Class 12

Odisha State Board CHSE Odisha Class 12 Approaches to English Book 2 Solutions Poem 4 Mirror Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Class 12th Alternative English Poem Chapter 4 Mirror Question Answers CHSE Odisha

Mirror Class 12 Questions and Answers

Pre-Reading activity:
Every one of us looks into a mirror everyday. In which way(s) is a mirror useful to us. Can you list them here? You are about to read a poem named Mirror. Can you guess what this poem tells the reader? Now read the poem and find out.

Notes On The Poet:
Sylvia Plath (1932-1963) in her life, as in her poetry, tried to fuse the role of‘Muse, Mother and Poet”. Her poetry is intensely perporial and powerfully confessional. Notable among her works age. “The Cotossues” (1960) and “Ariel” (1965). In the poem“Mirror” Plath shows how the mirror reflects more than mere images.

Questions For Discussion:
Question 1.
Who is the speaker in the poem?
Answer:
The mirror is the speaker in the poem.

Question 2.
What are the two things that the mirror in the poem reflects?
Answer:
It reflects both love and dislike.

Question 3.
Why is the mirror called the “eye of little God”?
Answer:
The mirror is called the “eye ofa little God” because it accepts reflection whatever it sees.

Question 4.
Why could the poet mean when she says”
“Now I am a lake……….”
Answer:
The poet means that the mirror is a tiny lake which accepts anything that comes its way. It also reflects things exactly like a lake without prejudice.

Question 5.
Why are the candles and moon “liars”
Answer:
The candles and the moon are “liars” because the candles and the moon do not speak of exactly what a women is.

Question 6.
How does the woman react to her reflection in the lake?
Answer:
The woman bends over the mirror lake and searches for what she really is and then turns to the liars.

Question 7.
Would our views of the aging women different if she instead of the mirror had narrated the story?
Answer:
The view would have been different if the aging women instead of the mirror had narrated story. The aging woman would have been a liar.

Question 8.
Here the poet uses at least three of the poetic devices: personification, metaphor and simile. Identify the times where these figures of speech are used.
Answer:
Personification: – “……………… I have no preconceptions\ ……………..I see I swallow immediately………………”.
Metaphor: “I am silver …………….”.The eye of a little god”, “Now I am a lake”
Smile: “Rises towards her day after day.
Like a terrible fish.

Question 9.
“………………….. and in one an old woman rises towards her day after day, like a terrible fish”. What is the significance of the image of a “terrible fish” here?
Answer:
The image of a “terrible fish” stands for the slow movement of time and death which are quite immediate.

Question 10.
Do you agree that the mirror in this poem reflects more than mere images? How sow?
Answer:
The mirror in this poem reflects more than mere images. It speaks the truth; it makes women search for the exactness.

Question 11.
Notice that the first stanza of he poem begins with “I can silver and exact” and the second stanza begins with “Now I am a lake”. Do these two autobiographical statements of the mirror contradict each other? It so, how are they reconciled in the poem?
Answer:
These two autobiographical statements. “I am silver and exact” and “Now I am lake” are two contradictory statements of the mirror. But both these statements and their ideas have reconciled the poem. It indicates that the mirror has two personalities. It is exact and faithful and at the same time profound and deep like a lake. It sometimes deceives in depth and is hence dangerous.

Composition:

Question 1.
Write an appreciation of the poem “Mirror” beginning with a statement of he theme and then proceeding to analyse the poem by lines along with your views regarding their communicative value (= how effectively the lines with their images and other poetic devices. If any communicate an idea). The conclusion would sum up the salient features of the poem and end with your general assessment of the poem.
Answer:
The poem“Mirror” is composed by Sylvia Plath, and eminent and out standing poet of the twentieth century. In her unique approach in English poem, plath is really superb and fantastic. The poem deals with something spectacular about mirror. The mirror as a reflecting device does something more than mere reflection. However, the poem is written in first person narrative giving an auto biographical sketch of the inanimate objects. Of course, the poem reflects life in mirror.

The barrier of the non-living things and rises above the personified in the poem to which human qualities have been attributed. It says that it is silver and exact. It neither exaggerates nor condemns, neither magnifies nor belittles. It speaks of as is it. Treats love and hatred alike. It is unprejudiced and truthful. It is the eye of a little god “The eye of a little god” is a metaphorical expression which tells that it is bright and truthful. Moreover, the second stanza is a continuance of the first one.

The mirror says that it meditates on the opposite wall. It is pink with speckles. Faces and darkness separate them over and over and now it is a lake. It says “Now I am a lake. A woman bands over it searching its reaches for what she really is. Then she turns to those liars – the candles and the moon. It sees her back and reflects it faithfully. She awards it with tears and an agitation of hands. Each day, she has drowned a young girl and in it an old woman rises towards her day after day like a terrible fish.

As a matter of fact the poem is unique attempt at making an imaginative and a thoughtful approach to life. The poet attributes human qualities to the living and non-living things. The approach and technique of the poem are balanced and impressive. On the whole, the poem is most inspiring, elevating and heart-touching.

Question 2.
Basing on what you know of the relationship between the Mirror and the Wall in the poem. Write a dialogue between them on the subject of the world around them.
Answer:
The wall – Good Morning, Miss Mirror
The mirror – Good morning Mr. Wall. How are you?
The wall – Fine, thank you – How are you?
The mirror – Fine, thank you. Why do you look so pensive today? What’s the matter?
The wall – It’s because I didn’t see you yesterday where’d you been?
The mirror – I’s in the bathroom the whole day.
The wall – I haven’t seen himself the whole day.
The mirror – You haven’t seen yourself.
The wall You myself. I seen myself in you everyday. Don’t I?
The mirror – You see yourself in me ! What do you mean?
The wall – Very simple Don’t people see themselves in you?
The mirror – Yes they do. So what?
The wall –  I also see myself in you exactly like that. This is what I do every day.
The mirror – No only you, everything and every bring do the same, don’t they?
The wall – Yes, of course. But there’s a difference.
The mirror – What is it?
The wall – Aren’t you feeling me in the room?
The mirror – Yes, I am. There is a lot of things that face me in the room. Chairs, tables, lights and so on.
The wall – But you are vis-a-vis me, aren’t you?
The mirror – Yes, I’m. So also you.
The wall – I do admit it. Therefore, I see myself in you.
The mirror – You see yourself in me, but I don’t see myself in you!
The wall – No, you don’t, you reflect me and I see myself.
The mirror – Why don’t you reflect me in you?
The wall – No, I don’t reflect anything.
The mirror – Oh! you only take from others, you don’t give.
The wall – Not exactly, I neither take nor give. I’m quite unconcerned.
The mirror- Is it?
The wall – Yes it is.

Mirror Summary in English

The mirror lays that is silver and exact. It has no preconceptions. Whatever it sees it accepts into its delicate surface and produce just as it is. It is unmisted by Love or dislike. It accepts everything be it a thing of love or hatred. It is not cruel. It is truthful. Most of the time-it meditates on the opposite wall. It is pink with speckles. The person who wishes to get his reflection through it looks at it and thinks it as a past of his heart. Faces and darkness separate the on looker and the mirror over and over. The mirror is a lake. A woman bends over it searching her reaches for what she really is. Then she turns to these liars, the candles or the moon. She rewards it with tears and an agitation of hands. It is important to her, she comes and goes. Each morning her face replaces the darkness. She has drowned a young girl and an old woman rises from it towards her(the young girl).

Analytical Outlines:

• The mirror says that it is silver and exact.
• It has no preconceptions.
• It has delicate surface.
• It accepts what it sees.
• It produces just as it is.
• It is unmisted by love.
• It is also unmisted by dislike.
• It accepts everything.
• It may be love.
• It may be hatred.
• It is not cruel.
• It is truthfull.
• Most of the time, it meditates on the opposite wall.
• It is pink with speckles.
• A person wishes to get his reflection.
• He looks at it.
• He thinks it as a part of his heart.
• Faces and darkness separate the onlooker and mirror over and over.
• The mirror is a lake.
• A woman bends over it.
• She searches her reaches for.
• She searches in it what she really it.
• Then she turns to those liars.
• She turns to the candles.
• She turns to the moon.
• She rewards it with tears.
• She rewards it with an agitation of hands.
• It is important to her.
• She comes and goes.
• Each morning, her face replaces the domes.
• Each morning her face replaces the darkness
• She has drowned a young girl.
• An old woman rises from it towards her.

Meaning Of Difficult Words:
preconceptions- opinions formed before knowing actual facts.
accept – to receive, to agree to
delicate- pleasing, graceful, tender
unmisted- not prejudiced, unaffected
hatred- disliking
cruel- pitiless, savage, severe, painful
meditate- consider deeply
speckles- sports
agitation- disturbance
domes- a rounded vault
flickers- flashing on and off quickly, agitation of
hands- waving of hands.

Read More:

• Indian Children Speak Question Answer
• The Goat Paths Question Answer
• Of a Questionable Conviction Question Answer
• Mirror Question Answer
• Toads Question Answer

Odisha State Board CHSE Odisha Class 12 Approaches to English Book 1 Solutions Unit 1 Text A: ‘Cures’ for the Common Cold Textbook Activity Questions and Answers.

Class 12th Alternative English Chapter 1 ‘Cures’ for the Common Cold Question Answers CHSE Odisha

‘Cures’ for the Common Cold Class 12 Questions and Answers

Activity -1

Relation Between Parts of a Text:
If you are asked to divide the lesson into 5 sections in order to make notes, where possibly could you draw the lines separating the sections?
Write the paragraph number and the last word of the paragraph after which you will start a new section. Suggest a title for each section.
Answer:
Section- 1: Paragraph-1 …………… harmful
Title: Old Fashioned Remedies for Cold
Section- 2: Paragraphs – 2-4 …………avoided
Title: Morphine, Codeine and Papaverine as Remedies.
Section- 3: Paragraphs 5-6 ………… cold
Title: What The Scientists Studied.
Section- 4: Paragraphs 7-8 ………………..complications
Title: Opium Derivatives and Bed Rest.
Section- 5: Paragraph-9 ……………………..before
Title: Hot Baths and Cold Measurement

Activity – 2

Summary skill:
Of the following six statements only three are main points of the passage. Identify them:
(i) Many widely advertised cures and home remedies for cold are worthless or harmful
(ii) Students treated with sugar tablets showed little improvement.
(iii) Neither vaccines, nor vitamins and any other dietary measures prevent cold.
(iv) Nasal drops and sprays are found to be dangerous.
(v) Staying in bed for the duration of the cold was the only remedy that showed any result.

Activity-3

Comprehension:
Question 1.
The second paragraph possesses a question, what is it?
Answer:
The question is: Is there any remedy, then, of value in the treatment of colds?

Question 2.
What answer does the writer suggest?
Answer:
The writer says that there is scarcely any viable alternative for the treatment of common cold. However, there are a good many kinds of medicines which can be administered against cold.

Question 3.
How does the writer establish his answer?
Answer:
The writer picks up names like Morphine, Codeine, Papaverine combination, quinine hot water, air and stream baths were used as common therapies for cold but not as permanent cures.

Question 4.
What further recommendations did the writer make?
Answer:
The writer also brought out the names of different experts such as Dr. Russell Cecil, Dr. FitzHutter, De Quineeywhose findings were the best recommendations in the treatment of cold.

Activity – 4

Sequence In an Experiment:
What are the steps of the experiments mentioned in paragraph 4 and 5? Rearrange the steps given below in proper order:
(i) Record the health conditions of the patients at regular intervals.
(ii) Record initial health conditions of all the patients.
(iii) Compare the health conditions of the experiments group with that of the control group.
(iv) Prepare dummy to mixture.
(v) Draw inference after analysis of findings.
(vi) Divide the patients into experimental and control groups.
(vii) Select sample patients.
(viii) Prepare Codeine- Papaverine mixture.

Activity -5

Composition:
In this part of the country Tulsi leaves with honey are considered remedies for common cold. If you have to conduct an investigation to ascertain the truth of this belief, how will you organise the experiment? You can take clues from the reading passage and write down the steps of your proposed experiment.

Activity – 6

Remedial Grammar:
Morphine (which is) a derivative of opium, showed excellent results. (Paragraph – 3)
This preparation (which is) common called copavin, is not advertised to the public (Paragraph- 5)
In these sentences you have seen examples of non-defining relative clauses. Such clauses are separated from the main clauses with the help of commas. Secondly, the relative pronoun (like ‘which) and the ‘be’ verb can be omitted. The relative clauses without the relative pronoun and the ‘be’ verb are called the reduced relative clause. Similar reduction is possible in defining relative clauses also. Now reduce the relative clauses in the following sentences:
(a) They stood on the bridge which was connecting Cuttack with Jagatpur.
(b) The girl who is standing at the bus stop over there is my sister.
(c) The weapon that was used in the murder has been found.
(d) The boys who are being chosen for the college team are all under 18.
(e) The wooden beams which were holding up the roof have been damaged.

Activity – 7

Remedial Grammar:
1. Nasal congestion and stillness are reduced.
2. It was found that powered opium and Dover’s powder were beneficial.
3. The progress of the cold seemed to be arrested.
4. Commercial remedies are still sold.
In scientific tests were offer to see the examples of passive sentences. Whatever reduced nasal congestion, whoever found it out are unimportant in the first two sentences above. Similarly, we get examples of get-passive and have-passive scientific texts e.g.

When the boy gets chilled ___________.
I had my eyes tested.
Now rewrite the following sentences using passive structures like have/get + v + past participle.

The first one has been done for you.
1 . Our houses looked ugly. Its paint was pelling off.
So we got /had it painted.
2. Raman’s watch book. He could not afford to buy a new one.
So _____________
3. Lili split coffee on her favourite dress. She could not wash it by hand.
So _____________
4. In the super cyclone the roof was flown flourished and a wall fell down.
So _____________
5. Sharukh’s car was not starting well and seemed to be using too much petrol. But he did not want to sell his lucky car.
So _____________

Answer:
2. Raman’s watch broke. He could not afford to buy a new one.
So he had it repaired.
3. Lili split coffee on her favourite dress. She could not wash it by hand.
So she got it washed.
4. In the super cyclone the roof was flown of four shed and a wall fell down.
So we had it rebuilt.
5. Sharukh’s car was not starting well and seemed to be using too much petrol But he did not want to sell his lucky car.
So he got it repaired.

Section – A
New look at the little of the first passage. “Cures for The Common Cold.” What possible cures can you think of? Do you know that science has not yet brought us a cure for this disease? However, the quest continues to find a possible remedy, can you guess any home remedy that may cure common cold?
Now go through the text quickly and see if you guess right. You have only two minutes to do so. Read the text again and identify the cures that have been short-listed.

Section – B
In section A we read about a sequence of experiments to find a cure for the common cold. In Section B we shall read about a different kind of experiment whose purpose is to find out the types of human blood. What’s more interesting, you can learn how to determine your blood type as well as that of others.

‘Cures’ for the Common Cold Summary in English

Cures for the common cold comprise general skepticism. Millions of dollars is being spent for this every year. Obsolete cures like asafetida and camphor are not longer in vogue and popular remedies like vitamins, vaccines, nasal medications and other drugs have substituted them. Advertised remedies now available in the market sometimes prove worthless and harmful. There is absolutely to effective prevention of the common cold. Morphine which is a derivative of opium showed excellent results, but was rejected on account of its danger. But some other derivatives of opium which are less toxic and carry no practical danger of habituation proved to be definitely valuable. Codline and papaverine both proved valuable in the treatment of acute colds.

The codlin-papaverine combination proved to be, after Morphine, the most valuable of all cold medications. A preparation, consisting of one quarter grain of codeine and one quarter of grain of papaverine was finally selected as the most effective dosage. The main efficacy was a marked decrease or complete disappearance of nasal congestion and discharge. Most of the students were up and doing while taking this medication. Had they remained in bed while using it is probable that even better result have been obtained. This preparation commonly called copavin, is not advertised to the public. But it is available through physicians who should decide when and in what dosage it should be used. Dr. Russel CecilofNew York and Dr. Fritz Hutter of Vienna, both found that the codeine, paparine mixture was particularly beneficial if used by their patients at the very beginning of the affection.

Dr. Quincy, in his “Confessions” wrote that during the years in which he had taken opium he “never once caught cold, one the phrase in nor even the slightest cough. But after discontinuing the use of opium, a violent cold attacked me and a cough soon after.” Less effective, but still of moderate value were several other opium derivatives. In addition to codeine and papaverine it was found that powered opium and the old fashioned Dover’s powder were beneficial. Quinine also came to be included in this group of moderately valuable medications. In the end, certain general hygienic measures are helpful in the treatment of colds. Going to bed and remaining there until recovery is good advice.

The value of bed rest lies in protecting others from exposure, in necessary general resistance and in keeping the body warm. Hot baths for the treatment of colds may consist of hot water, hot air stream. The effect of these baths is to dialate the blood vessels of the skin and to increase blood flow through them. As a result, nasal congestion and stiffness are reduced. Other effects may be obtained with message of or other forms of physiotherapy, with hot or cold compresses, mustard plasters and certain, medicated ointments. If such treatments are followed by rest in bed with sufficient covers to prevent cooling, the effect is prolonged and the possibility of their being more than temporary benefit is increased.

Analytical Outlines:

• Cures for the common cold comprise of general skepticism.
• Millions of dollars is being spent for this every year.
• Asafetida and camphor are considered as obsole cures.
• These are no longer in vogue.
• These have been so far substituted.
• The substitutions are popular remedies.
• These are vitamins, vaccines, nasal medications etc.
• Now advertised remedies are available in the market.
• These are proved worthless and harmful.
• There is absolutely no effective prevention of common cold.
• Morphine is a derivative of opium.
• Morphine should excellent results.
• But it was rejected on account of its danger.
• However, some other derivatives of opium are taken.
• These are less toxic.
• They also carry no practical danger of habituation.
• Hence, it proved to be definitely valuable.
• Codeine and papaverine both proved valuable in the treatment of acute cold.
• The codeine-papaverine combination proved to be the most valuable of all cold medication after morphine.
• The preparation is made.
• One-quarter grain of codeine and one-quarter grain of papaverine are prepared together.
• It is finally selected as the most effective dosage.
• The main result was the marked decrease or complete disappearance of nasal congestion and discharge.
• Most of the students were up and doing while taking this medication.
• They had to remain in bed.
• So that they would have obtained better results.
• This preparation is commonly called copavin.
• It is not advertised to the public.
• But it is available through physicians.
• He is to decide about the dosage.
• Dr. Russell of New York and Dr. Fritz Hutter of Vienna found something about it.
• They found something beneficial about the mixture of codeine and papaverine.
• It is particularly beneficial for the patients at the very beginning of affection.
• Dr. Quincy in his “Confessions” wrote something.
• He wrote that the had taken opium for something.
• He marked that the had never caught by cold once.
• There was not even the slighest cough.
• But he discontinued the use of opium.
• He was attacked by a variant cold then.
• It was followed by a cough soon after.
• Several other opium derivative were less effective.
• They were still having with moderate value.
• It was found that powered opium and the old fashioned Dover’s powder were beneficial.
• Quinine belongs to this group.
• It is also accepted as the moderately valuable medication
• Certain general hygienic measures are considered.
• They are found helpful in the treatment of cold.
• Complete bed rest up to full recovery is a good advice.
• It lies in protecting others from exposure.
• It is necessary for general resistance.
• Again it keeps the body warm.
• We can accept hot baths for the treatment of cold.
• It may consist of hot water, hot air or stream
• Its effect is very important.
• It can dialate the blood vessels of the skin.
• Again, it can increase blood flow through them
• As a result of this, nasal congestion and stiffness are cured.
• Other effects may be obtained with message.
• We can also adopt other forms of physiotherapy.
• This can be done with hot or cold compresses.
• This can be done with hot or cold compresses.
• It can also be done by other medicated ointments.
• Such treatment should be followed with complete bed rest.
• It should be with sufficient covers to prevent cooling.
• Its effect to some extent prolonged.
• Again, the possibility of temporary benefit is increased.

Meaning Of Difficult Words:

remedies – panaceas: ways and means of cure.
in vogue – in prevalence, in operation
investigation – searching or examining carefully, enquiry into a matter.
uniformly – identically, almost the same, equally
distinct – distinguished, different, separate
discarded – cast off rejected, thrown away, not accepted
one- quarter- one-fourth something
De Quincey – Thomas De Quincey (1 785 – 59), English essayist and critic famous for “Confession of an English Opium- eater”, fascinating memories of distinguished by great imaginative power and splendid prose.
Octean – Jean Octean (1 889 – 1963) French poet, novelist, dramatist, film writer and director who was in the vanguard of almost every experimental artistic movement of the 20th century.

Read More:

• Text A: ‘Cures’ for the Common Cold Question Answer
• Text B: Typing your own Blood Question Answer
• Text C: Some Differences Question Answer

Odisha State Board CHSE Odisha Class 12 Approaches to English Book 2 Solutions Short Stories Chapter 3 The Watchman Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Class 12th Alternative English Short Stories Chapter 3 The Watchman Question Answers CHSE Odisha

The Watchman Class 12 Questions and Answers

Section- I

Questions For Discussion:

Question 1.
How does the story writer present the setting of the story? Does it arouse the thrill and excitement of a detective story?
Answer:
The angler was angling in the tank water. He continued into the dead of night. There was nobody there. All of a sudden, he saw about a hundred yards away. A shadowy figure moving down the narrow stone steps that led to the water’s edge. He thought it might be a ghost. This arouses the thrill and excitement of a detective story.

Question 2.
What does the watchman think about the figure at a distance?
Answer:
The watchman saw a figure at a distance while he was angling in the tank. He thought it to be a ghost. Then he dismissed the idea and from the top step of the tank he observed that it was a woman’s form who stopped over the last step and placed something on it.

Question 3.
“Unmistakable signs – always to be followed by the police and gives some details…” What does this statement of the watchman indicate?
Answer:
Women coming to the tank and committing suicide in its water had caused the police to rush to the scene for actions. This had brought a lot of it reputation to the tank. Keeping this in mind, the watchman had uttered the statement.

Question 4.
What kind of tone do you mark in the words of the watchman in his first encounter with the girl?
Answer:
The watchman told the girl to come? out of the water otherwise she would be caught cold. He hurriedly lighted his lamp and discovered the letter on the step. He formed a notion that she had gone there to commit suicide. He said to himself as to why everyone was going to the same rank. His words mark a notion of suicide of the stranger girl.

Question 5.
Why did the girl want to commit suicide? Was the reason she advanced good enough to warrant such a step?
Answer:
The girl wanted to commit suicide because she was not selected for scholarship for studying medicine. She was going to be given in marriage very soon. This made her commit suicide.

Question 6.
What impression do you get about the girl from her narration? Do her words indicating her self-reliance and strong desire to study and her decision to commit suicide go together?
Answer:
The girl had lost her mother and her father married again. However, the step-mother was co-opearative and careful. She took the girl’s care as a mother. She had a strong desire to study. But she was not chosen for the scholarship to study medicine and she was to be given in marriage very soon. This incident had made her decide to commit suicide. Her words indicating her self-reliance and strong desire to study and her decision to commit suicide go together.

Vocabulary:
A. Derive adverbs from the following:

splash	temperament
except	topic
obstinate	tranquil
sad	silent
possible	stubborn
helpless	furious
interesting	poor
idea	formidable
logical	obey
surprise	race
wonder	pity
afford	pliable
worry	symmetry
comprehend	satire
death	sorrow
fantastic

Answer:
Words – Adverbs
splash -splashingly
except- exceptionally
obstinate- obstinately
sad- sadly
possible- possibly
helpless- helplessly
interesting- interestingly
idea- ideally
logical- logically
surprise- surprisingly
wonder- wonderfully
afford- affordably
worry- worryingly
comprehend- comprehensively
death- deadly
fantastic- fantastically
temperament- temperamentally
topic- tropically
tranquil- tranquility
silent- silently
stubborn- stubbornly
furious- furiously
poor- poorly
formidable- formidably
obey- obediently
race- racingly
pity- pitiably
pliable- pliably
symmetry- symmetrically
satire- satirically
sorrow- sorrowfully

B. Make sentences with the following:

feint	bury
horizon	trouble
survey	retort
obstinate	burden
trespass	livelihood
dismiss	worry
investigate	afford
reputation	exclaim
gaze	announce
bright	breakdown
hurriedly	comprehend
murmur	hysterically

Answer:
feint- He looks very faint today.
horizon – The sunset looks beautiful in the western horizon.
survey- The government has started survey of population.
obstinate – This boy is very obstinate.
trespass – Trespassing is a serious offense.
dismiss – He dismissed his proposal of going to Puri.
investigate – The police investigated the case.
reputation – Hari has an ill reputation.
gaze- The girl gazed boldly at my face.
bright – He had a bright chance to pass the exam.
hurriedly- He ran to me hurriedly.
murmur- I enjoy murmurs of the river.
bury- The dead body was buried in the graveyard.
trouble- I can face any trouble.
retort- She strongly retorted to refute her husband’s argument.
burden- Donkey is an animal of burden.
livelihood- She worked hard to earn her livelihood.
worry- He is very worried about his result.
afford- His father could not afford his study expenses.
exclaim- He exclaimed that it was a very terrible sight.
announce – The results was announced in time.
breakdown – The bus came to a breakdown.
comprehend- You should comprehend the topic thoroughly.
hysterically – The woman rushed hysterically to the site to sea the son’s dead body.

C. Write the antonyms of the following:

alive	interesting
alert	poor
inlet	obey
appear	sad
possible

Answer:
Words – Antonyms
alive – dead
alert – dormant
inlet – outlet
disappear – appear
possible – happy
interesting – disinteresting
poor – rich
obey – discovery

D. Supply synonyms to the following:

abandon	barbarous
abound	bare
absurd	base
adept	beginning
adequate	behaviour
admission	belie
adversary	beseech
adversity	betray
affable	bias
affection	bizarre
affront	blame
aggressive	bold
awful	fearful

Answer:
Words – Synonyms
abandon – forsake
abound – increase
absurd – ridiculous
adept – skilled
adequate – sufficient/ enough
admission – entry
adversary – opponent /enemy
adversity – misfortune
affable – gracious
affection – love /inclination
affront – insult
aggressive – attacking
awful – fearful
barbarous – uncivilised
bare – nude
base – mean /worthless
beginning – start
behaviour – conduct/manner
belie – contradict
beseech – pray
betray – mislead
bias – inclination
bizarre – strange
blame – disapprove
bold – valiant /daring

Section – II

Questions For Discussion:

Question 1.
Do you notice a shift of focus in this part of the story?
Answer:
This part of the story marks a shift of focus. The even of the first section tells about the girl’s sorrows and pangs for her not being selected for scholarship to study medicine. Her inclination to committing suicide has been delineated there. But the second section shifts from that even to the village life of the watchman

Question 2.
Give an account of the part life of the watchman.
Answer:
In the distant past, in his little village home an epidermic of cholera laid out of his father, mother and brothers on the same day and he was the sole surviver. He was turned out of his ancestral home through the trickery of his father’s kinsmen and he wandered as an orphan suffering indescribable hunger and privatition.

Question 3.
Everyone has his own miseries. If people tried to kill themselves for each one of them. I don’t know how often they would have to drown”. How does this statement of the watchman affect the girl?”
Answer:
The statement head a great deal of effect on the girl who was in the tank to commit suicide. The watchman made understand the matter saying the everyman has his own sorrow and problems. He said that the girl was very young and did not know what sorrow was. His wife bore his eight children out of whom only one lived. She had only one daughter living with him. This affected the girl and she looked back at him in bewilderment.

Question 4.
What you think was the outcome of the conversation between the watchman and the girt?
Answer:
Nothing came out of the conversation between the watchman and the girl. As the
Taluk going stuck again he advised her to go home, but she declined saying that she had no home to go to. The watchman warned her of not being obstinate. He picked up his lantern and staff and get up. He put her letter where he had found it. He said if she was going to be obstinate she would leave her alone. He went up steps and left.

Question 5.
What did the watchman believe when he saw the letter on the steps next morning? How did he feel thereafter?
Answer:
When the watchman came back to duty next morning he hurried down the stone steps. The letter lay where he had dropped it on the previous night. He believed that the girl had committed suicide. He tore it up and flung it on the water. He blamed himself for leaving her and going away on the suicide in the tank. He could never look at the blue expanse of water gain with an easy mind.

Question 6.
If you believe the watchman’s words he recognised the married young woman as the girl he thought was dead. Why then should she look away from the watchman?
Answer:
Years later, one evening as the stood on the bond and took a final survey before going home, he saw a car draw up on the road below. A man a woman and there children emerged from the car and climbed the bund. The watchman recognised the married young woman as the girl he thought was dead. She looked away from the watchman least she should have been exposed before her husband and children through their conversation.

Question 7.
Whom do you like more – the girl or the watchman? Justify your answer.
Answer:
In fact, the watchman is obviously the person whom anybody can like. He inspires and persuads the girl for going back home and the girl does not leave. He leaves for home and comes back there the next morning. He takes for granted that the girl had committed suicide. He takes for granted that the girl had committed suicide. He blames himself for at least one suicide. Years later, when he sees children. He recognizes her whom he wants to speak to, but she avoids talking to him deliberately. The watchman shows her respect without reciprocity from the women. This speaks volumes of the goodness of the watchman as contrasted with the nature of the girl.

Composition:

Question 1.
Attempt an appreciation of the character of the watchman.
Answer:
The short story “The Watchman” is undoubtedly the most typical masterpiece of R.K. Narayan, an eminent and outstanding. Indian storyteller of the twentieth century. He is really a superb master in depicting the realistic and vivid characters skillfully chosen from the then prevalent Indian society. His characters, mostly belonging to the lower middle class and poorer sections, exhibit an uncanny sense offear, in their actions and behaviour, the fear and uncertainties beaming out of foreign domination and a servile attitude of the people who suffer, sometimes they are the victim of social evil and corrupt order.

Such a typical character is the watchman in this discussing story. However, the story writer R.K. Narayan gives a graphic sketch of the character and personality of the watchman in his story names after this protagonist. The story embodies two characters the watchman and the girl the characters of whom need a close study. The watchman demonstrates a greater understanding of man’s predicament and endurance to encounter boldly the onslaughts of misfortune. Moreover, the watchman has a deep concentration on angling in the tank. All the people who had come for evening had returned to their homes. Not a soul anywhere except that obstinate angle at the northern end who sat with his feet in water, sadly gazing on his rod. He would sit there till midnight with the hope of catching fish. Of course, he has a sense of conscience. He advised the girl and dissuaded her from taking any attempt for committing suicide. She declines to go home as she has not any. He gets irritated and leaves for his own home.

Coming back from home the next morning he discovers the same letter lying on the steps of the tank bund, he presumes that the girl is dead. His conscience bites him and he holds himself responsible for the death of the girl. He thinks if he had not left her alone, she wouldn’t have committed suicide. He speculates that he isat least responsible for one suicide in the tank. Again, we mark that he has a sense of respect years later, one evening as he stood on the bund and took a final survey before going home, he sees a car draw up on the road below. A man, a woman and three children emerged from the car and climb the bund.

When they approach the watchman feels a start at his heart. The figure and face of the woman seems familiar to him. The woman is altered by years, ornaments and dresses, he thinks that he has recognised the face of the woman. He feels excited at the discovery. He has numerous question to ask. He brings together his palms and salutes her respectfully. As a matter of fact, the watchman happens to be pivotal character of the story. He is hold, courageous, helpful, generous and benevolent. The way Narayn depics his protagonist is superb and fantastic. It is inspiring, elevating and heart-enduring.

Question 2.
Sketch the character of the girl in contrast with the character of the girl.
Answer:
In fact the short story “The Watchman” is R.K. Narayan’s super band fantastic creation. He is in fact, an outstanding master in the work of sketching vivid and lively and realistic characters. His characters, mostly belonging to the lower middle class and poorer section, exhibit an uncanny sense of fear and in their actions and behaviour sometimes, they are a victim of social evil and corrupt. Such of a character is the girl in “The Watchman” of R.K. Narayan. However, between the two important characters in the story ‘The Watchman,” the girl is equally essential to the formation of its structure. The girl is ambitious, believe in self-reliance and detests being a liability or living on charity “I won’t like an anybody’s charity” she says.

To the watchman is suggestion of accepting marriage, she hysterically reveals that her cowardly thought of suicide is not in harmony with the bold statement she makes before the watchman. Like most of Narayan’s characters, she being poor suffers from a fear of uncertainty. She looks a strong willpower to arrange money shown in order to pursue her studies. Moreover, the watchman saw the girl in the tank bund while he was angling in the tank water concentratedly late at night, she had kept a letter on the step and was in the water. The watchman lit his lantern and discovered the girl in the tank which had an ill-reputation for committing suicide. The young girl was in tears. He asked her to go home. Sputtering through her sob, she said she had not home to go to.

She lost her mother some years back and her father married again. Her stepmother was also kind and cooperative to her, when the watchman said that her problems would be solved if she got married, she said that she did not want to marry as she wanted to study and become a doctor and earn her livelihood. Till that she had been hoping to get a scholarship which would have helped her. But another to get a scholarship which would have helped her. But another not she was given the scholarship. Her mother was going to settle her in marriage which she did not like. As a matter of fact, from the above sketch it is clear that in spite of her obstinacy, the girl is a lovable and lively character. Such type of situation and happenings are general and common in our society and so Narayan’s exhibition of such is superb and outstanding. On the whole both of the characters are watchman and the girl are inspiring, elevating and thought enduring.

Question 3.
Comment on Narayan’s art of storytelling. With reference to the short story “The Watchman”.
Answer:
In fact, R.K. Narayan is universally acknowledged as an outstanding and superb master in the realm of storytelling. Not only in India, but also in the entire cosmos internationally, he has put a burning stamp to have name and fame which is rarely marked and depicted on the part of his other contemporaries. He is an adept fabricator of stories. He is undoubtedly one of the greatest Indian in English, having to his credit a number of novels, volumes of short stories’- travelogues, retold legends and an autobiography.

“Swamy and Friends”,‘The Bachelor of ‘The English Teacher”, “Mr. Sampath”,‘The Guide” etc. are some of his important Astrologer’s Day and Other Stories”, “LawlyRoad and Other Stories, “Malgudi Days”, “Under the Banyan Tree and Other Stories”, include his best known stories. “My Dateless Diary” is a travelogue and “My Days” is the writer’s autobiography. Having an intimate knowledge of Indian life and society based with orthodoxy and superstition, he becomes Indian’s greatest storyteller, an astute observer of Indian psyche growing through the pre and post independence times. His characters mostly belonging to the lower middle class and poorer section, exhibit an uncanny sense offear in their actions and behaviour, the fear and uncertainty stemming mainly out of foreign dominant and a servile attitude of the people who suffer.

Sometimes they are the victims of social evils and a corrupt order of which his writings are humorous and satiric exposition. Irony at times lapses into cynicism in this writings. Narayan will live forever his beautiful imaginary town ofMalgudi faithfully representing Indian ethos, milie, and sensibility. However, the story extracted from “Malgudi Days” enacts an incident of a late evening on a tank bund which ultimately brings into focus a contrast between two characters a girl and a watchman. The girl is ambitious, believes in self-reliance and detests being a liability or living on charity. “I won’t live on anybody’s charity, she says to the watchman’s suggestion of accepting marriage the historically reacts. “No, no… I don’t want to marry. But a deeper look into her character reveals that he cowardly thought of suicide is not in harmony with the bold statements she makes before the watchman.

Like most of Narayan’s characters she being poor suffers from a fear of uncertainty. She lacks a strong willpower to arrange money somehow in order to pursue her studies. In contrast, the watchman demonstrates a greater underlying of man’s predicament and endurance to encounter boldly the slaughts of misfortune. The story ends with a note of ambiguity and uncertainty as regards the identity of the woman. As a matter of fact, the story with its elements of irony and undertone of cynicism is a typical masterpiece of Narayan’s fictional writing. Judged from all sides this story becomes a perfect embodiment of Narayan’s method of storytelling keeping all his qualities in feet.

Vocabulary:
A. Say what parts of speech to these following words belong to:

faint	wet
western	tears
watchman	sudden
final	pity
obstinate	obey
satisfy	her
trespass	she
cattle	sputter
hundred	old
prayer	money
investigate	spend
gruesome	dinner
reputation	angrily
hurriedly	good
same	enough
yourself	dark
under	livelihood
light	far

Answer:

Words – Parts of Speech
feint – adjective
western – adjective
watchman – noun
final – adjective
obstinate – adjective
satisfy – verb
trespass – verb
cattle – noun
hundred – adjective
prayer – noun
investigate – verb
gruesome – adjective
reputation – noun
hurriedly – adverb
same – adverb
yourself – pronoun
under – preposition
light – noun
wet – noun
tears – adjective
sudden – adjective
pity – noun
obey – noun
her – pronoun
she – pronoun
sputter – verb
old – adjective
money – noun
spend – verb
dinner – noun
angrily – adverb
good – adjective
enough – adjective
dark – noun/ adjective
livelihood – noun
far – adjective

B. Make sentences using the following from the text:

Western	get up
obstinate	trouble
trespass	pause
investigate	pickup
sobbing	flung
wavelets	responsible
far off	draw up
epidemic	familiar
survivor	numerous
ancestral	resolve
trickery	episode
privation	excited
miseries	alter
bewilderment	recognise

Answer:

Western – We should not follow western culture.
obstinate – The child is very obstinate.
trespass – He trespassed my backyard to pluck flowers.
investigate – The police investigated the matter.
sobbing – I don’t care for her sobbing.
wavelets – The boy threw a stone into the pond and so wavelets appeared in the water.
far off – He has come from a far off place.
epidemic – Cholera is an epidermic
survivor – The boy is the sole survivor of his family after the super cyclone.
ancestral – Nobody wants to part with his ancestral home.
trickery – The boy fell into the trickery of his friend.
privation – The girl has nobody to fall back on. She is in a state of privation.
miseries His life is full of miseries.
bewilderment – When the son misbehaved his father his father was bewilderment
get up – We should get up from bed early, in the morning.
trouble – He is in a great trouble
pause – You should not take much pasues in your speech.
pickup – He picked up a stone and threw it at the dog.
flung – He flung himself back on the sofa.
responsible – I am not responsible for your problem.
drew up – He drew up his car near the house.
familiar – He is a Familiar face here.
numerous – He faced a numerous problem to do his work.
resolve – He resolved to do better in studies.
episode – This episode is very attractive
excited – He got excited to see his enemy.
alter – She altered her mind to marry.
recognise – I can’t recognise my friend as he becomes.

C. The three forms of irregular verbs:

Present – Past – Past participle
abide – abode – abode
arise – arose – arisen
awake – awoke – awaken
be – was – been
bear – bore – borne /bom
beat – beat – beaten
become – became – become
befail – befell – befallen
beget – begot – begotten
begin – began – begun
behold – beheld- beheld
bend – bent – bent
bereave – bereft/bereaved – bereft/bereaved
beseech – besought – besought
bet – betted – betted
bid – bade – bidden
bind – bound – bound
bite – bit- bitten
bleed – bled – bled
blow – blew – blown
break – broke – broken
bring – brought – brought
bread – bred – bred
broadcast – broadcast – broadcast
build – built – built
bum – burnt – burnt
burst – burst – burst
buy – bought – bought
can – could – could
cast – cast – cast
catch – caught – caught
chide – chid – chid
choose – chose -chosen
cleave – cleft /cleaved – cleft /cleaved
cling – clung – clung
clothe – clothed – clothed
come – came – come
cost – cost – cost
creep – crept – crept
crow – crowed – crowed
cut – cut – cut
dare – dared / durst – dared /durst
deal – dealt – dealt
dig – dug – dug
do – did – done
draw – drew – drawn
dream – dreamt – dreamt
drink – drank – drunk
drive – drove – driven
dwel – dwelt – dwelt
eat – ate – eaten
fall – fell – fallen
feed – fed – fed
feel – felt – felt
fight – fought – fought
find – found – found
flee – fled – fled
fling – flung – flung
fly – flew – flown
forbear – forbore – forborn
forbid – forbade – forbidden
forget – forgot – forgotten
forgive – forgave – forgiven
forsake – forshook – forsaken
freeze – froze – frozen
get – got – got
gild – gilt/glided – gilt/glided
gird – girt – girt
give – gave – given
go – went – gone
grind – ground – ground
grow – grew – grown
hang – hung – hung
here – had – had
hear – heard – heard
hew – hewed – hewn
hide – hid – hidden
hit – hit – hit
hold – held – held
hurt – hurt – hurt
keep – kept – kept
kneel – knelt – knelt
know – knew – known
lay – laid – laid
lead – led – led
lean – learnt – learnt
leak – leapt – leapt
learn – learnt – learnt
leave – left – left
lend – lent – lent
let – let – let
lie – lay – lain
light – lit – lit
lose – lost – lost

Section- I

Pre-reading Activity:
Have you ever given thought to why people commit suicide? Give it a thought now and list possible reasons here: What is your view of the people who commit suicide?
Focussing Questions: In this unit you will read a story dealing with a case of attempting suicide. As you read story the focusing questions you will bear in mind are:
(i) Why didn’t the girl want to live?
(ii) It is a justifiable reason for committing suicide?

The Writer:
R.K. Narayan who passed away on 13th May 2001 at the age of 94 is undoubtedly one of the greatest Indian writers in English having to credit a number of novels, volumes of short stories, travelogues, eclogues, retold legends and an autobiography. “Swamy and Friends”‘The Bachelor of Arts”, ‘The English Teacher”. Mr. Sampath, ‘The Guide”, “The Vendor of Sweets”, “Waiting for Mahatma”, “The Man-eater of Malgudi”, “A Tiger of Malgudi: are some of the important novels.

