services. He should use maps in learning geography.

(iv) Adulthood (15 – 20 years): The organs become active with a maturity of mind and intellect he should leam social and moral education like objects of social services.
His Discipline: Rousseau advocated complete freedom, left free to the environment.
Self discipline is learnt in the process of experiences. There is no scope ofgiving any punishment to the child but natural process of feed back in stills discipline in him.

Question 12:
Dsicuss the life philosophy of Rousseau. Give his educational aims and ‘Self Education’ and curriculum.
Answer:
Life Philosophy of Rousseau: Jean Jacques Rousseau (1712 -1778) lost his mother just after his birth and his father brought him up but he could not look after him. Rousseau fell to prey to all sorts of bad habits. He originally belonged to Geneva and the beauty of that place lured him to use it and it made him a careless man.
Rousseau got matured. He hated the society for its evils. Evil customs and artificial traditions and tried to retun it on the line of nationalism and wished everybody shun the evil society and live with nature.

Out of five books, “The progress of arts and science”, “New Heloise”, Confessions, ‘Social Contract’ and ‘Emile’ are unique and the last two books ‘Social Contract’ and ‘Emile’ brought great name and fame to him.His ideas of education can be seen in Emile. It is a novel whose hero is Emile and the heroine is Sofia. In his book, Rousseau keeps Emile away from society and culture and leaves him under the guidance of an ideal teacher in the natural environment and Emile is educated in an atmosphere of natural beauty. There are five chapters in the book. The first chapter describes education of Emile is in fancy, childhood, adolescence and adulthood and the last chapter deals with the education of Emile’s wife Sofia.

People reacted against his book “Emile very sharply. France and Switzerland banned it end it was put into the fire at many place in Europe consequently. Rousseau had to leave France for England in 1766.After 11 years of exile, he returned to France and wrote his last book “Confession”. Rousseau’s philosophical thoughts are related to Naturalism and Negative Education.

Educational Aims: Rousseau emphasized on the following aims of education, l) We are bom weak and we want strength. We are poor and we want help. Whatever we do, not have is to be given by education is the ultimate aim of education.

  • To establish harmony between man, object and nature.
  • Child attains pleasure by using his organs and senses and by applying his strength. So the aims of education is to develop his various innate powers by helping him in his natural activities.
  • Books are not end of education. They are only means and the child is the end. The aim of education is to develop the child to be fullest for a complete and happy life.

His Self-Education:
i) He opposes strongly the imposition of ideals and morals into the mind of the child from
outside. Children should learn these things through activities. It is because the children are more interested in activities rather than sitting idle and hearing lectures. At that stage, helps enough power of assimilate between construction and destruction. His only concern is to bring about change will form through any activity.
ii) Body can become strong through physical exericse and mind also become strong through self study. In self-education the child can proceed further according to his own physical and mental capacities.
iii) Only that knowledge gets retained for a longer period, which is learned from self-experiences. We should accept the experiences of others only after our own wisdom.
iv) Blind fellowship is not accepted at all. A child should not learn a thing because he has been asked to do so but he should learn oniyit in the process of his self study.
v) Special emphasis is to be given on the physical development of the child.
Curriculum
Rousseau was against the fixed curriculum, the child should be educated through activities and first-hand experiences.During infancy positive instructions to be imparted with good health training of senses and cultivation of natural habits. At the stage of childhood provision of in parting physical education through a set of gymnastics and the exercises training of senses.

At the stage of boyhood, the chief intellect is to be trained through teaching of good sense of physical senses, language, mathematics, manual works, social relations, music and drawing.At adolescence morality of the individual is to be trained through teaching of good education and by activity method and occupation. Moral education subjects are : history, religion, aesthetics, physical culture and sex education etc. are included in the curriculum at the adolescence stage.

CHSE Odisha Class 12 Foundations of Education Unit 1 Contribution of Educators Long Answer Questions

Question 13:
Discuss John Dewey’s contribution to educational thought and practice.
Answer:
John Dewey is one of the greatest educationists of the modem age. He has revolutionized the exponent of pragmatism.
Meaning of Education to John Dewey: John Dewey considered individuality as the aim of education. According to him, all education proceeds by the participation of the individual in social consciousness of the race. The educative process, according to John Dewey has two aspects – Psychological and Sociological because every individual is a psychological as well as social being. So no aspect can be neglected in the process of education.

  1.  Education as life: According to John Dewey education is a process of living. So the school experiences should have a resemblance with life outside the school and the school functions as a society in miniature form.
  2.  Education as Growth: Education is a continuous process that adds to child’s experience resulting in the growth and development of the child. It helps the child to grow to its full extent.
  3.  Education as Reconstruction of Experience: Every generation inherits certain experiences from its previous generation. These experiences are to be modified according to the changing situations through education.
  4. Education as a Social Process: Man is a social being and education socializes to human child. Right education helps the child make suitable adjustments with his social environment.John Dewey and Aims of Education: John Dewey is of the opinion that education process no aim beyond itself, it is its own end. There are no fixed aim of education to John Dewey.

Because, human life changes with the changes in time, place and situations and education should cater to the changing nature of human life. Education should therefore aim at cultivating a dynamic and adaptable mind in the child so that he can suitably adjust with his changing environment. Education should also create new value for the child. Education should aim at inculcating democratic values and attitudes in the child.

John Dewey and Curriculum: Curriculum according to John Dewey should reflect the child’s social life and social activities. It should be flexible, and changeable and it should take into consideration the child’s interests and educative experiences. As per example the curriculum at the primary stages should be based on the fourfold interests of the small child, interests in conservation and communication interests in inquiry interests in making change or construction and interest in artistic expression. Hence subjects like reading, writing, counting, handwork and drawing etc. are to be included at this stage.

The curriculum at higher students of education must have provisions for the environment and reorganization of past experiences. It just stimulates the learner to acquire new experiences and new ideas to they learned ones. John Dewey has also put emphasis on curriculum. This means each subject should be linked with the other and each should also related to the day life of the child.

John Dewey and Method of Teaching: John Dewey put emphasis on learning by doing. He stressed project method and this method is meant for the child. Earning was to be emphasized on teaching. The students should be free to carry on their whole planning and activity. Learning should be incidental and an outcome of the purposeful activity.

John Dewey and Discipline: John Dewey believed in the theory of free discipline and self-discipline. Discipline imposed from outside is directive with eyes of the John Dewey. Discipline should be social in character. The natural impulses of the child should be channelized in a socially desirable way. The main function of school discipline is to cultivate in the children’s social attitude, habits and ideal conduct through cooperative activity.

John Dewey and Role of the Teacher: In John Dewey’s system of education the child occupies the central position. The teacher is the friend, philosopher and guide of students. The teacher has to observe the pupil’s planning, encourage their activity and provide them the necessary opportunity and environment. John Dewey’s teacher is free to frame his own curriculum and carry on the administration ofhis own school.

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CHSE Odisha Class 12 Foundations of Education Unit 3 Current Issues in Education Objective Questions

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CHSE Odisha 12th Class Foundations of Education Unit 3 Current Issues in Education Objective Questions

Multiple Choice Tests

Question 1.
What is the class range of Elementary Education?
(a) Ito V
(b) I to VI
(c) I to VIII
(d) I to XI
Answer:
(c) I to VIII

Question 2.
What is the present structure of education in India?
(a) 10+3+2
(b) 10+2+3 .
(c) 11+2+3
(d) Noen of the these
Answer:
(b) 10+2+3

Question 3.
Which committee explored to Wastage in Education?
(a) Kothari Commission
(b) Ishwar Bhai Patel Committee
(c) Mudaliar Commission
(d) Hartog Committee
Answer:
(d) Hartog Committee

Question 4.
Which article of the Indian Constitution provides for free and compulsory elementary education?
(a) Article 29
(b) Article 45
(c) Article 46
(d) Article 49
Answer:
(b) Article 45

Question 5.
In which amendment of the constitution compulsory education 6-14 age group is accepted?
(a) 90th
(b) 96th
(c) 92nd
(d) 93rd
Answer:
(d) 93rd.

Question 6.
In which stages of education there is maximum wastage and stagnation?
(a) Higher Education
(b) Secondary Education
(c) Higher Secondary Education
(d) Primary Education
Answer:
(d) Primary Education

Question 7.
In which category there is maximum wastage and stagnation?
(a) Aristocratic
(b) Physically disabled
(c) Tribal
(d) None
Answer:
(c) Tribal

Question 8.
Operation Black-board means:
(a) Qualitative development in primary education.
(b) Qualitative growth on secondary education.
(c) Progress in higher education
(d) None of the above
Answer:
(a) Qualitative development in primary education.

Question 9.
In which article education is given fundamental rights?
(a) 19
(b) 21(1)
(c) 29
(d) 45
Answer:
(b) 21(1)

Question 10.
Who recommended free and compulsory education in India first?
(a) Gandhi
(b) Hartog Committee
(c) Gopal Krishna Gokhale
(d) None of the above
Answer:
(c) Gopal Krishna Gokhale.

Question 11.
Who identified wastage and stagnation first?
(a) Mudaliar Commission (1952-53)
(b) Sampumananda Committee (1961)
(c) Hartog Committee (1929)
(d) Ishwar Bhai Patel Committee (1968)
Answer:
(c) Hartog Committee (1929).

Question 12.
Which committee recommended for religious and spiritual values in education?
(a) Kothari Commission
(b) Mudaliar Commission
(c) Sri Prakash Committee
(d) None of the above
Answer:
(c) Sri Prakash Committee

Question 13.
Which authority works in Odisha for universal primary education?
(a) DPEP
(b) OPEPA
(c) SCERT
(d) None of the above
Answer:
(b) OPEPA

Question 14.
Which committee recommended SUPW in school education?
(a) Hartog Committee (1929)
(b) Ishwar Bhai Patel Committee (1968)
(c) Hanter Committee (1882)
(d) Mudaliar Committee
Answer:
(b) Ishwar Bhai Patel Committee (1968).

Question 15.
‘No religious education to be imparted’ in which article is mentioned?
(a) Article -45
(b) Article -29
(c) Article -15
(d) Article 21(l)
Answer:
(b) Article – 29

Question 16.
When SCERT was established?
(a) 1988
(b) 1978
(c) 1968
(d) None
Answer:
(b) 1978

Question 17.
What is the major obstacle in the way of universalization?
(a) Social causes
(b) Economic causes
(c) Wastage and Stagnation
(d) Conservatives
Answer:
(c) Wastage and Stagnation

Question 18.
When Sampumananda Committee was setup?
(a) 1951
(b) 1961
(c) 1971
(d) 2013
Answer:
(b) 1961

Question 19.
To which Sampumananda Committee is related?
(a) Emotional and N.I.
(b) National Security.
(c) International Understanding.
(d) Universal Education.
Answer:
(a) Emotional and N.I.

Question 20.
When UNO was formed?
(a) 1937
(b) 1947
(c) 1945
(d) 1915
Answer:
(c) 1945

CHSE Odisha Class 12 Foundations of Education Unit 3 Current Issues in Education Objective Questions

Question 21.
When 10+2+3 got its Parliamentary approval?
(a) 1986
(b) 1992
(c) 1968
(d) 1966
Answer:
(c) 1968

Question 22.
What feeling is created by singing National Anthem?
(a) International understanding.
(b) National integration
(c) Sense of egoism.
(d) None of these
Answer:
(b) National integration.

Question 23.
From which year D.P.E.P. worked out in Odisha?
(a) 1986
(b) 1990
(c) 1922
(d) 1994
Answer:
(d) 1994.

Question 24.
For Which Category I.E.P.C. Is Worked Out in Odisha?
(a) Scheduled Castes.
(b) Scheduled Tribe,
(c) Physically Disabled.
(d) Advantage Children.
Answer:
(c) Physically Disabled.

Question 25.
What indicates: “Fatherhood of God and brotherhood of man”?
(a) Spiritual values.
(b) Moral values.
(c) Social values.
(d) Democratic values.
Answer:
(a) Spiritual values.

Question 26.
Which type of value is social efficiency?
(a) Moral values
(b) Spiritual values
(c) Social values
(d) None.
Answer:
(c) Social values

Question 27.
Which value is “Idealistic philosophy”?
(a) Social values
(b) Moral values
(c) Spiritual values
(d) Internal values
Answer:
(d) Internal values

Question 28.
Which values help to lead a peaceful life in society?
(a) Social values
(b) Religious values
(c) Moral values
(d) None
Answer:
(a) Social values

Question 29.
Who told education has responsibility in creating national spirits?
(a) Sardar Patel Committee
(b) Gajendra Gadaker Committee
(c) Adiseshaya Committee
(d) Sampumananda Committee
Answer:
(b) Gajendra Gadakar Committee

Question 30.
When Gajendra Gadkar Committee established?
(a) 1961
(b) 1968
(c) 1951
(d) 1967
Answer:
(b) 1968

Question 31.
Which type of value is social efficiency?
(a) Moral values
(b) Spiritual values
(c) Social values
(d) None
Answer:
(c) Social values

Question 32.
Who was the chairman of Indian Education Commission?
(a) L.S Muadaliar
(b) Sadler
(c) D.SKothari
(d) Ramaswamy
Answer:
(c) D.S Kothari

Question 33.
Why do we observe National days?
(a) To recall it
(b) It tastes well
(c) To observe Holiday
(d) To evoke national spirits
Answer:
(d) To evoke national spirits

Question 34.
Asperto constitution by which year the nation would have provided free and compulsory primary Education?
(a) 1950
(b) 1960 .
(c) 1970
(d) 2000
Answer:
(b) 1960

Question 35.
On which day we observe Environment day?
(a) June 4
(b) June 5
(c) December 5
(d) May 4
Answer:
(a) June 4

Question 36.
Which one of the following necessary photosynthesis?
(a) Air
(b) Sunlight
(c) Water
(d) All of these
Answer:
(d) All of these

Question 37.
World Water day is observe on:
(a) 8th March
(b) 23rd March
(c) 14th March
(d) 18th March
Answer:
(b) 23rd March

Question 38.
ENVIRONER is a word of_____.
(a) English
(b) French
(c) Hindi
(d) None
Answer:
(b) French

Question 39.
Environmental education is given in the schools by?
(a) Speech
(b) Writing
(c) Playing
(d) Using oneself
Answer:
(a) Speech

Question 40.
Social development of a child initially depends on :
(a) Parents .
(b) Environment
(c) School
(d) Socity
Answer:
(b) Environment

CHSE Odisha Class 12 Foundations of Education Unit 3 Current Issues in Education Objective Questions

Question 41.
Environment Education means
(a) To develop the knowledge and skills about Environment
(b) To prevent Environmental Education
(c) To recognise the crisis of Environment
(d) To develop Environment Technique
Answer:
(a) To develop the knowledge and skills about Environment

Question 42.
The first Environmental conference on Environmental education was held in:
(a) India (New Delhi)
(b) France (Paris).
(c) Russia (Trulise)
(d) Yugoslovia (Belgrade)
Answer:
(d) Yugoslovia (Belgrade)

Question 43.
Syllabus of Environmental education should be:
(a) Same
(b) According to the age
(c) According to the educational stage
(d) According to age and educational stage
Answer:
(d) According to age and educational stage

Question 44.
Which of the following greenhouse gases has the greatest heat-trapping ability?
(a) Carbon dioxide
(b) Carbon monoxide
(c) Chlorofluro Carbon
(d) Methane
Answer:
(c) Cholorofluro carbon

Question 45.
Which of the following not a major greenhouse gas?
(a) Carbon dioxide
(b) Calcium carbonate
(c) Methane
(d) Water vapour
Answer:
(a) Carbon dioxide

Question 46.
Which is the harm from the depletion of earth ozone layer?
(a) The average temperature of earth surface will increase gradually.
(b) The oxygen content of the atmosphere will decrease.
(c) Increased amount of ultraviolet will reach earth’s surface.
(d) Sea level will rise as the polar is ice caps will gradually melt.
Answer:
(c) Increased amount of ultraviolet will reach earth’s surface.

Question 47.
Acid rain is formed due to contribution from the following pain of gases?
(a) Methane and ozone.
(b) Oxygen and Nitrous oxide.
(c) Methane and sulphur dioxide.
(d) Carbon dioxide and sulphur dioxide.
Answer:
(b) Oxygen and Nitrous oxide.

Question 48.
Envirnor belong to which language?
(a) English
(b) French
(c) Hindi
(d) None
Answer:
(b) French

Question 49.
The prime health risk associated with greater U. V. radiation due to depletion and stratospheric zone.
(a) Damage to digestive system.
(b) Increased liver cancer.
(c) Neurological disorder.
(d) Increased skin cancer.
Answer:
(b) Increased liver cancer.

Question 50.
Which of the following problem is not created by noise pollution?
(a) Deafness
(b) Irritation
(c) Diarrhoea
(d) Hypertention
Answer:
(c) Diarrhoea

Question 51.
If waste materials contaminate the source of drinking water, which of the following diseases will spread?
(a) Scurvy
(b) Typhoid
(c) Malaria
(d) Anemia
Answer:
(b) Typhoid

Question 52.
When Yana Mahatsob is held?
(a) 2nd. October
(b) 1st. December
(c) 1st. July
(d) 15th. August
Answer:
(c) 1st. July

Question 53.
When World Environment day is observed?
(a) July 5
(b) June 5
(c) October 5
(d) January 5
Answer:
(b) June 5

Question 54.
Dicomposers include
(a) Bacteria
(b) Bacteria and fungi
(c) Animals
(d) None
Answer:
(b) Bacteria and fungi

Question 55.
Concentration of which gas is highest in our environment?
(a) Oxygen
(b) Hydrogen
(c) Nitrogen
(d) Carbon dioxide
Answer:
(c) Nitrogen

Question 56.
Biotic environment include :
(a) Producer
(b) Consumers
(c) Decomposers
(d) All of
these
Answer:
(d) All of these

Question 57.
ABACUS was developed in?
(a) Japan
(b) India
(c) China
(d) U.S.A.
Answer:
(c) China

Question 58.
Who was the ‘Father of Computer Science?
(a) Charles Babbage
(b) Gottrified Leihritz
(c) Dr. Jon Vincent
(d) Blaise Pascal
Answer:
(a) Charles Babbage

Question 59.
The demonstration of the first programme of ENIAC was held in:
(a) 1947
(b) 1948
(c) 1949
(d) 1950
Answer:
(c) 1949

Question 60.
Which computer is used for counting?
(a) Digital
(b) Analog
(c) Mini
(d) Superframe
Answer:
(a) Digital

CHSE Odisha Class 12 Foundations of Education Unit 3 Current Issues in Education Objective Questions

Question 61.
Which computer is used for education?
(a) Hybrid
(b) Digital
(c) CAI
(d) CAT
Answer:
(c) CAI

Question 62.
Who is the founding father of computer?
(a) Sir Ronald
(b) Charles Babbage
(c) Gottrified
(d) John Vincent
Answer:
(a) Sir Ronald

Question 63.
ABACUS is more essential in the work of:
(a) Housework
(b) Washing
(c) Education
(d) None
Answer:
(c) Education

Answer in single word / single sentence

Question 1.
The best element of National Integration?
Answer:
Education

Question 2.
The present structure of Education in India?
Answer:
10+2+3

Question 3.
The class range of Elementary Education?
Answer:
1 to VIII

Question 4.
When N.P.E. 1986 was revised?
Answer:
1922

Question 5.
Give three meanings of Education.
Answer:
Man, nature and things.

Question 6.
Which day we observe the Environment Day?
Answer:
June 5

Question 7.
Premature withdrawal of students from school before the completion of primary education?
Answer:
Wastage

Question 8.
Retention of a child in a class more than one year is called?
Answer:
Stagnation

Question 9.
When man develops social efficiency called?
Answer:
Social Value

Question 10.
Which has value in use and value in utility, what we call it ?
Answer:
Social Value

Question 11.
Full form of NIEPA?
Answer:
National Institute of Educational Planning and Administration.

Question 12.
The Philosophy of Idealism called?
Answer:
Instrinsic value.

Question 13.
Full form of DPEP?
Answer:
District Primary Education Programme.

Question 14.
The realization of Fatherhood of God and Brotherhood of Man is?
Answer:
Spiritual value.

Question 15.
Full form of EGS is?
Answer:
Education Guarantee Scheme.

Question 16.
What is the meaning of Operation Blackboard?
Answer:
Qualitative Development of Education.

Question 17.
What is the aim of National Policy of Education?
Answer:
Planning of Education for all.

Question 18.
Which committee recommended Vocational Education for Secondary Education?
Answer:
Adiseshaya Committee (1978).

Question 19.
Who identified wastage and stagnation first?
Answer:
Hartog Committee 1929.

Question 20.
Who brought proposal in Centre Cabinet in 1910 for the Compulsory Education?
Answer:
Gopal Krishna Gokhale.

Question 21.
In which caste wastage arid stagnation maximum?
Answer:
Scheduled Tribe.

