Class 12

Odisha State Board CHSE Odisha Class 12 Alternative English Solutions Grammar Prepositions Exercise Questions and Answers.

CHSE Odisha Class 12 Alternative English Grammar Prepositions

A. Preposition
Definition:
A preposition is a world that is put before a noun or pronoun in order to show more relation between them.

Example:
1. The lamp is on the table
Here, the preposition ‘on’ shows the relation of the noun (the lamp) with another noun (the table)
2. She fell into the well.
Here, the preposition ‘into’ shows the relation of the pronoun (she) with the noun (well).
3. Akash gives respect to me.
Here, the preposition ‘to’ shows the relation of the noun (Akash) with the pronoun (me).
4. She is hot under me.
Here, the preposition ‘under’ shows the relation of the pronoun (she) with another pronoun (me).

Kinds Of Prepositions

Prepositions can be classified as the following five types: such as:

1.  Simple prepositions: as
   At, after, by, to, in, up, with, over, etc.
2. Compound prepositions: as
   about, across, against, before, beside, into, until, within, etc.
3. Participle prepositions: as
   Accepting, during, etc.
4. Phrasal prepositions: as
   Along with, by virtue of instead of on account of by way of on behalf of according to, etc.
5. Double prepositions: as
   from among, from beneath, from under, out of, etc.

Usage Of Prepositions

Prepositions are generally used before a noun phrase. But sometimes, they are used at the end of a sentence.
Example:
A. Before the noun phrase:

• Don’t sit on that broken chair.
• That by writes with his left hand.

B. At the end of a sentence:

• Used in a wh-question sentence.
  (i) What is that animal like?
  (ii) What are you looking for?
• Used in a sentence with a relative clause.
  (i) Is this the book you were looking for?
  (ii) I know the may you are talking about

PREPOSITION OF POSITION

Use of ‘AT’
‘At’ is used in
(a) Public places:
Examples:
1. There are no buses at the bus stop now.
2. She will be at the cinema now.

(b Addresses:
Examples:
1. Mr. Patra is living at 24, Mahatma Gandhi Road, BBSR.
2. You can find him at plot no, 5, Basanti Colony, Rourkela.

(c) A point in space:
Examples:
1. The watchman is standing at the gate.
2. The child is sitting at his desk.
3. He is at home today.
4. The temple is at the end of the village.

(d) With events:
Examples:
1. I met the girl at my sister’s wedding.
2. They are busy at the meeting.
3. There was a big crowd at the match.
4. They were at the party at that time.

(e) A place on the journey:
Examples:
1. We got down at Puri
2. This train doesn’t stop at Ballikuda.
3. You have changed the bus at Bhubaneswar.

Use Of ‘In’

‘In’ is used with:
(a) Large areas:
Examples:
1. Jagannath temple is in Odisha.
2. He lives in a town.

(b) Enclosed places:
Examples:
1. They bathed in a pond.
2. My mother is in the kitchen.
3. Keep your money in the box.

(c) Roads or starts:
Examples:
1. My uncle lives in Kedar Gouri Road.

(d) Places of work:
Examples:
1. My mother works in a hospital.
2. Mahesh works in a factory.
3. I work in an office.
4. He works in a hotel.
5. My brother works in a bank.

When it refers to an open place, ‘on’ is used instead of ‘in’.
Examples:
1. My father works on a firm.
2. Siba works on the railway.
3. Ajit works on a tea plantation.

In the case of indefinite office, ‘in’ is used, as
Examples:
1. Kunal works in a bank.
2. Puspa works in a library.

In the case of a definite office, ‘at’ is used.
Examples:
1. He works at the main branch of the Bank of India, Bhubaneswar.
2. Pinki works at the University library.

Use Of ‘On’

‘On’ is used with:
(a) Surface:
Examples:
1. The books is on the table.
2. The clock is on the walk.
3. The children are playing on the beach.
4. A man is standing on the roof of the house.
5. There is a beautiful picture of Nehru at page 5.

(b) A-line:
Examples:
1. We line on a small river that flows into Chilika.
2. This house stands on the main road.

But ‘in’ and ‘at’ with buildings:
1. I left my umbrella in school.
2. My youngest daughter is at school and the eldest one is at college.
3. I spent the whole evening at the public library.
4. There is a big hall in the library.

‘In’, ‘on’, ‘all’ with streets or roads:
Examples:
1. Kuni got a job in Netajee Road.
2. My house is in Netajee Road.
3. You will find meat 65, Netajee Road.

Position And Movement:

Some prepositions relate to both position and movements. Others relate to either position or movement.
1. Use of ‘to’ and ‘at’:
Examples:
1. The boy went to the blackboard.
2. He stood at the blackboard.
3. He threw the ball at me.
At is used for both position and movement, but ‘to’ is used for only movement.

2. Use of ‘above’ and ‘over’
Examples:
1. The clock is over/above the door.
2. There is a temple above my house.
3. A kite is flying over our house (Not above)
Hence, over is used for both position and movement, but above is used only for the position.

3. Use of ‘below’ and ‘under’:
Examples:
1. I stood at the door under/below the clock.
2. The children are playing under the tree. (Not below)

4. Use of ‘between’and‘morning’:
Examples:
1. Divide the cake between Kuni and Muni.
2. There is a beautiful garden between the house and the road.
3. The teacher is standing among the pupils.
4. Divide the sweets between the four children.

5. Use of ‘In front oF and behind:
Examples:
1. The car is in front of the bus.
2. The bus is behind the car.

6. Use of ‘into’:
Examples:
1. We jumped into the pond.
2. The teacher walked into the classroom.
3. Pour the milk into the cup.

7. Use of ‘out oF and ‘outside’:
Examples:
1. He is out of town.
2. When the class finished the children rushed out of the classroom
3. He asked me to sit on a bench outside the closed door.
4. Some people are shouting outside the office.

8. Use of ‘onto’:
Examples:
The cat jumped onto the table.

9. Use of ‘up’ and ‘down’:
Example:
Mantu is going up the stairs, but Puspa is coming down the stairs.

10. Use of ‘along’, ‘across’ and ‘through’:
Examples:
1. There are trees all along the road.
2. The car is running along the road.
3. There is a bridge across the stream.
4. He swam across the river.
5. A road goes through the village.
6. The train went through the tunnel.

11. Use of ‘round’:
Example:
The earth moves round the sun.

12. Use of ‘against’:
Example:
He placed the ladder against the wall.

13. Use of ‘near’:
Example:
The supermarket is very near the library.

14. Use of ‘try’:
Example:
Come and sit by me.

15. Use of ‘beside’:
Example:
Sit beside your sister.

Exercise For Practice:

1. Fill in the blanks choosing ‘in’, ‘on’, or ‘at’.
1. I will meet you __________ the bus stand.
2. We live __________ a bit building.
3. My village is __________ a river bank.
4. My family lives __________ 24, Gandhi Road.
5. You will find a very tall building __________ the main road.
6. Sunita lives __________ Park Street.
7. There is a beautiful picture __________ this page.
8. You will find him __________ the garden now.
9. He is not __________ home now.
10. Someone has drawn a picture the door.
11. He will be in two years more __________ school before the goes to any college.
12. The temple is __________ the top of the hill.
13. She is a teacher __________ a village school.
14. We walked for a long time __________ the beach.
15. Do not walk __________ the middle of the road.
16. Many laborers are working __________ my firm.
17. I last saw you __________ this theatre.
18. Sushanta left his bag __________ the college.

2. Fill in the blanks by choosing the appropriate prepositions:
1. He walked __________ my room to see me. (into/to)
2. A river flows __________ the hill. (under / below)
3. We will need about to get __________ the river. (across / through)
4. A fan is moving __________ my head (over / above)
5. He threw the book __________ the table. (to/into)
6. I felt __________ in my pocket and took out a coin (into / in)
7. The cat jumped __________ the mouse (on/into)
8. I thought someone was standing __________ me (in front of / behind)
9. We drove __________ the road for fifty miles (on/along)
10. Water flows __________the pipe (along / through)
11. The car turned __________ the comer of the road. (on / round)
12. He falls __________ the horse (down/ off)
13. All the five brothers were quarreling __________ themselves. (between/among)
14. The bird flew __________ the nest (from/out of)
15. The squirrel hid __________ a bush. (blow / under)
16. I came __________ the stairs to welcome my friend. (below / down)

Preposition of Time:

When the duration of time of a happening is expressed we use the preposition life for, during, from, to, till, until by, etc. These are called prepositions of time.
1. Use of ‘At’
‘At’ is used with:
(a) Clock time:
Examples:
1. The train left at 7.30.
2. He reached at half past nine.

(b) Exact moment of day or night:
Example:
1. It is hot at noon.
at sunrise, at sunset, at midnight, at dawn, at dusk, at midday, etc.

(c) Lunch time:
Example:
1. He will be here at lunchtime, at breakfast, at dinner, etc.

(d) Festival, short holidays:
Example:
1. He goes home at Dusserah every year, at Christmas, at Id, at Holi, etc.

(e) Age:
Example:
1. He was admitted to our school at the age of five.

(f) Others:
Example:
1. The villain was killed at the end. at the moment etc.

Use of ‘On’
‘On’ is used with:
(a) Day of the week:
Example:
1. Offices and schools are closed on Sundays.

(b) Dates:
Examples:
1. Mahatma Gandhi was bom on 2nd October 1869.
2. My friend usually visits us on my birthday.

(c) Day + part of day:
Example:
1. I will go home on Sunday morning in the night of the 25th, on a came after-noon, etc.

(d) Special days:
Example:
1. My father gave me gifts on my birthday on New Year’s Day on Republic Day etc.

Use of ‘In’
‘In’ us used with:
(a) Week/month/season/year/century:
Examples:
1. He was absent from college in the first week.
2. The First World War began in 1914.
3. We are now in the 21 st century.

(b) The time something takes to be completed:
Examples:
1. The chief guest finished his speech in five minutes.
2. The clerk typed the report in half an hour.

(c) Part of day/night:
Example:
1. I get up in the morning every day.
2. The doctor is free in the afternoon.

Use of ‘on time’ and ‘in time’:
Examples:
1. We reached the station in time to buy the tickets.
2. The train reached on time.

Use of at night and in the night:
Examples:
1. I cannot sleep at night.
2. I woke up on night.

Use of During:

(a) We use during with a period of time in which something took place for a comparatively short period of time.
Examples:
1. During the summer vacation, I was ill for ten days.
2. I had slept only for two hours during the last night.

(b) We use during with an event:
Examples:
1. He broke his leg during the match.
2. Somebody shouted during the meeting.
3. The woman wept during her speech.

Use of ‘For’:

We use for to say how long something continued.
Examples:
1. We lived there for thirty years.
2. My father works in the factory for eight hours.
3. She is staying only for a week.
4. Pintu was at college for three years.
5. I have been waiting for two hours.

Use of ‘From… To’:

When it implies ‘for’, we use from… to.
Example:
1. My father works in the factory from 10 am to 6 pm. every day:

Use of Since And From:

We use (a) since and (b) from with the starting point of a period of time.
(a) Examples:
1. I have not seen you since June last.
2. The baby has been crying since morning.
(b) Examples:
1. Books will be on sale from tomorrow.
2. I hope they will be friends from now.
3. She was deaf from birth.
4. I worked from 7 o’clock.

Use of Until, Till, Upto / By, Before:

We use until, till, upto, by, and before with terminal points of a period of time. Examples:
1. You can keep the book until /till Friday.
2. We didn’t get up until/till morning.
3. They worked up to 3 pm.
N.B: Both until and till are used in positive and negative sentences, but up to is not used in negative sentences.

We can’t write:
They didn’t work upto 3 pm

Use of By:

It is used for ‘on’ or ‘before’ but not for later than Examples:
1. You should return home by the evening.
(= not later than the evening)
2. Can you send the book by Friday?
(= on or before Friday)

Use of Before:

It is used for earlier than:
Example:
1. You must see me before Friday.

Prepositions are also used for:
1. Cause:
Examples:
1. The patient died of cholera.
2. Smita was lined for the offense.
3. The man died from a wound.
4. She helped me out of kindness.
5. The student is sick with a cold.

2. Means:
Examples:
1. My uncle came by bus.
2. Pinkicameinatrain.
3. He broke the lock with a hammer.
4. The village was destroyed by fire.

3. Accompaniment:
Examples:
1. The child is playing with his friends.
2. Mr. Patra came without his wife.

4. Support and Opposition:
Examples:
1. I stand for my brother.
2. She is against me.
3. We are with you all the time.

5. Having, possession:
Example:
1. She is a girl with long hair.

6. Concession:
Example:
1. We went out in spite of the heavy rain.

7. State/condition:
Change of State
Examples:
1. The road is under repair.
2. Translate the passage into English.

8. Aim / Goal / Purpose / Target Example:
1. I bought a pen for Raju.

9. Origin/Source:
Examples:
1. This road runs from Bhubaneswar to Puri.
2. I borrowed a hundred rupees from my friend.

10. Separation:
Examples:
1. The rich man was robbed of his money.
2. The cat jumped off the chair.

11. Relation/possession:
Examples:
1. He is a friend of mine.
2. What is the name of your village.

12. Material / Ingredient:
Examples:
1. The chair is made of wood.
2. Flour is made from wheat.

13. Part/portion:
Example:
1. This is the door of this house.

14. Manner:
Examples:
1. She is like her mother.
2. He treated me with kindness.

15. Subject matter:
Examples:
1. She is reading a book in English grammar.
2. I told him about my institution.

Exercise For Practice

1. Use in, on or at where necessary.

1. We go to the cinema usually __________ Sundays.
2. Rajat will return __________ the evening.
3. Where were you last Saturday?
4. The train arrived __________ 7 o ’ clock __________ the morning.
5. Tikun was born __________ the month of September.
6. The sun sets __________ 5 pm __________December.
7. My sister’s wedding will take place __________ 15th May.
8. He is busy __________ the moment.
9. Can you come __________ this evening?
10. My mother goes to the temple __________ Monday morning.
11. I will finish my breakfast __________ two minutes.
12. The bus left __________ time.
13. I heard a loud noise __________ night.
14. We reached station __________ time to catch the train.
15. Our college will close __________ two weeks time.
16. What are you doing __________ tomorrow morning.
17. I was born __________ 1985.
18. We visit Puri __________every summer.
19. Don’t move out __________ noon. It is very hot.
20. I will see you __________ next Friday.

2. Choose the correct prepositions and fill in the blanks.

1. I have known Smita __________ two years. (for/since).
2. They have been at college __________ 2005. (from/since)
3. You must finish the work __________ tomorrow. (by/until)
4. We visited many places __________ the holidays. (between/during)
5. They kept working __________ evening? (until / by)
6. My friend will be here any day __________ Monday and Wednesday. (by/between)
7. He will wait for me __________ 5 o’clock. (until/ by)
8. What have you been doing __________ morning? (from/since)

Preposition With Verbs, Adjectives & Nouns
Verb + Preposition

• accuse of – The police accused him of stealing a radio.
• add to – If you add 3 to 4, you get 7.
• admit to – Ajit is admitted to +2 Arts of our college.
• agree about – We agree about most things.
• agree to – I don’t agree to his suggestion.
• agree on – I agree on a date to start our journey.
• agree with – I agree with my friends to go on a picnic.
• aim at – The hunter aimed at the bird.
• apologize to/for – I apologize to you for not replying to your letter.
• appeal to, for – I apologize to you for not replying to your letter
• apply to for – The poor man applied to the bank for a loan.
• approve of – A approve of your decision.
• argue for – The workers argued for a rise in their pay.
• arrive at – We arrived at the station on time.
• arrive in – We arrived in Bhubaneswar to attend to the meeting.
• ask for – The workers asked for a higher wage.
• attend on – The queen had a good doctor attending to her.
• attend to – Attend to what your teacher is saying.
• avail of – You should avail yourself of the opportunity.
• believe in – I believe in God.
• belong to – This cost belongs to my father.
• beware of – Beware of the dog.
• blame for – Ramesh blamed his teacher for his failure.
• blame on – He blamed his failure on his teacher.
• boast of – A wise man never boasts of his knowledge.

• care about – I care a lot about my reputation.
• care for – She cared for his father all through his long illness.
• charge with – The police charged the man with murder.
• compare to/with – The poet compares her face to/with the moon.
• complain about – The old man never complains about/of/ against his
• of/against – suffering.
• compete with /against – Ranjit is competing with Ajit for the first position.
• confide to – I confide my troubles to my friend.
• confide in – I confide in his honesty.
• congratulate on – We congratulate him on his success.
• consent on – The parents consented to their daughter’s marriage.
• consist of – The committee consists often of members.
• consist in – Happiness consists in contentment.
• cure of – The doctor can cure you of your illness.
• consult with – The head minister consulted with other teachers about the development of the school.
• deal in – The shop deals in dress materials only.
• deal with – Itisveryhardtodealwithhim.
• deprive of – A prisoner is deprived of his rights of freedom in jail.
• die from – The poor man died from hunger / a wound.
• die off – Many people died of Malaria.
• differs from – French differs from English.
• differ with on – I am sorry to differ with you on that question.
• dream about/of – Soldiers often dream of/ about their homes.
• escape from – The thief escaped from the jail.
• exempt from – Textbooks are exempted from tax.
• gaze at – We gazed at the stars.
• hope for – Let us hope for the best.
• impose on – We should not impose more opinions on others.
• inform about/of Inform the police about/of the theft.
• insist on/upon – The children insisted on/upon visiting the park.
• Interfere in – It is not good to interfere in other ‘s private life.
• interfere with – Don’t interfere with this machine.
• knock at/on – The visitor knocked at/on the door.
• listen to – I often listen to good music.

• made of – The chair is made of wood.
• made from – Cheese is made from milk.
• mock at – They mocked my shyness.
• object to – I object to your smoking in this room.
• part with – Little children don’t want to part with their toys.
• pick up – The mother picked up the baby.
• pick out – She was picked out from thousands of applicants for the job.
• point to – Both the hour hand and minute hand pointed to twelve.
• point at – The hunter pointed a gun at the bird.
• point at – Point out the spelling mistakes.
• protect out – An umbrella protects us from the sun and the rain.
• preside of – The Prime Minister presides at the meetings of the cabinet.
• preside over – The City Council is presided over by the Mayor.
• protest against – People protested against the government’s new food policy.
• remind about – Please remind me about my promise.
• remind of – The photo reminds me of many school days.
• recover from – I have recovered from my illness.
• repent of – The man repented of his misdeeds.
• restrain from – Restrain the child from mischief
• result from – The loss resulted from his negligence.
• result in – Fifty percent of road accidents result in heat injuries.
• retire from – My other retired from service last year.
• shout at – The traffic police shouted at the car driver.
• succeed in – He succeeded in his attempt.
• suffer from – The child is suffering from fever.
• supply with – The cyclone-affected people were supplied with relief materials.

• suspect of – The whole class suspended Biju for stealing the wall clock.
• sympathize with – We all sympathized with the unfortunate man.
• wait for – I am waiting for my friend.
• worry about – He is worried about his daughter’s marriage.
• worry over – The mother is worried about the health of her sick child.
• wonder at – The village boy wondered at the tall buildings of the city.

Adjective + Preposition

• absent from – I was absent from college yesterday as I had a headache.
• accustomed to – I am not accustomed to such work.
• afraid of – Who is not afraid of snakes?
• angry with – My other was angry with me for my rude behavior.
• angry about – He was angry about his own foolishness.
• anxious about – I am always anxious about my father’s health.
• anxious for – I am anxious for my examination results.
• ashamed of – Kunal is ashamed of his bad conduct.
• astonished at – All were astonished at his unexpected behavior.
• aware of – I was quite aware of this before I joined this party.
• blind to – Mothers are usually blind to the faults of their children.
• busy with – Pravakar is now busy with his friends.
• capable of – This child is capable of handling computers.
• careful about/with – The rich man is very careful about I money.
• careful of – Be careful of the ice on the road.
• careful with – You should be careful with that man, he is dangerous.
• confident of – Our soldiers are confident of winning the war.
• conscious of – The boy is very conscious of his manners when he is among the elders.

• different from – Your habits are different from mine.
• delighted with – The teacher was delighted with my success.
• disappointed with- I am disappointed with your examination rescue.
• disappointed at – I was disappointed at not finding her at home.
• eligible for – Only graduates are eligible for this job.
• envious of – We should not be envious of others’ happiness.
• equal to – A pound is roughly equal to 500 grains.
• essential to – Vitamins are essential to good health.
• essential for – Land is essential for food.
• familiar with – I am familiar with this city.
• familiar to – This city is familiar to me.
• famous for – Alexandar was famous for his bravery.
• fit for – He is fit for the job.
• fond of – Children are fond of sweets I playing.
• good at /bad at hopeless at – The boy is very good at / bad at mathematics.
• free with – He is free with his money.
• free of – They are happy to give their services free of change.
• free from – He is now free from disease.
• grateful to for – The blind man was gratefûlto the child for his help.
• glad of – I am glad of your success.
• good / kind / nice of- I was kind of you to help me.
• guilty of – He was found guilty of murder.
• ignorant of – They were ignorant of any events outside.
• ill with – The baby is ill with influenza.
• innocent of – The young man pleaded that he was innocent of the charges made against him.
• interested in – Some students are not interested in mathematics.
• jealous of – My neighbors are jealous of me for my fortune.
• keen on – I am keen on buying a house.
• proud of – We are proud of our brave soldiers.
• pleased with – Are you pleased with your new car?
• responsible for – Who is responsible for this tembleness?
• responsible to – The cabinet is directly responsible to Parliament.
• satisfied with / pleased with – The boy is satisfied with his performance.
• similar to – Your face is similar to your mother’s.

• sorry for / about – We are sorry for/about all our mistakes.
• successful in – The Indian soldiers were successful in defeating the Pakistanis.
• superior to – Man is superior to animals.
• sure of – Are you sure of his honesty?
• surprised/shocked at – We were surprised at the news.
• suspicious of – I am suspicious of the man’s intentions.
• tired of – He was tired to walk. He wanted to rest.
• useful for – Soap is useful for removing dirt.
• useful to – This book is very useful to me.
• weak in – I am weak in mathematics.
• worthy of – You are worthy of all my praise.
• worried about – The government is very worried about the defènce of the country.

Noun + Preposition

• admiration for – I have a lot of admiration for my teachers.
• affection for – He felt a great affection for the old man.
• agreement with – I have an agreement with my friend to exchange books between us.
• belief in – She has lost her belief in God.
• a consequence of – You have lost your job as a consequence of your laziness and rudeness.
• love for – A mother’s love for her children is genuine.
• love of – A soldier’s love of his country can’t be questioned.
• objection to – I have an objection to your going out at night.
• proof of – Gifts of nature are proof of God’s love for man.
• reaction to – My reaction to his proposal was favorable.
• demand for – There is a lot of demand for sugar during festival times.
• difficulty in – I face difficulty in teaching the child.
• difficulty with – IamhavingdifficultywithmyneigJbour.

• discussion on about of – We had a discussion on the discipline of the college.
• effect on – The medicine has no effect on him.
• influence on – Teachers have a great influence on their students.
• example of – Lal Bahadur was an example of patriotism and honesty.
• knowledge of – Our teacher has a good knowledge of English.
• reason for – You must give reasons for beating that boy.
• relief from – A heavy shower gave us great relief from the unbearable heat.
• remedy for – There is no remedy for cancer.
• reply to – I will reply to this letter tomorrow.
• restriction on – There is a restriction on people entering this building.
• solution to/for – Can you suggest a solution to/for this problem?
• sympathy for – I feel sympathy for this helpless child.
• need for – There is no need for you to come here again.
• congratulation – Congratulation on your excellent performance.
• a rise / an increase in – There has been a rise / an increase in the price of sugar recently.
• a fall/decrease in – There has been a fall/decrease in the supply of wheat to our state.
• cause of – What is the cause of Malaria?

Exercise For Practice.

1. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate prepositions.

1. Most people believe __________ God.
2. You can’t depend __________ a selfish person.
3. We laughed __________ his silly jokes.
4. Our class consists __________ forty students.
5. The baby is suffering __________ fever.
6. Every year many people die __________ hunger.
7. Children should care __________ their old parents.
8. Do not throw stones __________ others.
9. I agree __________ you on this proposal.
10. The people accused the old man __________ murder.
11. This shop deals __________ food items.
12. The two brothers diffèr __________ each other in many ways.
13. I succeeded __________ solving the problems.
14. Children should not be deprived __________ the joy of playing.
15. The students are going __________ a picnic.
16. Our house is built __________ bricks.
17. The property was divided __________ four parts.
18. I am looking __________ a furnished house.

2. Put in the correct prepositions.

1. I am not afraid __________ snakes.
2. You should be sorry __________ your misbehavior.
3. We are all angry __________ his carelessness.
4. Latamangeshkar is famous __________ her singing.
5. Ranjit is good __________ mathematics.
6. Smoking is bad __________ health.
7. I am aware __________ your difficulties.
8. The young dancer was satisfied __________ her performance.
9. The child was keen __________ having chocolate.
1o. The oldman is worried __________ his poor health.
11. It was very clever __________ you to avoid that boy.
12. My problems are similar __________ yours.
13. I am not used __________ bad language.
14. You are late __________ college.
15. I am weak __________ English.
16. He is blind __________ one eye.
17. He is busy __________ his office work.
18. I can’t rely __________ you in this matter.

3. Fill in the blanks with appropriate prepositions.

1. There has been an increase __________ the price of sugar.
2. He developed an interest __________ music in his childhood.
3. I have a lot of differences __________ you.
4. What is the difference __________ a car and a bus?
5. I have got an invitation __________ the dinner party
6. My method __________ working is different from yours.
7. She is an expert __________ dogs.
8. What is the cause __________ your worry?
9. We made a request __________ more money.
10. An accident caused damage __________ the car.
11. I don’t have sympathy __________ people like you.
12. My advice has no effect __________ him.

Fixed Prepositions

What are fixed prepositions?
The prepositions ofthe prepositional phrases which are fixed expressions in order to express a definite meaning in a sentence are called fixed prepositions. Their forms remain unchanged.
Examples:
1. I was attached by a dog.
2. The news was sent by telegram.
3. I go to school by bicycle.

Here, in the above sentences, the prepositional phrases; by a dog, by telegram, by bicycle remain unchanged. Because the sentence nos. can’t be written as:-
The news was sent by telegram.
Similarly, the third sentence can’t be written as:
1. I go to school by bicycle.
2. Rather we can write like this I go to school on my / bicycle.
3. We can only write, by bicycle.

Examples of Fixed Expressions

Use of ‘At’:

‘At’ as a fixed preposition is used when it denotes the following meanings.
1. at ease: comfortably
Ex:-1 am sitting at ease in this armchair.
2. at heart: deep inside
Ex:- At heart, he is very kind.
3. at length: in great detail or for a long time
Ex:- The matter was discussed at length in the meeting.
4. at war / at peace: in a state of war/peace
Ex:- The two countries are not at war now, they are at peace.
5. at rest: not doing anything active, not worrying about anything.
Ex:- you should see him when he is at rest.
6. at first: at the beginning
Ex:- I did not like him at first, but not I do.
7. at last: It has happened after he has been waiting for it for a long time.
Ex:- At last, he found a girl for his son to merry.

