Class 12

Odisha State Board CHSE Odisha Class 12 Invitation to English 3 Solutions Writing Interpreting Graph, Charts, Tables and Diagrams Textbook Activity Questions and Answers.

CHSE Odisha 12th Class English Writing Interpreting Graph, Charts, Tables and Diagrams

Graphs, charts, tables, diagrams, etc. generally have visual representations so as to enable us to present some information. Visual representations make us understand the information contained therein.

7.1. Diagrams

Given below is a diagram of the British School System. Examine it carefully and compare it with the passage given below:

(ii) To test whether you have understood what the diagram presents, see if you can answer the following questions :

Question (a)
How many types of schools there are in England?
Answer:
There are two types of schools in England, namely, Private Schools and State Schools.

Question (b)
What percentage of the pupils go to state-run schools?
Answer:
Ninety-five percent of the students go to state-run schools.

Question (c)
What percentage goes to private schools?
Answer:
Only five percent go to private schools.

Question (d)
When do children start primary education in England?
Answer:
Children start primary education in England at the age of five.

Question (e)
When do they get into secondary education?
Answer:
They get into secondary education at the age of eleven.

Question (f)
When do they take their first and second public examinations?
Answer:
They take their first and second public examinations at the age of 16 and 18 respectively.

Question (g)
Is pre-primary education compulsory in England?
Answer:
Pre-primary education is not compulsory in England. On the other hand, it is voluntary.

The information found in the diagram is presented below in words.

The British School System
In Britain most schools are financed by the state and for the children attending these schools, they are free. However, about 5 percent of the school population attends private schools, and these are financed from pupils’ fees. For state-run as well as private schools, the general pattern of schooling in Britain is as follows. All children must start school at the age of 5. At the age of 11 children move to different schools, called Secondary Schools, where they are made to go through a set timetable of subjects for a period of 5 years, after which they take their first public examination at the age of 16.

After the first public examination, most pupils leave school. Only about 30 percent continue. Those that stay on spend the next two years concentrating on a small number of subjects. They take their second public examination at the age of 18. In Britain, there is also a provision for pre-primary schooling. However, pre-primary schooling is not compulsory. It is, on the other hand, voluntary, and is offered both by state-run schools and private schools.

The British School System
Most children attend the British School System where schools are directly financed by the State. But on the other hand, nearly 5 percent of children attending schools go to private institutions. But in Great Britain, in the State-run and private educational institutions, children start school at the age of 5 and when they are 11, they go to secondary school. There they are taught to go through a set timetable of subjects for a period of 5 years.

Afterward, they attain their first public examination towards the age of 16. Then after the completion of the first public examination, most students leave schools leaving only 30 percent student- population to continue their studies. Pre-primary education in Britain is yet another feature of education, though not compulsory. Pre-primary education is offered through State-run schools and private schools as well.

Activity – 1

Study the diagram below and write a short passage of about 3 paragraphs on it.

Answer:
Kinds of musical instruments :
Musical instruments are of three types, namely, wind instruments, percussion instruments and string instruments. Wind instruments are those which are played by blowing wind into them while percussion instruments are played by beating or striking them like the drums. String instruments, on the other hand, are those which have strings. Wind instruments can be further classified into wood wind instruments and brass wind instruments.

Examples of the former are the clarinet, the flute and the basson, while examples of the latter are the trumpet, the horn etc. Similarly, string instruments can be classified into two groups on the basis of the method by which music is produced through them. Instruments like the harp which produce music when its strings are plucked belong to one group while instruments like the violin and the cello which produce music when a bow is drawn across its strings belong to another group.

Activity -2

Draw a diagram to present the facts on the school system in Odisha. Then, present the same information in words, in two or there paragraphs, (as has been done above for, the British School System).
Answer:

• Only one public examination at the age of 15.
• First Board examination at the age of ten.
• Second Board examination at the age of 12.
• Third Board examination at the age of 15.

In Odisha there are Public schools which are mostly English medium shcools as well as Government-run schools which teach in the Oriya medium, whereas in the past, Odisha had only Govt, schools and a very few public schools. The gap between the two is closely narrowing as public schools are mushrooming all over the state. As of now, 60% students go to Govt-run schools, while the rest 40% go to public schools. Govt- run schools offer Primary education free of cost and charge very little for Middle-English and Secondary education whereas public schools charge high fees.

Govt. Schools do not offer any pre-primary education. Students start their Primary education at the age of 5 and continue upto class 5 when they take their first public examination. After this they move to Middle English schools where they study for two years till their second public examinations at the age of 12. From here they go to High schools where they study for three years to take the third public examination at the age of 15. Public Schools, on the other hand, offer pre-primary education in the Kinder Garten and Nursery which starts at the age of 3 or 3V4. After this children continue into primary schooling and then till class ten when they take their first public examination at the age of 15.

Activity – 3

Draw a diagram showing how many streams your college has at the +2 level. Also include information about subjects, papers, practicals etc. in your diagram. Then write a short passage covering all the information in your diagram.

The Khallikote College, Berhampur has three streams, namely Arts. Science and Commerce at the +2 level. All the streams offer teaching in compulsory and optional subjects. While the compulsory subjects are the same for every stream, the optional subjects differ from stream to stream. Among optional subjects too there is a choice of a combination of subjects in each stream with three subjects to be chosen as primary optional and another to be added as a fourth optional.

Further in the Arts stream while only two subjects namely, Education and Anthropology have theory and practical classes; in the Science stream all subjects, except Mathematics, have theory and practical classes. In the Commerce stream there are practicals in no subject. The compulsory subjects for all streams are General English and MIL (O) or Alt. English or Hindi or Telugu. The optional subjects offered in the Arts stream are Anthropology, Economics, Political Science, History, Sanskrit, Philosophy and Education.

The optionals offered in the Science stream are Physics, Chemistry, Mathematics, Biology, Electronics and Geology. The combinations offered in these subjects are PCM with Biology or Electronics or Geology as fourth optional and PCB with Mathematics or Electronics or Geology as fourth optional. In the Commerce stream, the Business Organisation, Office Management, Costing, Financial Accounting and Business Mathematics are the primary optionals offered. There is no choice in this matter. All the five are to be studied. This apart one is to choose between Economics or Salesmanship as fourth optional.

7.2 Graphs

In America, there are frequent reports about Unidentified Flying Objects (UFOs) which people claim to have seen flying in the sky and which are believed to be space-ships carrying visitors from other planets. The following is a graph showing the number of UFOs “sighted” (seen) during a particular year. Study the graph.
Graphs

(I). Hints :
(a) 16 Jan, a science fiction film shown on the TV.
(b) 30 Jan, an article was published by an Airforce officer, interpreting UFOs as the result of aircraft movements.
(c) 16 Feb, a science correspondent attacked the Airforce officer’s findings.
(d) 26 Feb, a public debate between the Airforce officer and the science correspondent arranged, but the latter didn’t show up.

(II). Now, here are some questions you need to answer if you have to write a report (in words), based on the diagram above.
(a) There was a sharp rise in the number of reported sightings of UFOs. When ? Why ?
(b) After the rise, there was a marked fall in the number of reported sightings. When ? Why ?
(c) There was another rise, following the fall. Why ?
(d) What brought about the final fall ?
(e) Was there any noticeable rise in reports after the debate ?

Answer:
(a) There was a sharp rise in the number of reported sightings of UFOs. As per the reports, the rise recorded more than twenty during the early part of January and February. An article was published on the sightings of UFOs, as a result of the less movement of aircraft in the air.
(b) After a rise, there was a marked fall in the number of reported sightings towards the early part of March. It was perhaps due to the frequent movement of aircraft in the air.
(c) There was another rise, though small in quantity following the fall, due to fewer movements of civil and military aircraft.
(d) The increased movement of civil and military aircraft brought about the final fall.
(e) No, there was no noticeable rise after the debate.

Activity -4

Now complete the report below by filling in the blank.

During the early part of _________ this year the rate of UFO sightings was steady at around _________ or _________ a week. On 16 __________ a science fiction film about visitors from outer space was screened on television and immediately after that there was a sharp increase in reported sightings. On 30 __________ an Airforce officer, who had been investigating all such reports made his findings known. He maintained that all UFO reports could be explained quite naturally as being due to civil and military aircraft movements. Following this explanation, there was a rapid ___________ in the number of reported sightings. But the rate did not return to the pre-broadcast level. Some people, however, were not convinced. On 16 ____________, a science correspondent published a highly critical article about the findings of the Airforce officer. He demanded an independent inquiry. This article caused a renewal of interest in the subject of ___________ and a corresponding steep ____________ in the number of sightings. The rise, however, was not as marked as the increase in January. The Airforce officer invited the science correspondent to meet him in a public debate ____________ days later. But the science correspondent did not show up on the appointed day. The Airforce officer, in turn, produced some very convincing evidence for his case. As a result, interest in UFOs ___________ and the sightings were even fewer than at the beginning of the year. As the weeks went by there was a little increase in the number of reports.
Answer:
January, three, four, January, January, rise, February, UFOs, rise, ten, decreased

Activity – 5

Have a close look at the graph below and write a report to accompany it.

Hints
a. Return of a group of migrant workers from an affected area.
b. Very dry summer, lack of drinking water.
c. Preventive measures introduced by the government.
d. WHO sends limited supplies of medicine.
e. Medicine loses effectiveness; virus develops resistance.
f. Vaccine produced; population vaccinated.

Answer:
Progress of Virus Epidemic in Bihar – A viral epidemic started in Bihar in December 1997. By February 1998 about 4000 people had died. It was then that a group of migrant workers returned from an affected area. This resulted in a sudden rise in the death toll. By the middle of March, the death toll stood at 7000 (approx.). This phenomenally escalated because of a very dry summer and lack of drinking water. Consequently, between the middle of March and April, the death toll rose to an all-time high of 18,000. Only then did the government wake up to introduce preventive measures. This saw a slight decrease in the death toll.

But towards the end of May when the WHO sent supplies of medicine, happily the death toll sharply decreased and by the middle of June, it had reduced to 5000. The decreasing trend, however, did not last long. The medicine soon lost its effectiveness as the virus developed resistance to the medicine and therefore once again the epidemic spread. As a result of this between mid-June and mid-September, almost 14,000 people died. By then a vaccine had been produced and the entire population was vaccinated. This proved effective and the death toll fell to 2000 by December 1998. By April 1999 the epidemic had been completely controlled.

Activity – 6

Write an account of a difficult night journey you made on a scooter from Sambalpur to Keonjhar. You may use the information in the diagram below.

Hints: Carefully mark the mountains and forests shown in the graph.

Answer:
Night Journey by Scooter from Sambalpur to Keonjhar I began my journey by scooter from Sambalpur at 10.00 pm in night. It was going to be a long and arduous journey. By 10.30 p.m. I had reached Padiabahal. The road was good and there was not much of traffic. Ten minutes after that I arrived at Badarama ghat. All around there was. pitch darkness. I had to slow down as I crossed this dangerous ghat. There were steep curves and hairpin bends.

Negotiating them was nerve-racking. It took me almost 25 minutes to cross the 5 km-long ghats. After crossing the ghat, I arrived at Balarama. It was almost 11.30 p.m. then. I decided to stop at a roadside Dhaba for tea. I was already feeling drowsy. The tea did me good as I started off at midnight steeling myself for the long journey through the thickly forested areas of the Deogarh and Palalahara districts. The roads were undulating and had plenty of pot-holes and whenever an occasional truck passed by I had to drive slow and was pushed to the edge of the road.

All this slowed me down during this 70 km-long journey between Badarama and Palalahara. At 1.30 a.m. I passed Deogarh. In spite of the bad roads, I covered it in one and a half hours. After passing Deogarh, I felt as if I had crossed a big milestone. The forest area was gradually coming to an end. Yet it took me an hour to reach Palalahara. At Palalahara, I had another cup of tea. It was really refreshing. I washed my face, eased myself, and started on again. After 5 km I reached the Plalahara ghat.

This was not as steep and rough as the Badarama ghat. But I was careful as I negotiated its bends. It took me just 20 minutes to cross the ghat. This time I arrived at the level road leading to Keonjhar. The milestone read 35 km. The road was good. It had been repaired a few months back by the L and T Company. I sped in the darkness of the night. As it was nearing dawn, traffic was extremely thin. By 4.40 a.m. Sodium Vapour lamps greeted me as I entered Keonjhar and my journey came to an end.

Activity – 7

The students of your college are dissatisfied about a number of things and sometimes resort to strikes, Dharana, etc.
Write a report on the different incidents of student unrest during recent years in your college and how a satisfactory solution was found. First, prepare a graph and then write the report.

Report on strikes during the years 2005-2009 at Rampur College
Deogarh college in Sambalpur was established in 1999. It provides education at the +2 level in the Arts, Science and Commerce streams. Since its inception, the college was incident free till the year 2004. But when college elections were held in 2005 for the first time, strikes were witnessed in the college. In 2005, one of the presidential candidates who lost by a very narrow margin went on a hunger strike. He had lost by 11 votes and therefore he requested for recounting. The panel of Appeals only assented to readdition.

He agreed but after readdition when the result was the same, he went on dharma for a second time, sitting under the portico and prohibiting everyone from entering the college. No one paid any attention to him for 4 days but suddenly on- the fifth day he feigned unconsciousness. As a result, the panel of Appeals allowed the counting of votes in Ballot papers. Once again he was proved wrong and the college limped back to normalcy. After 2005, strikes became a regular feature.

In 2006, 6 incidents of striking and unrest during the whole academic year. The strikes were resorted to for several reasons like, such demand for a bus stop in front of the college, postponement of Examinations etc. In 2007, the spate of students unrest shot up to 12 separate incidents of dharnas and strikes because of the sudden increase in the tuition fees and corruption in the admission of students. This was perhaps the worst year of student unrest and all that was only settled with the intervention of the collector and the dismissal of a few clerks.

After this, an aura of fear was seven among the students as well as the staff. Besides this, the government appointed Dr R. K. Sahu a man of great integrity as the principal of the college. As a result strikes completely stopped in the college. The year 2009 was also a year of no strikes and the college witnessed a new spirit of amity among the staff and the students. Thus the graph shows that strikes reached their peak in the year 2007 and had their complete decline in the year 2009.

7.3 Charts

Look at the chart below. It shows the ownership pattern of durable goods by different families in India. Try to understand the facts presented in it and answer the questions that follow :
Ownership pattern of Durables (Percentage of the total owned by different income classes)

Now answer these questions :
a. What is the annual family income of the people belonging to the low category?
b. What percentage of which goods do they buy as shown in the chart?
c. Considering their limited income, do they buy a lot?
d. Would you call the people belonging to the high category “rich”? Do they spend enough on consumer durables, in proportion to their income? What percentage of goods do they buy? What do the rich prefer to buy?

Question (a)
What is the annual family income of the people belonging to the low category?
Answer:
The annual family income of people belonging to the low category is Rs 1,20,000.

Question (b)
What percentage of which goods do they buy as shown in the chart?
Answer:
The percentage of goods which the low category people buy is as follows: Bicycles – 47% Mopeds – 17% Scooters – 9% Motorcycles – 11% Colour TVs – 10% and Washing Machines – 6% Note – All are approximate figures.

Question (c)
Considering their limited income, do they buy a lot?
Answer:
Yes, in spite of earning Rs 1.20,000 annually, they hold 17 percent of the market share in durables which is equal to the market share of the higher-income group and more than the market share of the upper-middle group.

Question (d)
Would you call the people belonging to the high category “rich”? Do you spend enough on consumer durables, in proportion to your income? What percentage of goods do they buy? What do the rich prefer to buy?
Answer:
In comparison with the low-income group, the people of the high-income group are definitely richer but their market share is comparatively lower than the market share of the low-income group in proportion to their income. They buy only 3 percent Of bicycles, 7 percent of mopeds, 17 percent of scooters, 20 percent of motorcycles, 19 percent of color T.V.s, and 37 percent of washing machines. It is obvious that they prefer to buy goods like color T.V.s and washing machines.

Activity – 8

Fill in the blanks in the report below with the ideas from the chart above.
A short report on the Ownership pattern of consumer durables in India.

The poor in India do not have a lot of money: their annual family income, on average, comes to Rs. 20,000. But they make a lot of purchases and constitute the mainstay for most products in the country. For example, families belonging to this category own _____________ of all bicycles, __________of mopeds, __________ of scooters, ___________ of motorcycles, and 10 percent of color televisions. They even own washing machines. The rich, in contrast, have money, but their share of purchases of these products is comparatively much less. Despite the money they have, they buy only ___________ of bicycles ___________ of mopeds, ___________of scooters, ___________ of motorcycles, and _____________ of color TVs. The poor earn less but spend more. And the rich earn more but spend less.

Answer:
The poor in India do not have a lot of money: their annual family income, on average, comes to Rs. 20,000. But they make a lot of purchases and constitute the mainstay for most products in the country. For example, families belonging to this category own 47 percent of all bicycles, 17 percent of mopeds, 9 percent of scooters, 11 percent of motorcycles, and 10 percent of color televisions. They even own washing machines. The rich, in contrast, have money, but their share of purchases of these products is comparatively much less. Despite the money they have, they buy only 3 percent of bicycles, 7 percent of mopeds, 17 percent of scooters, 20 percent of motorcycles, and 19 percent of color TVs. The poor earn less but spend more. And the rich earn more but spend less.

Activity – 9

Look at the chart below and answer the questions that follow.
Four-wheelers that passed over the bridge :

Question 1.
When was the bridge least busy?
Answer:
The bridge was least busy between 7.30 and 8.30 a.m.

Question 2.
When did the rush hour begin? When was the bridge most busy?
Answer:
The rush hour began at 9.00 a.m. and continued till 10.00 a.m. The bridge was most busy at 9.30 a.m.

Question 3.
How many vehicles in total passed over the bridge by 10.30?
Answer:
A total of 420 (approx.) vehicles passed over the bridge by 10.30.

Question 4.
If you know that schools start at 9.30 and government offices at 10.00, can you think of a way to reduce the pressure of traffic between 9.00 and 10.00?
Answer:
The school timings can be changed from 9.30 to 8.00 to reduce the pressure of traffic.

Activity – 10

Use the information in the chart below and write a short report to show which course was popular and why. (No reason has been shown in the chart, you have to think of some).

(Students enrolled in the Civil Engineering and Electronics courses of an Engineering College.)

A short report on the popularity of Civil Engineering and Electronics courses between 1970 -1998.
Answer:
In the year 1970 students’ preference for Civil Engineering was very high. 900 students were admitted for Civil Engineering courses whereas only 610 had enrolled for Electronics. Civil Engineering was a traditionally demanded subject and with a lot of development works taking place then, jobs were aplenty. On the other hand, electronics had been newly introduced and did not have many employment opportunities.

Ten years later Civil Engineering was still popular but because of a slight decrease in employment opportunities student enrolment also saw a slight decrease. Enrolment in Electronics however did not register much change. By 1990, the introduction of computers all over India, boosted the popularity of electronics and as it provided better job opportunities there was an increase in student enrolment in courses on Electronics. Now 900 students have been enrolled in Electronics while only 700 are in Civil Engineering.

The popularity of Electronics soared to new heights with the entry of multinationals into India after 1995. The multinationals provide great job opportunities and with many job opportunities overseas for computer professionals with handsome pay packets, the Electronics courses witnessed an admission of more than a thousand students in 1998. By then jobs for Engineering students were completely saturated. Civil engineers remained unemployed and therefore. Civil Engineering courses were no more popular. In 1998 only 300 students got enrolled in Civil Engineering.

7.4 Tables

Look at the table below, showing the maximum temperature recorded at different places in Odisha.

II. Answer these questions.

Question (a)
What was the highest temperature recorded?
Answer:
The highest record temperature was 43.5.

Question (b)
Where was it recorded?
Answer:
It was recorded at Angul.

Question (c)
Which were the other places that recorded high temperatures?
Answer:
The other places which recorded high temperatures were Bhubaneswar, Bolangir, Cuttack, Phulbani, Sambalpur, and Jharsuguda.

Question (d)
What was the maximum temperature in Bhubaneswar?
Answer:
The maximum temperature in Bhubaneswar was 42.2.

Question (e)
Which other places were as warm as Bhubaneswar?
Answer:
Bolangir, Jharsuguda, Sambalpur and Cuttack were as warm as Bhubaneswar.

Question (f)
What was the weather like in Puri, Gopalpur, Paradip, and Balasore? Why?
Answer:
The weather in these places was considerably less warm. It stood between 32.00 to 33.5. This is because these towns are on the coast.

Activity-11

Fill in the blanks to complete the following report based on the table above.

A report on today’s weather in Odisha
It was the season’s hottest day, in Odisha today. The temperature in many places went beyond __________ Celsius. Of all places in Odisha, _________recorded the highest temperature of __________ The other places that experienced an equally hot day were Bolangir and Jharsuguda. In these two places, the mercury soared up to __________ Bhubaneswar, the capital city, recorded a high temperature of __________ The other places that were as hot as Bhubaneswar were ________ and __________ with a recording of __________ and ___________ respectively. However, ____________, __________, Paradip, and Balasore, places near the sea, were relatively cooler. They recorded maximum temperatures of around ___________ Celsius.

Answer:
A report on today’s weather in Odisha
It was the season’s hottest day, in Odisha. The temperature in many places went beyond 40° Celsius. Of all places in Odisha, Angul recorded the highest temperature of 43.5° Celsius. The other places that experienced an equally hot day were Bolangir and Jharsuguda. In these two places, the mercury soared up to 42.7° Celsius. Bhubaneswar, the capital city, recorded a high temperature of 42.2° Celsius. The other places that were as hot as Bhubaneswar were Cuttack and Sambalpur with a recording of 41.5° Celsius and 41.8° Celsius respectively. However, Gopalpur, Puri. Paradip and Balasore, places near the sea, were relatively cooler. They recorded maximum temperatures of around 33.5° Celsius.

Activity – 12

The following table presents a weather report on the basis of data recorded up to 8.30 a.m. on Friday, 8 December. Have a look at the table and answer the questions that follow. Then write a short report to go with the table.

(a) On 8 December, Mumbai had the highest maximum temperature.

Question (i)
Which City had the lowest maximum temperature?
Answer:
Delhi had the lowest maximum temperature on 8 December.

Question (ii)
What was the temperature?
Answer:
The temperature was 20° C.

(b). Question (i)
Which city had the highest minimum temperature?
Answer:
Chennai had the highest minimum temperature.

Question (ii)
How much was it?
Answer:
The temperature was 23°C.

Question (c)
Which city had rainfall during the past 24 hours?
Answer:
Chennai had rainfall during the past 24 hours.

Question (d)
Which city had recorded the highest amount of rainfall since 1 October?
Answer:
Chennai had recorded the highest amount of rainfall since 1 October.

Weather report of Metro Cities:
Even in winter, the Metro cities of India were quite warm. On 8 December, Mumbai was the hottest with a maximum temperature of 34° celsius, while the lowest maximum temperature, 26° celsius, was recorded at Delhi. The same day, New Delhi, recorded the lowest minimum temperature of 08° celsius. It was quite cold there but in spite of recording maximum temperatures of 29° and 33° Celsius, the lowest minimum temperatures at Chennai and Kolkata respectively remained constant at 23° Celsius.

Similarly, Chennai witnessed the highest amount of rainfall in a week since 1 Oct. The rainfall stood at 560 inches which was 52 inches less than normal. New Delhi recorded the least rainfall during the week. It was only 3 inches which were 27 inches less than normal. Mumbai and Kolkata too had 6 inches and 64 inches respectively, less rainfall than normal. On the whole, rainfall in all the Metro cities was less than normal.