Question 22.
What is the chief aim of 10+2+3 pattern of education?
Answer:
To emphasize the Vocational Education.

Question 23.
Give an aim of NPEI 1986.
Answer:
Scientific and Technological Development.

Question 24.
What do you mean by N.I.?
Answer:
Unity in Diversity is N. I.

Question 25.
Mention the utility of observation of National Days.
Answer :
Create the feeling of Nationality.

CHSE Odisha Class 12 Foundations of Education Unit 3 Current Issues in Education Objective Questions

Question 26.
What do you mean by 3 R’s?
Answer:
In the past, the objective of Primary Education was 3R’s (Training of Reading, Writing and Arithmetic).

Question 27.
Mention die age range of universalization?
Answer:
6 to 14

Question 28.
Who provides funds for population education in Odisha?
Answer:
World Bank.

Question 29.
What is the main instrument of N.I.?
Answer:
Education

Question 30.
From which levels there is provision of the teaching Environmental Education in Odisha?
Answer:
Primary

Question 31.
Which organisation manages +2 Education in Odisha?
Answer:
C.H.S.E.

Question 32.
When U.GC. was set up?
Answer:
28th. December 1953.

Question 33.
Full form of SIET?
Answer:
State Institute of Educational Technology.

Question 34.
What do you mean by Operation Blackboard?
Answer:
Qualitative Development of Primary Education through the use of Aids and materials.

Question 35.
What is Emotional Integration?
Answer:
Emotional Integration refers to creating a sense of oneness among the people of the country through the training of mind and heart.

Question 36.
What is the need of National Integration?
Answer:
For internal discipline of the state for social economic development, emotional unity and cultural consciousness among the people.

Question 37.
What is the normal age for admission?
Answer:
5+

Question 38.
Why do we observe National days in schools?
Answer:
To inculcate National Unity among the people.

Question 39.
What is Abiotic factors?
Answer:
The abiotic factors are non-living components such as physical or chemical factors which includes temperature, light, types of building, location etc.

Question 40.
Classify Biotic factors?
Answer:
Biotic factors are living components such as teacher, students, and the administrators.

Question 41.
How the environment is polluted?
Answer:
Environment is polluted by industrial wastes, washing and bathing, pesticides and biotics, fertilizers, detergents, smoke as air pollution, fuel, deforastation etc.

Question 42.
What is atmosphere?
Answer:
It is the mixture of gases that surround the earth surface like an envelope.

Question 43.
What is the average temperature at the top of troposphere?
Answer:
16 degree C. is the average temperature at the top of the troposphere.

Question 44.
What is the constitutional gas at stratosphere?
Answer:
Ozone is the constitutional gas of stratosphere.

Question 45.
In Which layer of atmosphere tele communication takes place?
Answer:
In ionosphere of the atmosphere tele – communication takes place.

CHSE Odisha Class 12 Foundations of Education Unit 3 Current Issues in Education Objective Questions

Question 46.
What is the average % of nitrogen gas on atmosphere?
Answer:
The average % of nitrogen in atmosphere is 78 %.

Question 47.
What is Biosphere?
Answer:
The whole of the region on the earth’s surface the air and the sea that is inhabited by living organisms is known as Biosphere.

Question 48.
What are the non-living components of Biosphere?
Answer:
Three non-living components of Biosphere are:
l) Lithosphere
n) Hydrosphere
in) Atmosphere

Question 49.
Define lithosphere?
Answer:
The soil and rocks on earth’s surface as well as below water bodies from the solid components called lithosphere.

Question 50.
What is producer?
Answer:
The green plant and photosynthetic bacteria that have the capability to utilise sunlight and water minerals from soil to prepare organic food materials are called producer.

Question 51.
Define pollution?
Answer:
Pollution is defined an undesirable changes in the physical, chemical and biological properties of air,water, soil that affects the living organism adversely.

Question 52.
What is Global Village concept?
Answer:
Because of the development in science the whole world becomes a small village which is called ‘Global Village Concept’.

Question 53.
How many education circle and education district in Odisha?
Answer:
There are 65 education districts and 19 education circles in Odisha.

Question 54.
Which committee explored wastage and stagnation?
Answer:
In 1929 Hartog Committee explored the wastage and stagnation.

Question 55.
What is the literacy rate as per 2001 census?
Answer:
63.61

Question 56.
What is literacy rate to 1991 census?
Answer:
49.01

Question 57.
What is the aim of education in 1952-53 Commission?
Answer:
Attainment of Vocational Efficiency.

Question 58.
When vocational education at+2 level implemented in Odisha?
Answer:
1986.

Fill in the Blanks with Appropriate Words

Question 1.
In_____stage wastage and stagnation is maximum?
Answer:
Primary.

Question 2.
______ told ‘the destiny of India is constructed in the classroom’.
Answer:
Kothari Commission.

Question 3.
In 1986 Education Policy ______ project worked out.
Answer:
Operation Black-Board.

Question 4.
The wastage rate is high in ______ children.
Answer:
Tribal.

Question 5.
The provision of admitting children in primary class at 5+years is known as______.
Answer:
Universal Enrolment.

Question 6.
The enrolment age of Navodaya Vidyalaya is______.
Answer:
9 to 13

Question 7.
______ committee recommended S.U.P.W. curriculum.
Answer:
Ishwar Bhai Patel Committee.

Question 8.
In ______ D.P.E.P. worked out in Odisha.
Answer:
1994

Question 9.
Sampumananda Committee is related to ______.
Answer:
Emotional Integration.

Question 10.
______gas has heat absorbing capacity is Maximum?
Answer:
C.F.C. (Chlorofluro carbon).

Question 11.
I.E.P.C. is meant for_____in our state.
Answer:
Physically disabled.

Question 12.
______ committee recommended for religions and spiritual education in Educational Institutions.
Answer:
Sri Prakash Committee.

Question 13.
______qualities helps man to lead a peaceful life in the society.
Answer:
Social values.

Question 14.
______authority is working in Odisha for Universalization
Answer:
OPEPA.

Question 15.
The steps taken our state for Universalization is ______.
Answer:
Mid Time Meal (MDM).

Question 16.
In______article Education is given Fundamental right.
Answer:
21(1).

Question 17.
In article Primary Education Universalization is given a direction by constitution.
Answer:
Article-45.

Question 18.
In______year 10+2+3 pattern of Education got parliamentary approval.
Answer:
1968.

Question 19.
SCERT established in_____
Answer:
1978.

Question 20.
The three sizes of Education are ,______,______,______.
Answer:
Nature, Man, Things.

Question 21.
The present structure of Education is _______
Answer:
10+2+3.

Question 22.
______ Committee recommended Vocational Education in Secondary Education.
Answer:
Secondary Education.

Question 23.
To _____ by bricks and hammer National Integration cannot be constructed but by
education it can be touch all slowly.
Answer:
Dr. Radhakrishnan.

CHSE Odisha Class 12 Foundations of Education Unit 3 Current Issues in Education Objective Questions

Question 24.
By _____ the spirit of National Integration can be created among the students.
Answer:
Pen Friendship.

Question 25.
______ is a co-curriclur activity to establish N.I. ?
Answer:
Observing National Days.

Question 26.
National Integration means ______?
Answer:
National Unity.

Question 27.
In _____ the first World Environment Conference was held.
Answer:
Yugoslovia (Belgrade).

Question 28.
Cutting of forests means _____.
Answer:
Deforestation.

Question 29.
Van Mahostab is observed in ______.
Answer:
July, 1.

Question 30.
The first Environmental Education Conference was held in 1977 in ______.
Answer:
Russia

Question 31.
Establish relationship between _____ and _____ is the aim of Environmental Education
Answer:
Plant and Animals.

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CHSE Odisha Class 12 Foundations of Education Unit 1 Contribution of Educators Objective Questions

Odisha State Board CHSE Odisha Class 12 Foundations of Education Solutions Unit 1 Contribution of Educators Objective Questions and Answers.

CHSE Odisha 12th Class Foundations of Education Unit 1 Contribution of Educators Objective Questions

Question 1.
What is the other name of Basic Education?
(a) Vocational Education
(b) Professional Education
(c) New Train
(d) New Policy of Education
Answer:
(c) New Train

Question 2.
Which committee designed the curriculum of Basic Education?
(a) Hartog Committee
(b) Jakir Hussain Committee
(c) Basic Education Committee
(d) Mudaliar Committee
Answer:
(b) Jakir Hussain Committee

Question 3.
When did Gandhiji take birth?
(a) 2nd. October 1863
(b) 2nd. October 1869
(c) 9th. October 1937
(d) None of the above
Answer:
(b) 2nd. October 1869

Question 4.
In which year Wardha Education Conference was held?
(a) August 15,1947.
(b) October 22, 23, 1937
(c) January 30,1869
(d) 9, October, 1877
Answer:
(b) October 22, 23,1937

Question 5.
Who is the propounder of Class less Society in Odisha?
(a) Pandit Nilakantha Das
(b) RadhanathRay
(c) Madhusudan Das
(d) Gopabandhu Das
Answer:
(a) Pandit Nilakantha Das

Question 6.
Who established Satyabadi Vana Vidyalaya?
(a) Gandhi
(b) Gopabandhu
(c) Tagore
(d) Aurovindo
Answer:
(b) Gopabandhu

Question 7.
Where was Van Vidyalaya situated?
(a) Puri
(b) Satyabadi
(c) Dhenkanal
(d) Pipili
Answer:
(a) Puri

Question 8.
Who was the propounder of Basic Education?
(a) R. N. Tagore
(b) Mahatma Gandhi
(c) Sri Aurovindo
(d) Gopabandhu
Answer:
(b) Mahatma Gandhi

Question 9.
Where did the Basic Education Training Centre opened in Odisha?
(a) Cuttack
(b) Angul
(c) Puri
(d) Dhenkanal
Answer:
(b) Angul

Question 10.
Satyabadi School how many students were enrolled first?
(a) 25
(b) 19
(c) 23
(d) 24
Answer:
(b) 19

Question 11.
Education is the ‘Reconstruction of Experience’ whose definition is this?
(a) James Ross
(b) Mahatma Gandhi
(c) John Dewey
(d) Kingsley
Answer:
(c) John Dewey

Question 12.
Who is the propounder of‘Tri-polar Process of Education?
(a) John Adams
(b) John Rousseau
(c) John Dewey
(d) Gurukala Ashram
Answer:
(c) John Dewey

Question 13.
Who is the writer of the book ‘Emile’?
(a) John Dewey
(b) John Rousseau
(c) Gandhi
(d) Gopabandhu
Answer:
(b) John Rousseau

Question 14.
Who is the Editor of the Newspaper ‘The Samaja’?
(a) Gopabandhu
(b) Gandhi
(c) Radhanath Ratha
(d) None of the above
Answer:
(a) Gopabandhu

Question 15.
‘Harijan Patrika’ is written by?
(a) Gandhi
(b) Gopabandhu
(c) John Dewey
(d) None
Answer:
(a) Gandhi

CHSE Odisha Class 12 Foundations of Education Unit 1 Contribution of Educators Objective Questions

Question 16.
In which year Basic Education Schools were opened in Rural areas?
(a) 1945
(b) 1937
(c) 1936
(d) 1947
Answer:
(a) 1945

Question 17.
When Basic Education was created?
(a) 1945
(b) 1937
(c) 1947
(d) 1950
Answer:
(b) 1937

Question 18.
The age range of Basic Education is?
(a) 6 – 14
(b) 7 – 14
(c) 6 – 15
(d) 5 – 14
Answer:
(b) 7 – 14

Question 19.
Who is the propounder of Craft Education?
(a) M. K. Gandhi
(b) R. N. Tagore
(c) Gopabandhu
(d) Rousseau
Answer:
(a) M. K. Gandhi

Question 20.
Which of the following leaders first attempted for legislation of Compulsory Primary Education in India?
(a) Gandhi
(b) G. K. Gokhale
(c) Aurovindo
(d) Gopbandhu
Answer:
(b) G K. Gokhale

Question 21.
Who is the propounder of ‘Integral Education’?
(a) Aurovinda
(b) R. N. Taogre
(c) John Rousseau
(d) Gandhi
Answer:
(a) Aurovindo

Question 22.
Education is the harmonious development of individual’s personality- man and child, with mind, body and spirit – Who told this?
(a) Gopbandhu
(b) Gandhi
(c) Aurovindo
(d) Rousseau
Answer:
(b) Gandhi

Question 23.
Who is the champion of Nationalism?
(a) Gandhi
(b) Rousseau
(c) Tagore
(d) John Dewey
Answer:
(b) Rousseau

Question 24.
In which year Satyabadi Vana Vidyalaya became a National School?
(a) 1909
(b) 1921
(c) 1915
(d) 1929
Answer:
(b) 1921

Question 25.
Who is the pioneer of Nationalism?
(a) Gandhi
(b) Rousseau
(c) Gopabandhu
(d) Aurovindo
Answer:
(b) Rousseau

Question 26.
Which of the following two educators believed in open air schooling?
(a) Gandhi and Rabindranath
(b) Gopabandhu and Gandhi
(c) Aurovindo and Gopabandhu
(d) Rabindranath and Gopabandhu
Answer:
(b) Gopabandhu and Gandhi

Question 27.
Who emphasized mother tongue as the medium of instruction?
(a) Gandhi
(b) Gopbandhu
(c) Both Gandhi and Gopabandhu
(d) None of the above
Answer:
(c) Both Gandhi and Gopabandhu

Question 28.
Where did Gopabandhu take birth?
(a) Suando
(b) Satyabadi
(c) Sakhigopal
(d) Saptasati
Answer:
(a) Suando

Question 29.
Who is the propounder of‘Craft Education’?
(a) M. K. Gandhi
(b) Rousseau
(c) Gopabandhu
(d) R. N. Tagore
Answer:
(a) M. K. Gandhi

Question 30.
What is taught in the class is real education – Who told this?
(a) Gandhi
(b) Gopabandhu
(c) Tagore
(d) Rousseau
Answer:
(b) Gopabandhu

Question 31.
In which year did Gopabandhu start the experiment on open air schooling?
(a) 2nd October 1909
(b) 12th August 1909
(c) 15th August 1909
(d) 26th August 1909
Answer:
(b) 12th August 1909

Question 32.
In which magazine Basic Education Curriculum was published?
(a) TheSamaja
(b) TheHarijana
(c) TheDharitii
(d) None of the above
Answer:
(b) The Harijana

Question 33.
Which aspect was neglected in Basic Education?
(a) Craftwork
(b) Creativity
(c) Aesthetic
(d) Writing
Answer:
(b) Creativity

Question 34.
Which is not normally a mass media of Education?
(a) Magazine
(b) Newspaper
(c) Computer
(d) Television
Answer:
(c) Computer

Question 35.
Who employed activity centered curriculum?
(a) Gandhi
(b) Gopabandhu
(c) John Dewey
(d) None
Answer:
(a) Gandhi

CHSE Odisha Class 12 Foundations of Education Unit 1 Contribution of Educators Objective Questions

Question 36.
Who introduced ‘Correlation Teaching Methods’ in his curriculum?
(a) John Dewey
(b) John Rousseau
(c) Gandhiji
(d) Gopabandhu
Answer:
(c) Gandhiji

Question 37.
Who prepared the curriculum for Basic Education?
(a) G. K. Gokhale
(b) Dr. Jakir Hussain
(c) S. Radhakrishnan
(d) Utkalmani
Answer:
(b) Dr. Jakir Hussain

Question 38.
Whose philosophical thought is related to Naturalism and Negative Education?
(a) Gandhi
(b) John Dewey
(c) Rousseau
(d) Tagore
Answer:
(c) Rousseau

Question 39.
Gopbandhu died on?
(a) 17 June 1928
(b) 27 June 1928
(c) 7 June 1928
(d) None of the above
Answer:
(a) 17 June 1928

Question 40.
Inexpensive education is introduced by?
(a) John Rousseau
(b) Gopbandhu
(c) John Dewey
(d) Gandhi
Answer:
(b) Gopbandhu

Question 41.
What is the present structure of education in India?
(a) 10+3+2
(b) 10+2+3
(c) 11+2+2
(d) 10+3+3
Answer:
(b) 10+2+3

Question 42.
On which aspect Gandhi, Gopabandhu and Tagore emphasized?
(a) SUPW
(b) Craft Education
(c) Mother tongue as instruction
(d) None of the above
Answer:
(c) Mother tongue as instruction

Question 43.
Who considered school as ‘Man made industry’?
(a) John Dewey
(b) Gopabandhu
(c) Gandhi
(d) Tagore
Answer:
(b) Gopabandhu

Question 44.
Who introduced both activity method and play method?
(a) Aurovindo
(b) Rousseau
(c) John Dewey
(d) Gandhi
Answer:
(b) Rousseau

Question 45.
Who Introduced ‘Self Education?
(a) Rousseau
(b) Gopabandhu
(c) Aurovindo
(d) Gandhi
Answer:
(a) Rousseau

CHSE Odisha Class 12 Foundations of Education Unit 1 Contribution of Educators Objective Questions

Very Short-Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What did Gopabandhu consider the school?
Answer:
‘Man made industry’.

Question 2.
Who is the propounder of ‘Nature Endowment Theory’?
Answer:
Jean Jacues Rousseau.

Question 3.
What was the main aim of Satyabadi School?
Answer:
Nationalism and against social evils.

Question 4.
When Basic Education Conference was held at Wardha?
Answer:
In 1937, October 22nd and 23rd.

Question 5.
What was the philosophical foundation of Gandhi?
Answer:
Truth and Non-violence.

Question 6.
Which education system was in-expensive education?
Answer:
Open Air Schooling.

Question 7.
What was Rousseau’s method of teaching?
Answer:
Activity method and play method.

Question 8.
What is Education to Gandhi?
Answer:
To Gandhi, ‘Education is an all round drawing out of the best in child and man with mind body and spirit ’.

Question 9.
Name the propounder of Religious and Negative Education.
Answer:
RousseaRousseakuk.

Question 10.
What is ‘Nai Talim’ ?
Answer:
Nai Talim is the another name of Basic Education.

Question 11.
What is Auro Ville?
Answer:
Auro ville mean “Aurovindran Learning Centre”.

Question 12.
Mention aims of Satyabadi System of Education.
Answer:
To inculcate nationalism, patriotism and eradicate social evils.

Question 13.
Who is contemporary to Tagore in Odisha?
Answer:
Gopbandhu.

Question 14.
Wardha scheme, what it means?
Answer:
The All IndiaNational Education Conference convened at Wardha on 22nd and 23rd October, 1937, and the scheme is known as “Wardha Scheme”.

Question 15.
‘Education is the reconstruction of experience’ who told this?
Answer:
John Dewey.

Question 16.
Give the educational philosophy of Gopabandhu.
Answer:
“Education is the building of the hearts of the people”, is the educational philosophy of Gopabandhu.

Question 17.
What do you mean by “Open Air Schooling”?
Answer:
Open Air Schooling means teaching activity done under the sky in the surroundings of natural environment.

Question 18.
Give one similarity of Basic Education and Open Air Schooling.
Answer:
“Renaissance” is the common idealism of both Basic Education and Open Air Schooling.

BSE Odisha

Question 19.
In Satyabadi School how many students enrolled first?
Answer:
19 students

Question 20.
Where in which year Aurobindo was born?
Answer:
Sri Aurobindo was born on August 15, 1872, in Calcutta.

Question 21.
What was the name of Education of Sri Aurobindo?
Answer:
Integral Education.

Question 22.
What was the idea of Aurovindo regarding the Teacher?
Answer:
According to Sri Aurovindo the teacher must be a friend, philosopher and guide to pupils.

Question 23.
What is the other name of “Auroville”?
Answer:
‘The City of Dawn”.

Question 24.
What was the first name of‘The Mother”?
Answer:
The first name of the Mother” was Meera, the daughter of Roul Richard, France.

Question 25.
What is Satyabadi System of Education?
Answer:
Satyabadi System of Education is a serious experiment in Open Air Teaching of Gopabandhu.

Question 26.
What do you mean by ‘Basic Education?
Answer:
Education which linked with the Basic needs of life like food, clothing and shelter is known as Basic Education.

Fill in the Blanks with Appropriate Words

1. The other name of Basic Education Is ________
Answer: Nai-Talim

2. _______ propounded craft centered education in India.
Answer: M. K. Gandhi

3. ______ number of students enrolled first in Satyabadi School?
Answer: 19

4. _______ propounded religious and negative education.
Answer: Rousseau.

5. _______ is the contemporary educator to Tagore?
Answer: Gopabandhu.

6. Nature Experiment Theory was propounded by ________.
Answer: Jean Jacques Rousseau.

7. _______ is the propounder of Naturalism.
Answer: Rousseau.