“An Astrologist Day and Other Stories”, “Lawly Road and Other Stories”, include his best known stories “MyDateless Dinner” is a travelogue and‘My Days” is the writer’s autobiography. Having an intimate knowledge of Indian life and society be set with orthodoxy and superstition, he becomes India’s great story teller, an astute observer of Indian psyche growing through the pre as well as post-independence times. His characters, mostly belonging to lower middle class and poorer sections, exhibit an uncanny sense of fear in their actions and behaviour the fear and uncertainty teeming out foreign domination and servile attitude of the people who suffer sometimes they are the victims of social evils and a corrupt order of which his writing are a humours and satiric exposition. Irony at time lapses into cynicism in his writings. Narayan will five for ever for his beautiful imaginary town ofMalgudi faithfully representing Indian ethos, milieu and sensibility.

The Story:
The story extracted from “Malgudi Days” enacts an incident of a late evening on attend bound which ultimately brings into focus a contrast between characters- a girl and a watchman. The girl is ambitious, believes in self-reliance and detests being a liability or living on charity. 1 don’t live on anybody’s charity” she says. To the watchman’s suggestion of accepting marriage she hysterically reacts. “No no … I don’t want to marry. I want to study. “But a deeper look into her character reveals that her cowardly thought of suicides is not in harmony with the bold statements she makes before the watchman like most of Narayan’s characters, she being poor suffers from a fear of uncertainty. She lacks a strong willpower to arrange watchman demonstrates a great understanding of man’s predicament and enduracne to encounter boldly the unslaughts of misfortune. The story ends with a note of ambiguity and uncertainty as regards the identity of the women. With its element of irony understanding of cynicism the story is typical Narayan’s fictional writing.

Gist:
Paragraphs (1-2)
There was still a faint splash of red on the western horizon. The watchman stood on the tank bund and took a final survey. All the people who had come for evening walks had returned to their homes not a soul anywhere – except that obstinate angler, at the northern and who set with his feet in water, sadly gazing on his rod. It was no use bothering about him, he would sit there still midnight, hoping for a catch.
The Taluk office struck nine. The watchman was satisfied that no trespassing cattle had sneaked in though the wire fencing. As he turned to go he saw about a hundred yards away a shadow figure moving down the narrow stone steps that led to the water’s edge. He thought for a second that it might be a ghost. He dismissed the idea and went up to investigate if it was anyone who came to bath at this hour. He observed that it was a woman’s form. She stopped over the 1st step and placed something on it – possibly a letter. She then stopped into knee deep water and stood there; hands pressed together in prayer.

Gist:
Paragraphs (3-6)
He shouted for coming. He raced down the steps and picked up the letter. He hurriedly lit the lamp and the light fell upon the other’s face. It was a young girl’s wet with tears. He told her to be seated. He sat down on the last step between her and the water and placed the lantern on the step, took out a piece of tobacco and put it in his month. She began to sob. He asked why she did not go home. She said that she had no home in the world. The watchman enquired how she grew up without a home. She lost her mother when she was only five. She grew under the i care of her stepmother. He said that he was sixty – five and asked whether her step mother troubled her. She replied in negative she was well looked after. He told her to leave as it was late but she retorted that she had not home to go to. But she went to saying why she should go to become a burden to her again. She never to live on anybody’s charity.

Gist:
Paragraphs (7-9)
He suggested her waiting till her mother was able to find her a husband. She glared at him in the dark. But she did not with to go that either, she wanted to study and became a doctor and earn her livelihood. She never wanted to marry. She often catch mother talking for into the right to her eldest son, worrying about her future and about her marriage. She knew that they could not afford to keep her in college very long because it was very expensive. It cost twenty rupees. The watchman exclaimed “twenty rupees”. Because it was his monthly salary, she thought she would get a scholarship. But it was announced that evening that another not she was entitled to be given scholarship. She broke down as her name was not there. The watchman looked at her in surprise. He understood very little of all the situation. She was unhappy as someone was coming to see her the next day. She said again the she did not wish to many, she wished to study.

Analytical Outlines:

• There was still a faint splash of red on the western horizon.
• The watchman stood on the tank bund.
• He took a final survey.
• The people were in evening walk.
• They all had returned to their homes.
• The obstinate angler was at the northern end.
• He sat with his feet in water.
• He was sadly gazing at his rod.
• It was no use bothering about him.
• He would sit there still midnight.
• He hoped for a catch.
• The Taluk office struck nine.
• The wet man was satisfied.
• No trespassing cattle had sneaked in thought the wire fencing.
• He returned to go.
• He saw a shadowy figure.
• It was moving down the narrow stone steps.
• It led to the water’s edge.
• It was about a hundred yards away.
• He thought for a second.
• It might be a ghost.
• He dismissed the idea.
• He went up to investigate.
• It was anyone who came to bath at this hour.
• He observed that it was a woman’s form.
• She stopped over the last step.
• He placed something on it.
• It was possibly a letter.
• She then stopped into knee deep water.
• She stood there.
• Her hands pressed together in prayer.
• He shouted for coming.
• He raced down the steps.
• He picked up the letter.
• He hurriedly lit the lamp.
• The light fell upon the other’s face.
• It was a young girl’s wet with tears.
• He told her to be seated.
• He sat down on the last step.
• It was between her and the water.
• He placed the lantern on the step.
• He took out a piece of tobacco.
• He put it on his mouth.
• She began to sob.
• He asked why she did not go home.
• She said that she had no home in the world.
• He enquired how she grew up without a home.
• She lost her mother.
• She was at the age of five then.
• She grew under the care of her step mother.
• He said that he was sixty-five.
• He asked whether her stepmother troubled her.
• She replied negatively.
• She was well looked after.
• He told her to leave.
• Because, it was late.
• But she retorted.
• She had no home to go to.
• But she said why she should go to.
• She did not want to be a burden to her again.
• She never liked to live on anybody’s charity
• He suggested her to wait.
• Till her mother was able to find her a husband.
• She glanced at him in the dark.
• But she did not wish to do that either.
• She wanted to study.
• She wanted to become a doctor.
• So that she would earn her livelihood.
• She never wanted to marry.
• She often catch her mother.
• She talked to her eldest son in night.
• She worried about her future.
• She also worried about her marriage.
• She knew that they could not afford to keep her in college very long.
• Because it was very expensive.
• It costs twenty rupees.
• The watchman exclaimed, ‘Twenty rupees”!
• Because, it was his month’s salary.
• She thought she would get a scholarship.
• But it was announced that evening.
• Another one was entitled to get it.
• So she was deprived of it.
• She broke down as her name was not there.
• The watchman looked at her in surprise.
• He understood very little of all the situation.
• She was unhappy.
• Because, someone was coming to see her next day.
• She said again that she did not want to marry.
• She wished to study.

Meaning Of Difficult Words:

splash – small area of bright colour
trespassing – entering unauthorized
gruesome – horrible, ghastly
sputter – to speak indistinctly
hysterical – violently emotional
survey investigation
obstinate – stubborn, opinionated
bothering – brooding over, thinking
trespassing – entering without permission
sneaked in – secretly entered
gruesome – causing fear
gaze – look, discern
hurriedly – in a hurry, quickly
glared at – looked strongly and boldly at
exclaimed – surprised, wondered, astonished
comprehended- understood felly.

Section – II

Gist:
Paragraphs (11 – 12)
The silent night was stabbed by her sobbing and some night birds rustled the water and wavelets bear upon the shore. Seeing her suffer, he found his own sorrows in life came to his mind; how in those far-off times, in his little village, home an epidemic of cholera laid out his father and mother and brothers on the someday and he was the sole surviver. How he was turned out of his ancestral home through the trickery of his father kinsmen and he wandered as an orphan suffering hunger and privation. He said that everyone has his own miseries. If people tried to kill themselves for each one of them, he didn’t know how often they would have to drown. He remembered further incidents and his voice shook with sorrow. He remained silent and sob broke out of him as he said. He prayed to all the gods in the world for a son. His wife bore him eight children. Only one daughter lived, and none of the others saw the eleventh year. The girl looked at him with bewilderment.

Gist:
Paragraphs (13 – 14)
The Taluk gong struck again and he said that she had better get up and go back home. But she replied that she had no home. He felt irritated. He said that she should not be so obstinate and leave the place as soon as possible. The girl said that the watchman did not know her trouble. He picked up his lantern and staff and got up. He put her letter down where he found it. He warned her that she was becoming very obstinate. And he was leaving her there alone. He should not blame. He paused for a moment, looked at her and went up the steps, not a word passed between them again.

Gist:
Paragraph (15)
The moment he came back to duty next morning, he hurried down the stone steps. He picked up the letter and gazed on it, helplessly, wishing that it could tall him about the fete of the girl after he had left her. He tore it up and flung it on water. As he watched the bits float off on ripples, he blamed himself for leaving her and going away on the previous night. He said that he was responsible for at least one suicide in that rank. He could never look at the blue expense of water again with an easy. Even many months later he could not be certain that he remains if a body would not come up all of a sudden.

Gist:
Paragraph (16)
Years, later, one evening as he stood on the bund and took a final survey before going home, he saw a car drew up on the road below. Aman, woman and three children emerged from the care and climbed the bund. When they approached, the watchman felt a start at his heart, the figure and face woman seemed familiar to him. Though the woman was altered by years and ornaments and dress, be brought that he had then recognized the face he had once seen by the lantern light. He felt excited at his discovery. He had numerous questions to ask. He brought together his palms and saluted her respectfully. He expected she would stop and speak to him. But she merely threw at himan indifferent glance and passed on. He stood staring after her for a moment. Baffled, he said to himself that perhaps she was someone else and turned to go home resolving dismiss the whole episode from his mind.

Analytical Outlines:

• The silent night was stabbed by her sobbing.
• Some night birds rustled the water.
• Wavelets beat upon the shore.
• He saw her suffering.
• He found his own sorrows in life.
• It automatically came to his mind.
• It was the happening of that for off off times.
• His home was in a little village.
• An epidermic of cholera laid out his father.
• It also laid out his mother and brothers.
• All it happened on his same day.
• He was the sole survior.
• He was turned out of his ancestral home.
• It happened due to the trickery of his father’s kinsmen.
• He wandered as on orphan.
• He had to undergo suffering hunger and privation.
• He said that everyone has his own miseries.
• But people did not kill themselves for this.
• Rather they struggle for existence.
• He remembered further incidents.
• His voice shook with sorrow.
• He remained silent.
• A sob broke out of him.
• He prayed to all the gods in the world.
• He prayed for a son.
• His wife bore him eight children.
• Only lived one daughter.
• None of the others saw the eleventh year.
• The girl looked at him with bewilderment.
• The talking struck again.
• He said that she had better got up.
• She should go back home.
• But she replied that she had no home.
• He felt irritated.
• He said that she should not be so obstinate.
• He left the place immediately.
• The girls said that the watchman did not know her trouble.
• He picked up his later and got up.
• He put her letter down where he found it.
• He warned her that she was becoming very obstinate.
• He left her there alone.
• He should not be blamed.
• He paused for a moment.
• He looked at her.
• He went up the steps.
• Not a word passed between them again.
• Next morning, he came back to his duty.
• He hurried down the stone steps.
• He picked up the letter and gazed on it.
• He helplessly wished something.
• It could tell him about her fete.
• He tore it up.
• He flung it on water.
• He watched the bits float offon ripples.
• He blamed himself for leaving her.
• He went away in that previous night.
• He said that he was responsible for at least one suicide.
• He could never look at the blue expanse of water again with an easy mind.
• Even many months later, he could not be certain.
• The remains of a body would not come up all of a sudden.
• Years later one evening, he stood on the bund.
• He took a final survey before going home.
• He saw a car draw up on the road below.
• Aman, woman and three children emerged from the car.
• They climbed the bund.
• They approached towards the watchman.
• The face of the woman seemed familiar to him.
• The woman was altered by years ornaments and dress.
• Still then he recognised her face.
• He had once seem that face by the lantern light.
• He felt excited at this discovery.
• He had a lot of questions to ask.
• He saluted her respectfully.
• He expected she would stop and speak to him.
• But she only threw at him an indifferent glance.
• Then she passed on.
• He stood staring after her for a moment.
• He baffled and said that perhaps she was someone else.
• She turned to go home.
• So, she resolved to dismiss whole episode from his mind.

Meaning Of Difficult Words:

rustle – to produce a soft whispering sound (as of dry leaves) by stirring.
wavelets – small waves, ripples.
privation – state of being deprived of something, especially of what is necessary for comfort.
staff – a stick carried in the hand as a support.
sobbing – weeping, lamenting with tears in eyes.
wandered – travelled, roamed, moved about
expanse – a vast stretch of
emerged from – came out of, emanated
numerous – innumerable, a number of
muttered – made indistinct sound
episode – chapter

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Odisha State Board CHSE Odisha Class 12 Approaches to English Book 1 Solutions Unit 4 Text A: The Year 2050-Reflections of a Futurist Textbook Activity Questions and Answers.

Class 12th Alternative English Chapter 10 The Year 2050-Reflections of a Futurist Question Answers CHSE Odisha

The Year 2050-Reflections of a Futurist Class 12 Questions and Answers

Activity-1

Vocabulary:
Choose the word from the passage, which more or less mean the following. The paragraph numbers have been given in brackets.
(i) One who studies changes in population in an area (5).
(ii) long existence (5)
(iii) to be flooded with something (6)
(iv) the things that develop from a particular thing (9)
(v) natural potency to behave in a particular way (17)
(vi) the act of controlling or influencing somebody or something by clever or unfair mean (20)

Answer:
(i) One who studies changes in population in an area – demographer.
(ii) long existence – longevity
(iii) to be flooded with something – inundating
(iv) the things that develop from a particular thing-evolve
(v) natural potency to behave in a particular way-genetics
(vi) the act of controlling or influencing somebody or something by clever or unfair mean – manipulation

Activity-2

Facts And Opinions:
Some facts as well as some opinions to the writer have been presented in the essay. Put the facts and opinions in different columns below:

Facts	Opinion
New 18% of Americans reach the age of 90.	More than 50% of people who were born in 1960 will be alive by 2050

Answer:

Facts	Opinion
New 18% of Americans reach the age of 90	(i) more than 50% of people who were born
Stroke deaths and rheumatic heart disease will reduce by 20% and 50%	(ii) Deaths from cardiovascular diseases, hypertension heart diseases will reduce by hypertension, and heart stroke will reduce considerably.

Activity – 3

Remedial Grammar:
Fill in each with the appropriate verb phrase from the following list.
must have          let might have been      wouldn’t be
won’t be             would happen               mustn’t have rung

(a) Sunita: Do you know a girl of Standard V was knocked down by a town bus in front of our school gate this afternoon?
Binita: Oh no! I always said this _________ sooner or later.
Sunita: She is badly injured but she _________ they say. But she _________ out of hospital of a few weeks.
(b) Gopi: There is a letter on the floor outside the door. The postman _________ it.
Moti: Well, he _________ it outside. Someone _________ it. Why didn’t he ring the bell?
Gopi: he always rings the bell. You _________ out when he came.
Moti: I haven’t been out. So he _________ the bell.

Answer:
(a) Sunita: Do you know a girl of Standard V was knocked down by a town bus in front of our school gate this afternoon?
Binita: Oh no! I always said this would happen sooner or later.
Sunita: She is badly injured but she will live they say. But she won’t be out of the hospital of a few weeks.
(b) Gopi: There is a letter on the floor outside the door. The postman must have left it.
Moti: Well, he shouldn’t have left it outside. Someone might have taken it. Why didn’t he ring the bell?
Gopi: he always rings the bell. You might have been out when he came.
Moti: I haven’t been out. So he mustn’t have run the bell.

Extra Activity – 3(A)
Make sentences with the following expression from Text A (in sentences of your own). Don’t copy out exact sentences from the text.

Remarkable	Inexhaustible
Survive	Unending
Spectacular	Solar
Availability	Progeny
Antibiotics	Argument
Span	Measure
Longevity	Orbit
Varieties	Contamination
Non-depletable	Cosmos, Spawn

Answer:
Remarkable — Invention of the computer is a remarkable achievement of modern science.
Survive — We cannot survive without oxygen.
Spectacular — Your performance is really spectacular.
Availability — You will be given arrears only in the availability of funds.
Antibiotics — Antibiotics are administered in the treatment of many kinds of diseases.
Span — He lived a long span of 120 years
Longevity — Man doesn’t live only by longevity of years.
Varieties — This dish is made from varieties of ingredients.
Non-depletable — The ozone layer is not non-depletable
Inexhaustible — He continues working still as if his energy were inexhaustible.
Unending — Money is not an unending flow.
Solar — Today many types of work are conducted by using solar power.
Progeny — On need not give birth to numerous progeny in the days of population explosion.
Argument — He argues his income by earning from myriads of sources.
Measure — Can you measure his temperature?
Orbit — Every planet has its own orbit.
Contamination — Contamination of water is a great offense.
Cosmos — One should keep the cosmos pure at any cost.
Spawn — Reptiles usually spawn eggs.

Extra Activity – 3(B)
1. (i) Derive Adjectives from the following nouns.

Bride	charity
electricity	episode
bureaucrat	friend
Minister	authenticity
inclusion	legend

Answer:

Nouns	Adjectives
Bride	brides
episode	episodic
bureaucrat	bureaucratic
inclusion	inclusive
authenticity	authentic
charity	chaste
electricity	electric
Minister	ministerial
friend	friendly
legend	legendary

(ii) Give antonyms of the following:

right	short
seriously	lull
auspicious	above
special	down
senior	strong
alive	transparent
nearness	resistible
include	logical
ascend	legal
persuade	personal

Answer:

Words	Antonyms
right	Wrong
seriously	lightly
auspicious	inauspicious
special	ordinary
senior	Junior
alive	dead
nearness	remoteness /distance
include	exclude
ascend	descend
persuade	dissuade
short	long
full	empty
above	below
down	up
strong	weak
transparent	opaque
resistible	irresistible
logical	illogical
legal	illegal
personal	impersonal

(iii) Substitute the following expressions with one word each:
(a) strong dislike
(b) sympathy for someone who has experienced great sorrow.
(c) to say that something is very bad.
(d) to show pity.
(e) likely to bring good luck.

Answer:
(a) strong dislike – disgust
(b) sympathy for someone who has experienced great sorrow – condolence
(c) to say that something is very bad – rubbish
(d) to show pity-relent
(e) likely to bring good luck – auspicious

(iv) The following words are wrongly spelled. Rewrite them correctly.

burocrat	protected
condolence	sholder
cooperative	dinastic
Goodby	vegetarian
gimiks	colloqual

Answer:

Word	Correct Form
burocrat condolence cooperative good by gimiks protected sholder dynastic vegetarian colloquial	Bureaucracts condolence co-operative good bye gimmicks protracted shoulders dynastic vegetarian cotloquial

Section-A

How will you look after 50 years?
What will be the major changes in the world by that time?
Think of the possible changes in the fields of agriculture medicine and transport. List out three of the possible changes.
(i) _____________________________
(ii) ____________________________
(iii) ___________________________

The Year 2050-Reflection Of A Futurist Summary in English

Summary:

A remarkable feature of 2050 will be that most of the 1960 babies will still be alive because of a biomedical revolution that is underway. Death rules of different life-killing diseases have dropped considerably. This has become possible due to the availability of antibiotics, better health care, attention to diet, jogging, and exercise the effects in the United States are clear-cut and lasting. But increased longevity and improve health are like to have several drawbacks:

• world population will be larger than it might have been
• low birth rate and increased longevity combine to raise the average age of the population
• A period of difficult social adjustment will be likely.

However, there is a really good chance that a huge increase in food production can come from such development as:

• new plant varieties, obtained through genetic engineering which are photosynthetically efficient use less water and tend to be self-fertilizing,
• improved uses of the ocean, including the domestication of seeing animals aquaculture and
• tropical agriculture which will open to the world many billions of acres of land currently unusable.

Before nondepletable alternatives and commercially developed, new synthetic fuel industries for the conversion of coal into gaseous and liquid fuels and the extraction of petroleum of liquids from oil shale are likely to arise. Solar, geothermal, wind power, and fusion are electric-producing items. By the year 2050, we should be well along toward utilizing two virtually inexhaustible energy resources; solar electric power and nuclear power resources between now and 2050. They are (i) electronics, genetics, and psychology.

By the early in century machines will be available that perform better than human beings. In fact, genetics is a science about to become a technology. This technology will lead to the ability to ‘design’ plants and animals to perform human functions. In agriculture, scientists will be able to produce plants that have improved photosynthetic efficiency, minimum water requirements, self-fertilizing characteristics, and a desired spectrum of nutrient qualities. In mining, organisms will metabolize desired ones tells and thus concertable them for later ‘harvesting’.

In the production of pharmaceuticals, microorganisms will be used as factory workers to produce chemicals normally found only in natural body and plant processes. Finally, in medicine, scientists will intervene in the process by which genetic diseases such as sickle cell anemia. Tay Sachs disease and mongolism are passed from parents to their progeny to cure these diseases before conception. They will also address other diseases such as cancer or heart disease and even aging itself.  Of course, Psychology by 2050 will be ready to take off. The ‘trigger’ discovery will help us know how memory is recorded and retrieved.

It is not clear till now whether memory is chemical, electrical, or physical knowledge of sharing and retrieving of memory will improve education, persuasion, rehabilitation, personality development, and knowledge itself and open the huge and exciting possibility of expanding mental capacity closer to the limits of human potential. Perhaps by 2050, observers in the orbital city cloud follow the world food supply and predict harvest size and crop diseases. Many things can be controlled from the orbit. The boom – babies will face significant challenges in the years ahead.

Analytical Outlines:

• Most of the 1960 babies will still be alive in 2050.
• 2050 will be remarkable for a biomedical revolution.
• Death rates of different life-killing diseases have dropped considerably.
• This has become possible due to the availability of antibiotics.
• It will be possible to better health care.
• It will be possible to taking attention to diet.
• It will be possible due to jogging.
• It will be possible due to exercise.
• It will entirely affect the United States.
• But increased longevity has several dements.
• Improved health has also some demerits.
• The world population will be much longer.

• Low – birth rate will raise the average age ofthe population.
• Increased longevity will also help to raise it.
• A period of difficult social adjustment will be likely.
• This increase in population will develop something.
• It will develop a huge increase in food production.
• It will increase new plant varieties.
• These varieties will be obtained through genetic engineering.
• They are photosynthetically efficient.
• They will use less water.
• They will tend to be self-fertilizing.
• Improved uses of the ocean will take place.
• It will include the domestication of seeing animals in aquaculture.
• It will be possible for tropical agriculture.
• It will utilize billions of acres of unused land in agriculture.
• It will commercially develop non-depletable alternatives.
• New synthetic fuel industries will be there.
• It will convert coal to gases.
• It will also convert coal to liquid fuel.
• The extraction of petroleum of liquids from oil shale is likely to rise.
• There will be various electric-producing items.
• The use of solar power will be there.
• Geothermal use will be there.
• The use of wind power will be there.
• The use of fusion will also be there.
• By 2050 are will be using two virtually exhaustible energy resources.
• One is solar electric power.
• Another is nuclear fusion.
• These are, actually, highly expensive.
• The author also predicts three more power resources.
• One is electronics.
• The other is genetics.
• The other one is psychology.
• There will be the use of machines.
• They will perform better than human beings.
• In feet, genetics is a science about technology.
• This technology will lead to the ability to ‘design’ plants.
• It will also design animals to perform human functions.
• In agriculture, scientists will be able to produce plants.
• It has improved photosynthetic efficiency.
• It has improved minimum water requirements.
• It has improved self-fertilizing characteristics.
• It has developed a desired spectrum of nutrient qualities.
• In mining, organisms will metabolize desired metals.
• It will convertible them for later ‘harvesting’

• We can find changes in the production of pharmaceuticals.
• Here, microorganisms will be used as natural bodies.
• It will be also used in plant processes.
• Finally, scientists will intervene in medicine.
• They will try to cure some genetic diseases.
• One such disease is sickle cell anemia.
• Another is Tay Sachs disease.
• Other such one is mongolism.
• These diseases are passed from parents to their progeny.
• They will try to cure these diseases before conception.
• They will also address other diseases.
• One such disease is cancer.
• Other one is heart disease.
• Of course, Psychology by 2050 will be ready to take off.
• We will have the‘trigger’discovery.
• It will help us to know how memory is recorded and retrieved.
• It is not clear still now whether memory is chemical.
• Or it is electrical.
• The physical knowledge of storing and retrieving of memory will improve education.
• It will improve persuasion.
• It will improve rehabilitation.
• It will improve personality development.
• It will improve knowledge itself

• It will open the huge exciting possibility of expanding mental capacity.
• It will be closer to the limits of human potential.
• Perhaps by 2050, observers in the orbital city cloud follow the world food supply.
• It will predict harvest size.
• It will predict crop disease.
• Many things can be controlled from the orbit.
• The boom-babies will free significant changes in the years ahead.

Meanings Of Difficult Words:

nascent – just beginning and expected to become stronger and bigger.
arable – land suitable for growing crops.
augment – to grow longer, to increase the value or effectiveness of something.
Luddites – those who are strongly opposed to using modem machines and methods.
spawned – laid eggs (fish, frog, salmon, etc).
spectacular – very important, showy, eye-catching.
cardiovascular diseases – diseases of the heart.
hypertensive rheumatic – disease relating to tension and blood pressure.
heart disease – heart disease giving too much pain.
antibodies – medicine administered against micro-bacteria and other living organisms causing disease in human bodies.
optimistic – a hopeful inclination.
drawbacks – demerits, weaknesses, faults, etc.
longevity – living a very long span of life.
computed – calculated, reckoned, estimated.

aquaculture – water culture, treatment of water.
non-depletabIe – that which cannot be depleted or exhausted
solar – of the sun, the power coming from the sun.
geothermal – ‘geo’ means earth and thermal means heat. Hence, the energy emanates from the heat emitted from the earth.
progeny – the successor of a kind of parentage.
human potential – energy of human beings.
contamination – defiling or pocketing something.
accomplish – to attain, to gain, to have
perspective – a bright and hopeful future
cosmos – universe
decade – a period of ten years
exploration – discovery, finding something from a search.
illustrate – to explain, exemplify
utility – vainness, something without results.
infuse – mix, bind, amalgamate
stagger – move unsteadily due to heavy load overhead.

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Odisha State Board CHSE Odisha Class 12 Approaches to English Book 2 Solutions Poem 3 Of a Questionable Conviction Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Class 12th Alternative English Poem Chapter 3 Of a Questionable Conviction Question Answers CHSE Odisha

Of a Questionable Conviction Class 12 Questions and Answers

Pre-Reading activity:
Have you ever written poems? If so, what was your purpose in writing them? Why does a poet write poems?To persuade the readers into his own beliefs? Is it always possible to know if the poet is sincerely expressing his conviction in his poems? The poem you are going to read has
the title of a questionable conviction. Can you guess what the poem is about? Now read the poem and find out.

Notes On The Poet:
Jayanta Mahapatra from(1928) is foremost among the Indian English poets. His poetry expresses an ‘unhealable rift” a profound sense of loss. A tireless experimenter, Mahapatra’s poetic idiom is subtle and suggestive. His well known poetry collection are “Close the Sky”, Ten by Ten (1971), ‘A Rain Rated (1976). ‘A Father’s Hours’ (1976) and Relationship (1980) and ‘Burden of waves and Fruit’ (1986). ‘Ofa Questionable Conviction’ addresses the issue of how important convictions are to the writing of a poem.

Questions For Discussion:

Question 1.
Why does the poet think the man who talks of pain invented it himself?
Answer:
The poet thinks that he man who talks of pain invented it himself because he has made virtue out of it.

Question 2.
What is the main idea in Stanza 1?
Answer:
The main idea in Stanza 1 is that it is perhaps he who has invented pain himself because he has made virtue out of it.

Question 3.
What, according to the poet ‘his excuse to live’?
Answer:
Waiting for hours in the night towards another night is, according to the poet, his excuse.

Question 4.
Can the walls be lonely? Why does the poet use this expression?
Answer:
Walls, in poetry, can be lonely. The poet makes use of this expression to bring about a kind of personification in the poem.

Question 5.
“For months together the window has been deceiving him”. What could the poet mean by these lines?
Answer:
The window has been deceiving him for months together, because light has been simply coming in and going out. He has not been able to polish and heart by means of the light.

Question 6.
The poet described in he poem ‘has been trying to polish the light on his heart? How?
Answer:
The light on his heart is poor and the poet is not able to polish his heart by means of the light that enters and exits through the window.

Question 7.
You can easily see that in the first three stanza only the present tense forms are used. In the final stanza, however, past tense forms are used. Why is this shift in the concluding stanza?
Answer:
The use of present perfect progressive in the third stanza makes it rather explicit that the action started some times in the past and it continues into the present. Hence, it has a past reference. The past tense from in the concluding stanza tell that the poet has been doing that from the past till the present.

Question 8.
Would you consider the ending of the poem satisfactory? Explain your point of view.
Answer:
The ending of the poem is satisfactory because writing poem beside a lonely wall does not harm anybody.

Question 9.
What can you say about the tone of the poem?
Answer:
The tone of the poem is pain and simple.

Question 10.
What do you mean by –
(i) “The empty window in his lonely wall” (stanza 2)
(ii) “The eyes saw the pain in the mirror” (stanza 4)
(iii) “They did not grudge him that.” (stanza 4)
Answer:
(i) The only well without window doors.
(ii) The poet’s eyes saw the pain in the mirror.
(in) The people did not give or allow anything unwillingly.

Of a Questionable Conviction Summary in English

This is a man who talks of pain as though it belonged to him alone. Perhaps he has invented it himself and made virtue of it. And this man may be a poet. He waits in the night for hours. He keeps waiting for another night because, that is his excuse to live. The empty window in his lonely wall belongs to him alone. The window has been deceiving him for months together. Light comes in and goes out of its own without any hindrance. He has been trying to polish the light on his heart. Everybody says that he is a poet. His eyes witnessed the pain in the mirror which reflected his image. They did not grudge him that such a harmless pastime never ruined anybody’s sleep.

Analytical Outlines:

• The poet talks about a man.
• That man talks of pain.
• The pain belongs to him along.
• Perhaps, he has invented it himself.
• He makes virtue of it.
• That man may be a poet.
• He waits in the night for hours.
• He keeps waiting for another night.
• Because that is his excuse to live.
• It is the empty window in his lonely wall.
• It belongs to him alone.
• The window has been deceiving him.
• It has been deceiving him for months together.
• Light comes in.
• Light goes out of its own.
• It is without any hindrance.
• He has been trying to polish the light.
• He will polish it in his heart.
• Everybody says that he is a poet.
• His eyes witnessed the pain.
• It witnessed it in the mirror.
• The mirror reflected his image.
• They did not grudge him.
• It is a harmless pastime.
• It never ruined anybody’s sleep

Meaning Of Difficult Words:

conviction – a strong belief or opinion.
virtue – good quality
deceiving – misleading, cheating, betraying
hindrance- obstacle, impediment, obstruction
polish- to refine, to make or become smooth and shining.
witness- to see, to give evidence
image- a statue, an idol, an idea, a reflection
reflect- to express, to throw or come back
grudge- give or allow something very unwillingly
pastime- an enjoyable or interesting activity

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Odisha State Board CHSE Odisha Class 12 Approaches to English Book 2 Solutions Poem 2 The Goat Paths Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Class 12th Alternative English Poem Chapter 2 The Goat Paths Question Answers CHSE Odisha

The Goat Paths Class 12 Questions and Answers

Pre-Reading activity:
The goat is a very common animal in our part of the country. What qualities do you associate with goats? Think up five words that come to your mind when you think of goats. The poem you are about to read has the title. “The Goat-Paths”. Can you guess what the poem is about? Write your guess here. Now read the poem is see what it is really about.

Notes On The Poet:
James Stephens (1882-1950), a British poet and novelist, is known for such work as Insurrections (1909). The Crack of gold (1912). The Hill of Vision (1912). Green Branches (1912) and Collected Poems (1936). His ‘delicates inspired’ poetry makes effective use of imagery, the familiar scene is often ‘translated into an image for a human meaning’. In this poem, the poet likes the goats, seeks harmony with Nature.

Questions For Discussion:

Question 1.
Where are the straying goats found?
Answer:
The goats prefer to go to the heather and not to a grassy field because there was nothing stir.

Question 2.
Why do the goats go to the heather and not to a grassy field?
Answer:
The goats prefer to go to the heather and not to a grassy field because there was nothing stir.

Question 3.
Are these goats different from the others of their kind?
Answer:
These goats are different from the others of their kind because they behave in different way from the others.

Question 4.
How many times para the words relating to ‘quiet’ used in this poem?
Answer:
Five times.

Question 5.
How does the poet related ‘quietly in quietness’ (line 13 to ‘the moving sky’?
(Line 16). If you were to make two sections of the poem how would you divided it?
Answer:
“Quietly in quietness’ means being alone in a lonely place. The moving sky implies the limitless sky.

Question 6.
How would you read of someone called the first section ‘observation’ and the second ‘reflection’?
Answer:
It would be right to say that the first section of the poem is based on ‘observation’ and the second section on ‘reflection’.

Question 7.
What do you notice in the voice of the poet? urgency, defiance, arrogance, envy, frustration, expectation or a sense of oneness with God’s creation?
Answer:
Urgency, defiance, expectation, a sense of oneness with God’s creation.

Question 8.
What does the poet say he would do when his ‘sunny solitude’ is distributed?
Answer:
He would stray apart and brood, he would beat a hidden way through the quiet heather spray in the sunny solitude.

Question 9.
Why does the poet call the goats ‘wise’?
Answer:
The poet calls the goats wise because they brood and beat the hidden way through the quiet heather spray in the sunny solitude.

Question 10.
The expression ‘IfI were’ conveys a wish. What is the poet’s wish?
Answer:
The poet’s wish is to be wise enough to brood and beat the hidden way through the quiet heather spray to a sunny solitude. He would run away and make an angry sound and would stare and turn and bound to the deeper silence where nothing disturbs.

Question 11.
I would think until I found/something I can never find’. How would you comment on the complexity of thought implicit in these lines?
Answer:
It is just like attaining the unattainable. The first lines is in simple past tense while the second line occurs in simple present form. The use of simple past in the present delineates are unfulfilled of he poet who would never find it. Hence, it is unfulfilled wish.

Question 12.
Can you write a simple paraphrase of the last stanza?
Answer:
The last stanza speaks of attaining of the unattainable. The poet makes use of the simple past tense form of verb, that is ‘found’ in the present context. The grammatical usage of such expression explains the unfulfilled wish of the poet. The poet is of the view that he will go on thinking until he has found what he can never find.

Question 13.
Point out same of the striking images in the poem?
Answer:
There are some striking images in the poem. They are-crooked paths, sunny quietness, crouching, beaten way etc.

Question 14.
What purpose do the words ‘quiet sunniness’. Sunny quietness’ ‘deeper sunniness’, ‘Quietly in quietness’. ‘Sunny quietude’. ‘Sunny solitude’ serve?
(i) They cast a spell on the reader.
(ii) They add to the musically of the poem
(iii) They are meant to create ambiguity for the reader.
Answer:
(iii) They are meant to create ambiguity for the reader.

Question 15.
Can you think of possible revisions of the following lines of the poem?
Line 17: “If you approach they run away.”
Line 30: “And should you come I’d run away”
Answer:
“If you approach they run away”
“If you come I’d run away”

Composition

Question 1.
Would you agree that the poem suggest the possibility of a harmony within the self and within the natural process of life and world”? Justify your answer.
Answer:
The poem‘ The Goat – Paths” is undoubtedly the master piece of James Stephens, an eminent and out-standing British poet and novelist. In this discussing poem, he expresses the possibility of a harmony within the selfand with the natural process of life and the world. The goats and goat paths are natural elements. The process of life is best reflected by means of these things. Life and life’s process are a part of nature. The outer reflections cost a deep spell on human life. It is because the external nature has a tremendous influence on the internal nature of man. Man internalises the outer nature which is at times didactic and delightful. The nature says words worth, ‘is the friend, philosopher and guide’, for man. In this discussing poem ‘The Goat – Paths,’ the poet James Stephens reflects the human self and natural processes. The poem ultimately leads the poet to identify himself with the goats! He says, “IfI were as wise as they I would stray apart and brood ….”. If a man appears on the scene, he would run away, he would like goats make an angry sound. He would is to a place where nothing stirs in the silence ofthe furze. He would also like to think in the airy quietness through the quiet sunniness, he would stray away to brood by hidden, beaten way in the sunny solitude. He would think until he found something he can never and something lying on the ground. As a matter offact, Stephens has tried his best to establish a harmony within the self and with the natural process of life and the world. The way Stephens explains it is superb and fantastic. On the whole. Stephens’s expression is most during, evaluating, inspiring and heart-touching.

Question 2.
Comment on the appropriateness of the title “The Goat-Paths”.
Answer:
The poem “The Goat-Paths” is, indeed, the best typical master-piece of James Stephens, a prominent and outstanding British poet and novelist of the twentieth century. His ‘delicately inspired’ poetry tinged with apt and suggestive titles is undoubtedly superband excellent. However, the title of any piece of art must be thoroughly exact, appropriate and suggestive. It should be like a colourful and attractive signboard of a shop. An attractive signboard automatically arrests the attention of the customers and makes them spell bound to have a visit to the shop. It also explains what a shop contains similarly, and apt and suggestive title arrests the attention of the reader instantly and makes them spell bound to go through it completely. It is like ‘the face is the index of heart.’ The discussing poem ‘The Goat-Paths”| bears the same ideas to prove the authenticity and appropriateness of the title of the poem. Moreover, the goat-paths are usually crooked and they lead uphill. They also wind about through the heather in and out of the quiet sunniness. The goats keep cropping here and there, they pause and turn and pass. When approaches they run away, leap and stare and they go away to the sunny quietude with a sudden angry sound. The poet brings oneness between the goats and his life. In feet, appropriateness of the title applies to the poem. The poem bears all qualities of being an apt and suggestive one. The external natural things like the goats, goat-paths have been identified with human life. The poet wishes to internalise these values and learn a lot from the goats. As a matter of feet, the title of the poem‘ The Goat-Paths” is apt and suggestive. The way the poet has expressed the central idea of the poem through the appropriate title is superb and outstanding. One the whole, the title of the poem is thought-provoking, inspiring and heart enduring.

The Goat Paths Summary in English

The crooked paths go every way upon the hill. They wind about though the heather in and out of the quiet sunniness. The goats there, day after day, stray in sunny quietness, cropping here and there as they halt and turn and pass. There is a bit of Heather spray, a mouthful of the grass in the deep sunniness in the place where nothing stirs quietly in the quietness. In quiet of the furze, they come and lie staring on the roving sky. When somebody approaches they run away. They leap and stare, they bound away with a sudden angry sound of the sunny quietude. Crouching down where nothing stirs in the silence of these furze, crouching down again to brood in the sunny solitude. If we were as wide as they were, he would stray apart and brood, he would beat a hidden way through the quiet heather spray to a sunny solitude. If someone came he would run away, he would make an angry sound and would stare and turn and bound to the deeper quietude to the place where nothing stirs in the silence of the furze. He would think as long as they in that airy quietness through the quiet sunniness he would stray away to brood by a hidden beaten way in the sunny solitude.

Analytical Outlines:

• The crooked paths go every way.
• It goes every way upon the hill.
• They wind about through the heather.
• They wind about in and out of the quiet sunniness.
• There, the goats stray in sunny quietness.
• The goats stray day after day.
• They halt here and there.
• They turn here and there
• They pass here and there
• They crop here and there
• There is a bit of heather spray.
• It is mouthful of the grass.
• It is in the deep sunniness in the place.
• There nothing stirs quietly.
• Actually, there is an entire quietness.
• They come in the quiet of the furze.
• They lie staring on the roving sky.
• They run away when somebody approaches.
• They leap.
• They stare
• They bound away with a sudden angry sound.
• They do it with the sound of the sunny quietude.
• They crouch down.
• Nothing stirs in the silence of the furze.
• They crouch down again.
• They brood in the sunny solitude.
• If he were as wise as they.
• He would stray apart.
• He would brood.
• He would beat a hidden way through the quiet heather.
• He would spray to a sunny solitude
• If someone came.
• He would run away.
• He would make an angry sound.
• He would stare.
• He would turn.
• He would bound to the deeper quietude.
• There nothing stirs in the silence of the furze.
• He would think as long as they were in that airy quietness.
• He would think this through the quiet sunniness.
• He would stray away to brood.
• He would brood by a hidden beaten way.
• He would do this in the sunny solitude.