Activity -13

Here is a table of figures showing the leisure habits of the people of Bhubaneswar.

Use the information given in the table above and write a short report.
The leisure habits of the people of Bhubaneswar in the last year and this year does not show significant change. Last year, 1 lakh books were bought by people and this increased to 1.5 lahks this year. Thus there was an increase of 50% in the sale of books. There was a similar rise in Cable – T.V. connections. While, last year, only 50,000 people subscribed to Cable.

T.V., this year, the subscribers had increased to 1 lakh which is a 50 percent increase. As a result of this cinema, attendance fell from 3.5 lahks to 3.25 lakh last year to this year. Happily however 10,000 more people went on picnics this year than last year. However, in comparison with leisure activities like reading books or watching Cable T.V. going on picnics is the least popular.

Activity -14

Look at the table below and write a paragraph based on the information given in it.

Answer:
A comparative study of the Moon, the Earth, and the Sun:
Among all the bodies in the solar system, the Moon, the Earth, and Sun are the most significant. But they differ in size, weight, distance, and description. The Moon is the smallest of heavenly bodies while the Earth is 50 times bigger than the Moon and the Sun 400 times bigger than the weight of Moon is also the least while the Earth and the Sun are 81 times and 27 million times more than the Moon. If Earth is taken as a center point, the distance of the Moon from the Earth is 384,000 km. In fine, the Moon is a satellite of the planet Earth.

7.5 Pie Charts/circle charts

Here is a chart showing how Ramesh spends his day, Look at the chart and answer the questions that follow.

Activity- 15

(i)Answer the following questions.
a. How many hours does Ramesh spend at school?
b. Does this include the time he spends on the way to and from school?
c. How long does he sleep? When do you think he goes to bed? When does he get up?
d. How much time does he spend on the play?
e. How much time does he spend on his studies at home?
f. Do you divide your time in the same way?
Answer:
(a) Ramesh spends five and a half (51/2) hours at school.
(b) Yes, the hours spent at school include the time on the way to and from school.
(c) He sleeps for eight (8) hours a day He is supposed to go to bed at 10 p.m. and gets up at 6 a.m.
(d) It is supposed that Ramesh spends about 61/2 hours in playing.
(e) He spends about 6V2 hours on his studies.
(f) Yes, I divide time in the same way.

(ii) Now complete the report below by filling in the blank spaces with ideas from the pie chart above.

(iii) A child’s daily routine.

Ramesh walks to school at 10. It takes him hardly 20 minutes to get there. After prayers, he attends classes from 10.30 to 4 p.m. which includes a tiffin break for half an hour, from 1 to 1.30. At 4, when the classes are over, he comes back home, with his friends. He greatly enjoys the return trip home as his friends and he usually amuses themselves with innocent jokes, makes fun, and indulges in different kinds of innocuous mischief. On reaching home, he gobbles up something and scampers away to join his friends either in volleyball or in some country games, which he plays for just one hour. At 6, he has a wash, says his prayers, and sits down to study from 6.30 to 9.30 in the evening. At 9.30 he has dinner, does some light reading, and goes to bed by 10.30 p.m. The next morning he is up by 6.30. Within one hour he brushes his teeth have a wash, etc. and by 7.30 he is at his study table. He does his homework for two hours. At 9.30 he has an early lunch, packs his books in the bag, and is ready to go to school.

Activity – 16

A. Look at the chart below. It tells us how Mrs. Pattnaik spends her money.

Does Mrs. Pattnaik spend her money wisely? Why do you think so?
Answer:
Mrs. Pattnaik receives net cash of Rs 6000/- from her husband. She spends Rs 2700/- that is 45% of it towards her children’s education. She sends Rs 1350/- each to her son, who is studying engineering, and daughter who is studying medicine. Besides this, she spends equally on her house rent and food. For a three-room apartment, she pays Rs 1320/ which is 22% of the money she receives. She spends the same amount on food for a month. In addition to all this, she spends 540/- on transport.

Of this, she gives Rs 300A to her husband for petrol and monthly maintenance of his scooter and uses the rest for transport needs. She spends the least on entertainment spending Rs 80/- for her cable T.V. connection and Rs 40/ – for an occasional picture along with her husband. In all this, she spends her money wisely investing largely in her children’s education.

B. Look at the following diagram :

Now write a few sentences explaining why milk is considered to be a well-balanced food.
Answer:
Milk is considered a well-balanced diet because it has proteins, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins, and minerals as well as water in the right proportions and as required by the body. Moreover, milk is a universal diet that is available everywhere. It can also be taken by people of all ages.

C. You have collected the opinions of 500 people through a random sample survey. The findings of the survey are presented in the chart below.
Now use the information in the chart

The subjects were asked whether India should adopt the presidential form of government.
Answer:
A random sample survey of 500 people in Metro cities was conducted by the Operations Research Group to find the people’s opinion on changing over to a Presidential form of Government. The respondents were chosen from a cross-section of society. The results of the survey reveal that the majority were in favor of a Presidential form of Government.

However, they only consist of 40% of the respondents. 35 percent of the respondents are against a Presidential form of Government while 25 percent opined that they could not say anything about it. Thus though the majority calls for a Presidential form of Government, it is only a small majority as far as the percentage of respondents is concerned.

7.6. Maps

You are traveling by bus to Bhubaneswar. After reaching the new bus stand at Baramunda, you hire an auto-rickshaw to take you to Vani Vihar for an interview. But the highway is blocked at a point between Jayadev Vihar and Acharya Vihar. The auto-driver tells you he is new to Bhubaneswar and does not know all the roads. Which route would you ask him to take? Use the map below to decide on a route to Vani Vihar and then write down the instructions you would give the driver.

A. Answer the following questions.

Question 1.
How many possible routes are available to you?
Answer:
There are three routes available to go to Vanivihar.

Question 2.
Which route would you prefer?
(i) CRP square – Power house square – Assembly and Station square – R.D. Women’s College.
(ii) CRP square – Jayadev Vihar – Power house – Assembly – Acharva Vihar.
(iii) CRP square – Jayadev Vihar – Nalco Chhak – Vani Vihar.
Answer:
I would prefer the CRP square – Jayadav Vihar – Nalco Chhak – Vani Vihar route.

Question 3.
Would you take the CRP – Power house – Jayadev Vihar Acharya Vihar traffic route? If not, why?
Answer:
It would not be of any use to take this route because the traffic is blocked between Jayadev Vihar and Acharya Vihar. Another man, under similar circumstances, chose the route Jayadev Vihar – NALCO Chhak – Vani Vihar and gave the following instructions. Read the instructions before you write your own instructions.

B. instructions were given to the auto driver.

Go straight along the National Highway up to _________. Then turn left and take the Nandankanan Road. Keep going for about two kilometers and then turn right at ___________. Continue until you come to the ___________ on the left. Don’t stop. Go straight ahead. YOU will reach Vani Vihar after half a kilometer. You can see the gates of Vani Vihar on the left, just 1(X) meters before the Acharya Vihar traHie post. Enter and go straight to the Administrative Block.

Activity – 17

Fill in the blanks in the paragraph above with ideas from the map above.

Some common expressions used in giving instructions to reach someplace.
Turn right / left. Go straight ahead. Pass two roads on the right / left. On your left, you will see ……………. etc.
Go straight along the National Highway up to Javadev Vihar. Then turn left and take the Nandankanan Road. Keep going for about two kilometers and then turn right at Nalco Chhak. Continue until you come to the Sainik School, on the left. Don’t stop. Go straight ahead. You will reach Vani Vihar after half a kilometer. You can see the gates of Vani Vihar on the left, just 100 meters before the Acharya Vihar traffic post. Enter and go straight to the Administrative Block.

Activity – 18

Look at the map of a town given below. A car and a bus have collided on Bridge Road, causing a road block. Another car (shown on the map) has to reach the railway office. Write down the instructions that you would give the driver of the car.

Answer:
Turn right towards the shops and then go along the boundary of the Convent School again on the right till you reach Second Avenue. Here take a turn to the right till you reach the temple which you can see on the left. Here take a turn to the left and drive on till you cross the temple and the post office. The third building on this street is the Railway Office.

Activity – 19

The following is a map of your college. Write a letter to a friend, describing the things shown on the map.

Bhubaneswar
15.04.2012

Dear Gautam,
How are you? It is a long time since 1 wrote to you. In your last letter, you asked me to describe my college. Now that I am completely familiar with my college 1 can very vividly describe it. Our college faces the west and its front boundary runs along the main road. It has two gates that open onto the main road, one at the north end and another at the south end. The north gate leads to the library and the playground right in front of it. Beyond the library is the Commerce Block.

It is the smallest Block. Beside it on the south side is the Arts Block which constitutes the biggest building of the college. Further south, down the Arts Block, is the Science Block, it is bigger than the Commerce Block but smaller than the Arts Block. The Commerce and Science Blocks have twelve rooms and galleries each but the rooms and galleries of the Science Block are bigger than that of the Commerce Block.

The Arts Block has even huger rooms and galleries numbering fourteen in all. Near the Science Block towards the southwest are the Physics, Chemistry, and Biology laboratories. The entrance to the laboratories is in the north. They face the road leading to the Library from the north gate. The Biology Lab. is the closest from the Science Block. After the Biology Lab is the Chemistry Lab and then the Physics Lab which borders the main road. The back of these Laboratories runs along the road leading from the south gate to the Science Block.

Beyond this road on the south, are the office and staff common rooms. They lie adjacent to each other. Of course, the entrance to the office is from the West while the entrance to the staff rooms is on the south. All the Blocks, Laboratories, staff rooms, and office buildings are rectangular in structure. I hope, 1 have given a clear picture of the layout of my college. 1 am sending a photocopy of a map which found in the college calendar to make things more clear.
Do write to me,
Love,
Sanjay

Activity – 20

Use the information in the chart below and write a report stating which courses are popular in Odisha, which courses are popular among women, what percentage of boys and girls get enrolled in each course, etc.
Students taking admission in different branches of study in Odisha.

Students’ Enrolment and popularity of courses in Odisha.
Answer:
In Odisha, courses in the humanities stream are the most popular. Almost sixty students of every 100 opt for humanities. In addition, the largest number of girls enroll in humanities courses where the proportion between girls and boys is 60: 40. Courses in science stand second in popularity. In such courses the proportion between boys and girls is 50: 50.

Engineering courses take third place in popularity. This course is more popular with boys than with girls. Hence the enrolment of boys to girls in this course is 70: 30. Commerce courses are next in terms of popularity. This course is preferred more by boys than by girls. The proportion between boys and girls in this course is 80: 20. Agriculture, Forestry and Vet Science stand next in popularity. Here too the boys dominate over girls with a proportion of 80: 20. After this, vocational subjects are preferred.

In this course there are more boys than girls with the proportion being 75: 25. Finally, the Medical science course is the least popular. This course too has more boys than girls and the proportion between them is 90: 10. On the whole, while humanities and science courses are the most popular, the Medical science course is the least popular. Moreover, while more girls are enrolled in humanities, the proportion of boys in all other courses is larger than that of girls.

Activity – 21

The graphs below represent the spending habit of the young and old people of Odisha. Compare the information in both graphs and write a paragraph.

A – Housing, fuel, light, and power
B – Clothing, footwear, and durable goods
C – Other goods and services
D – Food

Comparative spending habits of the young and old in Odisha.
Answer:
A comparative study of the spending habits of the young and old people of Odisha reveals that both groups spend the most on other goods and services which exclude food, shelter, and clothing. While young people spend 40% of their income on other goods and services, old people spend 33% on this. Items that constitute other goods and services include household items like Refrigerators, Washing Machines.

Air Coolers, Grinders, and the like. Services in this category mainly consist of transport and entertainment. Similarly, both groups spend the least on clothing, footwear, and durable goods. However, young people spend more than old people on this item. The former spend 17% of their income while the latter spend 4% less that is, 13% of their income on clothing, footwear, and durable goods. The old people spend equally on housing and food. They give more priority to these items on their budget than the young.

54% of their income, that is 27% is spent each on food and housing. The young people, on the other hand, spend 24% and 19% respectively on food and housing. They give more priority to food than to housing. However, the amount they spend on each of these items is less than what the old spend on it. In short, the young and the old give top priority to other goods and services while giving the least priority to clothing, footwear, and other durable goods. But the old people give more priority to food and housing than the young.

Activity – 22

Prepare a newspaper report on the basis of the information presented in the graph below.

Answer:
Alarming rise in Road Accidents
By our correspondent :
Bhubaneswar, Aug 18: There has been an alarming rise in road accidents in Bhubaneswar since 1991. Talking to our correspondent, Mr. Sudhansu Mohanty. the traffic SP. Bhubaneswar pointed out that since the last decade, road accidents have occurred in Bhubaneswar with alarming frequency. Quoting statistics available in his department he is reported to have said that between 1987 to the middle of 1988 almost 3500 people were reported to have died due to road accidents. The sudden spurt in accidents and the number of fatalities forced the government to enforce traffic laws especially, the donning of helmets.

As a result deaths due to accidents decreased gradually and touched a low of 1700 in mid ’90. However, changes in the Government and relaxation of traffic rules after this saw a dramatic rise in fatalities caused by road accidents. Thus, in ’92 the number of fatalities rose to 3600, in ’94 to 4800, and in ‘98 to 7200. Thus from the middle of 1990 to the end of 1998, almost 5400 people died as a result of road accidents in Bhubaneswar. It is hoped that law enforcement agencies will take steps to enforce laws and traffic rules, NGOs will educate people on traffic rules and the public will cooperate to ensure that the roads of Bhubaneswar are safe for one and all.

Activity – 23

An influential person has applied for permission to set up a stone crusher unit at a place indicated with dots on the map below. As a resident of the area, you have serious objections. Write a letter to the appropriate authority expressing your objections.

Answer:

80 Saheed Nagar, Bhubaneswar
17 April 2012

The Collector and District Magistrate
Collectorate
Puri Road, Bhubaneswar
Dt. Khurda
Sir,
I wish to invite your attention to a stone-crusher unit that is proposed to be set up in the center of the city.
As you may be aware that there are two acres of government land right in front of the Head Post Office beside the Convent School on Janpath road, Bhubaneswar. This piece of land is being reportedly leased to an extremely influential person to set up a stone crusher unit. Such a step is highly objectionable.

First of all, the Honourable High Court of Odisha had in an already judged P.I.L. petition stated that no stone-crushers unit should be set up within 20 km of the city limits. Consequently, stone-crusher units beyond Khandagiri have now moved beyond Khurda. Therefore building a unit here is entirely illegal. Secondly, stone-crusher units cause great environmental pollution and bring with it numerous health hazards.

The stone-crusher units spread a pall of dust which is especially dangerous for people with respiratory problems like Asthma. Thirdly, the stone crusher unit is being proposed in an area that is heavily populated, though you may call it a floating population. It is situated right in the middle of a school and a women’s college which is on either side of it. Thus, it will not only affect our young ones in the school but also the girls in the women’s college. The proposed unit can cause a lot of sound pollution besides dust pollution.

This is really unwelcome in an educational block of buildings. Finally, the land on which the proposed crusher unit is being proposed to be set up has a lot of evergreen trees and serves as an environmental cushion for the whole city. Cutting down trees to set up a stone-crusher unit on it is therefore the least desirable thing that could be done there. I request you to therefore prohibit the lease of the land for the proposed stone-crusher unit and instead develop it into a park in which all the members of the public are with you. Yours faithfully (Suman Priyadarshini)
Member-Secretary
Odisha Environmental Society.
Bhubaneswar

Odisha State Board CHSE Odisha Class 12 Invitation to English 4 Solutions Grammar Tense Patterns Unit 1 The Present Simple and the Present Progressive Textbook Activity Questions and Answers.

CHSE Odisha 12th Class English Grammar Tense Patterns Unit 1 The Present Simple and the Present Progressive

SECTION-I

We might have heard two English words, i.e., Time and Tense. They are not regarded as the same in the English language. The word ‘Tense’ is a purely grammatical term. But we use the words yesterday, today, and tomorrow. We use ‘yesterday’ for past time, ‘today’ for the present time, and ‘tomorrow’ for future time. We can experience the time and say what time it is. The term ‘tense’ in grammar is used to refer to a verb form. An English verb basically has two forms/categories. Let’s take the verb go. We say: go — present tense, went — past tense, gone — past participle tense.
Some of us have a wrong notion that the verb ‘go’ has three forms.
Observe all the forms of the verb (go)-
(i) present (go),
(ii) past (went), and
(iii) past participle (gone).

The past participle is the sub-class/form of the past form. So there are basically two forms of a verb i.e., present and past. These two forms express all the various kinds of meanings in the present, past, and future times. If a verb has two forms, then there are two tenses — (not three tenses). That is why there is no ‘Future Tense’ in the English language.
Let’s have some ideas on Tense patterns.
The Present Simple and Present Progressive.
Look at the following sentences.
(a) Satish: What are you doing?
Manish: I am writing a letter to my friend. I write to him every Sunday.
(b) I don’t understand why my dog is barking at you this morning. He is usually quite friendly.
(c) You are very gentle normally, so why are you acting in such a violent manner now?

In the above examples, 7 write to him every Sunday.’ 7 don’t understand’. ‘He is usually quite friendly.’ ‘’You are very gentle normally.’ the verb phrases underlined belong to ‘Simple Present Tense’.They are used to describe persons and things in their normal or usual state or they talk about some activity that takes place habitually or regularly.
But the examples: ‘Why my dog is barking at you this morning.’ ‘Why are you acting… ?’ and 7 am writing a letter….’ the verb phases (be + ing form) belong to ‘Present Progressive/Continuous Tense’. They are used to talking about some activity that is going on at the present moment of speaking. The activity/event is going on or continuing now.

Activity – 1
Study the sentences below and fill in the gaps, using the Present Simple / Present Progressive form of the verb in brackets, as required.
(a) They boy next door ______________(water) the plants this morning, but he normally ______________(do) it in the evening.
(b) My sister ______________(play) badminton now, but she ______________ (not play) here everyday.
(c) My brother ______________(search) for his pen. He always ______________ (misplace) it.
(d) We ______________(get) ready to go to school; we ______________ (go) to school every morning.
(e) I usually ______________ (enjoy) reading books in the library, but I ______________ (not enjoy) this one very much.
(f) My grandfather rarely ______________(carry) an umbrella, but he ______________(carry) one now because there are dark clouds in the sky.
(g) I’m sorry, but you can’t see the Minister. He ______________ (sleep) still, although he usually ______________(wake up) very early.
(h) Hari ______________ (do) his homework still. His brother, who always ______________(work) very fast ______________ (play) in the garden already.
Answer:
(a) The boy next door is watering the plants this morning, but he normally does it in the evening.
(b) My sister is playing badminton now, but she does not play here every day.
(c) My brother is searching for his pen. He always misplaces it.
(d) We are getting ready to go to school; we go to school every morning.
(e) I usually enjoy reading books in the library, but I am not enjoying this one very much.
(f) My grandfather rarely carries an umbrella, but he is carrying one now because there are dark clouds in the sky.
(g) I’m sorry, but you can’t see the Minister. He is sleeping still, although he usually wakes up very early.
(h) Hari is doing his homework still. His brother, who always works very fast, is playing in the garden already.

Activity -2:
The time is 8 p.m. Everyone in your family is busy, but each person is doing something which is different from what he/she usually does at this time. The members of your family, including yourself, are listed below. Write what each one of them is doing, and also mention what they usually do at this time. (One example has been given)
1. Father
Ans. ______________________________________________________
2. Mother
Ans. ______________________________________________________
3. My uncle
Ans. ______________________________________________________
4. My aunt
Ans. ______________________________________________________
5. My sister
Ans. ______________________________________________________
6. My brother
Ans. ______________________________________________________
7. I
Ans. ______________________________________________________
Answer:
1. Father
Answer:
Father is having a shave, but he usually goes for a walk at this time.
2. Mother
Answer:
She is knitting now, but she normally works at this time.
3. My uncle
Answer:
My brother is sleeping still, but he usually goes to school at this time.
4. My aunt
Answer:
My aunt is having a bath now, but she usually sleeps at this time.
5. My sister
Answer:
My sister is playing now, but she generally studies her lessons at this time.
6. My brother
Answer:
My brother is playing cards now, but he usually goes to the fields at this time.
7. I
Answer:
I am doing morning exercise now, but I usually do not do it every day.

Section -2:
Examine the following sentences :
(a) We usually have a football match in our village every Sunday, but this year we aren’t having any matches.
(b) He usually avoids going to the library but he is going there regularly this month as he is preparing for an exam.
The above examples show that the Present Progressive does not specify either the time of beginning or the time of completing the activity. All we know is the activity is in progress now (the moment of speaking). Expressions like nowadays, this month, these days, etc. are used to refer to the period of time during which the activity takes place. In order to distinguish the Progressive from the Non-Progressive form, we have to see its three separate meanings. It indicates :
(i) Temporary duration,
(ii) Limited duration,
(iii) the happenings need not be complete.
Simple present, on the other hand, refers to a relatively permanent activity or state.

Activity – 3
Fill in the blank spaces below, using the appropriate forms of the verbs in brackets.
(a) Our neighbours ______________(go) to Puri every winter but this winter they ______________ (go) to Sambalpur.
(b) My father generally______________ (take) the bus but today he ______________(walk) to work.
(c) They usually ______________(play) football on Sundays but this month they ______________ (play) cricket instead.
(d) My brother always ______________(work) on the day shift but this summer he ______________(work) on the night shift.
(e) My teacher ______________(go) abroad every year but she ______________ (visit) Kanyakumari this year.
Answer:
(a) Our neighbors go to Puri every winter but this winter they are going to Sambalpur.
(b) My father generally takes the bus but today he is walking to work.
(c) They usually play football on Sundays but this month they are playing cricket instead.
(d) My brother always works the day shift but this summer he is working on the night shift.
(e) My teacher goes abroad every year but she is visiting Kanyakumari this year.

Activity -4
Imagine that you have an examination next month. You are working very hard for your examination and have been forced to change your daily routine. Describe seven things that you usually do and the things you are required to do now. You can use expressions such as these days, nowadays, this month, this summer, etc. An example is given in (i).
(i) ______________________________________________________.
(ii) ______________________________________________________.
(iii) ______________________________________________________.
(iv) ______________________________________________________.
(v) ______________________________________________________.
Answer:
(i) I normally get up at 7 o’clock but I am getting up at 5 a.m. these days.
(ii) I usually go to tuition but I am preparing my lessons myself these days.
(iii) I normally read my books but I’m writing out my lessons this month.
(iv) I generally study the textbooks but I’m studying the key books these days.
(v) I study for my lessons two hours a day but I’m studying ins ten hours this month.

Activity – 5
Imagine that panchayat elections are going to be held in your village and as a result, a lot of development work is taking place. Write five sentences, mentioning in each what the present condition in the village is and what new work is going on right now. Look at the example in (i) and use the hints provided in the other bits of your sentences.

(i) Drinking water.
______________________________________________________
(ii) Electricity
______________________________________________________
(iii) Roads
______________________________________________________
(iv) Medical facilities
______________________________________________________
(v) Education
______________________________________________________
Answer:
(i) Drinking water.
Our village has no water supply but now the government is providing piped water to every home.
(ii) Electricity
Our village has no electricity facilities but the government is fixing poles in our village for electricity.
(iii) Roads
Our village has no concrete road but the government is making a concrete road for the villagers.
(iv) Medical facilities
Our village has no dispensary but the government is providing a dispensary for us.
(v) Education
Our village has no primary school but the government is constructing a building for a primary school.