8. The propounder of Craft Centred Education is __________.
Answer: M. K. Gandhi.

9. “Classless Society Education” in Odisha is introduced by _________?
Answer: Pandit Nilakantha Das

10. The write of “emile” is ________
Answer: Rousseau.

CHSE Odisha Class 12 Foundations of Education Unit 1 Contribution of Educators Objective Questions

11. Basic Education curriculum published in the magazine ________.
Answer: The Harijan.

12. In ________ year Satyabadi School become a National School.
Answer: 1921.

13. “Education is the reconstruction of Experience” is the definition of ______ .
Answer: John Dewey.

14. “Auroville” is so named by ______ in ______ year.
Answer: “The Mother” in 1950.

15. ________ was the philosophical foundation of Gandhi?
Answer: Truth and Non-violence.

16. ________ Education system was in-expensive.
Answer: Satyabadi.

Question 17. The teaching in School is real education told by________.
Answer: Gopabandhu.

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CHSE Odisha Class 12 Foundations of Education Unit 4 Educational Statistics Questions and Answers

Odisha State Board CHSE Odisha Class 12 Foundations of Education Solutions Unit 4 Educational Statistics Questions and Answers.

CHSE Odisha 12th Class Foundations of Education Unit 4 Educational Statistics Questions and Answers

Objective Type Question and Answers

Question 1.
What is the formula to find out the mean?
(a) \(\frac{\sum F x}{N}\)
(b) \(\frac{F x}{N}\)
(c) L+\(\frac{N_2 F}{M}\)
(d) H.S.-L.S.
Answer:
(a) \(\frac{\sum F x}{N}\)

Question 2.
Estimate the mode of the scores:
8, 9, 8, 9,10,11,8,9,10
(a) 9
(b) 10
(c) 11
(d) 8
Answer:
(d) 8

Question 3.
What is a formula to find median?
(a) H.S. – L.S.
(b) \(\frac{Q_3-Q_1}{Q}\)
(c) 3 median – 2 mean
(d) None of the above
Answer:
(c) 3 median – 2 mean

Question 4.
4. Estimate the mean of the scores: 8,9,10,11,12,13
(a) 8.5
(b) 10.5
(c) 11.5
(d) 12.5
Answer:
(b) 10.5

Question 5.
5. Estimate the class interval of25-29.
(a) 4
(b) 3
(c) 5
(d) None
Answer:
(c) 5

Question 6.
6. Estimate the mean of the scores:
2, 8, 10, 25,45
(a) 10
(b) 20
(c) 30
(d) 40
Answer:
(a) 10

CHSE Odisha Class 12 Foundations of Education Unit 4 Educational Statistics Objective Questions

Question 7.
7. Select the formula to find out the median?
(a) A.M.+\(\frac{\sum F d}{N}\) Xi
(b) U\(\frac{\frac{N}{2}-F}{f m}\) xi
(c) 3 median – 2 mean
(d) None
Answer:
(b) U\(\frac{\frac{N}{2}-F}{f m}\) xi

Answer in single word / single sentence

Question 1.
How can you find out Mode?
Answer:
The mode can be calculated as 3 median – 2 mean.

Question 2.
What is Mean?
Answer:
The mean is the sum of the group of scores divided by the number of scores.
M = \(\frac{\sum x}{N}\)

Question 3.
What do you mean by Median?
Answer:
The median is the midpoint or mid-value of the distribution of scores.

Question 4.
Give one use of Mean?
Answer:
Mean is used when a quick and easily computerized measure of central tendency is needed.

Question 5.
Give one use of Mode?
Answer:
Mode is used when the quickest of the central tendency is needed.

Question 6.
What is the limitation of the Median?
Answer:
A median is an algebraic measure and hence not suitable for the function of algebraic treatment.

Question 7.
How can you calculate the Mean?
Answer:
mean = L +\(\left|\frac{\frac{N}{2}-F}{F m}\right|\) Xi

Question 8.
What is the limitation of Mode?
Answer:
Mode is not based on all the observations in a series.

Question 9.
What is the formula for finding out the mean of the ungrouped data?
Answer:
Mean = \(\frac{\sum X}{N}\)

Question 10.
What is the mode of an ungrouped set score?
Answer:
The score which occurs frequently or number of times is known as a mode.

CHSE Odisha Class 12 Foundations of Education Unit 4 Educational Statistics Objective Questions

Question 11.
How can you measure the median in a simple method
Answer:
Median = \(\left(\frac{N+1}{2}\right)^{t h}\) Term

Question 12.
Find out the median of the following scores:
5.4, 3, 7, 8, 10, 4,6
Answer:
Arrange is chronological order :
3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10
Median = \(\left(\frac{N+1}{2}\right)^{t h}\) Score
= \(\frac{8+1}{2}\)
= \(9 / 2\)
= 4.5th
= \(\frac{7+8}{2}\)
= \(\frac{15}{2}\)
=7.5

Question 13.
what is the midpoint of class interval: 1.3 -1.7?
Answer: The midpoint of C, I.
= 1.3- 1.7= 1.5

Question 14.
What is Mode? Give example.
Answer:
The mode is the score that occurs frequently in a group.
Example – 5, 6, 7, 8,4, 8, 9 Here mode is = 5.

Question 15.
Find out H.S.&L.S. of 14.5 -19.5
Answer:
14- 19 & 15-20

Question 16.
find out the mean: 40, 30,20, 80,60
Answer:
Mean = \(\frac{\sum X}{N}\)
= \(\frac{160}{5}\)
= 32

Question 17.
Find out H.S. & L.S. of the three class intervals 100 – 109,10 – 14, 80 – 84
Answer:

C.I L.S. H.S.
100 – 109 99.5 109.5
10-14 9.5 14.5
80-84 79.5 84.5


Very Short Type Questions With Answer

Question 1:
Explain how the knowledge of statistics is helpful to a teacher.
Answer:
1. Statistics helps the teacher to draw general conclusions.
2. It enables the teacher to predict the future performance of the pupils.

Question 2:
What is measures of central tendency?
Answer:
Methods of finding out the central values or average value of a statistical series of quantitative information mean, median and mode are the measures of central tendency, to find out the arithmetic averages.

CHSE Odisha Class 12 Foundations of Education Unit 4 Educational Statistics Short Answer Questions

Question 3:
Explain the different steps for preparing a frequency distribution table.
Answer:
The following are the steps of frequency distribution:

  • Find out the range,
  • Deciding the length of class interval.
  • Making tallies to find out the frequency of scores with each class.
  • Making the total number of tallies in each class.

Short Type Questions With Answers

Question 1:
1. What is statistics? What is measure of central tendency?
Answer:
Statistics is a branch of mathematics. It is a science dealing with numerical facts collected systematically with the purpose of action and study. So statistics is a science dealing with the collection, analysis and interpretation of data. It always deals with numerical facts and figures. The data are collected from various sources, then it is analyzed, and tabulated for interpretation. Now, statistics is used to measure population growth in education, agriculture and industry in finding out the numerical facts and figures statistics is used.

Measures of Central Tendency

Measures of central tendency is the method of finding out the central values or average value of statistical series of quantitative information mean, median and mode are the measures of central tendencies. Mean is the arithmetical average of the scores of a group. Median is the score point in a distribution below and above which half of the cases live. Mode means the score which occurs most frequently.

Question 2:
Write the function of statistics in education.
Answer:

  • Statistics helps in the collection, presentation of data in a systematic manner.
  • It helps in classification.
  • It provides a technique for making comparison of examination results among the students.
  • It helps to understand complex data by simplifying it.
  • It helps to study the relationship between different results of examinations.

CHSE Odisha Class 12 Foundations of Education Unit 4 Educational Statistics Short Answer Questions

Question 3:
Explain the use of mean and Median.
Answer:
Use of Mean :

  • When the distribution is symmetrical score and are uniformly distributed mean is the centre of gravity have the same value and other scores distribute it to its distribution
  • Mean is the most stable measure of central tendencies and is often in demand at the greatest statistical calculations.
  • The mean has the greatest stability so when a measure of central tendency with the greatest stability is needed the mean is used.

Use of Median :

The Median is used when the exact midpoint the 50 % of the distribution is desired.

  • It is scored that would markedly affect the mean.
  • When it is desired that certain scores should influence the central tendency, the median is used.
  • It is used when the distribution has no upper or lower class interval of complicated length.

Long Type Questions With Answers

Question 1.
What is statistics? What is measures of E.T. ? Explain.
Answer:
Statistics is a branch of mathematics. It is a science dealing with numerical facts collected systematically with the purpose of action and study.

So statistics is a science dealing with the collection, analysis and presentation of data and interpretation. Statistics always deals with numerical facts and figures. The data are collected systematically from various sources then it is analysed, and tabulated for interpretation. How statistics is used to measure population, growth in education, agriculture and industry.

Helpful to a Teacher:

  •  It helps the teacher to provide the most exact type of description.
  • It makes the teaching definite and exact is procedures and thinking.
  • It enables the teacher to draw general conclusions.
  • It enables the teacher to predict to future performances of the pupils.

Functions of statistics:

  • Statistics help into the collection and presentation the data in a systematic manner.
  • It helps to understand complex data by simplifying it.
  • It helps to classify data.
  • It provides a technique for making comparisons of exams and results among students.
  • It helps to study the relationship between different results of examination.

Needs :

  • Statistical methods are used for standardisation of various tests and measures like – achievement tests in various subjects, like intelligence tests, interest, aptitude scales and various other measures of personality measurement.
  • The scores obtained from various tests and measures are always relative. Statistical methods help their proper presentation, comparison, analysis and interpretation, and statistics help better.
  • To make predictions regarding to further progress.
  • Statistics is used for the ID of our students to study their interest and I.Q.
  • To compare the variability some Mean, Median and Mode and its central tendency.

What is the Measures of C.T :
Central value or central tendency means the value which lies in the centre or middle of the distribution. Thus it is located somewhere in between two extreme values in the distribution. In simple words, it is the value of a variable around which other values are distributed
A measure of C.T. of the measure of a single typical value which is the best representative of the whole group.

Measures of CT is the methods finding at the central values on the average value of a statistical series of quantitative information. Mean median and mode are the measures of central tendencies.

Mean is the score point in a distribution in between and above which half of the cases like a sum total of the score divided by its number is mean.
So μ = \(\frac{\sum X}{N}\)

where ∑ = sum total
X = individual scores
N = total no. of frequencies

Mean = \(\frac{\text { the sum of all the values }}{\text { the number of values }}\)

Suppose, 5 boys of a class are selected for the cricket team and their ages are 15 16 16 17 17 18.
We can find out the arithmetic mean of the ages of students by adding the ages of 5 students and then dividing that sum by the number of boys 5.

Arithmetic mean \(\frac{75}{5}\) = 15

Calculation of mean by the short method:

Marks No of students Midpoints Deviations

 

Fd
C l F (m) (d)
0-10 6 5 -30  -180
10-20 14 15 -20 -280
30-40 16 25 -10  -160
40-50 27 35 o 0
50-60 22 45 10 220
15 55 20 300
N=100 F d = -100

Arithmetic mean = \(\overline{\mathbf{X}}\) = A = \(\frac{\sum \mathrm{fd}}{\mathbf{N}}\)
Where A = Arithmetic means 35
∑Fd = Total deviations = -100
N=∑f=100
\(\overline{\mathbf{X}}\)
= 35+\(\frac{-100}{100}\)
=35-1
=34

Median: Median is the mid value of the middle item of the series when the series are arranged in ascending or descending order of magnitude, smallest to longest or largest to smallest.

Median = value of \(\left(\frac{N+1}{2}\right)^{\text {th }}\) item

For example – if the ages of five boys are 7, 8, 9, 10, 11

Median age will be the age of \(\left(\frac{N+1}{2}\right)^{\text {th }}\)
Boy = \(\left(\frac{S+1}{2}\right)\) boy

i.e. the 3rd boy which is equal to 9 years.
Example: Find out the median of the grouped data.

C.T. F Count
45-50 1 30
41-50 2 29
35-40 2 27
31-34 2 25
26-30 4 23
21-25 5 19
16-20 1 14
11-15 6 13
6-10 4 7
1-05 3 3
N=31

Here L= 25 \(\frac{N}{2}\)
= \(\frac{30}{2}\)
= 15

F= I4 Fm=5 i=5
Median = 20.5+\(\frac{15-14}{5}\) x 5
= 20.5+\(\frac{1}{5}\) x5
= 20.5+\(5 / 5\)
= 20.5 + 1
= 21.5

Mode = mode is the frequently occurring value in a distribution.
Example = Calculate the mode from the following data of the marks obtained by 20 students 15, 10,25, 30, 25,40
Mode = 25
Formula = 3 median – 2 mean = mode
(1) Use of Mean: Mean is used:

  • When the distribution is systematic, scores are distributed. Mean is the centre of gravity
    of the scores of distribution.
  • Mean is the most stable measure of C.T. and greater statistical calculation.
  • When the measure of C.T. with its greatest stability is needed the mean is used.

(2)The use of Median :

  • The Median is used when the exact midpoint of the distribution is desired.
  • It is scores which would markable affect the mean.
  • When it is desired that certain scores should be with CT median is used.
  • It is used when the distribution has no upper or lower interval of complicated length. Use of Mode: Mode is used when the quickest of the central tendency is needed.

CHSE Odisha Class 12 Foundations of Education Unit 4 Educational Statistics Objective Questions

Question 2.
Find out mean and median of the distribution?

C.L F
10 – 14 4
15 – 19 5
20 – 24 9
25 – 29 18
30 – 34 11
35 – 39 5
40 – 44 6
45 – 49 3
50 – 54 1
N=60

Answer:

C.I. F d1 Fd1
15-19 7 -3 -21 -39
20-24 5 -2 -10
25-29 8 -1 -8
30-34 15 0 0
35-39 10 +1 10 +49
40-44 6 +2 12
45-49 9 +3 27
N=60 +3 ∑fd1 = 10

Mean = A.m+ \(\frac{\sum f d}{N}\) xi
= 32+\(\frac{10}{60}\) x 5
= 32+ \(\frac{10}{12}\)
= 3282

Median = L + \(\left(\frac{\frac{N}{2}-F}{F m}\right)\) x i

Where L = 29.5
N/2=30 ,F=20 ,Fm=15 ,¡=5
= 29.5+\(\left(\frac{30-20}{15}\right)\) x5
= 29.5+\(\frac{10}{15}\) x 5
= 29.5+\(\frac{50}{15}\)
= 29.5 + 3.3
= 32.8

Question 3.
Calculate the mean, median and mode of the following frequency distribution?

CL F
20-21 1
18-19 2
16-17 3
14-15 5
12-13 3
10-11 3
8-9 2
6-7 1
N= 20

Answer:

C.I. Midpoint F X1 Fx1
20-21 20.5 1 3 3
18-19 18.5 2 2 4
16-17 16.5 3 1 3
14-15 14.5 5 0 0
12-13 12.5 3 -1 -3
10-II 10.5 3 -2 -6
8-9 8.5 2 -3 -6
8-7 6.5 1 -4 -4
N=20 Fx’ = -9

Mean = A.M. + \(\frac{\sum F x^1}{N}\) x i

Where,   A.M. = Assumed Mean
∑ = Sum of
Fx1 = Frequency x deviates of the midpoints of the class intervals from the assumed mean in terms of class interval unit.
¡ = size of the class interval
Here,  A.M. = 14.5
∑FX1 = -9
i=2

Mean = A.M. + \(\frac{\sum F x^1}{N}\) x i
= 14.5+\(\frac{-9}{20}\) x 2
= 14.5 + -9
= 13.6

Median = L + \(\left(\frac{\frac{N}{2}-F}{F m}\right)\) x i
Where L = Lower limit of the class interval containing the Median i.e. \(\frac{n}{2}\)th score.
F = Cumulative frequency up to ‘L’
Fm = Frequency of the C.I. containing the Medium
i = size of the class interval

When counting from the top or bottom we found that \(\frac{n}{2}\)th score i.e. the 10th. score lies in the class interval 14-15.
∴ L = 13.5
F=9 Fm=5 ¡=2

Mdn = 13.5+\(\left(\frac{\frac{20}{2}-9}{5}\right)\) x2
=13.5+4=13.9
Mode = 3Mdn – 2 Mean
=3 x 13.9 – 2 X 13.6
=41.7 – 27.2
=14.5
∴ Calculated Mean = (3.6), Median = (13.9) and Mode = 14.5

Question 4.
Calculate the mean, and median of the following frequency distribution?

C.I. F
90-94 1
85-89 3
80-84 5
75-79 7
70-74 9
65-69 6
60-64 4
55-59 3
50-54 2
N = 40

Answer:

C.I. Midpoint F X1 Fx1
90-94 92 1 4 4
85-89 87 3 3 9
80-84 82 5 2 10
75-79 77 7 1 7
70-74 72 9 0 0
65-69 67 6 -1 -6
60-64 62 4 -2 -8
55-59 57 3 -3 -9
50-54 52 2 -4 -8
N=40 ∑Fx’ = -l

Mean = A.M. + \(\frac{\sum F x^1}{N}\) x i
= 72+\(\frac{-1}{10}\) x 5
=72-125
=71.89

Median = L=69.5 L=69.5
N/20 =2O  N/20 =20
F= 15
Fm = 9
i = 5
= L+\(\left(\frac{\frac{\mathrm{N}}{2}-\mathrm{F}}{\mathrm{Fm}}\right)\) xi
= 65.5+\(\frac{(20-15) \times 5}{9}\)
= 65.9+\(\frac{25}{9}\)
= 69.5 + 2.77
= 72.2

Questions 5.
Find Mean in a short method?

Class interval Frequencies
90-94 2
85-89 2
80-84 4
75-79 8
70-74 6
65-69 11
60-64 9
N = 42

Answer:
Calculation means by the short method :

C.I. (M) F (d1) (Fd1)
90-94 92 2 +3 +6
85-89 87 2 +2 +4
80-84 82 4 +1 +4
75-79 77 8 0 0
70-74 77 6 -1 -6
65-69 67 11 -2 -22
60-64 62 9 -3 -27
N=42  ∑fd1= -41

Mean = A.M. + \(\frac{\sum F x^1}{N}\) x i
Where, A.M. = 771
∑fd1 = -41
\(\frac{n}{2}\) = 21
i = 5

So, mean  77+\(\frac{-41}{42}\) x5
= 77+\(\left(\frac{-41}{42} \times 5\right)\)
= 77+\(\frac{205}{42}\)
= 77 + -4.8
= 72.7

questions 6.
Find out the Median of the scores?

C.I. 10-19 20-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 60-69
F 10 05 15 20 10 10

Answer:

Class interval Frequency Cum F.
10-19 10 10
20-29 05 15
30-39 15 30
40-49 20 50
50-59 10 60
60-69 10 70

Median = L+\(\left(\frac{\frac{N}{2}-F}{F m}\right)\) xi
L = Lower limit of the CI. in \(\frac{n}{2}\) F = The frequency below the CI. of \(\frac{n}{2}\)
Fm = The F at N/2 scores
i = class Interval
\(\frac{n}{2}\)= \(\frac{70}{2}\) = 35

L= 39.5   F = 30    F = 20  i =10
Median = L+\(\left(\frac{\frac{N}{2}-F}{F m}\right)\) xi
= 39.5+\(\left(\frac{35-30}{20}\right)\)x10
= 39.5+\(\left(\frac{35-30}{20}\right)\)x10
= 39.5+\(\frac{5}{20}\)x10
= 39.5+\(\frac{5}{2}\)x10
= 39.5 + 2.5
= 42.6

questions 7.

CL F
30-34 2
25-29 3
20-24 3
15-19 10
10-14 4
5-9 5
0-4 2
N =30

Answer:

CL F Cum F
30-34 2 30
25-29 3 28
20-24 3 25
15-19 10  19
10-14 4 9
5-9 5 5
0-4 2 2
N =30

Here \(\frac{n}{2}\) =15
F=15(15-19) in the CI.
Fm=1O i =15
Median = L+\(\left(\frac{\frac{N}{2}-F}{F m}\right)\) xi
= 14.5+\(\frac{(15-19)}{10}\) x 5
= 14.5+\(\frac{4}{10}\) x5
= 14.5+2
= 16.5

Questions 8.
Calculate the Mean, Median and Mode from the class interval given?

CL F
35-39 2
30-34 3
25-29 5
20-24 7
15-19 5
10-14 3
5-9 3
N =28

Answer:

CL F D1 Fd1
35-39 2 +3 6 6
30-34 3 +2 5 +17
25-29 5 +1 5
20-24 7 0 0
15-19 5 -1 -5
10-14 3 -2 -6 -20
5-9 3 -3 -9
N =28 ∑fd1= -3

Mean=A.M. +C.I.
= 17+\(\frac{-3}{8}\) x5
= 17+\(\frac{-15}{28}\) x5
= 17-0.18
= 16.2

Median = L+\(\left(\frac{\frac{N}{2}-F}{F m}\right)\) xi
= 14.5+\(\frac{14-11}{7}\) x5
= 14.5+\(\frac{15}{7}\)
= 14.5+2.1
= 16.7

Mode = 3 Median -2 Mean
=3X 16.7- 2X 16.2
=50.1 -32.4
= 17.6
∴ Calculated Mean, Median and Mode are 16.2, 17.7 and 17.6 respectively

CHSE Odisha Class 12 Foundations of Education Unit 4 Educational Statistics Objective Questions

Questions 9.
Find out the Mean, Median and Mode by the long method?