Meaning Of difficult Words:

croocked- bent, not straight
heather- wasteland covered with strubs
cropping- grazing
furze- shrub with spikes
roving (sky) – moving (here, appearing to move)
quietude – calmness, serenity, solitude
crouching – lying close to the ground
beat- make a path
stare- to look fixedly, to glance
solitude- loneliness, calmness, pin drop silence
brood- act ofbreeding
stray- to wander
spray- to sprinkle

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Odisha State Board BSE Odisha 9th Class Maths Solutions Geometry Chapter 2 ତ୍ରିଭୁଜମାନଙ୍କ ସର୍ବସମତା Ex 2(a) Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

BSE Odisha Class 9 Maths Solutions Geometry Chapter 2 ତ୍ରିଭୁଜମାନଙ୍କ ସର୍ବସମତା Ex 2(a)

Question 1.
ଠିକ୍ ଉତ୍ତରଟି ବାଛି ଲେଖ ।
(i) Δ ABC ଓ Δ POR ସର୍ବସମ ହେବେ ଯଦି
(a) AB = PQ, AC = QR, m∠B = m∠Q
(b) AB = PQ, AC = QR, m∠A = m∠R
(c) AB = PQ, AC = PR, m∠A = m∠P
(d) AB = PQ, AC = QR, m∠A = m∠Q
ସମାଧାନ:
AB = PQ, AC = PR, m∠A = m∠P; AB = PQ, AC = QR, m∠A = m∠Q

(ii) Δ ABC ଓ Δ DEF ସର୍ବସମ ହେବେ ଯଦି
(a) m∠A = m∠D, m∠B = m∠F, AB = DF
(b) m∠A = m∠D, m∠B = m∠F, AB = DE
(c) m∠A = m∠D, m∠B = m∠F, BC = DE
(d) m∠A = m∠D, m∠B = m∠F, AC = DF
ସମାଧାନ:
m∠A = m∠D, m∠B = m∠F, AB = DF

(iii) Δ ABC ଓ Δ DE ଦୁଇଟି ସର୍ବସମ ତ୍ରିଭୁଜରେ m∠A = m∠D ଓ AB = DE ହେଲେ ନିମ୍ନସ୍ଥ କେଉଁ ସର୍ଭଟି ସତ୍ୟ ନୁହେଁ ?
(a) BC = EF
(b) m∠ACB = m∠DFE
(c) AC = DF
(d) m∠ABC = m∠DEF
ସମାଧାନ:
m∠ABC = m∠DEF

(iv) Δ ABC ଓ Δ POR ସର୍ବସମ ହେଲେ, ନିମ୍ନସ୍ଥ କେଉଁ ଉକ୍ତିଟି ସତ୍ୟ ହେବ ?
(a) AB = PQ, BC = QR, m∠C = m∠R
(b) BC = PQ, CA = QR, m∠A= m∠P
(c) AB = PQ, m∠A = m∠Q, m∠C = m∠P
(d) AB = PQ, m∠A = m∠P, m∠B = m∠Q
ସମାଧାନ:
AB = PQ, m∠A = m∠P, m∠B = m∠Q

(v) ପାର୍ଶ୍ୱସ୍ଥ ଚିତ୍ର ଅନୁସାରେ m∠BAD : m∠ADB ହେଉଛି,

(a) 2 : 1
(b) 3 : 1
(c) 1 : 2
(d) 1 : 3
ସମାଧାନ:
3 : 1

Question 2.
ନିମ୍ନସ୍ଥ କେଉଁ କେଉଁ ସର୍ଭରେ Δ ABC ଓ Δ POR ସର୍ବସମ ହେବେ ?
(i) AB = PQ, BC = QR, m∠C = m∠R
(ii) AB = PQ, m∠A = m∠P, m∠B = m∠Q
(iii) BC = PQ, CA = QR, m∠A = m∠P
(iv) m∠P = m∠B = 90°, PQ = AB, PR = BC
(v) PQ = AB, PR = AC, A ଓ P ବିନ୍ଦୁଠାରେ ଅଙ୍କିତ ବହିଃସ୍ଥ କୌଣଦ୍ଵୟ ସର୍ବସମ ।
(vi) AB = PQ, m∠A = m∠Q, m∠C = m∠R
ସମାଧାନ:
(ii) AB = PQ, m∠A = m∠P, m∠B = m∠Q (କୋ-ବା-କୋ ସର୍ବସମତା)
(iv) m∠P = m∠B = 90°, PQ = AB, PR = BC (ବା-କୋ-ବା ସର୍ବସମତା)
(v) PQ = AB, PR = AC, A ଓ P ବିନ୍ଦୁଠାରେ ଅଙ୍କିତ ବହିଃସ୍ଥ କୌଣଦ୍ଵୟ ସର୍ବସମ ।
(vi) AB = PQ, m∠A = m∠Q, m∠C = m∠R (କୋ-ବା-କୋ ସର୍ବସମତା)

Question 3.
(i) ଗୋଟିଏ ସମଦ୍ବିବାହୁ ତ୍ରିଭୁଜର ଶୀର୍ଷକୋଣର ପରିମାଣ 100° ହେଲେ, ଏହାର ପ୍ରତ୍ୟେକ ଭୂମିସଂଲଗ୍ନ କୋଣର ପରିମାଣ କେତେ ?
ସମାଧାନ:
ଦତ୍ତ : Δ ABC ରେ AB = AC, m∠A = 100° ।
ନିର୍ମେୟ : Δ ABC ର ପ୍ରତ୍ୟେକ ଭୂମିସଂଲଗ୍ନ କୋଣର ପରିମାଣ ।
ଡତ୍ତର : m∠A + m∠B + m∠C = 180°
⇒ 100° + m∠B + m∠B = 180° (∵ m∠B = m∠C)
⇒ 2m∠B = 80° ⇒ m∠B = 40°
∴ ΔABC ର ପ୍ରତ୍ୟେକ ଭୂମିସଂଲଗ୍ନ କୋଣଦ୍ଵୟର ପରିମାଣ 40° ।

(ii) ଗୋଟିଏ ସମଦ୍ବିବାହୁ ତ୍ରିଭୁଜର ପ୍ରତ୍ୟେକ ଭୂମିସଂଲଗ୍ନ କୋଣର ପରିମାଣ 45° ହେଲେ ଏହାର ଶୀର୍ଷକୋଣର ପରିମାଣ କେତେ ?
ସମାଧାନ:
ଦତ୍ତ : Δ ABC ରେ AB = AC ଏବଂ m∠B = m∠C = 45°
ନିର୍ମେୟ : ∠BAC ର ପରିମାଣ ।
ଡତ୍ତର : m∠A + m∠B + m∠C = 180°
m∠A + 45° + 45° = 180° (∵ m∠B = m∠C = 45°)
m∠A = 180° – 90° = 90°
∴ ଶୀର୍ଷକୋଣର ପରିମାଣ 90° ।

Question 4.
Δ ABC ରେ AC ର ସମଦ୍ବିଖଣ୍ଡକ ଲମ୍ବ AB କୁ D ବିନ୍ଦୁରେ ଛେଦ କରୁଥିଲେ, ଦର୍ଶାଅ ଯେ AB = BD + DC ।
ସମାଧାନ:
ଦତ୍ତ : Δ ABC ର ACର ସମଦ୍ବିଖଣ୍ଡକ ଲମ୍ବ DE, AB କୁ D ବିନ୍ଦୁରେ ଛେଦକରେ,
ଅର୍ଥାତ୍ DE = E͞C ଓ D͞E ⊥ AC ।
ପ୍ରାମାଣ୍ୟ : AB = BD + DC
ଅଙ୍କନ : ED ଅଙ୍କନ କରାଯାଉ ।
ପ୍ରମାଣ : Δ ADE ଓ Δ DEC ମଧ୍ୟରେ AE = CE (ଦତ୍ତ )
m∠DEA = m∠DEC = 90° (DE ⊥ AC)
DE ସାଧାରଣ ବାହୁ ।
∴ Δ ADE = Δ CDE (ବା-କୋ-ବା ସର୍ବସମତା)
⇒ AD ≅ CD
AB = AD + BD = CD + BD (∵ AD = CD)
AB = BD + DC
(ପ୍ରମାଣିତ)

Question 5.
ଦର୍ଶାଅ ଯେ, ସମବାହୁ ତ୍ରିଭୁଜର ପ୍ରତ୍ୟେକ କୋଣର ପରିମାଣ 60° ।
ସମାଧାନ:
ଦତ୍ତ : Δ ABC ରେ AB = AC = BC
ପ୍ରାମାଣ୍ୟ : m∠A = m∠B = m∠C = 60° 
AB = AC ⇒ m∠B = m∠C 
ସେହିପରି AC = BC = m∠A = m∠B 
∴ m∠A = m∠B = m∠C
କିନ୍ତୁ m∠A + m∠B + m∠C = 180°
∴ m∠A = m∠B = m∠C = \(\frac{180^{\circ}}{3}\) = 60°
(ପ୍ରମାଣିତ)

Question 6.
(i) ପ୍ରମାଣ କର ଯେ, କୌଣସି ତ୍ରିଭୁଜର ଦୁଇଟି ଶୀର୍ଷବିନ୍ଦୁରେ ଅଙ୍କିତ ବହିଃସ୍ଥ କୌଣଦ୍ଵୟ ସର୍ବସମ ହେଲେ, ତ୍ରିଭୁଜଟି ସମଦ୍ବିବାହୁ ।
ସମାଧାନ:
ଦତ୍ତ : Δ ABC ର B ଓ C ବିନ୍ଦୁରେ ଅଙ୍କିତ ବହିଃସ୍ଥ କୌଣଦ୍ଵୟ ସର୍ବସମ ଅର୍ଥାତ୍ m∠ABD = m∠ACE ।
ପ୍ରାମାଣ୍ୟ : AABC ସମଦ୍ବିବାହୁ ଅର୍ଥାତ୍ AB = AC ।
ପ୍ରମାଣ : ∠ABD = ∠ACE
m∠ABD + m∠B= 180° = m∠ACE + ∠C  (∵ ସନ୍ନିହିତ ପରିପୂରକ କୋଣ)
m∠B = m∠C (∵ ∠ABD = m∠ACE) 
AB = AC ଅର୍ଥାତ୍ Δ ABC ସମଦ୍ବିବାହୁ ।
  (ପ୍ରମାଣିତ)

(ii) Δ ABCରେ AB = AC ହେଲେ, B ଓ C ବିନ୍ଦୁରେ ଅଙ୍କିତ ବହିଃସ୍ଥ କୋଣଦ୍ଵୟ ସର୍ବସମ ।
ସମାଧାନ:
ଦତ୍ତ : Δ ABC ରେ AB = AC ।
B ଓ C ବିନ୍ଦୁରେ ଅଙ୍କିତ ବହିଃସ୍ଥ କୌଣଦ୍ବୟ ∠ABD ଓ ∠ACE ଅଟେ ।
ପ୍ରାମାଣ୍ୟ :  m∠ABD = m∠ACE
ପ୍ରମାଣ : Δ ABC ରେ AB = AC (ଦତ୍ତ)
⇒ m∠ACB = m∠ABC
(ସମାନ ବାହୁର ବିପରୀତ କୋଣଦ୍ଵୟ ସର୍ବସମ)
⇒ m∠ABD + m∠ABC = m∠ACB + m∠ACE = 180°  (∵ ସନ୍ନିହିତ ପରିପୂରକ କୋଣ)
⇒ m∠ABD = m∠ACE (∵ m∠ABC = m∠ACB)
(ପ୍ରମାଣିତ)

Question 7.
Δ ABC ରେ m∠A = 72° ଏବଂ m∠B = 2m∠C ହେଲେ ପ୍ରମାଣ କର ଯେ, ତ୍ରିଭୁଜଟି ସମଦ୍ବିବାହୁ ।
ସମାଧାନ:
ଦତ୍ତ : Δ ABC ରେ m∠A = 72° ଏବଂ m∠B = 2m∠C ।
ପ୍ରାମାଣ୍ୟ : Δ ABC ସମଦିବାହୁ ।
ପ୍ରମାଣ : Δ ABC ରେ m∠A + m∠B + m∠C = 180°
⇒ 72° + 2m∠C + m∠C = 180° (∵ m∠B = 2m∠C)
⇒ 3m∠C = 108° – 72° = 108° ⇒ m∠C = 36°
∴ m∠B = 180° – (m∠A + m∠C) = 180° – (72° + 36°)
= 180° – 108° = 72°
∴ m∠A = m∠B ⇒ BC = AC ⇒ Δ ABC ସମଦିବାହୁ ।
(ପ୍ରମାଣିତ)

Question 8.
ପାର୍ଶ୍ୱସ୍ଥ ଚିତ୍ରରେ AB = AC ଏବଂ BO = CO, ପ୍ରମାଣ କର ଯେ, ∠ABO ≅ ∠ACO ।

ସମାଧାନ:
ଦତ୍ତ : Δ ABC ରେ AB = AC ଏବଂ OB = OC ।
ପ୍ରାମାଣ୍ୟ : ∠ABO ≅ ∠ACO ।
ପ୍ରମାଣ : Δ ABC ରେ AB = AC ⇒ m∠ABC = m∠ACB … (i)
Δ OBC ରେ OB = OC (ଦତ୍ତ) ⇒ m∠OBC = m∠OCB … (ii)
(i) ଓ (ii) ରୁ m∠ABC – m∠OBC = m∠ACB – m∠OCB
⇒ m∠ABO = m∠ACO
⇒ ∠ABO = ∠ACO (ପ୍ରମାଣିତ)

ବିକଳ୍ପ ସମାଧାନ :
ଦତ୍ତ : Δ ABC ରେ AB = AC ଏବଂ BO = CO ।
ପ୍ରାମାଣ୍ୟ : ∠ABO ≅ ∠ACO ।
ଅଙ୍କନ : Δ ABO ଓ Δ ACO ମଧ୍ୟରେ 
∴ AB = AC (ଦତ୍ତ) , BO = CO (ଦତ୍ତ) ଏବଂ A͞O ସାଧାରଣ ବାହୁ ।
Δ ABO ≅ Δ ACO (କୋ-ବା-କୋ ସର୍ବସମତା)
⇒ m∠ABO = m∠ACO ⇒ ∠ABO ≅ ∠ACO

Question 9.
ପାର୍ଶ୍ୱସ୍ଥ ଚିତ୍ରରେ AB = AC, m∠CAD = 160°, m∠BCE = 40° । ପ୍ରମାଣ କର ଯେ, BE = BC ।
ସମାଧାନ:
ଦତ୍ତ : ଦତ୍ତ ବିନ୍ଦୁରେ m∠CAD = 160° ଏବଂ  m∠BCE = 40° ।
ପ୍ରାମାଣ୍ୟ : BE = BC
ପ୍ରମାଣ : Δ ABC ର ବହିଃସ୍ଥ ∠CAD ର ପରିମାଣ 160° ।
ବହିଃସ୍ଥ m∠CAD = m∠ACB + m∠ABC
m∠CAD = 2m∠ABC (m∠ACB = m∠ABC ∵ AB = AC)
⇒ 160° = 2m∠ABC ⇒ m∠ABC = 80° = m∠ACB
ପୁନଶ୍ଚ Δ CBE ରେ m∠ABC = m∠BCE + m∠CEB
⇒ 80° = 40° + m∠CEB ⇒ m∠CEB = 40°
m∠BCE = m∠CEB = 40° ⇒ BE = BC
(ପ୍ରମାଣିତ)

Question 10.
Δ ABC ରେ AB = AC ଓ A͞D ⊥ B͞C । ପ୍ରମାଣ କର ଯେ, BD = DC ଓ m∠BAD = m∠CAD ।
ସମାଧାନ:
ଦତ୍ତ : Δ ABC ରେ AB = AC ଓ A͞D ⊥ B͞C ।
ପ୍ରାମାଣ୍ୟ : BD = DC ଓ m∠BAD = m∠CAD ।
ପ୍ରମାଣ : Δ ABD ଓ Δ ADC  ମଧ୍ୟରେ AB = AC (ଦତ୍ତ)
m∠ADB = m∠ADC (ସମକୋଣ) ଓ AD ସାଧାରଣ ବାହୁ ।
∴ Δ ABD ≅ Δ ADC (ସ-କ-ବା ସର୍ବସମତା)
⇒ BD = CD ଏବଂ m∠BAD = m∠CAD
(ପ୍ରମାଣିତ)

Question 11.
ପାର୍ଶ୍ୱସ୍ଥ ଚିତ୍ରରେ AB = PQ, BC = QR ଏବଂ m∠ABX = m∠PQY । ଦର୍ଶାଅ ଯେ, Δ ABC ≅ Δ PQR ।

ସମାଧାନ:
ଦତ୍ତ : ଦତ୍ତ ବିନ୍ଦୁରେ AB = PQ, BC = QR ଏବଂ m∠ABX = m∠PQY ।
ପ୍ରାମାଣ୍ୟ : Δ ABC ≅ Δ PQR ।
ପ୍ରମାଣ : m∠ABX + m∠ABC = 180° ଏବଂ m∠PQY + m∠PQR = 180°
m∠ABX + m∠ABC = m∠PQY +m∠PQR
⇒ m∠ABC = m∠PQR (∵ m∠ABX = m∠PQY)
Δ ABC ଓ Δ PQR ଦ୍ଠୟରେ AB = PQ, m∠ABC = m∠PQR ଏବଂ BC = QR
∴ Δ ABC ≅ Δ PQR (ବା-କୋ-ବା ସର୍ବସମତା)  (ପ୍ରମାଣିତ)

Question 12.
ପାର୍ଶ୍ୱସ୍ଥ ଚିତ୍ରରେ A͞B ଓ C͞D ରେଖାଖଣ୍ଡଦ୍ଵୟ ପରସ୍ପରକୁ  ‘O’ ବିନ୍ଦୁରେ ସମଦ୍ବିଖଣ୍ଡ କରୁଥିଲେ, ଦର୍ଶାଅ ଯେ A͞D || B͞C ।
ସମାଧାନ:
ଦତ୍ତ : A͞B ଓ C͞D ରେଖାଖଣ୍ଡ ଦ୍ବୟର ଛେଦବିନ୍ଦୁ O ।
A͞B ଓ C͞D ଦ୍ଵୟ ପରସ୍ପରକୁ ଠ ବିନ୍ଦୁରେ ସମଦ୍ବିଖଣ୍ଡ କରନ୍ତି,
ଅର୍ଥାତ୍ AO = BO ଏବଂ CO = DO ।
ପ୍ରାମାଣ୍ୟ : A͞D || B͞C
ପ୍ରମାଣ  : Δ AOD ଓ Δ BOC ଦ୍ଠୟରେ m∠AOD = m∠BOC 
AO = BO (ଦତ୍ତ) ଏବଂ DO = CO (ଦତ୍ତ)
∴ Δ AOD = Δ BOC (ବା-କୋ-ବା ସର୍ବସମତା)
⇒ m∠DAO = m∠CBO କିନ୍ତୁ ଏ ଦ୍ବୟ ଏକାନ୍ତର କୌଣହେତୁ AD || BC 
(ପ୍ରମାଣିତ)

Question 13.
ABCD ଚତୁର୍ଭୁଜରେ AC କଣ୍ଠ ∠A ଓ ∠C କୁ ସମର୍ଦ୍ଦିଖଣ୍ଡ କରୁଥୁଲେ ଦର୍ଶାଅ ଯେ, AB = AD ଏବଂ CB = CD ।
ସମାଧାନ:
ଦତ୍ତ : ABCD ଚତୁର୍ଭୁଜରେ A͞C  କଣ୍ଠ, m∠BAC = m∠DAC ଓ m∠BCA = m∠DCA ।
ପ୍ରାମାଣ୍ୟ : AB = AD ଏବଂ CB = CD
ପ୍ରମାଣ : Δ ABC ଏବଂ Δ ADC ଦ୍ଠୟରେ
m∠BAC = m∠DAC (ଦତ୍ତ), A͞C ସାଧାରଣ ବାହୁ
ଏବଂ m∠BCA = m∠DCA (ଦତ୍ତ)
∴ Δ ABC = Δ ADC (କୋ-ବା-କୋ ସର୍ବସମତା)
⇒ AB = AD ଏବଂ CB = CD
(ପ୍ରମାଣିତ)

Question 14.
Δ ABC ରେ A ବିନ୍ଦୁରୁ B͞C ପ୍ରତି ଅଙ୍କିତ ଲମ୍ବ B͞C କୁ ସମର୍ଦ୍ଦିଖଣ୍ଡ କରୁଥୁଲେ ଦର୍ଶାଅ ଯେ, ତ୍ରିଭୁଜଟି ସମଦ୍ବିବାହୁ ।
ସମାଧାନ:
ଦତ୍ତ : Δ ABC ରେ A͞D ⊥ B͞C ଓ BD = DC ।
ପ୍ରାମାଣ୍ୟ : Δ ABC ସମଦ୍ବିବାହୁ ଅର୍ଥାତ୍ AB = AC
ପ୍ରମାଣ : Δ ABD ଏବଂ Δ ADC ଦ୍ଠୟରେ BD = CD (ଦତ୍ତ)
A͞D ସାଧାରଣ ବାହୁ ଏବଂ m∠ADB = m∠ADC (ପ୍ରତ୍ୟେକ ସମକୋଣ)
∴ Δ ABD ≅ Δ ADC (ବା-କୋ-ବା ସର୍ବସମତା)
∴ AB = AC (ଅନୁରୂପ ବାହୁ) ⇒ Δ ABCଟି ସମଦ୍ବିବାହୁ ।
(ପ୍ରମାଣିତ)

Question 15.
ପାର୍ଶ୍ୱସ୍ଥ ଚିତ୍ରରେ ବୃତ୍ତ ଅଛି, m∠BAD = m∠BCE ଏବଂ AB = BC ।
ସମାଧାନ:
ଦତ୍ତ : ଦତ୍ତ ବିନ୍ଦୁରେ m∠BAD = m∠BCE ଏବଂ AB = BC ।
ପ୍ରାମାଣ୍ୟ : Δ ABD ≅ Δ CBE
ପ୍ରମାଣ : Δ ABD ଓ Δ CBE ଦ୍ଠୟରେ
m∠ABD = m∠CBE (ସାଧାରଣ)
AB = BC (ଦତ୍ତ) ଏବଂ m∠BAD = m∠BCE (ଦତ୍ତ)
Δ ABD ≅ Δ CBE (କୋ-ବା-କୋ ସର୍ବସମତା)
⇒ AD = CE
  (ପ୍ରମାଣିତ)

Question 16.
ପାର୍ଶ୍ୱସ୍ଥ ଚିତ୍ରରେ O, P͞Q  ର ମଧ୍ୟବିନ୍ଦୁ । P͞A ଏବଂ Q͞B, A͞B ଉପରେ ଲମ୍ବ । ଦର୍ଶାଅ ଯେ A͞P = B͞Q ।
ସମାଧାନ:
ଦତ୍ତ : ଦତ୍ତ ଚିତ୍ରରେ O, P͞Q ର ମଧ୍ୟବିନ୍ଦୁ, ଅର୍ଥାତ୍ PO = OQ ।
P͞A ⊥ AB ଏବଂ Q͞B ⊥ A͞B
ପ୍ରାମାଣ୍ୟ : AP = BQ
ପ୍ରମାଣ : Δ APO ଏବଂ Δ BQO ମଧ୍ୟରେ PO = OQ (ଦତ୍ତ)
m∠PAO = m∠QBO (ସମକୋଣ) ଏବଂ m∠AOP = m∠BOQ (ପ୍ରତୀପ କୋଣ)
Δ APO ≅ Δ BQO (କୋ-ବା-କୋ ସର୍ବସମତା) ⇒ AP = BQ
(ପ୍ରମାଣିତ)

Question 17.
Δ ABC ରେ AB = AC । ପ୍ରମାଣ କର ଯେ, B ଓ C ବିନ୍ଦୁଠାରୁ ଏହାର ବିପରୀତ ବାହୁମାନଙ୍କ ପ୍ରତି ଅଙ୍କିତ ଲମ୍ବଦ୍ଵୟ ସର୍ବସମ ।
ସମାଧାନ:
ଦତ୍ତ : Δ ABC ରେ AB = AC,
B͞D ⊥ A͞C ଓ CE ⊥ AB ।
ପ୍ରାମାଣ୍ୟ : B͞D ≅ C͞D
ପ୍ରମାଣ : Δ ABD ଓ Δ ACE ଦ୍ଵୟରେ AB = AC (ଦତ୍ତ) 
m∠BAD = m∠CAE (ସାଧାରଣ)
 m∠ADB = m∠AEC = 90°
Δ ABD ≅ Δ ACE ⇒ BD ≅ CD
 (ପ୍ରମାଣିତ)

Question 18.
Δ ABC ରେ AB = AC । ∠B ଓ ∠C ର ସମଦ୍ବିଖଣ୍ଡକଦ୍ୱୟ ପରସ୍ପରକୁ O ବିନ୍ଦୁରେ ଛେଦ କରୁଥିଲେ, ପ୍ରମାଣ କର ଯେ
BO = CO ଏବଂ \( \overrightarrow{\mathrm{AO}}\), ∠A ର ସମଦ୍ବିଖଣ୍ଡକ ।
ସମାଧାନ:
ଦତ୍ତ : Δ ABC ରେ AB = AC । \( \overrightarrow{\mathrm{BO}}\) ଏବଂ \( \overrightarrow{\mathrm{CO}}\) ଯଥାକ୍ରମେ ∠B ଓ ∠C ର ସମର୍ଦ୍ଦିଖଣ୍ଡକ । ସମଦ୍ୱିଖଣ୍ଡକଦ୍ୱୟ AC ଓ AB କୁ ଯଥାକ୍ରମେ D ଓ E ବିନ୍ଦୁରେ ଛେଦ କରେ ।
ପ୍ରାମାଣ୍ୟ : (i) BO = CO
(ii) m∠BAO = m∠CAO;
ଅର୍ଥାତ୍ \( \overrightarrow{\mathrm{AO}}\), ∠A ର ସମଦ୍ବିଖଣ୍ଡକ ।
ପ୍ରମାଣ : m∠ABC = m∠ACB (∵ AB = AC)
⇒ \(\frac{1}{2}\)m∠ABC = \(\frac{1}{2}\)m∠ACB
⇒ m∠OBC = m∠OCB ⇒ OB = OC … (i)
ପୁନଶ୍ଚ, Δ ABO ଏବଂ Δ ACO ଦ୍ବୟରେ AB = AC (ଦତ୍ତ)
m∠ABO = m∠ACO (∵ B͞O ଏବଂ C͞O ଯଥାକ୍ରମେ ∠B ଓ ∠C ର ସମଦ୍ଵିଖଣ୍ଡକ)
ଏବଂ OB = OC ∴ Δ ABO ≅ Δ ACO
⇒ m∠BAO = m∠CAO ଅର୍ଥାତ୍ \( \overrightarrow{\mathrm{AO}}\), ∠A ର ସମଦ୍ଵିଖଣ୍ଡକ ।
(ପ୍ରମାଣିତ)

Question 19.
Δ ABC ରେ ∠B ସମକୋଣ । A͞C କର୍ପୂର ମଧ୍ୟବିନ୍ଦୁ D ହେଲେ ଦର୍ଶାଅ ଯେ BD = \(\frac{1}{2}\)AC l
ସମାଧାନ:
ଦତ୍ତ : Δ ABC ରେ m∠B = 90° ଏବଂ
D, A͞C ର ମଧ୍ୟବିନ୍ଦୁ ଅର୍ଥାତ୍ AD = DC l
ପ୍ରାମାଣ୍ୟ : BD = \(\frac{1}{2}\)AC
ଅଙ୍କନ : \(\overrightarrow{\mathrm{BD}}\) ଉପରେ ‘E’ ଏପରି ଏକ ବିନ୍ଦୁ ଯେପରିକି
B – D – E ଓ BD = DE l
C͞E ଅଙ୍କନ କରାଯାଉ ।
ପ୍ରମାଣ : Δ ABD ଓ Δ EDC ଦ୍ୱୟରେ AD = DC (∵ D, A͞C ର ମଧ୍ୟବିନ୍ଦୁ)
BD = DE (ଅଙ୍କନ) ଏବଂ m∠ADB = m∠EDC (ପ୍ରତୀପ) 
∴ Δ ABD ≅ Δ EDC (ବା-କୋ-ବା ସର୍ବସମତା)
⇒ AB = EC ଏବଂ m∠ABD = m∠CED
କିନ୍ତୁ m∠ABD = m∠CED (ଏକାନ୍ତର)
⇒ AB || CE ⇒ m∠ABC + m∠ECB = 180° ⇒ m∠ECB = 90°
Δ ABC ଓ Δ ECB ଦ୍ୱୟରେ AB = CE (ପୂର୍ବରୁ ପ୍ରମାଣିତ)
B͞C ସାଧାରଣ ବାହୁ ଏବଂ m∠ABC = m∠ECB = 90°
∴ Δ ABC ≅ Δ ECB (ବା-କୋ-ବା ସର୍ବସମତା)
⇒ AC = BE ⇒ AC = 2BD ⇒ BD = \(\frac{1}{2}\)AC

ବିକଳ୍ପ ସମାଧାନ :
ଦତ୍ତ : Δ ABCରେ ∠B ସମକୋଣ । A͞C ର ମଧ୍ୟବିନ୍ଦୁ D ଅର୍ଥାତ୍ A
ପ୍ରାମାଣ୍ୟ : BD = \(\frac{1}{2}\)AC
ଅଙ୍କନ : \(\overrightarrow{\mathrm{BD}}\) ଉପରେ E ଏକ ବିନ୍ଦୁ ନିଅ ଯେପରିକି BD = DE ହେବ ।
AE ଓ C͞E ଅଙ୍କନ କରାଯାଉ ।
ପ୍ରମାଣ : ABCD ଚତୁର୍ଭୁଜରେ AD = CD (ଦତ୍ତ) ଓ BD = DE (ଅଙ୍କନ) ।
ABCD ଏକ ସାମାନ୍ତରିକ ଚିତ୍ର ।
କିନ୍ତୁ m∠ABC = 90° ହେତୁ ABCD ଏକ ଆୟତଚିତ୍ର ।
BE = AC (ଆୟତଚିତ୍ରର କଣ୍ଠଦ୍ଵୟ ସର୍ବସମ)
⇒ \(\frac{1}{2}\)BE = \(\frac{1}{2}\)AC ⇒ BD = \(\frac{1}{2}\)AC
(ପ୍ରମାଣିତ)

Question 20.
କୌଣସି ତ୍ରିଭୁଜର ଉଚ୍ଚତାତ୍ରୟ ସମାନ ହେଲେ, ପ୍ରମାଣ କର ଯେ ତ୍ରିଭୁଜଟି ସମବାହୁ ।
ସମାଧାନ:
ଦତ୍ତ : Δ ABC ରେ A͞D ⊥ B͞C, C͞E ⊥ A͞B, BF ⊥ AC ଏବଂ AD = CE = BF ।
ପ୍ରାମାଣ୍ୟ : AB = BC = AC
ପ୍ରମାଣ : Δ ABD ଏବଂ Δ BCE ଦ୍ଵୟରେ
m∠ABD = m∠CBE (ସାଧାରଣ)
m∠ADB = m∠CEB = 90° ଏବଂ AD = CE (ଦତ୍ତ) 
∴ Δ ABD ≅ Δ BCE (କୋ-କୋ-ବା ସର୍ବସମତା) ⇒ AB = BC
ସେହିପରି ପ୍ରମାଣ କରାଯାଇ ପାରେ, Δ BFC ≅ Δ ADC ⇒ BC = AC
∴ AB = BC = AC
  (ପ୍ରମାଣିତ)

Question 21.
ତ୍ରିଭୁଜର ଗୋଟିଏ କୋଣର ସମଦ୍ବିଖଣ୍ଡକ ଏହାର ସମ୍ମୁଖୀନ ବାହୁକୁ ସମଦ୍ବିଖଣ୍ଡ କରୁଥିଲେ, ଦର୍ଶାଅ ଯେ ତ୍ରିଭୁଜଟି ସମଦ୍ବିବାହୁ ।
ସମାଧାନ:
ଦତ୍ତ : Δ ABC ରେ ∠A ର ସମଦ୍ୱିଖଣ୍ଡକ \(\overrightarrow{\mathrm{AD}}\), B͞C କୁ ସମର୍ଦ୍ଦିଖଣ୍ଡ କରେ 
ପ୍ରାମାଣ୍ୟ : AB = AC ଅର୍ଥାତ୍ A ABC ସମଦ୍ବିବାହୁ ।
ଅଙ୍କନ : \(\overrightarrow{\mathrm{AD}}\) ଉପରେ E ଏପରି ଏକ ବିନ୍ଦୁ ଯେପରିକି A – D – E ଏବଂ AD = DE | C͞E ଅଙ୍କନ କର ।
ପ୍ରମାଣ : Δ ABD ଓ Δ CDE ଦ୍ଵୟରେ AD = DE (ଅଙ୍କନ)
BD = DC (ଦତ୍ତ) ଏବଂ m∠ADB = m∠CDE (ପ୍ରତୀପ)
∴ Δ ABD = Δ CDE (କୋ-ବା-କୋ ସର୍ବସମତା)
⇒ AB = CE ଏବଂ m∠BAD = m∠CED … (i)
m∠BAD = m∠CAD (ଦତ୍ତ)
m∠CED = m∠CAD ⇒ AC = CE … (ii)
∴ (i) ଓ (ii) ରୁ AB = AC

(ପ୍ରମାଣିତ)

Question 22.
Δ ABC ଓ Δ DEF ରେ X ଓ Y ଯଥାକ୍ରମେ B͞C ଓ E͞F ର ମଧ୍ୟବିନ୍ଦୁ । AB = DF, BC = EF ଓ AX = DY ହେଲେ ପ୍ରମାଣ କର ଯେ, Δ ABC ≅ Δ DEF ।
ସମାଧାନ:

ଦତ୍ତ : X, B͞C ର ମଧ୍ୟବିନ୍ଦୁ ଏବଂ Y, B͞C ର ମଧ୍ୟବିନ୍ଦୁ, AX = DY, AB = DF ଏବଂ BC = EF ।
ପ୍ରାମାଣ୍ୟ : Δ ABC ≅ Δ DEF 
ପ୍ରମାଣ : Δ ABX ଓ Δ DFY ମଧ୍ୟରେ, AB = DF, AX = DY ଏବଂ BX = FY
(∵ BC = FE ଏବଂ X ଓ Y ଯଥାକ୍ରମେ B͞C ଓ F͞E ର ମଧ୍ୟବିନ୍ଦୁ)
∴ Δ ABC ≅ Δ DEF (ବା-ବା-ବା ସର୍ବସମତା )
⇒ m∠ABX = m∠DFY ⇒ m∠ABC = m∠DFE
ଟର୍ଭମାନ Δ ABC ଓ Δ DFE ଦ୍ଵୟରେ, AB = DF, BC = FE ଏବଂ m∠ABC = m∠DFE
∴ Δ ABC = Δ DFE (ବା-କୋ-ବା ସ୍ଵୀକାର୍ଯ୍ୟ) (ପ୍ରମାଣିତ)

Question 23.
Δ ABC ରେ AB = AC । X ଓ Y ଯଥାକ୍ରମେ A͞B ଓ A͞C ଉପରିସ୍ଥ ଦୁଇଟି ବିନ୍ଦୁ ଯେପରିକି AX = AY ।
ପ୍ରମାଣ କର ଯେ, CX = BY ।
ସମାଧାନ:
ଦତ୍ତ : Δ ABC ରେ AB = AC । A͞B ଓ A͞C ଉପରିସ୍ଥ X ଓ Y ଏପରି ଏକ ବିନ୍ଦୁ ଯେପରିକି AX = AY ।
ପ୍ରାମାଣ୍ୟ : CX = BY
ପ୍ରମାଣ : Δ ABY ଏବଂ Δ ACX ଦ୍ଵୟରେ AB = AC (ଦତ୍ତ)
AY = AX (ଦତ୍ତ) , m∠BAY = m∠CAX (ସାଧାରଣ କୋଣ)
∴ Δ ABY ≅ Δ ACX (ବା-କୋ-ବା ସର୍ବସମତା)
⇒ BY = CX ⇒ CX = BY
(ପ୍ରମାଣିତ)

Question 24.
ପାର୍ଶ୍ୱସ୍ଥ ଚିତ୍ରରେ AB = CD ଓ AC = BD । ପ୍ରମାଣ କର ଯେ AO = DO ଓ BO = CO ।
ସମାଧାନ:
ଦତ୍ତ : ପାର୍ଶ୍ୱସ୍ଥ ଚିତ୍ରରେ AB = CD, AC = BD ।
ପ୍ରାମାଣ୍ୟ : AO = DO ଏବଂ BO = CO ।
ପ୍ରମାଣ : Δ ACB ଏବଂ Δ DBC ଦ୍ୱୟରେ 
AB = CD (ଦତ୍ତ), AC = BD (ଦତ୍ତ) ଏବଂ C͞B (ସାଧାରଣ ବାହୁ)
∴ Δ ACB ≅ Δ DBC (ବା-କୋ-ବା ସ୍ଵୀକାର୍ଯ୍ୟ)
⇒ m∠CAB = m∠CDB ଓ m∠ABC = m∠DCB
⇒ m∠OBC = m∠OCB ⇒ BO = CO
⇒ AB = CD (ଦତ୍ତ) ⇒ AO + BO = CO + DO ⇒ AO = DO (∵ BO = CO)
(ପ୍ରମାଣିତ)

Question 25.
Δ ABC ରେ AB = AC । ∠ABC ଓ ∠ACB କୋଣର ସମଦ୍ବିଖଣ୍ଡକଦ୍ୱୟ ପରସ୍ପରକୁ ‘O’ ବିନ୍ଦୁରେ ଛେଦ କରୁଥିଲେ  ଦର୍ଶାଅ ଯେ, Δ OBC ସମଦ୍ବିବାହୁ ।
ସମାଧାନ:
ଦତ୍ତ : Δ ABC ରେ AB = AC ।
∠ABC ଓ ∠ACB କୋଣର ସମଦ୍ବିଖଣ୍ଡକଦ୍ୱୟ ପରସ୍ପରକୁ ‘O’ ବିନ୍ଦୁରେ ଛେଦ କରନ୍ତି ।
ପ୍ରାମାଣ୍ୟ : Δ OBC ସମଦ୍ବିବାହୁ । ଅର୍ଥାତ୍ OB = OC ।
ପ୍ରମାଣ : Δ ABC ରେ AB = AC
⇒ m∠ACB = m∠ABC (ସମାନ ବାହୁର ସମ୍ମୁଖୀନ କୋଣ ସମାନ)
⇒ \(\frac{1}{2}\)m∠ACB = \(\frac{1}{2}\)m∠ABC ⇒ m∠OCB = m∠OBC (ଦତ୍ତ)
⇒ OB = OC
ଅର୍ଥାତ୍ OBC ଏକ ସମଦ୍ବିବାହୁ ତ୍ରିଭୁଜ ।
 (ପ୍ରମାଣିତ)

Question 26.
Δ ABC ରେ AB ଓ AC ଉପରେ ଯଥାକ୍ରମେ D ଓ E ଏପରି ଦୁଇଟି ବିନ୍ଦୁ ଯେପରିକି AD = AE ଏବଂ DB = EC । ଦର୍ଶାଅ ଯେ, DE || BC ।
ସମାଧାନ :
ଦତ୍ତ : Δ ABC ରେ AB ଓ AC ଉପରେ ଯଥାକ୍ରମେ D ଓ E ଦୁଇଟି ବିନ୍ଦୁ 
ଯେପରିକି AD = AE ଓ DB = EC ।
ପ୍ରାମାଣ୍ୟ : DE || BC ।
ପ୍ରମାଣ : Δ ADE ରେ AD = AE (ଦତ୍ତ)
⇒ m∠ADE = m∠AED (ଭୁମି ସଂଲଗ୍ଶ କୋଣ)
AD + BD = AE + EC ⇒ AB = AC ⇒ m∠B = m∠C
Δ ADE ରେ m∠A + m∠ADE + m∠AED = 180°
m∠A + 2m∠ADE = 180° (∵ m∠ADE = m∠AED) … (i)
Δ ABC ରେ m∠A + m∠B + m∠C = 180°
m∠A + 2m∠B = 180° (m∠C = m∠B) … (ii)
(i) ଓ (ii) ରୁ m∠A + 2m∠ADE = m∠A + 2m∠B
2m∠ADE = 2m∠B ⇒ m∠ADE = m∠B
କିନ୍ତୁ ଏହି କୋଣଦ୍ଵୟ ଏକାନ୍ତର ଅଟନ୍ତି ।
∴ DB = EC ।
(ପ୍ରମାଣିତ)

Odisha State Board CHSE Odisha Class 12 Approaches to English Book 2 Solutions Short Stories Chapter 2 The Tree Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Class 12th Alternative English Short Stories Chapter 2 The Tree Question Answers CHSE Odisha

The Tree Class 12 Questions and Answers

Section – I

Questions For Discussion

Question 1.
How does the writer describe the river in the spate? Did it cause havoc in the village: What was the time of the flood?
Ans:
When the river was in full spate, it bulged up sounding like a thousand hooded hissing cobra. It did not play havoc in the village. The flood came a little past midnight.

Question 2.
What did the villagers do to meet the crisis?
Answer:
As people suddenly realized that the situation was much more grave than they had imagined they raised their lanterns. They ran to take shelter under the banian tree.

Question 3.
The leaves chattered incessantly in their familiar language of hope and courage. How does this statement portray the banian tree?
Answer:
The leaves of the banian tree made sounds as they usually do. Inspiteofthe approaching danger, they behaved in a similar way without paying any attention to the flood and its associated dangers. They were a symbol of courage and boldness which attribute the same qualities to the banian tree.

Question 4.
What were the story behind the mound and the tree?
Answer:
The mound contained the ruins of a certain king’s palace. The king dared to cut down a few branches of the tree to make room for his palace. Perhaps he planned to destroy the tree, but before he could do so a terrific storm had broken out. The palace collapsed and formed a mound. The tree, it was said had taken off down to the Himalayas or other such meaningful places at the command of a certain great soul who lived under it.

Question 5.
Write briefly about the “banian goddess”. What does this portrait reveal about the village? Do you make an element of humor and satire in the description?
Answer:
The “banian goddess” had to regular priest attached to her. Whoever so desired could approach her and sprinkle vermilion on her. In course of generations, the vermilion crust had come to account for the greater part of the goddess’s body. Devotees usually did not prostrate to her, they bowed when they passed by complex and formidable matters were referred to the deities of distant temples whereas small issues were put forth before her. Children in particular found her quite helpful in regard to crises arising out of undone home works or the ill-humored primary school pundits. It works with an element of humor and mild satire in the description.

Question 6.
How does the author describe the different trunks of the banian tree? Are the descriptions given in a serious or light-hearted vein? Do they reveal the orthodoxy and superstition of the villagers?
Answer:
At the foot of one of the trunks rested the tiny “banian goddess”. The revered and sacred bull of the village relaxed beside another trunk, eyes shut and jaws moving. An old woman from the neighboring village on her way back from the bi-weekly market set learning against another trunk. In a hollow at the foot of another trunk raised a family of snakes that had earned the reputation of being conscientious and harmless. The description reveals the orthodoxy and superstition of the villagers.

Question 7.
How was the tree godly? What did it symbolize?
Answer:
The tree was taken to be immortal by all without anybody having to be told about it. Immortality being an attribute of the gods, it was godly. Nobody would flaunt a decision that had been arrived at in a meeting under the tree. There was the seal of some power invisible and inaudible.

