Odisha State Board CHSE Odisha Class 12 Alternative English Solutions Grammar Linking Devices Exercise Questions and Answers.
CHSE Odisha Class 12 Alternative English Grammar Linking Devices
What is linking devices?
The devices or tricks or principles that are used to link the sentences in a paragraph by suitable connectives is called linking devices.
Here, linking means connecting and devices means tricks of principles or methods.
There are different types of connectives, such as
(i) By the use of numbering system.
(ii) By the use of personal pronouns.
(iii) By the use of demonstrative.
(iv) By the use of adverbs or conjunctions.
(i) By the use of numbering system.
We can link sentences by the use of words taken from numbering system. Such as – first, second, third etc. or numbering words like firstly, secondly, thirdly etc.
Example:
Trees help us many ways, firstly they provide us food, secondly they provide us shelter, thirdly we use tree branches as fire wood. We can link sentences by the use of personal pronouns like he, she, it, they etc.
(ii) By the use of personal pronouns.
Example:
Vivekananda began a whirlwind tour of India, he urged the necessity ofending the poverty of the masses.
(iii) By the use of demonstrative.
We can also link sentences by the use of demonstrative like this, that, these, those etc.
Example:
Have you visited Netaji’s birth place at Odia Bazar? This place attracts thousands of patriots each year.
(iv) By the use of adverbs or conjunctions.
We can also link sentences by the use of adverbs or conjunctions like at present, at the sometime, above, below in front of, however, therefore etc.
Example:
Our friend Pratap has secured 90% of marks in the +2 Arts, therefore, he should be welcomed in our college Annual Function.
Some Common Connectives:
Some common connectives are given below:
as a result – on the other hand
for this – beside
in addition – either … or
of course – neither nor
in contrast – not only, but also
1. Addition:
also : 1 went to the lèstival with Mr. Patra, Mr. Patra’s son was also with us.
and : She was cooking and her baby was crying.
besides : Besides his salary, he got an allowance of Rs 5,OOO/ from his grand – ther.
further : He is not such a man who will help you. Further he is not present now.
moreover : I am not in a mood to take with them, moreover I am not well.
in addition (to): Mr. Ratha donated Rs 1,00,000/- lÓr the repairing of our game field. In addition to that he had promised to bear the cost of a gallery.
2. Contrast:
yet : I drove first yet, I could not reach the station in time.
Iit : I can’t do you work, but I can engage my friend. Who can help you to complete it.
still : It is true that he is not good still as a near one you must come forward to help ham
though : Though, he is poor, he is honest.
while : He is cruel while his brother is kind.
in spite of : In spite of his illness, he attended the examination in time.
3. Time:
till : He is determined to appear the examination till he passes it.
urtil : You should wait until his arrival.
aller : Police came after the thief has escaped.
when. : 1 saw him when he was playing cricket.
before : I was already there much before the guest arrived.
at last : He worked hard for many years. At least success and fame came to him.
by the time : By the time the doctor arrived, the patient was dead.
finally : At last, we admitted him in the village dispensaiy, finally we took him to district hospital.
4. Choice:
either…. or : Either he or my friend could attend the meeting.
neither …not : Neither Hari nor his sister is present in the school today.
5. Examples:
for example : Odisha is always neglected by the centre. For example, we can take the negligance of Ministry of Railways.
particularly : I like the plays of Shakespeare, particularly, the Macbeth, for instance : Some bacteria help us in many ways. For instance, milk is changed to curd by such a bacteria.
such as : Poets such as Gangadhar Meher, Gopabandhu, Madhusudan as famous in Odisha.
6. Clarification
in other words : Our Principal is a strict disciplinarian. In other words, he wants his students to behave properly.
7. Cause:
because : He did not pass the examination, because he had not read mindfully,
as : Akash could not attend the meeting as he was ill.
since : Since he was sick, he could not attend the Governing Body Meeting,
for : The manager called him on last Sunday for he had an important discussion with him.
8. Intention:
in order that : The baby cried loudly in order that her mother would hurry to her.
so that : The baby who fell into the well shouted loudly so that others could hear him.
9. Effect/Consequence:
thus : Mukesh was selected in the district level in cricket.
so : Last night is rained heavily, so the road is muddy.
consequently : My bike was out of order in the way, Consequently I could not attend the meeting in time.
as a result : He has laboured hard, as a result he will fetch attractive marks.
therefore : You are doing exercise everyday, therefore, we expect a good health from you.
10. Purpose:
so that : We eat so that we can live.
11. Similarity:
likewise : Pratap studied hard, likewise, his brother also studied hard.
similarly : Mr. Mahapatra, purchased a Hero Honda Splendor, similarly, Mr. Panda purchased a similar one.
Task – 1
Read the following carefully. Underline the linking devices present in the text.