C.I. F
55-59 1
50-54 1
45-49 3
40-44 4
35-39 6
30-34 7
25-29 12
20-24 6
15-19 8
10-14 2
N = 50

Answer:

C.I. F X Fx
55-59 1 57 57
50-54 1 52 52
45-49 3 47 141
40-44 4 42 168
35-39 6 37 222
30-34 7 32 224
25-29 12 27 324
20-24 6 22 132
15-19 8 17
N = 50 ∑Fx1 = 1472

mean = \(\frac{\sum F x}{N}\)
= \(\frac{1472}{50}\)
= 29.4
Median = L+\(\left(\frac{\frac{N}{2}-F}{F m}\right)\) xi

Where L = 34.5
N/2 = 25
F = 35
Fm = 6
i = 5

So, Median = L+\(\left(\frac{\frac{N}{2}-F}{F m}\right)\) xi
= 34.5+\(\left(\frac{25-35}{6}\right)\) x5
= 34.5+\(\frac{-10}{6}\) x5
= 34.5+\(\frac{-50}{6}\)
= 34.5-8.3
= 26.2

Mode =3. Median -2 Mean
=3X 26.2 – 2X 29.4
= 76.6 – 58.8
= 19.5

Questions 10.
Find out the Mean, Median of the frequency distribution?

C.I. F
20-21 1
18-19 2
16-17 3
14-15 5
12-13 3
10-11 3
8-9 2
6-7 1

Answer:

C.I. Midpoint F X1 Fx1
20-21 20-5 1 3 3
18-19 18-5 2 2 4
16-17 16-5 3 1 3
14-15 14-5 5 0 0
12-13 12-5 3 -1 -3
10-11 10-5 3 -2 -6
8-9 8-5 2 -3 -6
6-7 6-5 1 -4 -4
N = 20 ∑fx1= -9

Mean = A.M. + \(\frac{\sum F x^1}{N}\) x i
where A.M, = Assumed mean
Σ=Sumtotal
Fx1 = Frequency x deviations of the points of the class intervals from the assumed mean X1 Terms of the class intervals.
i = size of the class intervals
Here, A.M. = 14.5
∑Fd =-9

Mean = 14.5+\(\frac{-9}{20}\) x2
= 14.5-9
= 13.6

Where L = Lower limit of the class interval containing the Median \(\frac{n}{2}\) score,
F = cumulative frequency up to L.

Fm = Frequency of the class interval containing the median.
i = size of the class interval
L= 13.5, f=9, Fm5, i=2
Median = 13.5+ \(\frac{10.9}{5}\) x2
= 13.5+\(\frac{1}{5}\)x2
= 13.5+4
= 13.9
Mode = 3 Median – 2 Mean
= 3 x 13.9 – 2 x 13.8
= 41.7 – 27.2
= 14.5

Question 11.
Find out the Mean and Median by the long method.

C.I. F
10-14 4
15-19  5
20-24 9
25-29 18
30-34 11
35-39 5
40-44 6
45-49 3
50-54 1
N = 60

Answer:

C.I. X F FX
10-14 12 4 48
15-19 17  5 85
20-24 22 9 198
25-29 27 18 486
30-34 32 11 352
35-39 37 5 185
40-44 42 6 252
45-49 47 3 94
50-54 5 1 52
N = 60 ∑Fx = 1760

Mean = \(\frac{\sum F x}{N}\)
= \(\frac{1760}{60}\)
= 29.0

Calculation of Median;
Median = L+\(\left(\frac{\frac{N}{2}-F}{F m}\right)\) xi
Where
L = 24.5\(\frac{N}{2}\)
= \(\frac{60}{2}\)
= 30
Fm = 18,F = 17 ,i=5
So, Median = L+\(\left(\frac{\frac{N}{2}-F}{F m}\right)\) xi
= 24.5+\(\left(\frac{30-17}{18}\right)\) x5
= 24.5+3.6
= 28.0

Mode = 3 Median – 2 Mean
=3 X28-2X29=26.3

Question 12.
Find out the Mean of the following distribution?

C.I. X
15-19 6
20-24 5
25-29 8
30-34 15
35-39 10
40-44 9
45-49 7
N = 60

Answer:

C.I. X D1 FD1
15-19 6 -3 -18
20-24 5 -2 -10
25-29 8 -1 -8
30-34 15 0 0
35-39 10 1 10
40-44 9 2 18
45-49 7 3 21
N = 60 ∑Fd1= -13

Mean = A.M.+\(\frac{\sum F d^{\prime}}{N}\) x i
Suppose, the mean is within the 30-34 class interval
∴ A.M. = 32
In C.I. 25-29,
d = \(\frac{27-32}{5}\)
= \(\frac{-5}{6}\)
= -1

∴ Mean = A.M.+\(\frac{\sum F d^{\prime}}{N}\) x i
= 32+\(\frac{13}{60}\)x5
= 32+\(\frac{13}{12}\)
= 32+1.09
= 33.09

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CHSE Odisha Class 12 English Grammar Direct and Reported Speech

Odisha State Board CHSE Odisha Class 12 Invitation to English 4 Solutions Grammar Direct and Reported Speech Textbook Activity Questions and Answers.

CHSE Odisha 12th Class English Grammar Direct and Reported Speech

Section -1

Revision
We use direct or indirect speech when we want to report what someone says.
In ‘Direct Speech’ we repeat the exact words of the speaker, and put them within quotation marks/inverted commas.

Example
Somesh said, “I get bored very easily.”
But in ‘Reported Speech’/’Indirect speech’, we do not repeat the exact words. We give only the meaning of what was said. Quotation marks are not used in such sentences.

Example
Somesh said (that) he got bored very easily.
Here we have changed I to he. We have also changed the tense of the verb used by the speaker. (from get to got)
In the above example, the verb said is known as the ‘reporting verb’ and ‘got’ as the verb of the reported speech

CHSE Odisha Class 12 English Grammar Direct and Reported Speech

Section -2

Changes in the form of reported speech
Reported statements

A. Change in tense
When the reporting verb is in present tense and we want to do a sentence from direct to indirect, there will be no change in the tense form of the vebr of the sentence being reported (reported speech).

Example
He says, “I can do the sums.” (Direct)
He says that he can do the sums. (Indirect)

When the repoting verb is in the past tense i.e. said, replied etc., the tense of the verb in the (reported speech) sentence being reported is normally ‘pushed back’.

1. Present tense verb becomes past tense
(a) Present simple becomes past simple.
(b) Present progressive becomes past simple.
(c) Present perfect becomes past perfect.
(d) Present perfect progressive becomes past perfect progressive.

2. Past tense verbs
(a) Simple past becomes past perfect/simple past
(b) Past progressive becomes past perfect continuous progressive.
(c) Past perfect becomes past perfect (unchanged).
(d) Past perfect continuous becomes unchanged.

Present relevance
If the words (speaker’s) spoken by the speaker remain valid (true) at the time of reporting, it is possible to leave the tense of the verbs unchanged.
Example
“Sheela is coming this evening ”, may be reported as He said (that) Sheela is coming this evening – in case the reporting is done the same day, after a very short gap/period. It is also permissible or grammatical to change the tense, following the usual rules of reported speech, to
He said that Sheela was coming this evening.

Future time verbs

‘will’ changes to ‘would’
‘shall’ changes to ‘should’
‘may’ changes to ‘might’
‘can’ changes to ‘could’
‘must have’ changes to ‘can’t have’
‘must’ changes to ‘had to’

B. Change in adverbials of time and place
The following changes would take place in reported speech.

Speaker’s words Reported speech
here there
this that/the
now then
today that day
tonight that night
tomorrow the next day/the following day
yesterday the day before/the previous day
next Monday the following Monday
last Monday the previous Monday

But if the reporting takes place on the same day, at the same place, the adverbials of time and place remain unchanged.

CHSE Odisha Class 12 English Grammar Direct and Reported Speech

Example
“I have asked Ramesh to come here today”, changes to He said that he has asked Ramesh to come here today. It can be also used ‘he said that he had asked Ramesh to come there that day, if the report takes place the same day, at the same place, so the ‘change’ in adverbirals of time and place depends on the context/situation.

Reported questions
(a) When in a direct speech (sentence) we find an interrogative (question) sentence, we use verbs such as asked, inquired, wanted to know etc. while making/changing it to ‘repoted speech’.

We know very well that there are two types interrogatives such as Wh- word and yes/no type interrogatives.
Do mark how we change “Wh- questions”
1. (direct) Teacher (to Bimal) : “When did you meet Shobha ?”
Indirect: The teacher asked Bimal when he has met Sobha.
2. (direct) Prem (to Sudhir) : “Where can I get the book ?”
Indirect: Prem asked Sudhir where he could get the book.
3. (direct) Smita : “How can I leave the place ?”
Indirect: Smita inquired how she could leave the place.

(b) Reporting yes/no questions.
Here are some examples of Yes or No questions and the same put in direct speech. Note the use of the conjunction if or whether in the indirect form.

Direct Indirect
The doctor asked the patient, “Do you smoke ?” The doctor asked the patient whether or if he smoked.
Bhupen: ‘May I go out, Teacher ?” Bhupen asked the teacher if/whether he could go out.

(c) Reporting requests, offers, etc.
Note how the command or direction is expressed with ‘to + verb’ in the indirect form

Direct  Indirect
The captain to the men said, “Get ready to march.” The captain order the men to get ready to march.
Sita requested Mina to move the table.
Sita said to Mina, “Please move the table.” He wished me a good morning./He greeted me.
He said, “Good morning.”
She said to me, “Congratulations.” She congratulated me.

Activity – 1
Change the statements below into reported speech.

1. “We are visiting Konark on Sunday,” Harihar said.
2. “I will see you later,” Suresh told Sobha.
3. “Mr Mohanty has written the report,” the Chairman told me.
4. “I can’t speak Assamese,” I told her.
5. “We will have dinner at the Oberoi,” Umesh said.
6. “I don’t want to go shopping,” said Rabi.
7. “I lived in Cuttack when I was a boy,” he said.
8. “I don’t like balck coffee,” she said.
9. “We are going to be late,” Varsha said.

CHSE Odisha Class 12 English Grammar Direct and Reported Speech

Answers
1. Harihar said that they were visiting Konark on Sunday.
2. Suresh told Sobha that he would see her later.
3. The Chairman told me that Mr. Mohanty had written the report.
4. I told her that I couldn’t speak Assamese.
5. Umesh said that they would have dinner at the Oberoi.
6. Rabi said that he didn’t want to go shopping.
7. He said that he (had) lived in Cuttack when he was a boy.
8. She said that she didn’t like black coffee.
9. Varsha said that they were going to be late.

Activity – 2
Complete the sentences in reported speech, making the necessary changes in person, place and time.
1. Nisha (to Seema): “Nina never speaks to me !”
Seema (to Nina): Nisha-said that ______________.
2. Suresh, “The match was played last week.”
You (a week later): Suresh said that _____________.
3. Ram: “I arrived in Delhi only yesterday.”
You (two days later): Ram said that ____________.
4. Renu (to Lipi): “I don’t have any money for the ticket.”
Lipi (to Pushpa) Renu told me that ______________.
5. Amiya (yesterday): “Tina and I are going on a picnic tomorrow.”
You (today): Amiya said that _____________.
6. Jina (in the library): “I’ll meet you and Mohan in the canteen.”
You (to Mohan, in the canteen): Jina told me that ____________.

Answers
1. Nisha (to Seema): “Nina never speaks to me !”
Seema (to Nina): Nisha said that you (Nina) never spoke to her.
2. Suresh, “The match was played last week.”
Suresh said that the match had- been played last week.
3. Ram: “I arrived in Delhi only yesterday.”
You (two days later): Ram said that he had arrived in Delhi only the day before/ the previous day.
4. Renu (to Lipi): “I don’t have any money for the ticket.”
Lipi (to Pushpa) Renu told me that she didn’t have any money for the ticket.
5. Amiya (yesterday): “Tina and I are going on a picnic tomorrow.”
You (today): Amiya said that Tina and I are going on a picnic (the next day) tomorrow.
6. Jina (in the library): “I’ll meet you and Mohan in the canteen.”
You (to Mohan, in the canteen): Jina told me that she would meet me and Mohan in the canteen.

CHSE Odisha Class 12 English Grammar Direct and Reported Speech

Activity- 3
Respond to the statements in quotation marks. The speakers are all saying something different from what they had told you before. The first one has been done for you.
1. “I prefer chicken to mutton.”
But you had told me you prefer mutton.
2. “I like sweets more than I like fish.”
But you had said _____________
3. “I love classical music.”
But I remember you saying _______________
4. “I haven’t finished my homework.”
But I thought you said ___________
5. “I don’t have a computer at home.”
But ________________

Answers
1. “I prefer chicken to mutton.”
But you had told me you prefer mutton.
2. “I like sweets more than I like fish.”
But you had said to me that you like(d) fish.
3. “I love classical music.”
But I remember you saying That you love pop-music.
4. “I haven’t finished my homework.”
But I thought you said to me that you had finished your homework.
5. “I don’t have a computer at home.”
But you had told me that you had a computer at home.

Activity- 4
Kavita has been teaching in a school for five years. She can still remember the interview
she had to face and the questions that she was asked. This is what she tells her friend
Roma about the interview.
1. “Where are you from ?”
They asked me where I was from.
2. “Have you taught anywhere before ?”
They asked me _______________________
3. “Why are you interested in this job ?”
__________________________________
4. “Will you be able to come to the school at 7.00 every morning?
__________________________________
5. “Can you teach English in the higher classes ?”
__________________________________
6. “How much do you expect to be paid ?”
__________________________________

Answers
1. “Where are you from ?”
They asked me where I was from.
2. “Have you taught anywhere before ?”
They asked me if/whether I had taught anywhere.
3. “Why are you interested in this job ?”
They asked me why I was interested in that job
4. “Will you be able to come to the school at 7.00 every morning?
They asked me if/whether I would be able to come to school at 7.00 every morning.
5. “Can you teach English in the higher classes ?”
They asked me if/whether I could teach English in the higher classes.
6. “How much do you expect to be paid ?”
They asked me how much I expected to be paid.

CHSE Odisha Class 12 English Grammar Direct and Reported Speech

Activity- 5
A famous magician has arrived in your city and just presented his first performance. The show has proved to be very popular. This is what the different newspapers had to say about it.

“The show is brilliant,” (the Samaj).
“It made me laugh and cry,” (the Sambad).
“We can’t remember a better show,” (the Dharitri).
“You’ll love it,” (the Prajatantra).
“You shouldn’t miss it.” (the Dinalipi)

Put their comments in reported speech.
Answers
(a) The Samaj reported that the show was brilliant.
(b) The Sambad said that had made him laugh and cry.
(c) The Dharitri said that they couldn’t remember a better show.
(d) The Prajatantra said we would love that.
(e) The Dinalipi said that we shouldn’t miss that.

Activity – 6
Change the sentences below into reported speech. Replace the word said, used in the sentences, by one of the verbs given below. Use each verb only once.

protested suggested admitted
shouted boasted exclaimed
muttered agreed objected
warned insisted claimed

1. “You can’t threaten me like that. I know my rights,” the old man said.
__________________________________
2. “This man doesn’t know what he’s talking about,” said someone in the audience.
__________________________________
3. “No, let’s finish this work first”, she said, “We can go to the movies some other day.”
__________________________________
4. “I can write a novel in a month,” said the man.
__________________________________
5. “Stand up now or I’ll beat you,” said the teacher.
__________________________________
6. “The book you are reading is my property,” the man said.
__________________________________
7. “If they can’t hand in the assignment today, they simply must hand it in tomorrow,” said the Principal.
__________________________________
8. “We’ll, the car has broken down and we can’t repair it now,” said the driver.
__________________________________
9. “Yes, I hit the boy with the school bag,” the girl said.
__________________________________
10. “We shall always be loyal to our country,” said the children.
__________________________________
11. “What a surprise to find him here today !” they said.
__________________________________
12. “I don’t have enough resources to build the house”, said the man.
__________________________________

Answers
1. “You can’t threaten me like that. I know my rights,” the old man said.
Answer:
The old man shouted that I couldn’t threaten him like that and he knew his rights.

2. “This man doesn’t know what he’s talking about,” said someone in the audience.
Answer:
Someone objected that the man didn’t know what he was talking about.

CHSE Odisha Class 12 English Grammar Direct and Reported Speech

3. “No, let’s finish this work first”, she said, “We can go to the movies some other day.”
Answer:
She suggested that they should finish that work first and they could go to the movies some other day.

4. “I can write a novel in a month,” said the man.
Answer:
The man agreed that he could write a novel in a month.

5. “Stand up now or I’ll beat you,” said the teacher.
Answer:
The teacher warned me to stand up then or he would beat me.

6. “The book you are reading is my property,” the man said.
Answer:
The man claimed that the book he was reading was his property.

7. “If they can’t hand in the assignment today, they simply must hand it in tomorrow,” said the Principal.
Answer:
The Principal insisted that if they couldn’t hand in the assignment today, they simply had to hand it in the next day.

8. “We’ll, the car has broken down and we can’t repair it now,” said the driver.
Answer:
The driver muttered that the car had broken down and they couldn’t repair that then.

9. “Yes, I hit the boy with the school bag,” the girl said.
Answer:
The girl admitted that she had hit the boy with the school bag.

10. “We shall always be loyal to our country,” said the children.
Answer:
The children boasted that they should be loyal to their country.

11.“What a surprise to find him here today !” they said.
Answer:
They exclaimed that was a surprise to find him there that day.

12. “I don’t have enough resources to build the house”, said the man.
Answer:
The man protested that he didn’t have enough resources to build the house.

CHSE Odisha Class 12 English Grammar Direct and Reported Speech

Activity – 7
Choose suitable adverbs from the list below and use while reporting the following statements. The first one has been done for you.

passionately agreeably sharply
accusingly sarcastically angrily
defiantly patiently

1. “I shall always love you,” the young boy said.
Ans. The young boy passionately said that he would always love her.
2. “I thought you said you were ill yesterday,” she said.
3. “You can go to the devil !” the boy said.
4. “I think we were having a wonderful party,” he said.
5. “You think you’re god, don’t you ?” she said.
6. “Let’s try again, shall we ? It is rather difficult,” the teacher said.
7. “Don’t keep asking such silly questions,” the husband said.
8. “Mind your own business,” the stranger said.

Answers
2. She defiantly said that she thought I said I was ill the previous day.
3. The’ boy angrily said that I could go to the devil.
4. He agreeably said that (he thought) they were having a wonderful party.
5. She sarcastically said that I thought whether I was sad or not.
6. The teacher patiently said that it was rather difficult and they should try again.
7. The husband accusingly said not to keep asking silly questions like that.
8. The stranger sharply told me to mind my own business.

Activity- 8
Last Sunday you met your cousin Harish. Here are some of the things Harish said to you.
1. “I’d like to go to a good college but my parents can’t afford the fees”
2. “I’m living with a friend now and working part-time.”
3. “I’m enjoying my work.”
4.“My bicycle was stolen a few days ago.”
5. “My friend has got a scholarship to study abroad.”
6. “I’ll tell my Mother that I met you.”

You want to tell your mother, the same day, what Harish said to you. (Use reported speech)
Answers
1. Harish said to me that he would like to go to a college but his parents can’t afford the fees.
2. He said that he is living with a friend now and working part-time.
3. He also said that he is enjoying his work.
4. He said that his bicycle was stolen a few days ago/had been stolen a few days before.
5. He said that his friend has got a scholarship to study abroad.
6. He said that he will/would tell his Mother that he met me.

CHSE Odisha Class 12 English Grammar Direct and Reported Speech

Activity- 9
Imagine that you are a journalist and that you have to report a school debate. The topic for the debate was “Children should be encouraged to watch television.” Some speakers supported the topic while others opposed it. The main arguments are summarised below.
Topic: Children should be encouraged to watch television.

For Against
Television stimulates thinking.
It keeps the family together.
It keeps one well-informed.
It brings the outside world into your home.
It provides a lot of information.
It is a good babysitter.
It kills the art of conversation.
It ruins family interaction.
It makes people uncritical.
It shuts out the real world.
It ruins the reading habit.
It makes children passive.

Begin as follows.
Some speakers said- that _________________________
but some other speakers were of the opinion that (continue) __________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________

Answers
Some speakers said that television stimulates/stimulated thinking but some other speakers were of the opinion that it killed that art of conversation.
Some said that it keeps the family together but some other speakers were of the opinion that it ruined the family interaction.
Some said that it keeps one well informed but some others were of the opinion that it made people uncritical.
Some speakers said that it brought/brings the outside world into the home but some others were of the opinion that it shuts out the real world.
Some said that it provides a lot of information but some others were of the opinion that it ruined/ ruins the reading habit.
Some said that it is a good baby-sitter but some others were of the opinion that it made the children passive.