Vocabulary
Make nouns from the following:

terrible
collective sensible
advise
patient
remote
syllabic
strong courageous
protect
generate
respond expect
helpful dark
aware
full
cloudy
starry
descend
scandalize
expand crazy
Answer:
Words – Noun Forms
terrible – terror
collective – collection
aware – awareness
full – fullness
cloudy – cloud
starry – star
descend – descent
scandalize – scandal
expand – expansion
crazy – craze
respond – response
helpless – helplessness
dark – darkness
sensible – sensibility
advise – advice
patient -patience
remote – remoteness
syllabic – syllable
strong – strength
courageous – courage
protect – protection
generate – generation
expect – expectation

Section – II

Questions For Discussion

Question 1.
What is the central incident in the section?
Answer:
The banian tree being swept away by the flood and its fall and uprooting consist in the central incident in this section.

Question 2.
What attitude of the villagers is reflected in the words of the retired head pundit? How does he interpret the fleeing of the birds and snakes from the tree?
Answer:
The retired head-pundit said, “far from the good sign, snakes, and birds fleeing this great shelter”. It indicates the head pundits’ superstitious attitude. Fleeing of the birds and snakes from the tree had taken place owing to the human sins to the excess. They were going to face the consequences for their ill deeds.

Question 3.
How do the villagers react to the words of the college-going young men? What is distinctive about the attitude of the young men
Answer:
When the college-going young men said that the banian tree was felling which would take away a chunk of earth. But the villagers reacted against it telling that they were studying in college, and would they be able to save the tree with their English, Algebra, and all that abracadabra.

Question 4.
What does Srikant Das, the Vaishnav, observe about the impending fall of the tree? Does it reflect the orthodoxy and superciliousness of the villagers?
Answer:
Srikant Das, the Vaishnav observed that not only those boys but everybody in the village has his share of sin. And if the tree was going to collapse it was because it could not bear the burden of its sins. It reflects the orthodoxy and superciliousness of the villager.

Question 5.
Do you find a contrast between the two generations in this section? Explain
Answer:
Two generations such as the old and young are contrasted in this section. The old cling to the ancient orthodox values and the young college students provide a reaction of the student against old and hackneyed beliefs.

Grammar

Fill in the blanks with the right verbs, (for practice test)
l. You ________ to read this book. It is really very fine.
2. You _______ came to work on time.
3. __________ I came in Sir?
4. He is driving recklessly, he_________ face an accident.
5._________ I speak to Mr. Panigrahi.
6. You________ honour your superiors
7______ I see your camera
8. My dear son you ________ do what your teacher says
9. Come soon, there ________ be a crowd here.
10 I __________ read this book well.
11. You_______ take my umbrealla.
12. All the doors_______ be closed because storm appears.
13.______ you say so?
14. You should buya camera now, press_________ go up.
15. As he was strong he____________ swim for 3 hours.
16. I ________ never seen you again
17. You _______ be here by six.
18. It _________ rain, you’d better take an umbrella.
19. He ___________ be on the next bus
20. He__________ to go to river bank.
21. You___________ comb your hair so stylistically.
22. He said that it _________ rain
23. You_______ tell her about it. He knows it.
24. When I was a boy I_________ understand all.
25_________ you read this letter?
26. You _________ be here in time because your presence is highly essential
27. You_________ reach here in time.
28. Students________ not enter into the room with a book
30_______ I borrow your umbrella?
31. When I first went to London. I ______ easily understand them
32. I_______ prepare a lesson plan for you
33. I suggest that you _____ go for a picnic.
34. We ___________ play here.
35. It is natural that you__________ behave like this.
36. A leader ________ be a man of good character
37. He__________ reach here after a few minutes.
38. You ___________ stop drinking, otherwise, death is sure
39.________ came for this insult?
40. I_________ lend you fifty thousand.
41. You _______ use my bicycle
42_________ we go for a picnic?
43. You_________ run so fast because you have much time to spare.
44. I _________ drive this car
45. I wish you _________ wait five minutes for me.
46. She_________ be waiting me there.
47. You __________ be punished.
48________ you help me lifting this stone?
49. You _________ be punished.
50. When he was a child, he _________ get set up early in the morning.
51. We__________ to help the helpless.
52. Work had lest you __________ fail.
53. You_________ read this play.
54.___________ I work for you?
55. He_________ eat all the sweets.
56._________ I discuss with him
57. __________ that I was handsome, I would win her heart
58.__________ I came in?
59. It is too late you ___________ be hurried.
60. An accident __________ happen
61. I _________ help you.
62. You stop _______ here because there is danger ahead.
63. _______ you pass that tea?
64. I_________work for him
65. ________ you show me the way to the Ashoka Hotel?
66._______ you shut that door?
67._________ I carry your bag?
68. I wish you ______ success in life
69. How __________ I distribute the sweets?
70. You __________ read regularly.
71._________ his soul get peace.
72.__________ you like to stay with us?
73. ________ 1 have a glass of water?
74.___________ you have a journey with me?

Section – III

Questions For Discussion

Question 1.
What is the primary concern of the villagers in this section? In which context did Manoj Das bring in the names of some important villagers? What tone do you mark in the description?
Answer:
The primary concern of the villagers in this section is to protect them as the representatives of peoples of that sort. Manoj Das brings in the names of important villagers to let the readers know how much individuals take the lead in superstitious attitudes. There is a tone of mind satire in the description.

Question 2.
What did the old Brahmin do when the tree was about to be swept away by the flood?
Answer:
The old Brahmin rushed to the remnants of the tree. He sat down on the muddy ground a spot which had been considered dangerously unsafe even by the snakes and mustering all his strength pulled up the small stone that has stuck to the spot. Holding the unrooted crowd that watched him breathlessly.

Question 3.
How did the villagers behave when the tree was about to be swept away by the flood?
Answer:
When the tree was gone, the villagers were excited to utter, “Haribol, Haribol”. They kept up the poignant chant with all their hearts all looking stupefied and some aping.

Question 4.
How does the story end? Is it a satisfactory ending?
Answer:
The story ends with the frantic attitude of the villagers towards the idea of superstition in connection with the appearance of the banian Goddess and the unreasoning belief of the people that the ending is not satisfactory ending. The story is brought to an end abruptly with the child’s words.

Questions For Composition

Question 1.
Give an account of the life and attitude of the villagers as portrayed in the story.
Answer:
The Story Tree” is written by Manoj Das an eminent, popular, and outstanding storyteller of Odisha. Actually, Manoj Das is a bilingual writer of international repute. Here, Das very interestingly depicts the life and attitude of the people of an Odishan village, their life governed by rituals, orthodoxy, and superstitions. In feet, this is Das’s most typical piece of writing which depicts the true and realistic picture of society. However, right from the time, the reason was on the verge of monsoons, the villager’s elders had begun to look grave.

The sinister cloud formation on the mountains several miles away and a widening of uncanny awareness around the moon had informed them that there were terrible days ahead. The villagers felt scandalized every time their familiar tame river expanded and looked alien and began hissing. It gave the sort of shock which are experienced when the domestic animal suddenly went craggy behaving widely and not responding to any amount of endearment. Moreover, the villagers had a strong belief. There was a mound that contains the rains of a certain king’s palace. It was neither possible nor necessary to recall the name of the king who had built it whether he had been of the solar or the lunar dynasty.

What was frequently recalled was that he had dared to cut down a few branches of the tree to make room for his palace. Perhaps he had planned to cut more, perhaps even to totally destroy the tree, but before he could do so a terrific storm had broken out. The palace collapsed. The king and his family took shelter under the tree and were saved. The king elapsed the tree and wept and the story was mitigated. Further back in time, it was said, the tree had taken off and flown to the Himalayas or other such meaningful places, at the behest of a certain great sound who lived under it. On the other hand, the villagers were also superstitious.

They had believed that at the foot of one of the trunks of the banian tree rested the tiny “banian goddess” who had a regular priest attained to her. Whoever so desired could approach her and sprinkle vermilion on her. In the course of generations, the vermilion crust had come to account for the greater part of the goddess’s body. Devotees did not ordinarily prostrate themselves to her, but everybody while passing before her bowed enough for her to take contingency of his or her devotion. In complex or formidable matters, the villagers prayed for the intervention of famous deities of distant temples.

But small issues were referred to her from time to time. Children, in particular, found her quite helpful in regard to crises arising from undone homework or the ill humor of the pundits of the primary school. Again, a Brahmin rushed to the felling tree and sat down on the muddy ground which had been considered dangerously unsafe even by the snakes, and getting all his might pulled up the stone that had struck the spot for God knows how many ages. Holding the uprooted goddess close to his bosom as though to protect her from invisible enemies, he returned to the crowd that watched him breathlessly.

Someone spread a towel on the grass. The Brahmin put down the Goddess and patted her. Bishnu Jena had seated himself before the banian Goddess, several people rushed to their homes and brought out cymbals and drums, and conch shells. These had to be played close to his ears as loudly as possible. He began by shivering. Bishnu Jena was thought to have been possessed. He said, “I will be born as a thousand trees here, there and everywhere” Such was the life and attitude of the villagers as portrayed in the story. As a matter of feet, Manoj Das’s portrayal of village life and attitude is superb and fantastic. It is realistic, elaborate, vivid, and outstanding. On the whole, the storyteller’s description is inspiring and thought-provoking.

Question 2
Discuss how the tree is an integral part of the life of the villagers.
Answer:
The short story Tree” is undoubted, the most typical masterpiece of Manoj Das, a prominent, famous, and outstanding angle – Indian writer of this present era. This story woven around an age-old banian tree of a village typically portrays the behavioral pattern and psychic responses of its inhabitants at a critical moment when the tree is uprooted and carried away by the river in spate. ‘ However, trees are a part of rustic life. This story also embodies the same things associated with a banian tree which was an age-old tree and had seen many generations.

The story, however, revolves around the age-old banian tree of a village. The story writer very interestingly depicts the life and attitudes of the people of an Odishan village, their life governed by rituals, present and future is intimately connected with the villagers and other life pattern. They cannot bear the nerve-racking incident of the tree being swept away by the flood. They even think of the rebirth of the tree in thousands the discussion among the different categories of villagers is really amusing and humorous. The elements of ivory and satire are discernible even on the occasion of a terrible loss to the village. However, there was a mound that contained the rains of a certain King’s palace.

It was neither possible nor necessary to recall the name of the King who had built it or whether he had been of the solar or the lunar dynasty. What was frequently recalled was that he had dared to cut down as few branches of the tree as to make room for his palace. Perhaps he had planned to cut nappe, perhaps even to totally destroy the tree, but before he could do so a terrific storm had broken out. The palace collapsed. The king and his family took shelter under the tree and were saved. The King clasped the tree and wept. The storm was averted. Moreover, many years back, it was said, the tree had taken off and flown to the Himalayas or other such meaningful places, at the behest of certain great souls who lived under it.

But that was an era of truth, and in the absence of some concrete evidence like the mound to support this legend, elders of the present generation spoke relatively less about it, and branches spreading over an acre resting on these trunks had become an institution long ago. Of course, at the foot of one of the trunks rested the tiny banian goddess. She had no regular priest attached to her. Whoever desired could approach her and sprinkle vermilion on her In the course of generations, the vermilion crust had come to account for the greater part of the goddess’s body. Children, in particular, found her quite helpful in regard to crises arising from undone homework or the ill humor of the pundits of the primary school.

The area before another neighboring the reversed sacred bull is used to relax eyes shut and jaws moving. An old woman coming from a village on the horizon sat leaning against another trunk with a sack half filled with greens and drumsticks. In the hollow at the foot, of another trunk resided a family of snakes which have earned the reputation of being conscientious and harmless above, rested a legion of birds. Again, the tree was taken to be immortal by all without anybody have been to be told about it. Immortality being an attribute of the gods, it was goodly.

Nobody would easily flout a decision that had been arrived at in a meeting under the tree, for even when the decision was unpalatable to the party, it knew that behind it, there was the seal of some power, invisible and inaudible thoughts. As a matter of feet, the banian tree plays a most integral and vital part in the story. It serves as the inevitable part of the life of the villagers. The tree provided a lot of emotional and philosophical sustenances that the villagers had derived throughout their life. The way Manoj Das has presented it in the story is superb and fantastic on the whole, the story is inspiring, elevating, thought-provoking, and heart-touching.

Question 3.
Describe the feelings and reactions of the villagers when the age-old tree is swept away by the flood.
Answer:
In fact, ‘The Tree” is Manoj Das’s best typical masterpiece. Like his other stories, here Das substantiates a vivid and elaborate realistic picture of village society where the banian tree cures the lives of the villagers to a great extent. However, the storytellers’ presentation of a banian tree with so much concern for the villagers is superb and fantastic. It serves as a vitally integral part of their day-to-day life. However, the short – story by Manoj Das portrays the feelings and reactions of the villagers when the age-old banian tree of a village, typically portrays the behavioral pattern and psychic responses of its inheritance at a critical moment when the tree is uprooted and carried away by the river in spate.

The story writer very interestingly depicts the life and attitudes of the people of an Odishan village, their life governed by rituals, orthodox, and superstitions. The old tree symbolizing the past, present, and future is intimately connected with the villagers and their life patterns. They cannot bear the nerve-racking incident of the tree being swept away by the flood. Theyeventhinkofthe rebirth of the tree in thousands. The discussion among the different categories of villagers is really amusing and humorous. The elements of irony and satire are discernible even on the occasion of a terrible loss to the village.

Moreover, as the sky in the east grew brighter it was observed that the ground between the tree and the river had already tilted towards the river. The young men tried to appear engrossed in discussing something highly sophisticated. “Not only these boys, but we all have our shares of sin,” he said. He asked one to confess his sin addressing the spirit of the tree, silently in hearts: But it sounded like a cry of lamentation. The crowd swelled rapidly. Almost all the villagers, women and children included were gathered there. Of course, the M.L.A. arrived there walking at a running space.

People asked him,’“Do you see the situation, M.L.A. Baboo? We are doomed !”The M.L.A. ordered to bring as much hope as they could but it was a force. The tree slowly went into the river. Everybody was pained and sorrowful struck to see the pathetic sight. Actually, the villagers had grown accustomed to the tree for years together. It has been for them sympathizers in their active life.

The sweeping away of the banian tree brought the village people a lot of emotional shocks. Hence, the villages had an instant love towards the banian tree and so its loss became extremely intolerable on their part. As a matter of fact, the way Manoj Das has presented the emotions and reactions of the villagers to the loss of the banian tree is most fascinating and elevating. In short, the description is, very much thought-provoking and heart-provoking.

Question 4.
Bring out the elements of humor and satire in the story.
Answer:
In feet, the short story, ‘The Tree” is true, the most typical masterpiece of Manoj Das, an eminent popular and outstanding Odishan storyteller of this current era. He has so far written a large volume of stories. His stories are realistic, ironic, humorous, and satirical in nature. This discussion story serves as a burning example expressing these qualities. However, the story “The Tree” by Manoj Das is a masterpiece that is replaced with humor and satire. There is a vein of satire and humor in the story throughout.

Actually, satire is a literary device designed for the other hand something which automatically arises laughter on the part of the reader. Both of them are used by the writer to depict the social follies and foibles and their rectification thereby. These are used to make a piece of writing interesting, enjoyable, and colorful. In this preview, this work is a satire on social and political issues. Mr. Das has pointed out the social evil by means of mild satire. Moreover, the trunk of the tree was the abode, of an Albanian goddess’. It has a satire on human attitude. Snakes and birds felt the spot was a sign of even women. This symbolized the approach of imminent danger. This harps on human superstition and people were shouting.

“Haribol” to save it from falling was another example of humor and satire. Sridhar Mishra, an eminent homeopath was able to save many from certain death. This was equally humorous. The approach of the M.L.A. is also a humorous and satirical expression of the political avenue. He ordered to fetch as much as possible but to no avail. Locating a stone on the spot and attributing it to godly qualities is another sample specimen of satire and humor. Satire and humor touch the zenith when people come with drums and cymbals to install the goddess amidst “Haribol”: Old Bishnu Jena had sealed himself before the banian goddess. He shook before the goddess and he was thought to have been possessed.

It is a mere expression of satire and humor. In this way, the entire; story is reminiscent of humor and satire. As a matter of fact, the humor and satire used by Mr. Das are superb and marvelous. The story writer has tried his level best to show the social follies and foibles through the use of mixed humor and satire throughout. On the whole, the story is most inspiring, enjoyable, elevating, and heart-touching.

Vocabulary
Derive nouns from the followings:

furious, diurnal
allocate, womanly
mental, distant
see, serve
live, handful
narrate, remain
systematic, sacred
young, conscientious
bright, excite
rotate, authoritative
diagnose, appear
fantastic, abandon
materialistic,declare
dutiful, extinguish
circular, grave
synonymous, extensive
antonymous, explain
popular, friendly
relax,
Answer:
Words – Noun Forms
furious – file
allocate – allocation
mental – mind
see – sight
live – life
narrate – narration
systematic – system
young – youth
bright – brightness
rotate – rotation
diagnose – diagnosis
fantastic – fantasy
materialistic – materialism
dutiful – duty
circular – circle
synonymous – synonym
antonymous – antonym
popular – popularity
relax – relaxation
diurnal – day
womanly -woman
distant – distance
serve – service
handful – hand
remains – remainder
sacred – sacredness
conscientious – conscience
excite – excitement
authoritative – authority
appear – appearance
abandon – abandonment
declare – declaration
extinguish – extinction
grave – gravity
extensive – extension
explain – explanation
friendly – friend

B. Indicate against each word (given below) the parts of speech they belong to:

stop, imply
wind, pity
touch, generation
now, tauntingly
suddenly, meek
splashed, mild
school, brightly
crept, collapse
hollow, sin
wriggled, silently
thousand, crowd
long, horizon
carry, helpless
huge, rapidly
develop, gathered
commented, throne
pleased, irony
Answer:
Words – Parts ofSpeech
stop – noun
wind – noun
touch – noun, verb
now – adverb
suddenly – adverb
splashed – verb
school – noun
crept – verb
hollow – noun
wriggled – verb
thousand – adjective
tong – adjective
carry – verb
huge – adjective
develop – verb
commented – verb
pleased – verb
imply – verb
pity – noun
generation – noun
tauntingly – adverb
meek – adjective
mild – adjective
brightly – adverb
collapse – verb
sin – noun
silently – adverb
crowd – noun
horizon – noun
helpless – adjective
rapidly – adverb
gathered – verb
throne – adverb
irony- noun

Section – I

Pre-Readingactivity:
Have you seen a banana tree or a pipal tree with its huge trunk and leafy branches spreading all around? Such a tree in a village is considered holy and sacred. The old and ageless tree standing at the end of the village since time immemorial has been a mute spectator of changes in culture and civilization. It has always been a part of a violent storm or a devastating flood? Here is a story about an old banian tree up-rooted by a heavy flood in a village in Odisha. As you read the first part of the story by Manoj Das, recollect the ways in which the banian tree is significant in the life of the villagers.

The Writer:
Manoj Das (Born – 1934), a devoted disciple ofSreeAurobindo, is a bilingual writer of international repute, writing in both English and Odia. Born in a small village in Odisha, he has a rich understanding of the life of his people, their rites and rituals, their orthodoxy and superstitions, “Cyclones” (a novel), “The submerged valley, and other stories, “A Bride inside a Casket and other Tales”, “Man who Lifted the Mountain and other Fantasies” are some of his important contributions to Indian English literature.

His Katha O Kahani won him the most prestigious SahityaAkademiAward. The world of his sort of story is not merely a world of shark reality but blended into a world of dreams and fantasy, which he creates at the psychic level. The elements of irony, humor, and satire add to the beauty and charm of his writings. The novelty and innovation both in theme and form exhibited in his fictional world have brought him immense fame. He now teaches English at the Sree Aurobindo International Centre of Education in Pondichery. He has been recently honored with the UtkalRatnaSamman for his outstanding contribution to literature.

The Story:
This story“The Tree” woven around the age-old banian tree of a village typically portrays the behavioral pattern and psychic responses of its inhabitants at a critical moment, when the tree is uprooted and carried away by the river in spate. Das very interestingly depicts the life and attitude of the people of Odishan village, their life governed by rituals, orthodoxy, and superstitions. The old tree symbolizing the past, present, and fixture is intimately connected with the villagers and their life patterns. They cannot bear the nerve-racking incident of the tree being swept away by the flood. They even think of the rebirth of the tree in thousands. The discussion among the different categories of villagers is really amusing and humorous. The elements of irony and satire are discerning, even on the occasion of a terrible loss to the village.

GIST:
Paragraphs1-4
The village elders have begun to look at graves right from the time the season was on the brink of monsoons. The formation of clouds on the mountains end wick ring of natural aura around the moon had informed them that there were terrible days ahead. The flood approached at late midnight. People called out to each other and were reassured of collective awareness and gathered on the river bank with lanterns or torches of dirty twigs. The flames began dancing in the air. The moon was clouded and the stars looked pale. The river came up hissing like a thousand hooded cobra. Floodwater never entered this village although hardly a season passed without the river playing havoc with the villagers a couple of miles downstream.

Paragraphs5-11
The villages felt scandalized every time their familiar tame river expanded and looked alien and began hissing. They suddenly realized that the situation was much more grave than they had imagined. They raised their lanterns. Boats generally came from the forest at the foot of the mountains where they went to collect timber.
The wind grew stronger and cooler and was soon accompanied by a thin shower. All ran to take shelter under the banian tree. The wicks of the lanterns were turned low. The elders would point to a mound covered with grass and shrubs, not far from the tree white living the ancient most proof of this fact. The mound had decayed through centuries but it was still “as high as two men”.

Paragraph 12
The mound contained the ruins of a certain king’s palace. It was neither possible nor necessary to recall the name of the king who had built it or whether he had been of the solar or lunar dynasty. What was frequently recalled was that he had dared to cut down a few branches of the tree to make room for his place. Perhaps he had planned to cut more even to totally destroy the tree. But before they could do so a terrific storm had broken old. The palace collapsed. The king and his family took shelter under the tree and were saved. The king clasped the tree and wept. The storm subsided.

GIST:
Paragraphs 13-15
It was again said that the tree had taken off and flown to the Himalayas or other such meaningful places at the order of a great soul who lived under it. The trunk that had once been clasped by the king had decayed and disappeared since time immemorial other sending down numerous shoots which have formed new trunks. The tree was resting on those trunks. At the foot of one of the trunks rested the tiny “banian goddess”. No regular priest had gotten attached to her. Whoever so desired could approach her and sprinkles vermilion on her. Devotees ordinarily did not prostrate themselves to her but everybody passing by usually bowed, complex and formidable problems were put before the deities or distend temples but small issues were referred to her from time to time. Children in particular found her quite helpful in regard to crises arising from undone homework or the ill humor of the pundits of the primary school

Paragraphs16- 19
The area before another trunk was the usual site for the village meetings. Relaxing beside a neighboring trunk, eyes shut and Jews moving in a leisurely rhythm, could be found the much revered sacred bull of the village. In the afternoons of the bi-weekly marked days, on old, women from a village on the horizon set leaving against another trunk with a sack half-filled with greens or drumsticks.

At sunsets, they would rise and offer a handful of whatever still remained in her sack to the scared bull. In a hollow at the front of another trunk resided a family of naked which had earned the reputation of being conscientious and harmless and in the branches above rested a legion of birds. The tree was taken to be immortal. Immortality is an attribute of gods. It was gods. Nobody would easily flout a decision that had been arrived at in a meeting under the tree even when the decision was unpleasant to a party.

Analytical Outlines

• The village elders had begun to look grave.
• The season was on the brink of monsoon.
• There was the formation of clouds in the mountains.
• There was a wide ring of natural aura around the moon.
• All those had informed them that there was a terrible day’s moon.
• The flood approached late midnight.
• People called out to each other.
• They reassured of collective awareness.
• They gathered on the river bank.
• They gathered with lanterns or arches of dry twigs.
• The flames began dancing in the air.
• The moon was clouded.
• It looked pale.
• The river came up hissing like a thousand hooded cobra.
• Flood waters never entered this village.
• The season passed without the river playing havoc.
• The villagers felt scandalized every time.
• Their familiar tame river expanded.
• It looked alien.
•  It began hissing.
•  They had imagined the situation.
•  It was rather much more grave.
• They raised their lanterns.
•  Boats generally came from the forest.
• They had gone to collect timber from it.
• The wind grew strongest and cooler.
• Then it was accompanied by a thin shower.
• All ran to take shelter under the banian tree.
• The wicks of the lanterns were turned low.
• The elders would point at a mound.
• It was covered with grass and shrubs.
• It was not far from the tree.
• The mound had decayed through centuries.
• But it was still “as high as two men”.
• The mound contained the ruins of a certain king’s palace.
• It was not possible to recall certain kings’ names.
• That king had built it.
• He might belong to the solar or lunar dynasty.
• It is not remembered by him.
• The king had dared to cut down a few branches.
• He made room for his palace by that.
• Perhaps he had planned to cut more.
• Even he had planned to totally destroy the tree.
• But a terrific storm had broken out.
• The palace collapsed.
• The king and his family took shelter under it.
• They were saved.
• The king elapsed the tree and wept.
• The storm subsided.
• It was again said that the tree had taken off.
• It had flown to the Himalayas. Or it had flown to other meaningful places.
• It is said that a great would have lived under it.
•  The trunk clasped by the king had decayed.
•  It had even disappeared.
•  Numerous shoots had been produced.
•  They had formed new trunks.
•  The tree was resting on these trunks.
•  At the foot of one of the trunks rested the tiny “banian goddess
•  No regular priest had gotten attached to her.
•  Whoever so desired could approach her.
• He could sprinkle vermillion on her.
• Devotees ordinarily did not prostrate themselves to her.
• But everybody passing by usually bowed.
• They put complex problems before her.
• They also put formidable problems.
• But small issues were referred to her from time to time.
• Children in particular found her quite helpful.
• They approached her for their crises arising from under homework.
• She is helpful for the ill humor of the pundits of the primary school.
• The area before another trunk was the usual site for village meetings.
• The neighboring trunk could be found much reversed sacred bull of the village.
• In the afternoon of the bi-weekly market days, an old woman sat leaning against another trunk.
• She was with a sack half-filled with greens or drunk sticks.
• She would rise in summer.
• She would offer a handful of things from the sack to the sacred bull
• A family of snakes resided in the hollow of another trunk.
• It had earned the reputation of being conscientious and harmless.
• A legion of birds rested above this branch.
• The tree was taken to be immortal.
• Immortally being an attitude of gods.
• It was godly.
• Nobody would easily flout a decision.
• It had been arrived at in a meeting under the tree.
• The decision was unpleasant to a party.

Meaning Of Difficult Words

sinister – that which makes you feel that something evil is going to happen.
uncanny – unearthly, supernatural
draped – covered
hiss – to make a sibilant sound, to condemn by hissing.
hood – expanded head of a snake.
havoc – a devastation.
scandalize – make a malicious gossip
expand – to spread out, to develop, to amplify
timber – carpenter’s wood, a beam
accompany – to keep company with
mound – bank of the earth or stone, heap, hillock
solar – influenced by the sun
lunar – influenced by the moon
terrific – fearful
collapse – to fall away, to break down
clasp – embrace
subside – to abate, to sink down

Section – II

Gist:
Paragraphs: 21 – 25
The rain stopped though no wind. A crashing sound stunned the people. Suddenly the earth seemed to rock. A few who were nearest the river were splashed. Had they been standing a few feet farther they would have been gone forever. Nirakar Das, the retired head-pundit of the primary school called everybody to leave the place and go away to a safer place. All obeyed his outright. A few snakes crept out of the hollow under the tree and wriggled away toward the mound. It appeared like the exodus of a thousand snakes. It was now about dawn. Nirakar Das advanced near the tree and looked up for a long time. He declared that his eyes were gone. He called one of his ex-pupils. Ravindra, the founder proprietor of the village’s sole, grocery and asked him to look up and see if there were any birds on the tree

Paragraphs: 26-38
Ravindra and others gazed up into the branches for a while and reported their finding that nothing of that sort was there. He asked the people of his age group and the reply was the same. He said it was not a good sign because snakes and birds have fled the natural shelter. Ravindra and others detected an extensive crack in the shape of a sickle with both ends pointing toward the river. The semi-circle embraced the tree. If the tree falls, it will carry the whole huge chunk along with it into the river for its unnumerable roots have made much of earth like a single cake.

As the sky in the east grew brighter it was observed that the ground between the tree and the river had already tilted towards the river. The young men tried to appear engrossed in discussing something highly sophisticated among themselves. Srikanta Das raised his voice and whispered that not only the boys but all adults have their share of it. And if the tree is going to collapse, it is because cannot one of us confess his sin, addressing the spirit of the tree silently in “our hearts”. Let us pray to be pardoned by saying “Haribol”.

GIST:
Paragraphs: 39 – 43
All shouted “Haribol” but it sounded like a cry of lamentation. When they stopped, the silence seemed bitingly sharp. With the gradual brightening of the sky, the seriousness of the situation became more and more apparent. A few kites that were circling above the whirling waters at times swooped down on the crowd as though to show the contempt of those who could dwell at such height and see all that was happening from horizon to horizon for the wretched men below regarding their situation with other helplessness.

The crowd swelled rapidly. Almost the villagers women and children included were then gathered there. In different words, all asked the same question. “What is to be done?” Apart from the tree was clearly learning about the river. Once the college boys had been humbled there was no hesitation to openly discuss the impending fall of the tree. Something no doubt had to be done. Only one knew what that was.

Analytical Outlines

• The rain stopped though not the wind.
•  A crashing sound stunned the people.
• Suddenly the earth seemed to rock.
• A few near the river were splashed.
• Had they been standing a few feet farther?
• They would have been gone forever.
• Nirakar Das was the retired Head-pundit of the primary school.
• He called everybody to leave the place.
• He called them to go away to a safer place.
• All obeyed his outright.
• A few snakes crept out of the hollow under the tree.
• They wriggled away towards the mound.
• It appeared like the exodus of thousand snakes.
• It was about dawn then.
• Nirakar Das advanced near the tree.
• He looked up for a long time.
• He declared that his eyes were gone.
• He called one ofhis expupiL
• It was Ravindra.
• He was the founder and proprietor of the village’s sole grocery.
• He asked him to see if there were any birds on the tree.
• Ravindra and others gazed up into the branches.
• He reported their findings.
• Nothing of that sort was there.
• He asked the people of his age group.
• The reply was the snake.
• He said it was not a good sign.
• Because snakes and birds have fled the natural shelter.
• Ravindra and others detected an extensive crack.
• It was the shape of a sickle.
• It’s both ends pointed towards the river.
• The semi-circle embraced the tree.
• If the tree falls.
• It will carry the whole huge chunk into the river.
• Its innumerable roots have made much of the earth like a single cake.
• The sky in the east grew brighter.
• The ground of the tree is titled towards the river.
• The young men appeared there.
• They discussed among themselves the situation.
• Srikanta Das raised his voice.
• He whispered that both the boys and adults love their share of sin.
• The tree is going to collapse.
• It is because it can’t bear the burden of its sins.
• He said them to confess their sins.
• He addressed the spirit of the tree silently.
• He inspired them to pray to be pardoned.
• He inspired them to say “Haribol”.
• Now, shouted, “Haribol”.
• But it sounded like lamentation.
• They stopped then.
• The silence seemed bitingly sharp.
• The seriousness of the situation became more and more apparent.
• A few flying kites swooped down on the crowd.
• It showed the situation of the wretched men with utter helplessness.
• The crowd swelled rapidly.
• All the villagers, women, and children gathered there.
• All asked the same question in different words.
• It was, “What is to be done? Apart from the tree was clearly leaning towards the river.
• In college, boys had been humbled.
• There was no hesitation about the fall of the tree.
• Something, no doubt had to be done.
• Nobody knew what to do

Meaning Of Difficult Words

exodus – a going out on a mass scale.
sniffly – sniff to draw in air sharply and audibly through the nose.
whimper – to carry the nose.
swoop – to become down with a sweeping rush
edge – border, at the end of something
cashing sound – a great sound like that of a crash
stunned – bewildered, in a state of trance.
countless – uncountable, numerous, innumerable
crack – fissure, chasm
notorious – mischievous, wicked, naughty
tauntingly – sarcastically, caustically, satirically
implored – requested earnestly, entreated
titled – bent, bending towards the earth
apparent – clear, smooth, easy
contempt – hatred, decision, dislike
swelled – become thicker and thicker, grew in number
impending – imminent, very nearer

Section – III

Gist:
Paragraphs (44- 48)
Sridhar Mishra was a well-known homeopath. He had saved so many from certain death. When the people looked expectantly at him, his lips quivered as they always deed when he was about to diagnose a disease. The villagers were accustomed to reading in that quiver the promise of remedy. But as now the quivering did not stop even when the people had looked at him for a long time, they focussed their attention on Raghu Dalbehera, the only villager to possess a gun. When Raghu realized that the crowd had already been staring at him for five minutes, he raised his gun at an audaciously swooping kite, took aim, and continued to take aim. “Don’t Raghu, point”. Nirakar Das warned and Raghu brought down his gun in relief.

Gist:
Paragraphs (48-62)
Just then someone brought the news that the honorable member of the legislative assembly has been observed only by one on a nearby road perhaps heading for the next village. Freed from the obligation to think or do anything now that the M.L.A. had been located and summoned, all stood peacefully looking towards the bend of the road where he was expected to appear. People were sad that their sheer ill luck had spoiled them.

They had been doomed. The leader retorted that was why they had such pessimism. He also added that people downstream are greatly in trouble. These people are better off than the people downstream. The three college boys were elbowed their way forward, throwing glances back at the crowd as if defying it to stop them from confronting the leader.

They were of course two or three years below the voting age, but they were determined to regain face after their earlier humiliation. The M.L.A. paled, but ignored the boys and asked the elders “What would you like me to do ?” Someone said to him to stop the tree from falling. The M.L.A. said to fetch as many ropes as they could. He guided up his loins and got ready. But suddenly a part of the tree resting on several trunks slid into the river.

Gist:
Paragraphs (63-71)
The crowd stood thunderstruck. The silence was broken by an anxious voice “What will happen to the banian and goddess ?” No sooner had this been said than the ill-tempered old Brahmin was seen rushing to the remnants of the tree. He sat down on the muddy ground which was dangerously unsafe even by the snakes and mustering all his strength pulled up the small stone that has struck the spot. Holding the uprooted goddess close to his bosom as though to protect her from invisible enemies, he returned to the crowd that watched him breathlessly.

While thronging around the Brahmin the people said excitedly to give place to the goddess someone spread a towel on the grass. The Brahmin put down the goddess and patted her. Several people rushed to their homes and brought out symbols and conch shells had to be played close to his ears at loudly as possible. He began by shivering. Then he would fall down in a swoon and rise up with the face beaming supernaturally, eyes wild with inexplicable experiences.

Gist:
Paragraphs (72 – 74)
Bishnu was in France for at least two decades. Those who used to play the instruments close to his ears had purses, they were doing their best. Bishnu opened his mouth. The sound stopped. The voice from him ran: I will be born as a thousand trees here, there, and everywhere. The instruments played louder as the younger ones took over from the tired old hands. Along with Bishnu danced Nirakar Das, Srikanta Das, Vaishnav, and several others.

Analytical Outlines

• Sridhar Mishra was a well-known homeopathic.
• He had saved so many from certain death.
• People looked expectantly at him.
• He was about to diagnose a disease.
• His lips quivered at that time.
• The villagers were accustomed to reading in that quiver.
• That quiver was the promise of remedy.
• But now the quivering did not stop.
• They had looked at him for a long time.
• They focused their attention on Raghu Dalbehera.
• He was the only villager to possess a gun.
• Raghu realized that the crowd had already been staring at him.
• He raised his gun at an audaciously swooping kite.
• “Don’t Raghu, don’t Nirakar Das warned.
• Raghu brought down his gun in relief.
• Just then someone brought the news.
• It was that M.L.A. would be coming to visit a nearby road of villages.
• They all stood peacefully looking towards the bent of the road.
• The M.L.A. was expected to appear there.
• People said that their sheer ill luck had spoiled them.
• They had been doomed.
• They retorted that why they had such a pessimism
• He also added that people downstream are greatly in trouble.
• These people are better off than the people downstream
• The three college boys were elbowed their way forward.
• They threw glances back at the crowd.
• They defined it to stop them from confronting the leader.
• Of course, they were two or three years below the voting age.
• But they were determined to regain face.
• It was after their earlier humiliation.
• The M.L.A. paled but ignored the boys.
• He asked the elders, “What would you like me to do?
• Someone said him to stop the tree from falling.
• The M.L.A. said to fetch as much rope as they could.
• He girded up his loins.
• He got ready.
• But suddenly a part of the tree slid into the river.
• It rested on several trunks.
• The crowd stood thunderstruck.
• The silence was broken by an anxious voice.
• It was “What will happen to the banian goddess”?
• No sooner had this been said than the ill-tempered old Brahmin was soon rushing to the remnants of the tree.
• He sat down on the muddy ground.
• It was dangerously unsafe even by the snakes.
• He mustered all his strength.
• He pulled up the small stone.
• It has struck the spot.
• He held the uprooted goddess close to his bosom.
• He did this to protect her from invisible enemies.
• He returned to the crowd.
• They watched him breathlessly.
• They thronged around the Brahmin.
• The people said excitedly to give place to the Goddess.
• Someone spread a towel on the grass.
• The Brahmin put down the Goddess.
• He patted her.
• Old Bishnu Jena had seated himself before the banian Goddess.
• Several people rushed to their homes.
• They brought out cymbals
• They brought out drums.
• They also brought out conch shells.
• Drums, cymbals, and conch shells had to be played close to her ears as loudly as possible.
• He began by shivering.
• Then he would fall down in a swoon.
• He would rise up with a face bearing supernatural eyes.
• He bears wild eyes with inexplicable experience.
• Bishnu was France after at least two decades.
• The instrument players had grown old.
• They were doing their best with their sagging skin flapping like empty purses.
• Bishnu opened his mouth.
• Their voice from him ran “I will be born as a thousand trees here, there, and everywhere.
• The instruments played louder.
• The voice from him ran. “I will be born as a thousand trees here, there, and everywhere.
• The younger ones took over from the tired old hands.
• Nirakar Das, Srikanta Das etc, danced with Bishnu.

Meaning Of Difficult Words

clarion call – to blind around, to make first by a belt or girdle.
remnants – the battle cry of an ancient trumpet.
thronging – surviving and remaining person after destruction.
poignant – crowding or pressing.
gird – deeply moving.
sagging – bent down with age, wrinkled
pals – mates, chums.

Read More:

• The Happy Man Question Answer
• The Tree Question Answer
• The Watchman Question Answer

Odisha State Board CHSE Odisha Class 12 Invitation to English 2 Solutions Non-Detailed Chapter 1 The Doctor’s Word Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Class 12th Invitation English Non-Detailed Chapter 1 The Doctor’s Word Question Answers CHSE Odisha

The Doctor’s Word Class 12 Questions and Answers

Unit I
Gist :
Dr. Raman was a veteran doctor. He was the epitome of truth. Therefore, the patients gave much importance to his opinion. Dr. Raman was averse to giving mere opinion. Instead, he gave his opinion after testing. The patient’s life depended on what he said. He was cool in the treatment of his patients. He did not like to assure them saying soothing words. A glimpse of the least sign of hope made Dr. Raman prepare to work. Once he treated his patient, he never looked back. The patients visited Dr. Raman when they were hopeless. They did not come earlier for the sake of paying him visiting fee of twenty-five rupees.

ସାରମର୍ମ :
ପ୍ରସିଦ୍ଧ ଡାକ୍ତର ରମଣ ସତ୍ୟର ଉପାସକ ଥିଲେ । ସେଥ‌ିପାଇଁ ରୋଗୀମାନେ ତାଙ୍କ କଥା ଉପରେ ଦେବା ସହ ବିଶ୍ଵାସ ମଧ୍ୟ କରୁଥିଲେ । ତାଙ୍କର କଥା ଉପରେ ରୋଗୀର ଜୀବନ ନିର୍ଭର କରୁଥିଲା । ସେ ବହୁତ ଥଣ୍ଡା ମିଜାଜରେ ରୋଗୀମାନଙ୍କ ଚିକିତ୍ସା କରୁଥିଲେ । ସେ ସାର୍ଚ୍ଚନାମୂଳକ କଥା କହି ରୋଗୀମାନଙ୍କୁ ଭରସା ଦେବାକୁ ପସନ୍ଦ କରୁନଥିଲେ । ଶେଷ ଆଶା ଥିଲା ପର୍ଯ୍ୟନ୍ତ ସେ ମଧ୍ଯ ରୋଗୀମାନଙ୍କର ସେବା ଓ ଚିକିତ୍ସା କରୁଥିଲେ । ଚିକିତ୍ସା ପ୍ରକ୍ରିୟା ଆରମ୍ଭ କରିବା ପରେ ସେ ରୋଗୀକୁ ନବଞ୍ଚାଇ ଛାଡୁନଥିଲେ । ଯେତେବେଳେ ରୋଗୀମାନେ ଆଶାହୀନ ହୋଇ ପଡ଼ୁଥିଲେ, ସେମାନେ ଡାକ୍ତର ରମଣଙ୍କ ନିକଟକୁ ଆସୁଥିଲେ । ସେମାନେ ଆଗରୁ ଆସୁ ନ ଥିଲେ ଯେହେତୁ ସାକ୍ଷାତ୍ କରିବାର ଫିସ୍ ୨୫ ଟଙ୍କା ଥିଲା ।

Glossary :
on his last legs : weak and likely to collapse(ଶେଷ ଅବସ୍ଥା)
obvious: clear(ପରିଷ୍କାର)
shirk: avoid (ଏଡ଼େଇବା)
ominous: inauspicious(ଅଶୁଭ)
association: companion( ସାହଚର୍ଯ୍ୟ)
quick: fast(ନ ନେଇ ପାରିବା ଅବସ୍ଥା)
wavering: indecision, to be unable to take decision
whitewashing: hiding somebody’s errors or unpleasant facts (ସତ୍ୟ ଲୁଚାଇବା) ସୃଷ୍ଟି କରିଥିଲା
bred: ପୋଷ୍ୟ
curt: short (ସଂକ୍ଷିପ୍ତ)
dope: hope (ଆଶା)
glimpsed: saw faintly
faintest: କ୍ଷୀଣତମ
sign: ଚିହ୍ନ
rolled up his sleeve: prepared to work (କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ କରିବାକୁ ପ୍ରସ୍ତୁତ ହେଉଥିଲେ )
stepped: arrived (ପହଞ୍ଚୁଥିଲେ)
truthfulness: ସତ୍ୟତା
reason: କାରଣ
opinion: ମତାମତ
valued: much attention is paid (ଗୁରୁତ୍ଵ ଦିଆଯାଉଥୁଲା )
mere : କେବଳ
pronounce a verdict: declaring a decision (ରାୟ ଘୋଷଣା କରିବା)
hung : ଝୁଣ୍ଟିବା
unduly: ଅଯଥା
agreeable words: pleasant words(ସୁଖକର କଥା)
arena: ମଞ୍ଚ
withdrew: retreated ( ପଛଘୁଞ୍ଚା ଦେଉଥିଲେ )
wrested: took violently from a person’s grasp (ମଲ୍ଲୟୁଦ୍ଧ)
the prize: (here) life of the patient (ପୁରସ୍କାର)
Yama: Hindu God of departed spirits (ୟାମା)

Think it out:

Question 1.
Why did the patients visit Dr. Raman only when they were hopeless?
Answer:
The patients visited Dr. Raman only when they were in a critical condition. The doctorasked them why they had not come much before. The reasons were not far to seek. The patients were not willing to pay him visiting fee of twenty-five rupees so early. Besides, they did not feel the necessity of going to the doctor unless they found themselves in a hopeless stage. For them, there was something dangerous to be in the presence of Dr. Raman, because he promptly diagonised the patient.