SECTION-III

Verbs that do not normally take the Progressive form.
Examine the pairs of sentences below.
(a) (i) I like to fish.
(ii) I am liking fish.
(b) (i) He feels very happy.
(ii) He is feeling the heat now.
(c) (i) Sugar tastes sweet.
(ii) The sugar in the market is tasting less sweet these days.
Verbs like feel, like, taste, love, hate, want, need, prefer, know; realize, suppose, mean, understand, believe, remember, belong, contain, consist, depend, seem, think, see, etc. are known as stative verbs. They refer to states rather than to events or actions. We use the Simple Present to refer to states that exist at the present moment. Some of these verbs can be used as dynamic or action-oriented. In that case, they go with an —ing form i.e., the Progressive form. Then the usual character of the verb
becomes action-oriented.

Activity — 6
Choose the correct alternative to fill in the blanks.
(a) Costs / is costing
(i) Gold ________ more and more these days.
(ii) Gold ________a great deal of money.
(b) thinks/is thinking
(i) He ________Don’t disturb him.
(ii) He ________very highly of you.
(c) enjoy/am enjoying
(i) I ________ games.
(ii) I ________this game.
Answer:
(a) (i) is costing
(ii) costs
(b) (i) is thinking
(ii) thinks
(c) (i) enjoy
(ii) am enjoying

Activity -7
Rewrite the sentences below without changing the meaning. Use the word given in capital letters, which must not be altered in any way.
Example :
These shoes are the wrong size for me. FIT
These shoes do not fit me.
(a) There are four gallons of petrol in the tank. CONTAINS
______________________________________________________
(b) I intend to go to Koraput next summer. THINKING OF
______________________________________________________
(c) The life of the Rajput family forms the subject of the story. DESCRIBES
______________________________________________________
(d) The doctor is looking at the X-Ray. HAVING A LOOK
______________________________________________________
(e) When I see this village I remember my childhood. REMINDS ME OF
______________________________________________________
(f) I am fond of sweets. LIKE
______________________________________________________
(g) In my opinion you should meet him again. THINK
______________________________________________________
Answer:
(a) The tank contains four gallons of petrol.
(b) I am thinking of going to Koraput next summer.
(c) The life of the Rajput family describes the subject of the story.
(d) The doctor is having a look at the X-Ray.
(e) This village reminds me of my childhood.
(f) I like sweets.
(g) I think you should meet him again.

Activity – 8
Use the verbs in brackets in the Simple Present or Present Progressive forms.
This year I ________ (study) English at Delhi University. I ________ (work) part-time in a public library. I’m lucky to have this job. I ________(not have to) get up early. The library ________ (open) at 10 and ________ (close) at 7. The work is interesting because people ________ (always come in) and ________ (ask) me to help them, so I ________ (learn) a lot about different subjects. I ________ (enjoy) the job and ________ (find) it very amusing too. People ________ (use) the strangest things as bookmarks. I have found a lock of black hair inside books. Matchsticks ________ (be) common and so ________ (be) bus tickets. My colleagues ________ (always find) things – even a ten rupee note, but I haven’t been so lucky! I often ________ (think) of a photograph I once found inside a book. It was the photograph of a beautiful girl, and on the back were the words ‘I ________ (love) you, and I ________ (miss) you very much.’
Answer:
This year I am studying English at Delhi University. I am working part-time in a public library. I’m lucky to have this job. I do not have to get up early. The library opens at 10 and closes at 7. The work is interesting because people always come in and ask me to help them, so I learn a lot about different subjects. I enjoy the job and find it very amusing too. People use the strangest things as bookmarks. I have found a lock of black hair inside books. Matchsticks are common and so is bus tickets. My colleagues always find things – even a ten rupee note, but I haven’t been so lucky! I often think of a photograph I once found inside a book. It was the photograph of a beautiful girl, and on the back were the words ‘I love you, and I miss you very much.

Odisha State Board CHSE Odisha Class 12 Invitation to English 3 Solutions Extended Writing Textbook Activity Questions and Answers.

CHSE Odisha 12th Class English Extended Writing

Introduction
Writing essays, letters, applications, stories, etc. requires as much skill as in writing a paragraph. It is an art, and when accomplished, develops the writer’s intellectual horizon, especially in literature. Under the circumstances, people are required to write letters or applications for certain purposes. In order to keep in touch with their relatives, friends, or kith and kin, people are required to write letters.

Some people are required to write applications to take leave or get any grant, etc. and some others under different situations prepare reports of the job they are assigned to do. There are still some people who write short stories, dramas, articles, etc. for the purpose of their publication in newspapers, weekly/fortnightly / monthly magazines. However different types of writings under different situations require different forms and norms.

When writing is meant for a reader or a group of readers, it then follows a set of principles or conventions which bind the form of writing within specified confines. Accordingly, the writer has to follow certain norms and regulations so as to produce his / her writing in an elegant and readable form. The theme of writing a composition is firstly expressed in the first instance. When a single sentence cannot express the whole thing we want to write, then we require a number of sentences to be written which are normally linked with one another.

In course of such writing with the combination of some related sentences, we are able to express our view(s) / idea(s) exactly to the point. Writing essays, so to say, is an extended form of writing different paragraphs at one place to express the idea or subject matter neatly. Traditionally speaking, essay is an extended form of writing some paragraphs on a given topic. But, on the other hand, essay today is not confined to the four comers of set topic as was prevalent in the past.

Essay is, no doubt, a written composition less elaborate than a treaty, or it may be an experimentation of one’s intellectual depth of the domain of thinking. It is a form of free writing or development on any topic expressed in an elegant literary language. In this respect, essay has become a highly subjective and personalized form of writing bereft of any ostensible purpose at the back. Hence, it is apt to observe that essay is free from any burden or pressure or any narrowness of feeling; rather it takes its birth in one’s fanciful imagination and leisure and the essayist is in a state of ecstasy unlike ordinary human beings.

Activity – 1

Can you now think of points for writing on “Your first day in college” ? Can you arrange these hints into points and develop them into a passage of 3 to 4 paragraphs ?

Answer:
My First Day At College
New atmosphere:
After passing the Secondary Examination, I got myself admitted to the Higher Secondary (i.e. Intermediate) class of a college in Kolkata. After admission when I attended college for the first time, I found myself in a new atmosphere. It seemed to be a different world from the one in which I had spent seven or eight years. The big building, the spacious staircase, the big classrooms, the wide corridors, the Principal’s room, the Professors’ room were in great contrast with those in my school. They left a deep impression on me.

The class arrangements:
The first interesting thing was the arrangement of classes. We had to attend school from 10.30 a.m. to 4 p.m. with no break except the recess for half an hour for tiffin and recreation. But on the first day I attended college at 1 p.m. My first class began at 1 p.m. It was a new experience to me. On the first day I had only three classes. Between two classes again there was an interval of one period.

Another difference from school life was the changing of classrooms. Instead of having all the classes in the same room, we* had to go to different rooms for different classes. A large number of students had to pass through the corridors to go from one room to another. Naturally, there was some noise. But it ceased when we took our seats in our respective classes. It was a novel experience for me.

Professors’ lectures:
We were about one hundred and fifty students in our class, so it was a very big class. It was the class of a Professor of English. He came and called our rolls. He welcomed us and gave an introductory lecture about our new life in college and how different it was from school life. He hoped that we should all follow his lecture attentively. I felt that it was not possible for him to take individual care of us as it was done in the school.

In this respect, it seemed to me that the teaching in school was better. The Professor gave his lecture in a general way. I took my seat on one of the front benches. I made it a point to listen to his lecture attentively, otherwise, I would be the loser and not him. There was no fear of punishment for neglecting lessons in the class. Hence some students sat on the back benches. They had no books. They did not seem to be attentive.

Activity – 2

You have already read “On the Road to Jaipur”, “A Day with Magumaster” and “First Day”. All these are narrative texts. Similarly, write a narrative text on any one of the following topics.
(a) On the Road to (A place of your choice)
(b) A day with grandpa/grandma
(c) My Last Birthday

Answer:
(a) On the Road to Puri:
My place of choice is always Puri. I enjoy my journey to this world famous holy place from Cuttack. The travel is delightful to the core. On the road to Puri is Bhubaneswar, the city of temples and the capital of Odisha. N.H. 5 passes through it. The four-lane road that leads to Bhubaneswar is one of the busiest ones in India. Thousands of trucks, cars and two- wheelers ply on the road, which is the life-blood of trade and commerce.

Bhubaneswar with its beautiful building and Lingaraj temple compels any traveler’s attention. The snow-white temple of Thakur Anukulchandra never escapes anyone’s notice. From Bhubaneswar, another fine wide road takes us to Puri. On the way, I catch sight of marvelous Buddha Stupa arid Pipili which has carved a name for itself for unique canopies. From Pipili, I go to Konark. This Sun Temple is indeed a symphony in stone.

From this place, I drive towards Puri along an unbelievably scenic Marine Drive. The sight of the sea marvels me. The splendor of nature on the road to Puri fascinates me beyond imagination. At last, I reach my grand destination – Puri, a place which is visited by thousands of pilgrims every day for its world-renowned Jagannath temple and magnificent sea beach.

(b) A day with grandma:
My mind now goes back to 1990. It was Sunday. At dawn, my grandma woke up. She wanted me to take my bath as early as possible. At first, I could not understand anything. She was shivering in cold. Because it was Kartik Pumima. She was interested to take me to a temple nearby. Bitter winter prevented me from taking my bath and accompanying her to the temple. My grandma, even at the ripe old age of 92, was very stubborn.

She insisted on finishing my work. I could not but obey her. My grandma’s joy knew no bounds when I went to the temple. On the way, she told me how my grandpa was religious. She was walking very fast. We reached the temple soon. She said her prayers for some minutes. I marked, when she was praying, tears rolled down her cheeks. I felt terribly sad. We came back home. I lost my mother soon after my birth. My father was irresponsible. My grandma was dutiful to the core.

She prepared breakfast, We ate together. She seemed to be very happy. As usual, after finishing her breakfast, she read her religious books. Then she rested for some time. All of a sudden she called me in a loud voice. I rushed to her. She was feeling restless. My father was out. I felt desperate. I called one of my friends and said to him to call the doctor. I was trying to give her comfort. The doctor came and took her temperature. It was 103. He gave me a prescription and instructed me to give her medicines in time. My friend bought them at once.

I gave her medicines, water, and fruit from time to time. The news of my grandma’s illness spread thick and fast. She was an object of respect in the eyes of the villagers. They came to see my grandma. The day passed, but there was no change in her temperature. She muttered something. It was 8 p.m. Silence had descended on the village. I sat by her helplessly. Her last. words were ‘Hai Ram’. She left me forever. I wept bitterly. Years have rolled by. Her beautiful face still swims before my eyes. I still treasure her loving care and valuable advice. Her affectionate words linger in my memory.

(c) My Last Birthday
I always look forward to enjoying a special moment in my life – my birthday. The celebration of my last birthday is an unforgettable one. It was the day when my second-year (Science) result was out. I had come out with flying colors. I felt as if I were on the moon. My entire family decided to celebrate my birthday with pomp and ceremony. The hall was exquisitely decorated with balloons and colored lights. I imagined it was heaven on earth. Guests including my lecturers, friends, and relatives reached our house in time.

It was a brilliant summer moonlit night. A gentle breeze passed through the hall. The moonlight that came through the window lent a rare beauty to that place. The moment I had been waiting for came at last. I was exactly 9 p.m. I caught my birthday cake amidst the clapping and cries, Happy birthday to you, happy birthday, Sanskar of my parents and guests. I put out the candle that surrounded it. To my untold excitement, I gently put pieces of cake into the mouths of my parents and my sister and then to the invitees. They showered their blessings on me. There were gifts all around. I was beside myself with joy when my father presented me a laptop. They all attended the dinner gleefully. The guests departed with smiles on their faces.

Activity – 3

Distribute the following topics among the members of your group, so that each one is assigned one topic. Think over your assigned topic for five minutes and write down all the ideas that come to your mind. You should not write full sentences, write only short phrases or single words. Then let each member arrange his/her ideas under some main points and discuss these main points with the members of the group. Now, develop these into paragraphs – just like the text on the thermometer. List of topics – Your ballpoint pen, Your bicycle/scooter /motorcycle, A cricket field, An alarm clock, etc.

Answer:
Your Ball-point Pen:
My ballpoint pen is a unique one. Its specialty is its German fluid ink, though it is made in India. It is made of special material. It has an orbital tip. It is very light. The color of my ballpoint pen is pink. It is glossy. It is not a ‘use and throws’ one. When the ink is finished, I put another refill into it. It looks very simple but attractive. It is remarkable for its smooth writing. My ballpoint pen is neatly designed. Near its hole where refill is put lies a round shining object.lt lends beauty to the pen. This cello ballpoint pen is my treasured possession.

Your Bicycle:
My bicycle is the cheapest and simplest form of transport on wheels. It consists of the main frame and a secondary frame both joined together and triangular in shape. The main frame has a head tube in its front. The handle of my bicycle protrudes out from the upper end of the head tube while the fork protrudes out from the lower end of the head tube. A inner bolt holds both the handle and the fork in place. At the lower end of the fork is the front axle which holds the wheel.

At the opposite end of the upper end of the head, the tube is a tube that protrudes out of the hollow of the main frame. This has a nut-bolt arrangement to hold the seat. Similarly, the peak of the triangular main frame has a hole and axle arrangement to which the crank is connected. The secondary frame has a seat-stay which serves as a support for the weight on the seat. The upper end of the seat stay is joined to the main frame while the lower end forks out into two legs which hold the rear wheel in place.

The wheels consist of a central spoke holder from which spokes radiate out into the rim of the wheel where it is screwed. The spokes keep the rim in shape and support it. Besides this, the wheel has an inflatable tube and an outer tire. The tube has a valve through which air is pumped into it. This valve emerges on to the outer side of the rim through a hole in it. The crank is held oy the main frame while the rear frame holds a sprocket wheel. A chain extends from the crank and is wound around the sprocket wheel.

The chain is fitted onto them and locked. The crank further has two pedals joined to it. When force is applied to the pedals, the crank turns and this chain transmits this force applied to the sprocket wheel which is attached to the rear wheel, thereby moving it. Consequently, the cycle moves. To facilitate proper control of the bike, there are brakes. Brake levers attached to the handle and have brake brackets with rubber on them which are fitted close to the rear and front wheels. Besides this, mudguards are provided for both wheels. Finally, a bell and a stand complete the bike. The stand serves as a prop to keep the bicycle standing.

Your Motorcycle:
My motorcycle is one of the most popular means of conveyance. Now different brands are manufactured by different companies. Each of them has a distinctive feature. Mv motorcycle consists of various parts, such as a handle, brake, fuel tank, silencer pipe, engine (four- stroke) carburetor, clutch lever, speedometer, two tires, and indicator (front and rear) compartment. These parts are systematically set in the bike – comfortable seat, headlight, shock absorber, and so on.

Four-stroke motorbike is superior to a two-stroke one. because the former has smooth pick-up. Besides, it doesn’t produce defeaning sound: On the other hand, the motorbike having a two-stroke engine doesn’t have that smooth pick-up. It produces sound. The consumption of a four-stroke engine is better than that of a two-stroke engine. The former is economical. Replacement of engine oil at the scheduled time is of great importance. Now wherever we notice, we see varieties of wonderful bikes playing on the road.

A Cricket Field:
The expression ‘A cricket field’ excites me in great measure. Amidst thousands of spectators, it comes to life in a flash. First of all, it must be smooth and grassy -rue. The length of a cricket field is not the same in all cricket-playing nations. In India, it has about 65 yards long, but in Australia, it is 85. An essential part of a cricket field is its pitch where the players bat and run between the wickets. This pitch is 22 yards in length. It includes two batting creases on both sides.

It is IV2 yards long from three stumps which are fixed almost about 5 cm from each other. The bells are placed on them, they are called wickets. A line is drawn there. Inside it stands a batsman. In power-play, the length of the field is restricted to 30 yards. When a batsman hits that cross its boundary is called a boundary (4 runs; This means the batsman has got four runs. If he strikes the ball that goes over the boundary without touching the ground is called a sixer. Here the batsman gets six runs. The presence of two umpires, eleven fielders, and two batsmen during the match lends a rare beauty to a cricket field.

An Alarm Clock:
An alarm clock is one that wakes up at a particular time by making a noise. It comes in different designs, sizes, and colors. It is made of different materials. That depends on the manufacturers. An alarm clock has a background called a face with hands that point to the hours and minutes. A digital alarm clock shows the time as a set of numbers. It has great importance in our lives. Today, life has become a hectic one.

In times of emergency, we need an alarm clock most. When we are in a state of delicious slumber, we have an urgent call to attend at a particular time or to go to the station or airport early, its defeaning noise wakes us up. As a result, we become conscious of our duties. Because of it, we cultivate a sense of timing. Thanks to the strides made in the field of science and technology, now mobile phones are playing the role of alarm clocks.

Activity – 4

Now, discuss any one of the following topics in your group. Generate ideas, write them down, organize them into broader sections and write down the outlines. Then distribute the broader sections among the members so that each member can write a paragraph on one of them. You have to do all these quickly so that you can beat other competing groups in the class.
Topics: Concrete
Sports and Games
The Value of Education
The Professions of your choice.

Sports and Games:
Some people seem to think that sports and games are unimportant things that people do, at times when they are not working, instead of going to the cinema, listening to the radio, or sleeping. But in actual fact, sports and games can be of great value, especially to people who work with their brains most of the day, and should not be treated only as amusements. Sports and games make our bodies strong, prevent us from getting too fat, and keep us healthy. But these are not their only uses.

They give us valuable practice in making eyes, brains and muscles work together. In tennis, our eyes see the ball coming, judge its speed and direction, and pass this information on to the brain. The brain then has to decide what to do, and to send its orders to the muscles of the arms, legs, and so on, so that the ball is met and hit back where it ought to go. All this must happen with very great speed, and only those who have had a lot of practice at tennis can carry out this complicated chain of events successfully. For those who work with their brains most of the day, the practice of such skills is especially useful.

Sports and games are also very useful for character training. In their lessons at school, boys and girls may learn about such virtues as unselfishness, courage, discipline, and love of one’s country. But what is learned in books cannot have the same deep effect on a child’s character as what is learned by experience. The ordinary day school cannot give much practical training in living, because most of the pupils’ time is spent in classes, studying lessons.

So it is what the pupils do in the spare time that really prepares them to take their place in society as citizens when they grow up. If each of them learns to work for his team and not for himself on the football field, he will later find it natural to work for the good of his country instead of only for his own benefit.

Answer:
The prospect of defeat in sports and games should not unnerve us. Sometimes we fear failure. Failures are a part and parcel of life. We forget it: ‘hopes are dupes’, fears may be bias. Moreover, defeat should not disappoint us. Sports and games teach us the way to face failure which we come across as an enemy comer. We live in an era of globalization. We should move with changing times. George Orwell, one of the most eminent English writers, satirized sports and games. Let us forget it. We believed in one world. Sports and games pave the way for our cosmopolitan outlook. Men may come and men may go, but they go on forever.

Odisha State Board CHSE Odisha Class 12 Invitation to English 3 Solutions Writing Note-making and Summarizing Textbook Activity Questions and Answers.

CHSE Odisha 12th Class English Writing Note-making and Summarizing

Introduction
Summarization is an important skill in writing. While summarizing a given version, look to the pith and substance leaving out irrelevant and unneccessary details so as to form a relevant and condensed paragraph of the original topic. Summary writing has no fixed length. It may be half, one-third or a quarter of the given version. It depends on the kind of writing we are assigned to or the purpose for which we are writing the summary. The following points are to be taken note of while writing a summary :
(a) Go through the original passage as many times as is possible.
(b) Notice the main theme of the topic first.
(c) Note down the important points leaving out the unnecessary elaboration,
(d) First prepare a draft using your points.
(e) Avoid long phrases and substitute shorter ones or single word expressions.
(f) If you feel necessary, make some changes in the body of your summary.
(g) Avoid adjectival expressions if not absolutely essential.
(h) Read the draft to see if any important point is omitted.
(i) Finally, using the above guidelines, write a neat and orderly summary.

Activity – I

Mr M R Fatnaik, the Press Secretary to the Industries Minister, came across the following letter in the The Times of India. Mr Patnaik went through the letter and prepared notes as in (b). Later, using his notes,he prepared a summary (c) for the Minister. Examine the contents of the letter, the notes and the summary.

(a) The letter : Failure of Public Sector Industries
Sir.
It is sad to note that the public sector industries in India are a failure.
There are several shortcomings which have contributed to the failure of these industries. Some of these shortcomings are as follows : First they run on government funds, under the control of autonomous corporations, which have their peculiar ways of functioning i.e. on non-business-like principles. In other words, it may be said tht they are not run on a commercial basis.

It is incorrect to believe that they are managed on non-commercial lines, as they have shown some profits. If run on commercial lines they can show still better results. Secondly they are generally run by bureaucrats who do not possess adequate business and managerial skills. The result is that there is too much red-tapism that mars the efficiency of these undertakings. These undertakings can show much better results, if their management is entrusted to professional managers.

Thirdly, in many cases it is found that these public sector undertakings are not working to their full capacity. Under-utilization of capacity can never be considered a sound commercial practice, whatever the reasons. Lastly, these undertakings, being autonomous bodies, pay high salaries and allowances to their staff. This breeds inefficiency. It suggests that corrective measures by the Government and the industries should immediately be taken to remove these shortcomings. These measures should be taken before things go out of control.
Bandana Mishra
Talcher

(b) Notes : Failure of Public Sector Industries
1. Reasons:
(i) run by autonomous corporations on non-commercial basis
(ii) run by bureaucrats without business expertise and managerial skill
(iii) most industries work below capacity
(iv) pay high salary and perks to the staff

2. Steps for improvement:
Government and industries to take immediate corrective measures

(c) Final Summary:
Our Public Sector Industries are a failure for the following reasons. They are controlled by autonomous bodies and are run on non-commercial basis. The autonomous bodies, in turn, are manned by bureaucrats having little business expertise or skill. Besides, many of these industries work below capacity and pay high salary and perks to the staff. The Government and the industries should take immediate steps to remove these shortcomings.

Language notes : Notice how longer expressions have been replaced by shorter in the final summary.

Longer expressions	Changed to
the public sector industries in India	our public sector industries
run … under the control of autonomous corporations	controlled by autonomous bodies
not on a commercial basis	on non-commercial basis
bureaucrats who do not possess adequate business and managerial skill	bureaucrats having little business expertise
not working to their full capacity	work below capacity
corrective measures by the Government and the industries should immediately be taken to remove	the Government and the industries should take immediate steps to remove

Activity – 2

The editor of a leading newspaper finds the following report too long to publish. He, therefore, asks the sub-editor to cut it short so that it can be published. Imagine that you are the sub-editor. Read the report and prepare a summary.

(a) The Report

Killing tracks

Every now and then, an elephant gets run over on the 100-year-old railway track bisecting UP’s Rajaji National Park. Over 20 elephants have been killed and many more maimed in the past two decades. Unless something ugrent is done about it, the poor animals in the park are sure to perish soon. In order to save these elephants, the railway authorities may consider implementing the following proposals. This accident-prone area within the park should be declared a caution zone.

The speed of the trains in this area should be decreased. They should be allowed to run at 20 Kmph. Although this would involve an additional 20 minutes of running time, it is worth it considering the fact that the track runs through a national park. Another proposal is to sensitise the railway staff and give every train driver a high frequency whistle to alert the elephants and to keep them away from the track. Despite their huge fan-like ears, elephants can hear only high frequency sounds.