Activity – 10
Rewrite the following paragraph, using the sentences below the paragraph to fill in the gaps in the paragraph. The sentences have to be changed into reported speech.
Sometime ago Manoj applied for the post of clerk in a bank. Last Friday he was called for an
interview. When he went into the Manager’s office, the Manager told him 1 __________ and asked him 2 _________ Majoj told him 3 ___________. Then the Manager asked him 4 ____________and Manoj told him 5 ___________.He added 6 _____________. The Manager wanted to know 7 ___________ and Manoj replied 8 __________. Then the Manager asked him 9 __________ and Manoj replied 10 ___________. The Manager gave him a test and then said 11 _________. Manoj thanked him and asked 12 ____________ The Manager replied 13 _____________and Manoj promised 14 _________________.
1. “Please sit down.”
2. “What is your name ?”
3. “My name is Manoj Kumar.”
4. “Do you smoke ?”
5. “I don’t usually smoke.”
6. “I never smoke in the office.”
7. “Where have you worked before ?”
8. “I worked for two years in a private company.”
9. “Can you take shorthand ?”
10. “Yes sir, I can.”
11. “I can appoint you on probation for a month.”
12. “When can I start work ?”
13. “Tomorrow, if you wish.”
14. “I will be here on Monday.”

Answers
Sometime ago Manoj applied for the post of clerk in a bank. Last Friday he was called for an interview. When he went into the Manager’s office, the Manager told him to sit down and asked him what his name was. Manoj told him that his name was Manoj Kumar. Then the Manager asked him If/whether he smoked and Manoj told him that he didn’t usually smoke/doesn’t usually smoke. He added that he never smoke/smoked in the office. The Manager wanted to know where he had worked before and Manoj replied that he had worked for two years in a private company. Then the Manager asked him if/whether he could take shorthand and Manoj replied affirmatively that he could. The Manager gave him a test and then said that he could appoint him on probation for a month. Manoj thanked him and asked when he could start work. The Manager replied that if he wished, you could work tomorrow and Manoj promised that he could be there on Monday.

CHSE Odisha Class 12 English Grammar Direct and Reported Speech

Activity- 11
Look at the following ‘tips’ given to candidates preparing for an interview.
1. Be sure to reach the place where the interview is to take place a few minutes before the time given to you.
2. Look relaxed when you are sitting, but sit erect. Don’t lounge.
3. Anticipate questions and be ready with your facts.
4. Do not talk more than is necessary.
5. Look into the interviewer’s eyes when you answer.
6. Be confident and do not become nervous.
Now tell a friend about these ‘tips’, using reported speech.
Begin
I have been advised to ______________________.I have also been asked to (continue) __________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________.

Answers
I have been advised to be sure to reach the place where the interview is to take place a few minutes before the time given to me. I have also been asked to look relaxed when I am sitting, and to sit erect and not to lounge. I have also been asked to anticipate questions and be ready with my facts. I have also advised not to talk more than is necessary. I have been asked to look into the interviewer’s eyes when I answer. I have been advised to be confident and not become nervous.

Activity – 12
Rewrite the passage below using the reported speech.
“Have you been here long ?” the newcomer asked another person in the hotel lounge.
“No, just over a week; that’s all.”
“You. don’t know the place very well, then ?”
“I’m a stranger in these parts. But of course even a stranger learns a few things in a week.”
“Would you mind telling me if somebody called Sujit has been here ?”
“Sujit ?” said the middle-aged man. “It’s odd you should mention that name. I remember the
man, well; a big tall fellow, with a dark mustache. He left this morning.”
“Do you know where he went ?” asked the newcomer.
“Well, he said he was going to Delhi.”

Answers
The newcomer asked another person in the hostel lounge if/whether he had been there long. Another person replied negatively saying that he came just over a week and that was all. The newcomer asked another person if he did not know the place very well then. Another person
replied that he was a stranger in these parts and added saying that even a stranger learns a few things in a week. The newcomer asked another person if/whether he would mind telling him if somebody called Sujit had been there. The middle-aged man asked if it was Sujit and added that it was odd you should mention that name and he remembered the man well, a big tall fellow, with a dark mustache and he left this morning. The newcomer asked if/whether he did know where he went. He replied affirmatively that he had been going to Delhi.

Multiple-Choice Questions (MCQs) with Answers
Question 1.
He said, “I am busy now.”
He said that _________.
(A) he is busy now
(B) he had been busy now
(C) he was busy then
(D) he would be busy then
Answer:
(C) he was busy then

CHSE Odisha Class 12 English Grammar Direct and Reported Speech

Question 2.
He said, “It may rain tomorrow.”
(A) He said that it might rain tomorrow.
(B) He said that it might rain the next day.
(C) He said that it might have been raining the next day.
(D) He said that it may rain tomorrow.
Answer:
(B) He said that it might rain the next day.

Question 3.
He said to us, “Are you going away today.”
(A) He asked us if we were going away that day.
(B) He asked us if we were going away today.
(C) He asked us that we were going away the next day.
(D) none of these
Answer:
(A) He asked us if we were going away that day.

Question 4.
He said to me, “Why did you insult my brother ?”
(A) He told me why I would insult his brother.
(B) He asked me why I had insulted his brother.
(C) He asked me if I insulted his brother.
(D) He asked me why I insult his brother.
Answer:
(B) He asked me why I had insulted his brother.

Question 5.
“Shoot the prisoner”, said the tyrant.
(A) The tyrant told them to shoot the prisoner.
(B) The tyrant advised them to shoot the prisoner.
(C) The tyrant wanted them to shoot the prisoner.
(D) The tyrant commanded them to shoot the prisoner.
Answer:
(D) The tyrant commanded them to shoot the prisoner.

Question 6.
The rebel said to the king, “Pardon my fault sir.”
(A) The rebel asked the king to pardon his fault.
(B) The rebel begged the king to pardon his fault.
(C) The rebel insisted the king on pardoning him.
(D) none of these
Answer:
(B) The rebel begged the king to pardon his fault.

Question 7.
He said, “Bravo! You have done well.”
(A) He said that he had done well.
(B) He said that he did well.
(C) He applauded him saying that he had done well.
(D) He remarked that he had done well.
Answer:
(C) He applauded him saying that he had done well.

CHSE Odisha Class 12 English Grammar Direct and Reported Speech

Question 8.
I said to my students, “When are you meeting me ?”
(A) I said to my students when are you meeting him.
(B) I asked my students when you are meeting me.
(C) I asked my students when they were meeting me.
(D) I said to my students when they were meeting me.
Answer:
(C) I asked my students when they were meeting me.

Question 9.
The teacher said, “Life is full of sorrow.”
(A) The teacher said that life was full of sorrow.
(B) The teacher said that life is full of sorrow.
(C) The teacher explained that life was full of sorrow.
(D) all of these
Answer:
(B) The teacher said that life is full of sorrow.

Question 10.
He said, “Good-bye, friends.”
(A) He bade good-bye to his friends.
(B) He expressed good-bye to his friends.
(C) He wanted good-bye to his friends.
(D) none of these
Answer:
(A) He bade good-bye to his friends.

CHSE Odisha Class 12 English Grammar Modal Verbs

Odisha State Board CHSE Odisha Class 12 Invitation to English 4 Solutions Grammar Modal Verbs Textbook Activity Questions and Answers.

CHSE Odisha 12th Class English Grammar Modal Verbs

SECTION -1

Making requests (using can, could; may, will, would)
Read the sentences below carefully.
1. Suresh: Can you lend me your bicycle?
Mahesh: Of course, I’m not using it today.
2. Student: Could I borrow your dictionary, sir?
Teacher: Certainly. But it’s meant only for very advanced learners.
3. Shyam: Will you open the door, please?
Stranger: Sure.
4. Jatin: Would you mind repeating the last sentence, sir?
Speaker: Not at all. I said that…
5. Jina: May I ask a question, please?
Speaker: By all means.
6. Landlady: Will you please clean the kitchen?
Maid. Yes, ma’am. Right away.

The modal auxiliaries can, could, may, will, and would are used to make requests.
But we can well mark a slightly different way from the others.
1. The use of ‘can’ is informal, while could is more formal and polite. It suggests a more tentative attitude on the part of the speaker.
2. ‘May’ is used rather in a formal way to express a request.
3. ‘Will’ is also used to make requests when we don’t need to be particularly formal or polite.
4. ‘Would’ or would you mind is used for more polite requests or formal (with the 2nd person).

CHSE Odisha Class 12 English Grammar Modal Verbs

Activity – 1
Make a request to suit each of the situations suggested below, using the word supplied in brackets. In case no word has been suggested, you are free to choose your own words to make the request.
(a) You need some money. Ask a friend to lend you some. (can)
_________________________________
(b) You want a speaker in a seminar to explain something. Ask him to do so. (could/ would)
_________________________________
(c) You want your room key from the receptionist in a hotel. Ask the receptionist to give you the key. (can/may)
_________________________________
(d) You want a visitor to wait a minute while you get ready. (would)
_________________________________
(e) You are carrying a heavy bag. Ask someone to open the door for you. (could)
_________________________________
(f) You are on the phone. You want to speak to the chairman. (may)
_________________________________
(g) You want someone to tell you how to reach the railway station.
_________________________________
(h) You are buying a pair of shoes and want a receipt.
_________________________________
(i) You are working and want everybody to be quiet for some time.
_________________________________
(j) You need something to eat. Ask your mother.
_________________________________
(k) You are on a train and you would like to borrow a newspaper from another passenger, who has just finished reading it.
_________________________________
Answer:
(a) Can you lend me some money?
(b) Could you please explain something?
Would you explain something, please?
(c) Can you please give me the room key?
May I get the room key, please?
(d) Would you wait for a minute, please?
(e) Could you please open the door for me?
(f) May I talk to the chairman, please?
(g) Could you please tell me how to reach the railway station?
(h) Would you give me the receipt, please?
(Or) Could you please give me the receipt?
(i) Could you be silent for some time, please?
Would you mind keeping silent for some time?
(j) Can you give me something to eat?
(k) Would you mind giving me the newspaper for some time?

CHSE Odisha Class 12 English Grammar Modal Verbs

Activity – 2
Monisha is ill in bed and has to request her friend to do things for her. Use can, will, could or would for the requests that she must make. (More than one answer may be possible.)
(a) Monisha wants some books to read. She would like her friend to get some.
_________________________________
(b) Monisha doesn’t want to be disturbed by visitors.
_________________________________
(c) Monisha wants her friend to write a letter for her.
_________________________________
(d) Monisha wants some vegetable soup for lunch.
_________________________________
(e) Monisha wants her friend to fetch the mobile phone, which is in the next room.
_________________________________
(f) Monisha wants her friend not to go out and leave her alone.
_________________________________
(g) Monisha wants her friend to wash her clothes.
_________________________________
Answer:
(a) Can you lend me some books, please?
(b) Would you mind stop talking?
(c) Can you please write a letter for me?
(d) Could you/Can you provide me some vegetable soup for lunch, please?
(e) Can you get me the mobile phone from the next room, please?
(f) Would you stay for some time here, please?
(g) Can you please wash my clothes?

Activity – 3
Seema is staying in Leena’s home as a guest, and Leena has to request Seema to do a few things for her, which she is not able to do herself, for some reason or the other. Here is an example.
Seema, could you please clean the dishes after dinner? I’ve got to go to the market to buy a few things.
Can you make a few more requests to Seema on behalf of Leena, using the clues below? You also have to provide a reason for each request. (You should be specially polite while making more unusual requests.)
(a) switch off the lights
_________________________________
(b) make some tea
_________________________________
(c) water the plants in the garden
_________________________________
(d) feed the dog
_________________________________
(e) take the rubbish out of the dustbin
_________________________________
(f) take care of the neighbor’s children
_________________________________
(g) cook dinner
_________________________________
Answer:
(a) Could you please switch off the lights? I have to sweep the room.
(b) Could you please make me some tea?
I have got to wash my dresses.
(c) Would you please water the plants in the garden? I’ve to nurse my grandfather.
(d) Would you mind feeding the dog? I have got to do shopping.
I have to wash the utensils.
(e) Could you take the rubbish out of the dustbin, please?
I have to wash the utensils.
(f) Could you take care of the neighbor’s children, please? I have to have my bath.
(g) Could you please cook dinner?
I’ve, some sums to work out.

CHSE Odisha Class 12 English Grammar Modal Verbs

SECTION – 2

Asking for and granting permission
(using can, could, may, would)
Look at the examples below.
(a) Tarun: Can I use your typewriter to type out an application?
Friend: Yes, of course, you can.
(b) Tapas: Could I use the telephone?
Receptionist: Yes, sir. But this one is only for local calls.
(c) Journalist: Mr. Prime Minister, may I ask what you plan to do for unemployed engineers?
Prime Minister: New jobs are being created for them.
(d) Shefali: Would you mind if I sat here?
Stranger: No, not at all.
Can is used for permission usually in an informal style. When we talk to our intimate/ private men and women, we use ‘can’ for permission, and ‘could is used for permission when we are not sure whether the permission will be granted. It is usually used in ‘formal’ situations (i.e., for unknown people). Do remember this ‘could’ modal verb’ is never used to give permission to someone.
‘May and Would you mind’ are usually used for permission in a formal style. The speaker is even less sure of getting permission or feels that permission is likely to be refused.

Activity – 4
Ask for permission using can, could, or may. (More than one answer is possible.)
(a) You are at a seminar where someone is speaking. You want to ask the speaker a question.
Excuse me: _________________________________
(b) You are late for your English class. You want the teacher’s permission to get in.
_________________________________
(c) You are interviewing an actor. You would like to ask him something about his personal life.
_________________________________
(d) Yon wants to stay in the hostel. Ask the hostel warden for permission.
_________________________________
(e) You want to join the cricket team of your college. Ask the teacher in charge of the games.
_________________________________
(f) You have been invited to dinner by someone you do not know very well. You would like to ask for another piece of chicken.
_________________________________
(g) Your friend has a book that you want to read. Ask him/her.
_________________________________
Answer:
(a) You are at a seminar where someone is speaking. You want to ask the speaker a question.
Excuse me, could I ask you a question?
(b) You are late for your English class. You want the teacher’s permission to get in. Could, I get into the class? Or, May I come in?
(c) You are interviewing an actor. You would like to ask him something about his personal life.
Would you mind telling me a few words on your personal life?
Or, May I ask a few questions on your personal life?
(d) You want to stay in the hostel. Ask the hostel warden for permission.
Could you allow/grant me to stay in the hostel?
(e) You want to join the cricket team of your college. Ask the teacher in charge of the games.
Could I join the cricket team this year?
(f) You have been invited to dinner by someone you do not know very well. You would like to ask for another piece of chicken.
Could you give me one more piece of chicken?
(g) Your friend has a book that you want to read. Ask him/her.
Can you lend me your book for a night?

CHSE Odisha Class 12 English Grammar Modal Verbs

Activity – 5
Imagine that you are a guest at the places mentioned below. Use can (informal), could (semi-formal) or may (formal) to ask for permission to do a different thing at each place. (One has been done for you.) At your grandparents home Can I use the phone, grandfather?
(a) At your teacher’s home.
_________________________________
(b) At your neighbor’s home.
_________________________________
(c) At the house of a favorite uncle.
_________________________________
(d) At the house of a close friend.
_________________________________
(e) At the house of someone you are visiting for the first time.
_________________________________
(f) At the house of a friend of your elder brother.
_________________________________
(g) At a distant relative’s home
_________________________________
Answer:
(a) Could I use your bicycle?
(b) Can I use your comb?
(c) Can I have your photograph?
(d) Can I ride your scooter?
(e) Could I use your dictionary?
(f) Could I use your pen?
(g) Could I / May I switch on the TV?

Activity – 6
Say whether the sentences below are used to ask for permission or to make a request or whether they are used in formal or informal situations.
(a) Mr. Mohanty, would you please tell all the teachers to come for a meeting in my office at 3 o’clock?
(b) Can you put this parcel on the table, please?
(c) May I ask you a question about this job, sir?
(d) Would you mind sitting on that chair?
(e) Could you pass the salt, please?
(f) Can my friend stay here too?
(g) May I wait in the corridor outside?
Answer:
(a) Formal request
(b) Informal request
(c) Formal request
(d) More formal request
(e) Formal request
(f) Informal permission
(g) Formal permission

CHSE Odisha Class 12 English Grammar Modal Verbs

SECTION – 3

Making an offer to help (using will, would, shall, can, could)
(a) Rina: I want to take this bag with me.
Chhabi: I will (can) carry it for you.
Rina: Oh, thanks.
(b) Tarak: 1 must leave now.
Puma: Shall (Can) I get a taxi for you?
Tarak: Yes, please.
(c) Host: Would you like some more chicken?
Guest: Yes, please. Thank you.
(d) Pinaki : (to his friend’s friend) Could I buy the tickets for you?
Friends friend: Thank you very much.

Will, shall, and can are used in informal English to offer help to someone. will and shall are commonly abbreviated to ‘il (ill, We’ll, etc.) Will is used only in statements (e.g., I’ll carry your bag) but shall and can are used in questions as well as statements (e.g., Shall I carry your bag ? Can I carry your bag ? or I shall carry your bag / I can carn your bag). Could and would are used in questions as well as statements to offer help, in more formal situations. (e.g., could j carry your bag? ¡ could carry your bag!
Would you like me to carry your bag? I would be happy to carry your bag, etc.).

Activity – 7
Make offers to suit the following situations.
(a) Your friend accidentally drops his pen on the floor.
_________________________________
(b) An old man wants you to make room for him to sit down.
_________________________________
(c) A patient is sweating profusely and the windows are closed.
_________________________________
(d) An old man is carrying a heavy suitcase and gasping for breath.
_________________________________
(e) Your principal wants to get some medicines from a pharmacy.
_________________________________
(f) A stranger wants to go to a particular place and you are on a motorbike.
_________________________________
(g) Your friend does not have enough money to buy a book he needs.
_________________________________
(h) Your mother is not able to cook as she is unwell.
_________________________________
(i) Your sister is not able to work out a sum.
_________________________________
(j) Your younger brother is trying to reach a book on the top shelf of a cupboard.
_________________________________
Answer:
(a) Shall I/Can I lift it from the floor?
(Or) I’ll lift it form the floor.
(b) Would/Could I give you a seat here?
(c) Could/Would I open the windows for you?
(d) Could I carry the suitcase for you?
(e) Would / Could I bring some medicines for you, sir?
(f) Could I give you a lift?
(g) Shall / Can I lend you some money?
(h) I’ll cook for you.
(Or) Shall / Can I cook for you?
(i) Shall/Can I work out the sum for you?
(j) I’ll (will) get the book for you.
(Or) Shall/Can I get the book for you?

CHSE Odisha Class 12 English Grammar Modal Verbs

Activity-8
Study the offers below and say which ones are made in a formal situation in which each one could have been made.
(a) Shall I call the doctor for you?
_________________________________
(b) Would you like me to call the police?
_________________________________
(c) Shall I switch off the light?
_________________________________
(d) I can lend you two hundred rupees if you like.
_________________________________
(e) I’ll help you make the bed.
_________________________________
(f) Could I wait for you at the gate?
_________________________________
Answer:
(a) Shall I call the doctor for you?
Yes, I’m unwell, (formal)
(b) Would you like me to call the police?
Yes, I have to see the man stabbed.
(c) Shall I switch off the light?
Yes, I am awful tired now. (formal)
(d) I can lend you two hundred rupees if you like.
I’m badly in need of some money now. Oh, thanks.
(e) I’ll help you make the bed.
It’s very kind of you. I’m running a temperature now. (formal)
(f) Could I wait for you at the gate?
Yes, you may come and receive my other friends. (formal)

SECTION – 4

Making a suggestion (using shall, can, could)
(a) Pramod: It’s a lovely day. Shall we go for a walk?
Prashant: Yes, let’s do that.
(b) Nilima: Sisir is becoming more and more difficult to handle.
Manisha: We can talk to him if you like.
Nilima : No, I’ll manage without him.
(c) Girija: We need Sima’s room for the guest.
But she has gone home.
Gauri: We could go to her village tomorrow and collect the key.
In the sentences above, different ways of making suggestions have been shown.
The commonly used words are: Shall we /Can we /Could we (in questions), or You can /We can / We could….. (in statements), used together with if you like/want.
Suggestions can also be made by using let us (let’s), why don’t you/ we…. ? or how / what about…. ? Let’s and why don’t you/we…. ? are followed by the infinitive without to (e.g. Let’s stop here; why don’t you ask him ?, while How/What about….. ? are followed by an ‘-ing’ form (e.g., How about stopping here and eating lunch ?)