Question 2.
What impression of Dr. Raman do you get from the passage?
Answer:
Dr. Raman is loyal to his profession in word and spirit. He knows well that a patient’s life depends on his words. He diagonises the patients promptly. He was decisive to the core. He doesn’t like to hide anything concerning the patient. Truthfulness is Dr. Raman’s forte. His short, sharp response to the patient’s condition is a case in point. He sticks to human values. He knows that soothing words cannot save the lives of patients. Dr. Raman doesn’t like hide anything from the patients. He waits till his patients recover.

Unit II

Gist :
Dr. Raman felt restless when he found his bosom friend Gopal in a critical condition. He walked down the memory lane. Forty years had elapsed. Their friendship had been kept intact. Family and profession hindered their meetings in a great measure. At times they dined together, went to the cinema and shared each other’s life and activities. Changing times, circumstances and activities had no effect on their friendship. It was excellent one. They had no contact for the last three months now. The sight of Gopal’s son sitting on a bench in the consulting room made him remember his friend. Dr. Raman talked to him and came to know about his friend’s illness.

ସାରମର୍ମ :
ଯେତେବେଳେ ଡାକ୍ତର ରମଣ ଜାଣିଲେ ଯେ ତାଙ୍କର ଅନ୍ତରଙ୍ଗ ବନ୍ଧୁ ଗୋପାଳ ଗୁରୁତର ଭାବେ ଅସୁସ୍ଥ ହୋଇଛି, ସେତେବେଳେ ସେ ବିଚଳିତ ହୋଇପଡ଼ିଲେ । ସେ ଦୀର୍ଘ ଚାଳିଶ ବର୍ଷର ବନ୍ଧୁତ୍ଵର ଅନ୍ତରଙ୍ଗ ମୁହୂର୍ତ୍ତଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ମନେ ପକାଇଲେ । ପରିବାର ଓ ବୃତ୍ତି ତାଙ୍କ ମିଳନରେ ବାଧକ ସାଜିଥିଲା । ବେଳେବେଳେ ସେମାନେ ଏକାଠି ଖାଉଥିଲେ, ଏକାଠି ସିନେମା ଯାଉଥୁଲେ ଏବଂ ପରସ୍ପରର ଦୁଃଖ ଓ ସୁଖରେ ଅଂଶୀଦାର ହେଉଥିଲେ । ପରିସ୍ଥିତିର ପରିବର୍ତ୍ତନ ସେମାନଙ୍କ ବନ୍ଧୁତ୍ଵ ଉପରେ କୌଣସି ପ୍ରଭାବ ପକାଇ ପାରି ନଥିଲା । ତିନିମାସ ହେଲା ସେମାନଙ୍କ ମଧ୍ୟରେ କୌଣସି ଯୋଗାଯୋଗ ହୋଇପାରି ନ ଥିଲା । ଗୋପାଳର ପୁଅଠାରୁ ସେ ଗୋପାଳର ଅସୁସ୍ଥତା ବିଷୟରେ ଜାଣିବାକୁ ପାଇଲେ ।

Glossary :
soothing : comforting (ଆଶ୍ୱାସନାଭରା )
lies: falsehood (ମିଛ)
mopped: cleaned ( ସଫା କଲେ/ପୋଛିଲେ )
brow: forehead (କପାଳ)
kerchief: କିର୍ଚିଫ୍
beside: ପାଖରେ
dearest: most imtimate (ଅନ୍ତରଙ୍ଗ)
kindergarten days: ସ୍କୁଲ ଦିନରୁ
of course: ଅବଶ୍ୟ
wrapped: ଗୁଡ଼ାଇ
dine: ଭୋଜନ
classic friendship: excellent friendship (ଉତ୍ତମ ବନ୍ଧୁତା)
untouched: ଅସ୍ପୃଶ୍ୟ
circumstances: ପରିସ୍ଥିତି
crowded: ଭିଡ଼
got up: ଉଠିପଡିଲି
youth: ଯୁବକ
shy: ଲାଜୁଆ

Think it out

Question 1.
How does the writer describe the friendship between Dr. Raman and Gopal?
Answer:
The writer says that the friendship between Dr. Raman and Gopal spans forty years. It goes back to their school days. Family and profession have made their meetings infrequent. At times on a Sunday, Gopal waits patiently for Dr. Raman in the consulting room till the latter is free. They spend the day in dinning, going to the cinema and sharing each other’s life and activities. Their friendship that still remains untouched by changing times, circumstances and activities is an excellent one.

Question 2.
How did Dr. Raman come to know about Gopal’s illness?
Answer:
Hectic schedule had led Dr. Raman to forget his friend’s failure to call him in for three months. This fact occurred to him when he noticed his friend’s son sitting on a bench in the consulting room. It was one morning packed with patients. At the time moving to the operation room, Dr. Raman enquired of him about the purpose of visit. At that time he came to know about Gopal’s illness.

Unit III

Gist :
Dr. Raman was awfully busy, because it was an operation day. Then the doctor immediately went to his friend’s home and saw Gopal lying in bed. The doctor asked his wife many questions concerning his illness. Dr. Raman wished Gopal’s wife had summoned him earlier. A doctor nearby was treating him. Gopal’s family did not contact Dr. Raman, because they did not want to disturb him unnecessarily. They felt miserable. Dr. Raman started treating his friend without wasting time. He injected Gopal in the presence of the latter’s family members. Dr. Raman sat back in his waiting for the result. Loss of midday meal made him hungry. He went out for his lunch and came back soon. Dr. Raman apprised his friend’s wife of the necessity of operation and sought their son’s assistance. Gopal’s wife felt dizzy.

ସାରମର୍ମ :
ଡା. ରମଣ ବହୁତ ବ୍ୟସ୍ତ ଥିଲେ କାରଣ ଏହା ଥିଲା ତାଙ୍କର ଏକ ଅସ୍ତ୍ରୋପଚାର କରିବାର ଦିନ । ପରେ ସେ ସାଙ୍ଗେ ସାଙ୍ଗେ ତାଙ୍କ ବନ୍ଧୁଙ୍କ ଘରକୁ ଗଲେ ଏବଂ ଦେଖିଲେ ଯେ ଗୋପାଳ ଶଯ୍ୟାଶାୟୀ । ଡାକ୍ତର ଗୋପାଳଙ୍କ ସ୍ବାସ୍ଥ୍ୟ ସମ୍ପର୍କରେ ତାଙ୍କ ସ୍ତ୍ରୀଙ୍କୁ ଅନେକ ପ୍ରଶ୍ନ ପଚାରିଲେ । ଗୋପାଳଙ୍କର ପରିବାର ତାଙ୍କୁ କାହିଁକି ଆଗରୁ ଡାକିଲେ ନାହିଁ ବୋଲି ସେ ପଚାରିଲେ । ତାଙ୍କୁ ବିନା କାରଣରେ ଅସୁବିଧାରେ ପକାଇବାକୁ ଚାହୁଁ ନ ଥିଲେ ବୋଲି ସେମାନେ କହିଲେ । ସମୟ ନଷ୍ଟ ନ କରି ଡା. ରମଣ ଚିକିତ୍ସା ଆରମ୍ଭ କରିଦେଲେ । ଫଳାଫଳକୁ ଅପେକ୍ଷା କରି ସେ ବସି ରହିଲେ । ଦିନ ସମୟରେ ଖାଇ ନ ଥ‌ିବାରୁ ସେ ଭୋକିଲା ଅନୁଭବ କଲେ ଏବଂ ସେ ମଧ୍ୟାହ୍ନ ଭୋଜନ ଖାଇବାପାଇଁ ଗଲେ ଏବଂ ଖୁବ୍ ଶୀଘ୍ର ଫେରି ଆସିଲେ । ସେ ଗୋପାଳଙ୍କର ସ୍ତ୍ରୀଙ୍କୁ ଅସ୍ତ୍ରୋପଚାର କରିବାର ଆବଶ୍ୟକତା ଅଛି ବୋଲି କହିଲେ । ସେ ତାଙ୍କ ପୁଅଙ୍କ ସାହାଯ୍ୟ ଚାହିଁଲେ । ଗୋପାଳଙ୍କର ସ୍ତ୍ରୀ ଖୁବ୍ ଅସ୍ବସ୍ତି ଅନୁଭବ କଲେ ।

Glossary :
rushed off: ଶୀଘ୍ର ଗଲେ/ ଧାଇଁଗଲେ
lay: ଶଯ୍ୟା
as if in sleep: ଯେପରି ଶୋଇଛି
trouble: ଅସୁବିଧା
apologetic: କ୍ଷମାପ୍ରାର୍ଥନା କରିବା
miserable: sad (ଦୁଃଖ୍)
took off: removed (କାଢ଼ିନେଲେ)
sizzled: boiled (ଫୁଟାଇଲେ)
sterilizer: ନିରୂପଣ
shot in: ଗୁଳି ଚଳାଇଲା
on any account: ଯେକୌଣସି ହିସାବରେ
giddy: dizzy
sank down: ବୁଡ଼ିଗଲା
drug: medicine (ଔଷଧ )
essayed: tried (ଚେଷ୍ଟା କଲେ )
Snapped: କଥାରେ ବାଧା ଦେଲେ
gleamed: ଚିକ୍‌ଚିକ୍ କଲା
perspiration: sweat (ଝୋଳ)
eyelids: ଆଖ୍ୟାତାଗୁଡ଼ିକ
timidly: ଲାଜରେ
fatigue: tiredness (କ୍ଳାନ୍ତି)
famished: hungry (କ୍ଷୁଧାଇଁ)
midday meal: ମଧ୍ୟାହ୍ନ ଭୋଜନ
bear: tolerate (ଧାରଣ କରିବା)
strain: ଟାଣିବା

Think it out

Question 1.
Why didn’t Gopal’s wife call for Dr. Raman earlier?
Answer:
Dr. Raman went to his friend’s house, because the latter was critically ill. He found Gopal lying in bed. Skillful doctor as he was, Dr. Raman calmly enquired of his wife about his friend’s treatment. He learnt that a doctor nearby had been treating her husband. He asked her why she didn’t call him earlier. She failed to do so, lest he should be busy, and so they did not want to bother him unnecessarily. They were sorry about not summoning him earlier. They felt extremely unhappy.

Question 2.
What steps did the doctor take to save his friend from death?
Answer:
Dr. Raman was smart in the diagnosis of his friend and treated him instantly. He opened his bag and took out an injection tube; the needle sizzled over the stove. He injected the drug into the patient. After watching him for some time Dr. Raman decided to perform an operation and performed the same. These were the steps the doctor took to save his friend from death.

Unit IV

Gist :
It was about eight in the evening. The doctor’s assistant was beside himself with joy to see the patient’s positive response to the treatment. The doctor was worried about his pulse. He advised his assistant to have a clean watch over the patient. The doctor found that the patient’s condition had improved a little. He was in a condition to eat a little food. The family members heaved a sigh of relief. They were full of joy. They expressed their deep gratitude to Dr. Raman who looked fixedly at the patient. Instead of responding to the concern of the patient’s wife, the doctor instructed her to give her husband glucose and brandy every forty minutes. The wife wanted to know if he was out of danger. The doctor’s silence steeled her to elicit the truth from him. Suspense mounted. The patient’s wife could not bear it. She requested Dr. Raman to apprise her of what was happening, but he did not tell her about the seriousness of the patient’s condition. A bitter weeping broke the silence of the house. The patient looked in confusion. Dr. Raman was as calm as ever.

ସାରମର୍ମ :
ଏହା ଥିଲା ସନ୍ଧ୍ୟା ଆଠଟା ସମୟ। ଡାକ୍ତର ଓ ତାଙ୍କ ସହକାରୀ ରୋଗୀର ଅବସ୍ଥାରେ ଉନ୍ନତି ଦେଖ୍ ଖୁସି ହେଲେ । ଡାକ୍ତର ରମଣ ନାଡ଼ିର ଗତି ଦେଖୁ ବ୍ୟସ୍ତ ହୋଇଗଲେ । ରୋଗୀ ଉପରେ ତୀକ୍ଷ୍ଣ ନଜର ରଖିବାପାଇଁ ଡା. ରମଣ ତାଙ୍କ ସହକାରୀଙ୍କୁ ଉପଦେଶ ଦେଲେ । ତାଙ୍କର ଅବସ୍ଥାରେ କିଛି ଉନ୍ନତି ଆସିଲା ଏବଂ ସେ କିଛି ଖାଦ୍ୟ ଖାଇବାର ଅବସ୍ଥାକୁ ଆସିଲେ । ଘରର ସଦସ୍ୟମାନେ ଟିକିଏ ଆଶ୍ୱସ୍ତି ଅନୁଭବ କଲେ । ସେମାନେ ଖୁସି ହୋଇଗଲେ । ଡା. ରମଣଙ୍କୁ କୃତଜ୍ଞତା ଜ୍ଞାପନ କଲେ । ଡା. ରମଣ ଗୋପାଳଙ୍କର ସ୍ତ୍ରୀଙ୍କୁ ଉପଦେଶ ଦେଲେ ପ୍ରତି ଚାଳିଶ ମିନିଟ୍‌ରେ ଥରେ ଲେଖାଁଏ ଗ୍ଲୁକୋଜ୍ ଓ ବ୍ରାଣ୍ଡି ଦେବାପାଇଁ । ତାଙ୍କ ସ୍ତ୍ରୀ ଜାଣିବାକୁ ଚାହିଁଲେ ସେ ବର୍ତ୍ତମାନ ବିପଦମୁକ୍ତ ନା ନାହିଁ । ଡାକ୍ତର ନୀରବତା ଗୋପାଳଙ୍କ ସ୍ତ୍ରୀ ମନରେ ସନ୍ଦେହ ସୃଷ୍ଟି କଲା । ସେ ରୋଗୀର ଅବସ୍ଥା ବିଷୟରେ ଜାଣିବାକୁ ଚାହିଁଲେ । ଏକ ଦୁଃଖଦ କାନ୍ଦଣା ଘରର ନିର୍ଜନତାକୁ ଭାଙ୍ଗିଦେଲା । ରୋଗୀ ଦ୍ବନ୍ଦ୍ବରେ ଚାହିଁଲେ । ଡାକ୍ତର ଆଗଭଳି ଧୀରସ୍ଥିର ହୋଇ ରହିଥିଲେ ।

Glossary :
stirred: moved (ହଲଚଲ ହେଲା)
slightly: a little (ଟିକିଏ|ସାମାନ୍ୟ) ଅତ୍ୟଧ୍ଵ ଖୁସି ହେଲେ
overjoyed: ଅତ୍ୟଧିକ ଆନନ୍ଦିତ
exclaimed: ଚିତ୍କାର କଲା
enthusiastically: ଉତ୍ସାହର ସହିତ
pull through: recover from illness( ଆରୋଗ୍ୟ ହେବା)
whispered: said in a low voice (ସ୍ବରରେ କହିଲେ)
pulse: ନାଡ
trust: ବିଶ୍ବାସ କରିବା
flash-up: a sudden ray of hope (ଆଶାର ସଙ୍କେତ)
ruminated: ଚିନ୍ତା କଲେ
keep up: maintain (ରକ୍ଷା କଲେ)
relief: ରିଲିଫ୍
swarmed: ବହୁ ସଂଖ୍ୟାରେ
poured out: ଫୋପାଡ଼ିଦେଲା
gratitude: କୃତଜ୍ଞତା
felt restless: ଅଶାନ୍ତ ଅନୁଭବ କଲେ
evasive: avoiding a straight, honest answer (ଅପହଞ୍ଚ)
unbearable: ଅସହ୍ୟ
beckoned: called somebody by a movement of the hand (ଇଶାରା କରି ଡାକିଲେ )
excited: ଉତ୍ଫୁଲ୍ଲିତ
terror: ଆତଙ୍କରାଜ
clasped hands: ହାତ ଯୋଡ଼ିଲେ
implored: requested (ପ୍ରାର୍ଥନା କଲେ)
terrible: ଭୟଙ୍କର
wailing: bitter weeping (କାନ୍ଦଣା)
still: ନୀରବ
bewilderment : confusion (ଭ୍ରମଗ୍ରସ୍ତ ବ୍ୟକ୍ତି)
securely: ଭଲ ଭାବରେ
shut off: ବନ୍ଦ କରିଦେଲେ

Think it out

Question 1.
What was Dr. Raman’s reaction when his assistant said “Sir, he will pull through?”
Answer:
When his assistant said “Sir, he will pull through”, the doctor reacted in an unenthusiastic fashion. The doctor was apprehensive of the patient’s recovery from terrible heart attack. Despite an improvement in pulse rate, the patient was not out of danger. In the doctor’s opinion, it was a sign of false recovery. He pondered for a while on his friend’s condition. Uncertainty still lingered in Dr. Raman’s mind.

Question 2.
What was Dr. Raman’s response when Gopal’s wife asked about his condition?
Answer:
Gopal’s wife asked Dr. Raman if her husband was out of danger. The doctor’s response to it was usually calm. He advised her to give Gopal glucose and brandy every forty minutes. Gopal’s wife felt restless. She could not bear the suspense. She again enquired of the doctor about her husband’s present condition. He instructed her not to get excited. The doctor was not ready to respond to her query. He was averse to tell the bitter truth.

Unit V

Gist :
Gopal was in a dying state. His mental condition was getting from bad to worse. He kept asking Dr. Raman if he was going to survive. The doctor knew how serious his friend’s condition was. He was feared for his frankness. Dr. Raman advised not to tire himself, but the former’s advice fell flat. Gopal was anxious about signing the will. Dr. Raman wanted him to go away without answering the question. The patient held his waist and expressed his unflinching trust in his word. Gopal requested a truthful prognosis in order to settle his will and avoid “endless misery for his wife and children” than an unsettled will would entail, realistic eventuality with which Dr. Raman concerned. Yet if the doctor revealed his pessimistic opinion, that Gopal would not survive that night, then it would virtually signify a death sentence and put an end to the slimmest chance of the patient’s survival. Dr. Raman did a piece of acting’ and assured his friend and patient that he would live. Gopal accepted his words with gratitude.

ସାରମର୍ମ :
ଗୋପାଳ ମୂମୂର୍ଷୁ ଅବସ୍ଥାରେ ଥିଲା । ତାଙ୍କର ମାନସିକ ଅବସ୍ଥା ଖରାପରୁ ଅତି ଖରାପ ହେଉଥିଲା । ସେ ବଞ୍ଚେ କି ନାହିଁ ବୋଲି ବାରମ୍ବାର ଡାକ୍ତର ରମଣଙ୍କୁ ପଚାରୁଥିଲେ । ଡାକ୍ତର ଜାଣିଥିଲେ ତାଙ୍କର ବନ୍ଧୁଙ୍କର ଅବସ୍ଥା ସଙ୍କଟାପନ୍ନ । ସେ ତାଙ୍କର ଚିରାଚରିତ ଢଙ୍ଗରେ ସତ୍ୟର ପ୍ରକଟ କରିବା ପାଇଁ ଡରିଯାଇଥିଲେ । ଡାକ୍ତର ରମଣ ତାଙ୍କୁ କ୍ଳାନ୍ତ ନ ହେବାପାଇଁ ଉପଦେଶ ଦେଲେ । ଗୋପାଳ ତାଙ୍କ ସ୍ତ୍ରୀ ପିଲାଙ୍କର ଅସରନ୍ତି ଦୁଃଖର ଅନ୍ତ ଘଟାଇବା ପାଇଁ ମୃତ୍ୟୁ ପୂର୍ବରୁ ଇଚ୍ଛାପତ୍ର ପ୍ରସ୍ତୁତ କରିବାକୁ ଚାହୁଁଥିଲେ । ତେଣୁ ସେ ଡାକ୍ତରଙ୍କଠାରୁ ସେ ବଞ୍ଚେ କି ନାହିଁ ଜାଣିବାକୁ ଚାହୁଁଥିଲେ । ଯଦି ଡାକ୍ତର ତାଙ୍କର ବିଷାଦପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ କଥାକୁ ଶୁଣାଇଦେବେ, ତେବେ ଗୋପାଳ ନିଶ୍ଚିତରୂପେ ସେହି ରାତିରେ ଶେଷ ନିଃଶ୍ବାସ ତ୍ୟାଗ କରିବେ । ଡାକ୍ତରଙ୍କର ସତ୍ୟ କଥା ହିଁ ଗୋପାଳର ମୃତ୍ୟୁର କାରଣ ହୋଇଯିବ ଏବଂ ରୋଗୀର ବଞ୍ଚିବାର କ୍ଷୀଣ ଆଶା ମଉଳିଯିବ । ତେଣୁ ଡାକ୍ତର ଅଭିନୟ କଲେ ଏବଂ କହିଲେ ଗୋପାଳ ନିଶ୍ଚୟ ବଞ୍ଚିବେ । ଗୋପାଳ ଏହି କଥାକୁ କୃତଜ୍ଞତାର ସହ ଗ୍ରହଣ କଲେ ।

Glossary :
resumed his seat: ପୁଣିଥରେ ତାଙ୍କ ଆସନ ଆରମ୍ଭ କଲେ
exert: tire (କ୍ଳାନ୍ତ ହେବା)
whitewash: ମିଛ ସାନା ଦେବା
attached: (here) gave (ଦେଉଥିଲେ )
value: ମୂଲ୍ୟ
stole a look: ଲୁକ୍ ଚୋରି କଲା
motioned: ଗତିଶୀଳ
last: survive (ବଞ୍ଚ୍)
witness:ସାକ୍ଷୀ
idiotic: foolish (ନିର୍ବୋଧ )
drop: ବନ୍ଦ କରିଦେବା
clutched: ଜାବୁଡ଼ି ଧରିଲେ
wrist: ହାତଗୋଡ
unsettle: ଅସନ୍ତୁଷ୍ଟ
endless: ଅସରନ୍ତି
reflected: thought deeply (ଗଭୀରଭାବେ ଚିନ୍ତା କଲେ)
midnight :ମଧ୍ୟରାତ୍ରି
will: ଇଚ୍ଛାପତ୍ର
felt the pulse: ନାଡ଼ି ଚିପିଲେ : ଉତ୍ତେଜିତ ହେଲେ
agitated : ଉତ୍ତେଜିତ
deprecating: expressing disapproval (ବାରଣସୂଚକ)
mess: ଅପ୍ରୀତିକର ପରିସ୍ଥିତି|ବିଶୃଙ୍ଖଳା
virtually: ଆପାତତଃ
death sentence: ମୃତ୍ୟୁଦଣ୍ଡ
survival: ବଞ୍ଚିବା
got down: ଓହ୍ଲାଇଲେ
appealingly: ନିନ୍ଦା କଲେ
damned: ଦୋଷୀ
simulate: ଅନୁକରଣ କରନ୍ତୁ
conceal: hide (ଲୁଚେଇବା)
judgement: ବିଚାର/ରାୟ
stooped over: ଆଉଜି ପଡ଼ିଲା
deliberate: intentional (ଇଚ୍ଛାକୃତ)
emphasis: stress (ଗୁରୁତ୍ଵ)
absolutely: ସମ୍ପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ ଭାବରେ
glow: ଆଲୋକ
suffused: spread slowly slowly over(ଖେଳିଗଲା)
soundly: ଆରାମରେ

Think it out

Question 1.
Why did Gopal ask Dr. Raman “Am I going?” What was he anxious about?
Answer:
Dr. Raman found his friend and patient in a critical condition; the latter’s wife was crying. The doctor felt his pulse and remained silent. The patient’s anxiety soared. He movingly appealed to the doctor not to avoid anything from him. Dr. Raman still remained unmoved. Gopal was determined to know how long he was going to survive. He was anxious about signing the will which was ready.

Question 2.
Was Dr. Raman upset at this question? Give your reasons.
Answer:
Gopal’s question, “Am I going” upset Dr. Raman, but he never gave vent to his concern for his friend’s condition. This was the most precarious situation he had ever faced in his life. By nature, he was a realist to the core. He knew that he was a doctor, on whose word the life of a patient depended. He did a piece of acting before his friend.

Question 3.
Why did Dr. Raman decide to tell a lie?
Answer:
Gopal insisted Dr. Raman on telling the truth about his condition. He was keen in signing the will that had already been prepared. Gopal was very sick (dying in Dr. Raman’s judgement) and requested a truthful prognosis to settle his will and avoid the never-ending misery for his wife and children than an unsettled will would entail. If the doctor would reveal his critical opinion, Gopal would not survive that night, then it would virtually signify a death sentence and put an end to the slimmest chance of the patient’s survival. Therefore, Dr. Raman decided to tell a lie.

Question 4.
How did he answer Gopal’js question?
Answer:
Dr. Raman could not remain silent in the face of Gopal’s question how long he was going to survive. His patient and friend was bent on signing the will before his death. Dr. Raman did a piece of acting and assured him that he was improving every second. He advised Gopal to sleep in peace and avoid exertion. In other words, the doctor assured him of his survival.

Question 5.
How did Gopal accept Dr. Raman’s words?
Answer:
Dr. Raman assured his patient of recovery. He said again that his friend’s heart was completely fine. Gopal accepted Dr. Raman’s words with great trust and hope. His statement “If it comes from your lips it must be true” is a case in point. There was a ring of relief about Gopal’s tone. He was a picture of gratitude. He slept in peace.

Unit VI

Gist:
A patient’s life hangs on a doctor’s word. It was true in case of Dr. Raman. The way he handled the serious condition of his friend was a case in point. He was smart. He was calm. He instructed his assistant to attend the patient with a tube and give it, in case of any eventuality. Nothing happened. The patient recovered satisfactorily. Dr. Raman had a last check. Then he informed the sick man’s wife about his brilliant heart. His friend would live till ninety. The doctor was sure of it. His friend had passed the most critical phase in heart-attack. His survival would be a source of constant puzzle to Dr. Raman.

Glossary :
for a moment : ମୁହୂର୍ତ୍ତକ ପାଇଁ
collapse:ଭୁଶୁଡ଼ିବା
tube: ନଳି
struggle: ସଂଘର୍ଷ
made a dash: ଏକ ଡ୍ୟାସ୍ ତିଆରି କଲା
awake: ଜାଗ୍ରତ
bet on it: ଏହା ଉପରେ ବାଜି ଲଗାନ୍ତୁ
turned the comer: ଆସିଲା
puzzle: ପଜଲ୍

Think it out
Question 1.
Did Dr. Raman believe that his patient would recover that night? Why do you think so?
Answer:
Dr. Raman did not believe that his patient would recover that night. He expressed his pessimistic opinion to his assistant. His statement “You might expect the collapse any second now” is a case in point. Dr. Raman instructed his assistant to hurry to the patient with a tube and give it in case of any eventuality.

Question 2.
“Don’t look so unhappy, lady” – why does Dr. Raman say so?
Answer:
Raman says so to his friend Gopal’s wife when Dr. Raman sees her husband in a state of miraculous recovery from a serious heart attack. The patient was conscious and looked extremely fine. The assistant informed the doctor about his satisfactory pulse. Putting the tube at the patient’s heart, he lends his ears to it for a while and pronounces the final judgement to his wife with assurance, “Don’t look so unhappy lady.” Her husband will survive till ninety. He has stood the critical state of attack.

Question 3.
Does human life hang on a doctor’s word? Give a reasoned answer.
Answer:
Yes, human life hangs on a doctor’s word. The way Dr. Raman saved his friend, Gopal from the verge of death splendidly exemplifies this point.

CHSE Odisha Class 12 English The Doctor’s Word Important Questions and Answers

Multiple-Choice Questions (MCQs) with Answers

Question 1.
People came to him when the patient was on his last legs. The underlined expression means ___________.
(A) lame
(B) about to be lame
(C) amputated
(D) in a critical condition
Answer:
(D) in a critical condition

Question 2.
“……………..that the time had come to call in Raman”. The underlined expression means _______________.
(A) summon
(B) appeal
(C) visit
(D) all of the above
Answer:
(A) summon

Question 3.
Long years of practice of this kind had bred in the doctor a certain curt truthfulness. The underlined expression means ______________.
(A) a sort of diplomacy
(B) blunt truthfulness
(C) boundless truthfulness
(D) completely tactical
Answer:
(B) blunt truthfulness

Question 4.
The patient’s life hung on his word. The underlined expression means ________________.
(A) completely depended
(B) demanded
(C) hanged
(D) none of these
Answer:
(A) completely depended

Question 5.
“………………when he glimpsed the faintest sign of hope, he rolled up his sleeve.” The underlined expression means _________.
(A) consulted
(B) slept
(C) prepared to do his duty
(D) none of these
Answer:
(C) prepared to do his duty

Question 6.
As a doctor, Raman was ______________.
(A) one of the equals
(B) a man with a difference
(C) somewhat fine
(D) held in high esteem
Answer:
(B) a man with a difference

Question 7.
Dr. Raman was _____________.
(A) firmly decisive
(B) moody
(C) bitter
(D) all of the above
Answer:
(A) firmly decisive

Question 8.
Dr. Raman’s friendship with Gopal goes back to _____________.
(A) their school days
(B) their nursery school days
(C) more than forty years
(D) all of these
Answer:
(B) their nursery school days

Question 9.
Their friendship was ______________.
(A) excellent
(B) good
(C) very good
(D) strange
Answer:
(A) excellent

Question 10.
Which of the following statements is false?
(A) Dr. Raman and Gopal were close friends.
(B) Their friendship had stood the test of time.
(C) Dr. Raman and Gopal never took dinner together.
(D) Their discussion was wide-ranging
Answer:
(C) Dr. Raman and Gopal never took dinner together.

Question 11.
Dr. Raman was __________.
(A) very punctual
(B) versatile
(C) very busy
(D) quite uncommon
Answer:
(C) very busy

Question 12.
Gopal’s son was ______________.
(A) reticent
(B) bold
(C) nervous
(D) both (A) and (C)
Answer:
(D) both (A) and (C)

Question 13.
Gopal has been confined to bed since ____________.
(A) 46 days
(B) more than two months
(C) a month and a half
(D) long
Answer:
(C) a month and a half

Question 14.
The person to treat Gopal first was _____________.
(A) Dr. Raman
(B) a friend of Gopal’s wife
(C) Gopal’s brother
(D) an unknown doctor
Answer:
(D) an unknown doctor

Question 15.
Dr. Raman started his friend’s treatment ______________.
(A) after a careful thought
(B) enthusiastically
(C) bravely
(D) promptly
Answer:
(D) promptly

Question 16.
The word ‘famished’ means ______________.
(A) tired
(B) enthused
(C) excited
(D) hungry
Answer:
(D) hungry

Question 17.
What made Gopal’s wife unbearable was _____________.
(A) Gopal’s critical illness
(B) Dr. Raman’s evasive reply to Gopal’s wife
(C) the doctor’s hunger
(D) his gaze on Gopal
Answer:
(B) Dr. Raman’s evasive reply to Gopal’s wife

Question 18.
“Sir, he will pull through.” What does the underlined expression mean?
(A) forget
(B) improve
(C) recover
(D) pass away
Answer:
(B) improve

Question 19.
Gopal’s slight recovery filled his family with _____________.
(A) relief
(B) delight
(C) gratitude to the doctor
(D) all the above
Answer:
(D) all the above

Question 20.
The sick man’s wife asked, “Is he out of danger ?” This indicates his wife’s
(A) stress
(B) nervousness
(C) restlessness
(D) none of these
Answer:
(C) restlessness

Question 21.
To know Gopal’s latest condition was his wife’s __________.
(A) keen determination
(B) hope
(C) wish
(D) interest
Answer:
(A) keen determination

Question 22.
The bitter weeping of Gopal’s wife made Dr. Raman ____________.
(A) anxious
(B) vexed
(C) impatient
(D) confused
Answer:
(D) confused

Question 23.
The doctor advised the patient to _____________.
(A) sleep
(B) sit
(C) relax
(D) get up
Answer:
(C) relax

Question 24.
“Am I going ?” This means ___________.
(A) leaving
(B) interested to go to his house
(C) visiting
(D) facing death
Answer:
(D) facing death

Question 25.
The patient was ___________.
(A) desperate
(B) impatient
(C) panicky
(D) none of these
Answer:
(A) desperate

Question 26.
“It was not in his nature to whitewash.” The underlined word means-
(A) rubbing
(B) cleaning
(C) not to tell a lie
(D) bluff
Answer:
(C) not to tell a lie

Question 27.
Gopal appealed to his friend to _______________.
(A) cure him
(B) save his family’s future
(C) tell the truth
(D) call in his wife
Answer:
(B) save his family’s future

Question 28.
He knew too well the family affairs and about those wolves. This means ________________.
(A) wild animals
(B) selfish persons
(C) ruthless people
(D) anti-social elements
Answer:
(D) anti-social elements

Question 29.
Dr. Raman’s act of telling the truth implies his-
(A) commitment to truth
(B) courage
(C) friend’s speedy recovery
(D) friend’s death
Answer:
(D) friend’s death

Question 30.
Dr. Raman resorts to deliberate falsehood ______________.
(A) for the sake of his friend
(B) without any delay
(C) for nothing
(D) none of these
Answer:
(A) for the sake of his friend

Question 31.
What does “on one’s last legs” mean?
(A) Very sick
(B) Weak and about to die
(C) Not in one’s good health
(D) All of the above
Answer:
(B) Weak and about to die

Question 32.
When did people come to Dr. Raman?
(A) When the patient was very sick
(B) When the patient had almost no hope
(C) When the patient collapsed
(D) When the patient had recovered a little
Answer:
(B) When the patient had almost no hope

Question 33.
Why did Dr. Raman often burst out when he found the patient in his last breath?
(A) Why wasn’t he brought to him earlier
(B) Why was he taken to another doctor
(C) Why had the family members treated him wrong
(D) Why was his condition so serious
Answer:
(A) Why wasn’t he brought to him earlier

Question 34.
What was Dr. Raman’s visiting fee?
(A) Twenty rupees
(B) Twenty-five rupees
(C) Thirty rupees
(D) Thirty-five rupees
Answer:
(B) Twenty-five rupees

Question 35.
What fact did people like to avoid?
(A) That the patient had less hope
(B) That the visiting fees of Dr. Raman was high
(C) That Dr. Raman means death sentence
(D) That the patient couldn’t be saved no matter what
Answer:
(A) That the patient had less hope

Question 36.
The patient’s relatives always tried to avoid calling in Dr. Raman; for them there was something ___________ in the very association.
(A) serious
(B) unnecessary
(C) threatening
(D) shirking
Answer:
(C) threatening

Question 37.
So, when the big man came on the scene it was always__________.
(A) the last moment
(B) critical for the patient
(C) a quick decision to make
(D) late
Answer:
(C) a quick decision to make

Question 38.
What has long years of practice bred in the doctor?
(A) Experience to save lives
(B) A certain manner of rudeness
(C) A certain degree of kindness
(D) A certain curt of truthfulness
Answer:
(D) A certain curt of truthfulness

Question 39.
Why was the doctor’s opinion valued?
(A) For his experience
(B) For his kindness
(C) For him truthfulness
(D) For his expertise
Answer:
(C) For him truthfulness

Question 40.
Dr. Raman was not a mere doctor expressing an opinion but a /an ___________.
(A) judge pronouncing a verdict
(B) kind man helping patients
(C) expert saving lives
(D) experienced consultant
Answer:
(A) judge pronouncing a verdict

Question 41.
What did the patient’s life hang on?
(A) Dr. Raman’s experience
(B) Dr. Raman’s treatment
(C) Dr. Raman’s words
(D) Dr. Raman’s kindness
Answer:
(C) Dr. Raman’s words

Question 42.
What did Dr. Raman never believe?
(A) True words can save life
(B) Mere words can save life
(C) Agreeable words can save life
(D) God’s will can save life
Answer:
(C) Agreeable words can save life

Question 43.
Why did Dr. Raman think that it was not any of his business to provide unnecessary hope to the patients and their family?
(A) Because they would ultimately know the truth in few hours
(B) Because it was none of his business
(C) Because he was not that kind hearted
(D) Because it was not his duty to give people hope
Answer:
(A) Because they would ultimately know the truth in few hours

Question 44.
What would Dr. Raman do if he glimpsed the faintest sign of hope?
(A) Pause all other works and perform operation
(B) Do whatever he could to save the patient
(C) Give hope to the patient and his family
(D) Preapare to fight with death
Answer:
(B) Do whatever he could to save the patient

Introducing the Author
R. K. Narayan (1906-2001) is perhaps the most well-known Indian writer in English. Born in Madras, Narayan was educated in Mysore. He started writing in the nineteen thirties. His writing is set in an imaginary town called Malgudi and South Indian family life has seldom been so realistically portrayed as in his novels and short stories. Some of his famous works are Swami and Friends, The Man-Eater ofMalgudi, The Bachelor of Arts, Mr Sampath, The Astrologer’s Day, Waiting for the Mahatma etc. His novel The Guide was selected for the Sahitya Academy Award. Narayan has written a good number of short stories which are noted for their humour, pathos and mild satire. His style is simple and lucid. Walsh aptly remarks, “Narayan ’s fastidious art, blending exact realism, poetic myth, sadness, perception and gaiety are without precedent in literature in English and as far as one can see, without following. It is kind, but unsentimental, mocking but uncynical, profoundly Indian but distinctively individual. Itfascinates by reason of the substantial human nature which it implies and embodies. It carries along with it at every point, a kind of humour strange in English writing which mixes the melancholy and the amusing.”

About the Story
A doctor saves lives both with his skill and with his words. Soothing words of a doctor work wonders for a patient in a critical condition. Dr. Raman, a fictitious physician in the imaginary story, is a classic example. South Indian city of Malgudi is the microcosm for many of Narayansque stories. He is renowned for his diagnostic acumen and “certain curt truthfulness; for that very reason his opinion is valued; he is not a mere doctor expressing an opinion but a judge pronouncing a verdict.” When Dr. Raman is called upon to make a house call and subsequent operation on his dearest friend, Gopal, he faces a very difficult professional ethical dilemma. This story adroitly tackles truthfulness. This story’s concern is not only with professional ethics but also with the tension that often arrives when personal ethics and professional ethics intersect and conflict since it is clear that Dr. Raman violates his usual practice of truth-telling in the interest of his friendship. It is also a commentary on paternalism; Dr. Raman tells the patient’s wife and patient only what he wants them to hear since the truth as he perceives would be damaging to the patient’s outcome, a much censured notion known as “therapeutic privilege”. This story demonstrates the economy and grace with which expertly wrought fiction can capture and present for discussion important issues in (medical) ethics.