8. at play: playing
Ex:- There was a noise of children at play.
9. at short notice: to be done very soon without very much warning.
Ex:- He had to live his previous quarters at short notice.
10. at work : Ex:- He had to live his previous quarters at short notice, busy doing a particular activity.
Ex:- He had been at work on a book.
11. at sight: as soon as one saw.
Ex:- The police were ordered to shoot at sight.
12. at hand: near
Ex:- Is there a doctor at hand?
13. at least: the number or amount mentioned is a minimum, and the actual number or quantity is much greater.
Ex:- Lend me at least 50 rupees.
14. at once: immediately
Ex:- He received a telegram and left for home at once.
15. at present: at the time of speaking
Ex:- He is not doing anything at present.
16. at the end: Towards the last part of something.
Ex:- There was a test at the end of the lesson.
17. at times: occasionally
Ex:- My friend visits me at times.
18. at best: taking the most hopeful view.
Ex:- I can give you 500 rupees at best.
19. at all times: doing something always.
Ex: – He remains busy in his business at all times.
20. at full speed: the highest speed, but no increase of further speed is possible. Ex:- He drove his car at full speed.
21. at a profit: at least some income is possible.
Ex:- Today, he is at a profit in his business.
22. at a loss: no income is possible.
Ex:- I am at a loss in my business this year.

Use of ‘By’:

1. by oneself – alone, without help from anybody.
Ex:- One can’t play tennis by oneself
2. by name – using the name of somebody.
Ex:- The teacher knows all his students by name.
3. by accident/chance – meet someone or something accidentally.
Ex:- I only found it by accident/chance.
4. by heart: remember something entirely.
Ex:- Learn this poem by heart.
5. by mistake: as the result of carelessness and forgetfulness.
Ex:- I took your bag instead of mine by mistake.
6. by sight: know by appearance only, not as an acquaintance.
Ex:- I only know her by sight.
7. by surprise: unexpectedly
Ex:- The Cuttack was made by surprise.
8. by letter/telephone: to intimate news.
Ex:- The news was sent to him by letter.
9. by means of: doing something by its help.
Ex:- He stood first by means of hard labor.
10. by no means: no way of doing something.
Ex:- It is not possible to do by no means.

11. by din’t of: doing something through it.
Ex:- He passed the examination by didn’t of hard labor.
12. by all means: certainly
Ex:- A graduate can complete all the tests by all means.
13. by hook or by crook: by fair means or foul
Ex:- The cunning people gain their ends by hook or by crook.
14. by and by gradually
Ex:- This medicine will show its effect by and by.
15. by way of: in the shape of
Ex:- He passed a silly remark on his beloved by way of a joke.
16. by force of: by virtue of
Ex:- The Indian team wins the hockey match by force of their superior game.

Use of ‘In’:

1. in brief: in a few words
Ex:- Tell me the whole story in brief.
you can’t make it happens quicker, it will happen when the time is
2. in due course: right font.
Ex:- Every home will have a computer in due course.
3. in general: in most cases, usually
Ex:- Many think that in general men are more hard-working than women.
4. in pieces: broken
Ex:- The mirror is in pieces.
5. in tears: is crying
Ex:- She was in tears when she heard about her sister’s death.
6. in case: fit so happens
Ex:- In case I forget, please remind me about my promise.
7. In fact: really, actually
Ex:- I do not like him, in fact, I hate him.
8. in public / in private: You say or do something when a group of people you do not know are present.
Ex:- He repeated in public what he said in private.

9. in order: the condition on which everything is carefully arranged.
Ex:- Please keep your things in order.
Everything in the room is in order.
10. in common: having the same interests, characteristics features to make friends with.
Ex:- Both India and Pakistan have many things in common.
11. inflame: formally
Ex:- In the Koraput district some schools are rarely open, they exist in the name on.
12. in turn: In succession, one after the other.
Ex:- The patients saw the doctor in turn.

Other examples:
in-hospital/bed/prison/jail in all
in the sun/rain in the air
in trouble/danger/debt/difficulty in theory/practice in fun

Use of ‘Out of’:

1. out of print: not in print
Ex:- This book is out of print.
2. out of work: has no job
Ex:- He has been out of work for 10 years.
3. out of fashion: not fashionable
Ex:- Tight jeans are out of fashion now.
4. out of danger: not in danger
Ex:- The patient is now out of danger.
5. out of reach: Can’t be reached / not within reach.
Ex:- The picture on the wall is out of reach.
6. out of place: not suitable for a particular situation or occasion.
Ex:- I felt completely out of piece among all those smart rich people.
out of the question: not allowed, not possible
Ex:- You can’t go to the wedding in that old shirt, it is quite out of the question.
8. out of stock: no stock
Ex:- We haven’t any more wheat, we’re out of stock.
9. out of turn: before or after the permitted time.
Ex:- You must not speak out of turn.
10. out of doors: not inside a building but in the open air.
Ex:- Farmers spend most of their time out of doors.

More examples:
1. on the radio: relayed through radio
Ex:- I heard this news on the radio.
2. on television: news telecast on TV.
Ex:- You should have watched the 7.30 p.m. news on television today.
3. on fire: something is burning
Ex:- The house is on fire.
4. on sale: about to be sold
Ex:- These old books are on sale.
5. on duty: in the working hour
Ex:- The policeman is on duty.
6. on time: the reference of the perfect moment.
Ex:- The train arrived on time.

Exercise For Practice

1. Fill in the blanks with the correct prepositions.
1. The whole house was _________ fire (in/on/under)
2. I have got this book _________ loan from the library (by/on / under)
3. The patient is _________ treatment in hospital (under/ in, an)
4. I sold my old bike _________ a profit (at /on/with)
5. Mary is a Christian _________ birth. (in/with / by)
6. She has made this toy _________ hand (with/by/ through)
7. Minu’s father is a doctor _________ profession (in/by/ at)
8. We could not solve the problem _________ first, but we were able to do _________ it the end. (in/at/before)
9. The porter earns fifty rupees a day _________ an average. (on/by/with)
10. Father goes to his office _________ his car (with/in / by)
11. The policeman is _________ duty now (with/on / by)
12. The man sitting _________ my right is an engineer (to/on/ towards)

13. Please keep you things _________ order. (in/on/at).
14. Don’t disturb him, he is _________ work. (in/at/on)
15. I have a lot of work _________ on hand. (at/out/of)
16. Rice is _________ stock in the market. (with/out / of)
17. The thief is _________ prison now (in/inside/within)
18. My eldest daughter is _________ university now (in/at/inside)
19. Please send the letter_________ post (in/by/with)
20. You must keep your knowledge _________ date (out of! upto)
21. The crirninalis _________ arrest. (in/under at)
22. He is worthy _________ my praise. (to/of/for)
23. He is cure _________ his success. (fon in/of)
24. He is weak _________ mathematics (in/by/to)

Odisha State Board CHSE Odisha Class 12 Alternative English Solutions Grammar Linking Devices Exercise Questions and Answers.

CHSE Odisha Class 12 Alternative English Grammar Linking Devices

What is linking devices?
The devices or tricks or principles that are used to link the sentences in a paragraph by suitable connectives is called linking devices.
Here, linking means connecting and devices means tricks of principles or methods.
There are different types of connectives, such as
(i) By the use of numbering system.
(ii) By the use of personal pronouns.
(iii) By the use of demonstrative.
(iv) By the use of adverbs or conjunctions.

(i) By the use of numbering system.
We can link sentences by the use of words taken from numbering system. Such as – first, second, third etc. or numbering words like firstly, secondly, thirdly etc.
Example:
Trees help us many ways, firstly they provide us food, secondly they provide us shelter, thirdly we use tree branches as fire wood. We can link sentences by the use of personal pronouns like he, she, it, they etc.

(ii) By the use of personal pronouns.
Example:
Vivekananda began a whirlwind tour of India, he urged the necessity ofending the poverty of the masses.

(iii) By the use of demonstrative.
We can also link sentences by the use of demonstrative like this, that, these, those etc.
Example:
Have you visited Netaji’s birth place at Odia Bazar? This place attracts thousands of patriots each year.

(iv) By the use of adverbs or conjunctions.
We can also link sentences by the use of adverbs or conjunctions like at present, at the sometime, above, below in front of, however, therefore etc.
Example:
Our friend Pratap has secured 90% of marks in the +2 Arts, therefore, he should be welcomed in our college Annual Function.

Some Common Connectives:
Some common connectives are given below:
as a result – on the other hand
for this – beside
in addition – either … or
of course – neither nor
in contrast – not only, but also

1. Addition:
also : 1 went to the lèstival with Mr. Patra, Mr. Patra’s son was also with us.
and : She was cooking and her baby was crying.
besides : Besides his salary, he got an allowance of Rs 5,OOO/ from his grand – ther.
further : He is not such a man who will help you. Further he is not present now.
moreover : I am not in a mood to take with them, moreover I am not well.
in addition (to): Mr. Ratha donated Rs 1,00,000/- lÓr the repairing of our game field. In addition to that he had promised to bear the cost of a gallery.

2. Contrast:
yet : I drove first yet, I could not reach the station in time.
Iit : I can’t do you work, but I can engage my friend. Who can help you to complete it.
still : It is true that he is not good still as a near one you must come forward to help ham
though : Though, he is poor, he is honest.
while : He is cruel while his brother is kind.
in spite of : In spite of his illness, he attended the examination in time.

3. Time:
till : He is determined to appear the examination till he passes it.
urtil : You should wait until his arrival.
aller : Police came after the thief has escaped.
when. : 1 saw him when he was playing cricket.
before : I was already there much before the guest arrived.
at last : He worked hard for many years. At least success and fame came to him.
by the time : By the time the doctor arrived, the patient was dead.
finally : At last, we admitted him in the village dispensaiy, finally we took him to district hospital.

4. Choice:
either…. or : Either he or my friend could attend the meeting.
neither …not : Neither Hari nor his sister is present in the school today.

5. Examples:
for example : Odisha is always neglected by the centre. For example, we can take the negligance of Ministry of Railways.
particularly : I like the plays of Shakespeare, particularly, the Macbeth, for instance : Some bacteria help us in many ways. For instance, milk is changed to curd by such a bacteria.
such as : Poets such as Gangadhar Meher, Gopabandhu, Madhusudan as famous in Odisha.

6. Clarification
in other words : Our Principal is a strict disciplinarian. In other words, he wants his students to behave properly.

7. Cause:
because : He did not pass the examination, because he had not read mindfully,
as : Akash could not attend the meeting as he was ill.
since : Since he was sick, he could not attend the Governing Body Meeting,
for : The manager called him on last Sunday for he had an important discussion with him.

8. Intention:
in order that : The baby cried loudly in order that her mother would hurry to her.
so that : The baby who fell into the well shouted loudly so that others could hear him.

9. Effect/Consequence:
thus : Mukesh was selected in the district level in cricket.
so : Last night is rained heavily, so the road is muddy.
consequently : My bike was out of order in the way, Consequently I could not attend the meeting in time.
as a result : He has laboured hard, as a result he will fetch attractive marks.
therefore : You are doing exercise everyday, therefore, we expect a good health from you.

10. Purpose:
so that : We eat so that we can live.

11. Similarity:
likewise : Pratap studied hard, likewise, his brother also studied hard.
similarly : Mr. Mahapatra, purchased a Hero Honda Splendor, similarly, Mr. Panda purchased a similar one.

Task – 1
Read the following carefully. Underline the linking devices present in the text.

Text:
Smoking which may be a pleasure for some people is a source of serious discomfort for their fellows. Further medical authorities express their concern about the effect of smoking on the health not only of those who smoke but also those who must involuntarily inhale the contribution of smokers to the atmosphere. As you are dull, lessly aware a considerable number of our students have joined together in an effort to persuade the university to ban smoking in the classrooms. I believe they are entirety right in their aim. However, I would hope that it is possible to achieve this by an appeal to reason and to concern for other rather than by regulation. Smoking is prohibited by city bye – laws in theatres and in halls used for showing .films as’ well as laboratories where there may be a fire hazard. Elsewhere it is upto our own good sense. I am therefore, asking you to maintain “No Smoking” in the auditorium, classroom and seminar rooms where you teach. This proof of your interest for their health and well – being is very important to a large number of students.

Answer:
Smoking which may be a pleasure for some people is a source of serious discomfort for; their fellows. Further medical authorities express their concern about the effect of smoking on the health not only of those who smoke but also those who must involuntarily inhale the contribution of smokers to the atmosphere. As you are dull, less aware a considerable number of our students have joined together in an effort to persuade the university to ban smoking in the classrooms. I believe they are entirely right in their aim.

However. I would hope that it is possible to achieve this by an appeal to reason and to concern for other rather than by regulation. moking is prohibited by city bye – laws in theatres and in halls used for showing films as well as laboratories where there may be a fire hazard. Elsewhere it is upto our own good sense. I am, therefore, asking you to maintain “No Smoking” in the auditorium, classroom and seminar rooms where you teach. This proof of your interest for their health and well – being is very important to a large number of students.

Task-2
Fill in the blanks by choosing the most appropriate connective from the alternatives given in brackets.
1. She is intelligent ____________ she is beautiful, (so, and, as a result).
2. He was indifferent to his friend’s needs ____________ there was a lot of bad feeling, (but, consequently, in other words)
3. She did not work hard ____________ she came out first in the final examination, (yet, consequently, in other words).
4. I rarely watch T. V. must programmes are terrible, (because, therefore, further)
5. Ramesh first called on his friend. He ____________ went to this station to receive his uncle, (then, till by that time)
6. Trees help us in many ways ____________ it provides us oxygen, (in other words, for example, further).
7. The party didn’t go all that well ____________ it was a disaster (likewise, moreover, in other words)

Answer:
1; She is intelligent and she is beautiful.
2. He was indifferent to his friend’s needs consequently there was a lot of bad feeling.
3. She did not work hard yet she came out first in the final examination.
4. I rarely watch T. V. because most programs are terrible,
5. Ramesh first called on his friend. He then went to this station to receive his uncle.
6. Trees help us in many ways. For example, it provides us with oxygen.
7. The party didn’t go all that well In other words it was a disaster

Task – 3
Use suitable linking devices (connectives) from the box to complete the text below.
also but meanwhile and
but also not only and however
since because in this way
Sita’s sister is an air hostess for a famous International Airline ____________. Sita wants to become one too ____________ She is still too young, the minimum age for an air hostess is twenty ____________. Sita is just over sixteen
____________ she has taken up a job in an office ____________ she ____________ attends evening classes ____________ she wants to improve her French and Japanese. ____________ foreign languages are an essential qualification for an air hostess.
She is gaining experience through her present job ____________ the office where she works is a travel agency. She is learning ____________ how to deal with people ____________ quite a lot about the places she one day hopes to visit.
Answer:
Sita’s sister is an air hostess for a famous International Airline and. Sita wants to become one too but she is still too young, the minimum age for an air hostess is twenty and. Sita is just over sixteen However she has taken up a job in an office meanwhile she also attends evening classes In this way she wants to improve her French and Japanese. Because foreign languages are an essential qualification for an air hostess.
She is gaining experience through her present job since the office where she works is a travel agency. She is learning not only how to deal with people but also quite a lot about the places she one day hopes to visit.

Exercises

1. Linking words and phrases:
In the following letter, the linking words and phrases are missing. Choose the most appropriate phrase from the ones given below and use them appropriately.
Dear Akash,
Remember that I told you I was trying to get a job at ICTL? (1) ____________I finally managed to get one! Of course, I haven’t been working there long, (2) ____________ I can already tell that it’s a wonderful place to work. All the staff, (3) ____________ the directors are very friendly with everybody and (4) ____________ they have marvelous facilities for the employees, (5) ____________ there’s a bar and gum and lots of other things. I’m called the Safety Equipment Officer. It (6) ____________ sounds like an impressive title, but it’s not a very accurate description of what I do. My main job is to provide protective clothing, (7) ____________ overalls, helmets, and so on. I estimate what the different departments will need and (8) ____________ I order it from the suppliers, (9) ____________ I make sure that the various departments have everything they want. (10) ____________ stationery is also my responsibility. (11) ____________ I have the job very interesting. (12) ____________ I get the chance to go all over the factory and to meet everybody. ____________ (13) the play is a lot better than in my old job. (14) ____________ that’s my news. What about you? Drop me a line when you have time. Regards to your family, and best wishes to you.

1.	(a) then	(b) well	(c) and
2.	(a) but	(b) because	(c) so
3.	(a) until	(b) and	(c) even
4.	(a) so	(b) what’smore	(c) on the other hand
5.	(a) for instance	(b) however	(c) even
6.	(a) can	(b) could	(c) may
7.	(a) such as	(b) namely	(c) as
8.	(a) then	(b) after	(c) so
9.	(a) by the way	(b) anyway	(c) in this way
10.	(a) however	(b) although	(c) but
11.	(a) secondly	(b) in other words	(c) also
12.	(a) why	(b) because	(c) then
13.	(a) besides	(b) besides	(c) on the other hand
14.	(a) at the end	(b) any way	(c) after all

Answer:
DearAkash,
Remember that I told you I was trying to get a job at ICTL? (1) Well I finally managed to get one! Of course, I haven’t been working there long, (2) but I can already tell that it’s a wonderful place to work. All the staff, (3) even the directors are very friendly with everybody and (4) what’s more they have excellent facilities for the employees, (5) for instance there’s a bar and gum and lots of other things. I’m called the Safety Equipment Officer. It (6) may sound like an impressive title, but it’s not a very accurate description of what I do. My main job is to provide protective clothing, (7) such as overalls, helmets, and so on. I estimate what the different departments will need and (8) then I order it from the suppliers, (9) In this way I make sure that the various departments have everything they want. (10) however stationary is also my responsibility. (11) In other words I have the job very interesting. (12) Because I get the chance to go all over the factory and to meet everybody (13) Besides the play is a lot better than in my old job. (14) At the end that’s my news. What about your? Drop me a line when you have time. Regards to your family, and best wishes to you.

2. Each of the following sentences has a blank where there should be a linking word or phrase. Put in one of the above words and phrases so that the relation between the two statements is made clear.
1. The pay and conditions are very good ____________ it’s only five minutes walk from where I live.
2. I didn’t apply for the job ____________ I didn’t think I had much chance of getting it.
3. A lot of professional groups, ____________ doctors and lawyers have strong associates that protest
members rights.
4. The hours are short, the pay’ is excellent and the people I work with the very nice ____________ it’s a great job.
5. You ____________ think it’s bring, but in fact, it’s very interesting.
6. All my relatives were at the wedding ____________ my cousins from Australia.
7. At first I didn’t feel happy with so much responsibility ____________ now I feel quite confident that I can manage.
8. There are several things that make it a nice place to live ____________ there’s a park right across the road.

Answer:
1. The pay and conditions are very good. Besides, it’s only five minutes walk from where I live.
2. I didn’t apply for the job, anyway I didn’t think I had much chance of getting it.
3. A lot of professional groups, such as doctors and lawyers have strong associates that protest members’ rights.
4. The hours are short, the pay is excellent, and the people I work with the very nice in other words it’s a great job.
5. You may think it’s boring, but in fact, it’s very interesting.
6. All my relatives were at the wedding. Even my cousins from Australia.
7. At first I didn’t feel happy with so much responsibility but now I feel quite confident that I can manage.
8. There are several things that make it a nice place to live what’s more there’s a park right across the road.

3. Here are words or phrases to indicate logical relationship of thought. Use them in sentences of your own and explain what each signals to the reader.

so	besides	on the contrary
yet	because	in sum
though	anyhow	but
furthermore	on the other hand	for example

Answer:
So: Last night it rained heavily and the river flooded. So, I have to say back. Here, ‘so’ signals effect.
Yet: She prepared hard, yet she failed. Here ‘yet’ signals contrast.
though : Though he is poor he is always first to contribute for any social work. Here ‘though’ signals addition.
furthermore : He was honest, educated, furthermore he is rich. Here ‘furthermore’ signals addition.
besides : The company offers me an alluring salary. Besides it is very close to my dwelling place. Here ‘besides’ signals addition.
because : He could not come to our party, because his fàther was sick. Here ‘because’ signals cause.
any how : I know the work is difficult, but any how we have to accomplish it. Here ‘anyhow’ signals cause.
on the other hand : This talcum power is costly, on the other hand, its quality is poor. ‘Here’ on the other hand signals contrast.
on the contrary : Akash approached Mr. Patra for help, but on the contrary, Mr. Pratap scolded him. Here ‘on the contrary’ signals opposition.
in sum : Mr. Mahapatra has a scooter, a moped and a motor – cycle, in sum, he has three bikes with him. Here ‘in sum’ signals conclusion.
But : He is an honest man, but he is not punctual. Here ‘but’ signals contrast.
for example : Trees are our best friends, our survival completely depend on them, for example, they provide us with oxygen to breath, fruits, leaves and roots and food and cause rain. Here ‘for example’ signals clarification.

Odisha State Board CHSE Odisha Class 12 Alternative English Solutions Grammar Phrasal Verbs Exercise Questions and Answers.

CHSE Odisha Class 12 Alternative English Grammar Phrasal Verbs

Phrasal Verbs:
We have to remember the phrasal verbs with their meaning perfectly. Let us discuss some important phrasal verbs.

Intransitive:

1. break down: stop working.
Ex:-. My car broke down twice during our journey.
2. break out: start suddenly
Ex:- Cholera has broken out in our locality.
3. burst out: begin to do something suddenly
Ex:- The children burst out laughing.
4. come about: happen
Ex:- How did the accident come about?
5. come out: published, become known
Ex:- This magazine comes out once in a week. Our results came out yesterday.
6. come off: happen, take place
Ex:- My sister’s wedding came off in a grand way.
7. come on: say to encourage
Ex:- Come on, let’s try again.
8. come round: regain consciousness, cure, recover
Ex:- He is still unconscious. He has not come around.

9. die away: become weak, disappear gradually
Ex:- The noise gradually died away.
10. draw up: approach and stop
Ex:- A car drew up beside me.
11. drop in: call on somebody
Ex:- Why don’t you drop in and see me sometime?
12. drop out: withdraw
Ex:- Ajit has dropped out (of the team)
13. fall out: quarrel
Ex:- You should not fall out for such a trivial problem.
14. getaway: escape
Ex:- Two of the thieves got away.
15. get along: image
Ex:- It is very difficult to get along without money.
16. get on: make progress
Ex:- How are you getting on at college?
17. go off: explode
Ex:- Many people died when a bomb went off in the busy market area.
18. goon: continue
Ex:- The two friends, went on talking for hours.
19. go out: extinguish
Ex:- The lamp went out in the wind.
20. get up: the rise
Ex:- I get up early in the morning.
21. give in: surrender, accept defeat
Ex:- The tired soldiers finally gave in to their enemy.
22. give out: come to an end
Ex:- Our food supply gave out after a week.
23. give up: cease, stop, abandon
Ex:- I have given up smoking
24. hold on: maintain one’s position
Ex:- Out troops held on resolutely refusing to yield an inch.
25. look out: pay attention, be careful
Ex:- Look out: there is a heavy truck coming very fast behind us.
26. lookup: become better
Ex:- The weather is looking up now.

27. makeup: replace a loss
Ex: It will take a long time to make up the loss.
28. pull up: come to a stop
Ex:- The driver pulled up at the traffic lights.
29. put up: stay, live
Ex:- We are putting up in a small house.
30. run down: lose a store of energy
Ex:- The battery has run down.
31. run out: to come to an end
Ex:- All our food has run out.
32. set out / off: begin a journey
Ex:- We set out / off our journey early in the morning.
33. set in: begin
Ex:- The trains have set in early this year.
34. shut up: be quiet
Ex:- Shut up and leave me alone.
35. take off: leave the ground
Ex:- The airplane took off at 70’ clock.
36. turn up: come usually to a meeting
Ex:- The meeting was postponed, as only Haifa do-can people turned up.
37. wear out: became unfit for use
Ex:- This part of the machine has worn out. Cheap shoes wear out easily.

Transitive:

1. account for: give a reason for
Ex:- You must account for your absence at college yesterday.
2. agree with: be good for health.
Ex:- Egg does not agree with me.
3. break into: enter by force
Ex:- Thieves broke into our house last night.
4. (i) burst into: a sudden show of emotion.
Ex:- She burst into tears on getting the bad news.
(ii) to come in suddenly
Ex:- The angry men burst into my room and shouted at me.
5. call on: visit
Ex:- We called on our new neighbor yesterday.
6. come across: meet, find by chance.
Ex:- I come across some friends in the marketplace yesterday.

7. come over: influence
Ex:- He looks very sad, what has come over him?
8. count on: rely on
Ex:- Can I count on your help during my difficulties?
9. do without: manage without
Ex:- He can’t do without tea.
10. get on: progress, conduct
Ex:- How are you getting on with your study?
11. get over: to recover from an illness/loss/difficulty?
Ex:- Leena has not got over the shock of her husband’s death.
12. go into: investigate
Ex:- The auditors have gone into our accounts.
13. go through: read
Ex:- I have gone through this novel.
14. jump at: accept eagerly
Ex: The children jumped at the proposal of visiting Nandakanan.
15. keep off: remain at a distance
Ex:- Keep off the grass
16. live on: have as food
Ex:- A baby lives on milk only.
17. look after: take care of
Ex:- The old man has nobody to look after him.
18. look after: to consider
Ex:- I look up to Rajesh as my own brother.
19. look into: examine carefully
Ex:- The police are looking into the theft at present.
20. look for: try to find
Ex:- I looked for my lost pen but found it nowhere
21. standby: help
Ex:- If they trouble you we’ll stand by you.

22. stand for: represent
Ex:- M.O. stands for a money order.
23. take after: resemble, look alike
Ex:- The baby takes after its mother.
24. take to: start a habit
Ex:- Rahul has taken to drinking after his wife’s death.

Verb + Object + Particle

1. answer back: reply rudely
Ex:- It is not good to answer your parent’s back.
2. count in: include
Ex:- If you are going to the circus, count me in.
3. order about: call to do something
Ex:- Don’t try to order me about, I am not your servant.
4. take for: mistake
Ex:- My aunt took me forAnil.
5. fell apart: consider separate
Ex:- I have never been able to fall the two brothers apart.
6. try on: put on a garment to see whether it fits
Ex:- You must try these shoes on before you buy them.

Verb + Particle + Object
(Or)
Verb + Object + Practical

1. blow up: break into pieces by an explosion
Ex:- The bridge was blown up by enemy soldiers.
2. bring about: cause to happen
Ex:- The new principal brought about several changes in the college.
3. bring out: Publish
Ex:- My father will bring out a new book next week.
4. bring up: rear, educate
Ex:- The mother worked hard to bring up her children.
5. call off: cancel
Ex:- We called off the strike after an agreement with the government.
6. carry on: Continue
Ex:- Smita carried on singing for a long time.

7. carry out: obey, do successfully
Ex:- You should carry out the order of your parents.
8. cut down: diminish, reduce
Ex:-You should cut down your expenses.
9. give up: stop
Ex:- You should give up smoking.
10. keep up: maintain, retain
Ex:- You should keep up the glory of your motherland.
11. keep away: remain at a distance Ex:- Keep away the children from fire.
12. lay by: keep for future use
Ex:- You should lay by something for old age.
13. leave out: omit
Ex:- You can leave out the questions you can not answer.
14. let down: opposite of back up.
Ex:- You have promised to stand by me. You won’t let me down, will you?
15. let off: not punish
Ex:- I’ll let you off this time, but I’ll punish you if you do it again.
16. lookup: search for a word in a dictionary.
Ex:- Look up a word in a dictionary, if you do not know its meaning.
17. make out: understand
Ex:- Can you make out the meaning of this sentence?
18. makeup: replace a loss
Ex:- It will take a long time to make up for the loss.
19. make over: to hand over charges
Ex:- The outgoing Principal made over the charge to the new Principal
20. pack up: stop working
Ex:- It is time to pack up and go home.
21. pick out: choose
Ex:- She picked out a frock that she liked most.
22. pulldown: Destroy
Ex:- The old building was pulled down.
23. put on: begin to wear, and dress oneself.
Ex:- Don’t forget to put your coat on.
24. put down: suppress by force
Ex:- The violent agitation was put down in no time.