Activity – 9
Make suggestions to suit the following situations. (More than one answer is possible.)
(a) You think, your friend and you should go for a walk.
_________________________________
(b) You would like to have dinner at a restaurant with your neighbor.
_________________________________
(c) You feel like going to the park with your mother.
_________________________________
(d) You would like your father to take you to an uncle’s house.
_________________________________
(e) You have met somebody for the first time at a friend’s house. He is watching a film on television, but you would like to watch a cricket match, on a different channel.
_________________________________
(f) You feel like going to the theatre with some friends.
_________________________________
(g) It is 11.00 p.m. Your roommate in the hostel is reading a book, but you would like to sleep.
_________________________________
Answer:
(a) Let’s go for a walk.
Or, Can/Shall we go for a walk?
(b) Shall/Can we have dinner at a restaurant?
(c) Why don’t we got to the park now?
(d) Why don’t you take me to my uncle’s house?
(e) Could you change this channel? Let us see the cricket match in D.D. Sports.
(f) Let’s go to the theatre now.
Or, Why don’t we got to the theatre as we have some free moments now?
(g) Could you switch off the light? Let’s go to bed.

CHSE Odisha Class 12 English Grammar Modal Verbs

Activity – 10
Your friends and you are putting up a cultural show in your college. Make suggestions about the arrangements for the show, using the hints below. Study the example below and write your sentences.
(i) the place where the show is to be put up
(ii) decorating the stage
(iii) fixing the lights
(iv) getting singers and musicians to perform
(v) setting up the sound system
(vi) the guests to be invited
(vii) the refreshments to be served
Answer:
Example: We can invite the Chief Minister to be the Chief Guest.
(i) Shall we select/choose the old auditorium for the show?
(ii) Why don’t we decorate the stage by ourselves?
(iii) We shall invite the electrician for fixing the lights.
(iv) Let’s invite Akshay Mohanty and party for the musical show.
(v) What about setting up the sound system?
(vi) Why don’t we invite the Chief Minister and the Minister for Mass Education to be the guests?
(vii) The volunteers shall serve refreshments for the guests.

Activity – 11
Which of the following offer and which are suggestions? Say whether they are formal or informal.
(a) I can pay for your ticket if you like.
(b) What shall I do in case I don’t find Ram at home?
(c) Would you like them to wait for you?
(d) We could leave it until later.
(e) I can lend you the book.
(f) Could we paint this wall for you?
Answer:
(a) offer informal
(b) offer informal
(c) offer formal
(d) suggestion informal
(e) offer informal
(f) offer informal

CHSE Odisha Class 12 English Grammar Modal Verbs

SECTION – 5

1. Expressing ability to do something (using can be able to)
Study the following dialogues.
(a) Interviewer: Can you type?
Candidate: Yes sir. I can also take dictation in shorthand.
Interviewer: Will you be able to talk to our foreign clients?
Candidate: Yes sir. I can speak German and Italian.
(b) Teacher: Who can solve this problem?
Student: I can.
‘Can’ the modal in the above conversation is used to mean ‘ability ’ in general. ‘Be + able to’ is also used to mean the same meaning ‘ability’ to do something. ‘Can’ is informal/usual and ‘be + able to’ is usually formal.

Activity – 12
Complete the sentences below using can or be able to. (In some of the sentences, it will not be possible to use can.)
(a) Ask Karim about your friend’s condition. He might — tell you something.
(b) Ravi was bom and educated in Hyderabad. He — speaks Telugu.
(c) My friend can’t understand my problem. She’s never — understand it.
(d) I can’t lend you money but I — get the book for you.
(e) Meera — read Tamil but she doesn’t have any Tamil books.
(f) I haven’t — buy any books lately.
(g) We — travel a lot but we can’t do it now.
(h) Meet your teacher tomorrow. He — explain the question to you.
Answer:
(a) Ask Karim about your friend’s condition. He might be able to tell you something.
(b) Ravi was born and educated in Hyderabad. He can speak Telugu.
(c) My friend can’t understand my problem. She has never been able to understand it.
(d) I can’t lend you money but I will be able to get the book for you.
(e) Meera can read Tamil but she doesn’t have any Tamil books.
(f) I haven’t been able to buy any books lately.
(g) We used to be able to travel a lot but we can’t do it now.
(h) Meet your teacher tomorrow. He will be able to explain the question to you.

Activity – 13
List five things that you can do.
1. _________________________________
2. _________________________________
3. _________________________________
4. _________________________________
5. _________________________________
List five things that you can’t do.
1. _________________________________
2. _________________________________
3. _________________________________
4. _________________________________
5. _________________________________
Answer:
List five things that you can do.
1. I can lift this heavy box.
2. I will be able to get the first division.
3. I can speak and write in three languages.
4. I can give the answer to that question.
5. I will be able to swim in the river.

List five things that you can’t do.
1. I can’t lift an elephant.
2. I won’t be able to swim in the river.
3. I can’t read Greek.
4. I won’t be able to run 5 km at a stretch.
5. I won’t be able to get a medal in swimming

Activity – 14
A new student has joined your class. As the Secretary of the College Union, you would like to know which activities your new classmate would be able to take part in. Frame at least five questions that you might want to ask him and provide the answers that might be given.
Q. Can you draw and paint?
A. Yes, I can / No, I can’t.
1. Q. _________________________________
A. _________________________________
2. Q. _________________________________
A. _________________________________
3. Q. _________________________________
A. _________________________________
4. Q. _________________________________
A. _________________________________
5. Q. _________________________________
A. _________________________________
Answer:
Question 1.
Will you be able to contact the guests?
Answer:
Yes, I can.

Question 2.
Can you speak Hindi fluently?
Answer:
Yes, I can.

Question 3.
Will you be able to do shopping?
Answer:
Yes, I can do the shopping.

CHSE Odisha Class 12 English Grammar Modal Verbs

Question 4.
Will you be able to take care of the guests?
Answer:
Yes, I can.

Question 5.
Will you be able to see the seat arrangements?
Answer:
Yes, I can.

2. General ability versus the ability to do something in a particular situation. Look at the following sentences.

  • Mohan could speak Assamese when he was a boy.
  • When I was in London I could visit the museum every day.
  • I had only a brief meeting with the Principal, but I was able to explain my difficulties to him.

In Sentence 1, could is used to refer to the general ability to do something that somebody possessed (in the past), while in Sentence 2, could indicate that the opportunity to do something was available. In Sentence 3, was able to indicate the ability, or the opportunity, to perform an action in a particular situation. Could is not used in such a context. Sometimes could is the past of ‘can’. We use ‘could’ to say that someone had the general ability to do something. But ‘was/were able to’ is used to indicate the past ‘ability + performance’ (result) which means ‘managed to do something in one particular situation.

Activity – 15
Use could or was/were able to in the sentences below. Use a negative if necessary. More than one answer is possible.
(a) The author of the book learned to write very early in life. He — write short stories when he was at school.
(b) My scooter didn’t start. Luckily I — borrowed a bicycle and got there in time for the interview.
(c) It was dark. We — see a thing.
(d) The children were warned that a fire had started, and they — move their belongings in time.
(e) I — meet my friend as the bus had left.
(f) The people in the neighboring village were having a party last night and you — have joined them.
(g) My friend ran after the bus and — get on.
(h) The freedom fighters had to live in the jungles for months. They — survive without food for several days.
Answer:
(a) The author of this book learned to write very early in life. He was able to write short stories when he was at school.
(b) My scooter didn’t start. Luckily I was able to borrow a bicycle and got there in time for the interview.
(c) It was dark. We couldn’t see a thing.
(d) The children were warned that a fire had started, and they were able to move their belongings in time.
(e) I could not meet my friend as the bus had left.
(f) The people in the neighboring village were having a party last night and you could have joined them.
(g) My friend ran after the bus and was able to get on.
(h) The freedom fighters had to live in the jungles for months. They were able to survive without food for several days.

CHSE Odisha Class 12 English Grammar Modal Verbs

Activity – 16
Saurabh is 40. Sometimes he feels that he has wasted his life. Read about Saurabh and replace some of the words with could have …, as shown in the example below.
Example: When Saurabh was 15 he had a chance to go abroad, but he decided not to go.
Ans. When Saurabh was 15 he could have gone abroad.
(a) Saurabh got a scholarship to study in a reputed public school. But he didn’t go.
_________________________________
(b) He was a good speaker, but he decided not to participate in debates.
_________________________________
(c) He had the opportunity to learn music under a famous teacher, but he decided against it.
_________________________________
(d) He was intelligent enough to come out first in the examination, but he did not try.
_________________________________
(e) He had the opportunity to start a business, but he did not want to.
_________________________________
(f) Everyone thought he had the creativity to write novels, but he never tried.
_________________________________
Answer:
(a) Saurabh could have studied in a reputed public school when he was young.
(b) He could have participated in debates when he was in school.
(c) He could have learned music under a famous teacher when he was 20 years old.
(d) He could have come out first in the examination if he had studied sincerely.
(e) He could have started a business when he was 30 years old.
(f) When he was 25 years old, he could have written novels.

Activity – 17
Use can, can’t, could, couldn’t was/were able to, where required. (Alternative answers are possible.)
(a) She — even speak properly when she was a girl, but now she’s a famous singer.
(b) Did you see anybody in the park? No, I — find anybody.
(c) An eagle — fly for hours.
(d) When my sister was just 7, she — speak Hindi much more fluently than she — now.
(e) On the fifth day the rescuers saw the children and — reach them without too much trouble.
(f) After weeks of training, I — climb some of the coconut trees.
Answer:
(a) She could not even speak properly when she was a girl, but now she’s a famous singer.
(b) Did you see anybody in the park? No, I could not find anybody.
(c) An eagle can fly for hours.
(d) When my sister was just 7, she was able to speak Hindi much more fluently than she can now.
(e) On the fifth day the rescuers saw the children and were able to reach them without too much trouble.
(f) After weeks of training, I was able to climb some of the coconut trees.

CHSE Odisha Class 12 English Grammar Modal Verbs

SECTION – 6

Indicating possibility (using may, can)
(a) This house is too small. We may sell it and buy a bigger one.
(b) That box is too heavy for you. You may drop it.
(c) Camels can survive for weeks in the desert, without water.
(d) Smoking can cause cancer.
‘May’ is used to express a specific possibility in the present or future. It can refer to a single occasion. But ‘can ’ is used to express a general theoretical possibility.

Activity – 18
Use can or may, as required, in the following sentences.
(a) The government — hike the bus fares next month.
(b) The villagers — convert this building into a hospital if everyone agrees.
(c) This medicine — cure any disease.
(d) My friends — put on a play here again next year.
(e) We’re going to do something different this year. We — decide to hire a professional drama group.
(f) Your boss is impressed with your work. You — get a promotion soon.
(g) The presence of lead particles in the air — cause brain damage in children.
(h) The machine has broken down and — takes some time to repair.
Answer:
(a) The government may hike the bus fares next month.
(b) The villagers may convert this building into a hospital if everyone agrees.
(c) This medicine can cure any disease.
(d) My friends may put on a play here again next year.
(e) We’re going to do something different this year. We may decide to hire a professional drama group.
(f) Your boss is impressed with your work. You may get a promotion soon.
(g) The presence of lead particles in the air can cause brain damage in children.
(h) The machine has broken down and may take some time to repair.

CHSE Odisha Class 12 English Grammar Modal Verbs

Activity – 19
A group of engineers has come up with a number of unusual products, for use at home. These products are :
1. A battery-operated fan.
2. A portable water heater.
3. Writing paper that glows in the dark.
4. Shirts made of edible material.
5. Shoes with a built-in alarm clock.
6. A bicycle that can float.
Think of some situations in which these products could prove to be very useful and frame sentences suggesting (to prospective customers) some possible uses for the products. One example is given.
Example
1. You can use the battery-operated fan to cool yourself when you are sitting in your garden.
2. _________________________________
3. _________________________________
4. _________________________________
5. _________________________________
6. _________________________________
Answer:
2. You can use the portable water heater when you go outside during chilly winter.
3. You can use writing paper that glows in the dark when there is no light.
4. You can use shirts made of edible material if you need.
5. You can use shoes with a built-in alarm clock to make use of the time properly.
6. You can use a bicycle that can float when you want to cross a flooded river.

SECTION – 7

Indicating present or future possibility (using may, might or could)
Look at the following sentences.
(a) Where’s Madhuri? She may/might / could be in the garden.
(b) There’s someone at the gate. It may / might / could be the postman.
(c) They’re not cooking dinner. They may / might / could be planning to go out tonight.
May, might, and could are used here to talk about present or future possibilities. Might is normally a little less sure than may, and could is less sure than may or might. Note that we can’t use can in the above examples. Can you say why? (Hint: Refer to the difference between can and may.)
‘May, might could’ all three models are used in sentences for possibility. There is still a little difference between them. May is a bit stronger than might or could. ‘Might’ is a little less sure than ‘may’ and ‘could’ is less sure than ‘may or might’.

CHSE Odisha Class 12 English Grammar Modal Verbs

Activity – 20
Rewrite the following sentences using ‘might’ or ‘could’.
(a) It is possible that she is cheating you.
_________________________________
(b) It is possible that they’ll come in the evening.
_________________________________
(c) It is possible that he is planning to sell the car.
_________________________________
(d) It is possible that she is telling the truth.
_________________________________
(e) This statement possibly contradicts his earlier statement.
_________________________________
(f) It is possible that one of them is a spy.
_________________________________
Answer:
(a) She might cheat me.
(b) They could come in the evening.
(c) He might sell the car.
(d) She might tell the truth.
(e) He might contradict his earlier statement.
(f) He might be a spy.

Activity – 21
Use may, might or could, together with the appropriate forms of the verbs in brackets.
1. Who is the girl Madhu is talking to? I’m not sure. She — (be) her sister.
2. Why are the boys shouting? I don’t know. They — (play).
3. Where is Manisha? I have no idea. She — (study) in the library.
4. Who is that man with Vijay? I’m not sure. It — (be) his uncle.
5. Shall I tell the Minister about you? You’d better not. He — (think) I want to ask him for a favor.
Answer:
1. Who is the girl Madhu is talking to? I’m not sure. She might be her sister.
2. Why are the boys shouting? I don’t know. The might he plane.
3. Where is Manisha? I have no idea. She might be studying in the library.
4. Who is that man with Vijay? I’m not sure. It might be his uncle.
5. Shall I tell the Minister about you? You’d better not. He may think I want to ask him for a favor.

CHSE Odisha Class 12 English Grammar Modal Verbs

Activity – 22
You are going for a walk, and you suddenly see a mysterious flying object, high up in the sky. Make five guesses about what the object could be.
1. _________________________________
2. _________________________________
3. _________________________________
4. _________________________________
5. _________________________________
Answers
1. It might be a skylark.
2. It may be a balloon.
3. It might be a parachute.
4. It could be the wing of a damaged airplane.
5. It might be a soldier falling from an aircraft.

SECTION – 8

Referring to possibility in the past (using may, might, or could)
Look at the examples below.
(a) She was not in the hostel yesterday. She might / could have gone home.
(b) A: Do you think he saw you?
B: No, he was too far away. He couldn’t have seen me.
(c) You were stupid to throw stones at the dog. It might have attacked you.
We use may/might/could, together with some verbs in the present perfect form, to talk about the possibility in the past.

Activity – 23
Complete the sentences below, expressing possibility in the past.
(a) The other teams weren’t good, so our team — (win). „
(b) You know where the library is, don’t you? You — (pass) it on your way here.
(c) Why didn’t your friend answer the phone? He — (not/ hear) it ringing.
(d) The light’s on. They — (forget) to switch it off.
(e) I did not hear the child’s voice, and I thought he — (fall asleep).
(f) Our teacher is not at home. He — (go) to meet a friend.
(g) How did you get that stain on your saree? I’m not sure. The baby — (drop) food on it.
(h) A: I can’t find my umbrella. Have you seen it?
B: No. You — (leave) in the restaurant.
Answer:
(a) The other teams weren’t good, so our team might have won.
(b) You know where the library is, don’t you? You might have passed it on your way here.
(c) Why didn’t your friend answer the phone? He could/might not have heard it ringing.
(d) The light’s on. They might have forgotten to switch it off.
(e) I did not hear the child’s voice, and I thought he could/might have fallen asleep.
(f) Our teacher is not at home. He could have gone to meet a friend.
(g) How did you get that stain on your saree? I’m not sure. The baby might/could have dropped food on it.
(h) A: I can’t find my umbrella. Have you seen it?
B: No. You might/could have left in the restaurant.

CHSE Odisha Class 12 English Grammar Modal Verbs

SECTION – 9

Making a deduction (using must have/can’t have)
Look at the following example.
The old man has not had anything to eat for the last two days. He must be starving.
The speaker is deducing something (starving). She / He takes the help of logical analysis or the basis of evidence that is available. She / He is very much sure that what he/she says is correct. So in the above example, ‘must’ is used for deduction. Can’t: In negative sentences for logical analysis/conclusion ‘can’t’ is used. The speaker is very sure about some negative conclusion that she/he has reached. The use of ‘must have ’ and ‘can’t have ’ shows that the speaker has made a deduction about something that happened in the past.
Example
1. Ramesh has done very well in the examination. He must have worked really hard.
2. The library was closed all day yesterday. You can’t have been there yesterday.

Activity – 24
Answer the questions in Column A, using must or can’t, and choosing a suitable reason from Column B. (One answer has been provided.)
Modal Verbs
Example: (She can’t be ill. She has gone swimming.)
Answer:
2. They must be sleeping. Their bedroom lights are off.
3. He must be happy. He has just got a job.
4. He can’t be a Bengali. He speaks Telugu.
5. The shopkeeper can’t be honest. He charged more than the price.
6. These boys must be naughty. They play tricks on everyone.
7. She can’t be married. She is too young.

Activity – 25
Consider the situations below and use the words in brackets to frame sentences with ‘/must have’ and ‘can’t have
(a) Satish got the first division in the exam. (He / works hard)
_________________________________
(b) Someone saw Sudha in the college library at 8.00 a.m. yesterday. (She / stays / in bed / all morning)
_________________________________
(c) The traffic lights were red and the car stopped, (the driver/see / the red light)
_________________________________
(d) He knows a lot about teaching. ( He / a teacher when he was young)
_________________________________
(e) Girish knew exactly what to do. (He / learns / the skills / very carefully)
_________________________________
(f) My friend knew everything about our plan. (He / listens / to our conversation)
_________________________________
(g) Janaki walked past me without speaking. (She / see / me)
_________________________________
(h) There are five stitches on her head. (She / have / an accident)
_________________________________
Answer:
(a) He must have worked hard.
(b) She can’t have stayed in bed all morning.
(c) The driver must have seen the red light.
(d) He must have been a teacher when he was young.
(e) He must have learnt the skills very carefully.
(f) He must have listened to our conversation.
(g) She can’t have seen me.
(h) She must have had an accident.

CHSE Odisha Class 12 English Grammar Modal Verbs

SECTION – 10

Offering advice (using should, ought to, had better, be supposed to)
(a) If your toothache is not getting better, you should see a dentist.
(b) They really looked after you well. You ought to write a letter of thanks.
(c) Your roommates are complaining. You had better turn the music down.
Should and ought to are used to ask for as well as give advice. Ought to is preferred when the advice is given by someone in authority.
‘Had better’ (generally abbreviated to better) indicates a strong recommendation, made for a particular situation.
Should have … and ought to have … are used to show that someone did not do something (in the past) which was advisable.
Look at the examples below.
1. I should have bought that book yesterday, but I didn’t have the money.
2. Haven’t you been to see your doctor? You ought to have seen him yesterday

Activity – 26
Complete the sentences in the “Advice” column, using ‘should’ or ‘ought to’.
Modal Verbs 1
Answer:
i. I should have bought a new pen yesterday, but I didn’t have money.
ii. I should have looked for other books, but I didn’t have free moments.
iii. I should have given some money to the poor, but I didn’t get the key of my drawer.
iv. They ought to have asked their teacher as they did not solve it themselves.
v. I should have gone and collected the glasses from the shop.
vi. I should have taken some days off.

Activity – 27
Produce sentences indicating what the speaker should (not) / ought to have done in given situations.
(a) I’m in trouble because I didn’t wish my boss “Good morning”!
(b) The pen he used to write the examination was not good enough.
(c) Nirmal did not meet Seeta until it was too late.
(d) I’m sorry that he didn’t take your advice.
(e) Smita had to go to the bank opposite the college, but she hired a taxi.
(f) I sent a messenger three days ago, but he has not arrived yet.
(g) She left her books in the canteen. She didn’t find them when she went back.
Answer:
(a) I’m in trouble because I didn’t wish my boss “Good morning”!
I should have wished my boss “Good morning.”
(b) The pen he used to write the examination was not good enough.
He ought to have used a good pen to write the examination.
(c) Nirmal did not meet Seeta until it was too late.
Nirmal should have met Seeta in time.
(d) I’m sorry that he didn’t take your advice. He ought to have taken your advice.
(e) Smita had to go to the bank opposite the college, but she hired a taxi. Smita should not have hired a taxi.
(I) I sent a messenger three days ago, but he has not arrived yet. He should have arrived by this time.
(g) She left her books in the canteen. She didn’t find them when she went back. She should have been very careful.