Another suggestion is to build trenches along the track to prevent elephants from walking onto the track. It is also suggested that ridges along the track be levelled out in order to facilitate free movement for the animals. In the historic city of Heidelberg in Germany, signs warn motorists to stop their cars to allow frogs to cross the road. No motorists dare break this rule, and drivers apparently are known to stop and actually assist the forgs in crossing the busy road. Rajaji Park is the last bastion where elephants still survive in north west India. Surely, it is not too much to ask that we allow these majestic animals to live With dignity and without fear.
Rashmi Sehgal

(b) Examine the following notes. (You should read the report again before examining the notes.)

1. Problem of elephnats :
(i) The Rajaji National Park railway track, a killer track.
(ii) Elephants frequently get killed and maimed.

2. Proposals to save the animals :
(i) the area to be declared a caution zone where maximum speed to be 20 kmph.
(ii) drivers to be given high frequency whistles to alert elephants.
(iii) trenches to be built and ridges to be levelled out along the track.
(iv) in Heidelberg in Germany cars stop for frogs to cross to the road.

3. Appeal :
Let these animals live with dignity and without fear.

(c) Summary:
The following in the summary of the report in (a). But there are blanks for you to fill in. Fill in the blanks by re-reading the report and the notes. Remember each dash ( ) stands for a single word only.

The ________ old ________ railway track has turned into a ________ track, where elephants get ________ and ________ very ________. To save these ________ from ________ this park area should be declared ________, ________ , ________ where trains should ________ maximum at a ________, ________ 20 kmph. ________ should be given a ________, ________,________ to keep elephants away ________, ________, ________. The other measures should include ________, ________, ________and ________, ________, ________ along the track. This is not much as ________, ________ in Germany cars stop for ________ to ________, ________, ________. We should let these ________,________,________,________.

Answer:
The 100 year old Rajaji National Park railway track has turned into a killer track, where elephants get killed and maimed very frequently. To save these elephants from death, this park area should be declared a caution zone, where trains should run maximum at a speed of 20 kmph. Drivers should be given a high frequency whistles to keep elephants away from the tracks. The other measures should include trenches along tracks and leveling of ridges along the tracks. This is not much as in Heidelberg in Germany -cars stop for frogs to cross the road. We should let these animals live with dignity.

Activity – 3

Here is a report about jailbreaks in Odisha. Read it carefully, paying particular attention to the various recommendations made by the jail staff and the police.

a. The Report

Lax Security leads to Odisha, Jail breaks

There is little security in Odisha jails as has been shown by the spurt in jailbreaks in the recent years. Altogether 72 prisoners, undertrials and convicts have escaped from various jails in seven major jailbreaks during the last five years. A senior jail staff blames the Government of Odisha for neglecting the jails. Officers have recommended the introduction of closed circuit televisions in the prisons along with very high frequency communication systems as a part of modernisation of the prisons.

They have also asked for the old-fashioned 410 musket rifles to be replaced with 303 rifles with catridges to deal with prison riots. Police say that a nexus between jail staff and prisoners cannot be ruled out. The recent incident at Kodala jail clearly indicates that the jail staff, indeed, help prisoners to escape, say the police. If the jail staff are more alert, such incidents can be averted.
H. Mohanty

b. Notes
The following are the main points of the report. Notice that there are blanks in the notes for you to fill in. Complete the notes by filling in the blanks.

Lax Security Leads to Odisha jailbreaks

Topic : Little jail security in Odisha as shown by jailbreaks

Recommendations to improve jail security :
a. by ____________.
i. Government to improve jail conditions.
ii. __________ and __________ to be introduced.
iii. _____________________________.
b. by ________________.
i. No nexus between jail staff and ___________.
ii. _____________________________.

Recommendations to improve Jail Security
(a) by modernisation
(i) Government to improve jail condition
(ii) Closed-circuit televisions and high-frequency communication systems are to be introduced.
(iii) 410 musket rifles must be replaced by 303 rifles with cartridges.
(b) by prevention
(i) No nexus between jail staff and prisoners be allowed
(ii) Jail staff must be more alert to avert escape of prisoners.

c. Summary
Basing on the above notes, write a brief summary of the report to be faxed to the Home Ministry in New Delhi.
Summary :
Jailbreaks in Odisha are a result of lax security. Jail officials blame the government for neglecting jails, which need modernisation by the introduction of closed circuit televisions, high frequency communications system and replacement of the musket rifles by 303 rifles with cartridges. They also add that by preventing any nexus between jail officials and prisoners and by remaining ever alert, such incidents can be averted.

Activity – 4

Here is another report. It is about genetically modified food. Read it carefully while paying attention to the following questions.
How is food genetically modified ? What are the advantages and disadvantages of genetically modified food?
a. The report

Watch out for genetically modified food

What is genetical engineering and why are consumer groups up in arms against such genetically modified foods or gene foods ? Well, to put in a nushell, it is a process of extracting genes bearing a specific, hereditary trait from one organism and artificially inserting them into a completely different organism. There are several possible benefits from such genetic engineering.

You could have foods whose nutritional values are enhanced. Scientists, for example, are reported to be working on iron- and vitamin-fortified rice. Similarly, you could develop crops that are resistant to pests and give higher yields, or those that survive extreme weather conditions. You could even provide edible vaccines through such engineering.

But, on the other hand, when you start tinkering with nature, you could also be exposing yourself to unknown and unforeseen health and environment risks, which may not be immediately apparent, but in the long run turn out to be not just hazardous, but uncontrollable. Currently, the known health risks from genetically modified foods are the possibility of food allergies and increased resistance to antibiotics. However, in the absence of long term safety testing, no one can know for certain what their harmful effects may be.

Besides, growing genetically modified crops on a large scale can have certain serious implications for bio-diversity, wild-life, balance of nature-and environment. Because of these questions consumer groups around the globe are now forcing governments to introduce mandatory labelling of genetically modified foods. Consumers have a right to information, safety and choice. And labelling gives them the choice to buy or reject genetically modified foods. Puspa Girimaji

b. Notes
Complete the notes given bleow.

Watch out for Genetically modified Foods

1. What is genetical engineering ?
_____________________________
2. What are the advantages of genetically modified foods ?
i. _____________________________
ii. _____________________________
iii. _____________________________
3. What are their disadvantages ?
i. : _____________________________
ii. : _____________________________
4. What do the consumer groups around the world demand ?
i. _____________________________
ii. _____________________________

c. The Summary
Ans. You are a junior scientist in the RRL, Bhubaneswar. You are interested in genetically modified foods and want to preserve the contents of this report for your future use. For this purpose, write a brief summary of the report.

(b) Notes

Question 1.
What is genetical engineering ?
Answer:
Genetical engineering is the method by which the genes of one organism having a particular trait is artificially inserted into another organism.

Question 2.
What are the advantages of genetically modified foods ?
Answer:
(i) Nuritional value of food can be increased.
(ii) Crops resistant to pests or high yielding crops or those surviving extreme weather conditions can be developed.
(iii) Edible vaccines can be developed.

Question 3.
What are their disadvantages ?
Answer:
(i) allergic to food
(ii) resistant to antibiotics
(iii) have serious implications for bio-diversity, wild-life balance of nature and environment.

Question 4.
What do consumer groups around the world demand ?
Answer:
(i) labelling of genetically modified foods
(ii) right to information and choice

(c) The Summary :
You are a junior scientist in the RRL, Bhubaneswar. You are interested in genetically modified foods and want to preserve the contents of this report for your future use. For this purpose, write a brief summary of the report. Gene foods- Genetically modified food-stuffs are produced by genetical engineering. This is a process by which genes of one organism, possessing a particular hereditary trait is extracted and then inserted artificially into a different organism.

This makes it possible to increase the nutritional value of food, develop high-yielding pest resistant crops as well as crops suited to extreme weather conditions. Yet the process could adversely affect the environment and create health hazards like food allergies and resistance to antibiotics. Consumer groups are therefore lobbying to make it mandatory for gene foods to be labelled, thereby protecting the consumers right of information and choice.

Activity – 5

Read the following news report and write a summary of it in about 60 words. Your summary should include information about the following:
The manner in which (i) patients are duped (ii) the doctors and others are benefited. It has been reported that in Cuttack, Sambalpur and Rourkela doctors are duping illiterate village patients by prescribing cheap and false medicines. This is facilitated by the nexus between doctors, medicines shops and drug inspectors. Doctors ask patients to buy medicine from specific shop(s) near hospitals and clinic which drug inspectors seldom check. Thus, each earns profit besides this.

You may make notes on the important points in the box beside the report. Begin your summary thus :
“It has been reported that ………………………………………………………. ”
Doctors duping patients
From our correspondent

Berhampur:
Jan. 13, Though medicine has advanced by leaps and bounds, the poor villagers are not educated to distinguish between genuine and fake medicines, letting doctors, both Government and private, force them to buy fake medicines and earn huge amounts in the bargain. Cases of doctors duping the patients in this manner has come to light in Cuttack, Sambalpur and Rourkela.

The doctors in collusion with certain medical shop owners prescribe cheap quality medicines to the patients and insist that they buy them from specified shops. Medical shops are run in clinic and hospital compounds, forcing patients to buy medicines there. The doctors even get additional return like letter pads, in the form of gifts, from these shops. Drug Inspectors are allegedly involved as they are rarely seen checking these shops.

Doctors duping patients:
Ans. It has been reported that illiterate, uneducated villagers are being duped by doctors in Cuttack, Sambalpur and Rourkela. This is facilitated by a nexus between doctors, medicine shops and drug inspectors. Doctors prescribe cheap or fake medicines and ask the illiterate patient to buy it from specific shops near their hospitals and clinics which drug inspectors seldom check. Thus each one profits from this. Besides, doctors also get gifts from the shops.

Activity – 6

Read the following passage on ‘Indian Bamboo’ and write notes on it. Then write a summary of the whole passage in not more than 5 paragraphs.

Indian Bamboo

Grown extensively in the north-east and in the Western Ghats, bamboo covers nearly ten million hectares of India’s forest area. More than one hundred species, ranging from the gigantic 30-to-40 metre tall Dendrocalamus giganteus to the one-metre high Arundinaria densifolia with an eight millimetre girth, are found in the country. We produce about 3.2 million tonnes of bamboo annually. Though more than half the bamboo produced in India is turned into paper, the plant has other uses too-for weapons, tools and as food and construction material.

The Monpas of Assam build suspension bridges with bamboo and in Bihar Bamboo is replacing steel in tube well pipes because it is cheaper, rust-free and more durable. Viklang Kendra, a rehabilitation centre for the handicapped in Allahabad, makes artificial limbs from bamboo which are lighter and cheaper than conventional prostheses. Pickled or stewed bamboo shoots are regarded as delicacies in some parts of the country. The fleshy fruits of the ‘muli’ bamboo of Assam are eaten raw or cooked.

During droughts, it seeds are eaten by people as a substitute for rice. Tabasheer’ or ‘banslochan’ a fine siliceous matter found in the stem of the bamboo is used in Ayurvedic drugs to treat cough and asthma. Associated with several myths, the bamboo is often wershipped to ward off evil spirits. In Bengal during ‘Mark Sankaranthi’ people pray to bamboo as ‘vastu the abode of God. Adivasis in some regions plant bamboo on the outskirts of their village to protect them from their enemies.

Even as new uses are being found for the bamboo-scientists are Forest Research Institute, Dehra Dun, are working on bamboo reinforced cement concrete and the extraction, of diesel fuel from the plant’s many-jointed stem. India’s bamboo reserves are slowly dwindling, unfortunately, efforts to cultivate bamboo on a large scale have so far not succeeded.
Padma Sastry

1. Growth :
(i) grown extensively in north-east and Western Ghats
(ii) covering ten million hectares of country’s forest area
(iii) more than one hundred species
2. Size and production :
(i) 30 to 40 metre tall
(ii) about 3.2 million tonnes annually
3. Uses :
(i) paper manufacturing
(ii) making weapons, tools
(iii) making construction materials and artificial limbs
4. Food :
(i) pickled or stewed shoots
(ii) fleshy fruits of the ‘muli’ bamboo (eaten raw or cooked)
(iii) seeds
5. Drug :
a selicious matter in bamboo stem used in Ayurvedic drugs to treat cough and asthma.
6. Myths :
(i) worshipped to drive away evils spirits
(ii) ‘vastu’, the abode of God
(iii) planting bamboo by Adivasis on the outskirts of villages for protection from enemies.
7. New uses :
extraction of diesel fuel

Summary :
India produces 3.2 million tonnes of bamboo every year. Extensively grown in the north-east and the western ghats, bamboos cover ten million hectares of India’s forest and contain more than one hundred varieties. Mostly used to produces paper, bamboos are also used as weapons, tools, construction material as well as for building bridge, as tube well pipes and even as artifical limbs. Besides, bamboo shoots, fruits, seeds are consumed as food in different places and by different people.

In addition the siliceous matter found in its stem is used as medicine.Bamboo is also endowed with mythical and religious significance. New uses like using it in reinforcing concrete and extracting diesel from its stem are also being worked on by scientists. However, bambo resources are gradually depleting and simultaneously, efforts to cultivate it on a large scale has failed.

Odisha State Board CHSE Odisha Class 12 Invitation to English 4 Solutions Grammar Phrasal Verbs Textbook Activity Questions and Answers.

CHSE Odisha 12th Class English Grammar Phrasal Verbs

Phrasal verbs are characterised by the following :

They consist of two and only two items. The first is an item which on its own functions as a verb and the second is an adverbial particle.
Put aside = forget
Put (verb) + aside (adverbial particle)
We should put aside our differences and make a new beginning.
Break down = stop because of a mechanical fault.
break (verb) + down (adverbial particle)
His can broke down on the way.

These verbs can be either transitive of intransitive. For example,
Fall through = Fail (intransitive)
My plans fell through.
Turn down = reject (transitive)
I turned down his request.

In some cases, the same phrasal verb can be used both as a transitive and as an intransitive verb. For example,
Work out = solve (transitive)
They have worked out all these sums in one hour.
= go on well or otherwise (intransitive)

Nothing worked out well after the new principal took over.
(i) If the direct object is a noun or a noun-phrase, it can be placed either before or after the adverbial particle. For example,
My sister gave away the books.
My sister gave the books away.
(ii) If the object happens to be a very long and complicated noun phrase, it should come only after the adverbial particle. She gave away all these rare books she had bought during the last five years.
(iii) If the direct object happens to be a pronoun it can come only before the adverbial particle. For example,
My brother gave up it. (Incorrect)
My brother gave it up. (Correct)

Phrasal – Prepositional verbs
Those verbs consist of three words in their base form but prepositional verbs and similarly phrasal verbs consist of only two words.

Prepositional – Phrasal verbs
Break in upon = disturb, interrupt
A continuous loud noise on the road broke in upon our discussion.

Prepositional verbs.
My friend is done for.

Phrasal verb
(i) Intransitive
The roof of that house caved in after the heavy rainfall.
(ii) Transitive
He looked into the matter.

Look at the sun diagram below and make ten phrasal verbs by combining the verb “look” with the other items.

Now make meaningful sentences using the ten phrasal verbs.
Answers
1. Mother looks after the household affairs.
2. I am looking forward to getting a letter from my father.
3. The police are looking into the case.
4. He looked over the surface and found nothing.
5. After scoring 10,000 run, he never looked back.
6. We shouldn’t look down on the poor.
7. Look out. There might be snakes here.
8. I looked through the pages to find the appropriate word.
9. The child looked to the facial expression of its mother.
10. He looked upto him for help, but in vain.

Activity- 1
See how many phrasal verbs you can make in the following grid by joining the verbs in the left column with the prepositions or adverbial particles on the topmost now. If a phrasal verb is possible, mark the sequare with a number and write an example sentence beneath the grid. (One has been done for you as an example.)

	about	at	by	for	from	in	of	out	to	with
break						1
bring								2
cut						3
get		4
give						5
keep									6
let								7
put								8
set						9
take								10

1. The thieves broke in through the kitchen window.
2. The Publisher brought out the book in time
3. Don’t cut in while they are talking.
4. He could easily get at the point in issue.
5. The Soldiers gave in unconditonally.
6. In our country the traffic keeps to the left.
7. He let out a portion of his flat (on rent).
8. The firemen put out the fire quickly.
9. The winter has already set in.
10. He has taken to smoking.

Activity- 2
Choose a verb from box A and a preposition or adverbial particle from box B. Use them in the blank spaces of the sentences given below :

A		B
brush	brought	away	away
catch	called	down	down
gave	cut	off	off
let	get	on	on
put	gone	up	up

(i) Father __________  ___________ has our headmaster yesterday.
(ii) This milk has ______________  ___________.
(iii) Some learners _______________ ______________ very quickly.
(iv) Our players have ___________ us ___________.
(v) I have to ___________ ___________ my English.
(vi) He was ___________ ____________ in a remote village.
(vii) The match has been ______________ ___________ till next week.
(viii) His cough __________ __________ his hiding place.
(ix) it has been a busy day; i need to __________ __________ for a while.
(x) I am running short of money: I must _____________ _______________ my expenses.

Answers
(i) called  on
(ii) gone  down
(iii) catch  up
(iv) brought…. off
(v) brush  away
(vi) brought up
(vii) put  off
(viii) gave  away
(ix) get  away
(x) cut  down

Activity- 3
Match the phrasal verbs in column A with their meanings given in column B. The first one has done for you.

A		B
1. call off	a.	become airborne
2. carry on	b.	boastfully display
3. come across	c.	Cancel
4. fall out	d.	continue
5. go through	e.	end a telephone call
6. hang up	f.	examine carefully
7. show off	g.	have an argument
8. take off	h.	meet by chance
9. turn down	i.	reject
10. turn off	j.	disconnect a switch

Answer:

1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	Phrasal Verbs
c	d	h	g	f	e	b	a	i	j	Put the meaning in this row

Use the above phrasal verbs in meaningful sentences.
1 . The meeting was called off.
2. The workers carried on their work till evening.
3. I came across an old photograph of my grandmother’s.
4. My neighbours never: fall out with me.
5. The police are going through the case records.
6. The disease hung up and he was treated by a doctor.
7. We should never show off.
8. He took off his shoes and entered inside.
9. The manager turned down my request.
10. He turned off the switches and went to bed.

Use Of Some Phrasal Verbs

Add up = find the sum of
He made a mistake in adding up in figures

Back out =fail to keep a promise; withdraw from a promise or understanding
He promised to help me compute my data, but later he backed out

Back up = support
These days it is difficult to get a top job unless you have a minister to back you up.

Barge into = (i) intrude
We were discussing something when he suddenly barged in.
(ii) interrupt clumsily.
You should not barge into other people’s conversation like this.

Bear out =support, confirm
I hope Dr. Joseph will bear me out if I say that it is a very useful project.
The facts gathered by you do not bear out your hypothesis.

Bear up =be brave, not show feelings of sorrow or despair.
A truly dedicated scientist would bear up well against all academic opposition.

Blow out=(i) be destroyed (said of tyre and electrical appliances)
(a) I’m late because one of my tyres blew out.
(b) Because of a fault in the electric boiler the fuse blew out in the middle of the experiment.
(ii) put out
The wind blew out all the candles soon after the table was set for dinner.

Blow up =(i) explode
If you light a match here, the whole laboratory will blow up.
The captain ordered the soldier to blow up the bridge.
(ii) become very angry
My supervisor blew up when he came to know that the explosion in the laboratory was due to my carelessness.

Break down=(i) analyze into details
He just gave me the total of his expenses. He did not want to break them down into food, transport, and so on.
(ii) stop because of a mechanical fault
His car broke down on the way.
(iii) give way to one’s feeling
Mrs Joseph broke down and started weeping when we told her the news.

Break out =(i) start suddenly
A big riot broke out during the night.
(ii) escape
Several prisoners have broken out of prison again.

Break up =(i) decompose, split, break into small pieces.
The ship broke up during a violent storm.
(ii) end, disperse.
When is the meeting likely to break up?

Bring down= (i) cause to fall
He was awarded a medal for skill fully bringing down a number of hostile aircrafts.
(ii) lower
The government is doing its best to bring down the price of medicines

Bring forth = Produce, give birth to
He brought forth a brilliant suggestion during the discussion yesterday.

Bring forward = Produce, supply
He tried to argue his case but brought forward no evidence in support of his argument.
Can you bring forward any proof of what you have said?

Bring out= (i) publish
I hope the publishers will soon bring out his new book on nuclear chemistry.
(ii) produce, cause to appear
He is trying to find out whether the use of certain photo-electric devices can bring out mango blossoms a month earlier than usual

Bring up= introduce into a discussion
May I just bring up one small point before the Chainman closes the discussion?

Brush up= Study or practice something in order to revive one’s knowledge or skills
If you are going to Germany, you should brush up your German.

Build up= develop, cause to grow
Within five years he built up an excellent business and very good reputation.

Call off= (i) withdraw, stop
The strike will perhaps be called off tomorrow.
(ii) order soldiers, policemen, etc. to stop
After an hour’s encounter with the smugglers, the inspector called the
policemen off.

Call out= (i) summon
The army had to be called out to restore law and order.
(ii) read out in a loud voice.
Would you please call out the names of the successful candidates?

Catch on= become popular
His new song caught on very fast.

Carry out= (i) give effect to, put into practice
It is not enough to make plans; you should know how to carry them out.
(ii) perform
Experiments carried out at Oxford have shown that ants can make their way
over tough ground with unerring accuracy towards their nest.

Cave in= fall down, collapse
The roof of that house caved in after the heavy rainfall.

Come down= (i) become lower or cheaper
The price of gold is not likely to come down this year.
(ii) lose dignity or social position.
Since that unprovoked quarrel with his neighbour he has come down in the eyes of his friends.

Come out = be published
His book on nuclear chemistry has come out now.

Come up = begin to grow
The seeds I sowed last week haven’t come up yet.

Cool down = become calm.
He is trrrible speaker; he needs half an hour to warm up and then two hours to cool down.

Cut off = disconnect, remove
After five minutes of conversation the operator suddenly cut us off.

Light up= (i) to apply flame to a cigarette, a cigar or a stove
He sat comfortably in one of the beautiful arm chairs and then lit up one of his expensive cigars.
(ii) brighten
Her face lit up with a smile for a minute and then she sank again into an endless gloom.

Lock out= (i) lock the door from inside so as to prevent someone from entering
The warden said that he would lock us out if we did not return till 11 p.m.
(ii) lose the key and thus be stopped from entering I was locked out last night and was compelled to break the lock.

Lock up=(i) lock doors properly
Lock up the rooms properly before you go out.
(ii) make safe by placing in a locker or a box etc.
You must lock up all these confidential documents before you go.
(iii) imprison
The student leaders were locked upon for their acts of violence.

Look up= (i) search for (a word in a dictionary, facts in a reference book, etc.)
Look up this word in the dictionary.
You could look up some of these details in an encyclopedia.
(ii) pay a visit to someone, call on
Would you please look him up when you are in Kolkata next month?
Look me up next time you’re in London.
(iii) improve in price or prosperity.
The shares of the petro-chemical industry in India have started looking up now.
Business conditions are beginning to look up.

Make out= Understand
I cannot make out what he says.
Your handwriting is so bad that I can hardly make it out.

Make up= (i) make good
It is impossible for him to make up the losses he sufferered last year.
(ii) invent
I don’t think what he says is true. I think he has made up this story.
(iii) apply cosmetics
No sensible girl would like to make herself up in public.

Pass out= (i) distribute
The teacher passed the examination papers out.
(ii) distribute generously as a gift.
You can save a lot of money if you stop passing out drinks.
(iii) faint
Mrs Jones passed out when she heard the news of her son’s death.