ବିଷୟ ସୂଚନା :
ଖରାପ ଅବସ୍ଥାରେ ଜଣେ ରୋଗୀପାଇଁ ଜଣେ ଡାକ୍ତରଙ୍କର ସାନ୍ତନାମୂଳକ କଥାଗୁଡ଼ାକ ଚମତ୍କାର ଭାବେ କାମ କରେ । କାଳ୍ପନିକ କଥାବସ୍ତୁର ଡାକ୍ତର ଚରିତ୍ର ଡା. ରମଣ ହେଉଛନ୍ତି ଏହାର ଏକ ଜୀବନ୍ତ ଉଦାହରଣ । ନାରାୟଣଙ୍କର ଗଳ୍ପଗୁଡ଼ିକର ପୃଷ୍ଠଭୂମି ହେଉଛି ଦକ୍ଷିଣ ଭାରତୀୟ ସହର ମାଲ୍‌ଗୁଡ଼ି । ଡାକ୍ତର ରମଣ ରୋଗର ସଠିକ କାରଣ ନିରୂପଣ କରିବା ଓ ଅପ୍ରିୟ ସତ୍ୟ କଥା କହିବା କାରଣରୁ ପ୍ରସିଦ୍ଧି ଅର୍ଜନ କରିଛନ୍ତି । ସେଥ‌ିପାଇଁ ତାଙ୍କ କଥା ଅଧ୍ଵ ଗୁରୁତ୍ଵ ଦିଆଯାଏ । ସେ ଜଣେ ସାଧାରଣ ଡାକ୍ତରଭାବେ ନିଜର ମତାମତ ଶୁଣାଇନଥା’ନ୍ତି, ବରଂ ଜଣେ ବିଚାରପତିଭାବେ ରାୟ ଶୁଣାଇଥା’ନ୍ତି । ଯେତେବେଳେ ସେ ତାଙ୍କର ଘନିଷ୍ଠ ବନ୍ଧୁ ଗୋପାଳର ଅସ୍ତ୍ରୋପଚାର କରିଛନ୍ତି, ସେ ଏକ ନୈତିକ ଦୃହରେ ପଡ଼ିଛନ୍ତି । ଏହି ଗଳ୍ପରେ ଚତୁରତାର ସହ ସେହି ସତ୍ୟର ପ୍ରକଟନ ଘଟିଛି । ଏଠାରେ ରମଣଙ୍କର ବ୍ୟକ୍ତିଗତ ନୈତିକତା ବୃତ୍ତିଗତ ନୈତିକତା ମଧ୍ୟରେ ଦ୍ବନ୍ଦ୍ବ ଉପୁଜିଛି ଏବଂ ବନ୍ଧୁଙ୍କ ହିତ ପାଇଁ ନିତିଦିନିଆ ସତ କହିବାର ଅଭ୍ୟାସରୁ ସ୍ପଷ୍ଟ ଭାବରେ ବିଚ୍ୟୁତ ହୋଇଛନ୍ତି । ଡାକ୍ତର ରମଣ ରୋଗୀର ସ୍ତ୍ରୀ ଓ ରୋଗୀକୁ କେବଳ ତାଙ୍କ କଥା ଶୁଣିବାକୁ କହିଛନ୍ତି, ଯେହେତୁ ପ୍ରକୃତ ସତ୍ୟ ରୋଗୀର କ୍ଷତି ଘଟାଇପାରେ । ଏହି ଗଳ୍ପରେ ଭେଷଜ ବିଜ୍ଞାନ ସମ୍ବନ୍ଧୀୟ ଅନେକ ତତ୍ତ୍ଵ ନିଖୁଣ ଭାବରେ ଆଲୋଚନା

Summary
In the beginning, the writer, in his characteristic humorous vein, states that the patients visit Dr. Raman when they are hopeless, because of the latter’s visiting fee twenty-five rupees. He has long years of practice behind him. Dr. Raman is renowned for his diagnostic acumen and “certain curt truthfulness”. As a result, his opinion is given great importance. He is not a doctor in an ordinary sense. Dr. Raman is like a sort of judge who delivers a judgement. He saves life with his skill and never likes to say agreeable words. It is because the patient’s will to survive is what matters.

Dr. Raman is keen on saving the lives of his patients when he sees the slightest ray of hope. The writer describes the long-standing relationship between Dr. Raman and Gopal. The doctor comes to know about his friend’s illness from the latter’s son. He is called upon to visit Gopal’s house. The doctor finds his friend and patient in a critical condition. He learns that a “doctor in the next street”, a physician Raman does not know, is ‘ treating the patient. Without wasting time, he administers an injection to his patient. He does not respond to the query of Gopaks wife.

He minutely observes his patient who still remains motionless. He feels worried when he finds his bosom friend in a critical condition, but not hopeless. Skilful doctor as he is, Dr. Raman remains calm in an adverse situation like this. He performs an operation on his dearest friend Gopal. Evening sets in. Raman’s assistant’s joy knows no limit when he sees the patient in a better condition. He is enthusiastic about the patient’s recovery. The doctor gives his assistant a cold response. Although Gopal’s pulse has improved, this is not enough. He suffers from serious heart attack.

Dr. Raman knows that the night is crucial for his patient; he sits beside the latter and notices a slight improvement in his condition. Now the patient is in a state to take a little food. The household heaves a sigh of great relief. Everybody is happy. Overwhelmed with emotion, the family members profusely express their gratitude to the doctor. However, Raman sits silently, intensely looking at the patient’s- face. He is heedless of their words. The doctor’s reaction is evasive. When the wife asks him about her patient’s condition, he remains silent, but she is determined to know the truth. Her patience runs out. She cannot bear the suspense any more. The wife is anxious to know about the condition of her husband.

She requests him to tell the truth. The doctor expresses his inability to talk to her at the moment. His silence on the matter makes her weep bitterly. The patient looks in confusion. Gopal is very sick. He requests the doctor not to hide the truth. He is anxious about signing the will. The doctor’s effort to calm him goes in vain. Gopal requests truthful prognosis in order to settle his will and get rid of the never-ending misery for his wife and children that an unsettled will would entail. The doctor is aware of this realistic eventuality. Dr. Raman faces a very difficult professional dilemma.

He swims between personal ethics and professional ethics. If he reveals his pessimistic opinion, which he does to his assistant: ‘Gopal will not survive the night’, then it will virtually imply a death sentence. The inevitable will happen. His frankness will put an end to the slightest chance of the patient’s survival. Dr. Raman violates his usual practice of truth-telling in the interest of his forty year-old friendship. He does ‘a piece of acting’ and assures his friend and patient that he will survive. Gopal expresses his unflinching trust in the doctor’s statement. His words, “If it comes from your lips, it must be true” is a case in point. Gopal lives and Dr. Raman remarks to his assistant, “How he has survived this attack will be a puzzle to me all life.”

ସାରାଂଶ :
ଗଳ୍ପର ପ୍ରାରମ୍ଭରେ ଲେଖକ ବ୍ୟଙ୍ଗପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ ଭାବେ କହିଛନ୍ତି ଯେ ରୋଗୀମାନେ ଆଶାଶୂନ୍ୟ ହେବା ପରେ ହିଁ ଡାକ୍ତର ରମଣଙ୍କ ପାଖକୁ ଆସନ୍ତି, କାରଣ ତାଙ୍କର ରୋଗୀଦେଖା ଫିସ୍ ଥାଏ ୨୫ ଟଙ୍କା । ସେ ଜଣେ ବହୁ ଅନୁଭୂତିସମ୍ପନ୍ନ ଡାକ୍ତର । ତାଙ୍କର ସଠିକ୍ ଭାବେ ରୋଗ ଚିହ୍ନିବାର ଦକ୍ଷତା ଓ ଅପ୍ରିୟ ନିଶ୍ଚିତ ସତ୍ୟ କଥା କହିବା ପାଇଁ ସେ ଖ୍ୟାତି ଅର୍ଜନ କରିଛନ୍ତି । ଫଳରେ ତାଙ୍କର ମନ୍ତବ୍ୟକୁ ଗୁରୁତ୍ଵ ଦିଆଯାଏ । ସେ ଜଣେ ସାଧାରଣ ଡାକ୍ତର ଭଳି ନୁହେଁ, ବରଂ ଜଣେ ବିଚାରପତି ଭଳି ରାୟ ଶୁଣାନ୍ତି । ସେ ନିଜର ଦକ୍ଷତାକୁ ନେଇ ରୋଗୀର ଜୀବନ ବଞ୍ଚାନ୍ତି, ମାତ୍ର ଆଶ୍ଵାସନାବାଣୀ ଶୁଣାଇବାକୁ ଭଲ ପାଆନ୍ତି ନାହିଁ ।

ରୋଗୀଠାରେ ସାମାନ୍ୟ ବଞ୍ଚିବାର ଆଶା ଥିଲେ ସେ ତା’ର ଜୀବନ ବଞ୍ଚାଇବାକୁ ଯତ୍‌ ପରୋନାସ୍ତି ଉଦ୍ୟମ କରନ୍ତି । ଲେଖକ ଏଠାରେ ଡା. ରମଣ ଏବଂ ଗୋପାଳର ବହୁଦିନର ସମ୍ପର୍କକୁ ବର୍ଣ୍ଣନା କରିଛନ୍ତି । ଗୋପାଳର ପୁଅଠାରୁ ସେ ଜାଣିବାକୁ ପାଇଛନ୍ତି ଯେ ଗୋପାଳ ରୋଗଦ୍ଵାରା ଆକ୍ରାନ୍ତ ହୋଇଛି । ସେ ଗୋପାଳ ଘରକୁ ବୁଲିବାକୁ ଯାଆନ୍ତି ଏବଂ ଗୋପାଳର ଅବସ୍ଥା ଗୁରୁତର ଥ‌ିବା ଦେଖନ୍ତି ।ସେ ତତ୍‌କ୍ଷଣାତ୍ ରୋଗୀକୁ ଏକ ଇନ୍‌ଜେକ୍‌ସନ୍ ଦିଅନ୍ତି ଏବଂ ଗୋପାଳର ସ୍ତ୍ରୀର ପ୍ରଶ୍ନର ଉତ୍ତର ନ ଦେଇ ରୋଗୀକୁ ତନ୍ନତନ୍ନ ଭାବେ ପରୀକ୍ଷା କରନ୍ତି । ସେ ବ୍ୟସ୍ତ ଓ ବିବ୍ରତ ହୋଇପଡ଼ନ୍ତି ।

କିନ୍ତୁ ଏହିପରି ଗୁରୁତର ଅବସ୍ଥାରେ ସେ ଆଶା ହରାନ୍ତି ନାହିଁ । ସେ ପ୍ରିୟବନ୍ଧୁ ଗୋପାଳ ଶରୀରରେ ଏକ ଅସ୍ତ୍ରୋପଚାର କରନ୍ତି । ସନ୍ଧ୍ୟା ଆଗତ ହୋଇଛି । ଡ. ରମଣଙ୍କର ସହକାରୀଜଣକ ଦେଖନ୍ତି ଯେ ରୋଗୀର ସ୍ଵାସ୍ଥ୍ୟବସ୍ଥାରେ ଉନ୍ନତି ଘଟୁଛି । ତାଙ୍କର ଖୁସିର ସୀମା ରହେ ନାହିଁ । କିନ୍ତୁ ଡା. ରମଣ କହନ୍ତି ଯେ ଯଦିଓ ଗୋପାଳଙ୍କର ନାଡ଼ିର ଗତିରେ ଉନ୍ନତି ଘଟିଛି, ତଥାପି ଏହା ଯଥେଷ୍ଟ ନୁହେଁ । ଡା. ରମଣ ଜାଣିଛନ୍ତି ଯେ ରାତିଟି ତାଙ୍କ ରୋଗୀ ପାଇଁ ଗୁରୁତ୍ଵପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ କାରଣ ସେ ଗୁରୁତର ହୃଦ୍‌ରୋଗରେ ପୀଡ଼ିତ । ବର୍ତ୍ତମାନ ରୋଗୀଟି କିଛି ଖାଦ୍ୟ ଗ୍ରହଣ କରିବା ଅବସ୍ଥାକୁ ଆସିଛନ୍ତି । ଘରର ଅଥଚ ଡା. ରମଣ ରୋଗୀଙ୍କର ମୁହଁକୁ ଚାହିଁ ଧୀରସ୍ଥିର ହୋଇ ବସିଥାଆନ୍ତି ।

ସେ ଘରର ସଦସ୍ୟମାନଙ୍କର କୃତଜ୍ଞତାର ଚାହାଁନ୍ତି । ସେ ଡାକ୍ତରଙ୍କୁ ସତ୍ୟ କହିବାକୁ ଅନୁରୋଧ କରନ୍ତି । ସେହି ସମୟରେ ଡାକ୍ତରଙ୍କର ନୀରବତା ରୋଗୀର ସ୍ତ୍ରୀଙ୍କ ମନରେ ବହୁତ ଆଘାତ ଦେଇଛି ଏବଂ ସେ ଖୁବ୍ ଜୋର୍‌ରେ କାନ୍ଦିଛନ୍ତି । ରୋଗୀଟି ଦ୍ବନ୍ଦ୍ବରେ ପଡ଼ି ଚାହିଁଛି । ଗୋପାଳ ବହୁତ ଅସୁସ୍ଥ ହୋଇପଡ଼ିଛି । ସେ ଡାକ୍ତରଙ୍କୁ ସତ୍ୟ ହିଁ କହିବାପାଇଁ ଅନୁରୋଧ କରିଛି । ଡାକ୍ତର ତାଙ୍କୁ ସାନ୍ତନା ଦେଇପାରି ନାହାନ୍ତି । ଗୋପାଳ ବାରମ୍ବାର ସତ୍ୟ କହିବା ପାଇଁ ବାଧ୍ୟ କରିଛି ଯାହା ଫଳରେ ସେ ନିଜର ଇଚ୍ଛାପତ୍ର ପ୍ରସ୍ତୁତ କରି ତାଙ୍କ ପରିବାରର ଚିରଦୁଃଖର ଅବସାନ ଘଟାଇପାରିବେ । ଏହି ବାସ୍ତବ ସତ୍ୟ ବିଷୟରେ ଡାକ୍ତର ସଚେତନ ଅଛନ୍ତି ।

ଏଠାରେ ଡାକ୍ତର ଏକ କଷ୍ଟକର ବୃତ୍ତିଗତ ଦ୍ବନ୍ଦ୍ବକୁ କିଭଳି ସାମନା କରିଛନ୍ତି ତାହା ବର୍ଣ୍ଣିତ ହୋଇଛି । ସେ ବ୍ୟକ୍ତିଗତ ନୀତି ଏବଂ ବୃତ୍ତିଗତ ନୀତି ମଧ୍ୟରେ ଦ୍ବନ୍ଦ୍ବରେ ପଡ଼ିଛନ୍ତି । ସେ ଜାଣିଛନ୍ତି ଯେ ସେହି ରାତିରେ ଗୋପାଳ ନିଶ୍ଚିତ ମୃତ୍ୟୁବରଣ କରିବ । ଏହି ଧ୍ରୁବ ସତ୍ୟ ନିଶ୍ଚୟ ଘଟିବ । ସେ ଯଦି ମୁକ୍ତ ଭାବରେ ସତ୍ୟର ପ୍ରକଟ କରିବେ, ତେବେ ରୋଗୀର ବଞ୍ଚିବାର କ୍ଷୀଣ ଆଶାଟିକକ ନଷ୍ଟ ହୋଇଯିବ । ଡାକ୍ତର ତାଙ୍କର ଚାଳିଶ ବର୍ଷର ବନ୍ଧୁଙ୍କର ହିତ ପାଇଁ ଏହିଭଳି ଦୃଢ଼ ଉକ୍ତିକୁ ଗୋପାଳ ପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ ବିଶ୍ଵାସ କରିଛି । ଶେଷରେ ଗୋପାଳ ବଞ୍ଚିଯାଇଛି । ଡାକ୍ତର ରମଣ ତାଙ୍କର ସହଯୋଗୀଙ୍କୁ କହିଛନ୍ତି, ‘ରୋଗୀ କିପରି ଏହି ହୃଦ୍‌ରୋଗରୁ ବଞ୍ଚିପାରିଲେ, ତାହା ତାଙ୍କ ପାଇଁ ଚିର ରହସ୍ୟମୟ ହୋଇ ରହିବ ।’’

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Odisha State Board CHSE Odisha Class 12 Invitation to English 2 Solutions Non-Detailed Chapter 6 Stay Hungry Stay Foolish Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Class 12th Invitation English Non-Detailed Chapter 6 Stay Hungry Stay Foolish Question Answers CHSE Odisha

Stay Hungry Stay Foolish Class 12 Questions and Answers

Unit – 1

Gist:
At the outset, Steve Jobs narrates the first story related with his life. Jobs says that his biological mother was a young, unmarried college graduate student. She was interested to get him adopted by college graduates. His adoption took a shape, thanks to the lawyer and his wife. But after his birth they denied, as they really wanted a girl. So he was adopted by his foster parents. After 17 years, the writer joined Reed College which was as expensive as Stanford. After six months, he could realize the meaninglessness in spending his parents’ savings in such an institution. Lack of any idea concerning his ambition in life and how the college was going to help him in this regard gripped his mind. Therefore, the writer dropped out of the college. When he left the college it was frightening at the moment. Now he feels it was one of the finest decisions he had ever made.

After dropping out, he faced many difficulties such as, unavailability of a dorm room, sleeping on the floor in a friends’ room, returning of coke bottles for the 5 shilling deposits to buy food with and seven-mile walk every Sunday night for a good meal a week at the Hare Krishna temple. He enjoyed it very much. Then Jobs decided to learn calligraphy, because he was not attending normal courses. Besides, he was interested to learn the technique of producing beautiful typography. His knowledge of calligraphy helped Jobs design the first Macintosh computer, the first one with the art of designing how text will appear when it is printed. At last the writer refers to connecting the ‘dots’. It means looking backwards. Looking forward is futile. Act of looking backward will connect in one’s future.

ପ୍ରାରମ୍ଭରେ Steve Jobs ତାଙ୍କ ଜୀବନ ସହ ସମ୍ପୃକ୍ତ ପ୍ରଥମ କାହାଣୀଟିକୁ ବର୍ଣନା କରିଛନ୍ତି । ତାଙ୍କ ଜନ୍ମଦାତ୍ରୀ ମାତା ଥିଲେ ଜଣେ ଯୁବା ସୁନ୍ଦରୀ ଅବିବାହିତା ଓ ମହାବିଦ୍ୟାଳୟର ସ୍ନାତକ ଛାତ୍ରୀ । ମହାବିଦ୍ୟାଳୟର ସ୍ନାତକମାନେ Jobsଙ୍କୁ ପୋଷ୍ୟପୁତ୍ର ଭାବେ ଗ୍ରହଣ କରିବାକୁ ସେ ଚାହୁଁଥିଲେ । ଜଣେ ଓକିଲ ଏବଂ ତାଙ୍କ ପତ୍ନୀଙ୍କ ଯୋଗୁଁ ତାକର ପୋଷ୍ୟପୁତ୍ର ହେବା ପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣାଙ୍ଗ ରୂପ ପାଇଥିଲା । କିନ୍ତୁ ତାଙ୍କ ଜନ୍ମ ପରେ ସେମାନେ ଝିଅଟିଏ ଚାହୁଁଥିଲେ ବୋଲି କହି ମନା କରିଦେଲେ । ତେଣୁ ଅପେକ୍ଷା ତାଲିକାରେ ଥିବା ତାଙ୍କ ପାଳକ ପିତାମାତା ତାଙ୍କୁ ପୋଷ୍ୟପୁତ୍ର ଭାବେ ଗ୍ରହଣ କଲେ । ସତର ବର୍ଷ ପରେ Stanford ଭଳି ଏକ ବ୍ୟବୟବହୁଳ Reed ମହାବିଦ୍ୟାଳୟରେ ସେ ଯୋଗଦେଲେ । ଛ’ ମାସ ବିତିଗଲା । ଏଭଳି ଅନୁଷ୍ଠାନରେ ତାଙ୍କର ଶ୍ରମିକ-ଶ୍ରେଣୀ ପିତାମାତାଙ୍କର ସମଗ୍ର ସଞ୍ଚୟକୁ ଖର୍ଚ୍ଚ କରିବା ଅର୍ଥହୀନ ବୋଲି ସେ ଅନୁଭବ କରିପାରିଲେ । ଜୀବନ ଅଭିଳାଷ ସମ୍ପର୍କରେ ତାଙ୍କର କିଛି ଧାରଣା ନ ଥିଲା ଏବଂ ସେହି ମହାବିଦ୍ୟାଳୟ ତାଙ୍କୁ ସେ ଦିଗରେ କିପରି ସାହାଯ୍ୟ କରିପାରିବ ଏହି ଚିନ୍ତା ତାଙ୍କୁ ଗ୍ରାସ କଲା । ତେଣୁ ସେ ମହାବିଦ୍ୟାଳୟରୁ ବାହାରି ଆସିଲେ । ମହାବିଦ୍ୟାଳୟ ତ୍ୟାଗ କରିବା ମୁହୂର୍ତ୍ତ ତାଙ୍କ ପାଇଁ ଭୟସଙ୍କୁଳ ଥିଲା ।

ବର୍ତ୍ତମାନ ସେ ଅନୁଭବ କରୁଛନ୍ତି ଏହା ଥିଲା ତାଙ୍କର ଏକ ଅନ୍ୟତମ ସର୍ବୋତ୍କୃଷ୍ଟ ନିଷ୍ପତ୍ତି । ମହାବିଦ୍ୟାଳୟ ଛାଡ଼ିଲା ପରେ ସେ ଅନେକ ପ୍ରତିବନ୍ଧକର ସମ୍ମୁଖୀନ ହୋଇଥିଲେ । ସେ ଶୋଇବାପାଇଁ କୋଠରିଟିଏ ପାଇଲେ ନାହିଁ । ସାଙ୍ଗମାନଙ୍କର କୋଠରିର ଚଟାଣ ଉପରେ ଶୋଇଲେ । ଖାଦ୍ୟ କିଣିବା ପାଇଁ Jobs କୋକ୍ ବୋତଲ ଫେରାଇ ୫ ସିଲିଙ୍ଗ୍ ଜମା କରୁଥିଲେ । ହରେକୃଷ୍ଣ ମନ୍ଦିରରେ ସପ୍ତାହକୁ ଥରେ ଭଲ ଖାଦ୍ୟ ଖାଇବାପାଇଁ ସେ ପ୍ରତି ରବିବାର ରାତିରେ ସାତ ମାଇଲ ଚାଲୁଥିଲେ; ମାତ୍ର ସେ ଏହାକୁ ଉପଭୋଗ କରୁଥିଲେ । ତା’ପରେ Jobs ମହାବିଦ୍ୟାଳୟରେ ନିୟମିତ ଅଧ୍ୟୟନ କରୁନଥିବାରୁ ସୁନ୍ଦର ହସ୍ତାକ୍ଷର ଲିଖନକଳା ଶିକ୍ଷା କରିବାକୁ ସ୍ଥିର କଲେ । ଏତଦ୍‌ବ୍ୟତୀତ ସୁନ୍ଦର ମୁଦ୍ରଣ ବିଦ୍ୟା ପ୍ରସ୍ତୁତ କରିବାର କୌଶଳ ଅଧ୍ୟୟନ କରିବାକୁ ସେ ଆଗ୍ରହୀ ହେଲେ । ସୁନ୍ଦର ହସ୍ତଲିପି ଜ୍ଞାନ Jobsଙ୍କୁ ପ୍ରଥମ Macintosh କମ୍ପ୍ୟୁଟରର ନକ୍ସା ଅଙ୍କନ କରିବାରେ ସାହାଯ୍ୟ କରିଥିଲା ଯାହାକି ମୁଦ୍ରଣପରେ ପାଠ୍ୟବିଷୟ କିପରି ଦେଖାଯିବ ତାହା ନିରୂପଣ କରିବାରେ ପ୍ରଥମ ଥିଲା । ତା’ରେ ସେ ଜୀବନର ବିଭିନ୍ନ ଘଟଣାବଳୀର ସଂଯୋଗ କରିବା କଥା କହିଛନ୍ତି । ଏହା ଅର୍ଥ ଅତୀତକୁ ଦୃଷ୍ଟି ଦେବା । ଭବିଷ୍ୟତକୁ ଦୃଷ୍ଟି ଦେବା ନିରର୍ଥକ । ଅତୀତର ପର୍ଯ୍ୟାଲୋଚନା ଜଣକୁ ଭବିଷ୍ୟତରେ ଆଗକୁ ବଢ଼ିବାରେ ସହାୟତା ପ୍ରଦାନ କରିଥାଏ ।

Glossary :
commencement: a ceremony at which academic degrees or diplomas are conferred (ଏକ ଉତ୍ସବ ଯେଉଁଠାରେ ଶିକ୍ଷା ପ୍ରଦାନ କରାଯାଏ)
drop out: a student who withdraws before completing a course (ଅଧାରୁ ପାଠ ଛାଡ଼ିଥିବା ଛାତ୍ରଛାତ୍ରୀ)
drop-in: visitor (ପରିଦର୍ଶକ)
unwed : unmarried (ଅବିବାହିତ) : ଛାଡ଼ିଦେବା
quit: ଛାଡ
strongly: ଗଭୀର ଭାବରେ
popped out: (here) took birth (ଜନ୍ମ ନେଲା)
relented: finally agreed after refusing (ମନା କରିବା ପରେ ରାଜି ହେବା)
naively: innocently
expensive: costly (ବ୍ୟୟବହୁଳ)
trust: ବିଶ୍ଵାସ କରିବା
scary: frightening (ଭୟପ୍ରଦ)
dorm room: a room for several people to sleep
stumbled into: became involved in something by chance (କାର୍ଯ୍ୟରେ ସମ୍ପୃକ୍ତ ହେବା)
curiosity: କୌତୁହଳ
intuition: ଅନ୍ତର୍ଜ୍ଞାନ
priceless: ଅମୂଲ୍ୟ
calligraphy : act of producing beautiful handwriting
typeface: a visual representation a set of characters in typography (ଦୃଶ୍ୟମାନ ଉପସ୍ଥାପନା)
serif and sans serif: a kind typeface (ଏକପ୍ରକାର ଉପସ୍ଥାପନା )
typography: the art of designing how text will appear when it is printed (ମୁଦ୍ରଣ ବିଦ୍ୟା)
subtle : ସୂକ୍ଷ୍ମ/ଚତୁର
fascinating: ଆକର୍ଷଣୀୟ
Macintosh computer: a popular model of computer made by Apple Computer introduced in 1984 (୧୯୮୪ ମସିହାରେ Apple କମ୍ପାନୀଦ୍ଵାରା ପ୍ରସ୍ତୁତ ଏକ)
fonts: size of typefaces (ଆକୃତି)
Windows: operating systems in a computer
destiny: ଭାଗ୍ୟ
never let me down: not failed the writer

Think it out

Question 1.
What does Jobs say about his mother?
Answer:
Jobs says that his biological mother was a young and unmarried college graduate student. She wanted her child to be adopted by college graduates. At first it was settled that he would be adopted by a lawyer and his wife. Later they refused and he was adopted by his foster parents. But when she came to know that his foster parents were not graduates, she refused to sign adoption papers. Few month later when they promised to send him to college she agreed.

Question 2.
How did his foster parents adopt him?
Answer:
His foster parents adopted him by promising to send him to a college someday. Their promise came after a lot of hiccups.

Question 3.
What does he say about his studies at Reed College?
Answer:
After a span of 17 years, the speaker joined Reed College which is as expensive as Stanford. He spent the entire earnings of his working-class parents on paying his college fees. After studying for six months, he found that it was of no use to continue.

Question 4.
Why did he drop out from college?
Answer:
He was clueless about his future ambition. He was not aware of the role of how the institution would help him in this respect. Besides, he could not find any importance on spending his foster parents’ hard-eam money in that institution. Therefore, he dropped out of the college.

Question 5.
What difficulties did he face after he dropped out?
Answer:
Many difficulties were in store for him after he dropped out. He did not find a dorm room where several people used to sleep. Therefore, he slept on the floor in his friends’ rooms. He returned coke bottles in exchange for 5 shilling deposits with which he bought food. He had to walk seven miles every Sunday night to enjoy one fine meal a week at the Hare Krishna temple.

Question 6.
Why did he decide to learn calligraphy?
Answer:
He decided to learn calligraphy, because he did not feel the importance of going through general subjects. In the college campus, every poster, every label on every drawer bore the stamp of beautiful handwriting. And this compelled his attention.

Question 7.
How did his knowledge of calligraphy help him?
Answer:
The speaker’s knowledge of calligraphy helped him design the first Macintosh computer. He designed all into the Mac. Macintosh became the first one thathad a touch of beautiful typography. Then Windows came into existence after just copying the Mac.

Question 8.
What does he mean by connecting the ‘dots’?
Answer:
By connecting ‘dots’, Jobs means connecting the events looking backwards, instead of looking forwards. In other words, past experiences can help us look forwards to our future. Jobs’ study of typography in Reed College and designing the first computer Mac is a case in point

Unit – II

Gist:
The speaker’s second story deals with his sufferings and recovery. At the age of 20, it was fortunate of the writer to start Apple along with his class-mate Steve Wozniak. His parents’ garage was their place of work. Their hard labour witnessed a spectacular growth of the company. In a decade the garage turned into 2 billion dollar company with over 4000 employees. When he was 30, their finest creation the Macintosh came into existence. But, ironically, hiring of a talented person to run the company with him became a thorn in his flesh. Their divergent visions of future and their ultimate disagreement and the support extended to the hired person by the Board of Directors drove the founder out of his company. He was only 30 at that time.

The brain-child of his youthful life was snatched away from him. It was a great shock to Jobs. He was at a loss for a few months. He found himself in deep misery. At last he came back to reality. He made up his mind to start afresh. In his moments of crisis, he could not realize that being ousted from Apple was a blessing in disguise. Jobs became a beginner relegating his erstwhile success to the background. Now the most innovative moments of his life began to take shape with the set-up of a company named NeXT and another one named Pixar in the course of the following five years. During this period he also fell in love with a wonderful woman Laurene and married her. Pixar*s Toy story, the world’s first computer animated feature film, has now grown into world’s most successful animation studio. Jobs returned to the Apple Inc, when it purchsed his NeXT. These twist of events made him conclude that one shouldn’t lose faith in the face a crisis. One should love what one does. Jobs advises the children to go on striving for the work dear to their hearts, until they get it.

ସାରମର୍ମ :
ବକ୍ତାଙ୍କର ଦ୍ଵିତୀୟ କାହାଣୀଟି ତାଙ୍କର ଦୁର୍ଦ୍ଦଶା ଓ ସେଥୁ ମୁକ୍ତି ସହିତ ସମ୍ପର୍କିତ ଅଟେ । ସୌଭାଗ୍ୟର କଥା ଯେ ମାତ୍ର ୨୦ ବର୍ଷ ବୟସରେ Jobs ଏବଂ ତାଙ୍କ ସହପାଠୀ Steve Wozniak Aple କମ୍ପାନୀ ଆରମ୍ଭ କରିଥିଲେ । ତାଙ୍କ ପିତାମାତାଙ୍କର ଗ୍ୟାରେଜ୍ ସେମାନଙ୍କ କର୍ମସ୍ଥଳୀ ଥିଲା । ସେମାନଙ୍କ କଠିନ ପରିଶ୍ରମ ଫଳରେ କମ୍ପାନୀର ଚମତ୍କାର ଅଗ୍ରଗତି ହେଲା । ଏକ ଦଶନ୍ଧି ଭିତରେ ଗ୍ୟାରେଜ୍‌ ୪୦୦୦ କର୍ମଚାରୀ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟରତ ଥ‌ିବା ୨୦୦ ନିୟୁତ ଡଲାର କମ୍ପାନୀରେ ପରିଣତ ହେଲା । ଯେତେବେଳେ ତାଙ୍କୁ ୩୦ ବର୍ଷ, ସେମାନଙ୍କର ସର୍ବୋତ୍କୃଷ୍ଟ ସୃଷ୍ଟି Macintosh ବଜାରକୁ ଆସିଲା । କିନ୍ତୁ ଭାଗ୍ୟର ବିଡ଼ମ୍ବନା ଯେ ସେ ତାଙ୍କୁ ପରିଚାଳନା କାର୍ଯ୍ୟରେ ସହାୟତା ପାଇଁ ଯେଉଁ ପ୍ରତିଭାବାନ୍ ବ୍ୟକ୍ତିଙ୍କୁ ନିଯୁକ୍ତ କଲେ ସେ ତାଙ୍କ ପାଇଁ ପ୍ରତିବନ୍ଧକ ସୃଷ୍ଟି କରିଥିଲା । ସେମାନଙ୍କର ଭବିଷ୍ୟତ ସମ୍ବନ୍ଧୀୟ ଭିନ୍ନ ଭିନ୍ନ ଦୃଷ୍ଟିକୋଣ ଓ ସର୍ବାନ୍ତକରଣରେ ମତପାର୍ଥକ୍ୟ ଏବଂ ପରିଚାଳନା ମଣ୍ଡଳୀର ନିଯୁକ୍ତିପ୍ରାପ୍ତ କର୍ମଚାରୀଙ୍କୁ ସମର୍ଥନ କାରଣରୁ ସେ କମ୍ପାନୀରୁ ବିତାଡ଼ିତ ହେଲେ । ସେତେବେଳେ ତାଙ୍କୁ ମାତ୍ର ୩୦ ବର୍ଷ । ତାଙ୍କ ଯୁବାବସ୍ଥାର ମାନସ-ସନ୍ତାନକୁ ତାଙ୍କଠାରୁ ଛଡ଼ାଇ ନିଆଯାଇଥିଲା ।

ଏହା Jobsଙ୍କ ପାଇଁ ଖୁବ୍ ଦୁଃଖଦାୟକ ଥିଲା ! କିଛି ମାସ ପାଇଁ ସେ କିଂକର୍ତ୍ତବ୍ୟବିମୂଢ଼ ହୋଇଗଲେ । ଶେଷରେ ସେ ବାସ୍ତବ ଦୁନିଆକୁ ଫେରିଲେ । ଜୀବନକୁ ଆଉଥରେ ଆରମ୍ଭ କରିବାକୁ ସେ ମନସ୍ଥିର କଲେ । ସଙ୍କଟ ସମୟରେ ସେ ଭାବିପାରି ନ ଥିଲେ କମ୍ପାନୀରୁ ବହିଷ୍କାର ତାଙ୍କ ପ୍ରତି ପରୋକ୍ଷରେ ଏକ ଆଶୀର୍ବାଦ ଥିଲା । ଏବେ ତାଙ୍କ ଜୀବନର ସବୁଠାରୁ ସୃଜନଶୀଳ ମୁହୂର୍ଭଗୁଡ଼ିକ ବାସ୍ତବ ରୂପ ନେଲା । ପାଞ୍ଚ ବର୍ଷ ମଧ୍ୟରେ ସେ ପ୍ରଥମେ NeXT ଏବଂ ତା’ପରେ Pixar ପ୍ରତିଷ୍ଠା କଲେ । ଏହି ସମୟରେ ସେ Laureneଙ୍କ ପ୍ରେମରେ ପଡ଼ିଲେ ଏବଂ ତାଙ୍କୁ ବିଭା ହେଲେ । Pixar ପ୍ରସ୍ତୁତ Toy Story ଥିଲା ପୃଥ‌ିବୀର ପ୍ରଥମ କମ୍ପ୍ୟୁଟର ନିର୍ମିତ ଜୀବନ୍ତ ଚଳଚ୍ଚିତ୍ର । Pixar ଏବେ ପୃଥ‌ିବୀର ସବୁଠାରୁ ସଫଳ ଜୀବନ୍ତ ଚିତ୍ର ସମ୍ପର୍କିତ ଚିତ୍ରଶିଳ୍ପୀ କର୍ମଶାଳାରେ ପରିଣତ ହୋଇଛି । Apple ତାଙ୍କର NeXTକୁ କ୍ରୟ କଲା ପରେ Jobs ପୁନର୍ବାର Apple କମ୍ପାନୀକୁ ଫେରି ଆସିଲେ । ଜୀବନର ଏହି ମୋଡ଼ ତାଙ୍କୁ ଏକ ସିଦ୍ଧାନ୍ତରେ ପହଞ୍ଚାଇଲା ଯେ ସଙ୍କଟ ସମୟରେ ଜଣେ ଧୈର୍ଯ୍ୟହରା ହେବା ଅନୁଚିତ । ଜଣେ ଯାହା କରୁଛି ତାହାକୁ ଭଲ ପାଇବା ଉଚିତ । ସେମାନଙ୍କର ହୃଦୟାନୁସାରୀ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟରେ ସଫଳତା ନ ପାଇଲା ପର୍ଯ୍ୟନ୍ତ ସେମାନେ ପ୍ରୟାସ ଜାରି ରଖୁବା ଉଚିତ ବୋଲି ସେ ପିଲାମାନଙ୍କୁ ଉପଦେଶ ଦେଇଥିଲେ ।

Glossary :
lucky: fortunate (ଭାଗ୍ୟବାନ)
garage: the place where vehicles are kept and repaired (ଗ୍ୟାରେଜ୍)
Woz: Steve Wozniak, a schoolmate of Steve Jobs
got fired: the narrator lost his service (ବରଖାସ୍ତ)
fired: dismissed from job
hired: (here) appointed (ପାଇଲେ )
talented: ପ୍ରତିଭାଶାଳୀ
run: (here)conduct (ପରିଚାଳନା କରିବା )
I ……. me:The writer missed the chance he was offered.(ଲେଖକ ପାଇଥିବା ସୁଯୋଗ ହରାଇଥିଲେ ।)
screwing up: spoiling something (କିଛି ନଷ୍ଟ କରିବା)
replaced : substituted (ଦେଲେ )
creative: innovative (ସୃଜନଶୀଳ)
amazing: wonderful (ଆଶ୍ଚର୍ଯ୍ୟକର)
vision : ଦର୍ଶନ
diverge: go in different directions
fall out: have an argument
sided: supported
my entire adult life: Jobs’ whole youthful life (Jobs and ଯୁବାବସ୍ଥା)
devastating: extremely damaging (ଧ୍ୱଂସପ୍ରାପ୍ତ ଅବସ୍ଥା )
entrepreneur : someone who uses money to start business and make business
animated feature film: ଜୀବନ୍ତ ପ୍ରସାରଣ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟକ୍ରମ ଅନ୍ତର୍ଭୁକ୍ତ ସମ୍ପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ
remarkable : ଚମତ୍କାର
turn: change (ପରିବର୍ତ୍ତନ )
current: ବର୍ତ୍ତମାନ
renaissance: ନବୀକରଣ
awful: terrible (ଭୟଙ୍କର)
roll on: fly by (ଅତିବାହିତ ହେବା)
don’t settle: The write believes in moving forward. He doesn’t want anyone to be static. (ସ୍ଥାଣୁ ହୁଅ ନାହିଁ)

Think it out

Question 1.
How did Jobs set up the Apple Inc.?
Answer:
It was fortunate of him to do something dear to his heart early in life. At the age of twenty, Jobs and his schoolmate Woz started Apple in his parents garage. Their 10-year toil witnessed an astonishing 2 billion-dollar company with over 4,000 employees at its disposal. At the age of thirty, his finest creation, the Macintosh came to light.

Question 2.
How did he lose his position in the Apple Inc.?
Answer:
Apple Inc. grew phenomenally and it demanded the inclusion of another hired talented person with him. First year was quite fine. After that their visions of future began to differ. Their friendly relationship ceased. At that moment the Board of Directors lent support to the hired employee, but not to the Co-Founder of the company. The inevitable happened. Jobs lost his position in the Apple Inc, when he was 30.

Question 3.
How did he feel about his dismissal?
Answer:
Dismissal from the Apple Inc. had a terribly shocking effect on Jobs. He felt utterly confused. He was seized with a feeling that he had disappointed the previous generations of entrepreneurs. He went to the extent of apologizing David Packard and Job Noyce for spoiling something badly, but in vain. He felt himself to be a colossal failure and even thought of escaping the place.

Question 4.
How did he return to the Apple Inc.?
Answer:
The despair Jobs had experienced in the wake of his dismissal from Apple Inc. became a thing of the past. He made up his mind to start his life afresh. He now entered ‘the most creative moments’ of his life. In a span of five years, Jobs set up a company – NeXT, another one named Pixar; the latter became the creator of the world’s first computer animated feature film, Toy Story and now no animation studio in the world matches it. At last Apple Inc. purchased NeXT. It marked Jobs’s return to Apple Inc.

Unit – III

Gist:
The speaker’s third story is related to death. At the age of 17, he read a quotation on death that had produced a great effect on him for the last 33 years. Consciousness of death became an inspirational force in his life. It was instrumental in making important choices in his life, because death leaves what is truly important, untouched, though it puts paid to all outward expectations, all pride and all fear of feeling ashamed or failure. Awareness of death is the best way to come out. of our negative mind-set. Jobs was afflicted with a form of pancreatic cancer. To recover from it is almost bleak. The doctor advised him to go home and settle everything for the well-being of his family. He learnt that he had no chance to live beyond three to six months. He was subjected to diagnosis throughout the day. The doctors noticed cells in the tumor under a microscope.

They cried because these cells become a rare form of pancreatic cancer. Surgery is the only treatment. Jobs underwent surgery and he is now quite fine. Death was very close to him. He views death as a beneficial but completely intellectual concept. In other words, nobody wants death. Even people interested to go to heaven don’t want it to reach their destination. But death is inevitable. It acts as an agent of life’s change. Man grows old and at last leaves the world forever. Jobs advises the students not to fritter away time, for time is too short. They should be dictated by their own inner voice.

There is no room for dogmatism. He calls upon them to follow their heart and intuition with courage. In his youth, Jobs had gone through The Whole Earth Catalog, a wonderful publication created by Stewart Brand and his team. It was packed with flawless and great ideas. Beneath a photograph of an early morning country road on the back cover of the final issue of The Whole Earth Catalog was written “Stay Hungry. Stay Foolish.” It was the farewell message of Stewart and his team. Inspired by these magnificent words, Jobs advised the students to feel hungry to do more all the time and never to think that they had learnt all, and such thinking would reduce them to foolishness.