25. put off: postpone, keep for a later time.
Ex:- Don’t put off today’s work for tomorrow.
26. put out: extinguish
Ex:- Put out the light before you sleep.
27. run over: knockdown – by traffic.
Ex:- Hundreds of pedestrians are run over in the streets every year.
28. setup: establish
Ex:- The government has set up a hospital in our village.
29. take in: cheat
Ex:- He was taken in by the shopkeeper.
30. takeoff: remove clothes, hat, etc.
Ex:- Take off your shoes before entering a temple.
31. take over: accept the duty
Ex:- Ramesh, took over the business from his father.
32. turndown: reject
Ex:- He turned down my request.
33. turn on: start the flow of
Ex:- I turned on the tap.
34. turnoff: stop the flow of
Ex:- Please turn off all lights before going to bed.
35. windup: bring to an end
Ex:- It is time for him to wind up his speech.
36. workout: calculate correctly
Ex:- An intelligent child can work out this sum.

Verb + Adverb Particle + Preposition + Object

1. catch up with: come from behind and reach someone in front by going faster.
Ex:- Drive fester, they are catching up with us.
2. do away with: abolish, get rid of
Ex:- You can’t do away with violence by using violence.
3. get up with: make progress in something you are doing.
Ex:- How are you getting on with your business?
4. go back on: fail to keep.
Ex:- I can’t go back on my word.

5. go in for: choose something as your job or interest.
Ex:- I thought of going in for teaching.
6. grow out of: became too big for
Ex:- He has grown out of that shirt.
7. look forward to: to be excited and pleased about something that is going to happen.
Ex:- We are looking forward to our uncle’s visit.
8. look down upon/on: hate, despise
Ex:- We should not look down upon the poor.
9. make up for: compensate for
Ex: – Hard work can often make up for lack of intelligence.
10. put up with: tolerate, bear
Ex:- I can’t put up with your rudeness any.
11. run out of: use all of something
Ex:-We have run out of sugar
12. watch out for: Keep looking and waiting for something/someone
13. keep up with: manage to go or learn as far as someone.
Ex:- The new boy can’t keep up with the class.

Exercise For Practice
1. Use appropriate phrasal verbs for the underlined verbs in the following sentences:

1. My brother has read this novel.
2. I can’t tolerate his insulting words.
3. His grandfather died yesterday.
4. He has postponed the meeting.
5. I can’t understand his speech.
6. We would not hate uncivilized people.
7. You should not try to cheat me.
8. Cholera has began in our locality.
9. The boy resembles his father.
10. That book has been published.
11. You should obey the words of the elders.
12. Pramila belongs to a royal family.
13. You should rise early in the morning.
14. Our Principal distributed the prizes.
15. You should maintain the prestige of your parents.
16. Stop the computer.
17. He has solved all the sums.
18. He has established a factory.
19. The police followed the thief.
20. The Pakistan army had to yield.

Answer:
1. My brother has gone through this novel.
2. I can’t put up with his insulting words.
3. His grandfather passed away yesterday.
4. He has called off the meeting.
5. I can’t make out his speech.
6. We would not look down upon uncivilized people.
7. You should not try to take me in.
8. Cholera has broken out in our locality.
9. The boy takes after his father.
10. That book has been brought out.
11. You should carry out the words of the elders.
12. Pramila comes of a royal family.
13. You should get up early in the morning.
14. Our Principal gave away the prizes.
15. You should keep the prestige of your parents.
16. Turn off the computer.
17. He has worked out all the sums.
18. He has set up a factory.
19. The police ran after the thief.
20. The Pakistan army had to give in.

Exercise For Practice
2. Supply a phrasal verb of the same meaning as indicated in the brackets.

1. All the lights __________ when the power supply was cut off. (stopped giving light).
2. Please check if you have __________ any name. (omitted).
3. The workers __________ working for a long time. (continued)
4. You should __________ something for your children’s education. (save for future use).
5. Priya has __________ her illness only recently. (recovered from)
6. It is dishonest to __________ one’s words. (fail to keep a promise)
7. Ranjit was __________ by a car. (hit).
8. The tires of my cycle have __________. (become unfit for use)
9. Mr. Patra has __________ a school in his village. (established)
10. You should __________ wild animals in a jungle. (be careful of)
11. This clock has __________. (stopped working)
12. You must __________ your misbehavior. (give a reason for)
13. I __________ and an old friend at a shop. (met by chance)
14. The new boy __________ with almost everybody in the class. (quarrel)

Exercise For Practice
3. Choose the correct particles to make the sentences meaningful.

1. I called __________ my friend, (off / on)
2. We took a long time to work __________ the problem, (out / at)
3. The minister has promised to think the __________ matter. (about / over)
4. It is hard to make __________ their purpose, (out / upon)
5. We are looking __________ the problem carefully, (at/into/for)
6. Always keep __________ from danger, (out/away)
7. The thief got __________ with my car. (out / away)
8. An accident brought __________ a change in his life, (about / out)
9. It is bad manners to answer __________. (to, at, back)
10. The robbers broke __________ the bank at night, (down / into)
11. Take __________ the dirty clothes, (of / off / out)
12. The child is looking __________ the birds, (to/at/ for)
13. I rang __________ Aju in the morning, (to / up / for)
14. They are bringing __________ a new book, (about / out / to)
15. Would you care __________ a tea? (for/to / on)
16. They pulled __________ the old house, (off / top/down)
17. The reporters took __________ the speech, (down/off/to)
18. I am looking __________ your problem (to with/up with/in with)
19. I can’t put __________ rude people (to with / up with / in with)
20. The soldiers blew __________ the bridge, (down / off / up)
21. I can’t make __________ the meaning of this word, (to/of / out)
22. She carried __________ singing for a long time, (into/of / on)

Odisha State Board CHSE Odisha Class 12 Alternative English Solutions Grammar Tense and Aspect Exercise Questions and Answers.

CHSE Odisha Class 12 Alternative English Grammar Tense and Aspect

We have already discussed about ”Tense” in the 1 st year. Let us do some exercises now.
Exercise For Practice (Solved):

1. Fill in the blanks with the correct very forms (Present Tense) from those in brackets.
1. My brother _________ (read) a play by Kalidas.
2. The students _________ (play) much attention to their studies.
3. Who _________ (say), I am the wrong.
4. _________ the birds not _________ (chirp) early in the morning?
5 _________ the students _________ (swim) in the river?
6 _________ your mother not _________ (keep) fit these days?
7 _________ they _________ (refuse) to help you?
8. Puspa _________ not _________ I (iron) her clothes.
9. _________ your sister know how to swim?
10. Rakesh _________ not _________ (take) coffee without sugar.
11. _________ we not _________ (see) many ups and downs in the life?
12. I _________ drop a five rupee note somewhere.
13. _________ I not _________ (invite) him to dinner?
14. Pinki _________ not _________ (keep) awake till midnight these days.
15. Rajeswari _________ (travel) round the world.
16 _________ it _________ (drizzle) since room?
17. She _________ (withdraw) her name from the debate.
18. She _________ (wait) for you for an hour.
19 _________ the maidservant _________ (wash) the floor?
20. It _________ no _________ (rain) her for the last two days.

Answer:
1. My brother is reading a play by Kalidas.
2. The students are playing much attention to their studies.
3. Who says. I am the wrong.
4. Do the birds not chirp early in the morning?
5. Are the students swimming in the river?
6. Does your mother not keep fit these days?
7. Have they refused to help you?
8. Puspa is not ironing her clothes.
9. Does your sister know how to swim?
10. Rakesh does not take coffee without sugar.
11. Have we not seen many ups and downs in the life?
12. I have dropped a five rupee note somewhere.
13. Am I not inviting him to dinner?
14. Pinki does not keep awake till midnight these days.
15. Rajeswari has traveled round the world.
16. Has it been drizzling since the room?
17. She has withdrawn her name from the debate.
18. She has been waiting for you for an hour.
19. Has the maidservant washed the floor?
20. It has not raining her for the last two days.

Exercise For Practice:
2. Fill in the blanks with correct verb forms (Present Tense) from those in brackets.

1. _________ God not _________ (protect) us all?
2. _________ you sister _________ (pass) the examination?
3. Hari _________ recently _________ (sell) his house.
4. I _________ (read) English for eight years.
5 _________ you _________ graze the cattle since morning?
6. Malaria _________ (rage) in the city for two years.
7. Vegetables and fruits _________ not _________ (harm) us in any way.
8 she not _________ (visit) her home every year?
9. She _________ not _________ (bathe) in hot water during summer.
10. Whom _________ you _________ (like) the most?
11. I _________ (learn) the verses from the Gita.
12. _________ they _________ (travel) by train?
13. Seema _________ not _________ (wash) her clothes.
14. _________ the police not _________ (chose) the thieves?
15. _________ those forests, not _________ (look) green?
16. How _________ you _________ (pull) on with your brother?
17. Who _________ (teach) you since morning?
18. _________ they been _________ (boil) since for ten minutes?
19. Tap _________ not _________ (run) for an hour.
20. Whose umbrella _________ you _________ (use) since last two days?

Exercise For Practice:
3. Fill in the blanks with correct verb forms (Past Tense) from those in brackets.

1. My father _________ (give) me this present on my birthday.
2. When I _________ (visit) her house, she _________(sleep).
3 _________ Suraj _________ (write) a romantic novel?
4. We _________ (reach) the station before the train _________ (leave).
5. She _________ (sleep) since 8 p.m.
6 _________ Gandhi always _________ (speak) the truth?
7. It _________ (drizzle) since 4 o’ clock.
8. It _________ (rain) heavily at 10 o’ clock.
9. Hari _________ (try) to grind his own axe.
10. The teacher _________ (not) _________ (punish) the naughty boys.
11. I _________ not _________ (talk) to Rahim the other day.
12. He _________ (go) to the post office after the rain _________ (stop).
13. I _________ (wait) for you when the bell _________(ring).
14. _________ the old man _________ (cross) the road very carefully.
15. Mother _________ (prepare) tea for five minutes.
16. Shakil _________ not _________(entertain) the guests with her titbits.
17. The train _________ (run) continuously for four hours.
18. Which God _________ you _________ (worship) in the temple?
19. Ranjana _________ not _________(call) on me last night.
20. In whose house _________ Sheela _________ (stay)?

Answer:
1. My father gave me this present on my birthday.
2. When I visited her house, she was sleeping.
3. Was Suraj writing a romantic novel?
4. We had reached the station before the train left.
5. She had been sleeping since 8 p.m.
6. Did Gandhi always speak the truth?
7. It had been drizzling since 4 o’clock.
8. It had been raining heavily at 10 o’clock.
9. Hari was trying to grind his own axe.
10. The teacher did not punish the naughty boys.
11. I was not talking to Rahim the other day.
12. He want to go to the post office after the rain has stopped.
13. I was waiting for you when the bell rang.
14. Did the old man cross the road very carefully?
15. Mother had been preparing tea for five minutes.
16. Shakil was not entertaining the guests with her titbits.
17. The train had been running continuously for four hours.
18. Which God had you worshipping in the temple?
19. Ranjana did not call on me last night.
20. In whose house was Sheela staying?

Exercise For Practice:
4. Fill in the blanks with correct verb forms (Past Tense) from those in brackets.

1. You _________ (listen) to Radio for half an hour.
2. Whose clothes _________ you _________ (fold)?
3. Whom _________ you _________ (teach) Grammar?
4. When I _________ (teach), he _________ (doze).
5. It _________ not _________ (rain) when we _________ (leave) for.
6 _________ it _________ heavily at 10 o ’ clock yesterday (rain)?
7. I _________ (read) a novel the whole day long.
8. When you _________ (send) her a telegram?
9 _________ an accident not _________ (take) place here yesterday?
10. The police _________ not _________ (arrest) the thieves knowingly?
11. _________ I _________ (lend) her some money yesterday?
12. He _________ (solve) the difficult sum at once.
13. Mohan _________ not _________ (work) in the worship for several days.
14. _________ he not _________ (knock) at the door for five minutes?
15. Where _________ he _________ (hide) for two days?
16. Which book _________ you _________ (land) _________ to me ?
17. _________ the sun not _________ (set) when the farmers _________ (return) home ?
18. I _________ not _________ (receive) any letter from my uncle.
19. Whose like _________ (fly) high?
20. Who _________ (shatter) this glass into pieces?

Odisha State Board CHSE Odisha Class 12 Approaches to English Book 1 Solutions Unit 4 Text C: The Mushroom of Death Textbook Activity Questions and Answers.

CHSE Odisha 12th Class Alternative English Solutions Unit 4 Text C: The Mushroom of Death

Activity -11

Vocabulary:
Find out words from the passage, which mean more or less the following:
(i) to think deeply for a long time (3).
(ii) to spread something so that it will influence a lot of people (4)
(in) a written list of all the objects in a particular place (5)
(iv) Seen to be true of valid (explanation, argument, or statement) (6)
(v) Change in the genetic structure (12)
(vi) a similar action or decision in the past (15)

Answer:
(i) to think deeply for a long time-contemplate
(ii) to spread something so that it will influence a lot of people – propagate
(iii) a written list of all the objects in a particular place – inventory
(iv) Seen to be true of valid (explanation, argument, or statement) -plausible
(v) Change in the genetic structure -genetic mutations.
(vi) a similar action or decision in the past – historical precedent

Activity-12

Link Words:
Choose the correct alternatives and rewrite the sentences after removing the brackets.
(a) I understand your point of view. (However / Although), I don’t agree to it.
(b) Ramesh had lived in this village for 20 years (Even though / Nevertheless) the villagers still considered him an outsider.
(c) He has lived next door to us for a year, (yet / however), we hardly even seen him.
(d) I walked up the stairs cautiously. (Even / though) I nearly slipped twice.
(e) He has refused entry to the USA. (Though / Instead) he was forced to return to India instead.
(f) Someone of his poems was published in newspapers and magazines (so that / consequently) he thought of himself as an established poet.

Answer:
(a) I understand your point of view. However, I don’t agree to it.
(b) Ramesh had lived in this village for 20 years. Nevertheless, the villagers still considered him an outsider.
(c) He has lived next door to us for a year, yet, we hardly even seen him.
(d) I walked up the stairs cautiously even I nearly slipped twice.
(e) He has refused entry to the USA. He was forced to return to India instead.
(f) Someone of his poems was published in newspapers and magazines so he thought of himself as an established poet.

Activity – 15

Cohesive Devices: Link Words
Predict whether the following words present an addition, a result, or a contrast.
(a) Those events have taught us a great deal about nuclear war’s potential physical and biological impact. But ………………….(1)
(b) The light ……………………… causes thermal effects that depend upon the thermal energy incident on the skin of man. Also ………………………. (4)
(c) Authorised unclassified estimates indicate that world arsenals contain about 50,000 weapons, although ………………………… (5)
(d) The impact of the Hiroshima bomb was geographically limited thus ………………………… (2)
(e) The consequences can be a kind that was not even contemplated till recently, that is ………………………. (3).
(f) The fireball spreads out to affirm the distinctive mushroom could and ………………………… (5)

Answer:
(a) Those events have taught us a great deal about nuclear war’s potential physical and biological impact. But it must be remembered that the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki experienced only a single explosion each of a weapon much smaller in field than many of those stockpiled in world nuclear arsenals today, (addition)
(b) The light ………………… causes thermal effects that depend upon the thermal energy incident on the skin of man. Also …………….. (addition)
(c) Authorised unclassified estimates indicate that world arsenals contain about 50,000 weapons, although …………………… (contrast)
(d) The impact ofthe Hiroshima bomb was geographically limited thus …………………… (result)
(e) The consequences can be a kind that was not even contemplated till recently, that is …………………….. (addition)
(f) The fireball spreads out of firm the distinctive mushroom could and ……………………. (addition)

Activity-14(A)

Say which tense is the following sentences in:
(1) Those events have taught us a great deal ____________.
(2) The bomb dropped in Hiroshima released ____________.
(3) All the energy of the explosion is added ____________.
(4) If the explosion occurs close ____________.
(5) It may be better ____________.
(6) As the fireball rises ____________ it spreads ____________.
(7) He became an engineer.
(8) She played well
(9) She took my photograph.

Answer:
(1) Present tense
(2) Past tense
(3) Present tense
(4) Present tense
(5) Present tense
(6) Present tense
(7) Past tense
(8) Past tense
(9) Past tense

Extra Activity – (Miscellaneous)
(c) Directions: Pick up synonyms of the words from the words which follow:

Question 1.
Composure:
(a) Assumed attitude
(b) Liberty or musical
(c) Restlessness
(d) Work tranquility
Answer:
(d) Work tranquility

Question 2.
Implicate:
(a) to insult
(b) doubt
(c) involve
(d) make clear
Answer:
(c) involve

Question 3.
Concert:
(a) agreement
(b) beauty
(c) power
(d) yielding
Answer:
(c) power

Question 4.
Mitigate:
(a) to heal
(b) soften
(c) pardon
(d) send on a mission
Answer:
(b) soften

Question 5.
Buoyant:
(a) childlike
(b) brisk
(c) sturdy
(d) light-hearted
Answer:
(c) sturdy

Question 6.
Unalloyed:
(a) not connected
(b) calm
(c) absolute and complete
(d) inferior
Answer:
(c) absolute and complete

Question 7.
Blandishment
(a) slanders
(b) flattering speech
(c) thieveries
(d) immaturities
Answer:
(b) flattering speech

Question 8.
Propulsive:
(a) explosive
(b) disgusting
(c) impatient
(d) impelling to action
Answer:
(d) impelling to action

Question 9.
Athorart:
(a) crosswise
(b) following
(c) flattened out
(d) just ahead
Answer:
(a) crosswise

Question 10.
Flagging:
(a) becoming afraid
(b) hesitation
(c) growing weak
(d) limping
Answer:
(c) growing weak

Question 11.
Intransigence:
(a) power
(b) bitter criticism
(c) obstinate unwillingness to agree
(d) great anger
Answer:
(c) obstinate unwillingness to agree

Question 12.
Rectify:
(a) to command
(b) destroy
(c) correct
(d) build
Answer:
(c) correct

Question 13.
Incitement:
(a) timmil
(b) calm
(c) stimulus
(d) noise
Answer:
(c) stimulus

Question 14.
Devoid:
(a) evasive
(b) hopeless
(c) lacking
(d) stupid
Answer:
(c) lacking

Question 15.
Resolved:
(a) dummerised
(b) dispelled
(c) strengthened
(d) tonglad
Answer:
(b) dispelled

Question 16.
Privy:
(a) dishonest
(b) caution
(c) secretly aware
(d) quiet
Answer:
(c) secretly aware

Question 17.
Differentiation:
(a) distinction
(b) caution or grounds of difference
(c) argument
(d) quiet
Answer:
(a) distinction

Question 18.
Condon:
(a) pile of logs
(b) smokeless gun powder
(c) line of people as a guard
(d) heavy clock
Answer:
(c) line of people as a guard

Question 19.
Pilfer:
(a) to gossip
(b) steal
(c) trifle
(d) loiter
Answer:
(b) steal

Question 20.
Lore:
(a) sentiment
(b) body of tradition
(c) suspicion
(d) fabestories
Answer:
(b) body of tradition

Question 21.
Baleful:
(a) harmful
(b) kind
(c) happy
(d) dark
Answer:
(a) harmful

Question 22.
Hallowed:
(a) old
(b) decayed
(c) sacred
(d) mellowed
Answer:
(c) sacred

Question 23.
Liar:
(a) landowner
(b) evil glance
(c) den
(d) trap
Answer:
(c) den

Question 24.
Bridle:
(a) to bow
(b) insult
(c) show anger
(d) trap
Answer:
(c) show anger

Question 25.
Slothful:
(a) flit
(b) stubborn
(c) lazy
(d) ignorant
Answer:
(c) lazy

Question 26.
Shift:
(a) to manage
(b) show
(c) slide
(d) drag one’s feet
Answer:
(a) to manage

Question 27.
Gruesome:
(a) dark
(b) rude
(c) painful
(d) ghostly
Answer:
(d) ghostly

Question 28.
Be token:
(a) to be a sign of
(b) invite
(c) threaten
(d) enrich
Answer:
(a) to be a sign of

Question 29.
Last:
(a) unless
(b) but
(c) for fear
(d) enrich
Answer:
(a) unless

Question 30.
Requite:
(a) to repay
(b) demand
(c) complete
(d) need
Answer:
(a) to repay

Question 31.
Mite:
(a) precious stone
(b) small object
(c) strength
(d) probability
Answer:
(b) small object

Question 32.
Cite:
(a) to memorize
(b) use clearly
(c) point out with a figure
(d) quote
Answer:
(d) quote

Question 33.
Satellite:
(a) sparkling
(b) ruler
(c) gem
(d) servile attention
Answer:
(d) servile attention

Question 34.
Respite:
(a) breath
(b) fatigue
(c) ill will
(d) interval of rest
Answer:
(d) interval of rest

Question 35.
Incite:
(a) to cut of
(b) perceive the inner nature of the thing
(c) arouse or stair up
(d) commence
Answer:
(c) arouse or stair up

TEST – II
Directions

Pick up synonyms of the words from die list of words that follow every word:

Question 1.
Parasite:
(a) disease
(b) a loss of motion
(c) a hanger on
(d) an insect
Answer:
(c) a hanger on

Question 2.
Rite:
(a) solemn activity
(b) justice
(c) straitness
(d) a cleaning
Answer:
(a) solemn activity

Question 3.
Apposite:
(a) appropriate
(b) highly unpleasant
(c) fulish
(d) painful
Answer:
(a) appropriate

Question 4.
Chafe:
(a) torudicile
(b) to fret and fume
(c) to cheat
(d) to etch
Answer:
(b) to fret and fume

Question 5.
Bald:
(a) broad
(b) rash
(c) unadorned
(d) insulting
Answer:
(c) unadorned

Question 6.
Clean:
(a) to get bit by bit
(b) speak
(c) to discover
(d) to polish
Answer:
(a) to get bit by bit

Question 7.
Shard:
(a) part of a plough
(b) swindle
(c) fragment
(d) layer of earth
Answer:
(c) fragment

Question 8.
Barge:
(a) to thrush forward
(b) to brag
(c) to smell
(d) to oppose
Answer:
(a) to thrush forward

Question 9.
Claim:
(a) care
(b) fortress
(c) well
(d) heap of stone
Answer:
(d) heap of stone

Question 10.
Wrought:
(a) made or fashioned
(b) broken
(c) complicated
(d) strengthened
Answer:
(a) made or fashioned

Question 11.
Drab:
(a) dull or colorless
(b) tired
(c) discouraged
(d) shabby
Answer:
(a) dull or colorless

Question 12.
Err:
(a) to weaver
(b) to make a mistake
(c) to delay
(d) to become confused
Answer:
(b) to make a mistake

Question 13.
Lode:
(a) weight
(b) discouragement
(c) power
(d) vein of
Answer:
(d) vein of

Question 14.
Cadge:
(a) to be cautious
(b) to sponge
(c) to make a reservation
(d) to snatch
Answer:
(b) to sponge

Question 15.
Irk:
(a) to scold
(b) to make a werry fall
(c) to urge
(d) to annoy
Answer:
(d) to annoy

Question 16.
Butt:
(a) blunt ness
(b) stupidity
(c) target
(d) support
Answer:
(c) target

Question 17.
Wield:
(a) to throw
(b) to use with full effect
(c) to grap
(d) to cut
Answer:
(b) to use with full effect

Question 18.
Wreck:
(a) to twist
(b) to inflict
(c) to emit an unpleasant odor
(d) cadence
Answer:
(c) to emit an unpleasant odor

Question 19.
Lilt:
(a) laughter
(b) physical beauty
(c) hopefulness
(d) cadence
Answer:
(d) cadence

Question 20.
Wrath:
(a) anger
(b) garland of flower
(c) phantom
(d) halo
Answer:
(c) phantom

Question 21.
Chaff
(a) banter
(b) grist
(c) abrasion
(d) comfort
Answer:
(c) abrasion

Question 22.
Crypt:
(a) puzzle
(b) silence
(c) brevity
(d) vault
Answer:
(d) vault

Question 23.
Tilt:
(a) cultivated land
(b) dispute
(c) balance
(d) point of view
Answer:
(d) point of view

Question 24.
Perturb:
(a) to upset
(b) to cause doubt
(c) to burden
(d) to test
Answer:
(c) to burden

Question 25.
Usurp:
(a) to yield
(b) to cause doubt
(c) to burden
(d) to test
Answer:
(c) to burden

Question 26.
Recriminate:
(a) to resist authority
(b) to accuse in return
(c) to respect an illegal act
(d) to restate
Answer:
(b) to accuse in return

Question 27.
Ensconce:
(a) to surround
(b) promote
(c) honor
(d) to settle comfortably
Answer:
(d) to settle comfortably

Question 28.
Elude:
(a) to evade
(b) to omit or leave out
(c) to make mention of
(d) to deceive
Answer:
(a) to evade

Question 29.
Rifle:
(a) to disturb
(b) to shoot
(c) to seize
(d) to plunder or ransack
Answer:
(d) to plunder or ransack

Question 30.
Mollify:
(a) to irritate
(b) to appease
(c) to amuse
(d) to limit the meaning of
Answer:
(b) to appease

Question 31.
Recoup:
(a) to recover
(b) to trap
(c) to strengthen
(d) to shuffle
Answer:
(a) to recover

Question 32.
Substantiate:
(a) to weaken
(b) to substitute
(c) to verify
(d) to make wealthy
Answer:
(c) to verify

Question 33.
Solicit:
(a) to command
(b) to worry
(c) to sympathise with
(d) to ask for
Answer:
(d) to ask for

Question 34.
Embroil:
(a) to anger
(b) to involve in the discussion
(c) to encompass
(d) to bring to boiling point
Answer:
(b) to involve in the discussion

Question 35.
Envisage:
(a) to face
(b) to seek
(c) to understand
(d) to foresee in imagination
Answer:
(d) to foresee in imagination

TEST – III

Question 1.
Compound:
(a) to emphasize
(b) to confuse
(c) to put together
(d) to compress
Answer:
(c) to put together

Question 2.
Beguile:
(a) to charm
(b) to become shy
(c) to fetter
(d) to smile at
Answer:
(a) to charm

Question 3.
Slaken:
(a) to grow weary
(b) to hampen
(c) to become less active
(d) to quentch
Answer:
(c) to become less active

Question 4.
Submerge:
(a) to walk on
(b) to sink
(c) to appear
(d) to join together
Answer:
(b) to sink

Question 5.
Replenish:
(a) to spread around
(b) to fulfill
(c) to give up
(d) to provide a new supply for
Answer:
(d) to provide a new supply for

Question 6.
Convulse:
(a) to shake violently
(b) to restrict
(c) to befuddle
(d) to impel
Answer:
(a) to shake violently

Question 7.
Placade:
(a) tofettenout
(b) to pacify
(c) to annoy
(d) to make secure
Answer:
(b) to pacify

Question 8.
Ingratiate:
(a) to make ungrateful
(b) to force one’s way in
(c) to place oneself in a favorable position
Answer:
(c) to place oneself in a favorable position

Question 9.
Augury:
(a) dispute
(b) alter
(c) place of refuse
(d) omen
Answer:
(d) omen

Question 10.
Flagrant:
(a) widely scattered
(b) poisonous
(c) scandalous
(d) absurd
Answer:
(c) scandalous

Question 11.
Ferret:
(a) to search
(b) to trap
(c) to hide
(d) to flee
Answer:
(a) to search

Question 12.
Impediment:
(a) opposition
(b) told
(c) obstruction
(d) disparagement
Answer:
(c) obstruction

Question 13.
Nomenclature:
(a) adoption of a pen name
(b) system of names
(c) parliamentary rule
(d) history of names
Answer:
(b) system of names

Question 14.
Cumulative:
(a) serious
(b) swollen
(c) rich
(d) steadily increasing
Answer:
(d) steadily increasing

Question 15.
Pedantic:
(a) hanging
(b) making a needless display of leaming
(c) ignorant
(d) solemn
Answer:
(b) making a needless display of leaming

Question 16.
Disparate:
(a) radically different
(b) discouraged
(c) reckless
(d) stingy
Answer:
(a) radically different

Question 17.
Regime:
(a) order of procedure
(b) system of government
(c) recipe for cooking
(d) peacefulness
Answer:
(b) system of government

Question 18.
Inimical:
(a) favorable
(b) unique
(c) unfriendly
(d) wicked
Answer:
(c) unfriendly

Question 19.
Deplete:
(a) to flatten
(b) to conquer
(c) to finish
(d) to exhaust
Answer:
(d) to exhaust

Question 20.
Despensation:
(a) distribution
(b) dismissal
(c) surrender of power
(d) delaying
Answer:
(a) distribution

Question 21.
Circuitous:
(a) surrounded
(b) dizzy
(c) round-about
(d) deceptive
Answer:
(c) round-about

Question 22.
Scintilla
(a) Knsal
(b) trace
(c) veil
(d) brilliant surface
Answer:
(d) brilliant surface

Question 23.
Conversant:
(a) well-mannered
(b) talkative
(c) argumentative
(d) familiar
Answer:
(d) familiar

Question 24.
Villify:
(a) to lie
(b) to prove
(c) to defame
(d) to defraud
Answer:
(c) to defame

Question 25.
Noxious:
(a) dark
(b) injurious
(c) hateful
(d) evil-smelling
Answer:
(b) injurious

Question 26.
Cursory:
(a) informal
(b) penetrating
(c) angry
(d) rapid and superficial
Answer:
(d) rapid and superficial

Question 27.
Actuate:
(a) to explain
(b) to put in action
(c) to furnish proof
(d) to prepare a financial statement
Answer:
(b) to put in action

Question 28.
Flaceid:
(a) weak
(b) pale
(c) dull
(d) scared
Answer:
(b) pale

Question 29.
Dire:
(a) severe
(b) wicked
(c) dreadful
(d) hopeless
Answer:
(c) dreadful

Question 30.
Sequestered:
(a) quiet
(b) shady
(c) safe
(d) secluded
Answer:
(d) secluded

Question 31.
Inconceivable:
(a) unimportant
(b) unthinkable
(c) improbably
(d) inconsequential
Answer:
(b) unthinkable

Question 32.
Inopportune:
(a) untimely
(b) not instant
(c) unreasonable
(d) leisurely
Answer:
(a) untimely

Question 33.
Tactless:
(a) considerable
(b) sharp
(c) pertains to the origin of touch
(d) strong
Answer:
(c) pertains to the origin of touch

Question 34.
Inconclusive:
(a) not apparent
(b) not decisive
(c) positive
(d) unanswerable
Answer:
(b) not decisive

Question 35.
Disputation:
(a) controversy
(b) formal enquiry
(c) dissertation
(d) distribution
Answer:
(a) controversy

TEST-IV

Question 1.
Benign:
(a) radiant
(b) religion
(c) kindly
(d) hopeful
Answer:
(c) kindly

Question 2.
Dictum:
(a) enunciation
(b) law
(c) autocratic ruler
Answer:
(b) law

Question 3.
Appurtenance:
(a) accessory
(b) apt retort
(c) personal characteristic
(d) insult
Answer:
(a) accessory

Question 4.
Asperity:
(a) Ambition
(b) eagerness
(c) promptness
(d) harshness
Answer:
(d) harshness

Question 5.
Cogent:
(a) brief
(b) wise
(c) convincing
(d) mathematical term
Answer:
(c) convincing

Question 6.
Feline:
(a) delicate
(b) catlike
(c) very feminine
(d) slack
Answer:
(b) catlike

Question 7.
Sibilant:
(a) talkative
(b) secret
(c) soft
(d) hissing
Answer:
(d) hissing

Question 8.
Jocose:
(a) merry
(b) fat
(c) clumsy
(d) foolish
Answer:
(a) merry

Question 9.
Mendacious:
(a) bitter
(b) beggarly
(c) boastful
(d) untrustful
Answer:
(d) untrustful

Question 10.
Capitulate:
(a) to emphasize
(b) to rush
(c) to surrender
(d) to overturn
Answer:
(c) to surrender

Question 11.
Recapitulate:
(a) to recover property
(b) to sum up
(c) to repeat oneself tiresomely
(d) to surrender again
Answer:
(b) to sum up

Question 12.
Celerity:
(a) grace
(b) fame
(c) slipperiness
(d) speed
Answer:
(b) fame

Question 13.
Head:
(a) to pay attention
(b) to team
(c) to hesitate
(d) to be positive
Answer:
(a) to pay attention

Question 14.
Rack:
(a) to fleece
(b) to pile up
(c) to torture
(d) to shatter
Answer:
(c) to torture

Question 15.
Squib:
(a) young pigeon
(b) pm point
(c) feather
(d) brief with paragraph
Answer:
(d) brief with paragraph

Question 16.
Bak:
(a) to luxuriate
(b) to be modest
(c) to lie down
(d) to moisten
Answer:
(c) to lie down

Question 17.
Coy:
(a) dainty
(b) glamorous
(c) petish
(d) demure
Answer:
(d) demure

Question 18.
Blurt:
(a) effusive description
(b) impulsive utterance
(c) splash of color
(d) stain
Answer:
(b) impulsive utterance

Question 19.
Want:
(a) need
(b) wish
(c) habit
(d) refusal
Answer:
(c) habit

Question 20.
Refex share:
(a) to splice
(b) to split apart
(c) to unload
(d) to brace
Answer:
(b) to split apart

Question 21.
Pore:
(a) to perspire
(b) to read carefully
(c) to look serious
(d) to rain hard
Answer:
(b) to read carefully

Question 22.
Tome:
(a) large book
(b) mausoleum
(c) echo
(d) aulted roof
Answer:
(a) large book

Question 23.
Marie:
(a) grit
(b) stone
(c) gloom
(d) smudge
Answer:
(c) gloom

Question 24.
Drain:
(a) to shift
(c) to emaciate
(b) to stretch
(d) to exhaust
Answer:
(d) to exhaust

Question 25.
Feint:
(a) to challenge
(b) to make a sham
(c) to withdraw
(d) to grow weak
Answer:
(b) to make a sham

Question 26.
Brawl:
(a) to shout
(b) to cry
(c) to quarrel noisily
(d) to revolt
Answer:
(c) to quarrel noisily

Question 27.
Crime:
(a) frost
(b) dirt
(c) lubricant
(d) grain to be grown
Answer:
(b) dirt

Question 28.
Gad
(a) to stare
(b) to tease
(c) to rush about
(d) to criticize
Answer:
(c) to rush about

Question 29.
Shade:
(a) to secret
(b) amount
(c) privacy
(d) slight difference
Answer:
(a) to secret

Question 30.
Shidge:
(a) soft mud
(b) menial worker
(c) slattern
(d) bookish
Answer:
(a) soft mud

Question 31.
Scrimp:
(a) to shrivel
(b) to be frugal
(c) to be selfish
(d) to be fussy
Answer:
(b) to be frugal

Question 32.
Drub:
(a) to bounce
(b) to leaf
(c) to beat
(d) to be stupid
Answer:
(c) to beat

Question 33.
Dross
(a) lustre
(b) dull surface
(c) mental depression
(d) impurity
Answer:
(d) impurity

Question 34.
Straff
(a) to discipline
(b) to bombard
(c) to rub
(d) to slice
Answer:
(d) to slice

Question 35.
Wend:
(a) to direct one’s course
(b) to wander
(c) to weave
(d) to sloop
Answer:
(a) to direct one’s course

TEST-V

Question 1.
Blunt:
(a) abrupt manner
(b) direct insult
(c) mainshock
(d) retarded shock
Answer:
(c) mainshock

Question 2.
Prime:
(a) to supply with facts
(b) to begin
(c) to assist
(d) to strut
Answer:
(a) to supply with facts

Question 3.
Bode:
(a) to dwell
(b) to foreshadow
(c) to endure
(d) to wait
Answer:
(b) to foreshadow

Question 4.
Wrest:
(a) to grapple with an opponent
(b) to twist into a distorted shape
(c) to compiler
(d) to stretch forcibly
Answer:
(d) to stretch forcibly

Question 5.
Frond:
(a) decorative border
(b) palm leaf
(c) thick branch
(d) prong
Answer:
(b) palm leaf

Question 6.
Mite:
(a) to come up to or touch
(b) to make suitably
(c) to allot
(d) to challenge
Answer:
(b) to make suitably

Question 7.
Flay:
(a) to whip
(b) to spread out
(c) to splice together
(d) to strip off the skin
Answer:
(b) to spread out

Question 8.
Tend:
(a) to sympathize
(b) to incline
(c) to delay
(d) to offer
Answer:
(b) to incline

Question 9.
Pert:
(a) hide
(b) wealth
(c) track of a wild animal
(d) equipment
Answer:
(b) wealth

Question 10.
Tant:
(a) stingy
(b) hard
(c) secretive
(d) tightly drawn
Answer:
(d) tightly drawn

Question 11.
Track:
(a) climb
(b) to travel by wagon
(c) to deceive
(d) to carry
Answer:
(a) climb

Question 12.
Design:
(a) to condescend
(b) to pretend
(c) to disparage
(d) to refuse
Answer:
(a) to condescend

Question 13.
Spume:
(a) spray
(b) anger
(c) foam
(d) noise
Answer:
(c) foam

Question 14.
Effectuate:
(a) to accomplish
(b) begin
(c) practice
(d) end
Answer:
(a) to accomplish

Question 15.
Perceptive:
(a) wise
(b) alert
(c) discerning
(d) precise
Answer:
(c) discerning

Question 16.
Syndrome:
(a) council
(b) combination of symptoms
(c) fetish
(d) monopoly
Answer:
(b) combination of symptoms

Question 17.
Fastidious:
(a) literal
(b) clear
(c) discrete
(d) fussy
Answer:
(d) fussy

Question 18.
Apotheosis:
(a) revelation
(b) pithy saying
(c) perfect example
(d) rhetorical address
Answer:
(c) perfect example

Question 19.
Pristine:
(a) beautiful
(b) prudish
(c) shining
(d) original
Answer:
(d) original

Question 20.
Forbearance:
(a) patience
(b) foresight
(c) stubbornness
(d) inherited traits
Answer:
(a) patience

Question 21.
Coercive:
(a) stick
(b) compelling
(c) persuasive
(d) complaining
Answer:
(b) compelling

Question 22.
Hybrid:
(a) pure
(b) carefully selected
(c) mixed
(d) hardy
Answer:
(c) mixed

Question 23.
Sully:
(a) to ridicule
(b) leap forth
(c) deceive
(d) tarnish
Answer:
(d) tarnish

Question 24.
Blatant:
(a) conceited
(b) unpleasantly noise
(c) brutal
(d) openly hostile
Answer:
(c) brutal

Question 25.
Peregrination:
(a) land measurement
(b) uncertainty
(c) travel
(d) scheme
Answer:
(b) uncertainty

Question 26.
Oblogay:
(a) abusive language
(b) state of being of forgotten
(c) discussion
(d) burial rite
Answer:
(a) abusive language

Question 27.
Mettle:
(a) mood
(b) courage
(c) sternness
(d) belligerence
Answer:
(b) courage

Question 28.
Infraction:
(a) small portion
(b) collision
(c) oversight
(d) violation of law
Answer:
(d) violation of law

Section – C
In Text – A you are exposed to a futuristic view of the scientific and technological world that is likely to emerge by 2050. But will the world survive so long? If your answer is in negative what possible threats do you apprehend?
(i) __________________
(ii) __________________
(iii) __________________
Discuss the possible threats in consultation with others. Now read Amalendu Bandopadhyay’s, ‘The Mushroom of Death’ and find out what dangers, the writer thinks to lie ahead for humanity.

The Mushroom of Death Summary in English

Summary:
The bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki has taught us the potential physical and biological impact of a nuclear war. The bomb dropped on Hiroshima released energy equalling 20 kilotons of chemical explosives. Now, the question is what will happen if many modem nuclear weapons are exploded? It is clear that the consequences can be of kind that smoke from massive nuclear-ignited urban fires can cause a worldwide disruption in the planet’s weather and climate. The effects of an air burst will form an extremely strong shock wave that propagates outward rendering the air luminous and creating a fireball in the immediate vicinity of the burst.

If the explosion takes place close to the surface, there will be a shock wave coupled to the ground and a crater can be dug in the ground. Gamma rays and neutrons also release from an air burst. While detonating a nuclear weapon, it releases heat of about tens of millions of degrees Celsius into the nearby air. Even buildings of heavy construction will collapse. Scientists are of the view that the smoke produced by the burning of cities in after match of a nuclear war may significantly affect the earth’s climate for long periods of time. There will be a substantial decrease in precipitation.

Analytical Outlines

• There was a bombing on Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
• It has brought us the potential physical impact.
• It has also brought us a biological impact.
• It was the impact of nuclear war.
• The bomb was dropped on Hiroshima.
• It released high energy.
• It was equal to 20 kilotons of chemical explosives.
• Then the writer asked a very powerful question.
• What will happen if many modem nuclear weapons are exploded?
• It is clear that the consequences will be far more severe than in 1945.
• The consequences can be of such a kind.
• The smoke from massive nuclear-ignited urban fires.
• It can cause a worldwide disruption.
• It can cause it in the planet’s weather and climate.
• It is the effect of an air burst.
• It will form an extremely strong shock wave.
• It propagates outward rendering of the air luminous.

• It creates a fireball.
• The fireball is created in the immediate vicinity of the burst.
• When the explosion takes place close to the surface.
• There will be a shock wave coupled to the ground.
• The aerator can be dug in the ground.
• Gamma rays are released from an air burst.
• Neutrons are also released from this air burst.
• A nuclear weapon is detonated.
• It releases heavy heat.
• It is about tens of millions of degrees Celcius.
• It releases it into the nearby am
• Even buildings of heavy construction will collapse.
• Scientists provide opinions about it.
• They talk about the smoke produced by burning cities.
• This burning is in the aftermath of a nuclear war.
• It may significantly affect the earth’s climate.
• It will affect it for a long period of time.
• There will be a substantial decrease in the precipitation

Meanings Of Difficult Words

arsenals – stores of weapons.
deployment – organizing troops and equipment for immediate action.
incident on – something that occurs in connection with something else.
gamma rays – high-frequency rays emitted from a radioactive atom.
inventory – lit of articles.
unclassified – no longer secret.
megaton – one million tons.
buoyant – capable of keeping an object afloat.
precipitation – condensation in the atmosphere as rain, snow or hait

aftermath – a situation resulting from an important event.
consequences – results, aftermaths
obtain – get
devastating – terrible, horrible, dangerous
vicinity – in the nearby area,
initial – beginning, at the outset.
lethal – deadly, life-killing, dangerous.
plausible – evident, having proofs.
thermal – relating to heat or temperature
precipitation – rainfall.

Odisha State Board CHSE Odisha Class 12 Math Solutions Chapter 12 Vectors Ex 12(b) Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

CHSE Odisha Class 12 Math Solutions Chapter 12 Vectors Exercise 12(b)

Question 1.
Each question given below has four possible answers, out of which only one is correct. Choose the correct one.
(i) (2î – 4ĵ) . (î + ĵ + k̂) = _______.
(a) -3
(b) +2
(c) -1
(d) -2
Solution:
(d) -2

(ii) If a = î + 2ĵ – k̂, b = î + ĵ + 2k̂, c = 2î – ĵ; then
(a) \(\vec{a} \perp \vec{b}\)
(b) \(\vec{b} \perp \vec{c}\)
(c) \(\vec{a} \perp \vec{c}\)
(d) no pair of vectors are perpendicular.
Solution:
(c) \(\vec{a} \perp \vec{c}\)

(iii) (-3, λ, 1) ⊥ (1, 0, -3) ⇒ λ = _______.
(a) 0
(b) 1
(c) impossible to find
(d) any real number
Solution:
(c) impossible to find

(iv) If \(\vec{a} \cdot \vec{b}=\vec{c} \cdot \vec{a}\) for all vectors \(\vec{a}\), then
(a) \(\vec{a} \perp(\vec{b}-\vec{c})\)
(b) \(\vec{b}-\vec{c}\) = 0
(c) \(\vec{b} \neq \vec{c}\)
(d) \(\vec{b}+\vec{c}=\overrightarrow{0}\)
Solution:
(b) \(\vec{b}-\vec{c}\) = 0

Question 2.
Find the scalar product of the following pairs of vectors and the angle between them.
(i) 3î – 4ĵ and -2î + ĵ
Solution:

(ii) 2î – 3ĵ + 6k̂ and 2î – 3ĵ – 5k̂
Solution:

(iii) î – ĵ and ĵ + k̂
Solution:

(iv) \(\vec{a}\) = (2, -2, 1) and \(\vec{b}\) = (0, 2, 4)
Solution:

Question 3.
If A, B, C are the points (1, 0, 2), (0, 3, 1) and (5, 2, 0) respectively, find m∠ABC.
Solution:

Question 4.
Find the value of λ so that the vectors \(\vec{a}\) and \(\vec{b}\) are perpendicular to each other.
(i) \(\vec{a}\) = 3î + 4ĵ, \(\vec{b}\) = -5î + λĵ
Solution:
If \(\vec{a}\) and \(\vec{b}\) are perpendicular \(\vec{a} \cdot \vec{b}\) = 0
⇒ (3î + 4ĵ) . (-5î + λĵ) = 0
⇒ -15 + 4λ = 0
⇒ λ = \(\frac{15}{4}\)

(ii) \(\vec{a}\) = î + ĵ + λk̂, \(\vec{b}\) = 4î – 3k̂
Solution:
If \(\vec{a}\) and \(\vec{b}\) are perpendicular \(\vec{a} \cdot \vec{b}\) = 0
⇒ ( î + ĵ + λk̂) . (4î – 3k̂) = 0
⇒ 4 + 0 – 3λ = 0
⇒ λ = \(\frac{4}{3}\)

(iii) \(\vec{a}\) = 2î – ĵ – k̂, \(\vec{b}\) = λî + ĵ + 5k̂
Solution:
If \(\vec{a}\) and \(\vec{b}\) are perpendicular \(\vec{a} \cdot \vec{b}\) = 0
⇒ (2î – ĵ – k̂) . (λî + ĵ + 5k̂) = 0
⇒ 2λ – 1 – 5 = 0
⇒ 2λ = 6
⇒ λ = 3

(iv) \(\vec{a}\) = (6, 2, -3), \(\vec{b}\) = (1, -4, λ)
Solution:
If \(\vec{a}\) and \(\vec{b}\) are perpendicular \(\vec{a} \cdot \vec{b}\) = 0
⇒ (6, 2, -3) . (1, -4, λ) = 0
⇒ 6 – 8 – 3λ = 0
⇒ -2 – 3λ = 0
⇒ λ = –\(\frac{2}{3}\)

Question 5.
Find the scalar and vector projections of \(\vec{a}\) on \(\vec{b}\).
(i) \(\vec{a}\) = î, \(\vec{b}\) = ĵ
Solution:

(ii) \(\vec{a}\) = î + ĵ, \(\vec{b}\) = ĵ + k̂
Solution:

(iii) \(\vec{a}\) = î – ĵ – k̂, \(\vec{b}\) = 3î + ĵ + 3k̂
Solution:

Question 6.
In each of the problems given below, find the work done by a force \(\overrightarrow{F}\) acting on a particle, such that the particle is displaced from a point A to a point B.
(i) \(\overrightarrow{F}\) = 4î + 2ĵ + 3k̂
A (1, 2, 0), B (2, -1, 3)
Solution:
Displacement of the particle \(\overrightarrow{S}=\overrightarrow{AB}\)
= (2 – 1)î + (-1 – 2)ĵ + (3 – 0)k̂
=î – 3ĵ + 3k̂
Work done = \(\overrightarrow{F} \cdot \overrightarrow{S}\)
= (4î + 2ĵ + 3k̂) . (î – 3ĵ + 3k̂)
= 4 – 6 + 9
= 7 units.

(ii) \(\overrightarrow{F}\) = 2î + ĵ – k̂
A (0, 1, 2), B (-2, 3, 0)
Solution:
Displacement
\(\vec{S}\) = (-2 – 0)î + (3 – 1)ĵ + (0 – 2)k̂
= -2î + 2ĵ – 2k̂
Work done = \(\overrightarrow{F} \cdot \overrightarrow{S}\)
= (2î + ĵ – k̂) . (-2î + 2ĵ – 2k̂)
= -4 + 2 + 2
= 0 units.

(iii) \(\overrightarrow{F}\) = 4î – 3k̂
A (1, 2, 0), B (0, 2, 3)
Solution:
Displacement \(\vec{S}\) = -î + 3k̂
Work done = \(\overrightarrow{F} \cdot \overrightarrow{S}\)
= (4î – 3k̂) . (-î + 3k̂)
= -4 – 9
= -13 units.

(iv) \(\overrightarrow{F}\) = 3î – ĵ – 2k̂
A (-3, -4, 1), B (-1, -1, -2)
Solution:
Displacement \(\vec{S}\) = 2î + 3ĵ – 3k̂
Work done \(\overrightarrow{F} \cdot \overrightarrow{S}\)
= (3î – ĵ – 2k̂) . (2î + 3ĵ – 3k̂)
= 6 – 3 + 6
= 9 units.

Question 7.
If \((\vec{a}+\vec{b}) \cdot(\vec{a}-\vec{b})\) = 0 show that \(|\vec{a}|=|\vec{b}|\).
Solution:

Question 8.
(i) If a and b are perpendicular vectors show that

Solution:

(ii) Prove that two vectors are perpendicular iff \(|\vec{a}+\vec{b}|^2=|\vec{a}|^2+|\vec{b}|^2\)
Solution:

Question 9.
If \(\vec{a}, \vec{b}, \vec{c}\) are mutually perpendicular vectors of equal magnitude, show that \(\vec{a}+\vec{b}+\vec{c}\) is equally inclined to \(\vec{a} \cdot \vec{b} \cdot \vec{c}\)
Solution:

Question 10.
Prove the following by vector method.
(i) Altitudes of a triangle are concurrent;
Solution:
Let ABC be a triangle.

⇒ CF is perpendicular to AB.
Hence the altitudes of a triangle are concurrent.

(ii) Median to the base of an isosceles triangle is perpendicular to the base;
Solution:

⇒ OD is perpendicular to the base AB.
Hence the median to the base of an isosceles triangle is perpendicular to the base. (Proved)

(iii) The parallelogram whose diagonals are equal is a rectangle;
Solution:

⇒ m∠COA = 90°
Hence OABC is a rectangle. (Proved)

(iv) The diagonals ofa rhombus are at right angles;
Solution:

Hence the diagonals of a rhombus are at right angles. (Proved)

(v) An angle inscribed in a semi-circle is a right angle;
Solution:

∴ m∠ABC = 90°
Hence the angle inscribed in a semi-circle is a right-angle. (Proved)

(vi) In any triangle ABC; a = b cos C + c cos B;
Solution:

(vii) In a triangle AOB, m∠AOB = 90°. If P and Q are the points of trisection of AB, prove that OP2 + OQ2 = \(\frac{5}{9}\) AB2;
Solution:

(viii) Measure of the angle between two diagonals of a cube is cos-1\(\frac{1}{3}\).
Solution:

Odisha State Board CHSE Odisha Class 12 Alternative English Solutions Grammar Clauses Exercise Questions and Answers.

CHSE Odisha Class 12 Alternative English Grammar Clauses

Observe the following sentences:
1. She knows where you live. (Knows what?)
2. She knows the place you live (Which place?)
3. She will reach where you live (Shall reach where?)

The clauses, where you live in sentences No. 1 is object of the verb ‘knows’. Therefore, it is noun clause. The clause where you live in sentence No 2. qualifies the noun ‘place’. Therefore, it is an adjective clause. The clause where you live in sentence No. 3 modifies the verb ‘will reach’. Therefore, it is an adverb clause. It is important to note that the same clause (where you live) may be a noun clause, adjective clause and an Adverb clause in different sentences according to its function. Therefore, we cannot state the kind of a clause without finding its function.

Definition:
Those parts of a Sentence which have subjects and predicates are called clauses. There are as many clauses in a sentences as there are Finite Verbs.

Kinds Of Clauses:
Clauses can be classified as the following three types. Such as:
(a) Co-ordinate Clauses.
(b) Subordinate Clauses.
(c) Principal Clauses

A. Co-ordinate Clauses:
1. Observe the following sentences:
2. Rim set or you will lose the race.
3. He ran fast but (he) lost the race.
The above sentences are joined by co-ordinate conjunctions e.g., ‘and’, ‘or’ and ‘but’. They are the examples of co-ordinate clauses. Some more co-ordinate conjunctions are, not only… but also, either… or, neither… nor, or else, otherwise, as well as, for, therefore, both…. and etc. They also join co-ordinate clauses.

Kinds of connections between two co-ordinate clauses.
(a) Copulative
Examples:
1. Gandhi was not only a good leader, he was also a reformer.
2. She cannot sing, nor can she dance.
3. She as well as her parents is stupid.
4. I took my lunch packet and boarder the bus.
In the above sentences, the italicised words (co-ordinate conjunctions) simply couple together two sentences.

(b) Alternative:
Examples:
1. Either you or your sister is naughty.
2. Neither a borrower nor a lender be.
3. Obey your teachers or you will repent.
4. Walk fast, you will not catch the bus.
In the above sentences, the italicised words (Co-ordinate disjunctions) simply offer a choice between the clauses disjointed in meaning.

(c) Adversative:
Examples:
1. She is intelligent but slow-working.
2. She ran last, you she missed the train.
3. Iam week, however, I shall carry your box.
4. Everybody, cursed her, neverthless, she did not come round.
In the above sentences, the italicised words (co-ordinate conjunction) show contrast and are opposite in meaning.

(d) Illative:
Examples:
1. She was not regular in her classes, therefore she was expelled from the college.
2. Her father is poor, so he can not. .
3. He missed the bus, for he did not run fast.
In the above sentences, the italicized words (co-ordinate conjunctions) jo in two clauses wherein the second clause draws inferences from the first clause.

Also obwerve the following sentences:
1. He cursed his parents which (and this) was wrong.
2. She went to Agra, where (and there) she saw the Taj Mahal.
3. Then he called on the Principal, who (and he) promised him to help.
In the above sentences, the co-ordinate clauses begin conjunction (which / where / who) are used in a conjunctive sense. Therefore, they introduce co-ordinate clauses and form a compound sentences.

Analysis Of Compound Sentences
Definition

Analysis is the process of breaking up a sentence into its compound parts.
Process of Analysis of a compound sentence.
(i) Pick out all the finite verbs to ascertain the number of clauses.
(ii) Break up the sentence into clauses.
(iii) Write the clauses in full (by supplying the missing verb or subject)

Model Solutions

Example -1
He is strong but he is dull.
Analysis:
(i) He is strong Principal Clause.
(ii) He is dull (Co-ordinate Clause) Coordinate to (ii) Connective ‘but’

Example – 2
He was stupid, therefore, he was punished.
Analysis:
(i) He was stupid (Principal Clause)
(ii) He punished (Co-ordinate Clause) Coordiante to (i) Connective ‘therefore’

Example -3
I have bought a bicycle, which has proved a white elephant to me.
Analysis:
(i) I have bought a bicycle Principal Clauses
(ii) It has proved a white elephant to me (Co-ordiante Clause) Coordiante to (i) Connective ‘which’

Example – 4
You can fool some of the people all of the times and all of the people some of the times, but you cannot fool all the people all the time.
Analysis:
(i) You can fool some of the people all of the times Principle Clause.
(ii) You cannot fool all the people all the time (Co-ordinate Clause) Coordinate to (ii) and (iii) Connective ‘but’.

Exercises For Practice
I. Add suitable Co-ordinate Clauses in the sentences below:
1. She was proud, therefore ____________
2. She has no hope of recovery, nevertheless ____________
3. Ring up the Fire Brigade at once, otherwise ____________
4. She is both rich and ____________
5. He was hungry still (get) ____________
6. The patient’s condition was thinking, nevertheless ____________
7. It is very hot today, so ____________
8. I offered her money, but ____________

2. Combine the following pairs of sentences by using coordinate conjunctions.
1. She met Ram. He gave her this message.
2. I saw the scenery of the garden. It raised my spirits.
3. She cursed my relatives. It made my blood boil.
4. She went to Allahabad. She got a job there.
5. They studied till late at night. Then they went to bed.
6. She generous. Her sister is parsimonious.
7. She had no recommendation. She managed to get the job.
8. He deserved the prize. He worked.

3. Analyse the following sentences into clauses.
1. She ran very fast, so she started gasping.
2. He is ill and cannot study, yet the attends his classes.
3. She reached the platform, when (and then) the train was about to steam off.
4. I started for the city where (and there) I intended to rent a room.
5. Neither a lender, not a borrower can be good.
6. He is dishonest, so he is insolvent.
7. It rained but the programme was not cancelled.
8. He is weak, however, he will get through.
9. Talents differ, and all is well and wisely put.
10. I am ill, therefore, I cannot escort you.

B. Subordinate Clauses (Complex Sentences)
(I) The Noun Clause:
A noun claused may be:

(a) Subj ect to TVansitive Verb
Observe the following sentences:
1. That God exists everywhere is true.
2. Why the old lady cursed him is known to me,
3. When my father will return is uncertain.
4. How she has got this job is an open secret.
In the above sentences the italicised words are the Noun Clauses.

Definition
A Noun Clause always performs the functions of a noun and answers the questions “what”? The above sentences can be broken, (disjoined) into clauses as follows:

1. It is true. (Principal Clause).
God exists everywhere. (Subordinate / Noun Clause)
Conjunction That

2. It is known to me (Principal Clause)
the old lady cursed him. (Subordinate / Noun Clause)
Conjunction Why

3. It is uncertain (Principal Clause)
My father will return (Subordinate / Noun Clause)
Conjunction When

4. It is an open secret (Principal Clause)
She has got this job. (Subordinate / Noun Clause)
Conjunction How

To find the Noun Clause, we should ask questions like
1. What is true?
2. What is known to me?
3. What is uncertain?
4. What is an open crat?
The answer to the above questions will locate the subordinate ‘is’, ‘is’, known, ‘is’ and ‘is’ respectively.

(b) Object to a Transitive Verb
Observe the following sentences:
1. The bagger asked me ifl could help him.
2. Everybody known why you are late.
3. The teacher said that hard work is the key to success.
4. She asked me ifl would lend her a hundred rupees.
The italicised words in the above sentences are Noun Clauses Connectives (if / why / that) and they are object to the verbs asked, knows, said and asked respectively.

(c) Complement to an Incomplete verb
Observe the: following sentences:
1. It seems that she is very selfish.
2. My opinion is that we should quit this place.
3. He found that his cash was missing.
4. Everybody felt that the old man would not recover.
The clauses of the above sentences are Noun Clauses. Because they answer the question ‘what’? They are joined by the connectives (that). They serve as complement to the verbs (seems, is found and felt) preceding them.

(d) Object to a preposition
Observe the following sentences:
1. There is no truth, what she says.
2. Iam surprised at what step she has taken.
3. Don’t crave for what you cannot achieve.
4. You must stick to what you have promised.
The italicised words in the above sentences are Noun Clauses. They serve as objects to the prepositions (in / at / for / to) preceding them.

(e) Object to a participle
Observe the following sentences:
1. Hoping that I will see her, I visited her house.
2. Hearing that he was ill, I rang up to house.
3. Fearing that the wolf would like the sheep, the shepherd boy began to cry.
4. Seeing that the bear had gone away, the boy climbed down the tree.
The italicised words in the above sentences are Norm Clauses. They serve as objects to the participles (Hoping / Hearing / Fearing / Seeing) preceding them.

(f) Object to an infinite
Observe the following sentences:
1. I want to know what help you expect from me.
2. The girl was made to tell where she had stayed for the night.
3. He was shocked to learn that his father had met with a serious accident.
4. I want to ascertain whether you would accompany me.
The italicised words in the above sentences are Noun Clauses. They serve as objects to the infinite (to know / to tell / to learn / to ascertain) preceding them.

(g) In Apposition to a Noun or a Pronoun
Observe the following sentences:
1. The saying that pride health a fall is true.
2. Then came the news that Mahatma Gandhi was shot dead.
3. It is quite certain that she is not at home.
4. The idea that man is a humble tool in the hands of destiny seems to be true. The italicized words in the above sentences are Noun Clauses. They stand in Apposition to a Noun (saying /news /idea) or Pronoun (it) preceding them.

The following connective words begin the Noun clauses:
(a) The Conjunction ‘that as-
1. He thought that he was right.
2. Iam sure that she would write a letter to me.
Sometimes the conjunction ‘that ’ is omitted but its meaning is implied as:
1. She brought she was mistaken.
2. I am sure that you would stand first.

(b) The Interrogative or Relative Words as:
1. That is what he means.
2. Tell me why you disobeyed your teachers.
3. I know where you go every night.
4. How she manages for household is very astonishing.

(c) The Interrogative or Relative Pronouns as:
1. I can’t say whose house it is.
2. Can you guess who is wandering in the street ?

(d) The Conjunction: ‘If /weather’as:
1. I asked him if (whether) he had packed his luggage.
2. She asked me if (whether) I would teach her.

Exercise For Practice: (Solved)

Analysis of some model sentences:
Study the following model sentences analysed below:

1. Why he abused me is not clear.
2. The begger asked me if I could help him.
3. Hearing that he was ill, I went to see him.
4. You must stick to what you have said.
5. I want to know what she has done.
6. It seems that she is very lucky.
7. It is true that she has been kindnapped.
8. It is a well-known saying that uneasy lies the head that wears the crown.

Answer:
Analysis of the given sentences:
1. Why he abused me is not clear.
(a) (It) is not clear.
Kind – Main clause
Function-It is required to frame a sentence.

(b) Why he abused me.
Kind – Noun Clause
Function – It is necessary to frame a sentence.

2. The beggar asked me if I could help him.
(a) The beggar asked me
Kind – Main Clause
Function – It is necessary to frame a sentence.

(b) If I could help him.
Kind – Noun Clause
Function – Object to the verb ‘asked’

3. Hearing that he was III, I went to see him.
(a) Hearing, I want to see him
Kind – Main Clause
Function – It is necessary to frame a sentence.

(b) that he was ill.
Kind – Main clause
Function – Object to the participle – ‘Hearing’

4. You must stick to what you have said.
(a) You must stick to
Kind – Main Clause
Function – It is necessary to frame a sentence.

(b) What you have said
Kind – Noun Clause
Function – Object to the preposition – ‘to’

5. I want to know what she has done.
(a) I want to know.
Kind – Main Clause
Function – It is necessary to frame a sentence.

(b) What she has done.
Kind – Noun Clause
Function – Object to the infinite ‘to know’

6. It seems that she is very lucky.
(a) It seems
Kind – Main Clause
Function – It is necessary to frame a sentence

(b) that she is very lucky
Kind – Noun clause .
Function – Complement to the verb – ‘seems’

7. It is true that she has been kindnapped.
(a) It is true
Kind – Main Clause
Function – It is necessary to frame a sentence

(b) that she has been kidnapped
Kind – Noun Clause
Function – Apposition to the pronoun ‘it’.

8. It is a well-known saying that uneasy lies the head that wears the crown.
(a) It is a well known saying
Kind – Main clause
Function – It is necessary to frame a sentence.

(b) that necessary lies the head that wears the crown.
Kind – Noun Clause
Function – Apposition to the noun – ‘saying’

Exercise For Practice: (Unsolved)

1. Complete the following sentences inserting Noun Clauses:
1. ____________ is possible.
2. ____________ is a wonder.
3. He promised that ____________.
4. He cannot rely on ____________
5. She is ready to pay ____________
6. The fact is ____________
7 ____________ is quite clear.
8. Poor Suniti ate ____________
9. The ide ____________ seems to be true.
10. Hoping ____________ I appeared at the interview.

2. Locate the Noun Clauses in the following sentences:
1. Do you know who came to my house yesterday?
2. What she says is hundred percent true.
3. His belief was that his daughter would return.
4. Tell me where she is putting up.
5. She returned saying that she would take revenge on me.
6. Thinking that Hari is poor. I lent him to rupees.
7. Life is what we make it.
8. Her wish is that she may win a lottery.
9. No one knows who she is.
10. I want to know how fer Puri from Bhubaneswar.

3. Analyse the following sentences into clauses giving the function of each sub ordinate clause:
1. How long will she stay in Lucknow is not known.
2. Ask her if she can accompany you.
3. I don’t know why she committed suicide.
4. I agreed to what he said.
5. There is no sense in what she says.
6. She wants to know why you entered her private room.
7. It pained me to know that Hari’s daughter had eloped with an out-caste.
8. It is believed that truth always triumphs.
9. That you should cheat me hurts me.
10. It seems that Priya is very smart.

(II) Adjective Clause:
Definition:

The adjective clause performs the functions of an adjective to quality a noun or pronoun of the main clause.
Observe the following sentences:
1. This is the old man who stumbled against a stone.
2. The elephant is an animal which has tusks.
3. She is the girl whose husband divorced her.
4. This is the place where my friend lives.

Analysis of Adjective Clauses:
1. This is the old a stone.
Clause (a) This is the old man.
Kind – Main Clause.
Function-It is the main part of a sentence.

Clause (b) Who stumbled against a stone.
Kind – Adjective clause
Function – Qualifying – “Old man”.

2. The elephant tusks.
Clause (a) The elephant is an animal.
Kind – Main Clause
Function – The main part of the sentence

Clause (b) Which is tusks.
Kind – Adjective Clause
Function – Qualifying – “elephant”

3. She is divorced her.
Clause (a) She is the girl.
Kind – Main Clause
Function – Main part of a sentence.

Clause (b) whose husband divorced her.
Kind-Adjective Clause
Function – Qualifying – ‘girl’

4. This is ____________ lives.
Clause (a) This is the place.
Kind – Main Clause
Function – The main part of a sentence.

Clause (b) Where my friend lives.
Kind-Adjective clause
Function – Qualifying – “place”

The relative pronouns (‘who, which and whose’) join the adjective clauses to the Principal Clause in sentences No. 1,2 and 3 above. Relative Adverb (‘where’) also joins the adjective clause to the Principal Clause in sentence No. 4 above. Sometimes an Adjective Clause is introduced by ‘but’ which is equivalent to a Relative Pronoun followed by not’ ….as:

1. There was not a woman who shed tears at the bride’s departure.
Or,
There was not a woman who did not shed tears at the bride’s departure.

2. There are a few of us who love our motherland.
Or,
There are few of us who don’t love our motherland.

3. There is none in the neighborhood who was not prepared to help her.
Or,
There was none in the neighborhood who was not prepared to help her.

Exercise For Practice: (Unsolved)

I. Complete the following sentences inserting adjective clauses:
1. Sindhi is the only girl ____________
2. The greedy farmer killed the goose ____________
3. This is not such a book ____________
4. Do you know the time ____________
5. The dog ____________ has been shot dead.
6. The bullet ____________ has not yet been cast.
7. ____________ A fox gave the hounds a capital run.
8. The man ____________ is like an animal.
9. Such stories ____________ are very romantic.
10. He ____________ himself falls into it.

2. Locate the Adjective Clauses in the following sentences:
1. The man who is holding the flag is my brother.
2. All that glitters is not gold.
3. The place where the accident had taken place is near Bhubaneswar.
4. The reason why she failed is clear.
5. This is the same car as my father has purchased last year.
6. God helps those who help themselves.
7. This is the time when you should work hard.
8. This is the book that I had presented to my grand father.
9. They also serve who only stand and wait.
10. We all admire a man who helps others.

3. Analyse the following sentences into clauses giving the function of each subordinate clause:
1. This is the place where Indira Gandhi was associated.
2. Childhood is the eye when seeds of character are sown.
3. This is Mamata whose father is a officer in the Navy.
4. This is the bull which has eaten all the paddy.
5. This is the from (that) my elder sister gave (had given) me.
6. This is the school where I had my education.
7. Here comes the man you are looking for.
8. Those whom the Gods love die young.
9. Tomorrow is the day when we shall go on picnic.
10. Blessed is the whom the neighbour praise.

(III) The Adverb Clause
Definition:

The Adverb Clause performs the function of an adverb. It can modify a verb, an adjective or another adverb.

(a) Time-denoting Adverbial Clauses:
Observe the following sentences:
1. All stood up when the President came.
2. What here till I do not come back.
3. She sang while I danced.
4. The doctor had reached there before the patient died.
5. As the hot air cools, the ballon come down.
The italicised words in the above sentences are Adverb Clauses. Their introducing words (‘when, ill, while, before, as’) are time denoting adverbs.
Some other time – denoting adverbs are: after, since, as soon as, whenever as long as, so long as etc.

(b) Place – denoting Adverbial Clauses:
Observe the following sentences.
1. She studies where I study.
2. Live whenever you desire.
3. She returned whence (from where) she had marrie.
4. The soul has reached where from it might not return.
5. The ship sailed whither the wind took her.
The clauses printed in italics in the above sentences point to the place where the action of the main clause take place. They are adverbal clauses and serve as adverbs of places.

(c) Manner – denoting Adverbial clauses:
Observe the following sentences.
1. Try to finish it as she has shown you.
2. He run as if he were frightened.
3. She behaved as though she were annoyed.
4. I did according as I was directed.
The clauses printed in italics in the above sentences point to the manner in which the action of the main clause is done. They are adverbial clauses and serve as adverbs of manners.

(d) Reason or cause-denoting Adverbal Clauses:
Observe the following sentences:
1. As she has been laid up with fever, she cannot take our class.
2. She cannot solve this sum, because she is dull in mathematics.
3. Since you recommend him, I am approaching him.
4. I regret that I could not see you on the appointed day.
5. Now that the sun has set, we should return home.
The clauses printed in italics in the above sentences point to the reason behind the action expressed in the main clause. They are adverbial clauses and serve as adverbs of reasons / cause.

(e) Condition – denoting Adverbial Clauses:
Observe the following sentences:
1. We cannot get first division, unless we burn midnight oil.
2. I will lend you the required money provided that you promise me to return it in time.
3. I cannot led you in if you do not show me your identity card.
4. In case you do not return the library books in time, you will be fined.

The clauses printed in italics in the above sentences point to the condition behind the action in / of the main clause is done. They are adverbial clauses and serve as adverbs of condition. It is important to note that the condition denoting adverb (which introduces the adverbial clause of condition) is sometimes omitted; as

1. Should she came to me, I shall bring her round.
Or,
(If she comes to me, I shall bring her round.)

2. Supposing he falls, he cannot execute his studies.
Or,
(Ifhe fails, he can’t execute his studies)

3. Had you worked hard, you would have got first division.
Or,
(If you had worked hard, you would have got first division).

(f) Extend – denoting Adverbial clauses:
Observe the following sentences:
1. So far as I know, she is a dullard.
2. I cannot say how far I am correct.
3. There was water and water as far as I could see.
4. Can you tell me how long you will accompany me?
The clauses printed in italics in the above sentences point to the extent of the action (fact) mentioned in the main clause. They are adverbal clauses and serve as adverbs of extent.

(g) Comparison-showing Adverbial Clauses:
Observe the following sentences.
1. She is pretty as she is wise.
2. I like him to less than you (do).
3. Lila is cleaver than Shila is.
4. The aeroplane flies fester than railway train can run.
The clauses printed in italics in the above sentences point to the comparison of degrees of a quality in the main clause. They are adverbial clauses and serve as adverbs of comparison.

(h) Result of Effect – denoting Adverbial Clauses:
Observe the following sentences:
1. Run fast so that you may not be late.
2. She ate to much that she fell asleep.
3. He ran so much that he got tired.
4. So bravely did they fight that the enemies retreated.
The clauses printed in italics in the above sentences point to the result ofthe action expressed in the main clause. They are adverbal clauses and serve as adverbs of result / effect.

(I) Contrast or Concession-denoting Adverbial Clauses:
Observe the following sentences: .
1. He is miserly though he is rich.
2. We must go although it is raining.
3. Whatever you may say, I don’t believe a word of it.
4. Even if she apologises, I shall not visit her house.
The clauses printed in italics in the above sentences point to the action expressed in the main clause. They are adverbial clauses and serve as adverbs of contrast / concession.

(J)Purpose – denoting Adverbial Clauses:
Observe the following sentences:
1. She works hard, so that she may get a scholarship.
2. Keep awake – lest somebody should get down with your luggage.
3. You eat that you may live.
4. I went to the post office in order that I might post the letter.
The clauses printed in italics in the above sentences point to the purpose behind the action expressed in the main clause. They are adverbial clauses and serve as adverbs of purpose.

Important Point About Adverbial Clauses:
Some Grammarian treat, the Extent denoting Adverbial Clauses as per with the manner – denoting adverbial clauses and proportion – denoting adverbial clauses.

Subordinate Conjunction	Introduce Adverbial Clause of
when	time
whenever	time
after	time
before	time
while	time
as long as	time
as soon as	time
tin	time
since	time
where	place
wherever	place
whence	place
whither	place
where from	place
that	purpose
in order that	purpose
lest	purpose
so that	purpose
for	cause / reason
because	cause / reason
since	cause / reason
as	cause / reason
that	cause / reason
incase	condition
if	condition
unless	condition
on the condition	condition
provided that	condition
so… that	result / effect
so	result / effect
such	result / effect
such that	result / effect
As as	comparison
So as	comparison
than	comparison
such as	comparison
no less than	comparison
even if	concession/contrast
however	concession/contrast
whatever	concession/contrast
though	concession/contrast
although	concession/contrast
as	manner
as if	manner
as though	manner
The the	extent

Analysis Of Adverbial Clauses
Exercise For Practice (Solved)

Analyse the following sentences into clauses giving the kind and function of each subordinate (Adverbial) Clause:
1. Never talk while you are driving a car.
2. Keep the purse where you can collect it.
3. You may join an institute as you like.
4. She Med because she neglected her studies.
5. She can not finish the paper unless she increases her speed of writing.
6. I do not know how far your statement is true.
7. He is a short-sighted as he is short – statured.
8. He is so old that he cannot climb up the hill.
9. He is dishonest though he is rich.
10. We take exercise so that we may become strong.
Answer:
1. Never talk while you are driving a car.
Clause (a) Never talk
Kind – Main clause
Function – Main part of the sentences.

Clause (b) While you are driving a car.
Kind – Adverb clause
Function-showing-‘time’

2. Keep the purse where you can collect it.
Clause (a) Keep the purse
Kind – Main clause.
Function – Main part of the sentence.

Clause (b) where you can collect it.
Kind – Adverb clause
Function-showing-‘place’

3. You may join an institute as you like.
Clause (a) You may join
Kind – Main clause
Function – Main part of the sentence.

Clause (b) an institute as you like
Kind – Adverb clause
Function – showing – ‘manner ’.

4. She failed because she neglected her studies.
Clause (a) She failed
Kind – Main clause
Function – Main part of the sentence.

Clause (b) because she neglected her studies.
Kind-Adverb clause
Function – showing – ‘reason’.

5. She can not finish the paper unless she increases her speed of writing.
Clause (a) She can not finish the paper.
Kind – Main clause
Function – Main part of the sentence.

Clause (b) unless she increases her speed of writing.
Kind – Adverb clause
Function – showing – ‘condition’.

6. I do not know how far your statement is true.
Clause (a) I do not know.
Kind – Main clause
Function-Main part of the sentence.

Clause (b) how fer your statement is true
Kind-Adverb clause
Function – showing – ‘extent’.

7. He is a short-sighted as he is short – statured.
Clause (a) He is short – sighted
Kind – Main clause
Function – Main part of the sentence

Clause (b) as he is short – statured
Kind – Adverb clause
Function – showing – ‘composition’.

8. He is so old that he cannot climb up the hill.
Clause (a) He is so old
Kind – Main clause
Function – Main part of the sentence

Clause (b) that he can’t climb up the hill.
Kind – Adverb clause
Function – showing – ‘result’.

9. He is dishonest though he is rich.
Clause (a) He is dishonest
Kind – Main clause
Function – Main part of the sentence

Clause (b) through he is rich
Kind – Adverb clause
Function – showing – ‘contras’.

10. We take exercise so that we may become strong.
Clause (a) We take exercise
Kind – Main clause
Function – Main part of the sentence

Clause (b) so that we may become strong.
Kind – Adverb clause
Function – showing – ‘purpose’.

Exercise For Practice (Unsolved)

1. Complete the following sentences inserting Adverb Clauses:
1 ____________ there is hope.
2. ____________ The thiefhid himself
3. I worked hard ____________
4 ____________ he took his umbrella with him.
5. ____________I should never have come.
6. She is as kind a woman ____________
7. Puspa was as kind ____________
8. She behaved ____________

2. Locate the Adverb Clauses in the following sentences:
1. Since she came here, she is unwell.
2. I shall stay wherever you stay.
3. Iam happy that Rupali has got the gold medal.
4. She cannot understand this feet because she is dull minded.
5. Walk carefully least you should fell down.
6. He is so poor that he cannot buy costly medicines.
7. She behaved in such a manner that we were irritated.
8. She talks as if she will betray you.
9. As far as I think she will betray you.
10. Iam hard up these days, all the same, I shall help you.

3. Analyse the following sentences into clauses giving the function of each sub¬ordinate clause:
1. The patient had died before the doctor arrived.
2. The maid-servant went whither I sent her.
3. She works hard so that she may stand first.
4. Bhagat Singh died that the nation might live.
5. Work hard in order that you may win a scholarship.
6. He is so old that he cannot run fast.
7. You are not as tall as your younger sister.
8. She did according as she was ordered.
9. So far as I know Nirupama is an enchantress.
10. I waited for her till the sun set.

Odisha State Board CHSE Odisha Class 12 Approaches to English Book 2 Solutions One-Act Plays Chapter 1 The Hour of Truth Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

CHSE Odisha 12th Class Alternative English Solutions One-Act Plays Chapter 1 The Hour of Truth

Section – 1
Questions For Discussion

Question 1.
How is the opening situation of the play introduced in the stage direction? What , mood or moods does it convey to you ?
Answer:
The opening situation of the play introduced in the stage direction is that it is a rather hot and sultry Sunday after-noon and the sun overhead and the baked clay under foot are merciless.’ In the distance lowing clouds give promise of coming relief. And at the parlour window of a trim little cottage and Baldwin family is anxiously awaiting the return of its head, John the young son of twenty seven smokes a pipe philosophically. Mother and Evie are there. The mood indicates that as if none of them likes to break the silence. The family has been waiting for the head of the family’s arrival with eagerness.

Question 2.
Who are the Baldwin family waiting for as the play begins? What traits of the persons character are they talking about?
Answer:
The Baldwin family comprises Robert Baldwin; Martha, his wife; John, his son and Evie his daughter. The family have been their father who doesn’t disclose before his children.

Question 3.
What do the newspapers think about Robert Baldwin’s role in the fall of Gresham’s Bank? How does Martha defend her husband? .
Answer:
The newspapers think that Robert Baldwin is responsible for the closure of Gresham’s bank. Martha defends her husband saying that her husband has been innocent.

Question 4.
How does John feel about his father naming him after John Gresham? What is his attitude towards his father?
Answer:
Robert Baldwin’s son is John whose name has been named after John Gresham. Mr. Baldwin’s witness will have to sent Gresham to goal. Punishing a person whose name is the same as his son. This punishment seems against Baldwin. He has a negative attitude towards his father.

Section – 2
Questions For Discussion

Question 1.
What does Baldwin say about Gresham had sent for him? What did Gresham propose to him? How did Baldwin respond to his proposal?
Answer:
Baldwin says that Gresham had sent for him for his personal interest. It was to persuade him to give his witness in his favour in connection with the misappropriation of money of the bank. He proposed him to say only three words. I don’t remember” which would help him a lot to be proved Mr. Clean, But Baldwin’s response to such unethical thing was negative. He never wished to help with immoral activities. He decided to tell the truth and send Gresham to goal

Question 2.
What truth does Baldwin throw on his relationship with Gresham? Would you say he sounds emotional? What does he say he would do if required to choose between friendship and personal integrity?
Answer:
Baldwin and Gresham were childhood friends. Gresham seems to be dishonest in misappropriating money. Baldwin is against such unethical mode of living. He told him several times to do good but to of not avail. Baldwin does not sound emotional. He gives priority to reason. If required, he would chose personal integrity between friendship and personal integrity.

Question 3.
Do you find a turning point in the attitude of the rest of the Baldwins towards Robert Baldwin’s honesty? What is it due to? What does it reveal about ordinary human nature? In what way is Robert extraordinary?
Answer:
The rest of the Baldwins other than Robert Baldwin value money and materialistic pursuits above everything else. Personal integrity is receded to the background and money is given up priority. They stress on receiving the large chunk of money from Gresham in exchange of an immoral expression comprising only three words. “I don’t remember” which Robert never stoops to utter. It is due to poverty. It reveals ordinary human nature as materialistic and futuristic. Robert happens to be extra – ordinary because he values personal integrity above anything else on earth.

Question 4.
How did Gresham react to Robert’s rejection of his offer to bribe to help him escape punishment? Why does Robert consider Gresham’s reaction a compliment?
Answer:
Grasham reacts to Robert’s rejection of his offer of bribe to help him escape punishment. Robert declines to tell a lie by Uttering the expression containing three words – “I don’t remember” which will help him liberate from unitive measures. As Grasham’s reaction is not over powering. Robert thinks there won’t be any problem of imposition.

Vocabulary
A. Say which parts of speech do the following belong to:

hot	strength
sultry	swear
sun	nice
window	position
anxiously	witness
young	matter
philosophically	employees
nervousness	Father
tense	mother
loyal	doctor
think	engineer
pause	lecturer
know	expect
indict	shrug
testify	depositors
consolation	wonder
assistant	contradict
yesterday	under
idea	above
thought
morning

Answer:

Words	Parts of Speech
hot	adjective
sultry	adjective
sun	noun
window	noun
anxiously	adverb
young	adjective
philosophically	adverb
nervousness	noun
tense	adjective
loyal	adjective
think	verb
pause	verb
know	noun / verb
indict	verb
testify	verb
consolation	noun
assistant	noun
yesterday	adverb
idea	noun
thought	noun
morning	noun
strength	noun
swear	verb
nice	adjective
position	noun
witness	noun/verb
matter	noun
employees	noun
lather	noun
mother	noun
doctor	noun
engineer	noun
lecturer	noun
expect	verb
shrug	verb
depositors	noun
wonder	noun/verb
contradict	verb
under	preposition
above	preposition

Supply antonyms of the following:

abolish	blame
abstract	bottom
abuse	brief
accord	brutal
accuse	busy
admit	capture
adopt
adult	carnal
advance	cause
afar	casual
agree	cheerful
alone	civilise
apex	clever
arrive	common
attain	cool
attract	creation
away	cruel
back	dark
balance	day
base	debate
before	debit
begin	deep
benefit	defend
batter	deficit
big	delicate

Answer:

Words	Antonyms
abolish	introduce
abstract	concrete
abuse	reward
accord	discord
accuse	praise
admit	deny
adopt	abandon
adult	child
advance	retreat
afar	near
agree	disagree
alone	together
apex	low
arrive	depart
attain	give
attract	repel
away	near
back	forward
balance	imbalance
base	baseless
before	after
begin	end
benefit	loss
better	worse
big	small
blame	praise
bottom	up
brief	elaborate
brutal	human
busy	lazy
capture	liberate
carnal	spiritual
cause	effect
casual	regular
cheerful	dull
civilise	uncivilise
clever	stupid
common	uncommon
cool	warm
creation	destruction
cruel	kind
dark	light
day	night
debate	admit
debit	credit
deep	sallow
defend	offend
deficit	surplus
delicate	rough

C. Use the following in sentence

abuse	ban
account	bark
ache	base
act	beat
address	bend
advance	bite
aim	blame
answer	blow
arm	bomb
attempt	book
back	brush
balance	burn

Answer:
Abuse:
(N) Your abuse have no impact on him.
(V) We should not abuse the poor.

Account:
(N) Make an account of the business of today.
(V) He has accounted the expenditure correctly.

Ache:
(N) Body ache spoils sleep.
(V) My head aches severely.

Act:
(N) This is an act of stupidity.
(V) You should act upon my advice.

Address:
(N) I require his address.
(V) The speaker addressed a large audience.

Advance:
(N) He asked for an advance.
(V) He had advanced a lot.

Aim:
(N) The aim of my life is to be a doctor.
(V) He aimed at the bird and shot successfully.

Answer:
(N) Your answer is correct.
(V) He answered the question correctly.

Arm:
(N) He did this by his arms.
(V) The soldiers are armed to the teeth.

Attempt:
(N) He has taken a good attempt.
(V) You should attempt for the second time.

Back:
(N) He has a boil on his back.
(V) My father backs me with money.

Balance:
(N) I have no balance in my account.
(V) She balanced the situation perfectly.

Ban:
(N) The government put ban on appointment.
(V) New appointments have been presently banned.

Bark:
(N) There is a dog. I never care for its bark.
(V) The dogs bark at night.

Base:
(N) He formed a base in this locality.
(V) The book is based on grammatical exercises.

Beat:
(N) The heart beat of healthy man is 72 times a minute.
(V) Don’t beat the child, it will be obstinate.

Bend:
(N) The bend of the road is sharp.
(V) This boy never bends in argument.

Bite:
(N) The woman died of a snake bite.
(V) His blame has no base.

Blame:
(N) You cannot blame me for this.
(V) His cap was blown away.

Blow
(N) Her father’s death came to her like a blow from the blue.
(V) His cap was blow away.

Bomb:
(N) This bomb can blow away the bridge.
(V) America bombed twice in Japan.

Book
(N) I want your book.
(V) He booked a ticket for me.

Brush:
(N) He bought a tooth brush.
(V) You should brush your teeth twice daily.

Bum:
(N) Apply ointment to the bum.
(V) We should not bum our forests.

section – 3
Questions For Discussion

Question 1.
Do you notice any change in John’s attitude towards corruption in general and Gresham in particular? What is it due to? What are his arguments in Gresham’s favour?
Answer:
There is a sea change in John’s attitude to corruption in general and Gresham in particular when he learns that a hundred thousand dollars has been offered to his lather. It is due to his unemployment and his father having been thrown out of the bank providing sustenances to the family was the prime need. He argues in Gresham’s favour by saying that “your testifying against John Gresham won’t make things any better.

Question 2.
What are the present view of Martha and Evie on the Gresham case? Would you call it a reversal in their earlier attitudes to Baldwin’s honesty? How?
Answer:
Martha and Evie veer round in their views and attitudes. They change their attitude which can be temied a neversal in their earlier attitudes to Baldwin’s honesty. Martha, and Evie were initially with Baldwin’s sense of honesty. Martha said, “…I don’t believe your lather ever did a wrong thing in this life – not if he know it was wrong”. “How dared he (Gresham) ask such a thing” and Evie supported.

But when they learn that Gresham has offered a hundred thousand dollars to make Baldwin say “I don’t remember” to save himself from going to gaol, they feel tempted and change their attitudes. Evie says, “Why do you call it bribe money father.-. .. “And Gresham hasn’t done anything really wrong”. Martha says, “A hundred thousand would mean a great deal to us. Robert. If you don’t find a position soon John will have to support us.”

Question 3.
How does Baldwin react on being impelled by the members of his family to accept the bride offered by Gresham? (Paragraph – 255)
Answer:
When there is pressure from all quarter of his family on Baldwin, he feels like a fish out of water. His son John tells him that nobody will ever hear of Baldwin’s getting money from Gresham. Robert has a reaction. He says “But among ourselves John, whatever we are to the world, let us be honest with each other, the four of us.” His glance travels from John to Evie whose head is bowed from her to his wife who is apparently busy with her knitting. He raises Martha’s head and shouts. “Shams! Liars! Hypocrites! Thieves! And I know better than any of you.

Question 4.
How is Baldwin rewarded at the end for his unfailing honesty? In what does Gresham pay him his ‘supreme compliment’? (Paragraph – 279). What makes Baldwin worry at the end?
Answer:
Truth always triumphs. Baldwin is rewarded at the end for his unfailing honesty Mr. Marshall appears at Baldwin’s house and gives him the supreme compliment. He had been to Gresham. He told Marshall about the offer he made to Baldwin. He knew that no amount of money wouki make him do something he thought wrong. He paid Baldwin the supreme compliment rather than go to trial him to testify against him he confessed.

Composition

Question 1.
What do you think is the hour of truth? How does Robert Baldwin stand the hour?
Answer:
The one-act play “The Hour of Truth” is undoubtedly the most typical creation of Percival Wilde, an eminent and outstanding American short story writer, writer of mystery novels and plays. The way the writer has dealt corruption and honesty in the play is superb and fantastic. Wilde is, in feet, at his best to justify himself as a prominent writer in this play. However, “The Hour of Truth” is powerful one act play on the corrupting influence of money of people.

The play advocates a message that the truth always triumphs at last. Whatever be the opposing forces, truth always prevails over everything. A worshipper of truth although suffers through his life’s course avails himself of a sensational victory over the evil. Evil may have an upper hand for a short time, but the final victory brings a unique moment of pleasure through purgation. The hour of truth is always the last. Robert Baldwin, the protagonist figure of the play suffers for truth which ultimately makes him win.

However, Robert Baldwin resorts oftruthful persuits of live. He values truth other everything else. Gresham is charged with misappropriating money of which Baldwin remains and eyewitness. He promises Baldwin a hundred thousand dollars to help him escape from punishment. But Robert is dead against such terrible corruption. He does not receive the bribed money and remains in a state of trance and tension Gresham requests him to speak only three words “I don’t remember” which will be enough to help escape punishment.

But Baldwin declines to accept the offer and decides to witness against his childhood friend Gresham. Moreover, he comes back home where his wife and children seem to be in favour of his stand. But when the plot advances, his family veer round and change themselves in favour of bribe and Gresham. The huge amount of covetousness, materialistic desires impel them to pressurise. Mr. Baldwin to accept the money in exchange of one hundred thousand dollars.

They agree with Baldwin to accept the bribe which will help John to do something for the family. His wife Martha and daughter Evie support John in his stand. He has no other alternative except Succumbing. He feels like a fish out of water. In the mean time, Mr. Marshall arrives and declares that Gresham already confessed the matter and he has come to request Baldwin to join the Third National as a token of reward for his honesty. A matter of feet, the above mentioned description tells us that virtue is rewarded at last.

We have marked that Robert Baldwin is victorious in the long run. Hence, Wilde’s exposition of honesty, virtue, truth etc. through the play is superb and fantastic. The depiction that despite of all hazards and obstacles, the truth becomes the winner at last is really most inspiring, thought provoking elevating and heart touching.

Question 2.
Contrast the early and later attitudes of the Baldwin family towards corruption. What brings about the shift in their attitudes?
Answer:
In fact, the one – act play, “The Hour of Truth” is a superb creation of Percival Wilde, aprominent, popular and outstanding American play wright. Wild’s writing most probably deals with positive attitudes which on the course of time crash with negative attitudes but on the long run, the positive attitudes like, truth, honesty, virtue etc. becomes triumphant over all the negative attitudes. These two opposite poles of life are vehemently contrasted in this discussing play.

However, the early and later attitudes of the Baldwin family to wards corruption are sharply contrasted. The one – act play “The Hour of Truth” presents these two attitudes by means of which the play wright tries to evince his testimony. Initially Martha says to John that Baldwin will do his duty no matter what comes of it. Baldwin has nothing against Gresham. He will tell the truth, nothing but the truth. When she comes to know from Baldwin that gresham has offered bribe to her husband to tell lies.

She reacts saying “How dared he how dared he asked such a thing. ‘The same person changes her Jargon when she learns that Gresham has offered Baldwin a huge sum of one hundred thousand dollars. The tempts for money becomes very powerful in her. She says, “It would be sad very sad if the name of John Gresham our son’s name should come to grief through you, Robert”. “…………………. They will say you went back on an old friend Robert”. “I believe say being merciful Robert”. “………………….. Mr. Gresham has always been very good to you. Ah, well! What are you going to do now; Robert?” “ ……………………………. A hundred thousand would mean a great deal to us, Robert.

If you don’t find a position soon. John will have to support us.” Moreover, Evie was initially against Gresham’s activities but her attitudes later on are contrasted. Evie also becomes a part of the system and supports her brother and mother later on. Thus, it is seen that the characters are round characters who under go changes according to the changing situations. In fact, Wide’s depiction of the contrasting characters in the play is outstanding and marvellous. He, though these characters times to expose realistic homely situation which is really inspiring attractive, daring and heart enduring.

Grammar

Add question tags to following:
1. He leaves for London tomorrow.
2. They are looking for a tutor.
3. You speak English well.
4. This man deals in wheat.
5. Pen is mighter than sword.
6. She never comes here.
7. The boy seldom does his homework.
8. Vijay plays well.
9. Come here.
10. Go there.
11. Transfer the salt please.
12. Speak the truth.
13. Let us sing a song.
14. Let us find out a solution.
15. We have been staying here.
Answer:
I. He leaves for London tomorrow, doesn’t he?
2. They are looking for a tutor, aren’t they?
3. You speak English well, don’t they?
4. This man deals in wheat, doesn’t they?
5. Pen is mighter than sword, isn’t it?
6. She never comes here, does he?
7. The boy seldom does his homework, does he?
8. Vijay plays well, doesn’t he?
9. Come here, will you?
10. Go there, will you?
11. Transfer the salt please, will you?
12. Speak the truth, will you?
13. Let us sing a song, shall we?
14. Let us find out a solution, shall we?
15. We have been staying here, haven’t we?

Vocabulary

Use the following in sentences of your own first as nouns and then as verbs.

plough	skin
poison	slap
post	slaughter
present	sleep
progress	smile
race	smell
rain	smoke
reach	soap
replay	sound
rest	stage
ride	stand
rule	start
ruin	step
set	study
share	tax
shave	taste
shop	thunder
shout	touch
show	trouble
sigh	twitter

Answer:
plough:
(N) He tills the land with a wooden plough
(V) The farmer has ploughed the land.

poison:
(N) Poison killed him.
(V) The woman poisoned her husband’s mind.

post:
(N) His post is temporary.
(V) Post the letter now.

present:
(N) She received a present from his uncle.
(V) He presented me a radio on my birthday.

progress:
(N) His progress is very slow.
(V) He has progressed a lot.

race:
(N) He won a hundred meter race.
(V) He raced in the competition.

rain:
(N) The rain of this year is not enough.
(V) It rains high in July.

reach:
(N) The matter is not within my reach.
(V) You should reach the meeting in time.

reply:
(N) I want an immediate reply from you.
(V) He replied promptly.

rest:
(N) He works without rest.
(V) Success rests in labour.

ride:
(N) He goes on a ride in the evening.
(V) He rode past the house.

rule:
(N) A student must obey the rules of the college.
(V) Akbar ruled for a long time.

min:
(N) The house is in ruins.
(V) He ruined his career.

set:
(N) He bought a television set.
(V) You should set a thief to catch the thief.

share:
(N) I want my share today.
(V) The two brothers share their property.

shave:
(N) He has a shave this morning.
(V) He has shaved his beard.

shop:
(N) This shop deals in vegetables.
(V) We shop every Sunday.

shout:
(N) His shout troubled me.
(V) He shouted loudly.

show:
(N) Let us visit the first show of this cinema.
(V) Don’t show your anger.

sigh:
(N) He heaved a sigh of relief.
(V) You should not sigh inside the class.

skin:
(N) Her skin is oily.
(V) She skinned off the vegetables.

slap:
(N) She gave a slap on the boy’s face.
(V) The boy slapped the man.

slaughter:
(N) Slaughter of cows should be stopped.
(V) he slaughters animals.

sleep:
(N) I had a sound sleep.
(V) I want to sleep now.

smile:
(N) Her smile is alluring.
(V) Don’t smile at her.

smell:
(N) The smell is very sweet.
(V) This flower smells sweet.

smoke:
(N) All his efforts ended in smoke,
(V) Don’t smoke cigarette.

soap:
(N) This soap is good for skin.
(V) She soaps her body too much.

sound:
(N) Light travels fester then sound.
(V) Empty vessel sounds much.

stage:
(N) The stage is well decorated.
(V) They staged a drama.

stand:
(N) You should keep your cycle in the stand.
(V) He stands first in the class.

start:
(N) He has a good start.
(V) He started a new business.

step:
(N) You should climb up the steps carefully.
(V) He stepped forward successfully.

study:
(N) He went for higher study.
(V) You should study everyday in time.

tax:
(N) I have paid my income tax.
(V) The government taxes the people heavily.

taste:
(N) The taste of the Suit is sweet.
(V) Quinine tastes bitter.

thunder:
(N) The thunder was dangerous.
(V) The lady thundered into my room.

touch:
(N) The touch is terrible.
(V) Don’t touch me.

trouble:
(N) He has faced a lot of troubles.
(V) He troubled me at school

twitter:
(N) Have you hear a bird twitter?
(V) The birds twitter in the tree.

The Hour of Truth Summary in English

Section – 1
Pre – reading Activity:
1. There is a saying, ’’Honesty is its own reward”. Honesty is the lack of opportunity” goes another saying. What would you say so that ?
2. What does the title “The Hour ofTruth” suggest to you? Can you guess from the title what the play may be about?

Focusing Questions:
As you read the play, ask yourself:
What is the true test of one’s honesty and truthfulness ?
How would you tell the truly honest from the seemingly honest persons ?

Introducing the writer:
Percival Wilde (Bom 1887) is a popular American writer of short stories, mystery novels and plays. “The Hour ofTruth”, a powerful one-act play on the corrupting influence of money on people is taken from a volume ofhis short plays title “A Question of Morality and other plays”.

Characters:
Robert Baldwin Martha, his wife John, his son Evil, his daughter Mrs. Marshall

GIST:
Paragraphs: 1-3
It is a rather hot and sultry Sunday after – noon and the sun overhead and the baked clay under foot are merciless. In the distance, lowering clouds give promise of coming relief. And at the parlour window of a trim cottage the Baldwin family is anxiously awaiting the return of its head. John, the son an average young man of twenty seven is smoking a pipe as philosophically as if this day were no while more momentous that any other.

But his mother had made little progress in the last half-hour and Evil, his sister, take no pains to conceal her nervousness. There is a tense pause. It seems as if none of them liked to break the silence. For the tenth time in ten minutes. Evil goes to the window and looks out along the sultry road.

GIST:
Paragraphs: 4-20
Martha opens the dialogue saying that it is time he was home. Evil affirms to it. Martha again says that the hopes he has forgotten his umbrella which he always does. It is likely to rain. Without waiting for any answer, she goes to the window and looks out anxiously. The sky is dark, there is a flash of lightening. John rises slowly. He moves to a centre table and knocks the ashes out of his pipe. His mother shouts to John to run into his fathers room and see that the windows are closed.

Evil asks her mother of Mr. Gresham, has done anything wrong. He has been arrested and will be tried the next day. Evil enquires why he is in need of father. Her mother replies that it is because father will have to give evidence. Evil says that her father is going to give evidence against Mr. Gresham, why then does he want to see father. Mother says she does not know anything about the matter as father doesn’t say much about his business aflairs.The matter is about the wrecking of the bank.

GIST:
Paragraphs: 21-53
The bankers have not been fair to him because he has been working under Gresham’s orders Martha says that her husband has ever done any wrong in life. John enters through the discussion. Martha asks if the windows were open. He says he has closed them. He asks what has Mr. Gresham have to do with father. Martha replies she doesn’t know. Asked whether she has asked him about it, she says she has but he has never replied. John says that he has asked the assistant cashier the day before he says that nobody has any idea that there was anything wrong until the crash came.

Donovan, the assistant cashier had been there for eight years. He thought he was taken care of for the rest of his life. He had got married on the strength of it. One morning there was a sign up on the door and it was like a bolt out of a clear sky. Father was closer to Gresham than any one else. That puts him in a nice-position. John says that father is the only witness against John Gresham. He says and will say the only truth.

Analytical Outlines

• It is a rather hot and sultry Sunday after-noon.
• The sun is everhead.
• The baked clay under fort are merciless. .
• In the distance, lowering clouds give promise of coming relief
• The Baldwin family lives in a trim little cottage.
• It is at the parlour window.
• The family is anxiously awaiting the return of its head.
• John is the son of Robert Baldwin.
• He is an average young man.
• He is twenty seven.
• He is smoking a pipe.
• He is doing it philosophically.
• As if this day were no while more momentous that any other.
• But his mother has made little programme in the 1st half hour.
• Evil is his sister.
• She takes no pains to cancel her nervousness.
• There is a tense pause.
• It seems as if none of them likes to break the silence.
• It is for the tenth time in ten minutes.
• Evil goes to the window.
• She looks out long the sultry road.
• Martha opens the dialogue.
• She says that it is time he was home.
• Evie affirms to it.
• Martha says he has forgotten his umbrella.
• He always forgets his umbrella.
• It is likely to rain.
• She goes to the window.
• She looks anxiously.
• The sky is dark.
• There is a flash of lightening.
• John rises slowly.
• He moves to a centre table.
• He knocks the ashes out of his pipe.
• His mother turns to him.
• Mother shouts to John to run into his father’s room.
• She tells him to see that the windows are closed.
• Evie asks her mother if Mr. Gresham has done anything wrong.
• He has been arrested.
• He will be tried the next day.
• Evie enquires why he is need of father.
• Her mother replies about the reason.
• His father will have to give evidence.
• Evie says that her father is going to give evidence against Mr. Gresham
• Why than does he want to see father?
• Mother says she does not know anything about it.
• The mother does not say much about his business affairs.
• The matter is about the wrecking of the bank.
• The bankers, have not been fair to him.
• Because he has been working under Gresham’s orders.
• Martha says that her husband her ever done any wrong on life.
• John enters through in the discussion.
• Martha asks if the windows were open.
• He says he has closed them.
• He asks what has Mr. Gresham have to do with father.
• Martha replies she doesn’t know.
• He asks what has Mr. Gresham have to do with father.
• She replies positively.
• But he has never replied anything.
• John says that nobody has any idea about it.
• He says that nobody has any idea about it.
• Actually, there was anything wrong.
• Donovan, the assistant cashier had been there for eight years.
• He thought he was taken care of for the rest of his life.
• He had got married on the strength of it.
• One morning, there was a sign up on the door.
• It was like a bolt out of a clear sky.
• Father was closer to Gresham than any one else.
• That puts him in a nice position.
• John says that father is the only witness against Mr. Gresham.
• He says he will say the only truth.

Meaning Of Difficult Words
Sultry – hot and oppressive
momentous – very important
wrecking – ruin, collapse
indicated – accused officially, or legally a bolt out of
the clear sky – a quite unexpected danger
governor – (informal) father
pegging along – doing a work determinedly
reward – prize, gift
merciless – unkind, cruel, unsympathetic
anxiously – eagerly worriedly
coceal – hidden
pause – halt, coming to a standstill
nod – move ones’ head to consent or deny
evidence – proof, substantial document to prove something
conteirçtuously – hatefull,ç derisively
ratbertimidly – ratherlikeacoward
make for the door – go about quickly to the door.

Section – II

Gist:
Paragraphs: 54-77
John, Mr. Baldwin and Martha enter. Evie also comes. John asks his father that it is time he told something to them. John says that people have been talking about his father a lot. His father interrogates what it is. John says it is all rotten which cannot be contradicted. Baldwin asks the reason why and John replies it is because he does not know anything about what people talk about Baldwin asks if he does not know his father. Baldwin says the he has told Mr. Gresham to make good and even the best he can and the first step is to close the bank.

which he did not want do to. Martha says that he has done that. Baldwin replies he has made him do it, meanwhile. Baldwin says all will be clear the next day. The trial begins in twenty four hours. He is the only witness against him. John seving his skin wants him to perjure himself Baldwin says that it will not be he tells all what he knows John Gresham will go to gaol. No power on earth can save him from it. But he wants Baldwin to forget the essential things when questioned. Baldwin has to say that he does not remember which escape punishment.

Gist:
Paragraphs 78-90
John says it will be a lie. Martha quivers in indignation and says how does he says such a thing. Evie asks what her father has said Baldwin interrogates what John should have said in this context. He says that he should have told him to go to the devil. Baldwin says he has not said such words because he is too old a friend of his to tell such things.

Evie asks what Gresham he replied to her father, Gresham is not surprised to have heard this. “Had it been any body else”, says Baldwin. “ I would have stuck him across the free.” But Gresham and he were boys together. They worked side by side. He is desperate have offered him money. John gets angry and says he has offered money.

Gist:
Paragraphs: 91-135
Baldwin and Gresham have worked together. He has been loyal to him but when Gresham ceases to be an honest man, he wishes to part company. He wants to go to, his grave clean. He rises and goes to the window and looks out. John asks what Gresham has offered him for that. Baldwin says that it is hundred thousand dollars.

He put aside Baldwin without anybody knowing it. It is out of his private fortune; it is not the depositors money John and Evie express surprise at such money Gresham unlocked a drawer and showed him the money. John asks whether it is in cash. It is in a thousand dollar bills which he evamined to be genuine.

Gist:
Paragraphs: 111-120
Evie says slowly that he assures to give such a huge amount only to say, “I don’t remember” only for three words.” John says that he won’t have done that. These three words would have chocked him he tried to speak them, which for some other man would have been easy. When Gresham offered him money Baldwin was angty, but when he rejected ifthe former did not show any surprise. It was perhaps a compliments. John says it is an expensive compliment. It is a compliment which costs a hundred thousand dollars. He hasn’t ever had so much money in his life to spend says Baldwin.

Analytical Outlines

• John, Mr. Baldwin and Martha enter.
• Evie also comes
• John asks his father to tell them something.
• It is the proper time to tell that.
• John says that people have been talking about him a lot.
• His father interrogates what it is.
• John says it is all rotten.
• It cannot be contradicted.
• Baldwin wants to know the reason.
• John says that he does not know about it.
• He does not know what the people talk about.
• Baldwin asks if he does not know his father.
• Baldwin says that he has told Mr. Gresham to make the best he can.
• The first step is to close the bank.
• But he did not want to do that.
• Martha says that he has done that.
• Baldwin replies he has made him to it.
• He was angry.
• Evil tells that the papers do not say that.
• Baldwin replies it is not necessary to tell them.
• Martha says that he let his name rest under a cloud mean while.
• Baldwin says all will be clear the next day.
• The trial begins.
• John indignantly says something then.
• He wants his father lie for saving his skin.
• He wants him to perjure himself.
• Baldwin says that it will be not necessary.
• If Baldwin says what he know.
• Then Gresham will certainly go to gaol.
• No power on earth can save him from it.
• But he wants Baldwin to forget the essential things
• He will do it when questioned.
• Baldwin has to say that he does not remember.
• So that it cannot be proved.
• It will help Gresham escape punishment.
• John says it will be a lie.
• Martha quivers in indignation.
• She says how dares he says such a thing.
• Evie asks what her father has said.
• Baldwin interrogates what John should have said in this context.
• He says that he should have to tell him to go to the devil.
• Baldwin says he has not said such words.
• Because he is too old a friend of his to tell such things.
• Evie asks what Gresham has replied to her father.
• “Had it been anybody else” says Baldwin “ I would have struck him across the free”.
• But Gresham and he were boys together.
• They worked side by side.
• He is desperate.
• He doesn’t know what he is doing.
• Or he wouldn’t have offered him money.
• John gets angry.
• He says he has offered money.
• Baldwin and Gresham have worked together.
• He has been loyal to him.
• But Gresham ceases to go to his grave clean.
• He rises and goes to the window and looks out.
• John asks what Gresham has offered him for that.
• Baldwin says that it is a hundred thousand dollar.
• He puts aside Baldwin without any body knowing it.
• It is out of his private fortune.
• It is not the depositor’s money.
• John and Evie express surprise at such money.
• Gresham unlocked a drawer.
• He showed him the money.
• John asks whether it is in cash.
• It is in a thousand dollar bills.
• He examined it to be genuine.
• Evie says about it slowly.
• She says that he assures to give such a large amount.
• It is only to say, “I don’t remember”.
• She exchanged that it was only for those three words.
• John says that he won’t have done that.
• Those three words would have chocked him.
• He tried to speak them.
• For some other man would have been easy.
• Baldwin became angry by that offer.
• But he rejected this offer.
• Gresham didn’t show any surprise.
• It was perhaps a compliment.
• John says it is an expensive compliment.
• It is a compliment costing hundred thousand dollars.
• Baldwin says that he hasn’t ever had so much money in his life to spend.

Meaning Of Difficult Words
smashup – crash
make good – repair the damage .
under a cloud – under a suspicion
peijure – lie underoath
whiphad – control
Bully for you, Dad – John does not think that what his fàther has done is a great achievement or something very exciting.
mincing matter – cover up an unpleasant statement in delicate or nice words.
heggle – argue, bargain
third national – Third National Bank supervising and controlling private Bank in America.
contradict – say something contrary to what has been said before.
intently – with considerable concentration.
quivering – shaking, shuddering, trembling
indignation – excessive anger and exasperation
furious – very angry and violent
hypnotised – mermarized, under a great spell
annzement – astonishment, surprise, wonder
emphatically – with considerable stress or emphasis
internipting – interfering; intervening
insistently – giving stress, repeatedly

Section – III

Pre-reading Activity:
In Section -1, we gather the discussion among Robert Baldwin’s wife, son and daughter about his unflinching commitment to honesty which they are all so proud of.
In Section – II, Baldwin gives a good account of him self in rejecting Gresham’s offer of a huge amount of money as bride in return for a safe lie in his favour.
So what do you think is going to happen next?

Do you think:
(a) The members of Baldwin’s Bank family will support his action.
(b) Baldwin will succumb to temptation and accept and accept the bride on second thought.
(c) Baldwin will be rewarded for his honesty. Now, read on and see which ofyour guess isright.

Gist:
Paragraphs: 136 -160
John says that Gresham is perhaps going to be punished and his father says, “Yes”. He asks what the reason for his being punished. He replies it is his misappropriating money. John says he knows that and asks what crime he has made. Baldwin says that it is a crime. John says that nobody is less by it and he is going to be punished for this petty matter. John and Evie imitate their father for becoming ready to give witness against Gresham, in the court. Baldwin gets puzzled. John says that it will be a nasty place if Gresham is put on goal with his son named after him (His son’s and Gresham’s name is John).

Gist:
Paragraphs: 161 -190
Martha asks her husband what he is going to do for Gresham the next day. Baldwin replies that he is going to say the three words “I don’t remember” It does not seem right to send an old friend to gab says Martha. It will be sad very sad if the name of John Gresham (their son’s name) should come to grief through her husband Mr. Baldwin says Martha and her children. Baldwin retorts that they were telling him to accept bribe then. Evie says why father should consider it as bribe money.

Gist:
Paragraphs: 191 – 230
Baldwin says that a hundred thousand represents no difference between what he had paid him and what he had actually been worth to him Evie says if John Gresham is put to jail, what will people say, Baldwin says he will reply that he has done his duty. Evie says that same people call him a traitor to his friend. She also says that when they find out that they have not lost any money when John Gresham tells them that he will pay back every cent then they won’t want him to go gaol. Baldwin says he believes so.

John says that they won’t feel too kindly disposed towards the man who will say that Robert Baldwin has gone back on his old friend. Evie says that Gresham has not done anything wrong. John is an opinion that its a technique is what it is nobody loses a cent and nobody wants to see him punished except father. John attacks his father’s morality saying that he is going to send a man to gaol whose name his son’s name has been given. Martha says that Robert should be rather merciful. Mr. Gresham has always been good to him. Baldwin has been out of work since the bank closed. Baldwin says he will have to get another job.

But Martha says how he will be able to get it such an age. Baldwin replies that it is man which is important not age. Martha taunts him saying that he has said it. John says he has heart it from Donovan he has gone with the Third National and they would not take Baldwin on there. Baldwin tells that their staff is full and he won’t be taken on even as a clerk John informs that Mr. Marshall says he won’t employ a man who is just as guilty as John Gresham.

Gist:
Paragraphs: 231 – 260
Baldwin says that he is not at all guilty. John retorts who will believe it. He will find that against himself wherever he goes. His testifying against John Gresham won’t make thing better, if Baldwin ever gets a job, it will be with Gresham. This is a starting idea to Baldwin who shows his surprise. If Gresham doesn’t go to gaol, he will start in business again and he can’t offer him (Baldwin) anything less than a partnership which can be made with the hundred thousand capital.

John continues, not only that, he will owe him (Baldwin) quite a debt of gratitude. Martha says that a hundred thousand will mean a great deal to their family. If he foils to find him a job, John will have to support without John expresses awe and says not to bother for him. Baldwin gets disturbed and shouts “you want me to take this money”. He asks at least one of them must say either ‘yes’ or ‘no’ and he declares that he won’t enter into any partnership with gresham John replies that he should then go into partnership with another and this also needs money for which a hundred thousand is not a small sum.

However, Baldwin is confused and mentally disturbed. He tells himself if he takes tjie money he does a dishonourable thing. He said to John that they four at least should be honest with one another. His glance travels from John to Evie whose head as bowed; from her to his wife who is apparently busy knitting. He raises Martha’s head and looks into her eyes. Martha says that it is not wrong. John repeats the same sum of money.

Gist:
Paragraphs: 261 – 282
John says why Baldwin has refused the money. Whether it has been lost we should say something unfair about it. Baldwin says positively. John assures that nobody except the four will ever know it. John sees someonr coming and says it looks like Mr. Marshall. The door bell rings. He goes to a window commanding a view of the door way. Evie goes to open the door. Martha wins Mr. Baldwin to be careful of what he says Mr. Marshall enters the house buoyantly.

He shakes hand with Mrs. Baldwin and talks to them. Mrs. Baldwin and Evie leave Mr. Marshall says to Mr. Baldwin not to go on his account. He declares if Mr. Baldwin feels like coming around to the Third National sometime that week, he will find a position waiting for him. Baldwin was thunder struck at the news. Mr. Marshall says seriously that he has been to see Gresham that afternoon. Gresham tells him about the offer he has made to Baldwin.

But he has known that no amount of money will make Baldwin do something he thought wrong. He had paid Baldwin the supreme compliment rather than go to trial with him to testify against him, he has made he has confused, Baldwin sinks into a chair and gets astonished at Gresham’s confusion. Marshall says that he has said the whole story Martha seizing his hand piteously says “Cant’ you see his crying”?

Analytical Outlines

• John says that Gresham is perhaps, going to be punished.
• His father says positively.
• He asks what the reason of his being punished us.
• He replies it is his misappropriating money.
• John says he knows that.
• He asks what crime he has made.
• Baldwin says that it is a crime.
• John says that nobody loss by it.
• He is going to be punished for this petty matter.
• John and Evie irritate their father.
• Because their father is ready to give witness against Gresham on the court.
• Baldwin gets puzzled.
• John says that it will be nasty place.
• Gresham will be put in gaol with his son.
• Martha asks her husband what he is going to do for Gresham the next day.
• Baldwin replies that he is going to say the three words.
• It is “I don’t remember”.
• It does not seem right to send an old friend to gaol says Martha.
• It will be sad very sad if the name of John Gresham should come to grief through her husband.
• Mr. Baldwin says that Martha and his children retorts that they are telling him to accept bribe then.
• Evie says why father should consider it is bride money.
• Baldwin says that a hundred thousand represents no difference between what he had paid him
• What he had actually been worth to him.
• Evie says if John Gresham is put to gaol what will people say.
• Baldwin says he will reply that he has done his duty.
• Evie says that some people call him a traitor to his friend.
• She also says when they find out that they have not any money.
• When John Gresham tells them.that he will pay back every out them
• They won’t want him to go to gaol.
• Baldwin says he believes so.
• John says that they won’t feel too kindly disposed towards the man.
• It is for the man who helps to put him in gaol.
• Martha says that they will say the Robert Baldwin has gone back on his old friend.
• Evie says that Gresham has not done anything wrong.
• John is ofthe opinion that it is a technicality.
• Nobody loses a cent.
• Nobody wants his father’s morality.
• But they say that he is going to send a man to gaol.
• He is going to send a man after whose name his son’s name has been given.
• Martha says that Robert should be rather merciful.
• Mr. Gresham has always been good to him.
• Baldwin has been out of work since the bank closed.
• Baldwin says he will have to get another job.
• But Martha says how he will be able to get it at such an age.
• Baldwin replies that it is man which is important not age.
• Martha taunts him saying that he has said it.
• John says he has heard it from Donovan.
• He has gone with the Third national.
• They would not take Baldwin on there.
• Baldwin tells that their staff is full.
• He won’t be taken as even as a clerk.
• John informs that Mr. Marshall says he would not employ a man like him
• He is just as guilty as John Gresham
• Baldwin says he is not at all guilty.
• John retorts who will believe it.
• He will find that against himselfwherever he goes.
• His testifying against John Gresham won’t make things better.
• It Baldwin even gets a job, it will be with gresham
• This is a starting idea to Baldwin.
• If Gresham doesn’t go it gaol, he will start in business again.
• He only offers Baldwin a partnership of hundred thousand capital.
• John continues that he will also own his father quite a debt of gratitude.
• Martha says that a hundred thousand will mean a great deal to their family.
• If he fails to find him a job, John will have to support with that.
• So, John expresses awe.
• He says not to bother for him.
• Baldwin is confused.
• He is mentally disturbed.
• He tells himself that if he takes the money.
• He does a dishonourable thing.
• He said John that they four at least should be honest with one another.
• His glance travels from John to Evie.
• Her head is bowed.
• His wife is busy in knitting.
• He raises her head and looks into her eyes.
• Martha says that it is not wrong.
• Johnrepeats the same sumofmoney.
• John said why Baldwin has refused the money.
• Whether it has been lost we should say something unfair about it.
• Baldwin says positively.
• John assures that nobody except the four will ever know it.
• John sees someone coming.
• He says it looks like Mr. Marshall.
• The door bell rings.
• He goes to a window commanding a view of the door way.
• Evie goes to open the door.
• Martha warns her husband to be careful about his talking.
• Mr. Marshall enters the house buoyantly.
• He shakes hand with Mrs. Baldwin.
• Mrs. Baldwin and Evie leave the room.
• Mr. Marshall says to Mr. Baldwin not to go to his account.
• He declares ifMr. Baldwin feels like coming around to the ThirdNational sometime that week,
• He will find a position waiting for him.
• Baldwin was thunder struck at the news.
• Mr. Marshall says seriously that he has been to see Gresham that afternoon.
• Gresham tells him about the offer he has made to Baldwin.
• But he has known something.
• No amount of money will make Baldwin to something he thought wrong.
• He has paid Baldwin the supreme compliment.
• Rather than go to trial with him to testify against him he has made, he has confessed.
• Baldwin sinks into a chair.
• He gets astonished at Gresham’s confession.
• Marshall says that he has said the whole story.
• Martha seizes his hand piteously.
• She says, “Can’t you see he’s crying?”

Odisha State Board CHSE Odisha Class 12 Math Solutions Chapter 12 Vectors Ex 12(a) Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

CHSE Odisha Class 12 Math Solutions Chapter 12 Vectors Exercise 12(a)

Question 1.
Each question given below has four possible answers out of which only one is correct. Choose the correct one.
(i) \(\vec{a}\) = î + 2ĵ + k̂, \(\vec{b}\) = 2î – 2ĵ + 2k̂ and \(\vec{c}\) = -î + 2 ĵ + k̂ then
(a) \(\vec{a}\) and \(\vec{b}\) have the same direction
(b) \(\vec{a}\) and \(\vec{c}\) have opposite directions.
(c) \(\vec{b}\) and \(\vec{c}\) have opposite directions
(d) no pair of vectors have same direction
Solution:
(d) no pair of vectors have same direction

(ii) If the vectors \(\vec{a}\) = 2î + 3ĵ – 6k̂ and \(\vec{b}\) = -α î – ĵ + 2k̂ are parallel, then α = ______.
(a) 2
(b) \(\frac{2}{3}\)
(c) –\(\frac{2}{3}\)
(d) \(\frac{1}{3}\)
Solution:
(c) –\(\frac{2}{3}\)

(iii) If the position vectors of two points A and B are 3î + k̂, and 2î + ĵ – k̂, then the vector \(\overrightarrow{BA}\) is
(a) -î + ĵ – 2k̂
(b) î + ĵ
(c) î – ĵ + 2k̂
(d) î – ĵ – 2k̂
Solution:
(c) î – ĵ + 2k̂

(iv) If \(|k \vec{a}|\) = 1, then
(a) \(\vec{a}=\frac{1}{k}\)
(b) \(\vec{a}=\frac{1}{|k|}\)
(c) \(k=\frac{1}{|\vec{a}|}\)
(d) \(k=\frac{+1}{|\vec{a}|}\)
Solution:
(d) \(k=\frac{+1}{|\vec{a}|}\)

(v) The direction cosines of the vectors \(\overrightarrow{PQ}\) where \(\overrightarrow{OP}\) = (1, 0, -2) and \(\overrightarrow{OQ}\) = (3, -2, 0) are
(a) 2, -2, 2
(b) 4, -2, -2
(c) \(\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}},-\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}, \frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}\)
(d) \(\frac{2}{\sqrt{6}},-\frac{1}{\sqrt{6}},-\frac{1}{\sqrt{6}}\)
Solution:
(c) \(\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}},-\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}, \frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}\)

Question 2.
Rectify the mistakes, if any
(i) \(\vec{a}-\vec{a}\) = 0
Solution:
\(\overrightarrow{0}\)

(ii) The vector \(\overrightarrow{0}\) has unique direction.
Solution:
indefinite direction

(iii) All unit vectors are equal.
Solution:
equal magnitude

(iv) \(|\vec{a}|=|\vec{b}| \Rightarrow \vec{a}=\vec{b}\)
Solution:
\(\vec{a}=\vec{b} \Rightarrow|\vec{a}|=|\vec{b}|\)

(v) Subtraction of vectors is not commutative.
Solution:
true

Question 3.
(i) If \(\vec{a}\) = (2, 1), \(\vec{b}\) = (-1, 0), find \(3 \vec{a}+2 \vec{b}\).
Solution:
\(3 \vec{a}+2 \vec{b}\) = 3 (2, 1) + 2 (-1, 0)
= (6 – 2, 3 + 0)
= (4, 3 )

(ii) If \(\vec{a}\) = (1, 1, 1) , \(\vec{b}\) = (-1, 3, 0) and \(\vec{c}\) =(2, 0, 2), find \(\vec{a}+2 \vec{b}-\frac{1}{2} \vec{c}\).
Solution:
\(\vec{a}+2 \vec{b}-\frac{1}{2} \vec{c}\)
= (1, 1, 1) + 2 (-1, 3, 0) – \(\frac{1}{2}\)(2, 0, 2)
= (1 – 2 – 1, 1 + 6 – 0, 1 + 0 – 1)
= (-2, 7, 0)

Question 4.
If A, B, C and D are the vertices of a square, find \(\overrightarrow{AB}+\overrightarrow{BC}+\overrightarrow{CD}+\overrightarrow{DA}\).
Solution:
Let ABCD be a square.

Question 5.
The given points A, B, C are the vertices of a triangle. Determine the vectors \(\overrightarrow{A B}, \overrightarrow{B C} \text { and } \overrightarrow{C A}\) and the lengths of these vectors in the following cases.
(i) A (4, 5, 5), B (3, 3, 3), C (1, 2, 5)
Solution:

(ii) A (8, 6, 1), B (2, 0, 1), C (-4, 0, -5)
Solution:

Question 6.
Find the vector from origin to the midpoint of the vector \(\overrightarrow{{P}_1 {P}_2}\) joining the points P₁(4, 3) and P₂(8, -5).
Solution:
P₁ = (4, 3) and P₂ = (8, -5)
If P is the mid-point of P₁P₂ then P = (6, -1).
Position vector of P = \(\overrightarrow{{OP}}\) = 6î – ĵ

Question 7.
Find the vectors from the origin to the points of trisection the vector \(\overrightarrow{{P}_1 {P}_2}\) joining P₁ (-4, 3) and P₂ (5, -12).
Solution:

Question 8.
Find the vector from the origin to the intersection of the medians of the triangle whose vertices are A (5, 2, 1), B(-4, 7, 0) and C (5, -3, 5).
Solution:

Question 9.
Prove that the sum of all the vectors drawn from the centre of a regular octagon to its vertices is the null vector.
Solution:

Question 10.
Prove that the sum of the vectors represented by the sides of a closed polygon taken in order is a zero vector.
Solution:
Consider a closed polygon ABCDEFA.

Question 11.
(a) Prove that:
(i) \(|\overrightarrow{a}+\overrightarrow{{b}}| \leq|\overrightarrow{a}|+|\overrightarrow{b}|\)
State when the equality will hold;
Solution:

(ii) \(|\overrightarrow{a}-\overrightarrow{b}| \geq|\overrightarrow{a}|-|\overrightarrow{b}|\)
Solution:

(b) What is the geometrical significance of the relation \(|\overrightarrow{a}+\overrightarrow{b}|=|\overrightarrow{a}-\overrightarrow{b}|\)?
Solution:

Question 12.
Find the magnitude of the vector \(\overrightarrow{PQ}\), its scalar components and the component vectors along the coordinate axes, if P and Q have the coordinates.
(i) P (-1, 3), Q (1, 2)
Solution:

(ii) P (-1, -2), Q (-5, -6)
Solution:

(iii) P (1, 4, -3), Q (2, -2, -1).
Solution:

Question 13.
In each of the following find the vector \(\overrightarrow{PQ}\), its magnitude and direction cosines, if P and Q have co-ordinates.
(i) P (2, -1, -1), Q (-1, -3, 2);
Solution:

(ii) P (3, -1, 7), Q (4, -3, -1).
Solution:

Question 14.
If \(\vec{a}\) = (2, -2, 1), \(\vec{b}\) = (2, 3, 6) and \(\vec{c}\) = (-1, 0, 2), find the magnitude and direction of
\(\vec{a}-\vec{b}+2 \vec{c}\).
Solution:

Question 15.
Determine the unit vector having the direction of the given vector in each of the following problems:
(i) 5î – 12ĵ
Solution:

(ii) 2î + ĵ
Solution:

(iii) 3î + 6ĵ – k̂
Solution:

(iv) 3î + ĵ – 2k̂
Solution:

Question 16.
Find the unit vector in the direction of the vector \(\overrightarrow{r_1}-\overrightarrow{r_2}\), where \(\vec{r}_1\) = î + 2ĵ + k̂ and \(\vec{r}_2\) = 3î + ĵ – 5k̂.
Solution:

Question 17.
Find the unit vector parallel to the sum of the vectors \(\vec{a}\) = 2î + 4ĵ – 5k̂ and \(\vec{b}\) = î + 2ĵ + 3k̂. Also find its direction cosines.
Solution:

Question 18.
If the sum of two unit vectors is a unit vector, show that the magnitude of their difference is √3.
Solution:

Question 19.
The position vectors of the points A, B, C and D are 4î + 3ĵ – k̂, 5î + 2ĵ + 2k̂, 2î – 2ĵ – 3k̂ and 4î – 4ĵ + 3k̂ respectively. Show that AB and CD are parallel.
Solution:
Given that the
position vector of A = 4î + 3ĵ – k̂
position vector of B = 5î + 2ĵ + 2k̂
position vector of C = 2î – 2ĵ – 3k̂
position vector of D = 4î – 4ĵ + 3k̂

Question 20.
In each of the following problems, show by vector method that the given points are collinear.
(i) A (2, 6, 3), B (1, 2, 7) and C (3, 10, -1)
Solution:
Given that A = (2, 6, 3), B = (1, 2, 7) and C = (3, 10, -1)
Then

(ii) P (2, -1, 3), Q (3, -5, 1) and R (-1, 11, 9).
Solution:
Given that P = (2, -1, 3) Q = (3, -5, 1) and R = (-1, 11, 9)

Hence the points P, Q, R are collinear. (Proved)

Question 21.
Prove that the vectors 2î – ĵ + k̂, î – 3ĵ – 5k̂, 3î – 4ĵ – 4k̂ are the sides of a right angled triangle.
Solution:
Let A, B and C be the points whose position vectors are 2î – ĵ – k̂, î – 3ĵ – 5k̂ and 3î – 4ĵ – 4k̂ respectively.

Question 22.
Prove by vector method that:
(a) the medians of a triangle are concurrent;
Solution:

The symmetry of the result shows that the point G also lies on the other two medians.
Hence the medians are concurrent. (Proved)

(b) the diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each other;
Solution:

(c) the line segment joining the midpoints of two sides of a triangle is parallel to the third and half of it;
Solution:

(d) the lines joining the midpoints of consecutive sides of a quadrilateral is a parallelogram;
Solution:

⇒ SR = PQ and SR || PQ
Hence PQRS is a parallelogram.
(Proved)

(e) in any triangle ABC, the point P being on the side \(\overrightarrow{B C} \text {; if } \overrightarrow{P Q}\) is the resultant of the vectors \(\overrightarrow{A P}, \overrightarrow{P B}\) and \(\overrightarrow{P C}\) then ABQC is a parallelogram;
Solution:

Hence ABQC is parallelogram. (Proved)

(f) In a parallelogram, the line joining a vertex to the midpoint of an opposite side trisects the other diagonal.
Solution:

⇒ P divides BD into the ratio 1 : 2.
Similarly we can show that Q divides BD into the ratio 2 : 1.
Hence P, Q are the points of trisection of the diagonal BD. (Proved)

Odisha State Board CHSE Odisha Class 12 Approaches to English Book 2 Solutions Short Stories Chapter 1 The Happy Man Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

CHSE Odisha 12th Class Alternative English Solutions Short Stories Chapter 1 The Happy Man

Section-I

Questions For Discussion

Question 1.
Why was the narrator always hesitant to give advice?
Answer:
The narrator has always hesitated to give advice because how can one advise another how to act unless one knows that other is as well as one knows oneself?

Question 2.
“Each of us is a prisoner in a solitary town How does this statement reflect on human life?
Answer:
Everybody is in shackles. Man is not free. All human beings are like creatures in bondage and he is unable to take any independent decisions.

Question 3.
Does the paragraph logically lead to the story? Where do you find the connection?
Answer:
Yes, the paragraph is logically connected which leads to the story, “Life in a difficult ‘ business…provides the clue.

Question 4.
Why did Stephens meet the narrator? What made him do so?
Answer:
Stephens had come to meet the narrator of the story to know whether any English doctor has worked in Spain. He did so because the narrator had written a book on that.

Question 5.
What impression do you form about Stephens from his account of life at Camberwell? Is he happy with it?
Answer:
Stephens was a doctor who had been brought up by two old aunts. He was poor and had been married six years ago. He had no children.

Question 6.
Why does he want to go to Spain?
Answer:
There was no English doctor in Spain and the present lifestyle which he did not relish made him want to go to Spain.

Question 7.
Would you call him a romantic? Give reasons for our Answers
Answer:
Themainwasromantic who gave more emphasis on emotion without thinking about the fixture.

Question 8.
What does the narrator suggest to Stephens finally?
Answer:
The narrator finally suggested Stephensifhe did not want money and was content to earn just enough to keep body and soul together, he should go. Because he would lead a wonderful life.

Vocabulary
Derive adjectives from the following:

wonder	Spain
habit	absence
hesitate	confidence
emotion	thought
occasion	book
difficulty	silence
satisfaction	apology
quickly	laugh
practice	preciously
feet	marriage
mind	force
knowledge	face
information	hair
	money

Answer:
Words – AdjectiveForms
wonder – wonderful
habit – habitual
hesitate – hesitant
emotion – emotional
occasion – occasional
difficulty – difficult
satisfaction – satisfactory
quickly – quick
practice – practical
feet – factual
mind – mental
knowledge – knowledgeable
information – informative
thought – thoughtful
book – bookish
Spain – Spanish
silence – silent
absence – absent
confidence – confident
apology – apologetic
laugh – laughable
preciously – precise
marriage – marital
force – forcible
face – facial
hair – hairy
money – monetary

Section -II

Questions For Discussion

Question 1.
What change in place and time do you find in this section of the story?
Answer:
There is a change in place and time in this section of the story. The doctor has shifted to Spain and the time gap is around fifteen years.

Question 2.
Why does Stephens refuse to accept fees from the narrator? Do his words acknowledge his gratitude for the right suggestion of the narrator given to him years ago?
Answer:
Stephens refused to accept fees from the narrator as a token gesture of gratitude for the right suggestion the narrator had given to him a year ago.

Question 3.
What impression would you get about Stephens from his changed appearance
Spain?
Answer:
The changed appearance of Stephen in Spain suggests that he has become fit and bold. There is a sea change in his physical body politics.

Question 4.
In which context does Stephens say, “life is full of compensation’? What light does it draw on his character?
Answer:
When the narrator asked that he was married Stephens expressed his sorrow to say about his wife who did not like Spain and went back to Camberwell where she felt homely. He said, ’’Life is full of comprehension. This makes clear that Stephens had accepted the gains and losses of life.

Question 5.
Does the concluding passage reveal an attitude toward life? What kind of attitude
would you call it?
Answer:
The concluding passage of the story reveals an attitude toward life. It tells the man to earn just enough money to keep body and soul together.

Question 6.
Where does happiness lie in the word of the protagonist?
Answer:
According to the protagonist, happiness lies in earning just enough money to keep the body and soul together, and in enjoying life being poor.

Question 7.
Does the narrator favor a life of emancipation from conventionalities and stereotypes?
Answer:
The narrator favors a life of emancipation from the conventionalities and stereotypes of life warranting man together self and riches. But the narrator tells that one can enjoy life being poor.

Question 8.
Which one of the following do you find in Stephens that most appropriately
characterize him?
(a) a cynical attitude
(b) a pleasure-loving temperament
(c) morbidity born of frustrations
(d) A quest for freedom from conventions
Answer:
(d)Aquest for freedom from conventions

Question 9.
Can you guess what could happen if his wife had not deserted him?
Answer:
He could not have been free to go to Spain.

Question 10.
Can you call him “TheHappyMan”? Give reasons for your answer.
Answer:
He is “The Happy Man” because he is quite free and he enjoys life even in being poor. He does not run after money.

Questions For Composition

Question 1.
…………………. but by heaven I’ve enjoyed myself. I could not exchange the life I have had with that of any kind in the world”. Make a critical estimate ofStephensin the light of the given statement.
Answer:
The short story’s happy man” is written by William Somerset Maugham, an eminent and outstanding storyteller. He has written more than 100 stories. However, his stories express a realistic portrait of the degenerated society given to selfish pleasure and hedonism with no respect for human values or scruples encompasses a large area of human experience. In this light, Maugham’s story is superb and fantastic. It is really, the most typical story fall is a collection. However, the present story reveals that Stephens may not embody the essentials and philosophy of a happy man in a metaphysical sense, but projects undoubtedly a new vision and perspective.

What we notice is intimist spiritual attainment, but an abandonment of took-for-granted life and relationship in favor of a life of sunshine, color, and mirth. In him is there a quest for freedom and the pursuit of bohemian life. Maugham seems to provide a new pattern and direction to life through his protagonist. Yet the undertone of irony is apparent to the discerning reader. However, Stephens, following the suggestions of the narrator decided to stay in Spain. He went there at last. His wife did not back to Camberwell where she was even more Homely. But he enjoyed his work in Spain. He was very fat and bold. But his eyes twinkled gaily and his fleshy, red face bore an expression of perfect good humor.

The clothes he wore were terribly shabby. He earned just enough money to keep his body and soul together, but he should lead a wonderful life. Poor has he been and poor shall he always be, but by heaven, he has enjoyed himself. He says emphatically that he would not exchange the life he had with that of any king of the world. As a matter of feet, Maugham’s treatment of life through Stephens is most fascinating and heart-touching Maugham is, in fact, a keen observer of human attitude, on the whole, he has tried his level best to depict a full-fledged manner. Therefore, the way he has portrayed Stephens is superb and fantastic.

Question 2.
Critically comment on the title of the story.
Answer:
The short story“The happy man” is undoubtedly the best typical masterpiece of William Somerset Maugham, a prominent and outstanding storyteller of the twentieth century. Maugham is a prolific writer writing novels, short stories, plays, etc. in one. Hismasteryto provides appropriate titles to his writings is really outstanding. He has written more than 100 short stories. All these are repleted with a realistic portrait of the selfish pleasure and hedonism of society. However, the title of the work of art must be apt and suggestive. It should be precise, concise, and condensed.

Its motto should be to communicate reality vehemently. It should be just like a gorgeous, colorful signboard. It also speaks out the contents, of the shop from its very appearance. The titles are expressive of the contents of the work of art. The story, here, tells us about the life of a man who happens to be the happiest. However, Stephens comes to the narrator to know whether it would be better to go to Spain as a doctor. His future was involved in it and the narrator suggested to him that he had to earn just enough money to keep his body and soul together. He, however, decided to go there. But he was married. His wife did not cooperate with him. She never likes Spain and went back to Camberwellwhere she felt homely.

Stephens went alone and lived there happily. He led a wonderful life there. Poorhehadbeen and enjoyed himself like anything. He would not exchange the life he had with that of any kind in the world. The last lines of the story are themselves expressive of the feet that the protagonist of the story “TheHappyMan” has. The title bears the justification for the right caption of the story. As a matter of fact, the title of the story is most appropriate and suggestive. The way Maugham justified Stephens as the happiest man is really superb, alluring, elevating, and excellent.

Vocabulary
Derive nouns forms the following:

excavate	crucial
lovely	cruel
monumental	casual
interesting	occasional
arrogant	perceptive
expect	deceive
ideological	receive
rigorous	credulous
logical	rival

Answer:

Words	Noun forms
excavate	excavation
expect	expectation
lovely	love
ideological	ideology
monumental	monument
rigorous	rigorousness
interesting	interest
logical	logic
arrogant	arrogance
crucial	independence
cruel	cruelty
casual	casualty
occasional	occasion
perceptive	perception
deceive	deceit/deception
receive	receipt
credulous	credulity
rival	rivalry

Grammar
Supply suitable articles:

1. He is_________ M.A
Answer:
He is an M.A

2. I drank________ cup red tea.
Answer:
I drank a cup of red tea

3. I have not seen such_______  temple.
Answer:
I have not seen such a temple

4. He is_____ eunuch.
Answer:
He is a eunuch.

5. The cow is_______useful animal.
Answer:
The cow is a useful animal.

6. I covered_____half a mile.
Answer:
I covered a half mile

7. He is ______washerman.
Answer:
He is a washerman.

8. He is_______honourable man.
Answer:
He is an honorable man.

9. She is__________M.L.A.
Answer:
She is an M.L.A.

10. He is_______M.P.
Answer:
He is an M.P

11. Gopalis________beggar.
Answer:
Gopal is a beggar.

12. I saw_________tiger.
Answer:
I saw a tiger

13. ________cow is auseful animal.
Answer:
A cow is a useful animal.

14. _______poor should be helped.
Answer:
The poor should be helped.

15. He is _______one-eyed man.
Answer:
He is a one-eyed man.

16. Hari is___farmer.
Answer:
Hari is a farmer.

17. Give me____umbrella.
Answer:
Give me an umbrella.

18. She saw_______tiger_______forest.
Answer:
She saw a tiger in a forest

19. ______brave should be rewarded.
Answer:
A brave should be rewarded

20. What__________big temple.
Answer:
What a big temple.

21. There was______little water in the glass.
Answer:
There was a little water in the glass.

22. Rambabu is______ readerin English.
Answer:
Rambabu is a reader of English

23. ______universities cricket team came to this place to play a friendly match.
Answer:
A university cricket team came to this place to play a friendly match.

24. Give me __________ half kilo potato.
Answer:
Give me a half kilo of potato.

25. ___________ few people were present in the meeting.
Answer:
A few people were present at the meeting.

26. I like _________ red wine with lunch.
Answer:
I like a red wine with lunch.

27. London is_________ city.
Answer:
London is a city.

28. We electedhim as__________ M.L.A.
Answer:
We elected him as an M.L.A.

29. __________Ramayan is_______ famous epic.
Answer:
The Ramadan is a famous epic.

30. I shall backin__________hour.
Answer:
I shall be back in an hour.

31. I read_________Prajatantra every day.
Answer:
I read the Prajatantra every day.

32. He is holding________umbrella.
Answer:
He is holding an umbrella

33. He is__________ one – eyed.
Answer:
He is a one-eyed.

34. I like thebeauty of__________ Himalayas.
Answer:
I like the beauty of the Himalayas

35. ___________elephant is a strong animal.
Answer:
An elephant is a strong animal.

36. I like to give_________ useful present.
Answer:
I like to give a useful present.

37. London is in _________ Thames.
Answer:
London is in the Thames.

38. Is there_______ school in this town?
Answer:
Is there a school in this town?

39. He is__________ principalofour college.
Answer:
He is the principal of our college.

40. He is________lecturer.
Answer:
He is a lecturer.

41. _________Mahanadi is the longest river of Odisha.
Answer:
The Mahanadi is the longest river in Odisha.

42. He is__________ lecturer.
Answer:
He is a lecturer.

43. I saw_______ snake and_______ snake rushed towards me.
Answer:
I saw a snake and the snake rushed towards me.

44. I went by_________ Konark Express.
Answer:
I went by the  Konark Express.

45. She is___________ actress.
Answer:
She is an actress.

46. I like________ mangoes you eat.
Answer:
I like the mangoes you eat.

47. He is speaking like __________ Kalidas.
Answer:
He is speaking like a Kalidas.

48. She is________ mostbeautiful womanofour village.
Answer:
She is the most beautiful woman in our village.

49. He is____________first person to come.
Answer:
He is the first person to come.

50. There was__________ temple.
Answer:
There was a temple.

51. Sitais swimmingin __________ pond.
Answer:
Sita is swimming in thepond.

52. He aremaking__________union.
Answer:
He is making a union.

53. _______ Gita is_________ sacred book.
Answer:
The Gita is a sacred book.

54. He is________ European.
Answer:
He is a European

55. It is _________ great honor to be invited to the ceremony.
Answer:
It is a great honor to be invited to the ceremony

56. _________ I have a glass of milk.
Answer:
Could I have a glass of milk?

57. I _________ be twenty on my next birthday.
Answer:
I will be twenty on my next birthday.

58. Why_________ women be paid less than men for doing the same?
Answer:
Why should women be paid less than men for doing the same?

59. I________wear a coat today it is quite warm.
Answer:
I need not wear a coat today it is quite warm.

60 __________ I close the door.
Answer:
Shall I close the door?

61. It mayrain you_________ carryan umbrella.
Answer:
It may rain you should carry an umbrella.

62. It is late. You __________ go to bed.
Answer:
It is late. You should go to bed.

63. You_______hurry, there is enough time.
Answer:
You need not hurry, there is enough time

64. __________ you lend me your pen, please.
Answer:
Could you lend me your pen, please

65. India_________ take active steps to reduce population growth.
Answer:
India should take active steps to reduce population growth.

66. _______ you open the window, please?
Answer:
Could you open the window, please?

67. I am afraid the weather____________not improve for another two or three days.
Answer:
I am afraid the weather might not improve for another two or three days

68. You________respect your teacher.
Answer:
You should respect your teacher.

69. ________you stand on your hands.
Answer:
Can you stand on your hands?

70. After four he______ write well.
Answer:
After four he could write well.

71. __________ you lend me Rs 50?
Answer:
Could you lend me Rs 50?

Section-I

Pre-reading activity:
You might have at times thought about who a happy man is. What do you think brings happiness to one’s life?
(i) It is something related to wealth and material comforts.
(ii) Or is it purely a state of mind, with nothing much to do with one’s financial status or social or social position?
(iii) Does it he in a life of adventure and romance, a life of freedom and carefree enjoyment away who is a happy man?

Notes On The Writer:
William SomersetMaugham(1874-1965) is a prolific writer of the twentieth century having to his credit about 17 novels, 32 plays, more than 100 short stories, two travelogues, and two treatises containing his views of life and literature. Amonghisnovels “OfHumanBondage”. “The Moon and Six Pence” “The Printed VeilCakes and” and ‘The Razor’s Edge” have earned him critical acclaim.

His novels, plays, and short stories give a realistic portrait of a degenerate society, a society given to selfish pleasures and hedonism with no respect for human values or scruples encompassing a larger area of human experience. Most of them depicted the crumbling of the institution of marriage, which has almost become a tightrope around the neck of the spouse’s affair, such indulgences often leading to promiscuity. With deft and dexterous use of irony and satire, his vision grows from a study of the wider spectrum of life to an affirmation of its meaning at the individual level.

The Story:
A careful reading of the story reveals that Stephens may not embody the essentials and philosophy happy man in a metaphysical sense, but projects undoubtedly a new vision and perspective. What we notice is intimist spiritual attainment but an abandonment of taken-for-granted life and relationship in favor of a life of sunshine, color, and mirth. Intimate there is a quest for freedom and the pursuit of bohemian life. Maugham seems to provide a new pattern and direction to life through his protagonist. You have the undertone of irony apparent to the discerning reader.

GIST:
Paragraph -1
It is a dangerous thing to order the lives of others and it has been often a wonder that the politicians, reforms, and such like who are prepared to force upon their fellow measures that must alter their manners, habits, and points of view making a strong confidence in this regard. The thoughts and emotions of the neighbors can only be guessed. Life is a difficult business and it is found hard enough to make a complete and rounded thing.

GIST:
Paragraphs (2-3)
The narrator was a young man who lived in a modem apartment in London near Victoria Station. Late one afternoon, when he was beginning to think he had worked enough for that day, he heard a ring at the bell. He opened the doorto atotal stranger. He asked the narrator’s name. He asked to come in and he did it instantly. He led the stranger to his sitting room and told him to sit down. He seemed a trifle embarrassed. He also offered him cigarettes.

Gist:
Paragraphs (4-10)
The stranger said that his name was Stephens and he was a doctor. He said that the has read a book by the narrator about Spain and he wanted to ask him about that. The book is not so good. The fact remains that he knows something about there’s no one else who knew it so well. He was silent for a movement. He reached out for his seat and held. It is one hand absentmindedly stroking it with the other. He surmised that it gave him confidence.

Gist:
Paragraphs – (11-12)
He was brought up by two old aunts. He has never been anywhere. He has been married for six years. He has no children. He is a medical officer at the Camberwell Infirmary. There was something very striking in the short, sharp sentences he used. They heard a force bring. He had ’ not given him more than a cursory glance, but then looked at him with curiosity. He was a little man. thick-set and stout of thirty perhaps, with around red face from which store small, dark, and very bright eyes. His black hair was cropped close to a bullet-shaped head. He was dressed in a blue suit a good deal the worse for wear.

Gist:
Paragraphs – (13-22)
He again said that I must know what the duties of a medical officer in an infirmary are! One day is much like another and that’s all he has got to look forward for the root of his life. The narrator said that it was a means of livelihood; the one is pretty good and interrogated whether he thought there would be any change for an English doctor in Spain.

He continued that it was not like caramels, but there was sunshine, good wine, and color and there is the air you can breathe. He said that he heard by accident that there was no English doctor in service. It could be foolish on his part to give a good safe job for an uncertainty. His wife was also willing to his leaving the house. The narrator said that the doctor would lead a wonderful life. He left him.

Analytical Outlines

• It is a dangerous thing to order the lives of others.
• It has been often a wonder.
• However, the politicians, reformers, and such people.
• They prepare to force upon their fellows.
• They may have a view about their manners, habits, etc.
• They make strong confidence in this regard.
• The thought and emotions of the neighbor can only be guessed.
•  Life is a difficult business.
•  It is found that it is very hard to make a complete and minded thing.
• The narrator was a young man.
• The narrator was a young man.
• He lived in a modest apartment.
• He was; thinking one afternoon.
• He had worked enough for that day.
• He heard a ring at the bell.
• He opened the door.
• He found a stranger.
• He asked the narrator his name.
• He asked him to come in.
• He did it instantly.
• He led the stranger to his sitting room.
• The narrator told him to sit down.
•  He seemed a trifle embarrassed.
• He also offered him cigarettes.
• The stranger’s name was Stephens.
• He was a doctor.
• He said that he had read a book.
• The book is written by the narrator.
• The book was written about Spain.
• He wanted to ask him about that.
• The book is not so good.
• The feet is that he knows something about that.
• No other one knew so well.
• He was silent for a moment.
• He reached out for his head.
• He reached out for his holding.
• He absentmindedly stroked it with the other.
• He surmised about it.
• It gave him confidence.
• He was brought up by two old aunts.
• He has never been anywhere.
• He has been married for six years.
• He has no children.
• He is a medical officer.
• He is an officer at CambrewellInfirmacy.
• There was something very striking.
• He used short, sharp sentences.
• They heard a force bring.
• He had not given him more than a cursory glance.
• He looked at it with curiosity.
• He was a little man.
• He was thick-set.
• He was stout of thirty.
• He was with a round face.
• He was dark and very bright eyes.
• His black hair was cropped.
• It cropped close to a bullet-shaped head.
• He was dressed in a blue suit.
• It was worse for wear.
• He knew the duty of a medical officer.
• One day is much like another.
• That’s all he has got to look forward to for the livelihood.
• Themoneyispretty is good.
• It is interrogated why he had gone to him.
• He replaced to this question.
• He wanted to know about the chance of an English doctor in Spain.
• He said that it was not like carmen.
• But, he found there sunshine and good wine.
• He accidentally heard about something.
• There was no English doctor in service.
• It could be foolish to get a good job there.
• I was not certain about it.
• His wife was also willing to his leaving the house.
• The narrator said that the doctor would lead a wonderful life.
• He left him.

Meaning Of Difficult Words

flounder – to stumble, to thinking or speaking
confidence – reliance, trust
modest – humble, bashful
embarrassed – immediately, on the spur of the moment
stroked – disheartened, distressed
instantly – blow, an attach, abeat of pulse
surmised – doubted
glance – look
curiosity – anxious to learn, inquisition
stout – strong, robust
cropped – produced
pretty – beautiful, pleasing
interrogate – to question, to examine
infirmary -a hospital or place for the treatment of the sick
carmen – an opera(1 875) by George Bizet.

Section -II

Gist:
Paragraphs – (23-25)
Fifteen years passed by. The narrator happened to be in service and having some trifling indication asked the hotel porter whether there wasinEnglishdoctorinthe town. He said positive and gave him the address. He took a cab and when he reached the house, a little fat man came out of it. He hesitated when he caught sight of the narrator explaining his purpose and the doctor asked him to go in.

He lived in an ordinary Spanish house, with a patio and his consulting room which led out of it was littered with papers, books, medical appliances, and lumber. They finished the business and he asked the doctor what his fee was. The doctor shook his head and smiled. He said that there was no fee. He asked the narrator whether he remembered why the doctor had been there. It was because of something he had once said to him. His life changed only for the narrator, the doctor admitted. He said he was Stephens.

Paragraphs (26 – 28)
The narrator had forgotten all about it. He had not the least notion of what he was talking about. He remembered him of their interview and the narrator after a lot of thinking recalled the matter. Stephens did not believe he could get a chance to have sight of the narrator to give thanks to him for what he had done for him. The narrator looked at him. He was very fat and bold, his eyes twinkled gaily and his fleshy, red face bore an expression of perfect good humor. The clothes he wore were terribly shabby.

Gist:
Paragraphs (29-33)
The narrator asked whether Stephens had gotten married. Stephens replied in negative. Hardly and Stephens replied when a Spanish woman, no longer in her first youth, but still boldly and voluptuously beautiful appeared at the door. She spoke to him in Spanish and the narrator believed that she might have been theirs. of the house.

As he stood at the door to let the narrator out he said that later told him when he saw him lost that the former would go to Spainhe should earn enough money just to keep body and soul together but he should live a wonderful life. And the narrator was perfectly right. He has been and will be poor but he has enjoyed life to the brim.

Analytical Outlines

• Fifteen years passed by.
• The narrator happened to be in service.
• He has some trifling indisposition.
• He asked the hotel porter something.
• He asked if there was an English doctor in the town.
• He answered positively
• Then he gave him the address.
• He looked cab.
• He reached the house.
• A little fat man came outfit.
• He hesitated when he caught the sigh of the narrator.
• The narrator explained his purpose.
• The doctor asked him to go in.
• He lived in an ordinary Spanish house.
• He was living with a patio.
• He has a consulting room
• It was uttered with papers.
• It was uttered with books.
•  It was also littered with medical appliances and lumber.
• They finished the business.
•  He asked the doctor about his fees.
• The doctor shook his head.
• The doctor also smiled.
• He said that there was no fee.
• He asked the narrator something
• Whether he remembered why the doctor had been there.
• It was because of something he had once said to him.
• His life changed only for the narrator.
• The doctor admitted this.
• He said he was Stephens.
• The narrator had forgotten all about it.
• He had not the least notion.
• He was not concerned about what he was talking about.
• He reminded him of their interview.
• After a lot of thinking, the writer recalled the matter.
• Stephens did not believe it.
• He would get a chance to meet the narrator again.
• So that he would thank him for that.
• He thanked him for what he had done for him.
• The narrator looked at him.
• He was very fat.
• He was also very bold.
• His eyes twinkled gaily.
• His fleshy red face bore on expression.
• It was with perfect good humor.
• He wore terribly shabby clothes.
• The narrator asked whether Stephens had gotten married.
• Stephensrepliedinnegative.
• A woman appeared all the door.
• She was a Spanish woman.
• She was no longer in her first youth.
• But still, she was bold.
• She was voluptuously beautiful.
• She spoke to him in Spanish.
• The narrator believed that she might have been the Mrs. of the house.
• He stood at the door to let the narrator out.
• He said that the latter told him when he saw him last.
• The former would go to Spain.
• He should earn enough money there.
• He has just to keep body and soul together.
• But he should live a wonderful life.
• And the narrator was perfectly right.
• He has been and will be poor.
• But he has enjoyed life to the brim

Meaning Ofdifficult Words

trifle – unimportant
indisposition – un arrangement, un distribution, unplanned
porter – doorkeeper, a coolie
cab – covered four or two-wheeled carriage cabriolet
hesitate – to stop making a decision
litter – to cover with strew, to bring forth
appliances – instruments used for some special-purpose
lumber – a useful article, furniture stored away.
errand – business, purpose
patio – courtyard
admit – allow to enter
twinkle – to blink, to glitter, to shine
shabby – mean, low, paltry
boldly – courageously, daringly
sombrero – Aman’s hat with every wide brim which sowed especially in Mexico.
dissipated – drunken
voluptuously – luxuriously sensual
silenus – any group of forest spirits similar to stars but having the legs of horses.

Odisha State Board CHSE Odisha Class 12 Approaches to English Book 2 Solutions Poem 5 Toads Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

CHSE Odisha 12th Class Alternative English Solutions Poem 5 Toads

Pre-Reading activity:
What ideas do you associate with Toads? List them here… The poem you are going to read now has the title “Toads”. See if the ideas you associate with Toads are reflected in the poem. Your focus, however, should be on finding answer to. Is it real Toads that the poem is about? If not, what does the poet mean by Toads?

Notes On The Poet:
Philip Larkin (1922-1995) is one of the outstanding poet of the post-war generation of poets. His volumes – include “The North Ship” (1 995) and “The Less Deceived” (1955). His poetry responds to all he tints and flavours of provinced life. His sensitivity to human “absurdity and pathos” is strongly marked in many of his poems. The poem “Toads” is expressed the poet’s disgust with a vice-like grip of a routined engagement.

Questions For Discussion:

Question 1.
What does the poet mean by toads?
Answer:
The poet means by toads that they sit heavy with their hunkers which are as cold as snow.

Question 2.
How do the two questions with which the poem begins set the tone of the poem?
Answer:
The poet is disgusted with the toad that squats on his life. He wishes to drive it off. The tone marks a reaction against the ill luck of life.

Question 3.
The thing that oppresses the poet is first called “the toad” then “the brute” then “it”. Does this convey the poet’s progressive indifference to the creature? What else could this convey?
Answer:
The use of “the toad”, “the brute” and “it” display the poet’s progressive indifference to the creature. It also conveys an irksome attitude of the poet to the creature.

Question 4.
Which stanza expresses the poet’s intense disgust? What is he disgusted with?
Answer:
The poet is disgusted with a vice-like grip of a routined engagement.

Question 5.
Identify the stanza where alliteration is most pronounced? What purpose does it serve?
Answer:
Alliteration is the repetition of consonant speech sounds in the sequence of nearby woods. This is prominent in “Lots” of folk five on their wits/lecturers, lispers/losels, loblolly men, louts …”

Question 6.
What is the poet’s attitude to the people ‘who live on their wits? Why does he cite their examples?
Answer:
The poet holds a positive view for the people who live on their wits. He cites examples of witty persons because they don’t end as paupers.

Question 7.
What can the poet mean by the expression “Their unspeakable wives”?
Answer:
The wives are unspeakable because they cannot be studied and spoken off. They are unscrutable and unspeakable. They are as skinny as whippets.

Question 8.
What is the poet’s wish in Stanza 6?
Answer:
The poet says this in Stanza 6 which reflects an unpleasant experience. When one does not want the pension that is offered and one get’s angry.

Question 9.
In the first stanza the poet says “why should I let the toad work/squat on my life; in Stanza 7 he says” “For something sufficiently toad-like / squats in me too.” Are they two different squatters? Is there a difference of mood between Stanza -1 and Stanza – 7?
Answer: The squatter in stanza- 1 and the one in Stanza- 7 are different squatters. There is a difference of mood between Stanza- 1 and Stanza – 7.

Question 10.
What does the poet require from life? Is he frustrated because he can’t get “All at one sitting”?
Answer:
The poet requires a free and enchanting life rather than the routined engagement. He is not frustrated as such in the lines indicated.

Question 11.
The poet is a deft manipulated of words but he envies those who make a living through unscrupulous manipulation of words, who “blarney” their way to success. What could he mean would you consider it mock modesty?
Answer:
The poet through his enjoy of those who make a living through unscrupulous manipulation of words is quite choosy and idealist in employing right words in the right situations. It can be termed as a mock modesty.

Question 12.
What do these lines mean? Attempt a simple and brief paraphrase.
“I don’t say, one bodies the other
One’s spiritual truth
But I do say it’s hard to lose either.
When you have both”.
Answer:
These lines have a bearing with the previous lines. Something to ad-like sits in him heavy with its hind legs which never allow to blarney his way to getting the feme, the girl and the money all at one sitting. He does not say that one bodies the other one’s spiritual truth. It is also difficult to lose either of the two in the event of having the both.

Composition:

Question 1.
Assess the significance of the little “Toads”?
Answer:
The poem ‘Toads” is composed by Philip Larking, an eminent and out-standing poet of the post-war generation. His poetry responds to all the tints and flavours of provinced life. He has indeed great mastery in proving apt and suggestive title to his poems. His quality in this sense is superb and fantastic. This is a typical poem demonstrating this quality.

However, the title of work of art must be pointed, precise, concise, sharp and suggestive. It should be lie a colourful and attractive signboard which attracts the attention of the customers instantly. It can also show the inside contents of the shop. Similarly an attractive and suggestive title makes the reader spell bound to go through the piece of writing with much interest and fascination. The discussing poem ‘Toads” is sucha poem which satisfies all the characteristics of a good title. Toads are very inactive, rough and ugly creatures that sit heavy hindering its and other progress simultaneously.

The little taken from these living makes it clear that the toads keeping hanging on the poet which hinder his progress. Moreover, the poet starts the poem with two questions at the outset of the poem. One, “Why should I let the toad work/squat on my life?” Second, can I use my wit as a pitchfork/And drive the brute off?” The second stanza of the poem says that the toad soils six days of the week with its sickening poison just for paying a few bills that is out of proportion. A lot of people live on their wits. Lecturers, lispers, losels, loblolly- men, louts don’t end as paupers. Yet many more people live up lanes with fires in a bucket that eat winds falls and tinned sardines and seem to like it.

In the fifth stanza, the poet says that their children here got bare feet, their unspeakable wives are skinny as small thin racing dogs and yet no one actually stores. Had he been courageous enough to shout “stuff your pension” but he knows, all too well, that is the stuff that dreams are made on. In the seventh, eighth and ninth stanzas, the poet continues his thoughts saying that for something sufficiently toad-like squats in him to blarney his way to getting the fame and the girl and the money all at one sitting. He does not say that one bodies the other one’s spiritual truth but he does say that it is hard to lose either when one has the both. As a matter of fact, it is very much clear from the above description that, the title of the poem is apt and suggestive. The poet’s explanation about the toads as really fantastic, outstanding, though-provoking and appropriate.

Question 2.
Write an appreciation of the poem. First state the theme and say briefly how this theme is related to “Toads”. Then discuss how the problem is introduced and elaborated in the poem and whether there is any suggestion of a resolution of the problem. Also examine how the introducing stanza and the concluding stanza are related to each other and so the stanza in between. Identify the unusual words in the poem, if you find any and point out their relevance in the poem. And conclude your appreciation with your personnel response to the theme and its treatment in the poem.
Answer:
In fact, Philip Larkin’s poem ‘Toads” is his superb and fantastic composition. Here he expresses his disgust with a vice like grip of routined engagement. It is such a poem which satisfies the characteristics of a good poem. Toads are very inactive, rough and ugly creatures,
that sit heavy hindering its and the other’s progress simultaneously. The title taken from these living beings makes it clear that the toads keep hanging on the poet which hinder his progress.

However, the poet starts the poem with two questions at the outset of the poem One is –
“why should I let the toad work/squat on my life”? The second one is – “can’t I use my wit as a pitch work /And drive the brute off?” The second stanza of the poem says that the toad soils six days of the week with its sickening poison just for paying a few bills that is out of preparation. A lot of people live on their wits. Lecturers, lispers, losels, loblolly-men, louts don’t end as paupers yet, many more people live up lanes with fires in a bucket that act windfalls and tinned sardines and seemed to like it.

Moreover, the poet delineates in the fifth stanza that their children have got bare feet; their unspeakable wives are skinny as small racing dogs and yet no one actually shores”, but he knows all two well, that is the stuff that dreams are made on. In the seventh, eighth and ninth stanza the poet continues his thought saying that for something sufficiently toad like squats in him too. Its hind legs are so heavy that they are as hard luck and cold as snow which will never allow him to blarney his way to getting the fame and the girl and the money all at one sitting.

He does not say that one bodies the other one’s spiritual truth but he does say that it is hard to lose either when one has the both.
The presence of alliteration which is a repetition of speech sounds in the sequence of nearby words makes the poem very effective. The initial’s sounds in the words ‘six’ ‘soils’ and the final ‘s’ sound in the words- ‘that’s, ‘proportion’; The I sounds in ‘tots’ ‘folk’, ‘live’, ‘lecturers’, ‘lispers’, ‘losels’, ‘loblolly-men’, Touts’ etc. are the alliterative sounds that enrich the poem As a matter of feet, the poem ‘Toads” of Philip Larkin is a typical masterpiece of suggestion which teaches and delights at one. The way he conveys the theme through toads is really superb
and outstanding. One the whole, the poem is inspiring, thought-provoking, elevating and heart-touching.

Toads Summary in English

Why should the speaker let the toad work and quat it on his life? Whether he can use his intelligence as a pitch form and drive the brute off. It soils six days out of seven with its sickening poison. A lot of people live on their wits. Lecturers, lispers, losels, loblolly-men, louts don’t end as paupers. Lots of people also live up lanes with files in a bucket and act windfalls and tinned surdines. Their children have got bare fact. Their unspeakable wives are skinny as whippets and no one actually stars. The speaker can’t have say to shut “stuff your pension”. But he knows everything very well that dreams are made on Because something sufficiently toad-like sits on him and its hunkers are heavy as hard luck and cold as snow and will never allow him to talk pleasant but untrue things in order to convince or persuade people. He wishes to get the fame and the girl and the money all at one sitting. He does not say that one bodies one other one’s spiritual truth but he says it is hard to lose either when both are heard.

Analytical Outlines:

• The poet begins the poem with a question.
• Why should the speaker let the toad work and quit it on his life?
• Whether he can use his intelligence.
• He can use it as a pitchfork.
• He can drive the brute off.
• It soils six days out of seven.
• It soils with its sickening poison.
• A lot of people live on their wits.
• Lecturers and whispers don’t end as paupers.
• G. Losels, loblolly-men, and louts don’t end as paupers.
• Lots of people also live up lanes.
• They live up with fires in a bucket.
• They act windfalls.
• They act tinned surdines.
• Their children have got bare feet.
• Their unspeakable wives are skinny.
• They are skinny as whippets.
• No one actually starves.
• The speaker shouts something.
• He shouts, “stuff your poison”.
• But he knows everything very well.
• He knows that dreams are made on.
• Because, something sufficiently toad-like sits on him.
• Its hunkers are heavy.
• These are like hard hick.
• These are as cold as now.
• They will never allow him to talk pleasant.
• They will never allow him untrue things in order to convince or persuade.
• He wishes to get the fame.
• He wishes to get the money all at one sitting.
• He does not say that one bodies the other one’s spiritual truth.
• But he says it is hard to lose.

Meaning Of Difficult Words:

squat – to sit on one’s heels.
pitchfork- a fork with a long handle.
wit- intelligence
lispers- those who speak with a speech fault
losels- loafers.
loblolly-men- those who trick others into giving them money.
louts- rude, violent men.
windfalls- fruits blowing offa tree
sardines- small young fish that are often pecked in flat metal boxes.
whippets- small thin racing dogs
nippers- children.
stuff your pension- you say this when you do not want the pension that is offered and you are angry
hunkers- bent knees while the toad is sitting.
blarney- talk pleasant but untrue things in order to convince or persuade people.