Patch up= settle
They have patched up their differences now.

Pick out = select
All these books are equally good. It is difficult to pick out any one them.

Pick up= (i) collect, stop to give a lift to
I will pick you up at 2 o’clock.
Please do pick up, my children on your way.
(ii) take hold of and lift
Pick up all these books and files and take them to my study room.
(iii) learn without taking lessons
He did not learn French in school, he picked it up during his stay in Paris.
(iv) recover
His health picked up after a month at the hill station.
(v) increase, accelerate
The bus moved slowly at the beginning but picked up spread later.

Pile up = (i) accumulate
He is on leave these days and so his work is piling up.
(ii) crash into each other
Several cars piled up on this road during the fog yesterday.

Pin down = be precise about
I hate that man but I find it difficult to pin down the reason for it.

Put across = convey
In spite of his best efforts, he could not put across his ideas to the audience.

Put aside = (i) save
She has put aside a large sum of money.
(ii) disregard, ignore
He put aside all your valuable suggestions.

Put forward = advance, explain something and ask people to consider it.
When Darwin put forward his theory of evolution, he met with a lot of opposition.

Put in = (i) submit
Have you put in an application for that job?
(ii) do, perform
He will be paid a handsome allowance for putting in an extra hour of work every evening.

Put off = delay, postpone
For diplomatic reasons, the Minister put off his journey for about a week.

Put out = (i) blow out, extinguish, switch off
At 10 p.m. the nurse drew the curtains and put out the lights.
(ii) issue, publish
The government has put out an advertisement inviting applications for the post.
The Ministry of Finance has put out a pamphlet giving details of the new regulations.

Put up = (i) lodge and entertain.
My friend can put you up for the week-end.
(ii) take up one’s lodging at
Where are you going to put up during your stay in London?
He put up at an inn for the night.

Rally round = make a joint effort to help at a time of difficulty.
All his colleagues rallied round him when his officer wanted to suspend him.

Ring in = Celebrate the arrival of
Ring out the old and ring in the new.

Ring off = replace the receiver, end the telephone call.
I am sorry I will have to ring off now. I have an important visitor waiting for me in the drawing room.

Ring out = celebrate the departure of
Ring out the old and ring in the new.

Ring up = call someone on phone
Please ring me a bit later.
He does not want people to ring him up after 11 p.m.

Rope in = persuade a person to join a movement, a project etc.
You will have a better chance of success if you can rope in some more talented persons like him.

Run away = (i) steal and disappear
The laboratory assistant ran away with all the expensive chemicals.
The servant ran away with all her jewels.
(ii) recede, go away from.

MultipIe Choice Questions (MCQs) with Answers

Question 1.
He _________ a brave fight.
(A) put up with
(B) put up
(C) put down
(D) put off
Answer:
(B) put up

Question 2.
We need two players to ____________ the team.
(A) make out
(B) make of
(C) made from
(D) make up
Answer:
(D) make up

Question 3.
His plan __________.
(A) fell through
(B) fell down
(C) fell off
(D) fell upon
Answer:
(A) fell through

Question 4.
He always _________ late.
(A) turns out
(B) turns down
(C) turns up
(D) none of these
Answer:
(C) turns up

Question 5.
The strike has been ___________.
(A) called out
(B) called off
(C) called in
(D) called upon
Answer:
(B) called off

Question 6.
It is high time the caste system was ___________.
(A) done away with
(B) done for
(C) done out
(D) none of these
Answer:
(A) done away with

Question 7.
It is very difficult for me to __________ early.
(A) get down
(B) get over
(C) get up
(D) get on
Answer:
(C) get up

Question 8.
Winter has ___________.
(A) set out
(B) set in
(C) set up
(D) set out for
Answer:
(B) set in

Question 9.
We will ___________ you in your hour of crisis.
(A) stand out
(B) run down
(C) bring up
(D) stand by
Answer:
(D) stand by

Question 10.
The old building has been ___________.
(A) thrown out
(B) fallen out
(C) pulled down
(D) pulled up
Answer:
(C) pulled down

Question 11 .
My brother has _________ a temple.
(A) made up
(B) set up
(C) put up with
(D) none of these
Answer:
(B) set up

Question 12.
I cannot,___________ what you say.
(A) make from
(B) spring up
(C) make out
(D) make for
Answer:
(C) make out

Question 13.
A horde of robbers __________ him.
(A) got on
(B) kept on
(C) set upon
(D) made away with
Answer:
(C) set upon

Question 14.
This factory ___________ 100 cars a day.
(A) turns out
(B) makes up
(C) drops in
(D) draws on
Answer:
(A) turns out

Question 15.
I shall ___________Kolkata tomorrow.
(A) go off
(B) make for
(C) set out for
(D) none of these
Answer:
(C) set out for

Question 16.
The President _______________ the people to serve their country.
(A) called in
(B) called on
(C) called upon
(D) called out
Answer:
(C) called upon

Question 17.
The girl _________ in the middle of the speech.
(A) fell off
(B) broke off
(C) broke out
(D) broke in
Answer:
(B) broke off

Question 18.
He finds himself ________ from the outside world.
(A) get down
(B) do out
(C) cut off
(D) break off
Answer:
(C) cut off

Question 19.
The house is on fire, __________the fire-brigade at once.
(A) call out
(B) look up
(C) look down
(D) call in
Answer:
(D) call in

Question 20.
________your expenditure on smoking.
(A) cut off
(B) put out
(C) put down
(D) cut down
Answer:
(D) call in

Odisha State Board CHSE Odisha Class 12 Invitation to English 4 Solutions Grammar The Passive Textbook Activity Questions and Answers.

CHSE Odisha 12th Class English Grammar The Passive

Section -1

We can use English sentences either in active or passive voice. But we have a wrong notion that all the active sentences can be passivized and vice versa. While it is possible to express most ideas both in the active or the passive voice, some constructions are natural only in the active and a few others only in the passive.

The passive voice is normally used for one of the following reasons.
1 . The active subject (or the doer/agent of the action) is unknown or cannot be easily identified.
His father was killed in World War- II.
(The killer or his father is unknown/or difficult to identify)

2. The active subject or agent is evident from the context.
Mr Amitabh Bachchan was elected Member of Parliament.
(The active subject/agent (i.e. the people of a particular constituency) is well known from the context.

3. There may be a special reason for (fact, delicacy of sentiment or fixing responsibility) not mentioning the active agent.
The matter has been referred to an expert committee.

4. Where greater interest is taken in the subject of the passive.
His mother was run over by a truck.

5. In scientific discoveries, inventions, observations, public notices etc. we use passive sentences. Now mark how we can transform an active sentence into a passive construction. We normally take the help of the following steps to make a sentence from active to passive voice.
(i) Make the object of the active sentence the subject of the passive.
(ii) Change the active verb into the passive equivalent by using be-verb + past participle form of the main verb.
(iii) Decide whether the subject of the active sentence is to be included or deleted in the passive sentence. If included, it should be put after the preposition ‘by’.

This ‘by-phase’ is used (i) when the agent is an important person (ii) when the agent is an indefinite person or thing, (iii) when the agent is an inanimate (non-living object or thing and is regarded as something unusual or unexpected).
In present-day English, ‘by-phrase’ is normally avoided/omitted in passive sentences.
We use a ‘by-phrase’ when the speaker/writer wants to give emphasis on the active subject/agent.

Activity -1
Change the sentences below into their passive forms.
1. The Head Master punished the student.
2. Foolish men build large houses.
3. The umpire declared the batsman out.
4. Did Vibhishan betray Ravana?
5. Van Gogh did not paint this picture.
Answers
1. The student was punished by the Head Master.
2. Large houses are built by foolish men.
3. The batsman was declared out by the umpire.
4. Was Ravana betrayed by Vibhisan?
5. This picture was not painted by Van Gogh.

Activity- 2
Change the voice of the sentences below.
1. The dates for polling have been announced by the Election Commission.
2. Oriyas living in America have sent fifty crores for relief work.
3. The party has chosen a new president.
4. The plane was hijacked by five terrorists.
5. Can this cheque be cashed by my brother?
Answers
1. The Election Commission has announced the date for polling.
2. Fifty crores has been sent by Oriyas living in America for relief work.
3. A new president has been chosen (by the party).
4. Five terrorists hijacked the plane.
5. Can my brother cash this cheque?

Section -2

When do we use the passive?
The rules
The rules for changing the active voice into the passive voice are reliable, up to a point. However, it is wrong to think that every active sentence can be changed into the passive form. The passive voice is used in special situations, in which it would not be appropriate to use the active voice. It is important to know what these situations are.

What the “subject” of the sentence does?
We said above that the first rule for changing an active sentence into its passive form is to make the object of the active sentence the subject of the passive sentence. But why do we do this?
Every sentence must have a subject, which comes at or near the beginning of the sentence, before the verb. The subjects in the following sentences are printed in bold letters. Each sentence also contains an object, which is printed in italics.
1. The boys fed the lions in the zoo.
2. The kind old gentleman gave the blind beggar ten rupees
3. Bhima killed Dushashana in a fight.
4. The cyclone destroyed two thousand villages.

The subject, in each of these sentences, has two function.
(a) It introduces the topic that the speaker is going to talk about.
(when we hear the opening words of sentence 1, “The boys…” we know that the speaker is going to tell us something about the boys. The rest of the sentence tells us what the speaker has to say on this topic.)
(b) The subject also refers to the person or the thing that performs the action indicated by the verb. In other words, the subject is the “doer” of the action, or the agent that performs the action.

What about the object?
The object refers to the person or thing on which some action is performed by the agent (subject). Notice what happens when we change an active sentence into a passive sentence.

Example
The policeman arrested the thief, (active)
The thief was arrested by the policeman. (passive)

In the active sentence, the subject (policeman) represents the agent who performs the action, as well as the topic. Here, the speaker seems to be interested mainly in the policeman and what the policeman did.

But in the passive sentence, the agent (policeman) is no longer the subject or the topic. Instead, thiefbtcom&s the topic. The speaker seems to be more interested now in the thief and what happened to him than in the policeman, who is pushed into the background. So, when we turn an active sentence into its passive form, the effect is to turn the “spotlight” away from the agent. The passive is used when we are more interested in the action that is performed than in the agent that performs the action. This can happen in the following situations.

(a) when the speaker does not know the identity of the agent or is not sure of it, e.g.:
My bicycle has been stolen.

(b) when it is not necessary to mention the agent, because it is obvious who the agent is, e.g.:
The earth was created many millions of years ago.
The accused was tried in court and sentenced to prison.

(c) when the speaker does not want to mention the agent, for some reason, e.g.:
I have been cheated.

(d) when the speaker does not wish to offer a personal opinion, but wants to sound formal and objective, e.g.:
It is believed that no life exists on the planet Mars.

The agent is not mentioned in the majority of passive sentences. However, the agent must be mentioned (together with the preposition by) in the following contexts :
(a) when the agent is an important person- an inventor, an artist, a writer, a famous personality etc., e.g.:
1. ‘Chandrabhaga’ was written by Radhanath Ray.
2. The bridge will be opened by the Chief Minister.
3. The ratio was invented by Marconi.

(b) when the agent is someone or something that is unexpected, e.g. :
1. All the work in this factory is done by robots.
2. The man was killed by a tiger.

Section – 3

The uses of the passive.
Passive sentences are more commonly used in writing than in speech. The use of the passive is particularly common in scientific and technical writing, e.g. reports on experiments, descriptions of scientific processes, etc. Passives are also frequently used in official documents, where rules and regulations are laid down.
Here are some examples.
1. Payment can be made at any bank.
2. The liquid is heated to boiling point.
3. All lights are switched off at 11 p.m.
4. Sensitive data should not be fed into this computer.
5 . Sugar is exported to Japan.

Activity – 3
Use the verbs (given in brackets) in the correct form.
(a) Originally, this novel (write) __________ in Hindi, but it (translate) _________ into Oriya in 1985.
(b) Cheese (make)- from milk.
(c) There was an accident this afternoon. Somebody called an ambulance but as nobody (injure) _________ the ambulance (not require) ________.
(d) The office is in a mess. The telephone (never answer)__________, no proper records (keep) __________ and worst of all, no reports(write)__________.
(e) A three-year-old girl who hid in a sack while her mother was picking potatoes (run over) _________ by a tractor at a farm in Karnataka.
(f) A tree is lying across the road. It (blow down)____________ in the storm.
(g) The letter (post) _________ a week ago and it arrived yesterday.
(h) Two people (report) ___________ injured in a bomb explosion at a factory in Calcutta early this morning.
(i) A new museum (build) _________ in the city. Work started last year and the museum (expect) ___________ to open next year.

Answers
(a) Originally, this novel was written in Hindi, but it was translated into Oriya in 1985.
(b) Cheese is made from milk.
(c) There was an accident this afternoon. Somebody called an ambulance but as nobody was injured, the ambulance was not required.
(d) The office is in a mess. The telephone is never answered, no proper records are kept and worst of all, no reports are written.
(e) A three-year-old girl who hid in a sack while her mother was picking potatoes was run over by a tractor at a farm in Karnataka.
(f) A tree is lying across the road, it is blown down in the storm.
(g) The letter was posted a week ago and it arrived yesterday.
(h) Two people are reported injured in a bomb explosion at a factory in Calcutta early this morning.
(i) A new museum is being built in the city. Work started last year and the museum is expected to open next year.

Activity- 4
Rewrite the following newspaper report using passive forms of the verbs.
Thieves held the manager of the Taj Hotel at gun point last night during a daring raid in which they took nearly Rs. 500,000 from the hotel safe. They also broke into several of the bedrooms and removed articles of value.
The thieves made their escape through the kitchen, where they damaged several pieces of equipment. They injured the chef when he tried to stop them and left him lying unconscious on the floor. Police arrested the thieves early this morning.
Answers
1. The manger of the Taj Hotel was held at gun point last night.
2. Nearly Rs. 5,00,000 was taken from the hotel safe (by them).
3. Several of the bedrooms were also broken into (by them).
4. Articles of value were also removed.
5. Several pieces of equipment were damaged by them.
6. The chef was injured by them when he tried to stop them.
7. He was left unconscious on the floor.
8. The thieves were arrested (by the police) early this morning.

Activity- 5
The following is a part of a newspaper report. Use the verbs supplied in the blank spaces, in their appropriate forms.

(a) In Bhubaneswar yesterday a shopkeeper (force) ________ to hand over Rs. 10,000 after (threaten) ________ by a man with a knife. The man escaped in a car which (steal) _________ earlier in the day. Later, the car (find) ________ in a garage where it (abandon)- by the thief. A man who (suspect) _________ of (involve) __________ in the robbery (arrested) _________ and (question) _________ by the police.

(b) The state library (damage) __________ in a fire last Sunday. The fire, which (discover) _________ at about 11 p.m., spread very quickly. Nobody (injure) __________ but two people had to (rescue) __________ from a room upstairs. A number of valuable books (bum)__________. It (not know) __________ how the fire started.

Answers
(a) In Bhubaneswar yesterday a shopkeeper was forced to hand over Rs. 10,000 after being threatened by a man with a knife. The man escaped in a car which was stolen earlier in the day. Later, the car was found in a garage where it was abandoned by the thief. A man who was suspected of being involved in the robbery was arrested and questioned by the police.

(b) The state library was damaged in a fire last Sunday. The fire, which was discovered at about 11 p.m., spread very quickly. Nobody was injured but two people had to be rescued from a room upstairs. A number of valuable books were burnt. It was not known how the fire started.

Activity- 6
Mrs. Mohanty went out for a while. When she came back, she soon realised that someone had been in the room while she was away. Given below a list of the things that had been disturbed. Write sentences to describe the room, using the following hints.

bookcase/move door/open wall clock/remove
food on the table/eat candle/light record player/smash
window/close flower vase/break television/switch off

Answers
1. The bookcase had been moved.
2. The food on the table had been eaten.
3. The window had been closed.
4. The flower vase had been broken.
5. The door had been open.
6. The candle had been lighted.
7. Television had been switched off.
8. The wall clock had been removed.
9. The record player had been smashed.

Activity- 7
Do you know how to prepare a cup of tea, using a tea bag? If you don’t, you can follow the ‘recipe’ (pronounced re-si-pi) below.
A recipe is a set of instructions which you follow when you are preparing some food. Usually, recipes are given in the form of “commands”, using sentences in the active form. The following recipe for making tea is an example.
1 . Use one tea bag to make each cup of tea.
2. Place the required number of tea bags in a kettle.
3. Add boiling water.
4. Stir the water, but make sure that the tea bags do not open up.
5. Allow the tea to stand for four minutes.
6. Pour the tea into cups.
7. Add sugar and milk to taste

The instructions in the recipe can be re-written, using sentences in the passive form. What you get now is a description of a process. Write the recipe given above, using sentences in the passive form. The first sentence has been done for you.

How tea is made, using tea-bags
Answers
1. One tea-bag is used for making each cup of tea.
2. The required number of tea bags are placed in a kettle.
3. Boiling water is added.
4. The water is stirred, but make sure that the tea bags do not be opened up
5. The tea is allowed to stand for four minutes.
6. The tea is poured into cups.
7. Sugar and milk is added to taste.

Activity-8
When you become a member of a library, you are supposed to obey certain library rules. Rules are generally stated in sentences using the passive form.
Here is a list of “Dos” and “Don’ts” for users of public library. Can you turn them into library ruels, using the passive?
Dos
1. You should maintain strict silence inside the library.
2. You must bring your membership card with you when you visit the library.
3. You must leave your bags, books, note-books, etc. at the checking counter, outside the library.
4. You should ask the librarian to help you in case you are unable to find a book
Answers
1. Strict silence must be maintained inside the library.
2. Your membership card must be brought (required) when you visit the library.
3. Your bags, books, note-books, etc. must be left/kept outside the library, at the checking counter.
4. The librarian may/should be asked to help you in case you are unable to find a book.

Don’ts
1. You mustn’t write anything inside a book which you borrow from the library.
2. You shouldn’t damage the book in any way.
3. You mustn’t keep the book longer than the due date.
4. You shouldn’t lend the book to anyone who is not a member of the library.
Answers
1. Anything inside a book mustn’t be written which you borrow from the library.
2. The book shouldn’t be damaged in any way.
3. The book mustn’t be kept longer than the due date.
4. The book shouldn’t be lent to anyone who is not a member of the library

Multiple-Choice Questions (MCQs) with Answers

1. We ____________ by a loud noise during the night.
(A) woke up
(B) are woken up
(C) were woken up
(D) were waking up
Answer:
(C) were woken up

2. There’s somebody walking behind us. I think ___________.
(A) we are following
(B) we are being followed
(C) we are followed
(D) we are being following
Answer:
(B) we are being followed

3. ‘Where ?’ ‘In London.’
(A) were you born
(B) are you born
(C) have you been born
(D) did you born
Answer:
(A) were you born

4. The train __________ arrive at 11.30 but it was an hour late.
(A) supposed to
(B) is supposed to
(C) was supposed to
(D) none of these
Answer:
(C) was supposed to

5. Where________ ? Which hairdresser did you go to?
(A) did you cut your hair
(B) have you cut your hair
(C) did you have cut your hair
(D) did you have your hair cut
Answer:
(D) did you have your hair cut

6. I don’t like ______________by others.
(A) be laughed
(B) being laughed
(C) to be laughed
(D) to have been laughed
Answer:
(B) being laughed

7. They __________ to go there.
(A) are made
(B) are making
(C) have made
(D) should make
Answer:
(A) are made

8. Accidents ___________ by negligence.
(A) are made
(B) must be made
(C) made
(D) none of these
Answer:
(A) are made

9. I ________to all.
(A) am knowing
(B) am known
(C) have known
(D) none of these
Answer:
(B) am known

10. Where ___________ your kites?
(A) you are flying
(B) are you flying
(C) you have to fly
(D)none of these
Answer:
(B) are you flying

Odisha State Board CHSE Odisha Class 12 Invitation to English 2 Solutions Non-Detailed Chapter 5 My Mother Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

CHSE Odisha 12th Class English Solutions Non-Detailed Chapter 5 My Mother

CHSE Odisha Class 12 English Chapter 5 My Mother Text Book Questions and Answers

Unit – 1

Gist:
This unit begins with Chaplin’s description of his father; the latter liked to live in a state of isolation. He was not only an entertainer, but also a silent, thoughtful man with dark eyes. In his mother’s view, his father possessed a Napoleonic appearance. He was endowed with a grave and deep voice. Above all, he was a very good artist. In those days, he earned forty pounds a week. His addiction to drinking led to hic parent’s divorce. The writer refers to the entertainers of those times. They easily drank in those days, because all theatres sold alcohol. Some theatres earned greater profit in the bar than from the box office.

A number of stars earned handsomely because of their talent as well as their lavish spending on drinks. This destroyed many artists. The writer’s mother said that her husband was a die-hard drunkard, and therefore, died an early death at the age of thirty-seven. The mother’s attitude towards Chaplin’s father was blend of sympathy and sadness. He burst into a devastating temper at the time of drinking. When Chaplin was only one-year-old, his parents were divorced. A star as she was, she did not seek a maintenance. She looked after herself and her children without any difficulty. However, misfortune also could make her ask for relief. At last her theatrical engagement collapsed, when she suffered from prolonged inflammation of larynx as a result of slight cold.