CHSE Odisha Class 12 English Grammar Modal Verbs

Activity – 28
What advice would you offer someone in a difficult or dangerous situation, such as an Are, flood, cyclone, a roof falling in, or a wild animal running loose in the city?
Think of at least 7 such situations and form sentences to offer advice, using either had better or had better not.
Example (a fire) You’d better phone the fire brigade.
1. (a burglary) You’d better not _________________________________
2. _________________________________
3. _________________________________
4. _________________________________
5. _________________________________
6. _________________________________
7. _________________________________
Answer:
1. You’d better not fight against them.
2. (a flood) You’d better take shelter on a hill.
3. (cyclone) You’d better leave that old house.
4. (a wild animal running loose) You’d better not open the door.
5. You’d better telephone the police about the wild animal.
6. (a roof falling in) You’d better leave the house with your family members.
7. (afire) You’d better make lose your cattle.

SECTION – 11

Expressing obligation or necessity (using must have to / had to, got to)
(a) I’ve got terrible pain in my back. I must go and see the doctor.
(b) I have got an appointment. I have to go and see the doctor at 9.00 tomorrow morning.
(c) Our teacher had given us fifty sums to work out. So I had to work late yesterday.
(d) My friend must be waiting for me. I’ve got to hurry.
‘Must’ is used for an internal obligation or when authority comes from the speaker. ‘Have to ’ is normally used for outside direction/obligation or when the authority comes from someone other than the speaker.
We use ‘had to’ when talking about past obligations or necessity. ‘Have got’ is sometimes used instead or ‘have to’ to talk about obligation or necessity but it is more informal.

Activity – 29
Complete the sentences using must or some form of have to. (In some cases, more than one answer is possible.)
(a) I really — find something cheaper. This is too expensive.
(b) A. — you — get a visa to go to Nepal?
B. No, you don’t but you — get one for Pakistan.
(c) You — fill in this form first. You can’t do anything until it is completed.
(d) Sudhir: I’ll meet you at the airport at 9 o’clock then.
Kamal: What! We — check in by 7.30.
(e) Jiban: This medicine tastes horrible. I’m going to take it only once a day.
Jiten: Now, don’t be silly. The doctor says you — take it 3 times a day.
Jiban: All right, I’ll take the medicine after meals.
Jiten: No, you — take the medicine before meals.
(f) You — remember to brush your teeth. If you don’t, you’ll have to go to the dentist.
(g) I — stay in bed yesterday because I wasn’t very well.
(h) I couldn’t go to the party last night because I — look after my youngest sister, who was ill.
Answer:
(a) I really must find something cheaper. This is too expensive.
(b) A: Have you got to get a visa to go to Nepal?
B: No, you don’t, but you have to get one for Pakistan.
(c) You have to fill in this form first. You can’t do anything until it is completed.
(d) Sudhir: I’ll meet you at the airport at 9 o’clock then.
Kamal: What! We have to check in by 7.30.
(e) Jiban: I’ve never tasted such horrible medicine. I’m going to take it only once a day.
Jiten: Now, don’t be silly. The doctor says you have to take it 3 times a day.
Jiban: All right, I’ll take the medicine after meals.
Jiten: No, you have to take the medicine before meals.
(f) You must remember to brush your teeth. If you don’t, you’ll have to go to the dentist.
(g) I had to stay in bed yesterday because I wasn’t very well.
(h) I couldn’t go to the party last night because I had to look after my youngest sister.

CHSE Odisha Class 12 English Grammar Modal Verbs

SECTION – 12

Expressing prohibition (using mustn’t, needn’t, don’t have to)
(a) You mustn’t jump over that wall. You’ll break your legs.
(b) You mustn’t drive that car. The brakes don’t work.
(c) Tomorrow is a holiday. You needn’t get up early.
(d) They needn’t buy the book. They can get it in the library.
(e) We don’t have to / need to go to a hotel. My mother can cook for us. ‘Mustn’t’ is usually used for prohibition or it is forbidden to do something.
But needn ’t is used for absence or obligation/necessity. Doesn ’t/ don’t have to, doesn’t / don’t need to’ are used when it is not necessary to do something.

Activity – 30
Choose the correct modal.
(a) They’ve been late for class three times this week. They mustn ’t/ needn’t be late again.
(b He mustn’t / needn’t tell our teacher about the meeting. Sudha has already told him.
(c) You mustn’t / don’t have to make any noise going into the house.
It’s very late and everybody is asleep.
(d) I mustn’t / don’t have to hurry. I’ve got plenty of time.
(e) You mustn’t / needn’t open the door before the bus stops. You could fall out.
(f) You don’t have to / mustn’t wash that shirt. It isn’t dirty.
(g) Sima needn’t/ mustn’t finish her essay today. She’s got to hand it in by next Friday.
(h) You needn’t / mustn’t wear your best clothes. You can wear what you like.
Answer:
(a) The mustn’t be late again.
(b) He needn’t tell our teacher about the meeting. Sudha has already told him.
(c) You mustn’t make any noise going into the house. It’s very late and everybody is asleep.
(d) I don’t have to hurry. I’ve got plenty of time.
(e) You mustn’t open the door before the bus stops. You could fall out.
(f) You don’t have to wash that shirt. It isn’t dirty.
(g) Sima needn’t finish her essay today.
She’s got to hand it in by next Friday.
(h) You needn’t wear your best clothes. You can wear what you like.

CHSE Odisha Class 12 English Grammar Modal Verbs

Activity – 31
List five things which a visitor to a zoo must not do.
1. (A) Visitors to a zoo mustn’t…..
2. (S)he…
3. _________________________________
4. _________________________________
5. _________________________________
6. _________________________________
7. _________________________________
8. _________________________________
Answer:
1. He mustn’t tease the wild animals.
2. He mustn ’t row boats himself in the lake without a guide.
3. He mustn’t throw stones at the birds.
4. He mustn’t give food to any animals there.
5. He mustn’t put his fingers inside a cage.
6. He mustn’t disfigure the walls.
7. He mustn’t go near the crocodiles.
8. He mustn’t terrify the small animals.

Activity – 32
You went on a picnic to some far-away place with a group of friends. As you did not know what things would be available there, you made elaborate preparations. Now, after your return, you are narrating your experiences to another group of friends, who would also like to go on a picnic to the same spot.
Tell your friends which of the arrangements made by you were necessary, and which of them were either unnecessary or proved to be unnecessary. Use had to, needed to, didn’t need to, didn’t have to, and need not have to talk about the arrangements which were either necessary or unnecessary.
Here are some of the arrangements that were made.
1. hiring a bus
2. buying fire-wood for cooking
3. carrying water for drinking and cooking
4. carrying food materials: rice daal, vegetables, meat
5. finding a place to cook in
6. finding a place to serve the food
7. going to places of interest nearby
8. thinking of ways to keep yourself entertained
9. washing utensils after the meal
10. making arrangements for the return journey.
Answer:
1. We had to hire a bus for the picnic.
2. We needn’t have to / didn’t have to buy firewood for cooking as it as plentily available there.
3. We didn’t have to carry water for drinking and cooking.
4. We had to carry food materials: rice, daal, vegetables, and meat.
5. We needed to / had to find a place to cook in.
6. We needed to find a place to serve the food.
7. We needn’t have to go to places of interest nearby.
8. We had to think of ways to keep ourselves entertained.
9. We needed to wash the utensils after the meal.
10. We needn’t have to make arrangements for the return journey as we had already arranged before.

CHSE Odisha Class 12 English Grammar Modal Verbs

Multiple-Choice Questions (MCQs) with Answers

Question 1.
Rain has stopped; you ___________ carry an umbrella with you.
(A) mustn’t
(B) ought not
(C) needn’t
(D) won’t
Answer:
(C) needn’t

Question 2.
A judge ___________ be upright.
(A) shall
(B) will
(C) must
(D) could
Answer:
(C) must

Question 3.
He ___________be at least thirty years old.
(A) can
(B) should
(C) will
(D) must
Answer:
(D) must

Question 4.
Shut the window, ___________?
(A) will you
(B) would you
(C) could you
(D) none of these
Answer:
(B) would you

CHSE Odisha Class 12 English Grammar Modal Verbs

Question 5.
___________ you open the door, please?
(A) Shall
(B) Will
(C) Can
(D) May
Answer:
(B) Will

Question 6.
You do ___________as you are told.
(A) will
(B) can
(C) must
(D) shall
Answer:
(D) shall

Question 7.
I ___________ try if you wish.
(A) shall
(B) will
(C) should
(D) would
Answer:
(B) will

Question 8.
_____ you rather have tea or coffee?
(A) Should
(B) Will
(C) Would
(D) Can
Answer:
(C) Would

Question 9.
He _____ prefers to have coffee.
(A) will
(B) can
(C) would
(D) none of these
Answer:
(C) would

Question 10.
We _____ disobey our parents.
(A) needn’t
(B) mustn’t
(C) can’t
(D) wouldn’t
Answer:
(B) mustn’t

Question 11.
I ____ do it now.
(A) could
(B) should
(C) can
(D) might
Answer:
(C) can

CHSE Odisha Class 12 English Grammar Modal Verbs

Question 12.
They worked hard and they succeed.
(A) may
(B) could
(C) might
(D) should
Answer:
(C) might

Question 13.
Let’s go for cricket, _____ we?
(A) should
(B) could
(C) would
(D) shall
Answer:
(D) shall

Question 14.
It _____ rain tonight.
(A) can
(B) could
(C) should
(D) may
Answer:
(D) may

Question 15.
I ___________ do it long ago.
(A) could
(B) might
(C) should
(D) would
Answer:
(A) could

Question l6.
He is so weak that he _____ walks.
(A) will not
(B) would not
(C) cannot
(D) may not
Answer:
(C) cannot

Question 17.
You ____ go now.
(A) can
(B) could
(C) ought
(D) none of these
Answer:
(A) can

Question 18.
_____ I use your telephone directory?
(A) May
(B) Can
(C) Shall
(D) both (A) and (B)
Answer:
(D) both (A) and (B)

CHSE Odisha Class 12 English Grammar Modal Verbs

Question 19.
If you do this, you _____ be punished.
(A) will
(B) would
(C) shall
(D) can
Answer:
(A) will

Question 20.
I ____ do as you did.
(A) could
(B) should
(C) can
(D) would
Answer:
(D) would

Question 21.
Take heed less you ____ fall.
(A) would
(B) should
(C) might
(D) could
Answer:
(B) should

Question 22.
I _____ have my work here.
(A) must
(B) may
(C) can
(D) none of these
Answer:
(A) must

Question 23.
You _____ if the Court had instructed you to do so.
(A) shall have attended
(B) would have to attend
(C) would have had to attend
(D) would attend
Answer:
(C) would have had to attend

Question 24.
Tell my mother that she _____ telephone me at work for I will be home by seven o’clock this evening.
(A) needs not to
(B) need not to
(C) has no need
(D) need not
Answer:
(D) need not

Question 25.
The fire spread through the building quickly but everybody ___________.
(A) was able to escape
(B) managed to escape
(C) could escape
(D) both (A) and (B)
Answer:
(D) both (A) and (B)

Question 26.
The phone is ringing. It ___________be Tim.
(A) might
(B) can
(C) could
(D) both (A) and (C)
Answer:
(D) both (A) and (C)

Question 27.
Why did you stay at a hotel when you went to New York? You _____ with Barbara.
(A) can stay
(B) could stay
(C) could have stayed
(D) none of these
Answer:
(C) could have stayed

CHSE Odisha Class 12 English Grammar Modal Verbs

Question 28.
I’ve lost one of my gloves. I ___________ it somewhere.
(A) must drop
(B) must have dropped
(C) must be dropping
(D) must have been dropping
Answer:
(B) must have dropped

Question 29.
Take an umbrella with you when you go out, It _____ rain later.
(A) may
(B) might
(C) can
(D) could
Answer:
(A) may

Question 30.
What was wrong with you? Why ___________ go to the hospital?
(A) had you to
(B) did you have to
(C) must you
(D) none of these
Answer:
(B) did you have to

Question 31.
There’s plenty of time. You ___________ hurry.
(A) don’t have to
(B) mustn’t
(C) needn’t
(D) none of these
Answer:
(A) don’t have to

Question 32.
It was a great party last night. You _____ come. Why didn’t you?
(A) must have
(B) should have
(C) ought to have
(D) had to
Answer:
(B) should have

Question 33.
Jane ______ a car.
(A) suggested that I buy
(B) suggested that I should buy
(C) suggested me to buy
(D) none of these
Answer:
(A) suggested that I buy

Question 34.
I think all drivers _____ seat belts.
(A) should wear
(B) had better wear
(C) had better to wear
(D) none of these
Answer:
(A) should wear

CHSE Odisha Class 12 English Grammar Modal Verbs

Question 35.
It’s late. It’s time ___________ home.
(A) we go
(B) we must go
(C) we should go
(D) we went
Answer:
(D) we went

CHSE Odisha Class 12 Math Solutions Chapter 8 Application of Derivatives Ex 8(f)

Odisha State Board CHSE Odisha Class 12 Math Solutions Chapter 8 Application of Derivatives Ex 8(f) Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

CHSE Odisha Class 12 Math Solutions Chapter 8 Application of Derivatives Exercise 8(f)

Find the following limits:
Question 1.
\(\lim _{x \rightarrow 0} \frac{\tan a x}{x}\)
Solution:
CHSE Odisha Class 12 Math Solutions Chapter 8 Application of Derivatives Ex 8(f) Q.1

Question 2.
\(\lim _{x \rightarrow 0} \frac{\sin a x}{\sin b x}\)
Solution:
CHSE Odisha Class 12 Math Solutions Chapter 8 Application of Derivatives Ex 8(f) Q.2

Question 3.
\(\lim _{x \rightarrow 1} \frac{\ln x}{x^2-1}\)
Solution:
CHSE Odisha Class 12 Math Solutions Chapter 8 Application of Derivatives Ex 8(f) Q.3

CHSE Odisha Class 12 Math Solutions Chapter 8 Application of Derivatives Ex 8(f)

Question 4.
\(\lim _{x \rightarrow \frac{\pi}{2}} \frac{1-\sin x}{\cos x}\)
Solution:
CHSE Odisha Class 12 Math Solutions Chapter 8 Application of Derivatives Ex 8(f) Q.4

Question 5.
\(\lim _{x \rightarrow 0} \frac{x-\sin x}{\tan ^3 x}\)
Solution:
CHSE Odisha Class 12 Math Solutions Chapter 8 Application of Derivatives Ex 8(f) Q.5

Question 6.
\(\lim _{x \rightarrow 2} \frac{x^3-12 x+16}{3 x^3-8 x^2-4 x+16}\)
Solution:
CHSE Odisha Class 12 Math Solutions Chapter 8 Application of Derivatives Ex 8(f) Q.6

Question 7.
\(\lim _{x \rightarrow 1} \frac{{In}(2-x)}{1-x^2}\)
Solution:
CHSE Odisha Class 12 Math Solutions Chapter 8 Application of Derivatives Ex 8(f) Q.7

Question 8.
\(\lim _{x \rightarrow 0+} \frac{\sqrt{1-x}-\sqrt{1+x}}{\sqrt{x}}\)
Solution:
CHSE Odisha Class 12 Math Solutions Chapter 8 Application of Derivatives Ex 8(f) Q.8

Question 9.
\(\lim _{x \rightarrow 1} \frac{2 \sqrt{x}-3 \sqrt[3]{x}+1}{(x-1)^2}\)
Solution:
CHSE Odisha Class 12 Math Solutions Chapter 8 Application of Derivatives Ex 8(f) Q.9

CHSE Odisha Class 12 Math Solutions Chapter 8 Application of Derivatives Ex 8(f)

Question 10.
\(\lim _{x \rightarrow \infty} \frac{x^3-3 x+1}{2 x^3-7 x^2+5}\)
Solution:
CHSE Odisha Class 12 Math Solutions Chapter 8 Application of Derivatives Ex 8(f) Q.10

Question 11.
\(\lim _{x \rightarrow 2} \frac{4^x-2^{3+x}+16}{(x-2)^2}\)
Solution:
CHSE Odisha Class 12 Math Solutions Chapter 8 Application of Derivatives Ex 8(f) Q.11

Question 12.
\(\lim _{x \rightarrow 0+} \frac{\ln \tan x}{\ln \sin 2 x}\)
Solution:
CHSE Odisha Class 12 Math Solutions Chapter 8 Application of Derivatives Ex 8(f) Q.12

Question 13.
\(\lim _{x \rightarrow 0} \frac{e^x-e^{-x}-2 \sin x}{x \sin x}\)
Solution:
CHSE Odisha Class 12 Math Solutions Chapter 8 Application of Derivatives Ex 8(f) Q.13

Question 14.
\(\lim _{x \rightarrow \infty} \frac{{In}\left(\frac{1}{x}\right)}{x^x}\)
Solution:
CHSE Odisha Class 12 Math Solutions Chapter 8 Application of Derivatives Ex 8(f) Q.14

Question 15.
\(\lim _{x \rightarrow 0+} \frac{e^{-\frac{1}{x}}}{x}\)
Solution:
CHSE Odisha Class 12 Math Solutions Chapter 8 Application of Derivatives Ex 8(f) Q.15

Question 16.
\(\lim _{x \rightarrow \infty} \frac{x^n+x^{-1}}{(x+2)^n}\)
Solution:
CHSE Odisha Class 12 Math Solutions Chapter 8 Application of Derivatives Ex 8(f) Q.16

CHSE Odisha Class 12 Math Solutions Chapter 8 Application of Derivatives Ex 8(f)

Question 17.
\(\lim _{x \rightarrow 0} \frac{e^x-e^{-x}}{x \cos x}\)
Solution:
CHSE Odisha Class 12 Math Solutions Chapter 8 Application of Derivatives Ex 8(f) Q.17

Question 18.
\(\lim _{x \rightarrow \infty} \frac{\sin ^{-1} x}{x}\)
Solution:
CHSE Odisha Class 12 Math Solutions Chapter 8 Application of Derivatives Ex 8(f) Q.18

Question 19.
\(\lim _{x \rightarrow 0+}\) log tanx tan 2x
Solution:
CHSE Odisha Class 12 Math Solutions Chapter 8 Application of Derivatives Ex 8(f) Q.19

Question 20.
\(\lim _{x \rightarrow \pi / 2}\)(tan x)cos x
Solution:
CHSE Odisha Class 12 Math Solutions Chapter 8 Application of Derivatives Ex 8(f) Q.20

Question 21.
\(\lim _{x \rightarrow 1} x^{\frac{1}{1-x}}\)
Solution:
CHSE Odisha Class 12 Math Solutions Chapter 8 Application of Derivatives Ex 8(f) Q.21

Question 22.
\(\lim _{x \rightarrow 0+} x^{\sin x}\)
Solution:
CHSE Odisha Class 12 Math Solutions Chapter 8 Application of Derivatives Ex 8(f) Q.22

Question 23.
\(\lim _{x \rightarrow 1}\left(\frac{1}{x-1}-\frac{1}{\ln x}\right)\)
Solution:
CHSE Odisha Class 12 Math Solutions Chapter 8 Application of Derivatives Ex 8(f) Q.23

CHSE Odisha Class 12 Math Solutions Chapter 8 Application of Derivatives Ex 8(f)

Question 24.
\(\lim _{x \rightarrow \infty}\left(x-\sqrt{x^2-1}\right)\)
Solution:
CHSE Odisha Class 12 Math Solutions Chapter 8 Application of Derivatives Ex 8(f) Q.24

Question 25.
\(\lim _{x \rightarrow \infty}\left(x-\sqrt{x^2+2 x}\right)\)
Solution:
CHSE Odisha Class 12 Math Solutions Chapter 8 Application of Derivatives Ex 8(f) Q.25

Question 26.
\(\lim _{x \rightarrow 0}\left(\frac{1}{\sin ^2 x}-\frac{1}{x^2}\right)\)
Solution:
CHSE Odisha Class 12 Math Solutions Chapter 8 Application of Derivatives Ex 8(f) Q.26

Question 27.
\(\lim _{x \rightarrow \pi / 2}\) (tan 3x – tan x)
Solution:
CHSE Odisha Class 12 Math Solutions Chapter 8 Application of Derivatives Ex 8(f) Q.27

Question 28.
\(\lim _{x \rightarrow 0+} \frac{\sqrt{a^x-b^x}}{\sqrt{x}}\), a > b
Solution:
CHSE Odisha Class 12 Math Solutions Chapter 8 Application of Derivatives Ex 8(f) Q.28

Question 29.
\(\lim _{x \rightarrow \infty}\left(1+\frac{3}{x}\right)^x\)
Solution:
CHSE Odisha Class 12 Math Solutions Chapter 8 Application of Derivatives Ex 8(f) Q.29

CHSE Odisha Class 12 Math Solutions Chapter 8 Application of Derivatives Ex 8(f)

Question 30.
\(\lim _{x \rightarrow \infty}\left(e^{\frac{1}{x}}\right)^{\ln (1+x)}\)
Solution:
CHSE Odisha Class 12 Math Solutions Chapter 8 Application of Derivatives Ex 8(f) Q.30

Question 31.
\(\lim _{x \rightarrow 0}\left(\frac{\sin x}{x}\right)^{1 / x}\)
Solution:
CHSE Odisha Class 12 Math Solutions Chapter 8 Application of Derivatives Ex 8(f) Q.31

Question 32.
\(\lim _{x \rightarrow 0}\left(1+x^2\right)^{1 / x}\)
Solution:
CHSE Odisha Class 12 Math Solutions Chapter 8 Application of Derivatives Ex 8(f) Q.32

Question 33.
\(\lim _{x \rightarrow 0}\) (cot x – cosec x)
Solution:
CHSE Odisha Class 12 Math Solutions Chapter 8 Application of Derivatives Ex 8(f) Q.33

Question 34.
\(\lim _{x \rightarrow 1}\) (2 – x)cosec πx
Solution:
CHSE Odisha Class 12 Math Solutions Chapter 8 Application of Derivatives Ex 8(f) Q.34

CHSE Odisha Class 12 Math Solutions Chapter 8 Application of Derivatives Ex 8(f)

Question 35.
\(\lim _{x \rightarrow 0}\left(\frac{x^2+2 x-1}{x^2-1}\right)^{\frac{1}{x}}\)
Solution:
CHSE Odisha Class 12 Math Solutions Chapter 8 Application of Derivatives Ex 8(f) Q.35

Question 36.
\(\lim _{x \rightarrow 0} \frac{(1+x)^{1 / x}-e}{x}\)
Solution:
CHSE Odisha Class 12 Math Solutions Chapter 8 Application of Derivatives Ex 8(f) Q.36

Question 37.
\(\lim _{x \rightarrow 0}(\tan x)^{1 / \ln x}\)
Solution:
CHSE Odisha Class 12 Math Solutions Chapter 8 Application of Derivatives Ex 8(f) Q.37

Question 38.
\(\lim _{x \rightarrow 0} \frac{x^3 \sin \frac{1}{x}}{\tan x}\)
Solution:
CHSE Odisha Class 12 Math Solutions Chapter 8 Application of Derivatives Ex 8(f) Q.38

Question 39.
\(\lim _{x \rightarrow 0+} \frac{2^x-1}{\sqrt{(1+x)}-1}\)
Solution:
CHSE Odisha Class 12 Math Solutions Chapter 8 Application of Derivatives Ex 8(f) Q.39

Question 40.
\(\lim _{x \rightarrow 1}(1-x) \tan \frac{\pi x}{2}\)
Solution:
CHSE Odisha Class 12 Math Solutions Chapter 8 Application of Derivatives Ex 8(f) Q.40

Question 41.
\(\lim _{x \rightarrow 0} \frac{x \cos x-\sin x}{x^2 \sin x}\)
Solution:
CHSE Odisha Class 12 Math Solutions Chapter 8 Application of Derivatives Ex 8(f) Q.41

CHSE Odisha Class 12 Math Solutions Chapter 8 Application of Derivatives Ex 8(f)

Question 42.
\(\lim _{x \rightarrow 0} \frac{e^{-\frac{1}{x^2}}}{x^2}\)
Solution:
CHSE Odisha Class 12 Math Solutions Chapter 8 Application of Derivatives Ex 8(f) Q.42

Question 43.
\(\lim _{x \rightarrow 0}\left(\frac{\sin x}{x}\right)^{\frac{1}{x^2}}\)
Solution:
CHSE Odisha Class 12 Math Solutions Chapter 8 Application of Derivatives Ex 8(f) Q.43

CHSE Odisha Class 12 English Grammar Tense Patterns Unit 2 The Present Perfect

Odisha State Board CHSE Odisha Class 12 Invitation to English 4 Solutions Grammar Tense Patterns Unit 2 The Present Perfect Textbook Activity Questions and Answers.

CHSE Odisha 12th Class English Grammar Tense Patterns Unit 2 The Present Perfect

SECTION- 1:
Examine the use of the Present Perfect in the following sentences.
(a) A: Where’s your T.V. set? I don’t see it.
B: I have sold it.
(b) A: Why are you looking so happy?
B: I have just got a job.
In the above examples, the speaker ‘B’ talks about some events beginning in the past and lasting up to the present moment (or still continuing). Though the event started in the past, it is connected to the present moment of speaking. In this sense, we used the Present Perfect Tense.

CHSE Odisha Class 12 English Grammar Tense Patterns Unit 2 The Present Perfect

Activity — 9
Complete the sentences marked B. Use the verb in brackets, together with ‘just/already/yet’.
A: What does your wife think of your plan?
B : I __________(not tell) her yet.
A: Would you like something to eat?
B : No, thanks I __________(just/eat).
A: Is your brother here yet?
B : Yes, he __________(just/arrive).
A: What’s on TV today?
B: I don’t know. I __________(not see) the programme yet.
A: Do you know where Bidhu lives?
B : Yes, he __________(just/move) to Satyanagar.
A: Are your friends coming to the circus with us?
B : No, they __________(already/see) it.
A: When is Prakash leaving?
B : He __________(already/leave).
Answer:
1. A: What does your wife think of your plan?
B: I have not told her yet.
A: Would you like something to eat?
B: No, thanks I have just eaten.
A: Is your brother here yet?
B: Yes, he has just arrived.
A: What’s on TV today?
B: I don’t know. I have not seen the program yet.
A: Do you know where Bidhu lives?
B: Yes, he has just moved to Satyanagar.
A: Are your friends coming to the circus with us?
B: No, they have already seen it.
A: When is Prakash leaving?
B: He has already left.

CHSE Odisha Class 12 English Grammar Tense Patterns Unit 2 The Present Perfect

Activity – 10
Study the situations suggested below and makeup sentences with “yet”, “already” or “just”.
1. You are going to Koraput next Sunday. You phone your travel agent to buy a ticket for you.
Later your father says. ‘Shall I get the ticket for you ?”
You: No, (buy) ___________________________________.
2. Alok goes to the Post Office but returns after a while. His friend asks you if he is still at the Post Office.
You: No, (come back) ___________________________________.
3. You know that one of your classmates is looking for a house. When you meet him, you want to know if he has been successful.
You: ___________________________________.
4. You visit a friend’s house after lunch. He asks if you would like something to eat.
You: ___________________________________.
5. You are doing your homework. Your brother thinks that you have finished and turns the light off. What would you tell him?
You: ___________________________________.
6. Amar goes out. Ten minutes later his friend comes and asks you if he can meet Amar.
You: ___________________________________.
Answer:
1. No, I have already bought it from a travel agent.
2. No, he has already come back.
3. Have you got a house yet?
4. Have you had your lunch yet?
5. I have not finished my homework yet.
6. Amar has iust gone out

Activity – 11
Below is a list of things that your parents have asked you to do today. You have checked the things you’ve done so far. Talk about the things you’ve already done and the things you haven’t done yet. (Two have been done for you as examples.)
1. do the washing up
2. do your homework ✓
3. wash the scooter
4. write to the brother
5. read today’s newspapers ✓
6. defrost the fridge
7. buy some fruits ✓
8. watch the news on TV
9. clean the windows ✓
10. water the plants
11. empty the dustbins ✓
12. phone uncle
Answer:
1. I haven’t done the washing up yet.
2. I have already done my homework.
3. I have not washed the scooter yet.
4. I have not written to my brother yet.
5. I have already read today’s newspaper.
6. I have not de-frosted the fridge yet.
7. I have already bought some fruit.
8. I have not watched the news on TV.
9. I have already cleaned the windows.
10. I haven’t watered the plants yet.
11. I have not emptied the dustbin yet.
12. I have not phoned my uncle yet.

CHSE Odisha Class 12 English Grammar Tense Patterns Unit 2 The Present Perfect

Activity – 12
Anil, Anima, Mohan and Anand are talking about the places they have visited. Fill in the spaces using the information in the chart below.

Kolkata Koraput Puri Sambalpur Shillong
Anil Yes No No Yes No
Anima Yes No Yes Yes No
Mohan No No Yes No No
Anand Yes No Yes Yes No

1. Anil __________been to Kolkata, but Mohan ___________.
2. Three people __________ been to Puri.
3. Only one person __________been to Sambalpur.
4. Mohan is the only one who __________ visited only one place.
5. Nobody __________ been to Shillong.
6. Two people __________ been to three places.
7. Anima and Mohan __________ both been to Puri, but neither __________ been to Koraput.
Answer:
1. Anil has been to Calcutta, but Mohan hasn ’t.
2. Three people have been to Puri.
3. Only one person hasn’t been to Sambalpur.
4. Mohan is the only one who has visited only one place.
5. Nobody has been to Shillong.
6. Two people have been to three places.
7. Anima and Mohan have both been to Puri, but neither haven’t been to Koraput.

Note:
Look at the difference between ‘have /has been ’ and ‘have/has gone ‘Has /have been’ means went and returned. But ‘has gone/have gone means went and not returned. The Present Perfect form of ‘go’ (has/have gone) is not used when the subject of the sentence is 7, we or you.’ The Present Perfect is used to refer to some happening in the past, for which the time of action is not given.

SECTION – 2
Look at the sentences below.
1. Hari didn’t have a beard six months ago. He has a beard now. He has grown a beard.
2. Malati was very shy. She is smart now. She has become smart.
3. She was a little baby when I last saw her. She is a young girl now. She has grown up.
When a change has taken place between now and sometime before now, we use the Present Perfect Tense.

CHSE Odisha Class 12 English Grammar Tense Patterns Unit 2 The Present Perfect

Activity – 13
Study the situations below and make up appropriate sentences using the verbs suggested.
1. Yesterday my sister bought a pen. She can’t find it now. (lose)
______________________________________________.
2. The children were playing here some time ago. Now they are not seen, (leave)
______________________________________________.
3. My friend weighed 50 kilograms. Now he weighs 70. (gain weight)
______________________________________________.
4. The man met with an accident. Now he is not able to speak, (loses voice)
______________________________________________.
5. It was raining in the morning. Now the sky is clear. (stop)
______________________________________________.
6. The tiger attacked the man. He is dead now. (kill)
______________________________________________.
7. He had some paper with him. Now he does not have any to write on. (run out)
______________________________________________.
8. My teacher got a job in a bank. He is not coming to school anymore, (resign)
______________________________________________.
Answer:
1. She has lost it somewhere.
2. They have already left.
3. He has gained weight.
4. He has lost voice in the accident.
5. The rain has already stopped.
6. The tiger has already killed the man.
7. He has already run out of paper.
8. He has already resigned from school.

SECTION – 3
Present Perfect is often used with the following time expressions.

lately until now ever for five years
not yet never always over the last eight years
recently just so far in the past Iwo years
in recent years already since 1990

Do remember that the expressions like “last year, ago, yesterday” etc. cannot be used in the Present Perfect.

Activity – 14
Rewrite the following sentences putting the words in brackets in the right place. The first one has been done for you.
1. My teacher has wanted to be a writer. (never)
Ans. My teacher has never wanted to be a writer.
2. I’ve found him helpful, (always)
______________________________________________.
3. People have misunderstood him. (often)
______________________________________________.
4. I’ve had lunch. (just)
______________________________________________.
5. Has he been to Puri? (ever)
______________________________________________.
6. Don’t panic. The police have arrested the culprit, (already)
______________________________________________.
Answer:
2. I’ve always found him helpful.
3. People have often misunderstood him.
4. I’ve Just had lunch.
5. Has he ever been to Puri?
6. Don’t panic. The police have already arrested the culprit.

CHSE Odisha Class 12 English Grammar Tense Patterns Unit 2 The Present Perfect

Activity – 15
Imagine that you suddenly run into an old friend whom you have not met for the last five years. But he has changed so much that you can hardly recognize him. Describe the changes that have taken place in your friend.

Unit-2

a) _______________________________
b) _______________________________
c) _______________________________
d) _______________________________
e) _______________________________
Answer:
1. He has grown into a young man.
2. He has become strong and healthy.
3. He has grown fair and tall.
4. He has made himself smart and confident.
5. He has grown a thick beard.

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CHSE Odisha Class 12 Math Solutions Chapter 8 Application of Derivatives Ex 8(e)

Odisha State Board CHSE Odisha Class 12 Math Solutions Chapter 8 Application of Derivatives Ex 8(e) Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

CHSE Odisha Class 12 Math Solutions Chapter 8 Application of Derivatives Exercise 8(e)

Question 1.
Determine the differentials in each of the following cases.
(i) y = x3 – 1
Solution:
y= x3 – 1
Then dy = 3x2 dx

(ii) y = sin2 x
Solution:
y = sin2 x
Then dy = 2 sin x cos x dx = sin 2x dx

(iii) y = \(\frac{1+\sqrt{x}}{1-\sqrt{x}}\)
Solution:
CHSE Odisha Class 12 Math Solutions Chapter 8 Application of Derivatives Ex 8(e) Q.1

(iv) z = cos 2t – 2 cot t
Solution:
z = cos 2t – 2 cot t
dz = (-2 sin 2t + 2 cosec2 t) dt

(v) r = \(\frac{4}{1+\sin \theta}\)
Solution:
r = \(\frac{4}{1+\sin \theta}\)
dz = \(\frac{-4 \cos \theta}{(1+\sin \theta)^2}\) . dθ
= \(-\frac{4 \cos \theta}{(1+\sin \theta)^2}\) dθ

(vi) x2y = 2
Solution:
⇒ y = \(\frac{2}{x^2}\)
dy = \(\frac{4}{x^3}\)

(vii) xy2 + yx2 = 1
Solution:
⇒ dx . y2 + x . 2y dy + dy . x2 + y . 2x dx = 0
⇒ (2 xy + x2) dy = – (y2 + 2xy) dx
⇒ dy = –\(\frac{y^2+2 x y}{x^2+2 x y}\)dx

CHSE Odisha Class 12 Math Solutions Chapter 8 Application of Derivatives Ex 8(e)

Question 2.
Find δf and df when
(i) f(x) = 2x2 – 1, x = 1, δx = 0.02
Solution:
f(x) = 2x2 – 1, x = 1, δx = 0.02
Then δf = f(x + δx) – f(x)
= f(1.02) – f(1)
= 2 (1.02)2 – 1 – (2 – 1)
= 2.0808 – 2 = 0.0808
Again df = 4x dx
= 4 × 1 × 0.02 = 0.08

(ii) f(x) = √x, x = 16, δx = 0.3
Solution:
f(x) = √x, x = 16, δx = 0.3
CHSE Odisha Class 12 Math Solutions Chapter 8 Application of Derivatives Ex 8(e) Q.2

(iii) f(x) = (x + 1)3, x = 8, δx = 0.04
Solution:
f(x) = (x + 1)3, x = 8, δx = 0.04
δf = f(x + δx) – f(x)
= (9.04)3 – (8 +1)3
= (9.04)3 – 93 = 9.7632
Again df = 3(x + 1)2 dx = 3 × 92 × 0.04
= 243 × 0.04 = 9.72

(iv) f(x) = In (1 + x), x = 1, δx = 0.04
Solution:
f(x) = In (1 + x), x = 1, δx = 0.04
δf = f(x + 8x) – f(x)
= In (1 + x + 5x) – ln (1 + x)
= In (2.04) – In (2) = 0.0198
Again df = \(\frac{1}{1+x}\)dx = \(\frac{1}{2}\) × 0.04 = 0.02

Question 3.
Find approximate values of the following:
(i) \(\sqrt[3]{28}\)
Solution:
CHSE Odisha Class 12 Math Solutions Chapter 8 Application of Derivatives Ex 8(e) Q.3(1)

(ii) \(\sqrt[6]{63}\)
Solution:
CHSE Odisha Class 12 Math Solutions Chapter 8 Application of Derivatives Ex 8(e) Q.3(2)

(iii) \(\sqrt{48 \cdot 96}\)
Solution:
CHSE Odisha Class 12 Math Solutions Chapter 8 Application of Derivatives Ex 8(e) Q.3(3)

(iv) (1.99)7
Solution:
Let y = x7
Then dy = 7x6 dx
⇒ δy = 7x6 δx
⇒ (x + δx)7 – x7 = 7x6 δx
(x + δx)7 = x7 + 7x6 δx
Put x = 2 and δx = -0.01
Then (1.99)7 = 27 – 7 × 26 × 0.01
= 128 – 7 × 64 × 0.01
= 128 – 4.48 = 123.52

(v) 23.02
Solution:
Let y = 2x
Then dy = 2x In 2 dx
⇒ δy = 2x In 2 . δx
⇒ 2x + δx – 2x = 2x In 2 . δx
⇒ 2x + δx = 2x + 2x In 2 δx
Then 23.02 = 23 + 23 In 2 × 0.02
= 8 + 8 In 2 × 0.02 = 8.1109

(vi) sin 59°
Solution:
Let y = sin x
Then dy = cos x dx ⇒ δy = cos x . δx
⇒ sin (x + δx) – sin x = cos x × δx
⇒ sin (x + δx) = sin x + cos x × δx
Put x = 60°, δx = -1°
Then sin 59° = sin 60° + cos 60° x – \( \frac{\pi}{180} \)
\(\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}\) – \(\frac{1}{2}\) × \(\frac{\pi}{180}\)
[ ∵ 1° = \(\frac{\pi}{180}\) radian = 0.85729

CHSE Odisha Class 12 Math Solutions Chapter 8 Application of Derivatives Ex 8(e)

Question 4.
find the percentage of error in calculation of the surface area of a spherical balloon of diameter 14.02 m. if the true diameter is 14m.
Solution:
Let S be the surface area of a spherical balloon of radius V.
Then S = 4πr2
Then dS = 8πr dr
CHSE Odisha Class 12 Math Solutions Chapter 8 Application of Derivatives Ex 8(e) Q.4

Question 5.
Find approximately the difference between the volumes of two cubes of sides 3 cm and 3.04 cm.
Solution:
Let V be the volume of a cube of side x cm.
Then V = x3 ⇒ dV = 3x2 dx
Here x = 3 cm and dx = (3.04 – 3) cm = 0.04 cm
Thus dV = 3 × 9 × 0.04 = 1.08 cm3
∴ Difference of two volumes is 1.08 cm3.

Question 6.
The height of a regular cone is 3 times the radius of its base. The radius of the base was wrongly measured to be 5 cm. whereas its true radius is 4.88 cm. Find the relative error in measuring the curved surface area of the cone.
Ans.
Consider a regular cone of height h and radius of its base x.
Then h = 3x.
If S is the area of the curved surface of the cone
then S = πxl
Where l is the slant height of the cone.
CHSE Odisha Class 12 Math Solutions Chapter 8 Application of Derivatives Ex 8(e) Q.6
= 0.049

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CHSE Odisha Class 12 Math Solutions Chapter 7 Continuity and Differentiability Ex 7(h)

Odisha State Board Elements of Mathematics Class 12 CHSE Odisha Solutions Chapter 7 Continuity and Differentiability Ex 7(h) Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

CHSE Odisha Class 12 Math Solutions Chapter 7 Continuity and Differentiability Exercise 7(h)

Find \(\frac{d y}{d x}\)
Question 1.
x = a cos θ, y = a sin θ
Solution:
x = a cos θ, y = a sin θ
CHSE Odisha Class 12 Math Solutions Chapter 7 Continuity and Differentiability Ex 7(h) Q.1

Question 2.
x = at2, y = 2 at at t = \( \frac{1}{2}\)
Solution:
x = at2, y = 2 at at t = \( \frac{1}{2}\)
CHSE Odisha Class 12 Math Solutions Chapter 7 Continuity and Differentiability Ex 7(h) Q.2

Question 3.
x = a cos3 t, y = a sin3 t at t = \( \frac{\pi}{4} \)
Solution:
x = a cos3 t, y = a sin3 t
CHSE Odisha Class 12 Math Solutions Chapter 7 Continuity and Differentiability Ex 7(h) Q.3

Question 4.
sin x = \(\frac{2 t}{1+t^2}\), tan y = \(\frac{2 t}{1-t^2}\)
Solution:
CHSE Odisha Class 12 Math Solutions Chapter 7 Continuity and Differentiability Ex 7(h) Q.4

Question 5.
x = 3 cos t – 2 cos3 t,
y = 3 sin t – 2 sin3 t.
Solution:
x = 3 cos t – 2 cos3 t
CHSE Odisha Class 12 Math Solutions Chapter 7 Continuity and Differentiability Ex 7(h) Q.5