Text:
Smoking which may be a pleasure for some people is a source of serious discomfort for their fellows. Further medical authorities express their concern about the effect of smoking on the health not only of those who smoke but also those who must involuntarily inhale the contribution of smokers to the atmosphere. As you are dull, lessly aware a considerable number of our students have joined together in an effort to persuade the university to ban smoking in the classrooms. I believe they are entirety right in their aim. However, I would hope that it is possible to achieve this by an appeal to reason and to concern for other rather than by regulation. Smoking is prohibited by city bye – laws in theatres and in halls used for showing .films as’ well as laboratories where there may be a fire hazard. Elsewhere it is upto our own good sense. I am therefore, asking you to maintain “No Smoking” in the auditorium, classroom and seminar rooms where you teach. This proof of your interest for their health and well – being is very important to a large number of students.
Answer:
Smoking which may be a pleasure for some people is a source of serious discomfort for; their fellows. Further medical authorities express their concern about the effect of smoking on the health not only of those who smoke but also those who must involuntarily inhale the contribution of smokers to the atmosphere. As you are dull, less aware a considerable number of our students have joined together in an effort to persuade the university to ban smoking in the classrooms. I believe they are entirely right in their aim.
However. I would hope that it is possible to achieve this by an appeal to reason and to concern for other rather than by regulation. moking is prohibited by city bye – laws in theatres and in halls used for showing films as well as laboratories where there may be a fire hazard. Elsewhere it is upto our own good sense. I am, therefore, asking you to maintain “No Smoking” in the auditorium, classroom and seminar rooms where you teach. This proof of your interest for their health and well – being is very important to a large number of students.
Task-2
Fill in the blanks by choosing the most appropriate connective from the alternatives given in brackets.
1. She is intelligent ____________ she is beautiful, (so, and, as a result).
2. He was indifferent to his friend’s needs ____________ there was a lot of bad feeling, (but, consequently, in other words)
3. She did not work hard ____________ she came out first in the final examination, (yet, consequently, in other words).
4. I rarely watch T. V. must programmes are terrible, (because, therefore, further)
5. Ramesh first called on his friend. He ____________ went to this station to receive his uncle, (then, till by that time)
6. Trees help us in many ways ____________ it provides us oxygen, (in other words, for example, further).
7. The party didn’t go all that well ____________ it was a disaster (likewise, moreover, in other words)
Answer:
1; She is intelligent and she is beautiful.
2. He was indifferent to his friend’s needs consequently there was a lot of bad feeling.
3. She did not work hard yet she came out first in the final examination.
4. I rarely watch T. V. because most programs are terrible,
5. Ramesh first called on his friend. He then went to this station to receive his uncle.
6. Trees help us in many ways. For example, it provides us with oxygen.
7. The party didn’t go all that well In other words it was a disaster
Task – 3
Use suitable linking devices (connectives) from the box to complete the text below.
also but meanwhile and
but also not only and however
since because in this way
Sita’s sister is an air hostess for a famous International Airline ____________. Sita wants to become one too ____________ She is still too young, the minimum age for an air hostess is twenty ____________. Sita is just over sixteen
____________ she has taken up a job in an office ____________ she ____________ attends evening classes ____________ she wants to improve her French and Japanese. ____________ foreign languages are an essential qualification for an air hostess.
She is gaining experience through her present job ____________ the office where she works is a travel agency. She is learning ____________ how to deal with people ____________ quite a lot about the places she one day hopes to visit.
Answer:
Sita’s sister is an air hostess for a famous International Airline and. Sita wants to become one too but she is still too young, the minimum age for an air hostess is twenty and. Sita is just over sixteen However she has taken up a job in an office meanwhile she also attends evening classes In this way she wants to improve her French and Japanese. Because foreign languages are an essential qualification for an air hostess.
She is gaining experience through her present job since the office where she works is a travel agency. She is learning not only how to deal with people but also quite a lot about the places she one day hopes to visit.
Exercises
1. Linking words and phrases:
In the following letter, the linking words and phrases are missing. Choose the most appropriate phrase from the ones given below and use them appropriately.
Dear Akash,
Remember that I told you I was trying to get a job at ICTL? (1) ____________I finally managed to get one! Of course, I haven’t been working there long, (2) ____________ I can already tell that it’s a wonderful place to work. All the staff, (3) ____________ the directors are very friendly with everybody and (4) ____________ they have marvelous facilities for the employees, (5) ____________ there’s a bar and gum and lots of other things. I’m called the Safety Equipment Officer. It (6) ____________ sounds like an impressive title, but it’s not a very accurate description of what I do. My main job is to provide protective clothing, (7) ____________ overalls, helmets, and so on. I estimate what the different departments will need and (8) ____________ I order it from the suppliers, (9) ____________ I make sure that the various departments have everything they want. (10) ____________ stationery is also my responsibility. (11) ____________ I have the job very interesting. (12) ____________ I get the chance to go all over the factory and to meet everybody. ____________ (13) the play is a lot better than in my old job. (14) ____________ that’s my news. What about you? Drop me a line when you have time. Regards to your family, and best wishes to you.
| 1. | (a) then | (b) well | (c) and |
| 2. | (a) but | (b) because | (c) so |
| 3. | (a) until | (b) and | (c) even |
| 4. | (a) so | (b) what’smore | (c) on the other hand |
| 5. | (a) for instance | (b) however | (c) even |
| 6. | (a) can | (b) could | (c) may |
| 7. | (a) such as | (b) namely | (c) as |
| 8. | (a) then | (b) after | (c) so |
| 9. | (a) by the way | (b) anyway | (c) in this way |
| 10. | (a) however | (b) although | (c) but |
| 11. | (a) secondly | (b) in other words | (c) also |
| 12. | (a) why | (b) because | (c) then |
| 13. | (a) besides | (b) besides | (c) on the other hand |
| 14. | (a) at the end | (b) any way | (c) after all |
Answer:
DearAkash,
Remember that I told you I was trying to get a job at ICTL? (1) Well I finally managed to get one! Of course, I haven’t been working there long, (2) but I can already tell that it’s a wonderful place to work. All the staff, (3) even the directors are very friendly with everybody and (4) what’s more they have excellent facilities for the employees, (5) for instance there’s a bar and gum and lots of other things. I’m called the Safety Equipment Officer. It (6) may sound like an impressive title, but it’s not a very accurate description of what I do. My main job is to provide protective clothing, (7) such as overalls, helmets, and so on. I estimate what the different departments will need and (8) then I order it from the suppliers, (9) In this way I make sure that the various departments have everything they want. (10) however stationary is also my responsibility. (11) In other words I have the job very interesting. (12) Because I get the chance to go all over the factory and to meet everybody (13) Besides the play is a lot better than in my old job. (14) At the end that’s my news. What about your? Drop me a line when you have time. Regards to your family, and best wishes to you.
2. Each of the following sentences has a blank where there should be a linking word or phrase. Put in one of the above words and phrases so that the relation between the two statements is made clear.
1. The pay and conditions are very good ____________ it’s only five minutes walk from where I live.
2. I didn’t apply for the job ____________ I didn’t think I had much chance of getting it.
3. A lot of professional groups, ____________ doctors and lawyers have strong associates that protest
members rights.
4. The hours are short, the pay’ is excellent and the people I work with the very nice ____________ it’s a great job.
5. You ____________ think it’s bring, but in fact, it’s very interesting.
6. All my relatives were at the wedding ____________ my cousins from Australia.
7. At first I didn’t feel happy with so much responsibility ____________ now I feel quite confident that I can manage.
8. There are several things that make it a nice place to live ____________ there’s a park right across the road.
Answer:
1. The pay and conditions are very good. Besides, it’s only five minutes walk from where I live.
2. I didn’t apply for the job, anyway I didn’t think I had much chance of getting it.
3. A lot of professional groups, such as doctors and lawyers have strong associates that protest members’ rights.
4. The hours are short, the pay is excellent, and the people I work with the very nice in other words it’s a great job.
5. You may think it’s boring, but in fact, it’s very interesting.
6. All my relatives were at the wedding. Even my cousins from Australia.
7. At first I didn’t feel happy with so much responsibility but now I feel quite confident that I can manage.
8. There are several things that make it a nice place to live what’s more there’s a park right across the road.
3. Here are words or phrases to indicate logical relationship of thought. Use them in sentences of your own and explain what each signals to the reader.
| so | besides | on the contrary |
| yet | because | in sum |
| though | anyhow | but |
| furthermore | on the other hand | for example |
Answer:
So: Last night it rained heavily and the river flooded. So, I have to say back. Here, ‘so’ signals effect.
Yet: She prepared hard, yet she failed. Here ‘yet’ signals contrast.
though : Though he is poor he is always first to contribute for any social work. Here ‘though’ signals addition.
furthermore : He was honest, educated, furthermore he is rich. Here ‘furthermore’ signals addition.
besides : The company offers me an alluring salary. Besides it is very close to my dwelling place. Here ‘besides’ signals addition.
because : He could not come to our party, because his fàther was sick. Here ‘because’ signals cause.
any how : I know the work is difficult, but any how we have to accomplish it. Here ‘anyhow’ signals cause.
on the other hand : This talcum power is costly, on the other hand, its quality is poor. ‘Here’ on the other hand signals contrast.
on the contrary : Akash approached Mr. Patra for help, but on the contrary, Mr. Pratap scolded him. Here ‘on the contrary’ signals opposition.
in sum : Mr. Mahapatra has a scooter, a moped and a motor – cycle, in sum, he has three bikes with him. Here ‘in sum’ signals conclusion.
But : He is an honest man, but he is not punctual. Here ‘but’ signals contrast.
for example : Trees are our best friends, our survival completely depend on them, for example, they provide us with oxygen to breath, fruits, leaves and roots and food and cause rain. Here ‘for example’ signals clarification.