ସାରମର୍ମ :
ଏହି ଭାଗର ଆରମ୍ଭରେ ଚାପ୍‌ଲିନ୍ ତାଙ୍କ ପିତାଙ୍କ କଥା ବର୍ଣ୍ଣନା କରିଛନ୍ତି । ତାଙ୍କ ବାପା ଏକୁଟିଆ ରହିବାକୁ ଭଲ ପାଉଥିଲେ । ସେ କେବଳ ଜଣେ ଅଭିନେତା ନ ଥିଲେ, ବରଂ ଜଣେ ନୀରବ ଓ ଚିନ୍ତାଶୀଳ ବ୍ୟକ୍ତି ଥିଲେ । ମା’ଙ୍କର ଦୃଷ୍ଟିରେ ତାଙ୍କ ବାପା ନୋପୋଲିୟନ୍‌ଙ୍କ ଭଳି ଦେଖା ଯାଉଥିଲେ । ତାଙ୍କର ସ୍ଵର ଥିଲା ଗୁରୁଗମ୍ଭୀର । ସେ ଜଣେ ସୁନ୍ଦର କଳାକାର ଥିଲେ । ସେତେବେଳେ ସେ ସପ୍ତାହକୁ ଚାଳିଶ ପାଉଣ୍ଡ ଆୟ କରୁଥିଲେ । ତାଙ୍କର ମଦନିଶା ତାଙ୍କ ପିତାମାତାଙ୍କର ବିବାହ ବିଚ୍ଛେଦର କାରଣ ହୋଇଥିଲା । ଲେଖକ ତତ୍କାଳୀନ ମନୋରଞ୍ଜନକାରୀଙ୍କ ଚରିତ୍ର ଚିତ୍ରଣ କରିଛନ୍ତି । ସେମା ନେ ପ୍ରାୟତଃ ମଦ୍ୟପାନ କରୁଥିଲେ । କାରଣ ସବୁ ଥୁଟର ମଦ ବିକ୍ରୟ କରୁଥିଲେ।

ନାଟକ ପ୍ରଦର୍ଶନ ଅପେକ୍ଷା ଥୁଟରଗୁଡ଼ିକ ମଦବିକ୍ରିରୁ ବେଶୀ ଟଙ୍କା ଉପାର୍ଜନ କରୁଥିଲେ । ପ୍ରତିଭା ଯୋଗୁଁ ଏବଂ ଥୁଟରର ମଦଶାଳାରେ ବେଶୀ ଟଙ୍କା ‘ଖର୍ଚ୍ଚ କରୁଥିବାରୁ ଅନେକ କଳାକାର ବହୁଳ ପରିମାଣରେ ଟଙ୍କା ପାଉଥିଲେ । ଏହା ଅନେକ କଳାକାରଙ୍କର ନଷ୍ଟର କାରଣ ଥିଲା । ମା’ ଚାପ୍‌ଲିନ୍‌ଙ୍କୁ କୁହିଛନ୍ତି ଯେ ତାଙ୍କ ବାପା ଭୟଙ୍କର ମଦ୍ୟପ ଥିଲେ ଏବଂ ସେଥ‌ିପାଇଁ ସେ ମାତ୍ର ୩୭ ବର୍ଷରେ ଅକାଳରେ ମରିଗଲେ । ଚାପ୍‌ଲିନ୍‌ଙ୍କର ବାପାଙ୍କ ପ୍ରତି ମା’ଙ୍କର ଦୃଷ୍ଟିଭଙ୍ଗୀ ଥିଲା ଦୁଃଖ ଓ ସହାନୁଭୂତିର ଏକ ମିଶ୍ରିତ ଭାବନା । ମଦ ପିଇବା ସମୟରେ ସେ ଭୟଙ୍କର କ୍ରୋଧୀ ହୋଇଯାଉଥିଲେ । ଯେତେବେଳ ଚାପଲିନ୍‌ଙ୍କୁ ମାତ୍ର ଏକ ବର୍ଷ, ସେତେବେଳେ ତାଙ୍କ ପିତାମାତାଙ୍କର ବିବାହ ବିଚ୍ଛେଦ ହୋଇଯାଇଥିଲା । ଯେହେତୁ ସେ ଏକ ତାରକା ଥିଲେ, ସେ ତାଙ୍କ ବାପାଙ୍କଠାରୁ ଭରଣପୋଷଣ ଖର୍ଚ୍ଚ ଦାବି କରି ନ ଥିଲେ । କେବଳ ବିପତ୍ତି ସମୟରେ ସେ ସାହାଯ୍ୟ ଲୋଡୁଥିଲେ । ସର୍ବଶେଷରେ ତାଙ୍କୁ ଥିଏଟରରେ କାମ ମିଳିବା କମିଗଲା, କାରଣ ସାମାନ୍ୟ ଥଣ୍ଡା ଯୋଗୁଁ ତାଙ୍କର କଣ୍ଠସ୍ଵର ବହୁ ସମୟ ଧରି ଖରାପ ହୋଇ ଯାଉଥିଲା ।

Glossary :
hardly : କ୍ବଚିତ୍
aware of : know (ଜାଣିବା)
vaudevillian: an entertainer who performs a dramatic or musical work for an audience ଅଭିନୟ କରନ୍ତି କିମ୍ବା ବାଦ୍ୟ
quiet: ଶାନ୍ତ
brooding: thoughtful (ଚିନ୍ତାଶୀଳ)
light : ହାଲୁକା
baritone: grave and deep (male voice) (ଗମ୍ଭୀର ସ୍ଵର)
artist: କଳାକାର
considerable: substantial (ପର୍ଯ୍ୟାପ୍ତ)
large: ପ୍ରଚୁର
Laryngitis: inflammation of the larynx (କଣ୍ଠରେ ସଂକ୍ରମଣ)
progressively worse : ଦ୍ରୁତ ଗତିରେ ଖରାପ
crack: ଫାଟ
ruined: ବରବାଦ
violent: ହିଂସାତ୍ମକ
tantrums: childish outburst of temper (ପିଲାଳିଆ ରାଗ)
frantic: ରୋମାଞ୍ଚକର
bitterness: ତିକ୍ତତା
drunkenness : ମଦ୍ୟାସକ୍ତ ଅବସ୍ଥା
ruefully: sadly (ଦୁଃଖରେ)
“You gutter’: କ୍ରୋଧରେ ମା’ Chaplin ଙ୍କୁ କୁହିଛି, ‘ତୁ ଦିନେ ତୋ ବାପାଙ୍କ ଭଳି ଦୁଃଖ ଭୋଗିବୁ ।’’
alimony: means of living (ଭରଣପୋଷଣ)
ill fortune: ଦୁର୍ଭାଗ୍ୟ
booing: a sound uttered to show dislike, scorn, or disappointment (ଘୃଣାବ୍ୟଞ୍ଜକ ସ୍ଵର)
impaired: weakened
fell off : କମିଗଲା

Think it out

Question 1.
What does Chaplin speak about his father?
Answer:
Chaplin states that his father liked to live in a state of isolation. He was an entertainer, a silent, thoughtful man with dark eyes. He learnt from his mother that his father looking like Napoleon, was endowed with a deep voice. He was a beautiful artist. He was addicted to drinking which eventually led to his death at the age of thirty-seven. He flew into a devastating temper at the time of drinking. He was legally seprated from his mother.

Question 2.
What account of the vaudevillians do you get from the text?
Answer:
From the text we learn that vandevillians were die-hard drunkards. They earned handsomely not only for their talent, but because of they spent most part of their earnings at the theatre bar. As a result, many artists were ruined by drinking.

Question 3.
What is the mother’s attitude towards Charlie’s father?
Answer:
The mother’s attitude towards Charlie’s father is a blend of sympathy and sadness. She never showed bitterness towards him.

Question 4.
Why did his mother’s theatrical engagements fall off?
Answer:
His mother’s voice lost her strength. A little cold caused an inflammation of her larynx. Her suffering continued for weeks. Nevertheless, she was compelled to go on working and therefore, her voice went from bad to worse. In the middle of singing the cracking in her voice or its sudden disappearance into a low sound drew laughter and shouting from the audience. Her health deteriorated. She grew nervous. As a result, mother’s theatrical engagements fell off.

Unit – II

The mother’s miserable vocal condition made Chaplin go to the stage at the age of five. She did not like him to live alone in rented rooms at night. Therefore, she brought him to the theatre. His mother entertained mostly soldiers who were indecent to the core. They made his mother and other performers objects of derision and laughter. Chaplin walks down the memory lane. While standing in the wings, he saw her voice crack and became almost inaudible. The audience laughed at her miserable condition. They sang and whistled aloud. The noise did not stop.

Then his mother was compelled to walk off the stage. When she left it, she was quite worried. Chaplin still remembers the stage manager grabbing him by the hand followed by a rational appeal to the audience and leaving him on the stage alone. He rose to the occasion. In the midst of the glare of footlights and smoking audience, he began to sing a famous song called Jack Jones. His song, though unfinished, evoked a tremendous positive response from the typical audience. They threw money to the stage in abundance. In short, the audience responded quite enthusiastically to his debut on the stage. Chaplin wanted to stop, pick the money and sing again and his words drew peals of laughter from the audience.

They learnt that he was ready to sing again. The stage manager handed over the money to his mother. Then Chaplin interacted with the audience, danced and sang many songs imitating one of his mother’s on Irish march. He repeated the chorus. He keenly imitated his mother’s cracking voice amidst the tumultuous cheer and laughter and money-throwing of the audience. When mother appeared on the stage to take him, her presence was greeted with roaring applause. That night marked Chaplin’s first performance on the stage. Mother never performed again. Mother’s voice never came to its former condition. When her career on the stage ended, his mother made her living by spending a little money she had saved and this had disappeared soon. And then she mortgaged jewellery and other small belongings. Nevertheless, she was hopeful about regaining her voice.

ସାରମର୍ମ :
ମା’ଙ୍କର ଦୟନୀୟ କଣ୍ଠସ୍ଵର ଅବସ୍ଥା ପାଞ୍ଚବର୍ଷ ବୟସର ଚାପ୍‌ଲିନ୍‌ଙ୍କୁ ମଞ୍ଚ ଉପରକୁ ଟାଣି ନେଇଥିଲା । ରାତିରେ ମା’ ତାଙ୍କୁ ଭଡ଼ାଘର କୋଠରି ଭିତରେ ଏକୁଟିଆ ଛାଡ଼ିବାକୁ ଚାହୁଁ ନ ଥିଲେ । ସେଥ‌ିପାଇଁ ଚାପ୍‌ଲିନ୍‌ଙ୍କୁ ତାଙ୍କ ସାଙ୍ଗରେ ଥ୍ଟରକୁ ଆଣୁଥିଲେ । ତାଙ୍କ ମା’ ପ୍ରାୟ ସୈନିକମାନଙ୍କର ମନୋରଞ୍ଜନ କରୁଥିଲେ । ଏହି ସୈନିକମାନେ ବହୁମାତ୍ରାରେ ଅସଭ୍ୟ ଥିଲେ । ଏକଦା ମଞ୍ଚର ଏକ କୋଣରେ ଛିଡ଼ା ହୋଇଥିବାବେଳେ ଚାପ୍‌ଲିନ୍ ଦେଖ‌ିଲେ ମା’ ଗୀତ ଗାଇବାବେଳେ ତାଙ୍କ ସ୍ଵର ଭାଙ୍ଗିପଡ଼ିଲା ଏବଂ ଅସ୍ପଷ୍ଟ ହୋଇଗଲା । ଶ୍ରୋତାମାନେ ତାଙ୍କ ମା’ଙ୍କର ଅସହାୟତାରେ ଥଟ୍ଟା କଲେ । ସେମାନେ ଗୀତ ଗାଇଲେ ଏବଂ ଉଚ୍ଚସ୍ୱରରେ ସିସିକାରୀ ମାରିଲେ ।

କୋଳାହଳ ବନ୍ଦ ହେଲା ନାହିଁ । ବାଧ୍ୟହୋଇ ମା’ ମଞ୍ଚ ଛାଡ଼ି ଚାଲିଆସିଲେ । ସେ ବ୍ୟସ୍ତ ବିବ୍ରତ ହୋଇପଡ଼ିଲେ । ପରିଚାଳକ ତାଙ୍କୁ ଜବରଦସ୍ତ ଟାଣି ଆଣି ମଞ୍ଚ ଉପରେ ଏକୁଟିଆ ଛାଡ଼ିଯିବାର ଦୃଶ୍ୟ ଏବେବି ଚାପ୍‌ଲିନ୍‌ଙ୍କର ସ୍ମୃତିରେ ରହିଛି । ସେ ଚମତ୍କାର ପ୍ରଦର୍ଶନ କଲେ । ଝଲସୁଥିବା ଆଲୋକ ଏବଂ ଧୂମ୍ରପାନ କରୁଥିବା ଶ୍ରୋତାମାନଙ୍କ ଉପସ୍ଥିତିରେ ସେ ଲୋକପ୍ରିୟ Jack Jones ଗୀତ ଗାଇଲେ । ଚାପ୍‌ଲିନ୍‌ଙ୍କର ମଞ୍ଚ ଉପରେ ଏହି ପ୍ରଥମ ପଦାର୍ପଣ ଶ୍ରୋତାମାନଙ୍କ ଉପରେ ଗଭୀର ପ୍ରଭାବ ପକାଇଲା । ସେମାନେ ମଞ୍ଚ ଉପରକୁ ଟଙ୍କା ଫୋପାଡ଼ିବାକୁ ଲାଗିଲେ ।

ପ୍ରଥମେ ଟଙ୍କା ଗୋଟାଇବେ ଏବଂ ପରେ ଗୀତ ଗାଇବେ ବୋଲି ଚାପ୍‌ଲିନ୍ ଘୋଷଣା କଲେ । ଏଥିରେ ଶ୍ରୋତୃମଣ୍ଡଳୀ ଖୁସି ହୋଇଗଲେ । ମଞ୍ଚ ପରିଚାଳକ ସବୁ ଟଙ୍କା ଚାପ୍‌ଲିନ୍‌ଙ୍କ ମା’ଙ୍କୁ ଦେଇଦେଲେ । ଏହାପରେ ଚାପ୍‌ଲିନ୍ ଶ୍ରୋତାମାନଙ୍କ ସହିତ ବାକ୍ୟାଳାପ କଲେ, ନାଚିଲେ ଏବଂ ଅନେକ ଗୀତ ଅନୁକରଣ କରି ଗାଇଲେ । ଏହା ମଧ୍ୟରେ ତାଙ୍କ ମା’ଙ୍କର Irish march ତାଙ୍କର ଭଗ୍ନ କଣ୍ଠସ୍ଟର ଅନୁକରଣ କରି ଗାଇବା ସମସ୍ତଙ୍କୁ ପ୍ରଭାବିତ କରିଥିଲା । ଶ୍ରୋତାମାନଙ୍କ ଉପରେ ଏହାର ପ୍ରଭାବ ତାଙ୍କୁ ଆଶ୍ଚର୍ଯ୍ୟାନ୍ବିତ କରିଥିଲା । ସେ ସେମାନଙ୍କର ହସ, ପ୍ରଫୁଲ୍ଲତା ଏବଂ ଟଙ୍କା ଫୋପଡ଼ା ଦେଖ‌ିଲେ । ଚାପ୍‌ଲିନ୍‌ଙ୍କୁ ନେବାପାଇଁ ମା’ ମଞ୍ଚକୁ ଆସିବାବେଳେ ଶ୍ରୋତାମାନେ ତାକୁ ଉଚ୍ଛସିତ ପ୍ରଶଂସାରେ ପୋତି ପକାଇଥିଲେ । ସେଇ ରାତି ଥିଲା ଚାପ୍‌ଲିନ୍‌ଙ୍କର ପ୍ରଥମ ମଞ୍ଚ ଅଭିନୟ । ମା’ଙ୍କର ତାହା ଶେଷ ଅଭିନୟ ଥିଲା । ମା’ ତାଙ୍କ ପୂର୍ବ ସ୍ବର ଫେରି ପାଇଲେ ନାହିଁ । ଆର୍ଥିକ ଅବସ୍ଥାରେ ଅବନତି ଘଟିଲା । କିଛି ଟଙ୍କା ସଞ୍ଚୟ କରିଥିବାରୁ ସେ ଜୀବନ ଧାରଣ କରିନେଲେ । କିନ୍ତୁ ଏହା ସରିଗଲା । ତା’ ପରେ ସେ ଗହଣା ଏବଂ ଅନ୍ୟ ଜିନିଷଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ବନ୍ଧକ ରଖିଲେ । ଆଶା କରିଥିଲେ ତାଙ୍କ ପୂର୍ବ ସ୍ଵର ଫେରିଆସିବ ।

Glossary :
Owing to: because of
vocal condition : କଣ୍ଠସ୍ଵର ଅବସ୍ଥା
Aldershot : a town in south central England
grubby: dirty (ଅପରିଷ୍କାର)
mean: small
Catering : satisfying
rowdy: noisy causing trouble
excuse: plea
deride: treat with scorn
ridicule: make fun of, laugh at (ଥଟ୍ଟା କରିବା)
terror: ଭୟ
falsetto: a false voice (କୃତ୍ରିମ ସ୍ୱର)
valueless: meaningless (ÅDIA)
quite : totally (ସମ୍ପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ ଭାବରେ )
walk off: left (ପରିତ୍ୟାଗ କରିବା|ଛାଡ଼ି
upset: disappointed
letting : allowing (ଅନୁମତି ଦେବା)
turmoil : noise (କୋଳାହଳ)
glare : ତୀବ୍ର ଆଲୋକ
half way through : ଅଧା ଗୀତ ଗାଉଥ‌ିବା ସମୟରେ
a shower of money : ଟଙ୍କା ବୃଷ୍ଟି
poured: ଗଦା ହେଲା
pick up: collect (ଗୋଟାଇ ନେବା)
gather : ଏକାଠି କରିବା
Conveyed: ଜଣେଇ ଦିଆଗଲା
at home : comfortable (ସ୍ଵଚ୍ଛନ୍ଦ)
chorus: ମିଳିତ ସଙ୍ଗୀତ
impact: ପ୍ରଭାବ
evoked: generated (ଉତ୍ପନ୍ନ କଲା)
tremendous : ବହୁତ
applause: କରତାଳି
fate: ଭାଗ୍ୟ
destiny : fate (ଭାଗ୍ୟ)
heed: notice (ଧ୍ୟାନ ଦେବା )
pity: ଦୟା
justice: ନ୍ୟାୟ
dealt with: behaved ଦେଖାଇଲେ )
regained: ଫେରି ପାଇଲେ
vanished: ଅଦୃଶ୍ୟ ହୋଇଗଲା
pawned: mortgaged (ବନ୍ଧା ପକାଇଲେ)

Think it out

Question 1.
How and why did Charlie first go to the theatre?
Answer:
Mother usually went to the theatre at night. Therefore, she did not want Charlie to stay alone in rented rooms. Besides, her vocal condition was not in a good shape. These factors made Charlie first go to the theatre at the age of five.

Question 2.
Why did his mother walk off the stage?
Answer:
The writer remembers standing on the side of the stage when mother’s voice crecked and relapsed into a state of slow sound. To his utter confusion, she; evoked a ridiculous response from the audience. They started laughing, singing and whistling loudly. As a result, his mother walked off the stage.

Question 3.
How did Charlie make his debut on the stage?
Answer:
Her cracking voice and the audience’s contemptuous treatment to her made Charlie’s mother walk off the stage. Then she came into the wings and argued with the stage manager. But the stage manager, being influenced by the Charlie’s performance before his ‘mother’s friends begged her permission to let Charlie go on to the stage. Then amidst of loud uproar led Charlie by the hand. After appealing to the audience, she left Charlie on the stage alone. Then Charlie rose to the occasion.

Question 4.
How did the audience respond to his frist performance on the stage?
Answer:
At first Charlie sang a popular song called Jack Jones. It enthralled the audience. Money flowed to the stage. Chaplin’s announcement to gather the money first and then sing drew laughter from the audience. The stage manager gave the money to Chaplin’s mother; then Chaplin interacted with the audience, danced and imitated many songs including his mother’s Irish march. His perfect imitation of mother’s cracking voice profoundly impressed the audience. His first appearance on the stage evoked their laughter, lusty cheers and at last more money-throwing.

Question 5.
How did his mother make her living when her career on the stage ended?
Answer:
When her career on the stage ended, his mother made her living by spending a little money she had saved and mortgaging her jewellery and other small belongings.

Unit – III

Gist:
Chaplin and his mother had to undergo a lot of suffering when she gave up stage performance. All their belongings went down. Charlie’s mother turned to religion with a hope that she would get back her voice again. Her regular visit to Christ Church in the Westminister Bridge Road was a case in point. Every Sunday, Chaplin was an avid listener to Bach’s organic music. He, with painful impatience, lent his ears to Reverend EB. Meyer’s enthusiastic and dramatic voice that reverbrated the long central part of the church. His scintillating oration moved mother to tears.

Charlie remembers the Holy Communion on the hot summer’s day. The gathering in the church was treated to cool tasty grape-juice in silvery cups. Mother gently restrained him drink it excessively. The Reverend’s act of closing the Bible filled him with great relief. As a result, there would be no sermons but prayers and the final religious songs. Mother’s theatrical world became a thing of the past. They lived in a state of oppressive misery. Mother’s suffering knew no bounds.

She fell a victim to the social condition of the Victorian age where fabulous wealth and abject poverty were rolled into society and where poorclass women could not but do small works. Small, gracious, sensitive as she was, mother endured the hardships without any protest. Her employment as a nurse was of short duration. She made theatrical costumes. She was able to earn a little for her skilful needle-work and dress making for the members of the church.. In spite of her struggle, their life of hardship did not change.

ସାରମର୍ମ :
ଯେତେବେଳେ ଚାପ୍‌ଲିନ୍‌ଙ୍କ ମା’ ମଞ୍ଚ ଅଭିନୟ ଛାଡ଼ିଦେଲେ ତାଙ୍କ ମା’ ଓ ସେ ବହୁ କଷ୍ଟ ଭୋଗ କରିଥିଲେ । ତାଙ୍କ କଣ୍ଠକୁ ପୁନଶ୍ଚ ଫେରି ପାଇବା ଆଶାରେ ତାଙ୍କ ମା’ ଧର୍ମକୁ ଆଦରି ନେଲେ । ପ୍ରତିଦିନ ସେ ଗୀର୍ଜାକୁ ଯାଉଥିଲେ । ସମ୍ମାନନୀୟ ଧର୍ମଯାଜକଙ୍କର ଜୀବନ୍ତ ସ୍ବରରେ ଗୀର୍ଜାର ଲମ୍ବା ମଧ୍ୟଭାଗ ପ୍ରତିଧ୍ଵନିତ ହେଉଥିଲା

ବେଳେବେଳେ ତାଙ୍କର ଭାଷଣ ମା’ଙ୍କ ଆସ୍‌ରେ ଲୁହ ଭରି ଦେଇଥିଲା । ଗ୍ରୀଷ୍ମଦିନର ଏକ ପବିତ୍ର ସମାବେଶକୁ ଚାପ୍‌ଲିନ୍ ମନେ ପକାଇଛନ୍ତି ।ସମସ୍ତଙ୍କୁ ଥଣ୍ଡା ରୁପା କପ୍‌ରେ ସୁସ୍ଵାଦୁ ଅଙ୍ଗୁର ରସ ଦିଆଯାଇଥିଲା । ଯେତେବେଳେ ଧର୍ମଯାଜକ ବାଇବେଲ ବନ୍ଦ କରୁଥିଲେ ତାହା ଧର୍ମଶିକ୍ଷାର ଅନ୍ତକୁ ସୂଚାଇ ଦେଉଥିଲା । ଦିନ ଗଡ଼ି ଚାଲିଲା । ମା’ଙ୍କର ଥ୍ଟର ସମ୍ବନ୍ଧୀୟ ଦୁନିଆ ଅତୀତ ହୋଇଗଲା । ଅନ୍ୟ କ୍ଷେତ୍ରରେ ତାଙ୍କ ଅଭିଜ୍ଞତାର ଅଭାବ ନୂଆ କାମ ପାଇଁ ଏକ ପ୍ରତିବନ୍ଧକ ଥିଲା ।

ଅକୁହା କଷ୍ଟ ସତ୍ତ୍ବେ ସେ ସଂଗ୍ରାମ ଜାରି ରଖୁଥିଲେ । ଭିକ୍ଟେରିୟାନ ଯୁଗର ଦାରିଦ୍ର୍ୟ ପ୍ରପୀଡ଼ିତା ସ୍ତ୍ରୀ ଲୋକମାନଙ୍କୁ ଛୋଟ କାମ କରିବାକୁ ପଡୁଥିଲା । ବେଳେବେଳେ ସେ ଧାଈର ଭୂମିକା ଗ୍ରହଣ କରୁଥିଲେ । କିନ୍ତୁ ଏହା କ୍ଷଣସ୍ଥାୟୀ ଥିଲା । ଏଇସବୁ ଦୟନୀୟ ଅବସ୍ଥା ସତ୍ତ୍ବେ ମା’ ହତୋତ୍ସାହ ହୋଇଯାଇ ନଥିଲେ । ସେ ଛୁଞ୍ଚ୍ କାମରେ ନିପୁଣା ଥିଲେ । ଗୀର୍ଜାର ସଦସ୍ୟମାନଙ୍କ ପାଇଁ ସେ ପୋଷାକ ତିଆରି କରୁଥିଲେ । ସଂଗ୍ରାମ ସତ୍ତ୍ବେ ସେମାନଙ୍କର ଦୁର୍ଦ୍ଦଶାର ପରିବର୍ତ୍ତନ ହେଲା ନାହିଁ ।

Glossary:
dwindling: going down
drabber: more miserable
turned to: looked to
shuffling: walking slowly and noisily without lifting one’s feet (ଘୋଷାରି ଚାଲିବା)
orations: speeches (ବକ୍ତୃତା)
appealing: touching the feelings (ଭାବନା ଉଦ୍ରେକକାରୀ )
occasionally : at times (ବେଳେବେଳେ)
delicious: ସ୍ୱାଦିଷ୍ଟ
congragation : gathering (ସମ୍ମଳନ)
relieved: ଆଶ୍ଵସ୍ତ ହେଲେ
sermon: a speech made by a priest (ପୂଜକଙ୍କ ଧର୍ମବାଣୀ)
hymn: religious song (ଧର୍ମସଂକ୍ରାନ୍ତୀୟ ସଙ୍ଗୀତ)
wretched: in a miserable state
interim: gap (ବ୍ୟବଧାନ)
travail: painful work
cheerless: dull
fervent: enthusiastic (ଉତ୍ସାହଜନକ)
echoing: ଇକୋ
nave: long central part of the church (ଚର୍ଚ୍ଚର ଦୀର୍ଘ)
twilight: ଗୋଧୂଳି ସମୟ
untutored: did not learn (ଶିଖ୍ ନ)
handicapped: (here) faced problem (ବାଧା ପାଇଲା)
Dainty: small and attractive in a delicate way
sensitive: likely to be upset easily (ସଚେତନ)
odds: obstacles (ପ୍ରତିବନ୍ଧକ)
Victorian era: ଭିକ୍ଟୋରିଆନ୍ ଯୁଗ
menial work : work considered of low status (ମର୍ଯ୍ୟାଦାହୀନ କାମ)
drudges: menial work like the job of an attendant
nevertheless: but still
resourceful: good at finding with effective ways to deal problems
costumes: ପୋଷାକ
But…..us: Chaplin says that mother’s income was not sufficient for their existence.