ସାରମର୍ମ :
ଲେଖକଙ୍କର ତୃତୀୟ ଗଳ୍ପ ମୃତ୍ୟୁ ସହିତ ସମ୍ପୃକ୍ତ । ୧୭ ବର୍ଷ ବୟସରେ ସେ ମୃତ୍ୟୁ ସମ୍ବନ୍ଧରେ ଏକ ଉଦ୍ଧୃତାଂଶ ପଢ଼ିଥିଲେ । ଏ ଲେଖକଙ୍କର ଉପରେ ବିଗତ ୩୩ ବର୍ଷ ଧରି ଗଭୀର ପ୍ରଭାବ ପକାଇଥିଲା । ମୃତ୍ୟୁ ସଚେତନତା ତାଙ୍କ ଆମର ବାହ୍ୟିକ ଆକାଂକ୍ଷା, ଗର୍ବ ଏବଂ ଲଜ୍ଜିତ ହେବାର ଭୟକୁ ମୃତ୍ୟୁ ଧୂଳିସାତ୍ କରିଦିଏ, କିନ୍ତୁ ଯାହା ପ୍ରକୃତରେ ମହାନ୍ ତାକୁ ଏହା ସ୍ପର୍ଶ କରିପାରେ ନାହିଁ । ଆମକୁ ନକାରାତ୍ମକ ମନୋଭାବ ମଧ୍ୟରୁ ବାହାରି ଆସିବା ନିମନ୍ତେ ମୃତ୍ୟୁ ସଚେତନତା ହେଉଛି ସର୍ବୋତ୍କୃଷ୍ଟ ପନ୍ଥା । Jobs ଅଗ୍ନାଶୟଜନିତ କର୍କଟ ରୋଗରେ ପୀଡ଼ିତ ହୋଇଥିଲେ । ଏଥିରୁ ଆରୋଗ୍ୟ ହେବାର ସମ୍ଭାବନା କ୍ଷୀଣ ଥିଲା। ତାଙ୍କୁ ଘରକୁ ଫେରି ପରିବାରବର୍ଗଙ୍କ ହିତ ଦୃଷ୍ଟିରୁ ସମସ୍ତ ବନ୍ଦୋବସ୍ତ କରିବାକୁ ଚିକିତ୍ସକ ପରାମର୍ଶ ଦେଇଥିଲେ । Jobs ଜାଣିବାକୁ ପାଇଲେ ଯେ ୩ ମାସରୁ ୬ ମାସ ମଧ୍ୟରେ ତାଙ୍କ ମୃତ୍ୟୁ ସୁନିଶ୍ଚିତ । Jobsଙ୍କୁ ତନ୍ନତନ୍ନ ଭାବରେ ପରୀକ୍ଷା କରାଗଲା । ଅଣୁବୀକ୍ଷଣ ଯନ୍ତ୍ର ସାହାଯ୍ୟରେ ତାଙ୍କର ବର୍ଦ୍ଧିତ ଅଂଶର ଜୀବକୋଷମାନ ଦେଖ୍ ଚିକିତ୍ସକମାନେ କାନ୍ଦି ପକାଇଲେ । କାରଣ ଏହି ଅଗ୍ନାଶୟଜନିତ ଏପରି ଏକ କର୍କଟରୋଗ ଥିଲା ଯାହାର ଚିକିତ୍ସା କେବଳ ଅସ୍ତ୍ରୋପଚାରଦ୍ଵାରା ସମ୍ଭବ ହୋଇପାରିବ ।

ଶଲ୍ୟ ଚିକିତ୍ସାଦ୍ଵାରା Jobs ଆରୋଗ୍ୟ ଲାଭ କରିଥିଲେ । ବର୍ତ୍ତମାନ ସେ ସମ୍ପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ ଭଲ ଅଛନ୍ତି । ମୃତ୍ୟୁକୁ ସେ ଖୁବ୍ ନିକଟରୁ ଦେଖୁଥିଲେ । Jobsଙ୍କ ମତରେ ମୃତ୍ୟୁ ଲାଭଦାୟୀ ଏବଂ ଏକ ବୌଦ୍ଧିକ ବିଷୟ । ଅନ୍ୟ ଅର୍ଥରେ, କେହି ମରିବାକୁ ଚାହାନ୍ତି ନାହିଁ । ଏପରିକି ସ୍ବର୍ଗପ୍ରାପ୍ତି ପାଇଁ ମଧ୍ୟ କେହି ମରିବାକୁ ଚାହାନ୍ତି ନାହିଁ । ଏହା ଜୀବନ ପରିବର୍ତ୍ତନର ଏକ ପ୍ରତିନିଧୂ । ମଣିଷ ବୁଢ଼ା ହୋଇଯାଏ ଏବଂ ଶେଷରେ ସଂସାର ଛାଡ଼ି ଚାଲିଯାଏ । Jobs ଛାତ୍ରମାନଙ୍କୁ ସମୟ ନଷ୍ଟ ନ କରିବାକୁ ଉପଦେଶ ଦେଇଛନ୍ତି, କାରଣ ଜୀବନର ପରିସ୍ ଖୁବ୍ ସ୍ଵଳ୍ପ । ନିଜର ଅନ୍ତଃସ୍ଵରଦ୍ଵାରା ସେ ସେମାନଙ୍କୁ ପରିଚାଳିତ ହେବା ଉଚିତ ବୋଲି କହିଛନ୍ତି । Jobs ତାଙ୍କ ଯୁବାବସ୍ଥାରେ Stewart Brand ଏବଂ ତାଙ୍କ ସାଥୀମାନଙ୍କଦ୍ଵାରା ପ୍ରସ୍ତୁତ ଏକ ସୁନ୍ଦର ପୁସ୍ତକ ‘The Whole Earth Catalog’ ସେ ପଢ଼ିଥିଲେ । ଏହା ତ୍ରୁଟିଶୂନ୍ୟ ଓ ମୂଲ୍ୟବାନ୍ ଚିନ୍ତାଧାରାରେ ଭରପୂର ଥିଲା । ପୁସ୍ତକର ଶେଷ ସଂସ୍କରଣର ଶେଷ ପୃଷ୍ଠାରେ ଏକ ଗ୍ରାମ୍ୟରାସ୍ତାର ସକାଳ ଦୃଶ୍ଯ ଚିତ୍ର ତଳେ ଲେଖାଥିଲା : “Stay Hungry. Stay Foolish.” । ଏହା Stewart ଓ ତାଙ୍କ ସାଥୀମାନଙ୍କର ବିଦାୟକାଳୀନ ବାର୍ତ୍ତା ଥିଲା ଏହି ଚମତ୍କାର ଶବ୍ଦାବଳୀଦ୍ଵାରା ଅନୁପ୍ରାଣିତ ହୋଇ Jobs ଛାତ୍ରମାନଙ୍କୁ ପରାମର୍ଶ ଦେଇ କହିଥିଲେ ଯେ ଅଧ‌ିକ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ କରିବାପାଇଁ ସେମାନେ କ୍ଷୁଧା ଅନୁଭବ କରିବା ଉଚିତ ଏବଂ ସବୁ ଶିଖୁଛନ୍ତି ବୋଲି ଭାବିବା ଅନୁଚିତ, କାରଣ ଏଭଳି ଚିନ୍ତା ସେମାନଙ୍କୁ ବୋକାରେ ପରିଣତ କରିବ ।

Glossary :
It …… me: The quotation influenced the author. (ପ୍ରଭାବିତ କରିଥିଲା)
tool: (here) clue (ସୂଚନା )
encountered : met unexpectedly (ଅତର୍କିତଭାବେ ଭେଟିଲା)
embarrassment: awkwardness (agg)
trap: ଜାଲ
you …. naked: one is already on the brink of death
Goodbyes: ଶୁଭେଚ୍ଛା
biopsy: a medical test in which cells are taken from your body and examined to find out if they are healthy (ପରୀକ୍ଷା ପାଇଁ ଜୀବକୋଷର ପରୀକ୍ଷଣ )
stuck: inserted (ଭର୍ତ୍ତି କଲେ)
I was sedated: Jobs was administered drugs to be calm
viewed: saw (ଦେଖ‌ିଲେ)
microscope: ଅଣୁବୀକ୍ଷଣ ଯନ୍ତ୍ର
rare: କ୍ବଚିତ୍
intellectual: ବୌଦ୍ଧିକ
concept: basic idea (ମୌଳିକ)
destination: ଗନ୍ତବ୍ୟସ୍ଥଳ
follow : obey (ପାଳନ କରିବା)
diagnosied: ନିର୍ଦ୍ଧାରିତ
cancer: କର୍କଟ ରୋଗ
scan: ତନ୍ନତନ୍ନ କରି ଦେଖୁ
pancreas: ପାଚକ ଗ୍ରନ୍ଥି|ଅଗ୍ନାଶୟ
incurable: state of not being cured (ଦୁରାରୋଗ୍ୟ)
button up: complete satisfactorily(କରିବା)
be cleared away: will face death
poetic touch: କାବ୍ୟସ୍ପର୍ଶ
generation: ପିଢ଼ି
polaroid: camera that produces photographs immediately
hitchhiking: to travel by asking for free rides in other people’s cars
adventurous: ଦୁଃସାହସିକ
beneath: under (ତଳେ)

Think it out

Question 1.
How did the quotation on death affect Jobs?
Answer:
The quotation on death left a profound impression on Jobs. In the meantime, thirty-three years have elapsed. Ever since, looking in the mirror every morning, he had asked himself if that was the last day of his life, whether he would perform his task of that day. Whenever he got negative answers many a time, instead of being hopeless, he felt the need to aspire for something different.

Question 2.
How did consciousness of death inspire him?
Answer:
The consciousness of death helped him make some important choices in life. The reason is not far to seek. Death destroys all glit and glitter, all pride and fear of awkwardness or failure, but it leaves genuinely significant things untouched.

Question 3.
What was the doctor’s advice to him when he was diagnosed with cancer?
Answer:
When he was diagnosed with cancer, the doctor’s advice to him was to go home and set everything in order concerning his family affair. He would try to share his thoughts with his children in just a few months in a convincing manner. He had no time to wait for the next ten years to apprise them of his ideas. Jobs’ definite and practical feelings would make his family accept his preparation with as little pain as possible.

Question 4.
How does Jobs view death?
Answer:
Jobs views death in a realistic fashion. He states that nobody wants death. Even people aspiring for liberation dread it. Death is inevitable. In Jobs’ view, death is possibly the single best invention of life. It plays the role of an agent of life’s change. Death replaces the old and paves the way for something that is new. A day comes when man becomes old and dies at last.

Question 5.
What is most important in face of death?
Answer:
Jobs appeals to the gathering not to fritter away their time in doing what others say, because life is too short. Death comes to all. Instead of being dogmatic, they should act in response to their inner voice. In a deceptive world like this, they must follow their heart and intuition with great courage. This is most important in the face of death.

Question 6.
What was Jobs’ farewell message?
Answer:
Jobs’ farewell message to the gathering was to develop ceaseless hunger for doing more and more. Instead of being contented with what they have done, they should always feel hungry to achieve more. Learning never ends. Jobs advised the scholars at the convocation never to think that they had learnt all. Such thinking still made them live in a world of fools.

CHSE Odisha Class 12 English Stay Hungry Stay Foolish Important Questions and Answers

Multiple-Choice Questions (MCQs) with Answers:

Question 1.
The writer narrates three stories to give an account of his ___________.
(A) academic career
(B) life
(C) job
(D) childhood
Answer:
(B) life

Question 2.
His biological mother was-
(A) unmarried
(B) a great scholar
(C) young
(D) both (A) and (C)
Answer:
(D) both (A) and (C)

Question 3.
She was interested to put up the writer for-
(A) a change
(B) adoption
(C) a bright future
(D) none of these
Answer:
(B) adoption

Question 4.
The writer’s college was very-
(A) typical
(B) cheap
(C) expensive
(D) careful about the students
Answer:
(C) expensive

Question 5.
The writer realized the ________ of going to his college.
(A) futility
(B) importance
(C) purpose
(D) none of these
Answer:
(A) futility

Question 6.
After dropping out of the college, the writer spent a ________life.
(A) purposeless
(B) free
(C) miserable
(D) luxurious
Answer:
(C) miserable

Question 7.
Reed college was famous for__________.
(A) Anthropology
(B) Calligraphy
(C) Geography
(D) Demography
Answer:
(B) Calligraphy

Question 8.
The writer made up his mind to read-
(A) Calligraphy
(B) Geography
(C) Anthropology
(D) none of the above
Answer:
(A) Calligraphy

Question 9.
Macintosh computer was remarkable for beautiful-
(A) design
(B) typography
(C) operation
(D) all of these
Answer:
(B) typography

Question 10.
The writer firmly believes in-
(A) the doctrine Karma
(B) brotherhood
(C) destiny
(D) all of these
Answer:
(A) the doctrine Karma

Question 11.
The word ‘scary’ means –
(A) wounded
(B) reticent
(C) frightening
(D) scarce
Answer:
(C) frightening

Question 12.
Apple was bom in-
(A) Woz’s house
(B) a big building
(C) the garage of Jobs’ parents
(D) a tiny cottage
Answer:
(C) the garage of Jobs’ parents

Question 13.
Apple had ________ growth.
(A) tardy
(B) phenomenal
(C) sudden
(D) none of these
Answer:
(B) phenomenal

Question 14.
Steve Jobs had a ___________exit from his own company.
(A) disgraceful
(B) deliberate
(C) voluntary
(D) all of these
Answer:
(A) disgraceful

Question 15.
The way he was fired from Apple had a _________impact in him.
(A) magical
(B) disappointing
(C) shocking
(D) none of these
Answer:
(C) shocking

Question 16.
The phrasal verb ‘running away’ means –
(A) running in fear
(B) criticising
(C) escaping
(D) getting nervous
Answer:
(C) escaping

Question 17.
For Steve Jobs getting fired from Apple was a-
(A) disappointment
(B) blessing in disguise
(C) sort ofrelaxation
(D) none of these
Answer:
(B) blessing in disguise

Question 18.
Job’s started his life with a-
(A) failure
(B) bang
(C) ceremony
(D) none of these
Answer:
(B) bang

Question 19.
The world’s first animated feature film was-
(A) Pixar
(B) Toy Story
(C) NeXT
(D) Laurene
Answer:
(B) Toy Story

Question 20.
Jobs married life was ________.
(A) sorrowful
(B) normal
(C) spectacular
(D) none of these
Answer:
(C) spectacular

Question 21.
He was a die-hard ___________.
(A) sadistic
(B) pessimistic
(C) digmatic
(D) optimist
Answer:
(D) optimist

Question 22.
Reading one quotation was a turning point in his life, when Jobs was-
(A) 33
(B) 17
(C) 27
(D) 40
Answer:
(B) 17

Question 23.
Jobs considered death as a great –
(A) friend
(B) fortune
(C) monster
(D) none of these
Answer:
(C) monster

Question 24.
The phrase ‘fall away’ means –
(A) collapse
(B) disappear
(C) sway
(D) break
Answer:
(A) collapse

Question 25.
Jobs suffered from
(A) hypertension
(B) viral fever
(C) pancreatic cancer
(D) none of these
Answer:
(C) pancreatic cancer

Question 26.
At first the doctors opined that the disease Jobs suffered from was-
(A) curable
(B) fatal
(C) abnormal
(D) dangerous
Answer:
(B) fatal

Question 27.
The phrasal verb ‘buttoned up’ means-
(A) made a hole
(B) burned
(C) decided
(D) settled
Answer:
(D) settled

Question 28.
With second diagnosis, the doctors said pancreatic cancer was curable, thanks to __________.
(A) proper medicine
(B) surgery
(C) medicine and surgery
(D) all of these
Answer:
(B) surgery

Question 29.
Jobs interprets death in a __________manner.
(A) philosophical
(B) sceptical
(C) critical
(D) normal
Answer:
(A) philosophical

Question 30.
Which one of the following statements is true?
(A) One shouldn’t fritter away one time in idle pursuits.
(B) Courage to follow our heart and intuition is essential
(C) One should follow digmatism.
(D) Consideration of others’ opinion.is necessary
Answer:
(B) Courage to follow our heart and intuition is essential

Question 31.
Steve Jobs was highly of The Whole Earth.
(A) critical
(B) appreciative
(C) scornful
(D) none of these
Answer:
(B) appreciative

Question 32.
The ending of The Whole Earth was-
(A) boring
(B) amusing
(C) classic
(D) stereotyped
Answer:
(C) classic

Question 33.
The writer’s farewell message at Stanford University was-
(A) Education knows no end.
(B) Work is worship.
(C) Death is the end of life.
(D) Foolishness is meaningless.
Answer:
(A) Education knows no end.

Question 34.
How has Steve Jobs’ commencement speech at the Stanford University been described?
(A) Inspiring and motivational
(B) Life changing and motivating
(C) Life changing and career transforming
(D) Motivating and career changing
Answer:
(A) Inspiring and motivational

Question 35.
What was Jobs’ speech at the Stanford University about?
(A) His graduation
(B) Three stories from his life
(C) Few stories from his life
(D) How to choose a career
Answer:
(B) Three stories from his life

Question 36.
What had Jobs never did?
(A) Graduated from college
(B) Taken up a job
(C) Gone to college
(D) Had formal education
Answer:
(A) Graduated from college

Question 37.
From which college did Jobs drop out?
(A) Stanford
(B) Reed
(C) Manchester
(D) All of the above
Answer:
(B) Reed

Question 38.
For how long did he remain as a drop – in?
(A) Around a year and six months
(B) Around a year
(C) Around fifreen months
(D) Around three months
Answer:
(A) Around a year and six months

Question 39.
What was Jobs’ biological mother?
(A) An unwed teen
(B) An unemployed college graduate
(C) An unwed college graduate student
(D) A lawyer
Answer:
(C) An unwed college graduate student

Question 40.
What did Jobs’ mother decide?
(A) To put him up for adoption
(B) To send him to school
(C) To make him graduate
(D) To keep him
Answer:
(A) To put him up for adoption

Question 41.
When did Jobs’ biological mother decide to put him for adoption?
(A) When he was not yet born
(B) When he was two months old
(C) When he was six months old
(D) When he was in school
Answer:
(A) When he was not yet born

Question 42.
What did Jobs’ mother feel strongly?
(A) Jobs should be adopted by rich parents
(B) Jobs should be adopted by college graduates
(C) Jobs should be adopted by lawyers
(D) Jobs should be sent to school
Answer:
(B) Jobs should be adopted by college graduates

Question 43.
Everything was all set for Jobs to be adopted at birth by ___________.
(A) a college graduate
(B) a lawyer and his wife
(C) a rich couple
(D) a poor family
Answer:
(B) a lawyer and his wife

Question 44.
Why didn’t the lawyer and his wife adopt Jobs?
(A) They wanted a girl
(B) They had their own child
(C) They didn’t like Jobs at birth
(D) They didn’t want to send Jobs to school
Answer:
(A) They wanted a girl

Question 45.
Who got a call in the mid-night asking them whether they will be willing to adopt an unexpected baby boy?
(A) Jobs’ parents
(B) Jobs’ biological father
(C) The lawyer couple
(D) An orphanage
Answer:
(A) Jobs’ parents

Introducing the Author :
Steven Paul “Steve Jobs” (1955-2011), an American businessman, designer and inventor, is the Co-Founder, Chairman, and Chief Executive Officer of Apple Inc. Indisputably, he is one of the greatest visionaries of our times. Apple has brought Jobs wide recognition as a charismatic pioneer of the personal computer revolution.

About the Story :
This article, is Steve Job’s “life-changing” and ‘career-transforming’ speech at Stanford University in 2005. In the course of his speech, he narrates three stories in connection with his life. Each story has its own distinctiveness. The first story deals with Jobs’ birth, upbringing and education, the second his sufferings and recovery, and the third brushing with death. The writer’s farewell message is loud and clear : “Feel hungry to do more; never think that you have learnt all; when you think in this manner, you are still afool.’’ In other words, according to the speaker, learning is a never-ending process. Man’s quest for achieving more should continue till his last breath.

ବିଷୟ ସୂଚନା:
ଏହି ବିଷୟଟି ୨୦୦୫ ମସିହାରେ Stanford Universityରେ Steve Jobs ଦେଇଥ‌ିବା ‘ଜୀବନ -ପରିବର୍ତ୍ତନ’ ଏବଂ ବୃଷ୍ଟି-ପରିବର୍ତ୍ତନ ସମ୍ପର୍କିତ ଏକ ଭାଷଣ । ନିଜ ଜୀବନ ସମ୍ପର୍କିତ ତିନୋଟି ଗଳ୍ପ ସେ ବକ୍ତୃତା ଦେବା ସମୟରେ କହିଥିଲେ । ପ୍ରତ୍ୟେକ ଗଚ୍ଛର ନିଜସ୍ଵ ସ୍ଵାତନ୍ତ୍ର୍ୟ ଥିଲା । ପ୍ରଥମ ଗଳ୍ପଟି Jobsଙ୍କର ଜନ୍ମ, ଲାଳନପାଳନ ଓ ଶିକ୍ଷା, ଦ୍ବିତୀୟଟି ତାଙ୍କର ଯନ୍ତ୍ରଣା ଓ ସେଥୁରୁ ମୁକ୍ତି, ତୃତୀୟଟି ମୃତ୍ୟୁ ସମ୍ପର୍କିତ ଥିଲା । ବକ୍ତାଙ୍କର ବିଦାୟକାଳୀନ ବାର୍ତ୍ତା ଥିଲା– ଶିକ୍ଷାର ସମାପ୍ତି ନାହିଁ । ଜୀବନ ଥ‌ିବା ପର୍ଯ୍ୟନ୍ତ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ ସାଧନ ନିମନ୍ତେ ମନୁଷ୍ୟର ଅନ୍ଵେଷଣ ଜାରି ରହିବା ଉଚିତ ।

Summary :
The speaker feels himself honoured to be with the degree holders of Stanford University, one of the finest universities in the world. In the first story he narrates about his birth, upbringing and education.The speaker walks down the memory lane. He explains why he left Reed College after the first six months. The episode started before his birth. In this connection he says about his biological mother, who was a young, unmarried college graduate student.

She took a decision to put him for adoption. The lady wanted the adopted parents to be graduates. A lawyer and his wife were ready to adopt him. But after his birth they denied, as they really wanted a girl. So his foster parents who were on a waiting list adopted him. But none of them was a degree holder. Problem set in. After a few months they decided to send the boy to college. Then the lady agreed and signed the legal papers. Thus he was adopted by their foster parents, Clare and Paul Jobs. After a span of 17 years, the speaker joined Reed College which is as expensive as Stanford.

He spent the entire earnings of his working-class parents on paying his college fees. After studying six months, he found that it was of no use to continue. He was clueless about his future ambition. Besides, he was not aware of the role of the institution helping him in this respect. Therefore he dropped out of the college. Many difficulties were in store for him after he dropped out. He did not get a room. Therefore, he slept on the floor in his friends’ rooms. He returned coke bottles in exchange for the 5 shilling deposits with which he bought food. He had to walk seven miles every Sunday night to enjoy one fine meal a week at the Hare Krishna temple. The speaker suffered, but his curiosity had never abated.

Now he found himself in Reed College to read calligraphy because it was the best in imparting this course. His dropping out and unwillingness to study the normal course made Jobs learn calligraphy. He was interested to learn the technique of producing beautiful handwriting. And he succeeded in calligraphy. He learnt about different visual representations of a set of characters in typography. He knew the art of designing how text will appear when it is printed. To him, it was quite charming. The speaker’s knowledge of calligraphy helped him design the first Macintosh computer. He designed all into the Macintosh that became the first one that had a touch of beautiful typography.

Then Windows came into existence after just copying the Mac. The speaker feels his drop-out from the college was a blessing in disguise. Then the speaker throws light on the concept of connecting the ‘dots’. It means connecting the events looking backwards, instead of looking forwards. In other words, past experiences can help one look forwards to one’s future. Jobs’ study of typography in Reed College and designing the first computer Mac is a case in point. The speaker narrates his second story that deals with love and loss. It was fortunate of him to do something dear to his heart early in life. At the age of twenty Jobs and his school mate Woz started Apple in his father’s garage. Their 10-year toil witnessed an astonishing $ 2 billion company with over 4,000 employees at its disposal. At the age of thirty, his finest creation, the Macintosh came to light.

Misfortune frowned upon him. Apple Inc. grew phenomenally and it demanded the inclusion of another hired talented person with him. First year was quite fine. After that their visions of the future began to differ. At last their friendship came to an end. At that moment the Board of Directors lent support to the hired employee, but not to the Co-Founder of the company. The inevitable happened. Jobs lost his position in the Apple Inc, when he was 30. The dedication of his entire youthful life was torn apart. Dismissal from the Apple Inc. had a terribly shocking effect on Jobs. He felt utterly confused. He was seized with a feeling for he had disappointed the previous generations of entrepreneurs. He went to the extent of apologizing David Packard and Bob Noyce for spoiling something badly, but in vain. He felt himself to be a collossal failure and even thought of escaping the place.

Every cloud has a silver lining. Something new slowly soared. The despair he had experienced became a thing of the past. Jobs made up his mind to start his life afresh. He now entered ‘the most creative moments’ of his life. In a span of five years, Jobs set up a company – NeXT, another one named Pixar; the latter became the creator of the world’s first computer animated feature film, Toy Story. At last Apple purchased NeXT. It marked Jobs’s return to Apple Inc. This period also marked his love affair with Laurene and their marriage. The speaker is sure of one thing : His dismissal from Apple was a blessing in disguise. Patience rewarded him. At times fate drives a person to a state of misery.

Sorrows and sufferings are inseparable part of life. Therefore, instead of losing, heart man should develop an unflinching faith in him. Jobs is a classic example. He advises everyone not to be stagnant but to strive for the work which is close to his heart. A
person should enjoy what he does. Jobs narrates his third story that deals with death. At the age of 17, he read a quotation, “If you live each day as if it was your last, someday you’ll most certainly be right.” The quotation on death greatly affected Jobs. In the meantime, thirty-three years have flown by. Ever since, not a day has passed without looking himself in the mirror and asking himself if he would do his work that day, if it was the last day of his survival.

Consciousness of death deeply inspired Jobs. It was instrumental in making important choices in his life, because death leaves “What is truly important” untouched. Death puts paid to all outward expectations, all pride and all fear of vexation or failure. Awareness of death is the best way to come out of our negative mind-set. Jobs suffered from a type of pancreatic cancer. The doctor told him this type of cancer is almost incurable and therefore, he was not expected to live beyond three to six months. The doctor advised him to go home and settle everything for the interest of the family.

Time was too short for him. He was advised to share his future plans with his wife and children. He should be sure of sorting out everything so that his family might accpet his preparation for death with as little pain as possible. Jobs’ diagnosis continued. He underwent a biopsy. An endoscopic test revealed the existence of few cells in the tumour. The sight of these cells under a microscope moved the doctors to tears, because it was a rare form of pancreatic cancer that surgery could cure. As a result of surgery, he was cured. He is hale and hearty now. He faced death at its closest.

An optimist as he is, Jobs views death as a helpful but completely intellectual concept. No one wants death. And yet death in unavoidable. No one has ever got rid of its inevitability. Death is an agent of life’s change. It replaces new for the old. Man becomes gradually old and dies eventually. Jobs appeals to the gathering not to fritter away their time in doing what others say, because life is too short. Death comes to all. Instead of being dogmatic, they should act in response to their inner voice. In a deceptive world like this, they must follow their heart and intuition with great courage. This is most important in the face of death.

Jobs throws light on Stewart Brand’s “The Whole Earth Catalog”, a wonderful publication, one of the bibles of his generation. In his view, it was idealistic and packed with flawless great ideas. The words, “Stay Hungry. Stay Foolish”, printed in final issue compelled his attention. Jobs’ farewell message to the students is to feel hungry to do more all the time and desist from thinking that they have learnt all. Such thinking, he says, proves their foolishness.

ସାରାଂଶ :

ପୃଥ‌ିବୀର ଅନ୍ୟତମ ଉତ୍କୃଷ୍ଟ ବିଶ୍ଵବିଦ୍ୟାଳୟ Stanfordର ଡିଗ୍ରୀଧାରୀଙ୍କ ଗହଣରେ ଥ‌ିବାରୁ ବକ୍ତା Jobs ନିଜକୁ ଧନ୍ୟ ମନେ କରିଛନ୍ତି । ପ୍ରଥମ ଗଳ୍ପରେ ସେ ନିଜର ଜନ୍ମ, ଲାଳନପାଳନ ଓ ଶିକ୍ଷା ବିଷୟରେ ବର୍ଣ୍ଣନା କରିଛନ୍ତି । ବକ୍ତା ନିଜର ସ୍ମୃତିଚାରଣ କରିଛନ୍ତି । ଛଅ ମାସ ପରେ ସେ କାହିଁକି Reed College ଛାଡ଼ିଦେଲେ ତା’ର କାରଣ କହିଛନ୍ତି । ତାଙ୍କ ଜନ୍ମ ପୂର୍ବରୁ ଏ ବୃତ୍ତାନ୍ତ ଆରମ୍ଭ ହୋଇଥିଲା । ଏହି ସମ୍ପର୍କରେ ସେ ତାଙ୍କ ଜନ୍ମଦାତ୍ରୀ ମା’ଙ୍କ କଥା ବର୍ଣ୍ଣନା କରିଛନ୍ତି ଯିଏକି ଥିଲେ ଜଣେ ଯୁବା, ଅବିବାହିତା ମହାବିଦ୍ୟାଳୟରେ ଅଧ୍ୟୟନରତା ସ୍ନାତକ ଛାତ୍ରୀ । ସେ ତାଙ୍କୁ ପୋଷ୍ୟପୁତ୍ର ଭାବେ ପ୍ରଦାନ କରିବାକୁ ନିଷ୍ପତି ନେଇଥିଲେ । ମହାବିଦ୍ୟାଳୟର ଡିଗ୍ରୀଧାରୀମାନେ ତାଙ୍କୁ ପୋଷ୍ୟପୁତ୍ର ଭାବେ ଗ୍ରହଣ କରନ୍ତୁ ବୋଲି ମହିଳାଜଣକ ଚାହିଁଥିଲେ । ଏକ ଓକିଲ ଦମ୍ପତି ତାଙ୍କୁ ପୋଷ୍ୟପୁତ୍ରଭାବେ ଗ୍ରହଣ କରିବାକୁ ରାଜି ହୋଇଥିଲେ । କିନ୍ତୁ ତାଙ୍କ ଜନ୍ମ ପରେ ସେମାନେ ଝିଅଟି ଦରକାର ଥିଲା ବୋଲି କହି ମନା କରିଦେଲେ । ତେଣୁ ଅପେକ୍ଷା ତାଲିକାରେ ଥ‌ିବା ତାଙ୍କ ପାଳକ ପିତାମାତା ତାଙ୍କୁ ପୋଷ୍ୟପୁତ୍ରଭାବେ ଗ୍ରହଣ କଲେ । ମାତ୍ର ପରେ ଜଣାପଡ଼ିଲା ଯେ ପାଳକ ପିତାମାତାଙ୍କ ମଧ୍ୟରୁ କେହି ଡିଗ୍ରୀଧାରୀ ନ ଥିଲେ । ସମସ୍ୟାର ସମାଧାନ ହୋଇଗଲା । ଅଳ୍ପ କେଲ ମାସ୍ ପରେ ସେମାନେ ତାଙ୍କୁ ମହାବିଦ୍ୟାଳୟକୁ ପଠାଇବେ ବୋଲି ପ୍ରତିଜ୍ଞା କରିବାରୁ ମହିଳା ଜଣକ ରାଜି ହୋଇଗଲେ ଓ ଆଇନଗତ କାଗଜପତ୍ରରେ ଦସ୍ତଖତ କଲେ । ଏହିପରି ଭାବେ ସେ ପାଳକ ପିତାମାତା Clare ଏବଂ Paul Jobsଦ୍ଵାରା ପୋଷ୍ୟପୁତ୍ର ଭାବେ ଗୃହୀତ ହେଲେ ।

ସତର ବର୍ଷ ପରେ ବକ୍ତା Stanford ପରି ବ୍ୟୟବହୁଳ Reed ବିଦ୍ୟାଳୟକୁ ପଢ଼ିବାକୁ ଗଲେ । ତାଙ୍କର କର୍ମଜୀବୀ ପିତାମାତାଙ୍କର ସମସ୍ତ ରୋଜଗାର ତାଙ୍କର କଲେଜ ଦରମା ବାବଦରେ ଖର୍ଚ୍ଚ ହୋଇଗଲା । ଛଅ ମାସ ପରେ ସେଠାରେ ପଢ଼ିବାର ଆବଶ୍ୟକତା ନାହିଁ ବୋଲି ସେ ଜାଣିପାରିଲେ । ଭବିଷ୍ୟତ ଲକ୍ଷ୍ୟ ସମ୍ପର୍କରେ ସେ ସନ୍ଦିହାନ ଥିଲେ । ଅନୁଷ୍ଠାନଟି ତାଙ୍କୁ ଏ ବାବଦରେ କିଛି ସାହାଯ୍ୟ କରିପାରିବ ବୋଲି ସେ ଭାବି ପାରିଲେ ନାହିଁ । ତେଣୁ ସେ କଲେଜ ପଢ଼ା ଛାଡ଼ିଦେଲେ । ଏହାପରେ ସେ ଅନେକ ପ୍ରତିବନ୍ଧକର ସମ୍ମୁଖୀନ ହେଲେ । ସେ କୋଠରିଟିଏ ପାଇଲେ ନାହିଁ । ଫଳରେ ସେ ସାଙ୍ଗମାନଙ୍କ କୋଠରିର ଚଟାଣ ଉପରେ ଶୋଇଲେ । ସେ coke ବୋତଲ ପ୍ରତିବଦଳରେ ଯେଉଁ ପାଞ୍ଚ ସିଲିଙ୍ଗ୍ ପାଉଥିଲେ ସେଥ‌ିରେ ଖାଦ୍ୟ କିଣୁଥିଲେ । ପ୍ରତ୍ୟେକ ରବିବାର ରାତିରେ ଥରେ ଭଲ ଖାଦ୍ୟ ଖାଇବାପାଇଁ ସେ ସାତ ମାଇଲ୍ ଦୂରରେ ଥ‌ିବା ହରେକୃଷ୍ଣ ମନ୍ଦିରକୁ ଚାଲିଚାଲି ଯାଉଥିଲେ ।

Jobs ବହୁତ କଷ୍ଟ ଭୋଗିଛନ୍ତି, କିନ୍ତୁ ତାଙ୍କର କୌତୂହଳ କେବେ ଲୋପ ପାଇଯାଇ ନାହିଁ । ପୁନଶ୍ଚ ସେ ହସ୍ତାକ୍ଷର ଲିଖନକଳା ଅଧ୍ୟୟନ ନିମନ୍ତେ Reed ମହାବିଦ୍ୟାଳୟକୁ ଗଲେ । ହସ୍ତାକ୍ଷର ଲିଖନକଳା ଶିକ୍ଷା ଦେବାରେ Reed ଥିଲା ସର୍ବୋତ୍କୃଷ୍ଟ ମହାବିଦ୍ୟାଳୟ । ସାଧାରଣ ପାଠପଢ଼ା ପ୍ରତି ଅନିଚ୍ଛା ତାଙ୍କୁ ହସ୍ତାକ୍ଷର ଲିଖନକଳା ଶିକ୍ଷା କରିବାରେ ସହାୟକ ହେଲା। ସୁନ୍ଦର ହସ୍ତାକ୍ଷର ଲିଖନ କୌଶଳ ଶିକ୍ଷା ପାଇଁ ସେ ଆଗ୍ରହୀ ଥିଲେ । ସେ ଏଥ‌ିରେ ସଫଳତା ପାଇଲେ । ମୁଦ୍ରଣ ପରେ ପାଠ୍ୟବିଷୟ କିପରି ଦେଖାଯିବ ତାହାର ନକ୍‌ସାଙ୍କନ କଳା ସେ ଜାଣିଥିଲେ । ଏହା ତାଙ୍କ ପାଇଁ ଉପଭୋଗ୍ୟ ମୁଦ୍ରଣ ପରେ ପାଠ୍ୟବିଷୟ କିପରି ଦେଖାଯିବ ତାହାର ନକ୍‌ସାଙ୍କନ କଳା ସେ ଜାଣିଥିଲେ । ଏହା ତାଙ୍କ ପାଇଁ ଉପଭୋଗ୍ୟ ଥିଲା । ବକ୍ତାଙ୍କର ହସ୍ତାକ୍ଷର ଲିଖନକଳାରେ ଜ୍ଞାନ ପ୍ରଥମ Macintosh କମ୍ପ୍ୟୁଟର ନକ୍‌ସାଙ୍କନରେ ସହାୟକ ହୋଇଥିଲା ! ସୁନ୍ଦରଭାବେ ମୁଦ୍ରଣ କରିବାରେ Macintosh ପୃଥ‌ିବୀର ପ୍ରଥମ କମ୍ପ୍ୟୁଟର ଥିଲା । ତେଣୁ କଲେଜ ଛାଡ଼ିବା ତାଙ୍କ ପାଇଁ ପରୋକ୍ଷରେ ଆଶୀର୍ବାଦ ଥିଲା ବୋଲି ବକ୍ତା କହିଛନ୍ତି । ଏହାପରେ Jobs ଘଟଣାସମୂହର ସଂଯୋଗ ବିଷୟରେ ତାଙ୍କର ମତପୋଷଣ କରିଛନ୍ତି । ଏହାର ଅର୍ଥ ଭବିଷ୍ୟତକୁ ନ ଚାହିଁ ଅତୀତର ଘଟଣାବଳୀ ସହ ବର୍ତ୍ତମାନକୁ ସଂଯୋଗ କରିବା । ଅନ୍ୟ ଅର୍ଥରେ Jobsଙ୍କର ଅଭିଜ୍ଞତା ଜଣକୁ ଭବିଷ୍ୟତରେ ଆଗକୁ ବଢ଼ିବାରେ ସାହାଯ୍ୟ କରେ । Reed କଲେଜରେ Jobsଙ୍କର ଅତୀତର ମୁଦ୍ରଣବିଦ୍ୟା ଅଧ୍ୟୟନ ଓ ପ୍ରଥମ କମ୍ପ୍ୟୁଟର Macର ନକ୍‌ସାଙ୍କନ ଏହାର ଜ୍ଵଳନ୍ତ ଉଦାହରଣ ।

ବକ୍ତା ତାଙ୍କ ଜୀବନର ଦ୍ବିତୀୟ କାହାଣୀକୁ ବର୍ଣ୍ଣନା କରିଛନ୍ତି ଯାହାକି ଭଲ ପାଇବା ଓ ହରାଇବା ସହ ଜଡ଼ିତ । ଜୀବନର ପ୍ରାରମ୍ଭରେ ହୃଦୟ ଚାହୁଁଥ‌ିବା କିଛି ଜିନିଷ କରିବା ତାଙ୍କ ପାଇଁ ସୌଭାଗ୍ୟକର ଥିଲା । ୨୦ ବର୍ଷ ବୟସରେ Jobs ଏବଂ ତାଙ୍କ ବିଦ୍ୟାଳୟ ସାଥୀ Woz ତାଙ୍କ ପିତାମାତାଙ୍କ ଗ୍ୟାରେଜରେ Apple କମ୍ପାନୀ ଆରମ୍ଭ କରିଥିଲେ । ସେମାନଙ୍କର ଦଶବର୍ଷର କଠିନ ପରିଶ୍ରମ ଫଳରେ ଏହା ଆଶ୍ଚର୍ଯ୍ୟଜନକଭାବେ ୪୦୦୦ କର୍ମଚାରୀ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟରତ ୨୦୦ ନିୟୁତ ଡଲାରର କମ୍ପାନୀରେ ପରିବର୍ତ୍ତିତ ହେଲା । ତାଙ୍କୁ ୩୦ ବର୍ଷ ହୋଇଥିବାବେଳେ ତାଙ୍କଦ୍ୱାରା ସୃଷ୍ଟ Macintosh କମ୍ପ୍ୟୁଟର ବଜାରକୁ ଆସିଲା । ତାଙ୍କ ଉପରେ ଦାଉ ସାଧୁ । Apple କମ୍ପାନୀ ଅବିଶ୍ଵସନୀୟ ଭାବରେ ବଢ଼ି ଚାଲିଲା । ଏହାର ଦୁର୍ଭାଗ୍ୟ ତାଙ୍କ ଉପରେ ଦାଉ ସାଧୁ । Apple କମ୍ପାନୀ ଅବିଶ୍ଵସନୀୟ ଭାବରେ ବଢ଼ି ଚାଲିଲା । ଏହାର ପରିଚାଳନା ପାଇଁ ଆଉ ଜଣେ ପ୍ରତିଭାସମ୍ପନ୍ନ ବ୍ୟକ୍ତିଙ୍କୁ ଅଣାଗଲା । ପ୍ରଥମ ବର୍ଷ ଭଲରେ କଟିଲା । ପରେ ସେମାନଙ୍କର ପକ୍ଷ ନେବା ବଦଳରେ ପରିଚାଳନାମଣ୍ଡଳୀ ନିଯୁକ୍ତିପ୍ରାପ୍ତ କର୍ମଚାରୀଙ୍କ ପକ୍ଷ ନେଲେ । ଫଳରେ ଅଘଟଣ ଘଟିଲା । Jobs Apple କମ୍ପାନୀରୁ ବିତାଡ଼ିତ ହେଲେ । ସେତେବେଳକୁ ତାଙ୍କୁ ମାତ୍ର ୩୦ ବର୍ଷ । ସମଗ୍ର ଯୌବନର ପ୍ରଚେଷ୍ଟା ଧୂଳିସାତ୍ ହୋଇଗଲା ।

Apple କମ୍ପାନୀରୁ ବହିଷ୍କୃତ ହେବା Jobsଙ୍କୁ ଗଭୀର ଭାବରେ ମର୍ମାହତ କରିଥିଲା । ସେ କିଂକର୍ତ୍ତବ୍ୟବିମୂଢ଼ ହୋଇଗଲେ । ସେ ପରବର୍ତ୍ତୀ ଯୁବ ଉଦ୍ୟୋଗୀ ପିଢ଼ିକୁ ନିରାଶ କରିଛନ୍ତି ବୋଲି ଭାବି ହତାଶ ହେଲେ । ଏପରିକି David Packard ଓ Bob Noyceଙ୍କୁ ଏହାର ସମାଧାନ ପାଇଁ କ୍ଷମା ପ୍ରାର୍ଥନା କରିଥିଲେ, କିନ୍ତୁ ସେମାନେ କିଛି ଶୁଣି ନ ଥିଲେ । ସେ ନିଜକୁ ଅସଫଳ ମନେ କରିଥିଲେ । ଏପରିକି ସେ ସ୍ଥାନରୁ ପଳାୟନ କରିବାପାଇଁ ଇଚ୍ଛା କରିଥିଲେ । ମାତ୍ର ପ୍ରତ୍ୟେକ ଦୁର୍ଭାଗ୍ୟ ପଶ୍ଚାତ୍‌ରେ ସୌଭାଗ୍ୟ ଲୁଚି ରହିଥାଏ । ତାଙ୍କର ଅସଫଳତା ତାଙ୍କପାଇଁ ଅତୀତ ଥିଲା । ଜୀବନକୁ ଆଉଥରେ ଆରମ୍ଭ କରିବାକୁ Jobs ମନୋନିବେଶ କରିଥିଲେ । ତାଙ୍କ ଜୀବନର ସବୁଠାରୁ ସୃଜନଶୀଳ ସମୟ ମଧ୍ୟକୁ ସେ ପ୍ରବେଶ କଲେ । ପାଞ୍ଚ ବର୍ଷର ଅବଧୂ ମଧ୍ଯରେ Jobs ଏକ ନୂଆ କମ୍ପାନୀ NeXT ଏବଂ ତା’ପରେ Pixar ସ୍ଥାପନ କଲେ । ପୃଥ‌ିବୀର ପ୍ରଥମ କମ୍ପ୍ୟୁଟର ତିଆରି ଚଳନ୍ତି ଚଳଚ୍ଚିତ୍ର Toy Storyର ସୃଷ୍ଟିକର୍ତ୍ତା ହେଲା Pixar ସର୍ବଶେଷରେ Apple NeXT କମ୍ପାନୀକୁ କିଣିନେଲା । ଏହା ଫଳରେ Jobs ପୁନଶ୍ଚ Apple କମ୍ପାନୀକୁ ଫେରିଗଲେ । ଏହି ସମୟ Laureneଙ୍କ ସହିତ ତାଙ୍କର ପ୍ରେମ ଓ ବିବାହର ସ୍ବାକ୍ଷର ବହନ କରିଥିଲା ।

Jobsଙ୍କର ନିଶ୍ଚିତ ହୋଇଥିଲେ Apple କମ୍ପାନୀରୁ ବିତାଡ଼ିତ ହେବା ତାଙ୍କ ପାଇଁ ପରୋକ୍ଷରେ ଆଶୀର୍ବାଦ ଥିଲା । ଧୈର୍ଯ୍ୟ ତାଙ୍କୁ ପୁରସ୍କୃତ କରିଥିଲା। ସମୟ ସମୟରେ ଭାଗ୍ୟ ମଣିଷକୁ ଦୁଃଖାବସ୍ଥା ମଧ୍ୟକୁ ଟାଣିନିଏ । ଦୁଃଖ ଏବଂ ସୁଖ ଜୀବନର ଅବିଚ୍ଛେଦ୍ୟ ଅଙ୍ଗ । ତେଣୁ ନିରୁତ୍ସାହିତ ନ ହୋଇ ମଣିଷ ନିଜ ଉପରେ ଦୃଢ଼ ବିଶ୍ଵାସ ରଖୁ ଉଚିତ । Jobs ଏହାର ଏକ ସୁନ୍ଦର ଉଦାହରଣ । ସେ ଉପଦେଶ ଦେଇ କହିଛନ୍ତି ଯେ ପ୍ରତ୍ୟେକ ବ୍ୟକ୍ତି ସ୍ଥାଣୁ ନ ହୋଇ ନିଜେ ଭଲ ପାଉଥ‌ିବା କାମ କରିବାକୁ ପ୍ରୟାସ କରିବା ଉଚିତ । ପ୍ରତ୍ୟେକ ନିଜର କାର୍ଯ୍ୟକୁ ଉପଭୋଗ କରିବା ଉଚିତ ।

Jobs ତାଙ୍କ ମୃତ୍ୟୁ ସମ୍ପର୍କିତ ତୃତୀୟ ଗଳ୍ପଟି ବଣ୍ଣନା କରିଛନ୍ତି । ଯେତେବେଳେ ତାଙ୍କୁ ସତର ବର୍ଷ ହୋଇଥିଲା, ସେ ଏକ ଉଦ୍ଧୃତାଂଶ ପଢ଼ିଥିଲେ, : ‘ତୁମେ ଯଦି ପ୍ରତ୍ୟେକ ଦିନକୁ ଜୀବନର ଶେଷ ଦିନ ମନେକରି ବଞ୍ଚ, ତେବେ ଦିନ ଆସିବ ତୁମେ ନିଶ୍ଚିତରୂପେ ଠିକ୍ ବୋଲି ପ୍ରମାଣିତ ହେବ ।’’ଏହା Jobsଙ୍କ ଉପରେ ପ୍ରଭାବ ପକାଇଥିଲା । ଇତ୍ୟବସରରେ ତେତିଶ ବର୍ଷ ବିତିଗଲାଣି । ଏପରି କୌଣସି ଦିନ ଯାଇନାହିଁ ଯେଉଁଦିନ ଦର୍ପଣକୁ ଅନାଇ ସେ ନିଜକୁ ପଚାରିନାହାନ୍ତି ଯେ ଯଦି ଏହା ତାଙ୍କ ଜୀବନର ଶେଷଦିନ ତେବେ ସେ କ’ଣ ତାଙ୍କର ସେଦିନର କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ କରିପାରିଛନ୍ତି । ମୃତ୍ୟୁର ଚେତନା Jobsଙ୍କୁ ଗଭୀରଭାବେ ପ୍ରେରଣା ଦେଇଥିଲା । ଏଥୋଗୁଁ ତାଙ୍କ ଜୀବନରେ ସେ ବହୁତ ଗୁରୁତ୍ଵପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ ନିଷ୍ପତ୍ତି ନେଇ ପାରିଥିଲେ । ପ୍ରକୃତ ଗୁରୁତ୍ଵପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ ଜିନିଷକୁ ମୃତ୍ୟୁ ସ୍ପର୍ଶ କରିପାରେ ନାହିଁ । ମୃତ୍ୟୁ ସମସ୍ତ ବାହ୍ୟ ଆଶା, ସବୁ ଗର୍ବ ଏବଂ ପରାଜୟର ଅନୁଶୋଚନାକୁ ନିଶ୍ଚିହ୍ନ କରିଦିଏ । ଆମମାନଙ୍କୁ ନକାରାତ୍ମକ ମାନସିକତାରୁ ମୁକୁଳିବାର ସର୍ବଶ୍ରେଷ୍ଠ ମାର୍ଗ ହେଉଛି ମୃତ୍ୟୁ ସଚେତନତା ।

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Odisha State Board CHSE Odisha Class 12 Invitation to English 1 Solutions Poem 3 A Psalm of Life Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Class 12th Invitation English Poem Chapter 3 A Psalm of Life Question Answers CHSE Odisha

A Psalm of Life Class 12 Questions and Answers

Think it out

Question 1.
Does the title suggest what the poem is about?
Answer:
Yes, the title suggests what the poem is about. This poem is called ‘psalm’ because it lays stress on certain basic values of life.

Question 2.
What does the poet say about ‘life’ in the first stanza?
Answer:
In the first stanza, the poet says that life is not a meaningless dream. Inactivity is as good as death. The life of an idle man is of no use. He also says that people with a gloomy view of life do not understand the language of reality.

Question 3.
What does the poet mean by ‘Life is real! Life is earnest!’?
Answer:
By ‘Life is real !’ Life is earnest!’, the poet means life is purposeful as well as serious. It should not be treated lightly. These two sentences constitute the positive assertion of the poet.

Question 4.
What is the poet’s observation on the ‘soul’?
Answer:
The poet’s observation on the ‘soul’ is that one who sleeps and dreams in one’s sleep is really a dead man.

Question 5.
Quote the line which means – ‘death is not the goal of life’.
Answer:
The line ‘And the grave is not its goal’ means – ‘death is not the goal of life.’

Question 6.
What attitude does the poet challenge in the first two stanzas? Is the attitude of the poet positive or negative?
Answer:
The poet challenges the negative attitude in the first two stanzas. The poet’s attitude is positive out and out.

Question 7.
‘Dust thou art, to dust thou returnest’ – This expression alludes to the Bible. What are the other lines in the poem that make an allusion to the Bible?
Answer:
The lines, Life is real! Life is earnest! Be not like dumb, driven cattle! make an allusion to the Bible.

Question 8.
What does the poet say about the goal of life in Stanza 3?
Answer:
The poet says that the goal of life is neither enjoyment nor despair. Instead, it is action that constitutes the hall-mark of life. A man must steadily advance along the road to perfection.

Question 9.
What is the poet’s observation on ‘Art’?
Answer:
In the poet’s view, ‘Art’ – the creation of the beautiful is not short-lived. It stands the ravaging force of time. In other words, ‘Art’ is timless.

Question 10.
‘Be a hero in the strife !’ – is it an inspiring call of the poet? What other things does the poet urge us to do?
Answer:
Yes, it is, undoubtedly, an inspiring call of the poet. The poet urges us to prefer the ‘present’ to ‘past’ and ‘future’, to act, to be confident, learn to work hard and wait for rewards.

Question 11.
Why does the poet prefer the ‘present’ to ‘past’ and ‘future’?
Answer:
The poet prefers the ‘present’ to ‘past’ and ‘future’ because the present is the reality, the ‘future’ is uncertain and the ‘past’ brings us sorrow.

Question 12.
What do the lives of great men remind us of?
Answer:
The lives of great men remind us to make our life noble.

Question 13.
How do the examples of great men help a person in distress?
Answer:
The examples of great men serve as a source of inspiration to a person in distress. Besides, they give him great confidence to overcome hardships in life.

Question 14.
How can we make our life sublime? (last stanza)
Answer:
We can make our life sublime by drawing inspiration from the glorious deeds left by great men ‘on the sand of time’.

Question 15.
Do you find each stanza has four lines rhyming alternately at the end and each .stanza has a recurrent rhythm pattern : 8 syllables, 7 syllables, 8 syllables, 7 syllables? What is the rhyme scheme of the poem?
Answer:
Yes, every stanza has four lines rhyming alternately at the end and each stanza has a recurrent rhyme pattern. The rhyme scheme of the poem is abab.

Question 16.
The poet uses some depressing words as ‘mournful’, ‘empty’, ‘dead’, ‘grave’. What other such words does he use in the poem?
Answer:
The poet uses other depressing words such as ‘muffled drums’, ‘funeral’, ‘bury’, ‘departing’, and ‘forlorn’.

Question 17.
What is the tone of the poem – inspring or despairing?
Answer:
The tone of the poem is inspiring.

Question 18.
‘Simile’ is a figure of speech making comparison between two unlike things based on a similarity in one aspect. Ex: ‘Still, like muffled drums…’ (Stanza 4, line 3). What other similes do you find in the poem?
Answer:
The other similes we find in the poem are ‘be not like dumb, driven cattle ’ (stanza 5, line 3), ‘Be a hero in the strife.’ (Stanza 5, line 4).

Question 19.
“Life is but an empty dream !” – what figure of speech is used here? Quote another line of the same stanza in which this figure of speech is used.
Answer:
The figure of speech used here is a ‘metaphor’. Another line of the same stanza

CHSE Odisha Class 12 English A Psalm of Life Important Questions and Answers

l. Multiple-Choice Questions (MCQs) with Answers

Question 1.
The first stanza here indicates the poet’s -?
(A) calm acceptance of fife
(B) blunt rejection of a pessimistic attitude to life.
(C) dream of life
(D) all of these
Answer:
(B) blunt rejection of a pessimistic attitude to life .

Question 2.
The line ‘For the soul is dead that slumbers’ has a reference to the -?
(A) Bible
(B) philosophy of life
(C) the poet’s spiritualism
(D) none of these
Answer:
(A) Bible

Question 3.
The word ‘grave’ means -?
(A) serious
(B) arrogant
(C) death
(D) disease
Answer:
(C) death

Question 4.
Which one of the following statements is false?
(A) The essence of life is action.
(B) Life lies in meditation.
(C) There is no room for enjoyment in life.
(D) none of these
Answer:
(B) Life lies in meditation.

Question 5.
Time ______________?
(A) moves slowly
(B) temporal
(C) flees fast
(D) all of these
Answer:
(C) flees fast

Question 6.
The expression ‘like muffled drums’ signifies a tone of -?
(A) disbelief
(B) seriousness
(C) music
(D) exuberance
Answer:
(B) seriousness

Question 7.
The word‘strife’means -?
(A) the rough and tumble of life
(B) challenge
(C) wrangle
(D) noise
Answer:
(A) the rough and tumble of life

Question 8.
The line ‘Heart within, and God o’erhead’ bears the stamp of the poet’s?
(A) unflinching sincerity
(B) infinite patience
(C) belief in God
(D) both (A) and (C)
Answer:
(D) both (A) and (C)

Question 9.
The word ‘foot-prints’ means?
(A) signs of foot
(B) glorious deeds
(C) symbols
(D) none of these
Answer:
(B) glorious deeds

Question 10.
Let us then be up and doing. Does this mean?
(A) elevated
(B) exalted
(C) active
(D) accelerate
Answer:
(C) active

Question 11.
What year the poem ‘A Psalm of Life’ was written?
(A) 1810
(B) 1870
(C) 1880
(D) 1838
Answer:
(D) 1838

Question 12.
What is a‘Psalm’?
(A) a story
(B) an instruction
(C) a way of life
(D) a hymn
Answer:
(D) a hymn

Question 13.
Who does the poet address in the opening lines of the poem ‘A Psalm of Life’?
(A) the readers
(B) his friends
(C) those who say life is unreal
(D) those who mourn
Answer:
(C) those who say life is unreal

Question 14.
Who say in mournful numbers that life is but an empty dream?
(A) pessimist
(B) poets
(C) churches
(D) some people
Answer:
(A) pessimist

Question 15.
The poem was included in the collection?
(A) Poem on slavery
(B) Voices of the right
(C) The courtship of miles standish
(D) Tales from a wayside inn
Answer:
(B) Voices of the right

Question 16.
Who is the speaker?
(A) a narrator
(B) a psalmist
(C) God
(D) a young man
Answer:
(D) a young man

Question 17.
The main thing the young man advises is to ___________________?
(A) think
(B) act
(C) question
(D) pray
Answer:
(B) act

Question 18.
The young man does not want to hear that life is ___________________?
(A) an empty clream
(B) completed
(C) hard
(D) soft
Answer:
(A) an empty clream

Question 19.
Heartbeats are compared to _____________________?
(A) waves
(B) footsteps
(C) lightning
(D) drums
Answer:
(D) drums

Question 20.
Life is compared to a ________________?
(A) book
(B) garden
(C) battlefield
(D) sky
Answer:
(C) battlefield

Question 21.
What animal does the young man not want?
(A) cattle
(B) donkey
(C) pigs
(D) sheep
Answer:
(A) cattle

Question 22.
Life is also compared to an _________________?
(A) ocean
(B) sky
(C) forest
(D) mountain
Answer:
(A) ocean

Question 23.
We must learn to labour and to _________________?
(A) ask
(B) win
(C) die
(D) wait
Answer:
(D) wait

Question 24.
The tone is _________________________?
(A) angry
(B) optimistic
(C) bleak
(D) confused
Answer:
(B) optimistic

Question 25.
The young man advocated living _______________?
(A) heroically
(B) passively
(C) dominantly
(D) vacantly
Answer:
(A) heroically

Question 26.
How is a soul that is inactive?
(A) sluggish
(B) slow
(C) dead
(D) useless
Answer:
(A) sluggish

Question 27.
According to the poet, things are not ___________________?
(A) what they look
(B) what they seem
(C) how they feel
(D) how they act
Answer:
(B) what they seem

Question 28.
What is not the aim of life?
(A) earning money
(B) living like a dead man
(C) death
(D) working like donkey
Answer:
(C) death

Question 29.
What is not life’s goal?
(A) riches
(B) power
(C) religion
(D) grave
Answer:
(D) grave

Question 30.
The poet advises us not to dwell in the?
(A) day dreams
(B) past
(C) future
(D) present
Answer:
(B) past

Question 31.
What should we do?
(A) Live in the present
(B) Believe in God
(C) Trust no future
(D) All of the above
Answer:
(D) All of the above

Question 32.
Why should we live in the present?
(A) Because this is what is correct
(B) Because it will make the God happy
(C) Because we have control over our past .
(D) Because we cannot change our future
Answer:
(A) Because this is what is correct

Question 33.
What do lives of great men remind us of?
(A) How we can live in present
(B) How not to dwell in the past
(C) We can make our lives noble
(D) We can be heroes of the battle
Answer:
(C) We can make our lives noble

Question 34.
What do we leave behind when we die?
(A) Our good deeds
(B) Out past
(C) Our mark
(D) Our riches
Answer:
(A) Our good deeds

Question 35.
Where do we leave our footprints?
(A) On the sands
(B) On time
(C) In the history
(D) Quicksand
Answer:
(C) In the history

Question 36.
Whom will our sublime lives inspire?
(A) Those who progress on the path of sublimity
(B) those who live in present
(C) Those who make their future good
(D) Those who strive to success
Answer:
(A) Those who progress on the path of sublimity

Question 37.
Lives of great men also inspire those who have failed in life and feel?
(A) hopeless
(B) lost in the ocean of life
(C) motivated
(D) wrecked
Answer:
(B) lost in the ocean of life

Question 38.
How would the lives of noble men help those in distress?
(A) By calming them
(B) By showing them good future
(C) By inspiring and making them optimistic
(D) By telling them motivating tales
Answer:
(C) By inspiring and making them optimistic

Question 39.
What does “With a heart for any fate” mean?
(A) Ready to face any situation
(B) Ready whole heartedly
(C) Ready to lead a hearty life
(D) Ready for future
Answer:
(A) Ready to face any situation

Question 40.
What does the poet advice the readers?
(A) To work and progress
(B) To labour and have patience
(C) To learn and prosper
(D) Have a fearless heart
Answer:
(B) To labour and have patience

Question 41.
What is fleeting?
(A) Life
(B) Time
(C) Noble deeds
(D) Death
Answer:
(B) Time

Question 42.
What does ‘Still achieving, still pursuing” mean?
(A) Continuously making progress and seeking improvement
(B) Leading a successful and inspiring life
(C) Never submit and fighting continuously
(D) Always achieving and pursuing
Answer:
(A) Continuously making progress and seeking improvement

Question 43.
Henry Wadsworth Longfellow is a/an _______________ poet?
(A) English
(B) American
(C) Irish
(D) Scottish
Answer:
(B) American

II. Short Type Questions with Answers

Question 1.
What does the poet say about ‘life’?
Answer:
The poet says that life is not a meaningless dream. Inactivity is as good as death. The life of an idle man is of no use. He also says that people with a gloomy view of life do not understand the language of reality.

Question 2.
What does the poet mean by ‘Life is real! Life is earnest!’?
Answer:
By ‘Life is real!’ Life is earnest!’, the poet means life is purposeful as well as serious. It should not be treated lightly. These two sentences constitute the positive assertion of the poet.

Question 3.
What is the poet’s observation on the ‘soul’?
Answer:
The poet’s observation on ‘soul’ is that one who sleeps and dreams in one’s sleep is really a dead man.

Question 4.
What does the poet say about the goal of life?
Answer:
The poet says that the goal of life is neither enjoyment nor despair. Instead, it is action that constitutes the hall-mark of life. A man must steadily advance along the road to perfection.

Question 5.
What is the poet’s observation on ‘Art’?
Answer:
In the poet’s view, ‘Art’ – the creation of the beauty is not short-lived. It stands the ravaging force of time. In other words, ‘Art’ is timless.

Question 6.
‘Be a hero in the strife !’ – is it an inspiring call of the poet? What other things does the poet urge us to do?
Answer:
Yes, it is, undoubtedly, an inspiring call of the poet. The poet urges us to prefer the ‘present’ to ‘past’ and ‘future’, to act, to be confident, learn to work hard and wait for rewards.

Question 7.
Why does the poet prefer the ‘present’ to ‘past’ and ‘future’?
Answer:
The poet prefers the ‘present’ to ‘past’ and ‘future’ because the present is the reality, the ‘future’ is uncertain and the ‘past’ brings us sorrow.

Question 8.
How do the examples of great men help a person in distress?
Answer:
The examples of great men serve as a source of inspiration to a person in distress. Besides, they give him great confidence to overcome hardships in life.

Question 9.
How can we make our life sublime? (last stanza)
Answer:
We can make our life sublime by drawing inspiration from the glorious deeds left by great men ‘on the sand of time’.

Question 10.
What does the poet tell us about the future and the past?
Answer:
The poet says that we should forget the past, because it’s dead. He states that we should not trust future, however rosy it may be, because it is uncertain.

Question 11.
What does the expression ‘muffled drums’ signify?
Answer:
The ‘muffled drums’ signify the sound of drums made dull by covering them with cloth. At funerals drums are thus muffled to match the solemn occasion.

Question 12.
Explain the significance of ‘in the world’s broad field of battle’?
Answer:
The line ‘In the world’s broad field of battle’ implies life is a temporary camp. The world we live in is a vast battle field where we are all soldiers, when we feel tired, we take rest in that camp.

Detailed Summaries and Glossary

Stanza – (1-3)
Tell me ……………………………………………………………………………………… than today.
The poet urges us not to think that life is sad. Life, he says, is not a meaningless dream. Inactivity is as good as death. The life of an idle man is useless. People with a gloomy view of life do not take a realistic view of things in the world. Life is serious. It should not be treated lightly. Death is not the end of life. The poet says that life is not meant for enjoyment. There is no room for sorrow as long as we live. It is action that constitutes the essence of life. A man must steadily advance along the road to perfection.

ସାରମର୍ମ :
କବି ଜୀବନକୁ ଦୁଃଖପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ ବୋଲି ନ ଭାବିବାକୁ ପ୍ରବର୍ତ୍ତାଇଛନ୍ତି । ସେ କୁହନ୍ତି ଜୀବନ ଏକ ନିରର୍ଥକ ସ୍ଵପ୍ନ ନୁହେଁ । ଆଳସ୍ୟ ଏବଂ ମୃତ୍ୟୁ ଭିତରେ କିଛି ପାର୍ଥକ୍ୟ ନାହିଁ । ଅଳସୁଆର ଜୀବନ ବ୍ୟର୍ଥ ଅଟେ । ନୈରାଶ୍ୟବାଦୀମାନେ ଜୀବନର ବାସ୍ତବିକତାକୁ ବୁଝିପାରନ୍ତି ନାହିଁ । ଜୀବନ ହେଉଛି ଭାବଗମ୍ଭୀର । ଏହାକୁ ହାଲୁକା ଭାବରେ ଗ୍ରହଣ କରିବା ଉଚିତ ନୁହେଁ । ମୃତ୍ୟୁ ଜୀବନର ଅନ୍ତ ନୁହେଁ । କବି କୁହନ୍ତି ଜୀବନ ଉପଭୋଗ ପାଇଁ ସୃଷ୍ଟି ହୋଇନାହିଁ । ଯେଉଁ ପର୍ଯ୍ୟନ୍ତ ବଞ୍ଚୁଛୁ, ସେପର୍ଯ୍ୟନ୍ତ ଆମ୍ଭେମାନେ ଦୁଃଖକୁ ପ୍ରଶ୍ରୟ ଦେବା ଉଚିତ ନୁହେଁ । ଜୀବନର ମହତ୍ତ୍ବ ହେଉଛି କର୍ମ । ମନୁଷ୍ୟ ସବୁବେଳେ ପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣତା ଦିଗରେ ଅଗ୍ରସର ହେବା ଉଚିତ ।

Glossary
psalm : sacred song. The title suggests the solemnity of the theme. (ସଂହିତା ଗୀତ)
tell me not : Here the negative begining emphasizes the poet’s positive point of view.
mournful numbers : sad verses (ଦୁଃଖପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ କରିବା )
empty dream : a meaninglèss dream giving no satisfaction, unreal thing (ଅର୍ଥହୀନ ସ୍ବପ୍ନ)
soul : the soul …. slumbers : the life of an idle man is useless
slumbers : sleeps (here remains idle) (ଅଳସୁଆ)
And …. seem : It is reminiscent of Clough’s ‘Say Not the struggle Naught Avai leth.’ if hopes were dupes, years may be liars; It may be, in you smoke concealed, Your comrades chase e ‘en now the fliers, And, but for you, possess the field.
earnest : full of seriousness not an empty dream to be treated . This positive assertion of the poet strikes lightly the key note of the poem : Death is not life’s end.
And goal : a quotation from the Bible (ମୃତ୍ୟୁ ଜୀବନର ଲକ୍ଷ୍ୟ ନୁହେଁ)
Dust returnest : a quotation from the Bible regarding the mortality of the human body (ଜୀବନ ମରଣଶୀଳ)
Was soul : It was spoken of the body only
destined : decided in advance
But … than today: It is action that constitutes the hall-mark of life. The poet inspires us to conduct ourselves each day in such a way that we may find ourselves everyday better than before.

Stanza – (4-6)
Art is …………………………………………………………………… God o ‘erhead!
The creation of the beautiful is deathless, but life is short-lived. So a man should not waste time. In other words, there is much to be achieved in a short span of life. With the march of time, we are moving closer to death. The expression ‘muffled dreams’ splendidly exemplifies this fact. The poet presents a war imagery as the march to the grave has been transferred to march to battle. By comparing life with a ‘bivouac’, a temporary camp site during a battle, the poet reminds again of the shortness of human existence. The poet inspires us not to accept our fate like dumb cattle. Instead, we should fight in this world which is like a battle-field. We should face our strife-torn life with great courage. Everyone should play the role of a hero. We should neither trust the future nor reflect the past. We should live in the present. Faith, courage, sincerity of purpose and faith in God are essential for facing the battle of life.

ସାରମର୍ମ :
ସୌନ୍ଦର୍ଯ୍ୟମୟ ସୃଷ୍ଟି ଅମର, କିନ୍ତୁ ଜୀବନ କ୍ଷଣସ୍ଥାୟୀ । ତେଣୁ ମଣିଷ ଅଯଥାରେ ସମୟ ନଷ୍ଟ କରିବା ଉଚିତ ନୁହେଁ । ଅଳ୍ପ ସମୟ ମଧ୍ୟରେ ବହୁତ କିଛି କରିବାର ଅଛି । ସମୟ ସ୍ରୋତରେ ଆମ୍ଭେମାନେ ମୃତ୍ୟୁର ନିକଟତର ହୋଇଯାଉଛୁ । ‘ଅନ୍ତେଷ୍ଟି କ୍ରିୟା ସମୟରେ ବାଜୁଥିବା ଢୋଲର ଭୟଉଦ୍ରେକକାରୀ ଅଥଚ ପବିତ୍ର କ୍ଷୀଣସ୍ଵର’ ଏହାକୁ ସୂଚିତ କରୁଛି । ଏଠାରେ କବି ଯୁଦ୍ଧଭୂମିରୁ ଉପମା ଦେଇ ଯୁଦ୍ଧ ଅଭିଯାନ ସହିତ ମଣିଷର ଶ୍ମଶାନ ଯାତ୍ରାକୁ ତୁଳନା କରିଛନ୍ତି । ଜୀବନକୁ ରଣଭୂମିର ଅସ୍ଥାୟୀ ଶିବିର ସହ ତୁଳନା କରି ମାନବ ଜୀବନର କ୍ଷୀଣଭଙ୍ଗୁରତା ବିଷୟରେ ମନେପକାଇ ଦେଇଛନ୍ତି । ମୂକ ଗୋମହିଷାଦି ପଶୁ ଭଳି ଆମର ଭାଗ୍ୟକୁ ଗ୍ରହଣ ନ କରିବା ପାଇଁ କବି ଆମ୍ଭମାନଙ୍କୁ ପ୍ରେରଣା ଦେଇଛନ୍ତି । ତା’ ପରିବର୍ତ୍ତେ ଆମେ ରଣକ୍ଷେତ୍ର ସଦୃଶ ପୃଥ‌ିବୀରେ ସଂଗ୍ରାମ ଜାରି ରଖୁବା ଉଚିତ । ଦୁର୍ଦ୍ଦଶାଗ୍ରସ୍ତ ଜୀବନକୁ ଆମ୍ଭେମାନେ ସାହସର ସହିତ ସମ୍ମୁଖୀନ ହେବା ଉଚିତ । ପ୍ରତ୍ୟେକ ମଣିଷ ଏକ ବୀରର ଭୂମିକା ଗ୍ରହଣ କରିବା ଜରୁରୀ । ଆମ୍ଭେମାନେ ଭବିଷ୍ୟତକୁ ବିଶ୍ଵାସ କରିବା ନାହିଁ କିମ୍ବା ଅତୀତକୁ ନେଇ ଅନୁଶୋଚନା କରିବା ନାହିଁ । ଆମ୍ଭେମାନେ ବର୍ତ୍ତମାନକୁ ନେଇ ବଞ୍ଚିବା ଶ୍ରେୟସ୍କର । ଜୀବନ ଯୁଦ୍ଧର ସମ୍ମୁଖୀନ ହେବାପାଇଁ ଦରକାର ବିଶ୍ଵାସ, ସାହସ, କର୍ତ୍ତବ୍ୟନିଷ୍ଠା ଏବଂ ଈଶ୍ଵରପ୍ରେମ ।

Glossary
Art : the creation or the expression of the beautiful
stout : strong
muffled drums : the sound of drums made dull by wrapping them in cloth. At funerals, drums are thus muffled to suit the solemn occasion.
marches : music for marching to.The poet has in mind a march for the dead
bivouac : temporary camp for troops without tents or other cover
dumb : unable to speak. Here the word also means stupid and dull. The images of the ‘dumb, driven cattle’ suggests meek submissiveness.
Be a hero … strife!: The poet is overtly didactic
strife : fight (ସଂଘର୍ଷ)
trust : rely (ବିଶ୍ଵାସ କରିବା )
pleasant : fine (ସୁନ୍ଦର)
bury : here forget (ଭୁଲିଯିବା)
Let dead ! : put away what is past and forget the same (ଅତୀତକୁ ଭୁଲିଯାଅ)
Act Present !: Here the poet lays emphäsis on action. The word ‘living’ sounds signifies it. (ବର୍ଷ ମାନ ସମୟକୁ ନଷ୍ଟ ନ କରି କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ କରିଯାଅ ।)
Heart within and God o’erhead! : with courage in your heart and faith in God (ଓ ଭଗବାନଙ୍କଠାରେ ବିଶ୍ଵାସ ରଖ)

Stanza – (7-9)
Lives of …………………………………………………………… to wait
Lives of great men serve as an inspirational force to us. They have left this world not in vain. They have left glorious deeds behind them ‘on the sand of time’. We can make our lives beautiful by following their examples. Brimmed with confidence and courage, we should face every situation in life. Action should be our motto. We should learn to work hard and wait for the results.

ସାରମର୍ମ :
ମହାପୁରୁଷମାନଙ୍କର ଜୀବନୀ ଆମ୍ଭମାନଙ୍କ ପାଇଁ ପ୍ରେରଣାର ଉତ୍ସ ସଦୃଶ । ଏହି ପୃଥ‌ିବୀକୁ ସେମାନେ ବୃଥାରେ ପର୍ଯ୍ୟବସିତ ହେବାକୁ ଛାଡ଼ି ଯାଇନାହାନ୍ତି । ଏହି ମହାପୁରୁଷମାନେ ସମୟର ବାଲୁକା ଉପରେ ସେମାନଙ୍କର ଗୌରବମୟ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟସବୁ ଛାଡ଼ି ଦେଇ ଯାଇଛନ୍ତି । ସେମାନଙ୍କର ଆଦର୍ଶକୁ ଅନୁସରଣ କରି ଆମେ ଆମର ଜୀବନକୁ ସୁନ୍ଦର କରିପାରିବା । ଆତ୍ମ-ବିଶ୍ଵାସ ଓ ସାହସର ସହିତ ଜୀବନର ପ୍ରତ୍ୟେକ ପରିସ୍ଥିତିକୁ ଆମେମାନେ ସମ୍ମୁଖୀନ ହେବା ଉଚିତ । କର୍ମ ଆମର ଆଦର୍ଶ ହେବା ଉଚିତ । ଆମ୍ଭେମାନେ କଠିନ ପରିଶ୍ରମ କରିବା ଏବଂ ଫଳ ପାଇଁ ଅପେକ୍ଷା କରିବାକୁ ଶିଖୁବା ଉଚିତ ।

Glossary
sublime : noble
departing : on leaving this world: dying
footprints : our noble works that will show the way to others
solemn : impressive in its awe inspiring vastness and depth
main : ocean
forlorn : unhappy and deserted
forlorn … brother: one who has failed in life and is distressed at one’s own moral and material ruin (ଅସଫଳତା ପାଇଁ ଭାଙ୍ଗିପଡ଼ିବା)
shipwrecked : utterly ruined by misfortune (ଦୁର୍ଦ୍ଦଶାଗ୍ରସ୍ତ)
take heart : be confident
heart for any fate: confidence to face any situation in life, favourable or unfavourable (କରିବାପାଇଁ ଦୃଢ଼ ମନୋବଳ)
still : always (ସର୍ବଦା)
wait : ଅପେକ୍ଷା କରିବା

Introducing the Poet
While still a student, H.W. Longfellow (1807-1882) wrote to his father, ‘Whatever I do study ought to be engaged in with all my soul’. Years later, he resigned his coveted position as the Professor of Modern Languages at Harvard University, which he had filled for a long time with honour, feeling that he was not able to do justice to his work as a poet on account of the demands made on his time -and energy by his duties as an academic. His conscientiousness revealed itself even when he was a boy; he was studious and had little interest in sports. The same seriousness of purpose is found in his poetry. He was a moralist, and had he been less of a puritan, perhaps his poetry would have been more enjoyable. But as it has been pointed out, it was a source of his strength as well as his weakness. Fortunately, his didactism is relieved by his sunny spirit which permeates his poems like ‘A Psalm of life’.

About the Poem
In A Psalm of Life the poet gives young readers some valuable precepts which they should follow in their life so that their life may not be in vain. A ‘psalm’ is a sacred song or hymn. This poem is called a psalm because it lays stress on certain basic values of life. To the poet life is not an ‘empty dream’ – it is ‘real’ and ‘earnest’, and one is to make the best use of it by striving hard. Man should neither brood over the past which is dead nor waste his time in idle dreams of a rosy future. He should deal with the present. Emulating the ideals left by great men, he should be a source to inspiration to posterity. This poem belongs to the genre of poetry called ‘Carpe Diem’ poems. ‘Carpe Diem’, popularly translated as ‘seize the day’, is a phrase from a Latin poem by Horace. The sentiments expressed in the poem may appear commonplace, and the presentation facile. But the universality of the theme, the conviction with which it is presented, and the simplicity of its diction make its optimism irresistible. Longfellow, a great American himself, gives eloquent expression to the young nation’s energetic approach to life and adds a meaningful dimension to it by bringing in ‘God o’erhead’ to reinforce the ‘heart within’.

Summary
The poem begins with Longfellow’s blunt rejection of the psalmist’s view : life is a meaningless dream. Inactivity is as good as death. The life of an idle man is useless. People with a gloomy view of life do not take a realistic view of things in the world. Life is serious. It should not be treated lightly. Death is not the end of life. The poet says that life is not meant for enjoyment. There is no room for sorrow as long as we live. It is action that constitutes the essence of life. A man must steadily advance along the road to perfection. Longfellow brings out a contrast between art and life. The creation of the beautiful is deathless, but life is transient. So we should not fritter away our time. In a short span of life, there is much to be achieved. Therefore, we should live as productive a life as possible. Then the poet compares our hearts to ‘muffled drums’. Each beat of our heart carries us closer to death. The poet inspires us not to accept our fate like dumb cattle. Instead, we should fight in this world which is like a battle-field. We should face our strife-torn life with great courage. Everyone should play the role of a hero. We should neither trust the future nor cling to the past. We should live in the present. Faith, courage, sincerity of purpose and faith in God are essential for facing the battle of life. – Lives of greatmen always inspire us. We can beautify our lives by following the foot-steps they have left behind ‘on the sand of time’. As a result, the future generations will be inspired in a great measure. It is action that lends worth to life and so we should learn to work hard ceaselessly and wait for the results.

ସାରାଂଶ:
ସ୍ତୋତ୍ର ରଚୟିତାଙ୍କର ମତରେ ଜୀବନ ହେଉଛି ଏକ ନିରର୍ଥକ ସ୍ଵପ୍ନ । କବିତାର ଆରମ୍ଭରେ Longfellow ଏହାକୁ ରୋକ୍‌ଠୋକ୍‌ ଭାବରେ ଅଗ୍ରାହ୍ୟ କରିଛନ୍ତି । କାର୍ଯ୍ୟହୀନତା ଏବଂ ମୃତ୍ୟୁ ଭିତରେ କିଛି ପାର୍ଥକ୍ୟ ନାହିଁ । ଅଳସୁଆର ଜୀବନ ଅନୁପାଦେୟ । ନୈରାଶ୍ୟବାଦୀମାନେ ଜୀବନର କୌଣସି କଥାକୁ ବାସ୍ତବତାର ସହିତ ବିଶ୍ଳେଷଣ କରନ୍ତି ନାହିଁ । ଜୀବନ ହେଉଛି ତାତ୍ପର୍ଯ୍ୟପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ । ଏହାକୁ ହାଲୁକାଭାବେ ଗ୍ରହଣ କରିବା ଉଚିତ ନୁହେଁ । ଜୀବନର ଶେଷ ମୃତ୍ୟୁ ନୁହେଁ । କବିଙ୍କ ମତରେ ଜୀବନଟା ଉପଭୋଗର ବସ୍ତୁ ନୁହେଁ । ବଞ୍ଚୁଥ‌ିବା ପର୍ଯ୍ୟନ୍ତ ଜୀବନରେ ଦୁଃଖ ପାଇଁ କୌଣସି ସ୍ଥାନ ନାହିଁ । କର୍ମରେ ହିଁ ଜୀବନର ମହତ୍ତ୍ବ ନିହିତ । ମନୁଷ୍ୟ ଅବିଶ୍ରାନ୍ତ ଭାବରେ ପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣତା ଦିଗରେ ଧାବମାନ ହେବା ଉଚିତ । କବି Longfellow କଳା ଏବଂ ଜୀବନ ମଧ୍ୟରେ ଥିବା ବୈଷମ୍ୟକୁ ଉପସ୍ଥାପନା କରିଛନ୍ତି । ସୌନ୍ଦର୍ଯ୍ୟମୟ ସୃଷ୍ଟି ଚିରନ୍ତନ, କିନ୍ତୁ ଜୀବନ କ୍ଷଣସ୍ଥାୟୀ । ତେଣୁ ଆମେ ଅଯଥାରେ ସମୟ ନଷ୍ଟ କରିବା ଉଚିତ ନୁହେଁ । ଜୀବନର ସ୍ଵଳ୍ପ ସମୟ ମଧ୍ୟରେ ବହୁତ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ ସମ୍ପାଦନ କରିବାକୁ ହେବ । କବି ଆମ ହୃଦୟକୁ ‘ଅନ୍ତେଷ୍ଟି କ୍ରିୟା ସମୟରେ ଭୟଉଦ୍ରେକକାରୀ ଢୋଲର ପବିତ୍ର କ୍ଷଣସ୍ଥାୟୀ ଶବ୍ଦ’ ସହିତ ତୁଳନା କରିଛନ୍ତି । ହୃଦୟର ପ୍ରତ୍ୟେକ ସ୍ପନ୍ଦନ ଆମକୁ ମୃତ୍ୟୁର ନିକଟତର କରାଇ ଦେଉଛି । ମୂକ ଗାଇଗୋରୁ ଭଳି ନିଜ ଭାଗ୍ୟକୁ ଗ୍ରହଣ ନ କରିବାକୁ କବି ଆମ୍ଭମାନଙ୍କୁ ପ୍ରେରଣା ଦେଇଛନ୍ତି । ତା’ ପରିବର୍ତ୍ତେ ଆମେ ଯୁଦ୍ଧଭୂମି ସଦୃଶ ପୃଥ‌ିବୀରେ ସଂଗ୍ରାମ କରିବା ଉଚିତ । ଦୁର୍ଦ୍ଦଶାଗ୍ରସ୍ତ ଜୀବନକୁ ଆମେ ସାହସର ସହିତ ସମ୍ମୁଖୀନ ହେବା ଦରକାର । ଆମ୍ଭେ ସମସ୍ତେ ବୀରର ଭୂମିକା ଗ୍ରହଣ କରିବା ଶ୍ରେୟସ୍କର । ଆମେ ଭବିଷ୍ୟତକୁ ବିଶ୍ଵାସ କରିବାନାହିଁ, ଅତୀତକୁ ମଧ୍ଯ ରୋମନ୍ଥନ କରିବା ଉଚିତ ନୁହେଁ । ଆମେ ବର୍ତ୍ତମାନକ ନେଇ ବଞ୍ଚିବା ଉଚିତ । ଜୀବନ ସଂଗ୍ରାମକୁ ସମ୍ମୁଖୀନ ହେବାପାଇଁ ଦରକାର ବିଶ୍ଵାସ, ସାହାସ, କର୍ତ୍ତବ୍ୟନିଷ୍ଠା ଏବଂ ଈଶ୍ଵରପ୍ରେମ । ମହାପୁରୁଷମାନଙ୍କର ଜୀବନ ସବୁବେଳେ ଆମକୁ ଅନୁପ୍ରାଣିତ କରେ । ସମୟର ବାଲୁକା ଉପରେ ସେମାନେ ଛାଡ଼ିଯାଇଥବା ସେମାନଙ୍କର ପଦାଙ୍କକୁ ଅନୁସରଣ କରି ଆମେ ଜୀବନକୁ ମହାନ୍ କରିପାରିବା । ଯାହାଫଳରେ ଭବିଷ୍ୟତ ବଂଶଧରମାନେ ବହୁଳଭାବେ ପ୍ରେରଣା ପାଇପାରିବେ । କର୍ମ ହିଁ ଜୀବନର ମାନ ବୃଦ୍ଧି କରେ । ତେଣୁ ଆମେ ନିରବଚ୍ଛିନ୍ନ ଭାବରେ କଠିନ ପରିଶ୍ରମ କରିବାପାଇଁ ଶିକ୍ଷା କରିବା ଏବଂ ଫଳାଫଳ ପାଇଁ ଧୈର୍ଯ୍ୟ ସହକାରେ ଅପେକ୍ଷା କରିବା ।

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