Think it out

Question 1.
Why did Charlie’s mother turn to religion?
Answer:
Chaplin and his mother had to undergo a lot of suffering when she gave up stage performance. All their belongings went down. Charlie’s mother turned to religion with a hope that she would get back her voice again.

Question 2.
How does Charlie remember the Holy Communion on one hot summer’s day?
Answer:
Charlie’s mind goes back to the Holy Communion on one hot summer’s day. The gathering was treated to tasty grape-juice contained in the cool silver cup. The Reverend’s act of closing the Bible marked the end of preaching religious teaching and the beginning of prayers and the final religious song.

Question 3.
Give an account of his mother’s suffering.
Answer:
With the disappearance of her theatrical world, mother along with Charlie lived amidst miserable conditions. Her lack of experience in any other field was an obstacle to find a job. Small, graceful and sensitive as she was, his mother struggled against unbelievably hostile conditions in a Victorian age when poor-class women were bound to resort to do low work. At times, mother joined the nursing work. She earned a little by making dresses for the members of the church. But it was not enough for their existence.

CHSE Odisha Class 12 English My Mother Important Questions and Answers

Multiple-Choice Questions (MCQs) with Answers

Question 1.
Chaplin’s father was ____________.
(A) thoughtful
(B) silent
(C) a brilliant artist
(D) all of these
Answer:
(C) a brilliant artist

Question 2.
He was endowed with a __________ voice.
(A)soft
(B) harsh
(C) magical
(D) grave and deep
Answer:
(D) grave and deep

Question 3.
The vaudevillians during Chaplin’s time were –
(A) refined
(B) exceptionally brilliant artists
(C) quite sensitive
(D) addicted to drinking
Answer:
(D) addicted to drinking

Question 4.
A majority of stars were paid _____________ because they spent their money lavishly at the theatre bar.
(A) miserably
(B) weekly
(C) handsomely
(D) all of these
Answer:
(C) handsomely

Question 5.
Chaplin’s father died because of his –
(A) alcoholic habit
(B) addiction to drinking
(C) utter carelessness
(D) isolation from his family
Answer:
(A) alcoholic habit

Question 6.
When drinking, Chaplin’s father was in a ________mood.
(A) defensive
(B) frustrating
(C) violent
(D) sober
Answer:
(C) violent

Question 7.
Chaplin’s parents __________ in his infancy.
(A) divorced
(B) were fine
(C) were typical
(D) none of these
Answer:
(A) divorced

Question 8.
His mother was a ___________singer.
(A) non-descript
(B) moderate
(C) celebrated
(D) gifted
Answer:
(C) celebrated

Question 9.
The word ‘laryngitis’ means –
(A) weak
(B) inflammation of the larynx
(C) incurably weak
(D) long breaths
Answer:
(B) inflammation of the larynx

Question 10.
The cracking voice of Chaplin’s mother was met with ____________ responses from the audience.
(A) ridiculous
(B) sorrowful
(C) delirious
(D) gloomy
Answer:
(A) ridiculous

Question 11.
Chaplin made his ___________appearance on the stage, when he was five.
(A) brilliant
(B) first and last
(C) maiden
(D) none of these
Answer:
(C) maiden

Question 12.
The cracking voice of Chaplin’s mother met with the audeience’s _______.
(A) shock
(B) wrath
(C) derision
(D) all of these
Answer:
(C) derision

Question 13.
Mother led Chaplin to the stage amidst great _________.
(A) noise
(B) excitement
(C) pleasure
(D) uncertainty
Answer:
(A) noise

Question 14.
Jack Jones was a great ___________.
(A) comedy
(B) lyric
(C) elegy
(D) song
Answer:
(D) song

Question 15.
Chaplin’s first appearance on the stage was quite _________.
(A) encouraging
(B) hopeless
(C) contemptuous
(D) none of these
Answer:
(A) encouraging

Question 16.
Presence of Chaplin’s mother on the stage was __________.
(A) painful
(B) sorrowful
(C) electrifying
(D) all of these
Answer:
(C) electrifying

Question 17.
At last, fate ________on her.
(A) sailed
(B) showered
(C) frowned
(D) both (A) and (B)
Answer:
(C) frowned

Question 18.
In her moment of crisis, Chaplin’s mother resorted to –
(A) saying prayers
(B) religion
(C) the priest’s help
(D)none of these
Answer:
(B) religion

Question 19.
The sight of mother’s tear _________ Chaplin a little.
(A) shocked
(B) saddened
(C) vexed
(D) none of these
Answer:
(C) vexed

Question 20.
After going to church, mother’s relationship with her friends almost –
(A) snapped
(B) completely abated
(C) turned strange
(D) soured
Answer:
(A) snapped

Question 21.
The word ’travail’ means ___________.
(A) wandering
(B) tiredness
(C) tordy
(D) painful work
Answer:
(D) painful work

Question 22.
The Victorian age is marked by ___________and poverty.
(A) comfort
(B) sloth
(C) affluence
(D) none of these
Answer:
(C) affluence

Question 23.
Chaplin’s mother was short, __________and sensitive.
(A) fat
(B) weak
(C) pretty
(D) dainty
Answer:
(D) dainty

Question 24.
During Chaplin’s time, job such as, nursing was quite ______.
(A) popular
(B) infrequent
(C) prestigeous
(D) none of these
Answer:
(B) infrequent

Question 25.
Despite all odds, Chaplin’s mother was _________.
(A) fine
(B) tolerant
(C) happy
(D) all of these
Answer:
(B) tolerant

Introducing the Author :
Sir Charles Spencer Chaplin (1889-1977) is one of the greatest comedians of the silent movies. It is an record that Chaplin made his first stage appearance when he was five as a replacement for his mother. Till twenty he could hardly find an anchor and drifted until he came to the United States, after having made a name as a child actor. The rapidly growing film industry and the daring experiments of producers opened new vistas for Chaplin. He was soon recognised as ‘an original and indisputable laughgetter’, his fantastic apparel becoming a symbol of great comedy. Almost every picture in which he featured became famous. Among these are ‘The Floor Walker’, ‘The Count’, ‘The Immigrant’, ‘Easy Street’, ‘The Gold Rush’, ‘City Lights’, ‘Monsieur Verdoux’ and then ‘Lime Light’, his great hit. Bernard Shaw called Chaplin ‘the only genius developed by the motion pictures’, Chaplin produced ‘Lime Light’ at the age of sixty three, when it looked as if he had retired. But the film was hailed as ‘a kind of cinematic poem about humanity’, and Chaplin as one of the supreme geniuses of the film world and comedy.

About the Story :
‘‘My Mother”, an extract from Chaplin’s ‘My Autobiography’ deals with the nature of his father and mother. This article also presents Charlie’s first appearance on the stage and the sufferings he and his mother had experienced when the latter relinquished the stage. A superb touch of clarity characterised ‘‘My Mother”.

ବିଷୟ ସୂଚନା :
ଚାପ୍‌ଲିନ୍‌ଙ୍କର ‘My Autobiography’ରୁ ଉଦ୍ଧୃତ ହୋଇଥିବା “My Mother” ତାଙ୍କ ପିତାମାତାଙ୍କ ବିଷୟରେ ଆଲୋଚନା କରିଛି । ଏହି ବିଷୟଟି ମଞ୍ଚ ଉପରେ ଚାପ୍‌ଲିନ୍‌ଙ୍କର ପ୍ରଥମ ଅବିର୍ଭାବ ଏବଂ ତାଙ୍କ ମା’ଙ୍କର ମଞ୍ଚ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ ତ୍ୟାଗ କରିବା ପରେ ସେମାନେ ସମ୍ମୁଖୀନ ହୋଇଥ‌ିବା ଦୁର୍ଦ୍ଦଶା ଉପରେ ଆଲୋକପାତ କରିଛି । ସ୍ପଷ୍ଟ ଅଭିବ୍ୟକ୍ତି ହେଉଛି “My Mother” ଗଳ୍ପଟିର ବୈଶିଷ୍ଟ୍ୟ |

Summary :
Walking down the memory lane, Chaplin reminisces his father, who was an entertainer, a silent, a thoughtful man with dark eyes. He learnt from his mother that his father, looking like Napoleon, was endowed with a deep voice. He was a beautiful artist. Even in those days when jobs were scarce, he earned the substantial income of forty pounds a week. Mother also said that his father’s addiction to drinking was the; cause of their divorce. Chaplin throws light on the entertainers of the time. They were die-hard drunkards, because all theatres dealt in alcohol. Handsome salaries made a number of stars spend a lot at the theatre bar. As a result, many artists including Chaplin’s father invited ruin.

His father fell a prey to excessive alcohol at the age of thirty-seven. In a state of drunkenness, he showed a devastating temper. Chaplin’s mother’s attitude towards his father lacked objectivity. At times, it was a blend of sympathy and sadness. Chaplin states that his mother did not demand any means of living, despite his parents’ divorce. A star as she was, she did not face any problem in maintaining herself and her children. Only in times of crisis, she sought relief. She never resorted to legal steps. Chaplin refers to his mother’s voice growing worse. Just a little cold caused a prolonged inflammation of her larynx, but circumstances compelled her to go on singing. Her voice cracked and suddenly became inaudible in the middle of singing. She met with the scorn and laughter of the audience. It led to the deterioration of her health. She grew nervous.

As a result his mother’s theatrical engagements fell off and eventually came to a close. The writer states that his mother’s pathetic vocal condition paved the way for his debut on the stage, when he was five. She was entertaining mostly Soldiers at Aldershot. They were indecent. They did not mind making the performers objects of scorn and laughter. The writer remembers standing on the side of the stage when mother’s voice cracked and relapsed into a state of slow sound.

To his utter confusion, she evoked a ridiculous response from the audience. They started laughing, singing and whistling loudly. As a result, his mother left the stage. Instead of being cowed down by their sarcasm, the stage manager left him on the stage alone. Chaplin splendidly rose to the occasion. He sang a popular song called Jack Jones. The audience responded to his first performance on the stage in a manner that was incredible. Money flodded the stage. Chaplin’s announcement to gather the money first and then sing drew laughter from the audience.

The stage manager gave the money to Chaplin’s mother; the latter interacted with the audience, danced and imitated many songs including his mother’s Irish march one. His perfect imitation of mother’s cracking voice, vastly impressed the audience. Chaplin found himself in the midst of their cheerful response. They threw money to the stage. The spectacle of mother’s presence on the stage was electrifying. She drew lavish praise from the audience. That night marked his debut on the stage and mother’s last performance. , Fate, Chaplin states, governs human destiny. It knows no pity, no justice.

His mother fell a victim to cruel fate. She never got back her voice again. His mother made her living out of a little money, that she had saved and mortgaging the jewellery and other small possessions she had mortgaged. Everything was exhausted soon. She always hoped that she would regain her voice. But it was a futile hope. Chaplin and his mother had to undergo a lot of hardships when she gave up stage performance. She looked to religion, hoping that it would bring back her voice again. She became a frequent visitor to the church. The Reverend’s lively and dramatic voice reverberated the long central part of the church. At times his speeches moved her to tears.

The writer’s mind goes back to the holy gathering on one hot summer’s day. Each of them was treated to tasty grape-juice contained in the cool silver cup. The Reverend’s act of closing the Bible marked the end of preaching religious teaching and the beginning of prayers and the final religious song. Days rolled by. Mother’s theatrical world became a thing of the past. Her lack of experience in other field was an obstacle to find a new job. Small, graceful and sensitive woman as she was, Chaplin’s mother kept on struggling against untold hardships. She lived in a Victorian age, where poverty-stricken women resorted to low jobs. At times, she played the role of a nurse, but such employment was not always available. Besides, the work of nursing lasted for a short time. In spite of these adverse conditions, mother was capable of finding alternative sources for existence. She excelled in the art of needle-work. Dress-making for the members of the church was a case in point. But it was not enough for their livelihood.

ସାରାଂଶ :

ସ୍ମୃତିଚାରଣ କରି ଚାପ୍‌ଲିନ୍ ତାଙ୍କ ବାପାଙ୍କ କଥା ମନେ ପକାଇଛନ୍ତି । ତାଙ୍କ ବାପା ଥିଲେ ଜଣେ ମନୋରଞ୍ଜନକାରୀ, ନୀରବ ଏବଂ ଚିନ୍ତାଶୀଳ ବ୍ୟକ୍ତି । ତାଙ୍କ ମା’ଙ୍କଠାରୁ ଚାପ୍‌ଲିନ୍ ଜାଣିଥିଲେ ଯେ ତାଙ୍କ ବାପା ନେପୋଲିୟନ୍ ଭଳି ଦେଖାଯାଉଥିଲେ ଓ ତାଙ୍କର ସ୍ଵର ଥିଲା ଗମ୍ଭୀର । ସେ ଜଣେ ସୁନ୍ଦର କଳାକାର ଥିଲେ । ସେଇ ସମୟର ଚାକିରିର ଘୋର ଅଭାବ ଥିଲା, ତଥାପି ତାଙ୍କ ବାପା ସପ୍ତାହରେ ଚାଳିଶ ପାଉଣ୍ଡ ଅର୍ଜନ କରୁଥିଲେ ।‘ତାଙ୍କ ବାପା ଥିଲେ ମଦ୍ୟପ ଏବଂ ତାହା ତାଙ୍କ ପିତାମାତାଙ୍କ ବିବାହ ବିଚ୍ଛେଦର କାରଣ ହୋଇଥିଲା ।

ଚାପ୍‌ଲିନ୍ ତତ୍କାଳୀନ ମନୋରଞ୍ଜନକାରୀମାନଙ୍କ ଉପରେ ଆଲୋକପାତ କରିଛନ୍ତି । ସେମାନେ ମଦ୍ୟପ ଥିଲେ କାରଣ ସବୁ ଥୁଟରଗୁଡ଼ିକ ମଦ ବ୍ୟବସାୟ କରୁଥିଲେ । ମୋଟା ଦରମା ପାଉଥିବା ଯୋଗୁଁ ଅନେକ ତାରକା ଥୁଟର ମଦଶାଳାରେ ବହୁତ ସମୟ କଟାଉଥିଲେ । ଫଳରେ ଚାପୁଲିନ୍‌ଙ୍କର ବାପା କିଭଳି ଅନେକ କଳାକାର ଧ୍ଵଂସକୁ ଡାକି ଆଣିଥିଲେ । ସଇଁତିରିଶ ବର୍ଷ ବୟସରେ ତାଙ୍କର ବାପା ଅତ୍ୟଧ୍ଵ ମଦ୍ୟପାନର ଶିକାର ହୋଇ ମୃତ୍ୟୁବରଣ କରିଥିଲେ । ମଦ୍ୟପାନ ଅବସ୍ଥାରେ ସେ ଭୟଙ୍କର କୋପ ଦେଖାଉଥିଲେ । ତାଙ୍କ ବାପାଙ୍କ ପ୍ରତି ମା’ଙ୍କର ଦୃଷ୍ଟିଭଙ୍ଗୀରେ ବିରୋଧଭାବ ନ ଥିଲା । ବେଳେବେଳେ ଏହା ଥିଲା ଦୁଃଖ ଓ ସହାନୁଭୂତିର ମିଶ୍ରଣ ଥିଲା ।

ବିବାହ ବିଚ୍ଛେଦ ସତ୍ତ୍ବେ ମା’ ତାଙ୍କ ବାପାଙ୍କଠାରୁ ଭରଣପୋଷଣ ଦାବି କରି ନ ଥିଲେ ବୋଲି ଚାପଲିନ୍ କହିଛନ୍ତି । ଜଣେ ତାରକା ହିସାବରେ ନିଜ ପିଲାମାନଙ୍କୁ ଚଳାଇବାରେ ସେ କୌଣସି ଅସୁବିଧାର ସମ୍ମୁଖୀନ ହୋଇ ନ ଥିଲେ । କେବଳ ଘଡ଼ିସନ୍ଧି ମୁହୂର୍ତ୍ତରେ ସେ ସାହାଯ୍ୟ ଚାହୁଁଥିଲେ । ତାଙ୍କ ମା’ଙ୍କର କଣ୍ଠସ୍ଵର ଧୀରେ ଧୀରେ ଖରାପ ହୋଇଯାଉଥିବା କଥା ଚାପ୍‌ଲିନ୍ କହିଛନ୍ତି । ସାମାନ୍ୟ ଥଣ୍ଡା ତାଙ୍କର କଣ୍ଠକୁ ବହୁଦିନ ଧରି ଆକ୍ରାନ୍ତ କରୁଥିଲା; କିନ୍ତୁ ପରିସ୍ଥିତିର ତାଡ଼ନାରେ ତାଙ୍କୁ ଗୀତ ଗାଇବାକୁ ପଡ଼ୁଥିଲା । ଗୀତ ଗାଇଲାବେଳେ ତାଙ୍କ ସ୍ଵର ଭାଙ୍ଗି ପଡୁଥିଲା ଏବଂ ଗୀତ ଗାଇବା ମଝିରେ ଅସ୍ପଷ୍ଟ ହୋଇଯାଉଥିଲା । ଯାହାଫଳରେ ସେ ଶ୍ରୋତାମାନଙ୍କର ଅଟ୍ଟହାସ୍ୟର ଶିକାର ହେଉଥିଲେ । ଫଳରେ ତାଙ୍କ ସ୍ଵାସ୍ଥ୍ୟର ଅବନତି ଘଟିଲା । ସେ ଭୀତତ୍ରସ୍ତା ହୋଇଗଲେ । ଫଳସ୍ବରୂପ ତାଙ୍କୁ ଥୁଟରରେ କାମ ମିଳିବା କମିଯିବାକୁ ଲାଗିଲା । ମା’ଙ୍କ କଣ୍ଠସ୍ୱରର ଅବସ୍ଥା ଚାପ୍‌ଲିନ୍‌ଙ୍କୁ ପ୍ରଥମ ଥର ପାଇଁ ମଞ୍ଚ ଉପରକୁ ଆସିବାକୁ ବାଧ୍ୟ କରିଥିଲା ।

ସେତେବେଳକୁ ତାଙ୍କ ବୟସ ଥିଲା ପାଞ୍ଚ ବର୍ଷ । ସେତେବେଳେ ତାଙ୍କ ମା’ ଆଲଡର୍‌ସଟ୍‌ରେ ଥିବା ସୈନ୍ୟମାନଙ୍କର ମନୋରଞ୍ଜନ କରାଉଥିଲେ । ଏଇ ସୈନିକମାନେ ଅଭଦ୍ର ଥିଲେ । ସେମାନେ ମନୋରଞ୍ଜନକାରୀମାନଙ୍କୁ ଅପମାନ ଏବଂ ଥଟ୍ଟା କରିବାକୁ ଭୁଲୁ ନଥିଲେ । ଏକଦା ଚାପ୍‌ଲିନ୍ ମଞ୍ଚର ଏକ କୋଣରେ ଛିଡ଼ା ହୋଇଥିଲେ । ଏହି ସମୟରେ ତାଙ୍କ ମା’ଙ୍କର କଣ୍ଠସ୍ଵର ଭାଙ୍ଗିପଡ଼ିଲା ଓ ସ୍ଵର ଅସ୍ପଷ୍ଟ ହୋଇଗଲା। ଶ୍ରୋତାମାନେ ତାଙ୍କୁ ଥଟ୍ଟା କରିଥିଲେ । ସେମାନେ ହସିବା, ଗୀତ ଗାଇବା ଏବଂ ସିଟି ବଜାଇବାରେ ଲାଗିପଡ଼ିଲେ । ତା’ପରେ ତାଙ୍କ ମା’ ମଞ୍ଚ ଛାଡ଼ି ଚାଲିଯାଇଥିଲେ । ସେମାନଙ୍କର ବିଦ୍ରୁପ ସାମ୍‌ନାରେ ମୁଣ୍ଡ ନ ଝୁଙ୍କାଇ ପରିଚାଳକ ଚାପ୍‌ଲିନ୍‌ଙ୍କୁ ଏକୁଟିଆ ମଞ୍ଚ ଉପରେ ଛାଡ଼ିଦେଲେ । ଚାପ୍‌ଲିନ୍ କିଛି କମ୍ ନ ଥିଲେ । ସେ ଲୋକପ୍ରିୟ ଗୀତ Jack Jones ଗାଇଥିଲେ ।

ତାଙ୍କର ପ୍ରଥମ ଅଭିନୟକୁ ଶ୍ରୋତାମାନେ ଅବିଶ୍ବସନୀୟ ଭାବେ ପସନ୍ଦ କଲେ । ସେମାନେ ମଞ୍ଚ ଉପରକୁ ଟଙ୍କା ଫୋପାଡ଼ିବାକୁ ଲାଗିଲେ । ପ୍ରଥମେ ଟଙ୍କା ଗୋଟାଇବେ ଏବଂ ପରେ ଗୀତ ଗାଇବେ ବୋଲି ଚାପ୍‌ଲିନ୍ ଘୋଷଣା କଲେ । ଏଥିରେ ଶ୍ରୋତୃମଣ୍ଡଳୀ ଖୁସି ହୋଇଗଲେ । ମଞ୍ଚ ପରିଚାଳକ ସବୁ ଟଙ୍କା ଚାପ୍ଲିନ୍ ମା’ଙ୍କୁ ଦେଇଦେଲେ । ଏହାପରେ ଚାପ୍‌ଲିନ୍ ଶ୍ରୋତାମାନଙ୍କ ସହିତ ବାକ୍ୟାଳାପ କଲେ, ନାଚିଲେ ଏବଂ ଅନେକ ଗୀତ ଅନୁକରଣ କରି ଗାଇଲେ । ଏହା ମଧ୍ୟରେ ତାଙ୍କ ମା’ଙ୍କର Irish march ଗୀତକୁ ତାଙ୍କର ଭଗ୍ନ କଣ୍ଠସ୍ଵର ଅନୁକରଣ କରି ଗାଇବା ସମସ୍ତଙ୍କୁ ପ୍ରଭାବିତ କରିଥିଲା । ସେମାନେ ମଞ୍ଚ ଉପରକୁ ଟଙ୍କା ଫୋପାଡ଼ିବାକୁ ଲାଗିଲେ । ମଞ୍ଚ ଉପରେ ତାଙ୍କ ମା’ଙ୍କର ଉପସ୍ଥିତିର ଦୃଶ୍ୟ ଚମତ୍କାର ଥିଲା । ଶ୍ରୋତାମାନେ ତାଙ୍କର ଭୂୟସୀ ପ୍ରଶଂସା କଲେ । ସେଇ ରାତି ପରଦା ଉପରେ ଚାପ୍‌ଲିନ୍‌ଙ୍କର ପ୍ରଥମ ଏବଂ ମା’ଙ୍କର ଶେଷ ଉପସ୍ଥିତିର ସାକ୍ଷୀ ଥିଲା ।

ଚାପ୍‌ଲିନ୍ କହିଛନ୍ତି ଯେ ଭାଗ୍ୟ ମଣିଷର ଗତିପଥ ନିର୍ଦ୍ଧାରଣ କରେ । ଏହା ପାଖରେ ଦୟା ବା ନ୍ୟାୟର ସ୍ଥାନ ନ ଥାଏ । ତାଙ୍କର ମା’ ନିଷ୍ଠୁର ଭାଗ୍ୟର ଶିକାର ହୋଇଗଲେ । ସେ ତାଙ୍କର ସ୍ଵର ଆଉ ଫେରିପାଇଲେ ନାହିଁ । ତାଙ୍କ ମା’ ସଞ୍ଚୟ କରିଥିବା ସ୍ଵଚ୍ଛ ଟଙ୍କା, ଗହଣା ଏବଂ ଅନ୍ୟ ଜିନିଷଗୁଡ଼ାକର ବନ୍ଧକ ରଖି ଜୀବିକା ନିର୍ବାହ କଲେ । ସବୁକିଛି ଅଳ୍ପଦିନ ମଧ୍ୟରେ ସରିଗଲା । ସେ ସବୁବେଳେ ଆଶା କରୁଥିଲେ ତାଙ୍କର କଣ୍ଠସ୍ଵର ଫେରିଆସିବ, କିନ୍ତୁ ଏହା ଥିଲା ଦୀ ଆଶା । ତାଙ୍କ ମା’ ମଞ୍ଚ ଛାଡ଼ିଲା ପରେ ଚାପ୍‌ଲିନ୍ ଏବଂ ସେ ବହୁତ ଅସୁବିଧାର ସମ୍ମୁଖୀନ ହୋଇଥିଲେ । ତାଙ୍କ କଣ୍ଠସ୍ବର ପୁନଶ୍ଚ ଫେରି ପାଇବା ଆଶାରେ ସେ ଧର୍ମର ଆଶ୍ରୟ ନେଇଥିଲେ । ସେ ପ୍ରତିଦିନ ଗୀର୍ଜାକୁ ଯାଉଥିଲେ । ସମ୍ମାନନୀୟ ଧର୍ମଯାଜକଙ୍କର ଜୀବନ୍ତ ଏବଂ ନାଟକୀୟ ସ୍ବରରେ ଗୀର୍ଜାର ଲମ୍ବା ମଧ୍ୟଭାଗ ପ୍ରତିଧ୍ଵନିତ ହେଉଥିଲା । ବେଳେବେଳେ ତାଙ୍କର ଭାଷଣ ମା’ଙ୍କ ଆସ୍‌ରେ ଲୁହ ଭରି ଦେଉଥିଲା । ଗ୍ରୀଷ୍ମଦିନର ଏକ ପବିତ୍ର ସମାବେଶକୁ ଲେଖକ ମନେ ପକାଇଛନ୍ତି । ସମସ୍ତଙ୍କୁ ଥଣ୍ଡା ରୁପ କମ୍‌ରେ ସୁସ୍ୱାଦୁ ଫାଙ୍ଗୁର ରସ ପିଇବାକୁ ଦିଆଯାଇଥିଲା । ଯେତେବେଳେ ଧର୍ମଯାଜକ ବାଇବେଲ ବନ୍ଦ କରୁଥିଲେ, ତାହା ଧର୍ମଶିକ୍ଷା ସମାପ୍ତି ଓ ଧର୍ମ ସଙ୍ଗୀତ ଆରମ୍ଭ ହେବାର ସୂଚନା ଦେଉଥିଲା ।

ଦିନ ଗଡ଼ି ଚାଲିଲା । ମା’ଙ୍କର ଥାଏଟର ସମ୍ବନ୍ଧୀୟ ଦୁନିଆ ଅତୀତ ହୋଇଗଲା । ଅନ୍ୟ କ୍ଷେତ୍ରରେ ତାଙ୍କ ଅଭିଜ୍ଞତାର ଅଭାବ ନୂଆ କାମ ମିଳିବାପାଇଁ ଏକ ପ୍ରତିବନ୍ଧକ ଥିଲା । ଅବ୍ୟକ୍ତ ବେଦନା ସତ୍ତ୍ଵେ ତାଙ୍କ ମା’ ସଂଗ୍ରାମ ଜାରି ରଖିଲେ । ଭିକ୍ଟୋରିଆ ଯୁଗର ଦାରିଦ୍ର୍ୟ ପ୍ରପୀଡ଼ିତା ସ୍ତ୍ରୀ ଲୋକମାନଙ୍କୁ ଛୋଟ କାମ କରିବାକୁ ପଡୁଥିଲା । ବେଳେବେଳେ ସେ ଧାଈର ଭୂମିକା ଗ୍ରହଣ କରୁଥିଲେ । କିନ୍ତୁ ଏହା କ୍ଷଣସ୍ଥାୟୀ ଥିଲା । ଏଇସବୁ ଦୟନୀୟ ଅବସ୍ଥା ସତ୍ତ୍ବେ ମା’ ହତୋତ୍ସାହ ହୋଇ ଯାଇନଥିଲେ । ସେ ଛୁଞ୍ଚ୍ କାମରେ ନିପୁଣା ଥିଲେ । ଗୀର୍ଜାର ସଦସ୍ୟମାନଙ୍କ ପାଇଁ ସେ ପୋଷାକ ତିଆରି କରୁଥିଲେ । କିନ୍ତୁ ସେମାନଙ୍କ ଭରଣପୋଷଣ ପାଇଁ ଏହା ଯଥେଷ୍ଟ ନଥିଲା ।

Odisha State Board Elements of Mathematics Class 12 Solutions CHSE Odisha Chapter 9 Integration Ex 9(i) Textbook Exercise questions and Answers.

CHSE Odisha Class 12 Math Solutions Chapter 9 Integration Exercise 9(i)

Evaluate the following Integrals.
Question 1.
I = \(\int_1^3\)5x² dx
Solution:
Here a = 1, b = 3, f(x) = 5x²
⇒ nh = b – a = 3 – 1 = 2

Question 2.
I = \(\int_{-1}^1\)ex dx
Solution:
Here a = -1, b = 1, f(x) = x, nh = b – a = 2

Question 3.
I = \(\int_0^6\)x dx
Solution:
Here a = 0, b = 6, f(x) =x, nh = b – a = b

Question 4.
I = \(\int_0^4\)(x² + 2x + 4) dx
Solution:
Here a = 0, b = 4, f(x) = x² + 2x + 4 and nh = b – a = 4

Odisha State Board Elements of Mathematics Class 12 Solutions CHSE Odisha Chapter 9 Integration Ex 9(c) Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

CHSE Odisha Class 12 Math Solutions Chapter 9 Integration Exercise 9(c)

Integrate the following:
Question 1.
(i) ∫sin 4x cos 3x dx
Solution:

(ii) ∫cos 5x cos 2x dx
Solution:

(iii) ∫sin x cos 4x dx
Solution:

(iv) ∫sin 6x sin 3x dx
Solution:

(v) ∫cos 4x cos 5x sin 2x dx
Solution:

(vi) ∫sin\(\frac{3 x}{4}\) cos\(\frac{x}{2}\) dx
Solution:

(vii) ∫cos 2x cos\(\frac{x}{2}\) dx
Solution:

(viii) ∫sin\(\frac{x}{2}\) sin\(\frac{x}{3}\) cos\(\frac{x}{4}\) dx
Solution:

Question 2.
(i) ∫cos² x dx
Solution:

(ii) ∫sin³ x dx
Solution:
(ii) ∫sin³ x dx = ∫sin² x . sin x dx
= ∫(1 – cos² x) . sin x dx
[Put cos x = t
Then sin x dx = -dt]
= ∫(1 – t²) . (-dt) = \(\frac{1}{3}\)t³ – t + C
= \(\frac{1}{3}\)cos³ x – cos x + C

(iii) ∫cos⁴ x dx
Solution:

(iv) ∫sin⁵ x dx
Solution:
∫sin⁵ x dx = ∫sin⁴ x sin x dx
= ∫(1 – cos² x)². sin x dx
[Put cos x = t
Then sin x dx = -dt]
= -∫(1 – t²)² dt
= -∫(1 – 2t + t⁴) dt
= -(t – \(\frac{2}{3}\)t³ + \(\frac{1}{5}\)t⁵) + C
= \(\frac{2}{3}\)cos³ x – cos x – \(\frac{1}{5}\)cos⁵ x + C

(v) ∫cos⁷ x dx
Solution:

(vi) ∫sin⁶ x dx
Solution:

(vii) ∫cos⁵ x sin³ x dx
Solution:
∫cos⁵ x sin³ x dx
= ∫cos⁵ x (1 – cos² x) sin x dx
[Put cos x = t Then sin x dx = -dt]
= ∫t⁵ (1 – t² ). (-dt) = ∫(t⁷ – t⁵) dt
=  \(\frac{1}{8}\)t⁸ – \(\frac{1}{8}\)t⁶ + C
= \(\frac{1}{8}\)cos⁸ x – \(\frac{1}{8}\)cos⁶ x + C

(viii) ∫sin²⁰ x cos²⁰ x dx
Solution:
∫sin²⁰ x cos²⁰ x dx
= ∫sin²⁰ x (1 – sin² x) cos x dx
[Put sin x = t
Then cos x dx = -dt]
= ∫t²⁰ (1 – t²⁰). (-dt) = ∫(t²⁰ – t²²) dt
=  \(\frac{1}{21}\)t²¹ – \(\frac{1}{23}\)t²³ + C
= \(\frac{1}{21}\)sin²¹ x – \(\frac{1}{23}\)sin²³ x + C

(ix) ∫\(\frac{\sin ^3 x}{\cos ^6 x}\) dx
Solution:

(x) ∫cot³ x cosec¹⁶ x dx
Solution:

(xi) ∫sec³⁰ x tan x dx
Solution:
∫sec³⁰ x tan x dx
= ∫sec²⁹ x . sec x . tan x dx
[Put sec x = t
Then sec x. tan x dx = dt]
= ∫t²⁹ dt
= \(\frac{1}{30}\)t³⁰ + C
= \(\frac{1}{30}\)sec³⁰ x + C

(xii) ∫sin³ x sec¹⁴ x dx
Solution:

Question 3.
(i) ∫sin⁴ x cos⁴ x dx
Solution:

(ii) ∫sin 3x cos² x dx
Solution:

(iii) ∫cos 2x sin³ x dx
Solution:

(iv) ∫sin⁴ x cos² x dx
Solution:

Question 4.
(i) ∫tan⁵ θ sec⁴ θ dθ
Solution:
∫tan⁵ θ sec⁴ θ dθ
= ∫tan⁵ θ (1 + tan² θ) sec² θ dθ
[Put tan θ = t
Then sec² θ dθ = dt]
= ∫t⁵ (1 + t²) dt = ∫(t⁵ + t⁷) dt
= \(\frac{1}{6}\)t⁶ + \(\frac{1}{8}\)t⁸ + C
= \(\frac{1}{6}\)tan⁶ θ + \(\frac{1}{8}\)tan⁸ θ + C

(ii) ∫cot⁴ θ cosec⁴ θ dθ
Solution:
∫cot⁴ θ cosec⁴ θ dθ
= ∫cot⁴ θ (1 + cot² θ) cosec² θ dθ
[Put cot θ = t
Then cosec² θ dθ = -dt]
= ∫t⁴ (1 + t²) (-dt) = ∫(t⁴ + t⁶) dt
= -{\(\frac{1}{5}\)t⁵ + \(\frac{1}{7}\)t⁷} + C
= -{\(\frac{1}{5}\)cot⁵ θ+ \(\frac{1}{7}\)cot⁷ θ} + C

(iii) ∫sec¹¹ θ tan θ dθ
Solution:
∫sec¹¹ θ tan θ dθ
= ∫sec¹⁰ θ sec θ tan θ dθ
[Put sec θ = t
Then sec θ tan θ dθ = -dt]
= ∫t¹⁰ dt = \(\frac{1}{11}\)t¹¹ + C
= \(\frac{1}{11}\)sec¹¹ θ + C

(iv) ∫cot θ cosec⁷ θ dθ
Solution:
∫cot θ cosec⁷ θ dθ
= ∫cosec⁶ θ . (cosec θ – cot θ) dθ
[Put sec θ = t
Then cosec θ . cot θ dθ = dt]
= ∫t⁶ (dt) = –\(\frac{1}{17}\)t⁷ + C
= –\(\frac{1}{17}\)cosec⁷ θ + C

(v) ∫tan³ θ dθ
Solution:
∫tan³ θ d0 = ∫tan θ – (tan² θ) dθ
= ∫tan θ (sec² θ – 1) dθ
= ∫tan θ sec² θ dθ – ∫tan θ dθ
= ∫tan θ d(tan θ) – ∫tan θ dθ
= \(\frac{1}{2}\)tan² θ + ln |cos θ| + C

(vi) ∫cot⁴ θ dθ
Solution:
∫cot⁴ θ dθ = ∫cot² θ cot² θ dθ
= ∫cot² θ (cosec² θ – 1) dθ
= ∫cot² θ . cosec² θ dθ – ∫cot² θ dθ
= ∫cot² θ . cosec² θ dθ – ∫(cosec² θ – 1) dθ
= \(\frac{1}{3}\)cot³ θ + cot θ + θ + C

(vii) ∫tan⁵ θ dθ
Solution:
∫tan⁵ θ dθ = ∫tan³ θ . (sec² θ – 1) dθ
= ∫tan³ θ . sec² θ dθ – ∫tan³ θ dθ
= ∫tan³ θ . sec² θ dθ – ∫tan θ (sec² θ – θ) dθ
= ∫tan³ θ d(tan θ) – ∫tan θ d(tan θ) + ∫tan θ dθ
= \(\frac{1}{4}\)tan⁴ θ – \(\frac{1}{2}\)tan² θ + ln |sec θ| + C

(viii) ∫cot⁶ θ dθ
Solution:
∫cot⁶ θ dθ
= ∫cot⁴ θ (cosec² θ – 1) dθ
= ∫cot⁴ θ . cosec² θ dθ – ∫cot⁴ θ dθ
= ∫cot⁴ θ cosec² θ dθ – ∫cot² θ (cosec² θ – 1) dθ
= ∫cot⁴ θ . cosec² θ dθ – ∫cot² θ cosec² θ dθ + ∫(cosec² θ – 1) dθ
= -cot⁴ θ d(cot θ) + ∫cot² θ d(cot θ) + ∫cosec² θ dθ – ∫dθ
= –\(\frac{1}{5}\)cot⁵ θ + \(\frac{1}{3}\)cot³ θ – cot θ – θ + C

Question 5.
(i) \(\frac{\sin a x-\sin b x}{\cos a x-\cos b x}\) dx
Solution:

(ii) \(\frac{\cos p x+\cos q x}{\sin p x+\sin q x}\) dx
Solution:
\(\frac{\cos p x+\cos q x}{\sin p x+\sin q x}\) dx

(iii) \(\frac{\sin 4 x-\sin 2 x}{\cos x}\) dx
Solution:

(iv) \(\frac{\sin 2 x}{a \cos ^2 x+b \sin ^2 x+c}\) dx
Solution:

Odisha State Board Elements of Mathematics Class 12 CHSE Odisha Solutions Chapter 7 Continuity and Differentiability Ex 7(l) Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

CHSE Odisha Class 12 Math Solutions Chapter 7 Continuity and Differentiability Exercise 7(l)

Question 1.
If y = tan^-1 x Prove that (1 + x²) y₂ + 2xy₁ = 0
Solution:
y = tan^-1 x ⇒ y₁ = \(\frac{1}{1+x^2}\)
⇒ (1 + x²) y₁ = 1
⇒ (1 + x²) y₂ + 2xy₁ = 0

Question 2.
If 2y = x (1 + \(\frac{d y}{d x}\)) show that y₂ is a constant.
Solution:

Question 3.
If y = ax sin x show that x²y₂ – 2xy₁ + (x² + 2) y = 0
Solution:
y = ax sin x
⇒ y₁ = a sin x + ax cos x
⇒ y₂ = a cos x + a cos x – ax sin x
= 2a cos x – ax sin x
Now x²y₂ – 2xy₁ + (x² + 2)y
= 2ax² cos x – ax³ sin x – 2ax sin x – 2ax² cos x + ax³ sin x + 2ax sin x = 0

Question 4.
If y = \(e^{m \cos ^{-1} x}\) (1 – x²) y₂ – xy₁= m²y
Solution:
y = \(e^{m \cos ^{-1} x}\)
⇒ In y₁ = m cos^-1 x
⇒ \(\frac{1}{y}\) . y = \(\frac{-m}{\sqrt{1-x^2}}\)
(\(\sqrt{1-x^2}\)) . y₁ = -my
⇒ (1 – x²) (y₁)² = m²y²
⇒ (1 – x²) 2y₁y₂ – 2x (y₁)² = 2m²yy₁
⇒ (1 – x²) y₂ – xy₁ = m²y

Question 5.
If x = sin t, y = sin 2t then prove that, (1 – x²)\(\frac{d^2 y}{d x^2}\) – x\(\frac{d y}{d x}\) + 4y = 0
Solution:
x= sin t, y= sin 2t

Question 6.
If y = \(\left(\sin ^{-1} x\right)^2\) , prove that (1 – x²) y₂ – xy₁ – 2 = 0
Solution:

Question 7.
If y = tan^-1 x, Prove that (1 + x²) y₂ + 2xy₁ = 0
Solution:
Same as No. 1

Odisha State Board Elements of Mathematics Class 12 Solutions CHSE Odisha Chapter 9 Integration Ex 9(j) Textbook Exercise questions and Answers.

CHSE Odisha Class 12 Math Solutions Chapter 9 Integration Exercise 9(j)

Evaluate the following Integrals.
Question 1.
(i) \(\int_{-2}^3\)x⁴ dx
Solution:

(ii) \(\int_0^1 x^{\frac{1}{3}}\) dx
Solution:
\(\int_0^1 x^{\frac{1}{3}}\) dx = \(\left[\frac{x^{\frac{4}{3}}}{\frac{4}{3}}\right]_0^1\) = \frac{3}{4}\(\)

(iii) \(\int_1^4 \frac{d x}{\sqrt{x}}\) dx
Solution:

(iv) \(\int_1^3 \frac{d x}{x^3}\) dx
Solution:

(v) \(\int_1^2\left(4 x+\sqrt{x}+\frac{1}{x^{\frac{1}{3}}}+\frac{1}{x^2}\right)\) dx
Solution:

(vi) \(\int_{-1}^2\)(2x + 1)(x – 2) dx
Solution:

(vii) \(\int_0^1\)(x + 1)⁴ dx
Solution:

(viii) \(\int_0^1 x^7\left(1+x^8\right)^{\frac{1}{3}}\) dx
Solution:

(ix) \(\int_1^4 \frac{x^2-3 x+5}{\sqrt{x}}\) dx
Solution:

(x) \(\int_1^4 \frac{(x+2)\left(x^2+3\right)}{\sqrt{x}}\) dx
Solution:

Question 2.
(i) \(\int_0^{\frac{\pi}{2}}\)(cos x – sin x) dx
Solution:

(ii) \(\int_0^{\frac{\pi}{2}}\)cos 2x dx
Solution:

(iii) \(\int_0^{\frac{\pi}{4}}\)tan² x dx
Solution:

(iv) \(\int_0^\pi 3 \sin \frac{x}{2} \cos \frac{x}{2}\) dx
Solution:

(v) \(\int_0^{\frac{\pi}{4}}\)sin 2x cos x dx
Solution:

(vi) \(\int_{\frac{\pi}{6}}^{\frac{\pi}{3}} \frac{1+\cos 2 x}{1-\cos 2 x}\) dx
Solution:

(vii) \(\int_{\frac{\pi}{4}}^{\frac{\pi}{2}}\)cos x dx
Solution:

(viii) \(\int_0^{\frac{\pi}{4}}\) cos² 2x sin³ 4x dx
Solution:

Question 3.
(i) \(\int_1^2\)e^4x+1 dx
Solution:
\(\int_1^2\)e^4x+1 dx = \(\left[\frac{e^{4 x+1}}{4}\right]_1^2\) = \(\frac{1}{4}\){e⁹ – e⁵}

(ii) \(\int_0^2\)3^x+2 dx
Solution:
\(\int_0^2\)3^x+2 dx = \(\left[\frac{3^{x+2}}{\ln 3}\right]_0^2\) = \(\frac{1}{\ln 3}\){3⁴ – 3²} = \(\frac{72}{\ln 3}\)

(iii) \(\int_0^1\)cos h 2x dx
Solution:

(iv) \(\int_0^1 \frac{e^x-e^{-x}}{e^x+e^{-x}}\) dx
Solution:

(v) \(\int_0^2 x^2 e^{x^3}\) dx
Solution:

Question 4.
(i) \(\int_0^1 \frac{d x}{\sqrt{1-x^2}}\)
Solution:

(ii) \(\int_{\frac{2}{\sqrt{3}}}^2 \frac{d x}{x \sqrt{x^2-1}}\)
Solution:

(iii) \(\int_0^{\sqrt{3}} \frac{d x}{1+x^2}\)
Solution:

(iv) \(\int_0^{\ln 2} \frac{d x}{\sqrt{e^{2 x}-1}}\) dx
Solution:

Question 5.
(i) \(\int_0^1 \frac{d x}{3 x+2}\)
Solution:

(ii) \(\int_0^4 \frac{d x}{\sqrt{x^2+9}}\)
Solution:

(iii) \(\int_2^3 \frac{d x}{\sqrt{x^2-2}}\)
Solution:

(iv) \(\int_0^4 \sqrt{x^2+9}\) dx
Solution:

Question 6.
(i) \(\int_{-2}^1\)(|x| + x) dx
Solution:

(ii) \(\int_2^5\)[x] dx
Solution:

(iii) \(\int_0^{\frac{3}{2}}\)[2x] dx
Solution:

(iv) \(\int_0^2\)[x²] dx
Solution:

Question 7.
(i) \(\int_1^2\)e^x . (x + 1) dx
Solution:

(ii) \(\int_0^{\frac{\pi}{4}}\)x sin x dx
Solution:

(iii) \(\int_1^2\)x log x dx
Solution:

(iv) \(\int_0^1\)x tan^-1 x dx
Solution:

(v) \(\int_0^1 \frac{x d x}{(2x+1)(x+1)}\)
Solution:

(vi) \(\int_0^{\frac{\pi}{2}} \frac{\cos x d x}{(\sin x+1)(\sin x+2)}\)
Solution:

(vii) \(\int_\theta^{\frac{\pi}{2}}\)e^x cos x dx
Solution: