Bhagya

BSE Odisha Class 6 History & Political Science Solutions Book Pdf Download

BSE Odisha 6th Class History Book Solutions ଇତିହାସ

• Chapter 1 ଇତିହାସ ବିଷୟରେ ଧାରଣା
• Chapter 2 ସର୍ବପ୍ରାଚୀନ ସମାଜ
• Chapter 3 ପ୍ରଥମ ଚାଷୀ ଓ ପଶୁପାଳନ
• Chapter 4 ଭାରତରେ ପ୍ରଥମ ନଗରୀକରଣ
• Chapter 5 ବିଭିନ୍ନ ଜୀବନଧାରଣ ପ୍ରଣାଳୀ
• Chapter 6 ନୂତନ ଚିନ୍ତାଧାରାର ଅଭ୍ୟୁଦୟ
• Chapter 7 ପାରସ୍ୟ ଓ ଗ୍ରୀକ୍ ଆକ୍ରମଣ
• Chapter 8 ମୌର୍ଯ୍ୟ ସାମ୍ରାଜ୍ୟର ଉତ୍‌ଥାନ
• Chapter 9 ଖ୍ରୀ.ପୂ. ୨୦୦ରୁ ଖ୍ରୀ.ଅ. ୩୦୦ ମଧ୍ୟରେ ଭାରତ
• Chapter 10 ଖ୍ରୀଷ୍ଟାବ୍ଦ ୩୦୦ ରୁ ୮୦୦ ମଧ୍ଯରେ ଭାରତ

BSE Odisha 6th Class Political Science Book Solutions ରାଜନୀତି ବିଜ୍ଞାନ

• Chapter 1 ଆମେ ଓ ଆମ ସମାଜ
• Chapter 2 ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ର
• Chapter 3 ସରକାର
• Chapter 4 ସ୍ଥାନୀୟ ସ୍ୱାୟତ୍ତ ଶାସନ

BSE Odisha 6th Class Text Book Solutions

BSE Odisha Class 7 History & Political Science Solutions Book Pdf Download

BSE Odisha 7th Class History Book Solutions ଇତିହାସ

• Chapter 1 ନୂତନ ଶକ୍ତିର ଅଭ୍ୟୁତ୍‌ଥାନ
• Chapter 2 ଦିଲ୍ଲୀରେ ସୁଲତାନୀ ଶାସନ
• Chapter 3 ମୋଗଲ ସାମ୍ରାଜ୍ୟ (୧୫୨୬ – ୧୭୦୭)
• Chapter 4 ଇଉରୋପୀୟମାନଙ୍କର ଭାରତ ଆଗମନ
• Chapter 5 ଧର୍ମ ସଂସ୍କାର ଆନ୍ଦୋଳନ ଏବଂ ଆଞ୍ଚଳିକ ସଂସ୍କୃତିର ବିକାଶ
• Chapter 6 ମୋଗଲ ସାମ୍ରାଜ୍ୟର ପତନ
• Chapter 7 ଓଡ଼ିଶାରେ ସୂର୍ଯ୍ୟବଂଶୀ ନରପତିଗଣ

BSE Odisha 7th Class Political Science Book Solutions ରାଜନୀତି ବିଜ୍ଞାନ

• Chapter 1 ସମ୍ବିଧାନ
• Chapter 2 ସ୍ଵାଧୀନତା ସଂଗ୍ରାମ ଓ ଭାରତୀୟ ସମ୍ବିଧାନର ଗଠନ ପ୍ରକ୍ରିୟା
• Chapter 3 ଭାରତ ସମ୍ବିଧାନର ମୌଳିକ ବୈଶିଷ୍ଟ୍ୟ
• Chapter 4 ମାନବିକ ଅଧ୍ବକାର

BSE Odisha 7th Class Text Book Solutions

Odisha State Board CHSE Odisha Class 12 Foundations of Education Solutions Unit 3 Current Issues in Education Objective Questions and Answers.

CHSE Odisha 12th Class Foundations of Education Unit 3 Current Issues in Education Objective Questions

Multiple Choice Tests

Question 1.
What is the class range of Elementary Education?
(a) Ito V
(b) I to VI
(c) I to VIII
(d) I to XI
Answer:
(c) I to VIII

Question 2.
What is the present structure of education in India?
(a) 10+3+2
(b) 10+2+3 .
(c) 11+2+3
(d) Noen of the these
Answer:
(b) 10+2+3

Question 3.
Which committee explored to Wastage in Education?
(a) Kothari Commission
(b) Ishwar Bhai Patel Committee
(c) Mudaliar Commission
(d) Hartog Committee
Answer:
(d) Hartog Committee

Question 4.
Which article of the Indian Constitution provides for free and compulsory elementary education?
(a) Article 29
(b) Article 45
(c) Article 46
(d) Article 49
Answer:
(b) Article 45

Question 5.
In which amendment of the constitution compulsory education 6-14 age group is accepted?
(a) 90th
(b) 96th
(c) 92nd
(d) 93rd
Answer:
(d) 93rd.

Question 6.
In which stages of education there is maximum wastage and stagnation?
(a) Higher Education
(b) Secondary Education
(c) Higher Secondary Education
(d) Primary Education
Answer:
(d) Primary Education

Question 7.
In which category there is maximum wastage and stagnation?
(a) Aristocratic
(b) Physically disabled
(c) Tribal
(d) None
Answer:
(c) Tribal

Question 8.
Operation Black-board means:
(a) Qualitative development in primary education.
(b) Qualitative growth on secondary education.
(c) Progress in higher education
(d) None of the above
Answer:
(a) Qualitative development in primary education.

Question 9.
In which article education is given fundamental rights?
(a) 19
(b) 21(1)
(c) 29
(d) 45
Answer:
(b) 21(1)

Question 10.
Who recommended free and compulsory education in India first?
(a) Gandhi
(b) Hartog Committee
(c) Gopal Krishna Gokhale
(d) None of the above
Answer:
(c) Gopal Krishna Gokhale.

Question 11.
Who identified wastage and stagnation first?
(a) Mudaliar Commission (1952-53)
(b) Sampumananda Committee (1961)
(c) Hartog Committee (1929)
(d) Ishwar Bhai Patel Committee (1968)
Answer:
(c) Hartog Committee (1929).

Question 12.
Which committee recommended for religious and spiritual values in education?
(a) Kothari Commission
(b) Mudaliar Commission
(c) Sri Prakash Committee
(d) None of the above
Answer:
(c) Sri Prakash Committee

Question 13.
Which authority works in Odisha for universal primary education?
(a) DPEP
(b) OPEPA
(c) SCERT
(d) None of the above
Answer:
(b) OPEPA

Question 14.
Which committee recommended SUPW in school education?
(a) Hartog Committee (1929)
(b) Ishwar Bhai Patel Committee (1968)
(c) Hanter Committee (1882)
(d) Mudaliar Committee
Answer:
(b) Ishwar Bhai Patel Committee (1968).

Question 15.
‘No religious education to be imparted’ in which article is mentioned?
(a) Article -45
(b) Article -29
(c) Article -15
(d) Article 21(l)
Answer:
(b) Article – 29

Question 16.
When SCERT was established?
(a) 1988
(b) 1978
(c) 1968
(d) None
Answer:
(b) 1978

Question 17.
What is the major obstacle in the way of universalization?
(a) Social causes
(b) Economic causes
(c) Wastage and Stagnation
(d) Conservatives
Answer:
(c) Wastage and Stagnation

Question 18.
When Sampumananda Committee was setup?
(a) 1951
(b) 1961
(c) 1971
(d) 2013
Answer:
(b) 1961

Question 19.
To which Sampumananda Committee is related?
(a) Emotional and N.I.
(b) National Security.
(c) International Understanding.
(d) Universal Education.
Answer:
(a) Emotional and N.I.

Question 20.
When UNO was formed?
(a) 1937
(b) 1947
(c) 1945
(d) 1915
Answer:
(c) 1945

Question 21.
When 10+2+3 got its Parliamentary approval?
(a) 1986
(b) 1992
(c) 1968
(d) 1966
Answer:
(c) 1968

Question 22.
What feeling is created by singing National Anthem?
(a) International understanding.
(b) National integration
(c) Sense of egoism.
(d) None of these
Answer:
(b) National integration.

Question 23.
From which year D.P.E.P. worked out in Odisha?
(a) 1986
(b) 1990
(c) 1922
(d) 1994
Answer:
(d) 1994.

Question 24.
For Which Category I.E.P.C. Is Worked Out in Odisha?
(a) Scheduled Castes.
(b) Scheduled Tribe,
(c) Physically Disabled.
(d) Advantage Children.
Answer:
(c) Physically Disabled.

Question 25.
What indicates: “Fatherhood of God and brotherhood of man”?
(a) Spiritual values.
(b) Moral values.
(c) Social values.
(d) Democratic values.
Answer:
(a) Spiritual values.

Question 26.
Which type of value is social efficiency?
(a) Moral values
(b) Spiritual values
(c) Social values
(d) None.
Answer:
(c) Social values

Question 27.
Which value is “Idealistic philosophy”?
(a) Social values
(b) Moral values
(c) Spiritual values
(d) Internal values
Answer:
(d) Internal values

Question 28.
Which values help to lead a peaceful life in society?
(a) Social values
(b) Religious values
(c) Moral values
(d) None
Answer:
(a) Social values

Question 29.
Who told education has responsibility in creating national spirits?
(a) Sardar Patel Committee
(b) Gajendra Gadaker Committee
(c) Adiseshaya Committee
(d) Sampumananda Committee
Answer:
(b) Gajendra Gadakar Committee

Question 30.
When Gajendra Gadkar Committee established?
(a) 1961
(b) 1968
(c) 1951
(d) 1967
Answer:
(b) 1968

Question 31.
Which type of value is social efficiency?
(a) Moral values
(b) Spiritual values
(c) Social values
(d) None
Answer:
(c) Social values

Question 32.
Who was the chairman of Indian Education Commission?
(a) L.S Muadaliar
(b) Sadler
(c) D.SKothari
(d) Ramaswamy
Answer:
(c) D.S Kothari

Question 33.
Why do we observe National days?
(a) To recall it
(b) It tastes well
(c) To observe Holiday
(d) To evoke national spirits
Answer:
(d) To evoke national spirits

Question 34.
Asperto constitution by which year the nation would have provided free and compulsory primary Education?
(a) 1950
(b) 1960 .
(c) 1970
(d) 2000
Answer:
(b) 1960

Question 35.
On which day we observe Environment day?
(a) June 4
(b) June 5
(c) December 5
(d) May 4
Answer:
(a) June 4

Question 36.
Which one of the following necessary photosynthesis?
(a) Air
(b) Sunlight
(c) Water
(d) All of these
Answer:
(d) All of these

Question 37.
World Water day is observe on:
(a) 8th March
(b) 23rd March
(c) 14th March
(d) 18th March
Answer:
(b) 23rd March

Question 38.
ENVIRONER is a word of_____.
(a) English
(b) French
(c) Hindi
(d) None
Answer:
(b) French

Question 39.
Environmental education is given in the schools by?
(a) Speech
(b) Writing
(c) Playing
(d) Using oneself
Answer:
(a) Speech

Question 40.
Social development of a child initially depends on :
(a) Parents .
(b) Environment
(c) School
(d) Socity
Answer:
(b) Environment

Question 41.
Environment Education means
(a) To develop the knowledge and skills about Environment
(b) To prevent Environmental Education
(c) To recognise the crisis of Environment
(d) To develop Environment Technique
Answer:
(a) To develop the knowledge and skills about Environment

Question 42.
The first Environmental conference on Environmental education was held in:
(a) India (New Delhi)
(b) France (Paris).
(c) Russia (Trulise)
(d) Yugoslovia (Belgrade)
Answer:
(d) Yugoslovia (Belgrade)

Question 43.
Syllabus of Environmental education should be:
(a) Same
(b) According to the age
(c) According to the educational stage
(d) According to age and educational stage
Answer:
(d) According to age and educational stage

Question 44.
Which of the following greenhouse gases has the greatest heat-trapping ability?
(a) Carbon dioxide
(b) Carbon monoxide
(c) Chlorofluro Carbon
(d) Methane
Answer:
(c) Cholorofluro carbon

Question 45.
Which of the following not a major greenhouse gas?
(a) Carbon dioxide
(b) Calcium carbonate
(c) Methane
(d) Water vapour
Answer:
(a) Carbon dioxide

Question 46.
Which is the harm from the depletion of earth ozone layer?
(a) The average temperature of earth surface will increase gradually.
(b) The oxygen content of the atmosphere will decrease.
(c) Increased amount of ultraviolet will reach earth’s surface.
(d) Sea level will rise as the polar is ice caps will gradually melt.
Answer:
(c) Increased amount of ultraviolet will reach earth’s surface.

Question 47.
Acid rain is formed due to contribution from the following pain of gases?
(a) Methane and ozone.
(b) Oxygen and Nitrous oxide.
(c) Methane and sulphur dioxide.
(d) Carbon dioxide and sulphur dioxide.
Answer:
(b) Oxygen and Nitrous oxide.

Question 48.
Envirnor belong to which language?
(a) English
(b) French
(c) Hindi
(d) None
Answer:
(b) French

Question 49.
The prime health risk associated with greater U. V. radiation due to depletion and stratospheric zone.
(a) Damage to digestive system.
(b) Increased liver cancer.
(c) Neurological disorder.
(d) Increased skin cancer.
Answer:
(b) Increased liver cancer.

Question 50.
Which of the following problem is not created by noise pollution?
(a) Deafness
(b) Irritation
(c) Diarrhoea
(d) Hypertention
Answer:
(c) Diarrhoea

Question 51.
If waste materials contaminate the source of drinking water, which of the following diseases will spread?
(a) Scurvy
(b) Typhoid
(c) Malaria
(d) Anemia
Answer:
(b) Typhoid

Question 52.
When Yana Mahatsob is held?
(a) 2nd. October
(b) 1st. December
(c) 1st. July
(d) 15th. August
Answer:
(c) 1st. July

Question 53.
When World Environment day is observed?
(a) July 5
(b) June 5
(c) October 5
(d) January 5
Answer:
(b) June 5

Question 54.
Dicomposers include
(a) Bacteria
(b) Bacteria and fungi
(c) Animals
(d) None
Answer:
(b) Bacteria and fungi

Question 55.
Concentration of which gas is highest in our environment?
(a) Oxygen
(b) Hydrogen
(c) Nitrogen
(d) Carbon dioxide
Answer:
(c) Nitrogen

Question 56.
Biotic environment include :
(a) Producer
(b) Consumers
(c) Decomposers
(d) All of
these
Answer:
(d) All of these

Question 57.
ABACUS was developed in?
(a) Japan
(b) India
(c) China
(d) U.S.A.
Answer:
(c) China

Question 58.
Who was the ‘Father of Computer Science?
(a) Charles Babbage
(b) Gottrified Leihritz
(c) Dr. Jon Vincent
(d) Blaise Pascal
Answer:
(a) Charles Babbage

Question 59.
The demonstration of the first programme of ENIAC was held in:
(a) 1947
(b) 1948
(c) 1949
(d) 1950
Answer:
(c) 1949

Question 60.
Which computer is used for counting?
(a) Digital
(b) Analog
(c) Mini
(d) Superframe
Answer:
(a) Digital

Question 61.
Which computer is used for education?
(a) Hybrid
(b) Digital
(c) CAI
(d) CAT
Answer:
(c) CAI

Question 62.
Who is the founding father of computer?
(a) Sir Ronald
(b) Charles Babbage
(c) Gottrified
(d) John Vincent
Answer:
(a) Sir Ronald

Question 63.
ABACUS is more essential in the work of:
(a) Housework
(b) Washing
(c) Education
(d) None
Answer:
(c) Education

Answer in single word / single sentence

Question 1.
The best element of National Integration?
Answer:
Education

Question 2.
The present structure of Education in India?
Answer:
10+2+3

Question 3.
The class range of Elementary Education?
Answer:
1 to VIII

Question 4.
When N.P.E. 1986 was revised?
Answer:
1922

Question 5.
Give three meanings of Education.
Answer:
Man, nature and things.

Question 6.
Which day we observe the Environment Day?
Answer:
June 5

Question 7.
Premature withdrawal of students from school before the completion of primary education?
Answer:
Wastage

Question 8.
Retention of a child in a class more than one year is called?
Answer:
Stagnation

Question 9.
When man develops social efficiency called?
Answer:
Social Value

Question 10.
Which has value in use and value in utility, what we call it ?
Answer:
Social Value

Question 11.
Full form of NIEPA?
Answer:
National Institute of Educational Planning and Administration.

Question 12.
The Philosophy of Idealism called?
Answer:
Instrinsic value.

Question 13.
Full form of DPEP?
Answer:
District Primary Education Programme.

Question 14.
The realization of Fatherhood of God and Brotherhood of Man is?
Answer:
Spiritual value.

Question 15.
Full form of EGS is?
Answer:
Education Guarantee Scheme.

Question 16.
What is the meaning of Operation Blackboard?
Answer:
Qualitative Development of Education.

Question 17.
What is the aim of National Policy of Education?
Answer:
Planning of Education for all.

Question 18.
Which committee recommended Vocational Education for Secondary Education?
Answer:
Adiseshaya Committee (1978).

Question 19.
Who identified wastage and stagnation first?
Answer:
Hartog Committee 1929.

Question 20.
Who brought proposal in Centre Cabinet in 1910 for the Compulsory Education?
Answer:
Gopal Krishna Gokhale.

Question 21.
In which caste wastage arid stagnation maximum?
Answer:
Scheduled Tribe.

Question 22.
What is the chief aim of 10+2+3 pattern of education?
Answer:
To emphasize the Vocational Education.

Question 23.
Give an aim of NPEI 1986.
Answer:
Scientific and Technological Development.

Question 24.
What do you mean by N.I.?
Answer:
Unity in Diversity is N. I.

Question 25.
Mention the utility of observation of National Days.
Answer :
Create the feeling of Nationality.

Question 26.
What do you mean by 3 R’s?
Answer:
In the past, the objective of Primary Education was 3R’s (Training of Reading, Writing and Arithmetic).

Question 27.
Mention die age range of universalization?
Answer:
6 to 14

Question 28.
Who provides funds for population education in Odisha?
Answer:
World Bank.

Question 29.
What is the main instrument of N.I.?
Answer:
Education

Question 30.
From which levels there is provision of the teaching Environmental Education in Odisha?
Answer:
Primary

Question 31.
Which organisation manages +2 Education in Odisha?
Answer:
C.H.S.E.

Question 32.
When U.GC. was set up?
Answer:
28th. December 1953.

Question 33.
Full form of SIET?
Answer:
State Institute of Educational Technology.

Question 34.
What do you mean by Operation Blackboard?
Answer:
Qualitative Development of Primary Education through the use of Aids and materials.

Question 35.
What is Emotional Integration?
Answer:
Emotional Integration refers to creating a sense of oneness among the people of the country through the training of mind and heart.

Question 36.
What is the need of National Integration?
Answer:
For internal discipline of the state for social economic development, emotional unity and cultural consciousness among the people.

Question 37.
What is the normal age for admission?
Answer:
5+

Question 38.
Why do we observe National days in schools?
Answer:
To inculcate National Unity among the people.

Question 39.
What is Abiotic factors?
Answer:
The abiotic factors are non-living components such as physical or chemical factors which includes temperature, light, types of building, location etc.

Question 40.
Classify Biotic factors?
Answer:
Biotic factors are living components such as teacher, students, and the administrators.

Question 41.
How the environment is polluted?
Answer:
Environment is polluted by industrial wastes, washing and bathing, pesticides and biotics, fertilizers, detergents, smoke as air pollution, fuel, deforastation etc.

Question 42.
What is atmosphere?
Answer:
It is the mixture of gases that surround the earth surface like an envelope.

Question 43.
What is the average temperature at the top of troposphere?
Answer:
16 degree C. is the average temperature at the top of the troposphere.

Question 44.
What is the constitutional gas at stratosphere?
Answer:
Ozone is the constitutional gas of stratosphere.

Question 45.
In Which layer of atmosphere tele communication takes place?
Answer:
In ionosphere of the atmosphere tele – communication takes place.

Question 46.
What is the average % of nitrogen gas on atmosphere?
Answer:
The average % of nitrogen in atmosphere is 78 %.

Question 47.
What is Biosphere?
Answer:
The whole of the region on the earth’s surface the air and the sea that is inhabited by living organisms is known as Biosphere.

Question 48.
What are the non-living components of Biosphere?
Answer:
Three non-living components of Biosphere are:
l) Lithosphere
n) Hydrosphere
in) Atmosphere

Question 49.
Define lithosphere?
Answer:
The soil and rocks on earth’s surface as well as below water bodies from the solid components called lithosphere.

Question 50.
What is producer?
Answer:
The green plant and photosynthetic bacteria that have the capability to utilise sunlight and water minerals from soil to prepare organic food materials are called producer.

Question 51.
Define pollution?
Answer:
Pollution is defined an undesirable changes in the physical, chemical and biological properties of air,water, soil that affects the living organism adversely.

Question 52.
What is Global Village concept?
Answer:
Because of the development in science the whole world becomes a small village which is called ‘Global Village Concept’.

Question 53.
How many education circle and education district in Odisha?
Answer:
There are 65 education districts and 19 education circles in Odisha.

Question 54.
Which committee explored wastage and stagnation?
Answer:
In 1929 Hartog Committee explored the wastage and stagnation.

Question 55.
What is the literacy rate as per 2001 census?
Answer:
63.61

Question 56.
What is literacy rate to 1991 census?
Answer:
49.01

Question 57.
What is the aim of education in 1952-53 Commission?
Answer:
Attainment of Vocational Efficiency.

Question 58.
When vocational education at+2 level implemented in Odisha?
Answer:
1986.

Fill in the Blanks with Appropriate Words

Question 1.
In_____stage wastage and stagnation is maximum?
Answer:
Primary.

Question 2.
______ told ‘the destiny of India is constructed in the classroom’.
Answer:
Kothari Commission.

Question 3.
In 1986 Education Policy ______ project worked out.
Answer:
Operation Black-Board.

Question 4.
The wastage rate is high in ______ children.
Answer:
Tribal.

Question 5.
The provision of admitting children in primary class at 5+years is known as______.
Answer:
Universal Enrolment.

Question 6.
The enrolment age of Navodaya Vidyalaya is______.
Answer:
9 to 13

Question 7.
______ committee recommended S.U.P.W. curriculum.
Answer:
Ishwar Bhai Patel Committee.

Question 8.
In ______ D.P.E.P. worked out in Odisha.
Answer:
1994

Question 9.
Sampumananda Committee is related to ______.
Answer:
Emotional Integration.

Question 10.
______gas has heat absorbing capacity is Maximum?
Answer:
C.F.C. (Chlorofluro carbon).

Question 11.
I.E.P.C. is meant for_____in our state.
Answer:
Physically disabled.

Question 12.
______ committee recommended for religions and spiritual education in Educational Institutions.
Answer:
Sri Prakash Committee.

Question 13.
______qualities helps man to lead a peaceful life in the society.
Answer:
Social values.

Question 14.
______authority is working in Odisha for Universalization
Answer:
OPEPA.

Question 15.
The steps taken our state for Universalization is ______.
Answer:
Mid Time Meal (MDM).

Question 16.
In______article Education is given Fundamental right.
Answer:
21(1).

Question 17.
In article Primary Education Universalization is given a direction by constitution.
Answer:
Article-45.

Question 18.
In______year 10+2+3 pattern of Education got parliamentary approval.
Answer:
1968.

Question 19.
SCERT established in_____
Answer:
1978.

Question 20.
The three sizes of Education are ,______,______,______.
Answer:
Nature, Man, Things.

Question 21.
The present structure of Education is _______
Answer:
10+2+3.

Question 22.
______ Committee recommended Vocational Education in Secondary Education.
Answer:
Secondary Education.

Question 23.
To _____ by bricks and hammer National Integration cannot be constructed but by
education it can be touch all slowly.
Answer:
Dr. Radhakrishnan.

Question 24.
By _____ the spirit of National Integration can be created among the students.
Answer:
Pen Friendship.

Question 25.
______ is a co-curriclur activity to establish N.I. ?
Answer:
Observing National Days.

Question 26.
National Integration means ______?
Answer:
National Unity.

Question 27.
In _____ the first World Environment Conference was held.
Answer:
Yugoslovia (Belgrade).

Question 28.
Cutting of forests means _____.
Answer:
Deforestation.

Question 29.
Van Mahostab is observed in ______.
Answer:
July, 1.

Question 30.
The first Environmental Education Conference was held in 1977 in ______.
Answer:
Russia

Question 31.
Establish relationship between _____ and _____ is the aim of Environmental Education
Answer:
Plant and Animals.

Read More:

BIOCON Pivot Point Calculator

Odisha State Board BSE Odisha 10th Class Hindi Solutions Chapter 5 जननी जन्मभूमि Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

BSE Odisha Class 10 Hindi Solutions Chapter 5 जननी जन्मभूमि

प्रश्न और अभ्यास (ପ୍ରଶ୍ନ ଔର୍ ଅଭ୍ୟାସ)

1. निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों के उत्तर लगभग दो-तीन वाक्यों में दीजिए:
(ନିମ୍ନଲିଖୂ ପ୍ରଶ୍ନୋ କେ ଉତ୍ତର୍ ଲଗ୍‌ଭଗ୍ ଦୋ-ତୀନ୍ ୱାର୍କୋ ମେଁ ଦୀଜିଏ : )
(ନିମ୍ନଲିଖତ ପ୍ରଶ୍ନଗୁଡ଼ିକର ଉତ୍ତର ପ୍ରାୟ ଦୁଇ-ତିନୋଟି ବାକ୍ୟରେ ଦିଅ : )
(क) इस दुनिया को विचित्र क्यों कहा जाएगा?
(ଇସ୍ ଦୁନିୟା କୋ ବିଚିତ୍ରା କ୍ୟା କହା ଜାଏଗା ?)
उत्तर:
इस दुनिया को विचित्र कहा गया है क्योंकि यहाँ बड़े-बड़े पहाड़ है। घने जंगल हैं। कलकल करती नदियाँ बहती है। झरने झरते हैं। सागर गरजते हैं। भाँति-भाँति के पेड़-पौधे, पशु-पक्षी, नर-नारी है। भले-बुरे सब है। जड़-चेतन चर-अचर सब है। यह विविधता का भंड़ार है।

(ख) दुनिया बदलती है, इसके क्या प्रमाण हैं?
(ଦୁନିୟା ବଦଲତୀ ହୈ, ଇସ୍‌ କ୍ୟା ପ୍ରମାଣ୍ ହୈ ?)
उत्तर:
यह दुनिया हर पल बदलती रहती हैं। ऋतुएँ बदलती हैं। मौसम कभी सुहावना होता है तो कभी डरावना, कभी जानलेवा, गर्मी तो कभी कड़ाके की सर्दी। कहाँ हरी भरी फसल नाचती है, वहाँ अकाल भी पड़ता है। आदमी कभी सुख-चैन से जीता है तो सभी दुःखी होता है। कहीं अमीरी है तो कहीं गरीबी। यह जिंदगी भी अजीब है। चार दिन की चाँदनी फिर अँधेरी रात।

(ग) कलिंगा : साहसिका :- ऐसा क्यों कहा गया है?
(କଳିଙ୍ଗାଃ ସାହସିକାଃ ଐସା କ୍ୟା କହା ଗୟା ହୈ ?)
उत्तर:
“कलिंगा : साहसिकाः – का अर्थ है कलिंग के लोग साहसी होते है। क्योंकि कलिंग के सौनिकों ने विशाल मगध सेना के दाँत खट्टे कर दिए। कलिंग के लोगों ने सम्राट अशोक का डटकर मुकावला किया। अपनी जानें दी, मगर जमीने नहीं दी। इन लोगों से प्रचंड अशोक भी घबरा गया। वह धर्माशोक बन गया।

(घ) धर्माशोक ने क्या किया?
(ଧର୍ମାଶୋକ ନେ କ୍ୟା କିୟା ?)
उत्तर:
अशोक कलिंग के सैनिकों के आगे घबरा गया। वह धर्माशोक बन गया। युद्ध छोड़ दिया तलवार फेंक दी। वे मानव-प्रेम और अहिंसा की नीति अपनाई। धौली के शिला लेख उसका बयान करते हैं।

(ङ) वीरत्व की कहानी आगे कैसे बढ़ी?
(ବୀରତ୍ଵ କୀ କହାନୀ ଆଗେ କୈସେ ବଢ଼ୀ ?)
उत्तर:
धौली के पहाड़ों पर जापानियों के हाथो बना नया बौद्धस्तूप उस गौरवशाली घटना की उदघोषणा करता है। वीरत्व की यह कहानी आगे बढती है। कलिंग सम्राट खारवेल मगध पर आक्रमण कर देते हैं। उसे पराजित करके कलिंग जिन को वापस ले जाते हैं। कलिंग के शौर्य की राह अमर कथा है।

(च) धउली के शिलालेख में क्या लिखा है?
(ଧଉଲୀ କେ ଶିଲାଲେଖ ମେଁ କ୍ୟା ଲିଖା ହୈ ?)
उत्तर:
धौली के शिलालेख में यह लिखा है कि कलिंग की सेना ने किस प्रकार सम्राट अशोक को युद्ध मे पराजित किया। दया नाम की नदी रक्त की धारा से लतपत हो गयी। इन लोगों के आगे प्रचंड़ अशोक भी घबरा गया । वह धर्माशोक बन गया। अशोक ने मानव – प्रेम और अहिंसा की नीति अपनाई।

(छ) ‘उत्कल’ का क्या अर्थ है?
(‘ଉତ୍କଲ’ କା କ୍ୟା ଅର୍ଥ ହୈ ?)
उत्तर:
उत्कल का अर्थ है ओड़िशा उत्कृष्ट कलाओं का देश हैं। कलाओं के क्षेत्र में ओड़िशा की एक अलग पहचान है। उत्कल के नाम से ओड़िशा को पूरी दुनिया में पहचाना जाता है।

(ज) ओड़िशा के मंदिर अजूबे क्यों हैं?
(ଓଡ଼ିଶା କେ ମନ୍ଦିର୍ ଅକୂବେ କେଁ ହେଁ ?)
उत्तर:
यहाँ ओड़िशा के भुवनेश्वर पुरी और कोणार्क के बड़े-बड़े मंदिर आज भी सिर उठाथे खड़े हैं। उन मंदिरों की भव्य और विशाल कला स्थापत्य से भरे छोटे-बड़े मंदिर सबको आकर्षित करते हैं। हजारों नारी मूर्तियों विभिन्न चेष्टाओं और भंगिमाओं से मुग्ध करनेवाली थे मूर्त्तियाँ। हाथी, घोड़े, पहिये, रत्नाकार मंदिर खूब विशाल और मनोहर होता है। नृत्य गाने के माहौल, द्वारपाल, दिक्पाल के पौरूष आदि ये सेब देशी-विदेशी पर्यटकों के लिए जादू के नमूने और अजूबे हैं।

(झ) ओड़िशा के बनिये क्या करते थे?
(ଓଡ଼ିଶା କେ ବନିୟେ କ୍ୟା କରତେ ଥେ ?)
उत्तर:
ओड़िशा के बनिए छोट बड़े नाबों में व्यापार करने के लिए सुदूर पूर्वी द्वीपों में जाते थे और धनरत्नों से नौकाएँ भर-भर कर अपने देश लौटते थे। वे न तूफान से डरते थे न गहरे सागर से।

(ञ) मधुसूदन ने क्या किया?
(ମଧୁସୂଦନ ନେ କ୍ୟା କିୟା ?)
उत्तर:
मधुसूदन का दिल ओड़िशा वासियों को देखकर भर आया। उन्होंने यहाँ के लोगों को जमाया। बोले – है उत्कल के सपूतों, उठो जागो। अपने पूराने गौरव को याद करो। तुम्हारे पूर्वजों ने गंगा से गोदावरी तक अपना राज्य फैलाया था। बह टूटकर बिखर गया। तुम दाने दाने के मोहताज हो गए। अब तो उठो करो या मरो।

(ट) मधुबाबू की पुकार सुनकर क्या हुआ?
(ମଧୁବାବୁ କୀ ପୁକାର୍ ସୁକର୍ କ୍ୟା ହୁଆ ?)
उत्तर:
मधुबाबू की पुकार सुनकर अप्रैल 1936 को स्वतंत्र ओड़िशा प्रेदश बना। नव निर्माण का बीड़ा उठाया।

(ठ) ओड़िशा ने कैसे प्रगति की?
(ଓଡ଼ିଶା ନେ କୈସେ ପ୍ରଗତି କୀ ?)
उत्तर:
मधुसूदन ने ओड़िशा के नवनिर्माण का बीड़ा उठाया। उत्कल विश्वविद्यालय स्थापित हुआ। अनेक स्कूल-कालेज खुले नई और नकनीकी शिक्षा का इंतजाम हुआ। इंजीनियरिंग और मेड़िकल कॉलेज खुले। हीराकुद बाँध बना। राउरकेला से लौहे का उत्पादन होने लगा। सुनाबेड़ा में हवाई जहाज बनने लगे। पाराद्वीप बंदरगाह ने नौवाणिज्य को बढ़ावा दिया। चाँदीपुर और बड़माल में देश के लिए आधुनिक रक्षा सामग्री बनने लगी।

(ड) ओड़िशा आज पीछे नहीं है, क्या प्रमाण है?
(ଓଡ଼ିଶା ଆଜ ପୀଛେ ନହୀ ହୈ, କ୍ୟା ପ୍ରମାଣ ହୈ ?)
उत्तर:
ओड़िशा आज किसी चीज में पीछे नहीं हैं। ओड़िशा में आज कई विश्वविद्यालय, इंजीनियरिंग और मेडिकल कॉलेज खुले, राउरकेला में लौहा इस्पात कारखाना खुला। सुनाबेड़ा में हवाई जहाज कारखाना और पाराद्वीप में नौवाणिज्य को बढ़ावा दिया। इसफा, नालको, जिंदल और वेदांत जैसी कंपनियाँ खुल गयी। चाँदीपुर और वडभाल मे देश के लिए आधुनिक रक्षा सामग्री बनने लगी।

(ढ) आजकल क्या-क्या नए उद्योग हो रहे हैं?
(ଆଜକଲ୍ କ୍ୟା-କ୍ୟା ନଏ ଉଦ୍ୟୋଗ୍ ହୋ ରହେ ହେଁ ?)
उत्तर:
आजकल ओड़िशा में इमफा, नालको, जिंदल और वेदांत जैसे बड़ी-बड़ी कंपनियों खुल गयी। राउरकेला में लोहा इस्पात कारखाना खुल गया। सुनाबेड़ा में हवाई जहाज बनने लगे। पाराद्वीप में बंदरगाह बन गया। चाँदिपुर और बड़माल में देश के लिए आधुनिक रक्षा सामग्री बनने लगी।

2. इन प्रश्नों के उत्तर एक-दो वाक्यों में दीजिए :
(ନିମ୍ନଲିଖୂ ପ୍ରଶ୍ନୋ କେ ଉତ୍ତର୍ ଲଗ୍‌ଭଗ୍ ଦୋ-ତୀନ୍ ୱାର୍କୋ ମେଁ ଦୀଜିଏ : )
(ନିମ୍ନଲିଖତ ପ୍ରଶ୍ନଗୁଡ଼ିକର ଉତ୍ତର ପ୍ରାୟ ଦୁଇ-ତିନୋଟି ବାକ୍ୟରେ ଦିଅ : )
(क) संसार निराला क्यों है?
(ସଂସାର ନିରାଲା କୈ ହୈ ?)
उत्तर:
यह संसार हर पल बदलता है। यह विविधता का भंडार है। इसलिए संसार निराला है।

(ख) संसार बदलता है, इसके क्या प्रमाण हैं?
( ସଂସାର ବଦଲତା ହୈ, ଇସ୍‌ କ୍ୟା ପ୍ରମାଣ ହେଁ ?)
उत्तर:
संसार बदलता है इसके प्रमाण हैं मौसम का बदलना, दिन और रात का परिवर्तन होना आदि।

(ग) आदमी के जीवन का क्या इतिहास है?
(ଆଦମୀ କେ ଜୀୱନ୍ କା କ୍ୟା ଇତିହାସ ହୈ ?)
उत्तर:
आदमी के जीवन का इतिहास है अदम्य जिज्ञासा। उसकी आशा-आकांक्षा, खुशी मन, सफलता-विफलता, आलस्य और चौकंसी का लेखा जोखा।

(घ) कलिंग की ख्याति क्यों बढ़ी?
(କଳିଙ୍ଗ କୀ ଖ୍ୟାତି କ୍ୟା ବଢ଼ୀ ?)
उत्तर:
कलिंग के वीरों ने जानें दीं, जमीन नहीं दी । अपनी बीरता के कारण वे इतिहास में अपना एक स्वंतत्र ख्याति रख दिए।

(ङ) धउली के शिलालेख क्या कहते हैं?
(ଧଉଲୀ କେ ଶିଳାଲେଖ୍ କ୍ୟା କହତେ ହୈ ?)
उत्तर:
धउली के शिलालेख कलिंग वीरों का इतिहास कहते हैं। प्रचण्ड अशोक किस प्रकार धर्मशोक बन गया उसके बोर में कहते हैं।

(च) बक्सि जगबंधु आदि ने क्या किया?
(ବକ୍ସି ଜଗବନ୍ଧୁ ଆଦି ନେ କ୍ୟା କିୟା ?)
उत्तर:
बक्सी जगबंधु आदि ने अंग्रेजों को भी चैन से साँस लेने नहीं दिया।

(छ) कौन-सी मूर्तियाँ दुर्लभ हैं?
(କୌନ୍-ସୀ ମୂର୍ତ୍ତିୟାଁ ଦୁର୍ଲଭ୍ ହେଁ ?)
उत्तर:
ओड़िशा की भव्य और विशाल स्थापत्य की अनेक छोटे बड़े मंदिरों की विभिन्न चेष्टाओं और भंगिमाओं से मुग्ध करनेवाली मूर्तियाँ दुर्लभ हैं।

(ज) चिलिका की क्या खासियत है?
(ଚିଲିକା କୀ କ୍ୟା ଖାସିୟତ୍ ହୈ ?)
उत्तर:
चिलिका की खासियत यह है कि वह उत्कल – लक्ष्मी की विलास सरोवर है।

(झ) मधसूदन ने क्या किया?
(ମଧୁସୂଦନ୍ ନେ କ୍ୟା କିୟା ?)
उत्तर:
मधुसूदन ने उत्कल के सोए हुए सपूतों को जगाया और पुराने गौरव को याद करने को कहा।

(ञ) ओड़िशावासियों ने मधुसूदन की पुकार सुनकर क्या-क्या किया?
(ଓଡ଼ିଶାବାସିୟୌ ନେ ମଧୁସୂଦନ୍ କୀ ପୁକାର୍ ସୁନ୍‌କର୍ କ୍ୟା-କ୍ୟା କିୟା ?)
उत्तर:
ओड़िशावासियों ने मधुसूदन की पुकार सुनकर नव उत्कल निर्माण का बीड़ा उठाया।

3. निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों के उत्तर एक-एक वाक्यों में दीजिए :
(ନିମ୍ନଲିଖୂ ପ୍ରଶ୍ନୋ କେ ଉତ୍ତର୍ ଲଗ୍‌ଭଗ୍ ଦୋ-ତୀନ୍ ୱାର୍କୋ ମେଁ ଦୀଜିଏ : )
(ନିମ୍ନଲିଖତ ପ୍ରଶ୍ନଗୁଡ଼ିକର ଉତ୍ତର ପ୍ରାୟ ଦୁଇ-ତିନୋଟି ବାକ୍ୟରେ ଦିଅ : )
(क) नीर क्षीर का विवेका किसके पास है?
(ନୀର୍ କ୍ଷୀର୍ କା ୱିକ୍ କିସ୍‌ ପାସ୍ ହୈ ?)
उत्तर:
नीर क्षीर का विवेक हंस के पास है।
(ख) आज सुहाना मौसम है तो कल कैसा हो जाता है?
(ଆଜ୍‌ ସୁହାନା ମୌସମ୍ ହୈ ତୋ କଲ୍ କୈସା ହୋ ଜାତା ହୈ ?)
उत्तर:
आज सुहाना मौसम है तो कल डरावना हो जाता है।

(ग) आदमी के जीवन का इतिहास क्या है?
(ଆଦ୍‌ମୀ କେ ଜୀୱନ୍ କା ଇତିହାସ୍ କ୍ୟା ହୈ ?)
उत्तर:
आदमी के जीवन का इतिहास उसकी अदम्य जिज्ञासा है।

(घ) प्रदेश के इतिहास में क्या-क्या होता है ?
(ପ୍ରଦେଶ୍ କେ ଇତିହାସ୍ ମେଁ କ୍ୟା-କ୍ୟା ହୋତା ହୈ ?)
उत्तर:
आशा-आकांक्षा, खुशी-गम, सफलता-विफलता, आलस्य और चौकसी का लेखाजोखा प्रदेश के इतिहास में होता है।

(ङ) कलिंगवासी किसके नेतृत्व में लड़े?
(କଳିଙ୍ଗୱାସୀ କିସ୍‌ ନେତୃତ୍ୱ ମେଁ ଲଡ଼େ ?)
उत्तर:
कलिंगवासी सम्राट खारबेल के नेतृत्व में लड़े।

(च) अशोक ने कौन-सी नीति अपनाई।
(ଅଶୋକ୍ ନେ କୌନ୍ ସୀ ନୀତି ଅପନାଈ ?)
उत्तर:
अशोक ने मानव प्रेम और धर्म की नीति अपनाई।

(छ) खण्डगिरि की गुफाएँ किसका यशोगान करती हैं?
(ଖଣ୍ଡଗିରୀ କୀ ଗୁଫାଏଁ କିସ୍‌ ୟଶୋଗାନ୍ କରତୀ ହୈ ?)
उत्तर:
खण्डगिरी की गुफाएँ खारबेल का यशोगान करती है।

(ज) विदेशी पर्यटकों के लिए ये मंदिर कैसे हैं?
(ବିଦେଶୀ ପର୍ଯ୍ୟଟର୍କୋ କେ ଲିଏ ୟେ ମନ୍ଦିର୍ କୈସେ ହେଁ ?)
उत्तर:
विदेशी पर्यटकों के लिए ये मंदिर जादू के नमूने हैं।

(झ) यहाँ के साधव ( बनिये) नौकाओं में क्या भर-भर कर लौटते थे?
(ୟହାଁ କେ ସାଧ୍ୟ (ବନିୟେ) ନୌକାଓଁ ମେଁ କ୍ୟା ଭର୍-ଭର୍ କର୍ ଲୌଟତେ ଥେ ?)
उत्तर:
यहाँ के साधव नौकाओं में धन-रत्न भर-भरकर लौटते थे।

(ञ) स्वतन्त्र ओड़िशा प्रदेश कब बना?
(ସ୍ଵତନ୍ତ୍ର ଓଡ଼ିଶା ପ୍ରଦେଶ୍ କବ୍ ବନା?)
उत्तर:
स्वतंत्र ओड़िशा प्रदेश अप्रैल 1936 को बना।

(ट) देश के लिए आधुनिक रक्षा सामग्रियाँ कहाँ बनने लगीं?
(ଦେଶ୍ କେ ଲିଏ ଆଧୁନିକ୍ ରକ୍ଷା ସାମଗ୍ରିୟାଁ କହାଁ ବନନେ ଲର୍ଗୀ ?)
उत्तर:
देश के लिए आधुनिक रक्षा सामग्रियाँ चाँदीपुर और बड़माल में बनने लगीं।

(ठ) लोहे का उत्पादन कहाँ होने लगा?
(ଲୋହେ କା ଉତ୍ପାଦନ୍ କହାଁ ହୋନେ ଲଗା ?)
उत्तर:
लोहे का उत्पादन राउरकेला में होने लगा।

भाषा-ज्ञान (ଭାଷା-ଜ୍ଞାନ)

इन मुहावरों के अर्थ समझिए :
(ଇନ୍ ମୁହାୱର୍ରୋ କେ ଅର୍ଥ ସମଝିଏ : )
(ଏହି ରୂଢ଼ିଗୁଡ଼ିକର ଅର୍ଥ ଲେଖ : )
दाँत खट्टे करन
दिल दहलना
जान की बाजी लगाना
धावा बोलना
दिल भर आना
दाने दाने का मोहताज
उत्तर:
दाँत खट्टे करना – परास्त करना

दिल दहलना – कलेजा काँपना

जान की बाजी लगाना – जी तोड़ कोशिश करना

धावा बोलना – हमला करना

दिल भर आना – करुणा से द्रवित हो जानाअत्यंत दरिद्र होना

दाने दाने का मोहताज – कोई काम करने का भार लेना

2. ऐसे शब्द बनाइए :
(ଐସେ ଶବ୍ଦ ବନାଇଏ : )
(ଏହିପରି ଶବ୍ଦ ଗଠନ କର : )
सिंचाई, चढ़ाई, खिंचाई, बड़ाई, कमाई

3. विलोम शब्द लिखिए:
(ୱିଲୋମ୍ ଶବ୍ଦ ଲିଖିଏ : )
(ବିଲୋମ ଶବ୍ଦ ଲେଖ : )
स्थावर …………….
जड़ ………………..
गुण ………………..
सर्दी ……………….
खुशी ………………
सुख ……………….
अँधेरा …………….
बढ़िया ……………
अहिंसा ……………..
खुशहाली ……………
उत्थान …………….
वीर ………………..
उत्तर:
स्थावर – अस्थावर

जड़ – चेतन

गुण – अवगुण

सर्दी गरमी

खुशी – गम/दु:खी

सुख – दु:ख

अँधेरा – उजाला

खुशहाली – बदहाली

उत्थान – पतन

बढ़िया – घटिया

वीर – कायर

युद्ध – शांति

अहिंसा – हिंसा

सजीव – निर्जीव

बड़ा – छोटा

4. पर्यायवाची शब्द जानिये :
(ପର୍ଯ୍ୟାୟୱାଚୀ ଶବ୍ଦ ଜାନିୟେ : )
(ପର୍ଯ୍ୟାୟବାଚୀ ଶବ୍ଦ ଜାଣି : )
आदमी – मनुष्य, मानव
मौसम – ऋतु
प्राण – जान, जीवन
पन्ना – पृष्ठ
युद्ध – लड़ाई, जंग
अमूल्य – अनमोल, बहुमूल्य
जरिये – माध्यम से
द्वीप – टापू
प्रांत – प्रदेश, राज्य
पेशा – धंधा, जीविका, काम
नाव – नौका, नैया
किस्मत – भाग्य, तकदीर

5. निम्न शब्दों के लिंग बताइए :
(ନିମ୍ନ ଶର୍ଡୋ କେ ଲିଙ୍ଗ୍ ବତାଲଏ : )
(ନିମ୍ନ ଶବ୍ଦଗୁଡ଼ିକର ଲିଙ୍ଗ ପରିବର୍ତ୍ତନ କର)।
संसार, पहाड़, नदी, पौधा, विवेक, दूध, पानी, गर्मी, सर्दी,, फसल, अनाज, दु:ख, दर्द, सूखा, अकाल, खुशहाली, चाँदनी, खुशी, गम, अमीरी, गरीबी, जीवन, जिन्दगी, सुहाना, अँधेरी, रात, दिन, मुकाबला, पन्ना, प्राण, जान, दीपक, इतिहास, सामाज्य, आजादी, बिजली, कारखाना, शिक्षा, नाम
उत्तर:
पुलिंग: संसार, विवेक, पानी, अनाज, सर्दी, अकाल, गम, पहाड़, पौधा, दूध, दु:ख, सूखा, जीवन, दिन, पन्ना, इतिहास, कारखाना, नाम, सुहाना, मुकाबला, प्राण, दीपक, सामाज्य.

स्रीलिंग: नदी, दर्द, सर्दी, चाँदनी, गरीबी, गर्मी, फसल, खुशहाली, खुशी, अमीरी, जिन्दगी, अँधेरी, जान, आजादी, बिजली, शिक्षा

6. निम्न शब्दों के वचन बदलिए :
(ନିମ୍ନ ଶବ୍ଦା କେ ଚନ୍ ବଦଲିଏ : )
(ନିମ୍ନ ଶବ୍ଦଗୁଡ଼ିକର ବଚନ ପରିବର୍ତ୍ତନ କର ।)
नदियाँ, झरने, पौधे, पन्ने, बड़े, मुकाबला, जान, धारा, हाथी, घोड़ा, मूर्तियाँ, सुई, वस्तु, नाव, जहाज, दाना, बहन, भाई, देशवासी; सुविधा, कंपनी, चुनौती
उत्तर:
नदियाँ – नदी

पौधे – पौधा

बड़े – बड़ा

जान – जानें

हाथी – हाथी

मूर्तियाँ – मूर्ति

वस्तु – वस्तुएँ

जहाज – जहाज

बहन – बहनें

देशवासी – देशवासी

कंपनी – कंपनियाँ

झरने – झरना

पन्ने – पन्ना

मुकाबला – मुकाबले

धारा – धाराएँ

घोड़ा – घोड़े

सुई – सुइयाँ

नाव – नावें

दाना – दाने

भाई – भाई

सुविधा – सुविधाएँ

चुनौती – चुनौतियाँ

7. कोष्ठक में से सही क्रियापद चुनकर वाक्यों को पूरा कीजिए :
(କୋଷ୍ଠକ୍ ମେଁ ସେ ସହୀ କ୍ରିୟାପଦ୍ ଚୁକ୍‌କର୍ ୱର୍କୋ କୋ ପୂରା କୀଜିଏ : )
(ବନ୍ଧନୀ ମଧ୍ୟରୁ ଠିକ୍ କ୍ରିୟାପଦ ବାଛିକରି ବାକ୍ୟଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ପୂରଣ କର ।)
(क) कलकल करके नदियाँ …………………. । (बह रहा है, बहती हैं, खड़ी हैं, चलती हैं)
उत्तर:
बहती हैं

(ख) हंस ने दूध ………………… (पिया, पी, पी लिये, पीएगा)
उत्तर:
पिया

(ग) कलिंगवासियों ने जानें ……………………………. पर जमीन नहीं । (दी, दी, दिया, दिये)
उत्तर:
दीं, दी

(घ) अशोक ने युद्ध छोड़ शांति की नीति………………….. (अपनाया, अपनायी, अपनाये, अपनायी)
उत्तर:
अपनायी

(ङ) लोगों ने प्राण ……………………… । (दिये, दिया, दी, दीं)
उत्तर:
दिये

(च) मधुसूदन ने इतिहास ……………………… । (पढ़ा, पढ़े, पढ़ी, पढ़ीं)
उत्तर:
पढ़ा

(छ) अशोक ने वीरत्व की कहानी ………………………. । (सुना, सुनी, सुनीं, सुने)
उत्तर:
सुनी

(ज) पूर्वजों ने साम्राज्य ……………………. । (बनाया, बनाये)
उत्तर:
बनाया

8. पाठ में से ऐसे वाक्यांश ढूँढ निकालिए :
(ପାଠ୍ ମେଁ ସେ ଐସେ ୱର୍ଯ୍ୟାଶ ପୁଂଢ଼ ନିକାଲିଏ : )
(ପାଠ ମଧ୍ୟରୁ ଏହିପରି ବାକ୍ୟାଶ ଖୋଜି ବାହାର କର : )
अच्छी शिक्षा मिली।
इस्पात कारखाना बसा।
प्रगति में तेजी आयी।
उत्तर:
विद्यार्थी शिक्षक की मदद लेकर कोशिश करें।

9. पाठ में से कुछ क्रिया पदों को छाँटकर उनके तीनों कालों के रूप लिखिए।
(ପାଠ୍ ମେଁ ସେ କୁଛ୍ କ୍ରିୟା ପଦୌ କୋ ନାଁଟକର୍‌ ଉକେ ତିନୌ କାରର୍ଡୋ କେ ରୂପ୍ ଲିଖିଏ : )
(ପାଠ ମଧ୍ୟରୁ କିଛି କ୍ରୟା ପଦକୁ ବାଛିକରି ସେଗୁଡ଼ିକର ତିନୋଟି ରୂପ ଲେଖ: )

वर्तमान	भूत बहा	भविष्य
बहती	झरा	बहेगा
झरते	लिया	झरेगा
लेता	रहा	लेगा
रहता	लड़ा	रहेगा
लड़ता	रचा	लड़ेगा
रचती	दिया	रचेगा
देता	गया	देगा
जाता	भूत बहा	जाएगा

10. पाठ में से सकर्मक और अकर्मक क्रियाओं को छाँटिए।
(ପାଠ୍ ମେଁ ସେ ସକର୍ମକ୍ ଅକର୍ମକ୍ କ୍ରିୟାଓଁ କୋ ଛାଟିଏଁ ।)
(ପାଠ ମଧ୍ଯରୁ ସକର୍ମକ ଓ ଅକର୍ମକ କ୍ରିୟା ବାଛି କରି ଲେଖ ।)
उत्तर:
सकर्मक -चुनना, छोड़ना, मिलना, कहना, पीना, चाहना, रचना, करना, देना, देखना, सुनना। अकर्मक – बहना, जाना, उड़ना, डरना, होना, रहना, गरजना, जाना, डरना, लड़ना, सहना, चलना, घबराना, बढ़ना, लौटना, जलना, बुझना, टूटना, उठना।

11. इन क्रियाओं के प्रेरणार्थक रूप लिखिए:
(ଇନ୍ କ୍ରିୟାଓଁ କେ ପ୍ରେରଣାର୍ଥକ୍ ରୂପ୍ ଲିଖିଏ : )
(ଏହି କ୍ରିୟାଗୁଡ଼ିକର ପ୍ରେରଣାର୍ଥକ ରୂପ ଲେଖ : )
डरना, बहना, पढ़ना, बनना, करना, मानना
उत्तर:
डरना – डराना/डरवाना
बहना – बहाना/बहवाना
पढ़ना – पढ़ाना/पढ़वाना
करना – कराना / करवाना
बनना – बनाना/बनवाना
मानना – मनाना/मनवाना

12. एस शब्द बनाइए:
(ଐସେ ଶବ୍ଦ ବନାଇଏ : )
(ଏହିପରି ଶବ୍ଦ ଗଠନ କର : )
सुहावना –
गौरवशाली –
तरंगमाल –
जिजीविषा –
उत्तर:
सुहावना – डरावना
तरंगमाल – फुलमाला
गौरवशाली – भाग्यशाली
जिजीविषा – जिजासा

Very Short & Objective Type Questions with Answers

A. निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों के उत्तर एक वाक्य में दीजिए।

प्रश्न 1.
कौन नया इतिहास रचती हैं?
उत्तर:
मुन्य की अदम्य जिज्ञासा नया झीतिहास रचती है।

प्रश्न 2.
गजपति सम्राट को किस उपाधि से विभूषित किया गया था?
उत्तर:
गजपति सम्राट को “गजपति गौड़ेश्वर नवकोटि कर्णाट कलबर्गेश्वर” की उपाधि से विभूषित किया गया।

प्रश्न 3.
ओड़िशा के विभिन्न नामों का उल्लेख कीजिए।
उत्तर:
ओडदेश, कंगोद, कोशल, कलिंग, उत्कल और औड़िशा।

प्रश्न 4.
ओड़िआ साधव समुद्री यात्रा के समय क्या कहते थे?
उत्तर:
ओड़िआ साधव समुद्रि यात्रा के समय कहते थे “आ का मा बै”।

प्रश्न 5.
कलिंग युद्ध का वर्णन कहाँ मिलता है?
उत्तर:
कलिंग युद्ध का वर्णन धौली के अशोकीय शिलालेख और जापानी बौद्धस्तूप में मिलता है।

प्रश्न 6.
हंस की क्या विशेषता है?
उत्तर:
हंस दूध पी लेता है और पानी छोड़ देता है।

प्रश्न 7.
खण्डगिरी की गुफाएँ किसका यशोगान करती हैं?
उत्तर:
खण्डगिरी की गुफाएँ खारबेल का यशोगान करती है।

प्रश्न 8.
उत्कल के साधव नौकाओं में क्या भर-भर कर लौटते थे?
उत्तर:
उत्कल के साधव नौकाओं में धन-रत्न भर-भर कर लौटते थे।

B. निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों के उत्तर एक शब्द/एक पद में दीजिए।

प्रश्न 1.
कलिंग के सैनिकों ने किसका मुकावला किया?
उत्तर:
मगध की सेना का

प्रश्न 2.
स्वतंत्र ओड़िशा प्रदेश कब बना?
उत्तर:
अप्रेल 1936 को

प्रश्न 3.
किसकी अदम्य जिज्ञासा नया-नया इतिहास रचती है?
उत्तर:
मनुष्य की

प्रश्न 4.
पाठ के अनुसार देशप्रेमी संन्यासी कौन थे?
उत्तर:
स्वामी विवेकानंद

प्रश्न 5.
ओड्र देश का दूसरा नाम क्या है?
उत्तर:
कोशल

प्रश्न 6.
धौली पहाड पर बौद्धस्तूप किसके हाथों बना है?
उत्तर:
जापानियों के

प्रश्न 7.
उत्कल-लक्ष्मी का विलास-सरोवर किसे कहा जाता है?
उत्तर:
चिलिका को

प्रश्न 8.
ओड़िशा का और एक नाम क्या है?
उत्तर:
कलिंग

प्रश्न 9.
खण्डगिरि की गुफाएँ किसका यशोगान करती हैं?
उत्तर:
खारवेल

प्रश्न 10.
कलिंग युद्ध का वर्णन कहाँ मिलता है?
उत्तर:
अशोकीय शिलालेख

प्रश्न 11.
‘हे उत्कल के सपूतो !’ कहा है
उत्तर:
मधुसूदन ने

C. रिक्त स्थानों की पूर्त्ति कीजिए।

प्रश्न 1.
उत्कृष्ट कलाओं का यह देश है
उत्तर:
उत्कल

प्रश्न 2.
सदियों के बाद ओड़िशा की किस्मत पलटी तो वह के रास्ते पर आया।
उत्तर:
प्रगति

प्रश्न 3.
मगध पर आक्रमण करने वाले कलिंग सम्राट थे।
उत्तर:
खारवेल

प्रश्न 4.
चाँदीपुर और बडमाल में देश के लिए आधुनिक बनने लगी।
उत्तर:
रक्षा सामग्री

प्रश्न 5.
मनुष्य की यह अदम्य नया-नया इतिहास रचती है।
उत्तर:
जिज्ञासा

प्रश्न 6.
अशोक ने कलिंग-युद्ध के बाद छोड़ दिया।
उत्तर:
युद्ध

प्रश्न 7.
देश के लिए आधुनिक रक्षा सामग्री बनने लगी।
उत्तर:
चाँदीपुर और बड़माल

प्रश्न 8.
ओड़िआ साधव समुद्री यात्रा के समय कहते थे।
उत्तर:
“आ का मा भै”

प्रश्न 9.
ओड़िशा का प्राचीन नाम था।
उत्तर:
कंगोद

प्रश्न 10.
आज सुहावना मौसम है तो कल हो जाता है।
उत्तर:
डरावना

D. ठिक् या भूल लिखिए।

प्रश्न 1.
‘उत्कल’ का अर्थ उत्कृष्ट कलाओं का देश है।
उत्तर:
ठिक्

प्रश्न 2.
खारवेल ने मानवता और अहिंसा की नीति अपनाई।
उत्तर:
भूल

प्रश्न 3.
प्रचण्ड अशोक धर्माशोक रूप में परिवर्तित हुआ।
उत्तर:
ठिक्

प्रश्न 4.
‘दांत खट्टे करना’ का अर्थ जीतना है।
उत्तर:
भूल

प्रश्न 5.
नीर क्षीर का विवेक बिल्ली के पास है।
उत्तर:
ठिक्

प्रश्न 6.
कलिंगवासी खारबेल के नेतृत्व में लड़े।
उत्तर:
भूल

प्रश्न 7.
कलिंग युद्ध तीसरी शताब्दी में लड़ा गया था।
उत्तर:
ठिक्

प्रश्न 8.
लोहे का उत्पादन राउरकेला से होने लगा।
उत्तर:
ठिक्

प्रश्न 9.
खंड़गिरी की गुफाएँ अशोक का यशोगान करती है।
उत्तर:
भूल

प्रश्न 10.
मनुष्य अजीब प्राणी है।
उत्तर:
ठिक्

Multiple Chole Questions (mcqs) wiih Answers

सही उत्तर चुनिए: (MCQS)

1. कलिंग के सैनिकों ने किसका मुकावला किया?
(A) अकबर का
(B) मगध की सेना का
(C) गौड़ेश्वर का
(D) खारबेल का
उत्तर:
(B) मगध की सेना का

2. उत्कृष्ट कला
(A) भारत
(B) उत्कल
(C) मथुरा
(D) आगरा
उत्तर:
(B) उत्कल

3. सदियों के बाद ओड़िशा की किस्मत पलटी तो वह के रास्ते पर आया ।
(A) सुमति
(B) अवनति
(C) दुर्गति
(D) प्रगति
उत्तर:
(D) प्रगति

4. स्वतंत्र ओड़िशा प्रदेश कब बना?
(A) अप्रेल – 1936 को
(B) अगस्त – 1947 को
(C) सितम्बर 1949 को
(D) जनवरी 1950 को
उत्तर:
(A) अप्रेल – 1936 को

5. चाँदीपुर और बडमाल में देश के लिए आधुनिक बनने लगी।
(A) उत्कृष्ट कलाएँ
(B) सींग की कलाकृतियाँ
(C) तकनीकी शिक्षा
(D) रक्षा सामग्री
उत्तर:
(D) रक्षा सामग्री

6. किसकी अदम्य जिझासा नया-नया इतिहास रचती है?
(A) मनुष्य की
(B) कर्लिंग की
(C) मगध की
(D) संन्यासी की
उत्तर:
(A) मनुष्य की

7. पाठ के अनुसार देशप्रेमी संन्यासी कौन थे?
(A) स्वामी चिन्मयानंद
(B) स्वामी दयानंद
(C) स्वामी सत्यानंद
(D) स्वामी विवेकानंद
उत्तर:
(D) स्वामी विवेकानंद

8. ओडिशा कब स्वतंत्र प्रदेश बना?
(A) 1936 को
(B) 1947 को
(C) 1942 को
(D) 1957 को
उत्तर:
(A) 1936 को

9. ओड्र देश का दूसरा नाम क्या है?
(A) बंगदेश
(B) कोशल
(C) कंगो
(D) मगध
उत्तर:
(B) कोशल

10. धौली पहाड पर बौद्धस्तूप किसके हाथों बना है?
(A) कलिंग सम्राट खारबेल के
(B) जापानियों के
(D) बक्सी जगबंधु के
(C) अंग्रेजों के नया-नया इतिहास रचती है।
उत्तर:
(B) जापानियों के

11. मनुष्य की यह अदम्य
(A) गरीबी
(B) आशा
(C) जिज्ञासा
(D) आकंक्षा
उत्तर:
(C) जिज्ञासा

12. उत्कल-लक्ष्मी का विलास-सरोवर है:
(A) अंशुपा
(B) चिलिका
(C) महानदी
(D) बिंदु-सरोवर
उत्तर:
(B) चिलिका

13. मगध पर आक्रमण करने वाले कलिंग सम्राट थे:
(A) खारवेल
(B) कपिलेन्द्र देव
(C) अशोक
(D) कृष्णदेव राय
उत्तर:
(A) खारवेल

14. अशोक ने कलिंग-युद्ध के बाद …………….. छोड़ दिया।
(A) अहिंसा
(B) युद्ध
(C) राज्य का शासन
(D) मगध-सेना
उत्तर:
(B) युद्ध

15. ओड़िशा का एक नाम है:
(A) अंग
(B) बंग
(C) कलिंग
(D) जंग
उत्तर:
(C) कलिंग

16. स्वतन्त्र ओड़िशा प्रदेश कब बना?
(A) जनवरी १९३६
(B) मार्च १९३६
(C) अप्रैल १९३६
(D) मई १९३०
उत्तर:
(B) मार्च १९३६

17. खण्डगिरि की गुफाएँ किसका यशोगान करती हैं?
(A) महम्मद घोरी
(B) आऊरंगजेव
(C) खारवेल
(D) सम्राट अशोक
उत्तर:
(C) खारवेल

पाठ का सारांश

क्षण भंगुर संसार परिवर्त्तनशील है। मानव जीवन में सुख दुःख उत्थान पतन आते रहते है। मगर मनुष्य कष्टो से संघर्ष र प्रकृति को अपने वश में रखता है। प्रत्येक समाज, प्रदेश और देश का अपना इतिहास होता है। ओड़िशा का एक गौरवपूर्ण इतिहास रहा है। जिसमें आशा-निराशा, सुख-दुःख, सफलता-असफलता, आलस्य-चौकसी का वर्णन होता है। ओड़िशा का स्वर्णिम इतिहास रहा है। विभिन्न काल में ओड़िशा अलग अलग नाम से परिचित है यथा ओड्र, कलिंग, उत्कल, कंगोद् और कोशल। इसा पूर्व तीसरी शताब्दी में कलिंगवासी बहुत साहसी थे। इसा पूर्व 261 में मगध सम्राट अशोक ने कलिंग पर आक्रमण किया। कलिंगवासी बहुत बहादुरी से लड़े। उन्होंने मगध सम्राट अशोक की सेना का डटकर मुकाबाला किया। अपनी मातृभूमि की रक्षा के लिए लाखों की संख्या में शहीद हो गए। दया नदी की धारा खून से लाल हो गई।

इसको देखकर चण्डाशोक अशोक का हृदय बदल गया। उसने युद्ध त्याग कर अहिंसा का मार्ग पकड़ा। अशोक का नाम चण्डाशोक के बदले धर्मशोक से परिचित हो गया। अभी धौली के शिलालेख और बौद्धस्तूप इस घटना की उद्घोषणा करते हैं। इसके बाद कलिंग के सम्राट खारबेल ने मगध को पराजित किया तथा ‘कलिंग जिन’ को वापस लेकर आए। खण्डगिरी – उदयगिरी के शिलालेख खारवेल का यशोगान करते हैं। उत्कल का अर्थ है- उत्कृष्ट कलाओं का देश। उस कला में बना पुरी का जगन्नाथ मन्दिर, भुवनेश्वर का प्रभु लिंगराज मन्दिर और कोणार्क का सूर्य मन्दिर आज भी अपनी भव्यता और विशालता से संसार को चकित करता है। इनके अलवा श्रेष्ठ स्थापत्य कला के उत्कृष्ट नमूने है। इन सब में ओडिशा के गौरवमय अतीत को दर्शाते हाथी, घोड़े, पहिए, कमल, नृत्यंगनाएँ आदि की सुन्दर मूर्तियाँ है जो पर्यटकों पर जादू कर देते हैं। उस काल में उत्कल का उद्योग प्रगति पर था।

ओड़िशा के सूती और पाट के कपड़े, सोने-चाँदी के गहने, काँसे-पितल के वर्तन, सींग की कलाकृतियाँ विदेशी बाजार में आकर्षण का केन्द्र रही है। ओड़िसी चित्रकला, नृत्य और संगीत आज भी विश्व में लोकप्रिय हैं। ओड़िशा के वणिकों ने सुदूर पूर्वी द्वीपों में अपने समुद्री व्याप र का जाल फैला रखा था। वहाँ से नौकाएं भर-भरकर धन – रत्न लेकर आते थे। चिलिका झील तो सदा से लक्ष्मी का निवास रही है। वीसवीं शताब्दी के प्रारंभ में महापुरुष मधुसूदन दास इस गौरब गाथा को पढ़कर रो पड़े। उन्होने उत्कलवासियाँ को जाग्रत किया। बक्सि जगबन्धु, सुरेन्द्र साए, चाखि खुण्टिआ, चक्रधर बिसोई, लक्ष्मण नायक आदि स्वतन्त्रता सेनानियों ने अंग्रेजों को नाको चने चबा दिए। अप्रेल 1936 में ओड़िशा स्वतन्त्र प्रदेश बना। इसके बाद नूतन ओड़िशा का नव निर्माण ज्ञानी नेताओं ने उठाया। अनेक स्कूल, कॉलेज, विश्वविद्यालय, मेड़िकाल काँलेज और इंजिनियरिंग काँलेज स्थापित हुए। नई तकनीक शिक्षा लागू हुई। कुछ साल में सभी क्षेत्र में हजाराो सुयोग्य कर्मी तैयार हुए जिन्होंने ओड़िशा का सर्वागीण विकास किया। हमें भी इसके विकास में योगदान देना चाहिए।

ସାରାଂଶ:
ବିଚିତ୍ର ଓ ବିବିଧତାପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ ସଂସାର ପରିବର୍ତ୍ତନଶୀଳ। ସଂସାରର ସର୍ବଶ୍ରେଷ୍ଠ ପ୍ରାଣୀ ମାନବ ଜୀବନରେ ସୁଖ-ଦୁଃଖ ଓ ଉତ୍ଥାନ-ପତନ ଆସେ। ମଣିଷ କଷ୍ଟ ବିରୁଦ୍ଧରେ ଲଢ଼େ। କ୍ଷଣିକ ସୁଖ ପାଇଁ ସବୁପ୍ରକାର ଯନ୍ତ୍ରଣାକୁ ସହିନିଏ। ସେ ପ୍ରକୃତିକୁ ନିଜର ଆୟତ୍ତରେ ରଖୁବାକୁ ଚେଷ୍ଟାକରେ। ମାନବ ଜୀବନର ସଂଘର୍ଷ, ଉତ୍ଥାନ-ପତନର କାହାଣୀ ହିଁ ତାହାର ଇତିହାସ ହୋଇ ରହିଛି। ପ୍ରତ୍ୟେକ ସମାଜ, ପ୍ରଦେଶ ଓ ଦେଶର ଇତିହାସ ରଚନା ହୋଇଛି, ଯେଉଁଥରେ ତାହାର ଆଶା- ନିରାଶା, ସୁଖ-ଦୁଃଖ, ସଫଳତା-ବିଫଳତା, ଆଳସ୍ୟ-ସତର୍କତାର ବିବରଣୀ ରହିଛି । ସେଥୁମଧ୍ୟରୁ ଓଡ଼ିଶାର ଗୌରବମୟ ଇତିହାସ ମଧ୍ୟ ଦେଖିବାକୁ ମିଳେ।

ଓଡ଼ିଶାର ନାମ ବିଭିନ୍ନ ସମୟରେ ବିଭିନ୍ନ ପ୍ରକାର ହୋଇ ଜନସମାଜରେ ଲୋକପ୍ରିୟ ହୋଇଛି । ତାହାର ପୂର୍ବନାମ ହେଉଛି ଓଡ୍ରଦେଶ, କଳିଙ୍ଗ, ଉତ୍କଳ, କଙ୍ଗୋଦ ଆଦି। ଖ୍ରୀ.ପୂ. ତୃତୀୟ ଶତାବ୍ଦୀରେ କଳିଙ୍ଗବାସୀ ଭାରୀ ସାହସୀ ଥିଲେ । ଖ୍ରୀ.ଅ. ୨୬୧ ରେ ମଗଧ ସମ୍ରାଟ ଅଶୋକ କଳିଙ୍ଗର ଧନରତ୍ନ ଦେଖ୍ ଆକ୍ରମଣ କରିଥିଲେ । କଳିଙ୍ଗବାସୀ ବୀରତ୍ଵର ସହ ଲଢ଼ିଲେ । ଏହି ଯୁଦ୍ଧରେ ଲକ୍ଷେ ଲୋକ ଜୀବନ ଉତ୍ସର୍ଗ କଲେ । କଳିଙ୍ଗବାସୀଙ୍କ ରକ୍ତରେ ଦୟାନଦୀ ରକ୍ତରଞ୍ଜିତ ହେଲା । ଅଶୋକ ଯୁଦ୍ଧ ତ୍ୟାଗ କରି ମାନବ ପ୍ରେମ ଓ ଅହିଂସା ନୀତିରେ ଚାଲିଲେ । ମୌଳିର ଶିଳାଲେଖ ଓ ବୌଦ୍ଧସ୍ତୂପ ବୀରତ୍ଵର ଜିନ’କୁ ଫେରାଇ ଆଣିଲେ । ଖଣ୍ଡଗିରି-ଉଦୟଗିରିର ଶିଳାଲେଖମାନ ଖାରବେଳଙ୍କର ଯଶୋଗାନ କରନ୍ତି । ଉତ୍କଳର ଅର୍ଥ ହେଉଛି ଉତ୍କୃଷ୍ଟତାର ଦେଶ । ସେ ସମୟରେ ନିର୍ମିତ ପୁରୀର ଜଗନ୍ନାଥ ମନ୍ଦିର, ଭୁବନେଶ୍ୱରର ଲିଙ୍ଗରାଜ ମନ୍ଦିର ଓ କୋଣାର୍କର ସୂର୍ଯ୍ୟ ମନ୍ଦିର ଗର୍ବରେ ମୁଣ୍ଡ ଟେକି ଛିଡ଼ା ହୋଇଛି । ଏହା ସାରା ବିଶ୍ଵକୁ ଚକିତ କରୁଛନ୍ତି । ଏମାନେ ଉତ୍କଳର ଉତ୍କୃଷ୍ଟ ସ୍ଥାପତ୍ୟ କଳାର ଦୃଷ୍ଟାନ୍ତ । ଭବ୍ୟ ମନ୍ଦିରମାନଙ୍କରେ ବିଭିନ୍ନ ଭଙ୍ଗିମାରେ ନାରୀମାନଙ୍କର ମନୋହର ମୂର୍ତ୍ତି, ହାତୀ, ଘୋଡ଼ା, ଚକ ଓ ପଦ୍ମଦ୍ଵାରା ସୁସଜ୍ଜିତ।

ସେ ସମୟରେ ଶିଳ୍ପ ଓ ବାଣିଜ୍ୟ କ୍ଷେତ୍ରରେ ଉତ୍କଳର ପ୍ରସିଦ୍ଧି ଥିଲା । ସୂତା ଓ ପାଟବସ୍ତ୍ର, ସୁନା-ରୁପା ଅଳଙ୍କାର, କଂସା-ପିତଳ ବାସନ ଓ ସିଙ୍ଗର କଳାକୃତି ବିଶ୍ଵପ୍ରସିଦ୍ଧ । ଓଡ଼ିଶାର ସାଧବମାନେ ସୁଦୂର ଦ୍ୱୀପମାନଙ୍କରେ ବେପାର କରୁଥିଲେ । ସେମାନେ ସେଠାରୁ ବୋଇତ ଭର୍ତ୍ତି କରି ଧନ-ରତ୍ନ ଆଣୁଥିଲେ । ଚିଲିକା ହ୍ରଦ ଲକ୍ଷ୍ମୀଙ୍କର ବାସସ୍ଥଳୀ ରହିଆସିଛି । ଏହାଛଡ଼ା ଉତ୍କଳର ଚିତ୍ରକଳା, ଓଡ଼ିଶୀ ନୃତ୍ୟ ଓ ସଙ୍ଗୀତ ଆଜିପର୍ଯ୍ୟନ୍ତ ଲୋକପ୍ରିୟ ହୋଇରହିଛି । ବିଂଶ ଶତାବ୍ଦୀର ଆରମ୍ଭରେ ମଧୁସୂଦନ ଦାସ ଓଡ଼ିଶାର ଗୌରବଶାଳୀ ଇତିହାସ ପଢ଼ି କାନ୍ଦି ଉଠିଲେ । ସେ ଉତ୍କଳବାସୀଙ୍କୁ ସୁପ୍ତରୁ ଜାଗ୍ରତ କଲେ। ବକ୍ସି ଜଗବନ୍ଧୁ, ବୀର ସୁରେନ୍ଦ୍ର ସାଏ, ଚାଖ୍ ଖୁଣ୍ଟିଆ, ଚକ୍ରଧର ବିସୋଇ, ଲକ୍ଷ୍ମଣ ସ୍ଵତନ୍ତ୍ର ଉତ୍କଳ ପ୍ରଦେଶ ଗଠନ ହେଲା । ସ୍ବତନ୍ତ୍ର ଉତ୍କଳ ପ୍ରଦେଶର ସୁଧୀ ନେତାମାନେ ଓଡ଼ିଶାର ନବନିର୍ମାଣର ଦାୟିତ୍ଵ ବହନ କଲେ । ଏହାପରେ ବିଦ୍ୟାଳୟ, ମହାବିଦ୍ୟାଳୟ, ବିଶ୍ଵବିଦ୍ୟାଳୟ, ଇଞ୍ଜିନିୟରିଂ ଓ ମେଡ଼ିକାଲ କଲେଜ ସ୍ଥାପନ ହେଲା । ନୂତନ ପ୍ରଯୁକ୍ତି ଶିକ୍ଷା ପ୍ରଣୟନ କରାଗଲା । କିଛି ବର୍ଷରେ ସବୁ କ୍ଷେତ୍ରରେ ହଜାର ହଜାର ସୁଯୋଗ୍ୟକର୍ମୀ ବାହାରିଲେ । ସେମାନଙ୍କଦ୍ୱାରା ଓଡ଼ିଶାର ସର୍ବାଙ୍ଗୀଣ

विण्यवस्तु

(i) यह दुनिया …………………… छोड़ देता है।
ଓଡ଼ିଆ ଅନୁବାଦ:
ଏହି ସଂସାର ବଡ଼ ବିଚିତ୍ର। ଏଥରେ କ’ଣ କ’ଣ ନାହିଁ। ବଡ଼ ବଡ଼ ପାହାଡ଼, ଘଞ୍ଚ ଜଙ୍ଗଲ, କଳକଳ ଧ୍ଵନିରେ ନଦୀଗୁଡ଼ିକ ବହୁଅଛି। ଝରଣା ଝରୁଛି। ସାଗର ଗର୍ଜନ କରୁଛି। ବିଭିନ୍ନ ପ୍ରକାରର ଗଛ-ଲତା, ପଶୁ- ପକ୍ଷୀ, ନର-ନାରୀ ଅଛନ୍ତି। ଭଲ ମନ୍ଦ ମଧ୍ୟ ଅଛି। ତୁଳସୀ ଦାସ କହୁଛନ୍ତି ଈଶ୍ବର ଏ ସଂସାରରେ ନିର୍ଜୀବ, ସଜୀବ, ଗୁଣୀ ଭଣ୍ଡାର ଅଟେ । ଗୁଣୀ ବ୍ୟକ୍ତି ଗୁଣକୁ ବାଛନ୍ତି । ଯେପରି ହଂସ ଦୁଗ୍ଧ ପିଇଦିଏ, ପାଣିକୁ ଛାଡ଼ିଦିଏ।

(iii) यह मनुष्य ………………………. पतन की कहानी है।
ଓଡ଼ିଆ ଅନୁବାଦ:
ସଂସାର ପ୍ରତ୍ୟେକ ସମୟରେ ପରିବର୍ତ୍ତନଶୀଳ। ଋତୁ ବଦଳୁଛି। ଋତୁ କେବେ ସୁଖଦ କେବେ ଦୁଃଖଦ ହେଉଛି । କେବେ କଷ୍ଟଦାୟକ ଗରମ ତ କେବେ କଷ୍ଟଦାୟକ ଥଣ୍ଡା । ଯେଉଁଠି ପ୍ରଚୁର ଫସଲ ନାଚୁଛି, ସେଠାରେ ଦୁର୍ଭିକ୍ଷ ମଧ୍ୟ ପଡ଼େ । ମଣିଷ କେତେବେଳେ ସୁଖ ତ କେବେବେଳେ ଦୁଃଖରେ ବଞ୍ଚୁଛି । କେଉଁଠି ଧନୀ ତ କେଉଁଠି ଗରିବ । ଭଲ ଦିନ ଶୀଘ୍ର ଚାଲିଯାଉଛି । ଦୁଃଖର ଦିନ ଧୀରେ ଧୀରେ ଖସନ୍ତି । ଲୋକେ କହନ୍ତି ଏହି ଜୀବନ କ’ଣ ? ସୁଖର ଚାରିଦିନ ପରେ ପୁଣି ଦୁଃଖର ସମୟ ଆସିଯାଏ ।

(iii) यह मनुष्य …………………… पतन की कहानी है।
ଓଡ଼ିଆ ଅନୁବାଦ:
ଏହି ମନୁଷ୍ୟ ବିଚିତ୍ର ପ୍ରାଣୀ । ସେ ଅନ୍ଧାର ସାଙ୍ଗରେ ଲଢ଼େଇ କରେ, ଡରେ ନାହିଁ । ସେ ପ୍ରତ୍ୟେକ ଦୁଃଖ ଓ ଯନ୍ତ୍ରଣାକୁ ସହ୍ୟ କରେ । ଚାରି ଦିନର ସୁଖ ପାଇଁ ପ୍ରକୃତି ବିରୁଦ୍ଧରେ ସଂଗ୍ରାମ କରେ । ତାକୁ ନିୟନ୍ତ୍ରଣ କରିବାକୁ ଚେଷ୍ଟାକରେ । ମଣିଷର ଏହି ପ୍ରବଳ ଜିଜ୍ଞାସା ନୂଆ-ନୂଆ ଇତିହାସ ଗଢ଼େ । ଏହା ତାହାର ଉତ୍‌ଥାନ ଓ ପତନର କାହାଣୀ ଅଟେ ।

(iv) इसलिए हर …………………………. प्रिय हुए हैं।
ଓଡ଼ିଆ ଅନୁବାଦ:
ତେଣୁ ପ୍ରତ୍ୟେକ ଲୋକର, ସମାଜର, ଦେଶର ବା ରାଜ୍ୟର ଅଲଗା ଇତିହାସ ରହିଛି । ଯେଉଁଥରେ ତାହାର ଆଶା-ଆକାଂକ୍ଷା, (ନିରାଶା), ସୁଖ-ଦୁଃଖ, ସଫଳତା-ବିଫଳତା, ଆଳସ୍ୟ-ସଚେତନତାର ବିବରଣୀ ରହିଛି ? ଆସନ୍ତୁ, ନିଜ ଜନ୍ମଭୂମି ଓଡ଼ିଶା ଇତିହାସର ଦୁଇ ପୃଷ୍ଠା ପଢ଼ିବା । ଓଡ୍ର ଦେଶ ବା ଓଡ଼ିଶାର କେତେକ ନାମ ମିଳେ । କଳିଙ୍ଗ, ଉତ୍କଳ, କଙ୍ଗୋଦ ଓ କୋଶଳ । ପ୍ରାୟ ଗୋଟିଏ-ଗୋଟିଏ ନାମରେ କେତେକ ଅଞ୍ଚଳ କିମ୍ବା ସମୟରେ ଅଧୂକ ପ୍ରିୟ ହୋଇଥିଲା।

(v) इस इतिहास ………………………… अमर कथा है।
ଓଡ଼ିଆ ଅନୁବାଦ:
ଖ୍ରୀଷ୍ଟପୂର୍ବ ତୃତୀୟ ଶତାବ୍ଦୀରୁ ଏହାର ପ୍ରଥମ ପୃଷ୍ଠା ଆରମ୍ଭ । ଲେଖା ଅଛି କଳିଙ୍ଗବାସୀ ଭାରି ସାହସୀ । କଳିଙ୍ଗର ସୈନିକମାନେ ବିରାଟ ମଗଧର ସୈନ୍ୟମାନଙ୍କୁ ଯୁଦ୍ଧରେ ପରାସ୍ତ କଲେ । ମଗଧ ସମ୍ରାଟ ଅଶୋକଙ୍କର ସେନାବାହିନୀର ମୁକାବିଲା କଲେ । ଶହୀଦ ହେଲେ, ଜନ୍ମଭୂମିକୁ ରକ୍ଷା କଲେ । ଲକ୍ଷ-ଲକ୍ଷ ସଂଖ୍ୟାରେ ଜୀବନ ଉତ୍ସର୍ଗ କଲେ । ଲକ୍ଷେ ବନ୍ଦୀ ହେଲେ । ଦୟାନଦୀର ସ୍ରୋତ ରକ୍ତରେ ଲାଲ ହୋଇଗଲା । ରାଜା ବା ସେନାପତିର ନାମ ନଥିଲା । ମାନବ ପ୍ରେମ ଓ ଅହିଂସାର ନୀତି ଧାରଣ କଲେ । ଧଉଳି ଶିଳାଲେଖରେ ଅଶୋକଙ୍କ କୀର୍ତ୍ତି ବର୍ଣ୍ଣନା କରାଯାଇଛି । ବଢ଼ିଚାଲିଲା । କଳିଙ୍ଗ ସମ୍ରାଟ ଖାରବେଳ ମଗଧ ଆକ୍ରମଣ କରିଥିଲେ । ତାଙ୍କୁ ପରାଜିତ କରି ‘କଳିଙ୍ଗ ଜିନ’ ଫେରାଇ ଆଣିଲେ । ଖଣ୍ଡଗିରି-ଉଦୟଗିରିର ଶିଳାଲେଖ ଓ ଗୁମ୍ଫାମାନ ଖାରବେଳଙ୍କ ଯଶୋଗାନ କରନ୍ତି । ଏହା କଳିଙ୍ଗ ବୀରତ୍ଵର ଅମର କଥା।

(vi) साहसिकता का ………………………… नहीं सहा।
ଓଡ଼ିଆ ଅନୁବାଦ:
ସାହସିକତାର ଏହି କ୍ରମ ଆଧୁନିକ ଯୁଗରେ ପୁଣି ସୁରେନ୍ଦ୍ର ସାଏ, ଚାଖ୍ ଖୁଣ୍ଟିଆ, ଚକ୍ରଧର ବିସୋଇ, ଲକ୍ଷ୍ମଣ ନାୟକ ଆଦି ସାହସୀ ଅର୍ଶ ସଶ। ଦେଖିବାକୁ ମିଳିଛି । ବକ୍ସି ଜଗବନ୍ଧୁ, କଳିଙ୍ଗ ପୁତ୍ରମାନେ ଇଂରେଜମାନଙ୍କୁ ଆରାମରେ ବସିବାକୁ ଦେଇ ନ ଥିଲେ । ଏହି ସୁପୁତ୍ରମାନେ ଜୀବନ ଦେଇଦେଲେ କିନ୍ତୁ ଅନ୍ୟାୟ ସହି ନଥିଲେ । ଆଣିଲେ । ଖଣ୍ଡଗିରି-ଉଦୟଗିରିର ଶିଳାଲେଖ ଓ ଗୁମ୍ଫାମାନ ଖାରବେଳଙ୍କ ଯଶୋଗାନ କରନ୍ତି । ଏହା କଳିଙ୍ଗ ବୀରତ୍ଵର ଅମର କଥା ।

(vii) इतिहास का ……………………….. पतन हो गया।
ଓଡ଼ିଆ ଅନୁବାଦ:
ଅଧୁନା ଇତିହାସର ଅନ୍ୟ ପୃଷ୍ଠା ଦେଖ । ଉତ୍କୃଷ୍ଟ କଳାର ଦେଶ ଉତ୍କଳ l ଶତାବ୍ଦୀ ବିତିଗଲାଣି । ଭୁବନେଶ୍ଵର, ପୁରୀ ଓ କୋଣାର୍କର ବଡ଼ ବଡ଼ ମନ୍ଦିର ମୁଣ୍ଡ ଟେକି ଛିଡ଼ା ହୋଇଛନ୍ତି । ଏମାନେ ବିଶ୍ଵର ଆଶ୍ଚର୍ଯ୍ୟ । ଭବ୍ୟ ଓ ସ୍ଥାପତ୍ୟ କଳାର ଅନେକ ଛୋଟ-ବଡ଼ ମନ୍ଦିର । ହଜାର ହଜାର ନାରୀ ମୂର୍ତ୍ତି । ବିଭିନ୍ନ ଭଙ୍ଗିମା ଶାରୀରିକ ମୁଦ୍ରା ମନମୁଗ୍ଧ କରନ୍ତି । ହାତୀ, ଘୋଡ଼ା, ଚକ, ପଦ୍ମ ରଥାକାର ମନ୍ଦିର । ବିରାଟ ଓ ମନୋହର ! ନୃତ୍ୟଗୀତର ପରିବେଶ ! ଦ୍ଵାରପାଳ, ଦିଗପାଳମାନଙ୍କର ପୁରୁଷତ୍ଵ । ଏଗୁଡ଼ିକ ସବୁ ଦେଶ-ବିଦେଶର ପର୍ଯ୍ୟଟକମାନଙ୍କ ପାଇଁ ଯାଦୁର ନମୁନା ଅଟେ । ଓଡ଼ିଶାର ସୂତା ଓ ପାଟବସ୍ତ୍ର, ସୁନାରୁପାର ଅଳଙ୍କାର, କଂସା-ପିତଳର ବାସନ ଓ ଶିଙ୍ଗର କଳାକୃତିଗୁଡ଼ିକ ବିଦେଶୀ ବଜାରରେ ଆକର୍ଷଣର କେନ୍ଦ୍ର ରହି ଆସିଛି । ଓଡ଼ିଶୀ ଚିତ୍ରକଳା, ନୃତ୍ୟ ଓ ସଙ୍ଗୀତ ଆଜି ବିଦେଶରେ ଅତ୍ୟନ୍ତ ଲୋକପ୍ରିୟ ହୋଇଛି । ଓଡ଼ିଆ ସାଧବ ଛୋଟ ବଡ଼ ବୋଇତରେ ସୁଦୂର ପୂର୍ବ ଦ୍ୱୀପମାନଙ୍କରେ ଯାଇ ବ୍ୟବସାୟ କରୁଥିଲେ। ମହାସମୁଦ୍ରର ତରଙ୍ଗମାଳାରେ ଯାଉଥିଲେ ଓ ଧନରତ୍ନ ବୋଇତରେ ଭରି ଆଣୁଥିଲେ । ତୋଫାନ ଓ ସମୁଦ୍ରକୁ ତାଙ୍କର ଭୟ ନଥିଲା । ସେମାନେ କହିଥିଲେ ‘ଆ କା ମା ଭୈ’ ! (ଆଶ୍ବିନ, କାର୍ତ୍ତିକ, ମାଘ, ବୈଶାଖ) ଆମର କାହାକୁ ଭୟ ନାହିଁ । ଚିଲିକା

(viii) बीसवीं शती ………………………… करो या मरो।”
ଓଡ଼ିଆ ଅନୁବାଦ:
ବିଂଶ ଶତାବ୍ଦୀର ଆରମ୍ଭରେ ମହାପୁରୁଷ ମଧୁସୂଦନ ଦାସ ଏହି ଇତିହାସ ପଢ଼ିଲେ । ତାଙ୍କ ହୃଦୟ କାନ୍ଦି ଉଠିଲା । ସେ ଶୋଇଥିବା (ଓଡ଼ିଶାବାସୀ)ଙ୍କୁ ଜାଗ୍ରତ କରି କହିଲେ ହେ ଉତ୍କଳର ସୁପୁତ୍ରମାନେ । ଜାଗ୍ରତ ହୁଅ । ନିଜର ପ୍ରାଚୀନ ଗୌରବକୁ ସ୍ମରଣ କର । ତୁମ ପୂର୍ବପୁରୁଷମାନେ ଗଙ୍ଗାଠାରୁ ଗୋଦାବରୀ ପର୍ଯ୍ୟନ୍ତ ସାମ୍ରାଜ୍ୟ ସ୍ଥାପିତ କରିଥିଲେ । ଗଜପତି ଗୌଡ଼େଶ୍ଵର ନବକୋଟି କର୍ଣ୍ଣାଟ କଳବର୍ଗେଶ୍ଵରର ଉପାଧ୍ ମିଛ ହୋଇଯାଇଛି । ଆଜି ତୁମେ ଦରିଦ୍ର ହୋଇଗଲା । ଏବେ ଉଠ । କର ନଚେତ ମର ।

(ix) ओडिशावासियों ……………………… मिलने लगी है।
ଓଡ଼ିଆ ଅନୁବାଦ:
ଓଡ଼ିଶାବାସୀ ଏହି ଡାକାରା ଶୁଣିଲେ । ଏପ୍ରିଲ ୧୯୩୬ରେ ସ୍ଵତନ୍ତ୍ର ଓଡ଼ିଶା ରାଜ୍ୟ ଗଠନ ହେଲା । ଅନେକ ଜ୍ଞାନୀ ନେତା କାମରେ ଲାଗିଲେ । ନବନିର୍ମାଣର ଦାୟିତ୍ଵ ଗ୍ରହଣ କଲେ । ଉତ୍କଳ ବିଶ୍ଵବିଦ୍ୟାଳୟ ସ୍ଥାପିତ ହେଲା । ଅନେକ ବିଦ୍ୟାଳୟ ଓ ମହାବିଦ୍ୟାଳୟ ଖୋଲା ହେଲା । ନୂଆ ପ୍ରଯୁକ୍ତି ଶିକ୍ଷାର ପ୍ରଣୟନ ହେଲା। ଇଞ୍ଜିନିୟରିଂ ଓ ମେଡ଼ିକାଲ କଲେଜ ସ୍ଥାପନା ହେଲା । କିଛି ବର୍ଷରେ ହଜାର ହଜାର ଅମଲା-ଅଫିସର୍‌, ଶିକ୍ଷକ-ଅଧ୍ୟାପକ, ଇଞ୍ଜିନିୟରିଂ ଓ ଡାକ୍ତର ପ୍ରସ୍ତୁତ ହୋଇଗଲେ । ସେମାନେ ନିଜ ପ୍ରଦେଶ ତଥା ବାହାର ରାଜ୍ୟରେ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ କରି ସୁନାମ ଅର୍ଜନ କଲେ। ହୀରାକୁଦ ବନ୍ଧ ନିର୍ମାଣ ହେଲା । କ୍ଷେତରେ ଜଳସେଚନ ହେଲା। ଶସ୍ୟ ଉତ୍ପାଦନ ବଢ଼ିଲା । ରାଉରକେଲାରେ ଲୁହା ଉତ୍ପାଦନ ହେଲା । ସୁନାବେଡ଼ାରେ ଉଡ଼ାଜାହାଜ ତିଆରି ହେଲା । ପାରଦ୍ଵୀପ ବନ୍ଦରରୁ ବାଣିଜ୍ୟ ପ୍ରସାର ହେଲା । ଇମ୍ଫା, ନାଲକୋ, ଜିନ୍ଦଲ ଓ ବେଦାନ୍ତ ଭଳି ବଡ଼-ବଡ଼ କମ୍ପାନୀମାନେ ଖାଉଟି ଦ୍ରବ୍ୟ ଉତ୍ପାଦନ କଲେ । ଚାନ୍ଦିପୁର ଓ ବଡ଼ମାଳରେ ଦେଶପାଇଁ ଆଧୁନିକ ରକ୍ଷାସାମଗ୍ରୀ ତିଆରି ହେଲା । ଓଡ଼ିଶାରେ ସମସ୍ତ ଆଧୁନିକ ସୁବିଧା ଆଜି ମିଳୁଛି ।

(x) सदियों बाद …………………. बन सकेगा।
ଓଡ଼ିଆ ଅନୁବାଦ:
କେତେ ଶତାବ୍ଦୀ ପରେ ଓଡ଼ିଶାର ଭାଗ୍ୟ ବଦଳିଛି । ସେ ପ୍ରଗତି ପଥରେ ଚାଲିଛି । ଅନ୍ୟ ରାଜ୍ୟମାନଙ୍କ ସହ ପାଦକୁ ପାଦ ମିଶାଇ ଚାଲୁଅଛି । ଦେଶର ଅଗ୍ରଗତିରେ ମଧ୍ୟ ତାହାର ଯୋଗଦାନ କମ୍ ନୁହେଁ । ଏହା ତାହାର ଉନ୍ନତିର ଲକ୍ଷଣ । ଆମେ ସମସ୍ତେ ଏଥିରୁ ଲାଭ ଉଠାଇବା ଉଚ୍ଚିତ । ନୂଆ କଳକାରଖାନାରେ ଅଂଶୀଦାରୀ ହେବା ଉଚିତ । ତେବେ ଓଡ଼ିଶାର ନୂତନ ଇତିହାସ ଗଢ଼ା ହେବା।

शबनार: (ଶରାର୍ଥି)

अजीब – विचित्र (ବିଚିତ୍ର) ।

स्थावर – स्थिर रहनेवाले (ସ୍ଥିର ରହିବା ବ୍ୟକ୍ତି)

जड़ – लकड़ी पत्थर जैसे वस्तुएँ (ନିର୍ଜୀବ)

चेतन – जीव (ଜୀବିତ)।

फकीरी – गरीबी (ଦାରିଦ୍ର୍ୟ)।

जिज्ञाषा – जानने की इच्छा (ଜାଣିବାର ଇଚ୍ଛା) ।

गम – दु:ख (ଦୁଃଖ/ଶୋକ) ।

सिलसिला – कड़ी (କଡ଼ି/କ୍ରମ)

अजूबा – अश्चर्य-वस्तु (ଆଶୁର୍ଯ୍ୟା)

शौर्य – वीरत्व _(ବ।ରତ୍ବ)

तायाद – संख्या (ସିଂଖ୍ୟା)

चौकसी – दुरूस्त (ସତର୍କତା)

सिंचाई – फसलो में पानी देने की व्यवस्था ( ଜଳସଚେନ)

हंस का विवेक – गुण को ग्रहण करना और दोष को छोड़ना (ଗୁଣକୁ ଗ୍ରହଣ କରିବା ଏବଂ ଦୋଷକୁ ଛାଡ଼ି ଦେବା/ପରିତ୍ୟାଗ କରିବା) ।

दांत खट्टे करदेना – हरा देना (ପରାଜୟ କରିବା)

चार…रात – कुछ दिन सुख के फिर दु:ख (କିଛିଦିନର ସୁଖ ପରେ ପୁନଶ୍ଚ ଦୁଃଖ) ।

कलिंग जिन – वह मूल्यवान वस्तु जो मगध से लायी गयी थी।

आ का मा भै – ओड़िशा के बनिये समुंदर में बोहित छोड़ते वक्त यह नारा देते है। (ଓଡ଼ିଶାର ସାଧବମାନେ ସମୁଦ୍ରରେ ବୋଇତ ଛାଡ଼ିବା ସମୟରେ ଏହି ଧ୍ଵନି ଦେଉଥିଲେ ।)

विलास सरोवर – लक्ष्मीजी के बिलास का जलाशय अर्थात् चिलिका व्यापार का केन्द्र था, जहाँ धनरत्न आते थे। (ସୁଖ ଉପଭୋଗ କରୁଥିବା ସରୋବର, ଅର୍ଥାତ୍ ଚିଲିକା ବ୍ୟପାରର କେନ୍ଦ୍ର ଥିଲା ଯେଉଁଠି ଧନରତ୍ନ ଆସୁଥିଲା)।

निराला – विचित्र (ବିଚିତ୍ର)।

जंगम – चलने-फिरनेवाले (ଚଳ-ପ୍ରଚଳ କରିବା) ।

सुहावना – सुखकर (ଅଧିକାର) ।

खुशहाली – सुख का वक्त (ସୁଖଦ) ।

बदहाली – बुरा समय (ଖୁସିର ସମୟ) ।

पन्ना – पृष्ठ (ପୃଷ୍ଠା) ।

शौर्य – वीरत्व (ବୀରତ୍ୱ) ।

झील – बड़ा जलाशय (ଖରାପ ସମୟ) ।

आखिरकार – अंत में (ଶେଷରେ) ।

सपुत्र – सुपुत्र (ଉତ୍ତମ ପୁତ୍ର) ।

मोहताज – दूसरे पर आश्रित (ଅନ୍ୟ ଉପରେ ନିର୍ଭର) ।

किस्मत – भाग्य (ଭ।ଗ୍ୟ)।

दिल दहलना – डर जाना (ଡରିଯିବା)।

विचार-वोध 

यह निबंध हमारी जन्मभूमि ओड़िशा (उत्कल, कलिंग, कोशल आदि) के बारे में काफी जानकारी देता है। कलिंग के लोग बड़े बीर और साहसी होते थे। कलिंग की सेना ने सम्राट अशोक की सेना के साथ मुकाबला किया। बहुत लोग मारे गए। मध्यकाल में ओड़िशा के गजपति राजाओं ने गंगा से गोदावरी तक अपना राज्य फैलाया था। आज वह गौरव अतीत में डूब गया है। उत्कल भूमि मंदिर मूर्त्तियाँ बनाने की कला में मशहूर थी। यहाँ की चित्रकला तथा अन्य शिल्प कला देश-विदेश में प्रख्यात थी। आड़िशा का वर्त्तमान फिरसे उत्साहजनक हुआ। स्वतंत्रता के बाद यहाँ अनेक छोटे बड़े उद्योग तथा कारखानें स्तापित हुए। कई बंदरगाहों की स्तापना हुई है। यह प्रांत आज प्रगति के पथ पर चल रहा है।

Odisha State Board BSE Odisha 10th Class Life Science Solutions Chapter 2 ଶ୍ବସନ Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

BSE Odisha Class 10 Life Science Solutions Chapter 2 ଶ୍ବସନ

Question 1.
ମନୁଷ୍ୟ ଶ୍ଵାସତନ୍ତ୍ରର ନାମାଙ୍କିତ ଚିତ୍ର ଅଙ୍କନ କର ।
Answer:

Question 2.
ବିଭିନ୍ନ ପ୍ରକାର ସ୍ଥିତିରେ ଶ୍ବସନ ବେଳେ ଗ୍ଲୁକୋଜ ଅଣୁ କିପରି ଭାଙ୍ଗେ ରେଖାଚିତ୍ରରେ ଦର୍ଶାଅ ।
Answer:

Question 3.
ସଂବାତନ ଓ ଗ୍ୟାସ୍ ପରିବହନ କିପରି ହୁଏ ଲେଖ ।
Answer:
ସଂବାତନ:

• ସଂବାତନ ଦୁଇ ପର୍ଯ୍ୟାୟବିଶିଷ୍ଟ ଅଟେ; ଯଥା – ପ୍ରଶ୍ଵାସ ଓ ନିଃଶ୍ଵାସ ।
• ଫୁସ୍‌ଫୁସ୍‌ ମଧ୍ୟକୁ ବାୟୁର ପ୍ରବେଶକୁ ପ୍ରଶ୍ଵାସ ଓ ଫୁସ୍‌ଫୁସ୍‌ ବାୟୁର ପ୍ରସ୍ଥାନକୁ ନିଃଶ୍ଵାସ କୁହାଯାଏ ।
• ଜଣେ ସୁସ୍ଥ ବ୍ୟକ୍ତିରେ ଏହି ପ୍ରଶ୍ଵାସ ଓ ନିଃଶ୍ଵାସ ହାର ମିନିଟ୍‌କୁ ପ୍ରାୟ 15 ରୁ 20 ଥର ।
• ଫୁସ୍‌ଫୁସ୍ ବକ୍ଷଗହ୍ଵର ମଧ୍ଯରେ ରହିଥାଏ ଓ ବକ୍ଷଗହ୍ଵର ଏକ ଫମ୍ପା ପବନ-ନିରୋଧୀ କୋଠରୀ ଅଟେ ।
• ଏହାର ଆଗପଟ ଷ୍ଟର୍‌ନମ୍‌ରା, ପଛପଟ ମେରୁଦଣ୍ଡଦ୍ୱାରା, ଦୁଇପଟ ପଞ୍ଜରା ହାଡ଼ ଓ ଅନ୍ତଃ-ପଞ୍ଜରା ମାଂସପେଶୀଦ୍ଵାରା ଏବଂ ତଳପଟ ମଧ୍ୟଚ୍ଛଦାଦ୍ବାରା ଆବଦ୍ଧ ହୋଇ ରହିଛି ।
• ମଧ୍ୟଚ୍ଛଦା ଏକ ଗମ୍ବୁଜ ଆକାରର, ପେଶୀବହୁଳ ପଟ୍ଟ । ଏହା ଆମର ବକ୍ଷଗହ୍ଵର ଏବଂ ଉଦରଗହ୍ବରକୁ ପୃଥକ୍ କରୁଛି ।

ଗ୍ୟାସ୍ ପରିବହନ :

• ରକ୍ତର ଲୋହିତ କଣିକା (RBC)ରେ ହିମୋଗ୍ଲୋବିନ୍ ଥାଏ । ଏହା ଅମ୍ଳଜାନ ଗ୍ରହଣ କରି ଅଗ୍ନିହିମୋଗ୍ଲୋବିନ୍‌ରେ ପରିଣତ ହୁଏ । ଅକ୍ସିହିମୋଗ୍ଲୋବିନ୍ ରକ୍ତ ମାଧ୍ୟମରେ ଶରୀରର ପ୍ରତ୍ୟେକ କୋଷ ନିକଟରେ ପହଞ୍ଚେ ।
• କୋଷ ନିକଟରେ ଅକ୍ସିହିମୋଗ୍ଲୋବିନ୍ ଭାଙ୍ଗି ଅମ୍ଳଜାନ ଓ ହିମୋଗ୍ଲୋବିନ୍ ସୃଷ୍ଟିହୁଏ । ଏହି ଅମ୍ଳଜାନ କୋଷମାନଙ୍କ ମଧ୍ୟକୁ ପ୍ରବେଶ କରେ ଏବଂ କୋଷମାନଙ୍କରୁ ନିର୍ଗତ ଅଙ୍ଗାରକାମ୍ଳ ଗ୍ୟାସ୍ ରକ୍ତକୁ ଚାଲିଆସେ ।
• କୋଷସ୍ତରରେ ଘଟୁଥ‌ିବା ଏହି ଗ୍ୟାସୀୟ ବିନିମୟ ମଧ୍ୟ ବିସରଣ ପ୍ରକ୍ରିୟାଦ୍ଵାରା ହୋଇଥାଏ । କୋଷରୁ ନିର୍ଗତ ଅଙ୍ଗାରକାମ୍ଳ ଗ୍ୟାସ୍ ରକ୍ତ ମାଧ୍ୟମରେ ଫୁସ୍‌ଫୁସ୍‌ରେ ପହଞ୍ଚେ ଓ ବିସରଣ ପ୍ରକ୍ରିୟାଦ୍ଵାରା ରକ୍ତରୁ ଫୁସ୍‌ଫୁସ୍ କୋଟରିକା ବାଟ ଦେଇ ବାୟୁମଣ୍ଡଳକୁ ନିର୍ଗତ ହୁଏ ।

Question 4.
ବାୟୁ ଅପଜୀବୀ ଶ୍ଵାସନ ଓ ଉପଜୀବୀ ଶ୍ଵାସନ ମଧ୍ୟରେ ପାର୍ଥକ୍ୟ ଲେଖ ।
Answer:

Question 5.
କୋଷୀୟ ଶ୍ୱସନ କ’ଣ ? ଗ୍ଲାଇକୋଲିସିସ୍ ଓ ସାଇଟ୍ରିକ୍ ଅମ୍ଳଚକ୍ର ବିଷୟରେ ଲେଖ ।
Answer:
କୋଷ ମଧ୍ଯରେ ଅମ୍ଳଜାନ ଉପସ୍ଥିତିରେ ଗ୍ଲୁକୋଜ ଜାରଣ ସହ ଶକ୍ତିମୋଚନ ପ୍ରକ୍ରିୟାକୁ କୋଷୀୟ ଶ୍ୱସନ କହନ୍ତି । ଏହା ତିନି ପର୍ଯ୍ୟାୟରେ ଘଟିଥାଏ ।

• ଗ୍ଲାଇକୋଲିସିସ୍,
• ସାଇଟ୍ରିକ୍ ଅମ୍ଳଚକ୍ର,
• ଇଲେକ୍ସନ୍ ପରିବହନ ସଂସ୍ଥା

ଗ୍ଲାଇକୋଲିସିସ୍

• କୋଷଜୀବକ କୋଷଝିଲ୍ଲୀଦ୍ଵାରା ଆବୃତ । ଏଠାର ଗ୍ଲାଇକୋସିସ୍ ପ୍ରକ୍ରିୟା ସମ୍ପାଦିତ ହୁଏ ।
• ପ୍ରଥମ ସୋପାନରେ 6 କାର୍ବନଯୁକ୍ତ ଗୁକୋଜ ଅଣୁ ଏଟିପି ଗ୍ରହଣ କରି ଉଦ୍ଦୀପିତ ହେବାଦ୍ଵାରା 3 କାର୍ବନଯୁକ୍ତ ଶର୍କରାରେ ବିଭକ୍ତ ହେବ ।
• 2 ୟ ସୋପାନରେ 3 କାର୍ବନଯୁକ୍ତ ଶର୍କରା ଜୈବ ରାସାୟନିକ କ୍ରିୟାଦ୍ଵାରା ପାଇରୁଭିକ୍ ଅମ୍ଳରେ ପରିଣତ ହେବ । ଶକ୍ତି ମୁଦ୍ରା ATP ଓ ସହକାରକ NADH₂ ଉତ୍ପନ୍ନ ହୁଏ ।

ସାଇଟ୍ରିକ୍ ଅମ୍ଳଚକ୍ର

1. ମାଟ୍ରିକ୍ସରେ ସାଇଟ୍ରିକ୍ ଅମ୍ଳଚକ୍ର ପ୍ରକ୍ରିୟା ସଂଗଠିତ ହୋଇଥାଏ ।
2. ଅମ୍ଳଜାନ ଉପସ୍ଥିତିରେ ପାଇରୁଭିକ୍ ଅମ୍ଳ ମାଇଟ୍ରୋକଣ୍ଡିଆରେ ପଶି ପ୍ରଥମ ପର୍ଯ୍ୟାୟରେ ଏନ୍‌ଜାଇମ୍‌ଦ୍ୱାରା 2 କାର୍ବନଯୁକ୍ତ ସକ୍ରିୟ ଅଣୁରେ ପରିବର୍ତ୍ତିତ ହୁଏ ଓ ଅଙ୍ଗାରକାମ୍ଳ ନିର୍ଗତ ହୁଏ । NADH2 ସଂଶ୍ଳେଷିତ ହୋଇଥାଏ ।
3. ଦ୍ବିତୀୟ ପର୍ଯ୍ୟାୟରେ ସାଇଟ୍ରିକ୍ ଅମ୍ଳଚକ୍ରର ଗ୍ରାହକ ଅଣୁ 4 କାର୍ବନଯୁକ୍ତ ଅଳ୍ପାଲୋଏସେଟିକ୍ ଅମ୍ଳର କାର୍ବନଯୁକ୍ତ ସକ୍ରିୟ ଅଣୁକୁ ଗ୍ରହଣ କରି 6 କାର୍ବନଯୁକ୍ତ ସାଇଟ୍ରିକ୍ ଅମ୍ଳରେ ପରିଣତ ହୁଏ । ଅଙ୍ଗାରକାମ୍ଳ ନିର୍ଗତ ହେବା ସହ NADH₂, FADH₂ ଓ ATP ଉତ୍ପନ୍ନ ହୁଏ ।

Question 6.
କୋଷୀୟ ଶ୍ୱସନ ଆଧାର ବିଷୟରେ ଲେଖ ।
Answer:
କୋଷୀୟ ଶ୍ଵାସନର ଆଧାର :

1. କୋଷ ଭିତରେ କୋଷଜୀବକ ଥାଏ । କୋଷଜୀବକ କୋଷଝିଲ୍ଲୀଦ୍ଵାରା ଆବୃତ ।
2. ବିଭିନ୍ନ ଅଙ୍ଗିକା, ଏନ୍‌ଜାଇମ୍ ଓ ପୋଷକ ଅଣୁ ଥାଏ ।
3. ମାଇଟୋକଣ୍ଡ୍ରିଆ ଅଙ୍ଗିକା ଦ୍ୱସ୍ତରୀୟ ଝିଲ୍ଲୀଦ୍ଵାରା ଆବୃତ ।
4. ଏହା ଭିତରେ ରସପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ ମାଟ୍ରିକ୍ସ ଥାଏ ।
5. ଏଥ‌ିରେ ବିଭିନ୍ନ ଜୈବିକ ଅମ୍ଳ, ଏନ୍‌ଜାଇମ୍, ଲିପିଡ଼, ପ୍ରୋଟିନ୍ ଅଣୁ ଥାଏ । ଦ୍ବିସ୍ତରୀୟ ଝିଲ୍ଲୀର ଅନ୍ତଝିଲ୍ଲୀ ଭାଙ୍ଗକୁ କ୍ରିଷ୍ଟି କୁହାଯାଏ । ମାଟ୍ରିକ୍ସରେ ସାଇଟ୍ରିକ୍ ଅମ୍ଳଚକ୍ର ଓ ଅନ୍ତ ଝିଲ୍ଲୀରେ ଇଲେକ୍‌ଟ୍ରନ୍‌ ପରିବହନ ସଂସ୍ଥା କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ କରିଥାଏ ।

Question 7.
ଇଲେକ୍‌ଟ୍ରନ୍ ପରିବହନ ସଂସ୍ଥାର ବିବରଣୀ ଦିଅ ।
Answer:
ଇଲେକ୍‌ଟ୍ରନ୍‌ ପରିବହନ ସଂସ୍ଥା

1.ମାଇଟୋକଣ୍ଡ୍ରିଆର ଅନ୍ତ ଝିଲ୍ଲୀରେ ଇଲେକ୍‌ଟ୍ରନ୍‌ ପରିବହନ ସଂସ୍ଥା କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ କରିଥାଏ ।
2.ଏହି ସଂସ୍ଥାଟି ବିଭିନ୍ନ ପ୍ରୋଟନ ଓ ଇଲେକଟ୍ରନ୍‌ ବାହକ ଅଣୁଦ୍ବାରା ଗଢ଼ା ।
3.ସହକାରକ NADH₂ ଓ FADH₂ ଅଣୁ ପ୍ରକ୍ରିୟାକରଣ ହୋଇ ATP ତିଆରି ହୁଏ ।
4.
ହୁଏ ।
5.ବାହାକ ଅଣୁ ଏକ ଏନ୍‌ଜାଇମ୍ଦ୍ୱାରା ଇଲେକ୍‌ଟ୍ରନ ସହ ଦ୍ରବୀଭୂତ ଅମ୍ଳଜାନକୁ ମିଶାଇ ଜଳ ସୃଷ୍ଟି କରେ । ଇଲେକ୍‌ଟ୍ରନ ଗତିଦ୍ଵାରା ଦୁଇ ଝିଲ୍ଲୀ ମଧ୍ଯସ୍ଥ ଅନ୍ତଃବର୍ତ୍ତୀ ସ୍ଥାନରେ ପ୍ରୋଟନ ଜମା ହୁଏ । ଏହା ପ୍ରୋଟନଗତି ସକ୍ଷମ ବଳ ତିଆରି କରେ । ଏହି ବଳକୁ ଉପଯୋଗ କରି ATP ସିନ୍ଥେଜ୍ ନାମକ ଏନ୍‌ଜାଇମ୍ ATP ପ୍ରସ୍ତୁତ କରେ ।

Question 8.
ଗୋଟିଏ ବାକ୍ୟରେ ଉତ୍ତର ଦିଅ ।
(କ) ବେଙ୍ଗ କିପରି ଶ୍ଵାସକ୍ରିୟା କରନ୍ତି ?
Answer:

• ବେଙ୍ଗ ମୁଖଗହ୍ଵର ଓ ଫୁସ୍‌ଫୁସ୍‌ରା ଶ୍ଵାସକ୍ରିୟା କରେ ।
• ଶୀତସୁପ୍ତି ସମୟରେ ବେଙ୍ଗ ଚର୍ମଦ୍ଵାରା ଶ୍ଵାସକ୍ରିୟା କରେ ।
• ବେଙ୍ଗ ଲାର୍ଭା ଅବସ୍ଥାରେ ଗାଲିଦ୍ୱାରା ଶ୍ଵାସକ୍ରିୟା କରେ ।

(ଖ) ‘ଉଭିଦର ଶ୍ୱସନ’ ପ୍ରକ୍ରିୟା କିପରି ସମ୍ପାଦନ ହୁଏ ?
Answer:
ଉଦ୍ଭଦ ବିସରଣ ପ୍ରକ୍ରିୟା ମାଧ୍ୟମରେ ପରିବେଶରୁ ବାୟୁରେ ଥ‌ିବା ଅମ୍ଳଜାନ ଗ୍ରହଣ କରିଥାଏ । ଟିସୁଯୁକ୍ତ, ବିଭେଦନ ହୋଇନଥୁବା ନିମ୍ନମାନର ପତ୍ରବିହୀନ ଉଦ୍ଭଦ ନିଜ ଶରୀରର ଉପରିସ୍ଥ କୋଷ ମାଧ୍ୟମରେ ପରିବେଶରୁ ଅମ୍ଳଜାନଯୁକ୍ତ ବାୟୁ ସିଧାସଳଖ ବିସରଣଦ୍ୱାରା ଗ୍ରହଣ କରିଥାଏ । ମାତ୍ର ପତ୍ରଯୁକ୍ତ ସବୁଜ ଉଭିଦ ପତ୍ରରେ ରହିଥ‌ିବା ସ୍ତୋମ୍ ବା ଷ୍ଟୋମାଟା ମାଧ୍ୟମରେ ପରିବେଶରୁ ଅମ୍ଳଜାନ ଗ୍ରହଣ କରିଥାଏ । ଷ୍ଟୋମାଟା ବାଟ ଦେଇ ଅଙ୍ଗାରକାମ୍ଳ ଓ ଅମ୍ଳଜାନ ଗ୍ୟାସ୍‌ର ବିନିମୟ ଘଟିଥାଏ ।

(ଗ) ଶ୍ଵାସନର କାରକଗୁଡ଼ିକ କ’ଣ ?
Answer:
ଶ୍ଵାସନର କାରକଗୁଡ଼ିକ ହେଉଛି –
ଅମ୍ଳଜାନ, ଅଙ୍ଗାରକାମ୍ଳର ସାନ୍ଦ୍ରତା, ଖାଦ୍ୟ ଉପାଦାନର ପରିମାଣ, ତାପମାତ୍ରା ଓ କୋଷରେ ବିପାଚକର ଉପସ୍ଥିତି ।

(ଘ) ଜୈବିକ ଜାରଣ କ’ଣ ?
Answer:
ଏନ୍‌ଜାଇମ୍ର ସହଯୋଗରେ ଜୀବକୋଷରେ ଜୈବ ରାସାୟନିକ ପ୍ରକ୍ରିୟାଦ୍ଵାରା ଖାଦ୍ୟରୁ ଶକ୍ତି ଉତ୍ପନ୍ନ ହେବାକୁ ଜୈବିକ ଜାରଣ କୁହାଯାଏ ।

(ଙ) ଗ୍ଲାଇକୋଲିସିସ୍‌ ଉତ୍ପାଦ କ’ଣ ?
Answer:
ଗ୍ଲାଇକୋଲିସିସର ଉତ୍ପାଦ ପାଇରୁଭିକ୍ ଅମ୍ଳ ।

Question 9.
ଗୋଟିଏ ଶବ୍ଦରେ ଉତ୍ତର ଦିଅ ।
(କ) ବାୟୁ ଅପଜୀବୀ ଶ୍ଵାସନରେ କେତୋଟି ÀTP ଅଣୁ ଉତ୍ପନ୍ନ ହୁଏ ?
Answer:
2 ଟି

(ଖ) ଗ୍ଲାଇକୋଲିସିସ୍ କୋଷର କେଉଁଠାରେ ସଂଗଠିତ ହୁଏ ?
Answer:
କୋଷବୀକ

(ଗ) ବେଳେବେଳେ ଆମ ପେଶୀକୋଷରେ ଅମ୍ଳଜାନ ଅଭାବରେ ପାଇରୁଭେଟ୍ ଅଣୁ ଭାଙ୍ଗି କେଉଁ ଅମ୍ଳରେ ପରିଣତ ହୁଏ ?
Answer:
ଲାକ୍ ଟିକ୍ଅମ୍ଳ

(ଘ) ପୃଷ୍ଠ କୃକ୍ଷୀୟ ପତ୍ରରେ ଷ୍ଟେମାଟା କେଉଁ ଭାଗରେ ରହିଥାଏ ?
Answer:
ପୃଷ୍ଠଭାଗାରେ

(ଙ) ମଣିଷ ଫୁସ୍‌ଫୁସ୍‌ ମଧ୍ୟକୁ ବାୟୁ ପ୍ରବେଶ ପ୍ରକ୍ରିୟାକୁ କ’ଣ କୁହାଯାଏ ?
Answer:
ପ୍ରଶ୍ଵାସ

(ଚ) ସାଇଟ୍ରିକ୍ ଅମ୍ଳ ଚକ୍ର କୋଷର କେଉଁ ଅଙ୍ଗିକାରେ ହୁଏ ?
Answer:
ମାଇଟୋକଣ୍ଡ୍ରିଆର ମାଟ୍ରିକ୍ସ

(ଚ୍ଛ) ଇଲେକ୍‌ଟ୍ରନ୍‌ ପରିବହନ ସଂସ୍ଥା ମାଇଟୋକଣ୍ଡ୍ରିଆର କେଉଁ ଅଂଶରେ ଥାଏ ?
Answer:

(ଜ) କୋଷୀୟ ଶ୍ଵାସନର କେଉଁ ପ୍ରକ୍ରିୟା ବାୟୁ ଉପଜୀବୀ ଓ ବାୟୁ ଅପଜୀବୀ ଶ୍ଵାସନରେ ଦେଖିବାକୁ ମିଳେ ?
Answer:
ଗ୍ଲାଇକୋଲିସିସ୍

Question 10.
ଶୂନ୍ୟସ୍ଥାନ ପୂରଣ କର ।
(କ) ଶର୍କରାର ରାସାୟନିକ ସଂକେତ…….. ଅଟେ ।
(ଖ) ଗ୍ଲା କୋଜ୍ ଭାଙ୍ଗି…………….. ଅଙ୍ଗାରକ ବିଶିଷ୍ଟ ଦୁଇଟି ପାଇରୁଭିକ୍ ଅମ୍ଳ ଅଣୁରେ ପରିଣତ ହୁଏ ।
(ଗ) ଜୀବକୋଷର ଶକ୍ତିକେନ୍ଦ୍ର ………… ।
(ଘ) ………..ଦେଇ ଉଦ୍ଭଦରେ ଗ୍ୟାସ୍ ବିନିମୟ ହୁଏ ।
(ଙ) ………….ଦ୍ଵାରା ଶ୍ଵାସକ୍ରିୟା କରେ ।
(ଚ) ଇଷ୍ଟ୍ରେ …………କିଣ୍ବନ ହୁଏ ।

Answer:
(କ) C₆H₁₂O₆
(ଖ) 3
(ଗ) ମାଇଟୋକଣ୍ଡ୍ରିଆ
(ଘ) ଷ୍ଟୋମାଟା

Question 11.

(କ) ମଣିଷ ଫୁସ୍‌ଫୁସ୍‌ରୁ ବାୟୁ ପ୍ରସ୍ଥାନକୁ ଲସିକାଭ କୁହାଯାଏ ।
(ଖ) ମଣିଷର ବକ୍ଷଗହ୍ଵର ଏବଂ ଉଦରଗହ୍ଵର ମୁଖ-ଗ୍ରସନୀ ଦ୍ୱାରା ପୃଥକ ହୋଇଛି ।
(ଗ) ପାଇରୁଭିକ୍ ଅମ୍ଳ ଏକ 5 କାର୍ବନ ବିଶିଷ୍ଟ ଅଣୁ ଅଟେ ।
(ଘ) ହିମୋଗ୍ଲୋବିନ୍ ରକ୍ତର ଅଣୁଚକ୍ରିକାରେ ଥାଏ ।
(ଙ) ଯେଉଁ ପ୍ରକାର ପତ୍ରର ଉଭୟ ପୃଷ୍ଠ ଓ ନିମ୍ନ ତଳରେ ଷ୍ଟେମାଟା ରହିଥାଏ, ସେହି ପ୍ରକାର ପତ୍ରକୁ ପୃଷ୍ଠକୃକ୍ଷୀୟ ପତ୍ର କୁହାଯାଏ ।
(ଚ) ବାୟୁ ଉପଜୀବୀ ଓ ବାୟୁ ଅପଜୀବୀ କୋଷୀୟ ଶ୍ୱସନରେ ସାଇଟ୍ରିକ୍ ଅମ୍ଳଚକ୍ର ପରିଚାଳିତ ହୁଏ ।

Answer:
(କ) ମଣିଷ ଫୁସ୍‌ଫୁସ୍‌ରୁ ବାୟୁ ପ୍ରସ୍ଥାନକୁ ନିଃଶ୍ଵାସ କୁହାଯାଏ ।
(ଖ) ମଣିଷର ବକ୍ଷଗହ୍ଵର ଏବଂ ଉଦରଗହ୍ଵର ମଧ୍ଯଛଦା ଦ୍ଵାରା ପୃଥକ ହୋଇଛି ।
(ଗ) ପାଇରୁଭିକ୍ ଅମ୍ଳ ଏକ 3 କାର୍ବନ ବିଶିଷ୍ଟ ଅଣୁ ଅଟେ ।,
(ଘ) ହିମୋଗ୍ଲୋବିନ୍ ରକ୍ତର ଲୋହିତ ରକ୍ତ କଣିକାରେ ଥାଏ ।
(ଙ) ଯେଉଁ ପ୍ରକାର ପତ୍ରର ଉଭୟ ପୃଷ୍ଠ ଓ ନିମ୍ନ ତଳରେ ଷ୍ଟେମାଟା ରହିଥାଏ, ସେହି ପ୍ରକାର ପତ୍ରକୁ ସମଦ୍ବିତଳ ପତ୍ର କୁହାଯାଏ ।
(ଚ) ବାୟୁ ଉପଜୀବୀ ଓ ବାୟୁ ଅପଜୀବୀ କୋଷୀୟ ଶ୍ୱସନରେ ଗ୍ଲାଇକୋସିସ୍ ପରିଚାଳିତ ହୁଏ ।

Question 12.
ଦୁଇଟି ଶବ୍ଦର ସମ୍ପର୍କକୁ ଦେଖ୍ ତୃତୀୟ ଶବ୍ଦ ସହ ସମ୍ପର୍କିତ ଶବ୍ଦଟି କ’ଣ ହେବ ଲେଖ ।
(କ) ଖାଦ୍ୟନଳୀ ଦ୍ଵାର : ଗଲେଟ୍ :: ଶ୍ଵାସନଳୀ ଦ୍ଵାର :…………………………
(ଖ) ଇଷ୍ଟ : ସୁରାସାର କିଣ୍ବନ :: ପେଶୀ : …………………………
(ଗ) ମାଛ : ଗାଲି :: ସାପ : …………………………..
(ଘ) ସ୍ୱରପେଟିକା : ସ୍ବର ନିୟନ୍ତ୍ରଣ :: ଅଧ୍ୱଜିହ୍ଵା : …………………………..
(ଙ) ଶକ୍ତିକେନ୍ଦ୍ର : ମାଇଟୋକଣ୍ଡ୍ରିଆ :: ଶକ୍ତିମୁଦ୍ରା : ………………………….
Answer:
(କ) ଗ୍ଲଟିସ୍,
(ଖ) ଲାକ୍‌ଟିକ୍ ଅମ୍ଳ କିଣ୍ବନ,
(ଗ) ଫୁସ୍‌ଫୁସ୍‌,
(ଘ) ଖାଦ୍ୟ ନିୟନ୍ତ୍ରଣ,
(ଙ) ATP

କାର୍ଯ୍ୟାବଳୀ (ACTIVITY)

ତୁମପାଇଁ କାମ : 1
‘‘ଶ୍ଵାସନଳୀରୁ ବାହାରୁଥିବା ଗ୍ୟାସ୍‌ରେ ଅଙ୍ଗାରକାମ୍ଳ ରହିଥାଏ’’ ଦର୍ଶାଇବା ପାଇଁ ପରୀକ୍ଷଣ :
ପରୀକ୍ଷଣ :

• ଦୁଇଟି କାଚ ପରୀକ୍ଷାନଳୀ (A ଓ B) ନିଆଯାଉ ।
• ଉଭୟରେ ସଦ୍ୟ ପ୍ରସ୍ତୁତ ଚୂନପାଣି ନିଆଯାଉ ।
• ପରୀକ୍ଷାନଳୀ (A)କୁ ଏକ ସିରିଞ୍ଜରେ ବା ପିଚକାରୀରେ ବାୟୁ ପ୍ରବେଶ କରାଯାଉ ଓ ଲାଗୁଛି ତାହା ଦେଖାଯାଉ ।
• ପରୀକ୍ଷାନଳୀ (B)କୁ ଏକ ପ୍ଲାଷ୍ଟିକ୍ ପାଇପ୍‌ନଳୀ ଲାଗୁଛି ଦେଖାଯାଉ ।

ପର୍ଯ୍ୟବେକ୍ଷଣ :

• ପରୀକ୍ଷାନଳୀ (A)ରେ ଚୂନପାଣି ଦୁଧୂଆ ହେବାପାଇଁ ଅଧ‌ିକ ସମୟ ଲାଗିବ କାରଣ ବାହ୍ୟ ବାୟୁରେ ଠାର ସାନ୍ଦ୍ରତା ଅଧିକ ଓ CO₂ର ସାନ୍ଦ୍ରତା କମ୍ ।
• ପରୀକ୍ଷାନଳୀ (B)ରେ ଚୂନପାଣି ଦୁଧୂ ହେବାପାଇଁ ଅଳ୍ପ ସମୟ ଲାଗିବ କାରଣ ଶରୀରରୁ ବାହାରୁଥିବା ବାୟୁରେ O₂ ର ସାନ୍ଦ୍ରତା କମ୍ ଓ CO₂ର ସାନ୍ଦ୍ରତା ଅଧ୍ଵ ରହିଥାଏ ।

ସିଦ୍ଧାନ୍ତ :

• ପରୀକ୍ଷାନଳୀ (A) ଓ ପରୀକ୍ଷାନଳୀ (B) ରେ ଚୂନପାଣି ଦୁଧୂ ହେବାପାଇଁ ସମୟ ଭିନ୍ନ ଭିନ୍ନ ଅଟେ ।
• ଫୁଙ୍କିବା ସମୟରେ ଆମ ଶ୍ଵାସନଳୀରୁ ବାହାରୁଥ‌ିବା ଗ୍ୟାସ୍‌ରେ ଅଙ୍ଗାରକାମ୍ଳର ସାନ୍ଦ୍ରତା ଅଧିକ ରହୁଥ‌ିବା କାରଣରୁ ପରୀକ୍ଷାନଳୀ (B)ରେ ଚୂନପାଣି ଶୀଘ୍ର ଦୁଧୂଆ ହୋଇଥାଏ ।

ତୁମପାଇଁ କାମ : 3
ଶ୍ଵସନରେ ଅଙ୍ଗାରକାମ୍ଳ ନିର୍ଗମନ’’ ଏକ ସରଳ ପରୀକ୍ଷଣ ।

ପରୀକ୍ଷଣ :

• ଗୋଟିଏ ଚଉଡ଼ା ମୁହଁ ବିଶିଷ୍ଟ କାଚ ବୋତଲ ନିଆଯାଉ ।
• ଏଥ‌ିରେ କିଛି ଗଜାମଞ୍ଜି ରଖାଯାଉ ଓ ଠିପି ବନ୍ଦ କରି ଗୋଟିଏ ରାତି ରଖାଯାଉ ।
• ପରଦିନ ଠିପି ଖୋଲି ଏହାର ମୁହଁ ନିକଟକୁ ଗୋଟିଏ ଜଳନ୍ତା କାଠି ପୂରାଯାଉ ।

ପର୍ଯ୍ୟବେକ୍ଷଣ :

• ବୋତଲ ମୁହଁ ପାଖରେ କାଠିଟି ଜଳିବ ।
• ଜଳନ୍ତା କାଠିକୁ ତଳକୁ ନେଲେ କାଠିଟି ଲିଭିଯିବ କାରଣ ଶ୍ବସନ ପ୍ରକ୍ରିୟାରେ ଗଜାମଞ୍ଜିଗୁଡ଼ିକ ବୋତଲ ଭିତରୁ ଅମ୍ଳଜାନ ଗ୍ରହଣ କରି ଅଙ୍ଗାରକାମ୍ଳ ଗ୍ୟାସ୍ ଛାଡ଼ିଥା’ନ୍ତି ।
• ଅଙ୍ଗାରକାମ୍ଳ ଗ୍ୟାସ୍ ଦହନର ସହାୟକ ହୋଇନଥିବାରୁ କାଠିଟି ଲିଭିଯିବ ।

ସିଦ୍ଧାନ୍ତ :
ଶ୍ବସନ ପ୍ରକ୍ରିୟାରେ ଅଙ୍ଗାରକାମ୍ଳ ଗ୍ୟାସ୍ ନିର୍ଗତ ହୋଇଥାଏ ।

ତମପାଇଁ କାମ : 4
‘‘ଶ୍ୱସନରେ ଅଙ୍ଗାରକାମ୍ଳ ନିର୍ଗମନ’’ ଦର୍ଶାଇବା ପାଇଁ ପରୀକ୍ଷଣ :
(i) ଗଜାମଞ୍ଜି ଥ‌ିବା ବୋତଲ (A) ରେ ଏପରି ଏକ ଠିପି ଲଗାଯାଉ ଯେପରିକି ଏଥରେ 2ଟି କଣା ରହିଥ‌ିବ ।
(ii) ଠିପିର ପ୍ରଥମ ରନ୍ଧ୍ରରେ ସରୁନଳୀ ବିଶିଷ୍ଟ ଫନେଲ ଓ ଦ୍ବିତୀୟ ରନ୍ଧ୍ରରେ ଗୋଟିଏ ନିର୍ଗମ ନଳୀ ସଂଯୁକ୍ତ କରାଯାଉ ।

(iii) ନିର୍ଗମ ନଳୀର ଅନ୍ୟପ୍ରାନ୍ତ ବୋତଲ (B)ରେ ଥ‌ିବା ସ୍ଵଚ୍ଛ ଚୂନ ପାଣି ଭିତରକୁ ପୂରାଯାଉ।
(iv) କିଛି ସମୟପରେ ଫନେଲ ବାଟ ଦେଇ ବୋତଲରେ ଅଳ୍ପ ପାଣି ପୂରାଯାଉ ଯେପରି ଫନେଲର ନିମ୍ନ ଅଂଶ ପାଣିରେ ବୁଡ଼ିଯିବ ଓ ନିର୍ଗମ ନଳୀର ନିମ୍ନ ଅଂଶ ପାଣିରେ ବୁଡ଼ିବ ନାହିଁ ।

ପର୍ଯ୍ୟବେକ୍ଷଣ :

• ବୋତଲ ମୁହଁ ପାଖରେ କାଠିଟି ଜଳିବ ।
• ଅମ୍ଳଜାନ ଗ୍ରହଣ କରି ଅଙ୍ଗାରକାମ୍ଳ ଗ୍ୟାସ୍ ଛାଡ଼ିଥା’ନ୍ତି ।
• ଅଙ୍ଗାରକାମ୍ଳ ଗ୍ୟାସ୍ ଦହନର ସହାୟକ ହୋଇନଥିବାରୁ କାଠିଟି ଲିଭିଯିବ ।

ସିଦ୍ଧାନ୍ତ :
ଶ୍ଵସନ ପ୍ରକ୍ରିୟାରେ ଅଙ୍ଗାରକାମ୍ଳ ଗ୍ୟାସ୍‌ ନିର୍ଗତ ହୋଇଥାଏ ।

Odisha State Board BSE Odisha 8th Class Science Solutions Chapter 7 ଉଭିଦ ଏବଂ ପ୍ରାଣୀମାନଙ୍କର ସଂରକ୍ଷଣ Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers. Try More: INDIAMART Pivot Point Calculator

BSE Odisha Class 8 Science Solutions Chapter 7 ଉଭିଦ ଏବଂ ପ୍ରାଣୀମାନଙ୍କର ସଂରକ୍ଷଣଅଧାତୁ

Question 1.
ଶୂନ୍ୟସ୍ଥାନ ପୂରଣ କର ।
(କ) ପ୍ରାଣୀମାନଙ୍କୁ ସେମାନଙ୍କର ନିଜ ପରିବେଶରେ ସୁରକ୍ଷା ଦେବା ସ୍ଥାନିକୁ ………… କୁହାଯାଏ ।
(ଖ) ଗୋଟିଏ ନିର୍ଦ୍ଦିଷ୍ଟ ସ୍ଥାନରେ ଦେଖାଦେଉଥ‌ିବା ପ୍ରାଣୀ |ଉଭିଦ ଜାତିକୁ ………………….. କୁହାଯାଏ ।
(ଗ) ପରିବ୍ରାଜକ ପକ୍ଷୀ ………………… ପରିବର୍ତ୍ତନ ଯୋଗୁଁ ବହୁ ଦୂରକୁ ଉଡ଼ିଯାଆନ୍ତି ।

Answer:
(କ) ଅଭୟାରଣ୍ୟ
(ଖ) ସ୍ଥାନିକ ଜାତି
(ଗ) ପାଗ

Question 2.
ପ୍ରଭେଦ ଦର୍ଶାଅ :
(କ) ଅଭୟାରଣ୍ୟ ଓ ଜୀବମଣ୍ଡଳ ସଂରକ୍ଷିତ ସ୍ଥାନ (81)
(ଖ) ଚିଡ଼ିଆଖାନା ଓ ଅଭୟାରଣ୍ୟ
(ଗ) ବିପଦଗ୍ରସ୍ତ ଓ ବିଲୁପ୍ତ ଜାତି ଉଦ୍ଭଦସମୂହ ଓ ପ୍ରାଣୀକୁଳ
ଉ-
(କ) ଅଭୟାରଣ୍ୟ ଓ ଜୀବମଣ୍ଡଳ ସଂରକ୍ଷିତ ସ୍ଥାନ (81)

(ଖ) ଚିଡ଼ିଆଖାନା ଓ ଅଭୟାରଣ୍ୟ

(ଗ) ବିପଦଗ୍ରସ୍ତ ଓ ବିଲୁପ୍ତ ଜାତି ଉଦ୍ଭଦ ସମୂହ ଓ ପ୍ରାଣୀକୁଳ
ଉ-

Question 3.
ଜଙ୍ଗଲ ଧ୍ବଂସ ହେତୁ ନିମ୍ନଲିଖ୍ଯ ବିଷୟ ଉପରେ କ’ଣ ପ୍ରଭାବ ପଡ଼େ ଆଲୋଚନା କର । (କ) ବନ୍ୟପ୍ରାଣୀ (ଖ) ଗ୍ରାମାଞ୍ଚଳ (ଗ) ପୃଥ‌ିବୀ (ଘ) ପରିବେଶ (ଙ) ସହରାଞ୍ଚଳ (ଚ) ପରପିଢ଼ି
ଉ-
(କ) ବନ୍ୟପ୍ରାଣୀ :
ଜଙ୍ଗଲ ଧ୍ଵଂସ ଯୋଗୁଁ ବନ୍ୟପ୍ରାଣୀମାନଙ୍କର ପ୍ରାକୃତିକ ବାସସ୍ଥଳୀ ନଷ୍ଟ ହୋଇଥାଏ; ଫଳରେ ଏମାନେ ପ୍ରଥମେ ବିପଦଗ୍ରସ୍ତ ପ୍ରାଣୀ ଓ ପରବର୍ତ୍ତୀ ପର୍ଯ୍ୟାୟରେ ବିଲୁପ୍ତ ଜାତିରେ ପରିଣତ ହୋଇଥା’ନ୍ତି ।
(ଖ) ଗ୍ରାମାଞ୍ଚଳ :
ଜଙ୍ଗଲ ଧ୍ୱଂସ ଯୋଗୁଁ ସୃଷ୍ଟି ହେଉଥ‌ିବା ଅବସ୍ଥା; ଯଥା – ବୃଷ୍ଟିପାତରେ ଅନିୟମିତତା, ମୃତ୍ତିକାର ଉର୍ବରତା ହ୍ରାସ ଓ ବନ୍ୟା ଇତ୍ୟାଦିର ପ୍ରତିକୂଳ ପ୍ରଭାବ ଗ୍ରାମାଞ୍ଚଳ ଉପରେ ଅଧ୍ଵ ମାତ୍ରାରେ ପଡ଼ିଥାଏ ।

(ଗ) ପୃଥ‌ିବୀ :
ଜଙ୍ଗଲ ଧ୍ଵଂସ ଯୋଗୁଁ ମାଟିର ଧର୍ମ ବଦଳିଯାଉଛି । ମୃଭିକାର ଉପର ସ୍ତର କ୍ଷୟ ହେଉଥିବାରୁ ତଳେ ଥିବା କଠିନ ଓ ପଥୁରିଆ ସ୍ତର ଉପରକୁ ଦେଖାଯାଉଛି । ଏହି ସ୍ତରରେ ଖତିରର ପରିମାଣ କମ୍ ଥ‌ିବାରୁ ଧୀରେ ଧୀରେ ଉର୍ବର ମୃତ୍ତିକା ମରୁଭୂମିରେ ପରିଣତ ହେଉଛି ।

(ଘ) ପରିବେଶ :
ଜଙ୍ଗଲ ଧ୍ଵଂସ କାରଣରୁ ବାୟୁମଣ୍ଡଳରେ ଅଙ୍ଗରାକାମ୍ଳର ପରିମାଣ ବୃଦ୍ଧି ପାଇଥିବାରୁ ପୃଥ‌ିବୀର ତାପମାତ୍ରା ବୃଦ୍ଧି- ପାଉଛି; ଫଳରେ ଜଳଚକ୍ର ବାଧାପ୍ରାପ୍ତ ହେଉଛି ଏବଂ ବୃଷ୍ଟିପାତ କମିଯାଉଛି ଓ ମରୁଡ଼ି ଦେଖାଦେଉଛି ।

(ଡ) ସହରାଞ୍ଚଳ :
ଜଙ୍ଗଲ ଧ୍ୱଂସ ଯୋଗୁଁ ବାୟୁମଣ୍ଡଳରେ ଅଙ୍ଗାରକାମ୍ଳର ପରିମାଣ ବୃଦ୍ଧିପାଉଛି । ସହରାଞ୍ଚଳରେ ଗାଡ଼ିମଟରରୁ ନିର୍ଗତ ଧୂଆଁ ଏହି ବୃଦ୍ଧିକୁ ତ୍ୱରାନ୍ବିତ କରୁଛି । ଅଙ୍ଗାରକାମ୍ଳ ପୃଥ‌ିବୀରୁ ବିକିରିତ ତାପ ଶୋଷଣ କରିବାଦ୍ୱାରା ସହରାଞ୍ଚଳର ତାପମାତ୍ରା ଅତ୍ୟଧ୍ବକ ବୃଦ୍ଧି ପାଉଛି ।

(ଚ) ପରପିଢ଼ି
ଜଙ୍ଗଲ ଧ୍ଵଂସ ପ୍ରକ୍ରିୟା ବନ୍ଦ ନ ହେଲେ ବା ଧ୍ଵଂସରୁ ରକ୍ଷାପାଇବାପାଇଁ ପୁନଃବନୀକରଣ କରା ନଗଲେ ପର ପିଢ଼ିର ପ୍ରାଣୀମାନେ ପୃଥ‌ିବୀରେ ବଞ୍ଚିରହିବା ପାଇଁ ପ୍ରତ୍ୟେକ ମୁହୂର୍ତ୍ତରେ ପ୍ରକୃତି ବିରୁଦ୍ଧରେ ସଂଗ୍ରାମ କରିବାକୁ ବାଧ୍ୟହେବେ । ସୁତରାଂ ଭବିଷ୍ୟତର ସବୁଜ ଅରଣ୍ୟ ବର୍ତ୍ତମାନର ବୃକ୍ଷରୋପଣ ଉପରେ ହିଁ ନିର୍ଭରଶୀଳ ।

Question 4.
କ’ଣ ଘଟିବ ଯଦି
(କ) ଆମେ ଗଛ କାଟିଚାଲୁ
(ଖ) ଗୋଟିଏ ପ୍ରାଣୀର ପରିସ୍ଥାନ ବିପର୍ଯ୍ୟସ୍ତ ହୁଏ
(ଗ) ମାଟିର ଉପର ସ୍ତର ନଷ୍ଟ ହୁଏ
ଉ-
(କ) ଆମେ ଗଛକଟା ଚାଲୁରଖୁ :

• ବାୟୁମଣ୍ଡଳରେ ଅମ୍ଳଜାନର ସାନ୍ଦ୍ରତା କ୍ରମଶଃ ହ୍ରାସପାଇବ ଓ ପ୍ରାଣୀମାନଙ୍କର ବଞ୍ଚିବା ଅସମ୍ଭବ ହୋଇପଡ଼ିବ ।
• ପୃଥ‌ିବୀର ତାପମାତ୍ରା ବୃଦ୍ଧି ପାଇବା ସହ ପ୍ରଦୂଷଣର ମାତ୍ରା ବୃଦ୍ଧି ପାଇବ ।
• ପ୍ରାକୃତିକ ବିପର୍ଯ୍ୟୟ ଜନଜୀବନକୁ ପ୍ରଭାବିତ କରିବ ।
• ଚିରାଚରିତ ଜଳଚକ୍ର ବାଧାପ୍ରାପ୍ତ ହେବା ଫଳରେ ଜଳବାୟୁରେ ଘୋର ପରିବର୍ତ୍ତନ ଦେଖାଦେବ ।

(ଖ) ଗୋଟିଏ ପ୍ରାଣୀର ପରିସ୍ଥାନ ବିପର୍ଯ୍ୟସ୍ତ ହେଲେ :

• ସେହି ପ୍ରାଣୀର ସ୍ଥିତିପ୍ରତି ବିପଦ ସୃଷ୍ଟି ହେବ ଓ ତିଷ୍ଠିବା କଷ୍ଟକର ହୋଇପଡ଼ିବ ।
• ସେମାନଙ୍କ ସଂଖ୍ୟା କ୍ରମଶଃ ହ୍ରାସପାଇ ବିପଦଗ୍ରସ୍ତ ପ୍ରାଣୀ ଭାବେ ପରିଚିତ ହେବେ ।
• ସେମାନେ କ୍ରମଶଃ ବିଲୁପ୍ତ ହୋଇ ବିଲୁପ୍ତ ଜାତିରେ ପରିଣତ ହେବେ ।

(ଗ) ମାଟିର ଉପର ସ୍ତର ନଷ୍ଟ ହେଲେ :

• ମାଟିର ଉପର ସ୍ତର ତଳେ ଥିବା କଠିନ ଓ ପଥୁରିଆ ସ୍ତର ବାହାରକୁ ଦେଖାଯିବ ।
• ପଥୁରିଆ ସ୍ତରରେ ହ୍ୟୁମସ୍‌ର ପରିମାଣ କମ୍ ଥିବାରୁ ଉର୍ବରତା ହ୍ରାସପାଇବ ।
• ଧୀରେ ଧୀରେ ଉର୍ବର ମୃତ୍ତିକା ମରୁଭୂମିରେ ପରିଣତ ହେବ ।
• ମୃତ୍ତିକାରେ ପୋଷକ ପରିମାଣ ଓ ଗଠନ ଇତ୍ୟାଦି ପରିବର୍ତ୍ତିତ ହେବ ।

Question 5.
ସଂକ୍ଷେପରେ ଲେଖ :
(କ) ଆମେ କାହିଁକି ଜୈବବିବିଧତା ସଂରକ୍ଷଣ କରିବା ?
ଉ-
ଜୈବ ବିବିଧତା କହିଲେ ପୃଥ‌ିବୀପୃଷ୍ଠରେ ବାସକରୁଥିବା ବିଭିନ୍ନ ପ୍ରକାରର ଉଭିଦ ଓ ପ୍ରାଣୀ, ସେମାନଙ୍କ ମଧ୍ୟରେ ରହିଥ‌ିବା ପାରସ୍ପରିକ ସମ୍ପର୍କ ଓ ପରିବେଶ ସହ ସେମାନଙ୍କ ସମ୍ପର୍କକୁ ବୁଝାଇଥାଏ । ଜୈବବିବିଧତାର ସଂରକ୍ଷଣ ଦ୍ଵାରା ପରିସଂସ୍ଥାର ଉପଯୁକ୍ତ ରକ୍ଷଣାବେକ୍ଷଣ ସମ୍ଭବ ହୋଇଥାଏ କାରଣ ବିଭିନ୍ନ ଜାତିର ପ୍ରାଣୀ ଓ ଉଦ୍ଭିଦମାନେ ଖାଦ୍ୟଶୃଙ୍ଖଳ ଓ ଖାଦ୍ୟ ଜାଲିର ଗୋଟିଏ ଗୋଟିଏ ଅଂଶ ଅଟନ୍ତି । ଜୈବ ବିବିଧତାର ସଂରକ୍ଷଣ ଦ୍ବାରା ଉଭୟ ଜଙ୍ଗଲ ଓ ବନ୍ୟଜନ୍ତୁଙ୍କୁ ଧ୍ୱଂସମୁଖରୁ ରକ୍ଷା କରାଯାଇପାରିବ ।

(ଖ) ସୁରକ୍ଷିତ ଜଙ୍ଗଲ ମଧ୍ୟ କାହିଁକି ପ୍ରାଣୀମାନଙ୍କ ପାଇଁ ସମ୍ପୂର୍ଣ ନିରାପଦ ନୁହେଁ ?
ଉ-
ସୁରକ୍ଷିତ ଜଙ୍ଗଲରେ କୌଣସି ପ୍ରାଣୀକୁ ଶିକାର କରିବା, ସେମାନଙ୍କୁ ଗୁଳିକରି ବା ଫାଶ ବସାଇ ଧରିବା ନିଷିଦ୍ଧ ଅଟେ । ଦୁଃଖର ବିଷୟ ଏହି ସୁରକ୍ଷିତ ଜଙ୍ଗଲଗୁଡ଼ିକ ପ୍ରାଣୀମାନଙ୍କ ପାଇଁ ମଧ୍ଯ ନିରାପଦ ନୁହଁନ୍ତି କାରଣ ଆଖପାଖର ଅଧିବାସୀ ଏହାକୁ ଜବର ଦଖଲ କରି ଜୀବଜନ୍ତୁମାନଙ୍କୁ ନଷ୍ଟ କରିଥା’ନ୍ତି ।

(ଗ) କେତେକ ଆଦିବାସୀ ଜଙ୍ଗଲ ଉପରେ ନିର୍ଭର କରନ୍ତି । କିପରି ?
ଉ-
କେତେକ ଆଦିବାସୀ ଜଙ୍ଗଲ ଉପରେ ସମ୍ପୂର୍ଣ ନିର୍ଭରଶୀଳ କାରଣ ଏମାନେ ବଞ୍ଚିବାପାଇଁ ତାଙ୍କର ସମସ୍ତ ଆବଶ୍ୟକ ଦ୍ରବ୍ଯ ଜଙ୍ଗଲରୁ ହିଁ ସଂଗ୍ରହ କରିଥା’ନ୍ତି । ବାହ୍ୟଜଗତ ସହିତ ଏମାନଙ୍କର ପ୍ରାୟ ସମ୍ପର୍କ ନଥାଏ ।

(ଘ) ଜଙ୍ଗଲଧ୍ୱଂସର କାରଣ ଓ ପରିମାଣ କ’ଣ ?
ଉ-
ଚାଷ ଉପଯୋଗୀ କ୍ଷେତ୍ର ପ୍ରସ୍ତୁତି, ବାସ ଉପଯୋଗୀ ଗୃହ ଓ କଳକାରଖାନା ନିର୍ମାଣ,ଜାଳେଣି କାଠର ବ୍ୟବହାର ଏବଂ ବିଭିନ୍ନ ପ୍ରାକୃତିକ କାରଣ ଯଥା ମରୁଡ଼ି ଓ ବନାଗ୍ନି ଜଙ୍ଗଲ ଧ୍ଵଂସର କାରଣ ଅଟେ I ତାପମାତ୍ରା ପ୍ରଦୂଷଣର ମାତ୍ରା ବୃଦ୍ଧି, ବନ୍ୟା ଓ ମରୁଡ଼ି ଭଳି ପ୍ରାକୃତିକ ବିପର୍ଯ୍ୟୟ, ମରୁଭୂମିକରଣ ଇତ୍ୟାଦି ଜଙ୍ଗଲଧ୍ଵଂସର ପରିମାଣ ଅଟେ ।

(ଙ) ରେଡ୍ ଡାଟା ବୁକ୍ କ’ଣ ?
ଉ-
ସମସ୍ତ ସଂକଟାପନ୍ନ ବା ବିପଦଗ୍ରସ୍ତ ପ୍ରାଣୀ ଓ ଉଦ୍ଭଦମାନଙ୍କର ଅଭିଲେଖ ରେଡ୍ ଡାଟା ବୁକ୍‌ରେ ସ୍ଥାନ ପାଇଛି । ଉଭିଦ, ପ୍ରାଣୀ ଓ ଅନ୍ୟଜାତିମାନଙ୍କ ପାଇଁ ପୃଥକ ପୃଥକ ରେଡ୍ ଡାଟା ବୁକ୍ ରହିଅଛି ।

(ଚ) ପରିବ୍ରଜନ କହିଲେ କ’ଣ ବୁଝ ?
ଉ-
ବସବାସକରୁଥିବା ଅଞ୍ଚଳର ପାଗ ଅତିଶୟ ଥଣ୍ଡା ବା ପ୍ରତିକୂଳ ହେଲେ ଅଣ୍ଡା ଦେବାପାଇଁ କେତେକ ପକ୍ଷୀ ଅନ୍ୟତ୍ର ଉଡ଼ିଯାଆନ୍ତି । ଏହାକୁ ପରିବ୍ରଜନ କୁହାଯାଏ । ବହୁଦୂର ଅତିକ୍ରମ କରୁଥିବା ପକ୍ଷୀମାନଙ୍କୁ ପରିବ୍ରାଜକ ପକ୍ଷୀ କୁହାଯାଏ ।

Question 6.
କଳକାରଖାନା ଓ ବାସଗୃହର ଆବଶ୍ୟକତା ପୂରଣ ପାଇଁ ଗଛକଟା ସବୁବେଳେ ଚାଲିଛି । ଏହିଭଳି ପ୍ରକଳ୍ପ ପାଇଁ ଗଛ କାଟିବା ବିଧେୟ କି ? ଆଲୋଚନା କରି ଏକ ରିପୋର୍ଟ ପ୍ରସ୍ତୁତ କର ।
ଭ-
କଳକାରଖାନା ଓ ବାସଗୃହର ଆବଶ୍ୟକତା ପୂରଣ ପାଇଁ ଗଛକଟା ସବୁବେଳେ ଚାଲିଛି । ଏହିଭଳି ପ୍ରକଳ୍ପ ପାଇଁ ଗଛ କାଟିବା ବିଧେୟ ନୁହେଁ କାରଣ-

• ଅଣଜଙ୍ଗଲ ଅଞ୍ଚଳରେ କଳକାରଖାନା ଓ ବାସଗୃହ ନିର୍ମାଣ କରାଯାଇପାରିବ ।
• ବୃକ୍ଷରୋପଣଦ୍ୱାରା ପୁନଃ ବନୀକରଣ କରାଯାଇ ପାରିବ ।

Question 7.
ତୁମ ଅଞ୍ଚଳର ସବୁଜ ସମ୍ପଦ ରକ୍ଷାକରିବାପାଇଁ ତୁମେ କ’ଣ କରି ପାରିବ ତା’ର ଏକ ତାଲିକା ପ୍ରସ୍ତୁତ କର 1
ଭ-
ଆମ ଅଞ୍ଚଳର ସବୁଜସମ୍ପଦ ରକ୍ଷାକରିବାପାଇଁ ଆମେ ନିମ୍ନଲିଖତ ପଦକ୍ଷେପମାନ ନେଇପାରିବା; ଯଥା

• ଗଛ କାଟିବାପାଇଁ କାହାକୁ ଅନୁମତି ଦେବା ନାହିଁ ।
• ବୃକ୍ଷରୋପଣ କରି ସବୁଜ ଅରଣ୍ୟ ସୃଷ୍ଟି କରିବା ।
• ଛୋଟ ଗଛରେ ପାଣିଦେଇ ବଢ଼ାଇବା ।
• ଛୋଟ ଗଛକୁ ତାରବାଡ଼ଦ୍ୱାରା ଆବଦ୍ଧ କରି ରଖୁବା ।
• ସବୁଜ ସମ୍ପଦର ସୁରକ୍ଷାପାଇଁ ଜନସଚେତନତା ସୃଷ୍ଟିକରିବା ।

Question 8.
ଜଙ୍ଗଲ ଧ୍ବଂସ ଫଳରେ ବୃଷ୍ଟିପାତ କିପରି କମିଯାଏ ବୁଝାଅ ।
ଭ-
ପ୍ରକ୍ରିୟାରେ ଜଳ ବାୟୁମଣ୍ଡଳକୁ ଆସିପାରେ ନାହିଁ । ମାଟିତଳେ ଥିବା ଜଳ ସ୍ତର ଆହୁରି ତଳକୁ ଖସିଯାଏ । ଗଛ ସଂଖ୍ୟା କମିବା ଫଳରେ ବାୟୁମଣ୍ଡଳ ରେ ଅଙ୍ଗାରକାମ୍ଳର ପରିମାଣ ବୃଦ୍ଧିପାଏ । ଏହି ଅଙ୍ଗାରକାମ୍ଳ ତାପମାତ୍ରା ବୃଦ୍ଧିପାଏ; ଫଳରେ ଜଳଚକ୍ର ବାଧାପ୍ରାପ୍ତ ହେବାଯୋଗୁଁ ବୃଷ୍ଟିପାତ ହ୍ରାସପାଏ ।

Question 9.
ତୁମ ରାଜ୍ୟରେ ଥ‌ିବା ଜାତୀୟ ଉଦ୍ୟାନଗୁଡ଼ିକ ଚିହ୍ନଟ କରି ଭାରତର ଏକ ରେଖା ମାନଚିତ୍ରରେ ସେ ଅଞ୍ଚଳ ଦର୍ଶାଅ ।
ଭ-
ଜାତୀୟ ଉଦ୍ୟାନ :

• ଶିମିଳିପାଳ,
• ଭିତରକନିକା

Question 10.
କାଗଜ ସଞ୍ଚୟ କରିବା କାହିଁକି ? କେଉଁ ଉପାୟରେ କାଗଜ ସଞ୍ଚୟ କରିହେବ ତା’ର ଗୋଟିଏ ତାଲିକା ପ୍ରସ୍ତୁତ କର ।
(a) ଜଙ୍ଗଲ ଲୋପପାଇବାର ଅନ୍ୟଏକ କାରଣ ହେଉଛି କାଗଜର ଅତ୍ୟଧିକ ବ୍ୟବହାର । ଗୋଟିଏ ଟନ୍ କାଗଜ ତିଆରି ପାଇଁ 17 ଟି ପୂରା ବଢ଼ିଥିବା ଗଛ ଆବଶ୍ୟକ ହୋଇଥାଏ । ଏହି କାରଣରୁ ଆମେ କାଗଜ ସଞ୍ଚୟ କରିବା ଉଚିତ ।
(b) ନିମ୍ନଲିଖତ ଉପାୟରେ କାଗଜ ସଞ୍ଚୟ କରିହେବ; ଯଥା –

• ଯଥାସମ୍ଭବ ଅଳ୍ପ କାଗଜ ବ୍ୟବହାର କରିବା ।
• କାଗଜର ପୁନଃ ବ୍ୟବହାର ଓ ପୁନଶ୍ଚକ୍ରଣ କରିବା । ନୋଟ୍‌ବୁକ୍‌ ବ୍ୟବହାର କରିବା ।
• ଇଲେକ୍‌ଟ୍ରୋନିକ
• ଗାଣିତିକ ହିସାବ ପାଇଁ log table ଓ calculator ବ୍ୟବହାର କରିବା ।
• Computer ରେ ତଥ୍ୟ ସଂରକ୍ଷିତ ରଖୁବା

ପରୀକ୍ଷା ଉପଯୋଗୀ ଅତିରିକ୍ତ ପ୍ରଶ୍ନୋତ୍ତର

ବସ୍ତୁନିଷ୍ଠ ପ୍ରଶ୍ନେ। ଭର

1. ଶୂନ୍ୟସ୍ଥାନ ପୂରଣ କର ।
(i) ଜୀବଜଗତ ଓ ………………. ପରସ୍ପରଦ୍ଵାରା ପ୍ରଭାବିତ ହୋଇଥାଏ ।
(ii) ଆମ ରାଜ୍ୟରେ ସର୍ବମୋଟ …………………. ଟି ଅଭୟାରଣ୍ୟ ଅଛି ।
(iii) ଆମ ରାଜ୍ୟରେ ………………. -ଟି ସାମୁଦ୍ରିକ ଅଭୟାରଣ୍ୟ ଅଛି ।
(iv) ଓଡ଼ିଶାରେ ସଂରକ୍ଷିତ ଜଙ୍ଗଲର ଆୟତନ ………………………. ବର୍ଗ କି.ମି.ରୁ ସାମାନ୍ୟ ଅଧିକ ।
(v) ଭିତରକନିକା ଅଭୟାରଣ୍ୟର କେନ୍ଦ୍ରସ୍ଥଳର ଅବସ୍ଥିତି ପ୍ରାୟ ………………. ବର୍ଗ କି.ମି ।
(vi) ଜଙ୍ଗଲ କ୍ଷୟ ଫଳରେ ପୃଥ‌ିବୀର …………………. ଓ ………………… ବିପଜ୍ଜନକ ଭାବେ ବୃଦ୍ଧିପାଇ ଚାଲିଛି ।
(vii) ଜଙ୍ଗଲରୁ ଗଛ କଟାହେଲେ …………………… ଓ …………………. ହ୍ରାସ – ପାଇଥାଏ ।
(viii) ଅଙ୍ଗାରକାମ୍ଳ ପୃଥ‌ିବୀରୁ ………………….. ଶୋଷଶ କରିବାଦ୍ୱାରା ପୃଥ‌ିବୀର ତାପମାତ୍ରା ବୃଦ୍ଧିପାଏ ।
(ix) ବିଶ୍ଵ ତାପନ ଯୋଗୁଁ …………………… ବିଶ୍ବ ତାପନ ଯୋଗୁ ବୃଷ୍ଟିପାତ କମିଯାଉଛି ।
(x) ଜଙ୍ଗଲ କ୍ଷୟ ଯୋଗୁଁ ମାଟିର ………………… ବଦଳିଯାଉଛି ।
(xi) ବୃକ୍ଷରୋପଣ ଓ ଉଭିଦରାଜି ମାଟିର ……………………….. ଧର୍ମ ଉପରେ ପ୍ରଭାବ ପକାଇଥା’ନ୍ତି ।
(xii) ଜଙ୍ଗଲସମ୍ପଦ ନଷ୍ଟ ହେବା ଫଳରେ ମାଟିର …………………….. ସାମର୍ଥ୍ୟ କମିଯାଉଛି ।
(xiii) ଜୈବ ବିବିଧତାର ସଂରକ୍ଷଣ ପାଇଁ ……………………. ରହିଥାଏ ।
(xiv) ଉଭିଦ ଏବଂ ପ୍ରାଣୀମାନଙ୍କର ଯେଉଁ ଜାତିଗୁଡ଼ିକ କେବଳ ଗୋଟିଏ ଜାଗାରେ ବାସକରନ୍ତି, ସେଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ସେଠାକାର ……………………. କୁହାଯାଏ ।
(xv) ପଚମାରୀ ଜୈବମଣ୍ଡଳର ………………….. ଗଛ ସ୍ଥାନିକ ଉଦ୍ଭାଦ ଅଟନ୍ତି ।

Answers:
(i) ପରିବେଶ
(ii) 17
(iii) 1
(iv) 26,000
(v) 145
(vi) ତାପମାତ୍ରା, ପ୍ରଦୂଷଣ
(vii) ବୃଷ୍ଟିପାତ, ମାଟିର ଉର୍ବରତ
(viii) ବିକିରିତ ତାପ
(ix) ଜଳଚକ୍ର
(x) ଧର୍ମ
(xi) ଭୌତିକ
(xii) ଜଳଧାରଣ
(xiii) ଜୀବମଣ୍ଡଳ ସଂରକ୍ଷିତ ସ୍ଥାନ
(xiv) ସ୍ଥାନିକ ଜାତି
(xv) ଶାଳ ଓ ବଣୁଆ ଆମ୍ବ

2. ବନ୍ଧନୀ ମଧ୍ଯରୁ ଉପଯୁକ୍ତ ଶବ୍ଦ ବାଛି ଶୂନ୍ୟସ୍ଥାନ ପୂରଣ କର :
(i) ପଚମାରୀ ଜୀବମଣ୍ତଳ ସଂରକ୍ଷିତ ସ୍ଥାନରେ ……………… ଟି ଶିଳାଲିପି ଚିହ୍ନଟ ହୋଇଛି । [45, 50, 55, 60]
(ii) ଗୋଟିଏ ଟନ୍ କାଗଜ ତିଆରି ପାଇଁ ……………………. ଟି ପୂରା ବଢ଼ିଥ‌ିବା ଗଛ ଆବଶ୍ୟକ । [14, 15, 16, 17]
(iii) ଥରେ ବ୍ୟବହାର ହୋଇଥିବା କାଗଜର ପୁନଶ୍ଚକ୍ରଣ ଦ୍ଵାରା ……………………….. ଥର ବ୍ୟବହର କରିହେବ [2-3, 3-4, 4-5, 5-6]
(iv) ଭିତରକନିକା ଜାତୀୟ ଉଦ୍ୟାନରେ ………………………. ମିଳନ୍ତି । [70, 72,63, 73]
(v) ସମଗ୍ର ପୃଥିବୀରେ ……………………… ଜାତିର ଲୁଣା ଉଭିଦ ଦେଖିବାକୁ ମିଳନ୍ତି । [70,71,72,73]
(vi) ଆମ ରାଜ୍ୟରେ ସର୍ବମୋଟ …………………… ଟି ଅଦ୍ଭୟାରଣ୍ୟ ରହଛି I [14, 15, 16, 17]
(vii) ଭିତରକନିକା କେନ୍ଦ୍ରସ୍ଥଳର ଅବସ୍ଥିତି ପ୍ରାୟ ……………………… [140, 145, 150, 155]
(viii) …………….. ଜାତୀୟ ଉଦ୍ୟାନ ଭାରତର ପ୍ରଥମ ସଂରକ୍ଷିତ ଜଙ୍ଗଲ । [ଶିମିଳିପାଳ, ଭିତରକନିକା, କାଜିରଙ୍ଗା, ସାତପୁରା]

Answers:
(i) 55
(ii) 17
(iii) 5-6
(iv) 63
(v) 72
(vi) 17
(vii) 145
(viii) legal

3. ବାମ ପାର୍ଶ୍ଵର ସମ୍ପର୍କକୁ ଲକ୍ଷ୍ୟ କରି ଦକ୍ଷିଣ ପାର୍ଶ୍ୱସ୍ଥ ଶୂନ୍ୟସ୍ଥାନ ପୂରଣ କର ।
(i) ହସ୍ତୀ ପ୍ରକଳ୍ପ : ଚନ୍ଦକା :: ବ୍ୟାଘ୍ର ପ୍ରକଳ୍ପ : …………………….. ।
(ii) ବିପଦଗ୍ରସ୍ତ ପ୍ରାଣୀ : ବାରଶିଂଘା :: ବିଲୁପ୍ତ ଜାତି :…………………….. ।
(iii) ପୃଥ‌ିବୀର ଲୁଣାଉଭିଦ ଜାତି : 72 :: ଭିତରକନିକାର ଲୁଣା ଉଭିଦ ଜାତି :…………………….. ।
(iv) ପଚମାରିର ସ୍ଥାନିକ ଉଦ୍ଭଦ : ବଣୁଆ ଆମ୍ବଗଛ :: ପଚମାରୀର ସ୍ଥାନିକ ପ୍ରାଣୀ: ……………………… ।
(v) ଭିତରକନିକା : ଶିମିଳିପାଳ :: ଜାତୀୟ ଉଦ୍ୟାନ : ……………………… ।
(vi) ଜଙ୍ଗଲ ଧ୍ବଂସ : ବିଶ୍ୱତାପନ :: ମୃତ୍ତିକାର ଉର୍ବରତା ହ୍ରାସ : ……………………… ।
(vii) ରାଜ୍ୟର ସର୍ବମୋଟ ଅଭୟାରଣ୍ୟ : 17 :: ରାଜ୍ୟର ସାମୁଦ୍ରିକ ଅଭୟାରଣ୍ୟ : ……………………… ।

Answers:
(i) ଶିମିଳମାଳ
(ii) ଡାଇନୋସର
(iii) 63
(iv) ଗୟଳ
(v) ଜୀବମଣ୍ଡଳ ସଂରକ୍ଷିତ ସ୍ଥାନ
(vi) ମରୁ ଭୂମିକରଣ
(vii) 1
(viii) ସୁନ୍ଦରବନ

4. ସ୍ତମ୍ଭରେ ଥ‌ିବା ଶବ୍ଦ ସହିତ ‘ଖ’ ସ୍ତମ୍ଭରେ ଥିବା ସମ୍ପର୍କିତ ଶବ୍ଦକୁ ମିଳାଅ ।

‘କ’ ସ୍ତମ୍ଭ	‘ଖ’ ସ୍ତମ୍ଭ
(i) ଦ୍ଭବିଷ୍ୟତର ସବୁକଥାରଣ୍ୟ	(i) ବିଶ୍ୱତାପନ
(ii) ପରିବ୍ରାଜକ ପକ୍ଷୀ	(ii) ଶମିଳିପାଳ
(iii) ବ୍ୟାଘ୍ର ପ୍ରକଳ୍ପ	(iii) ରେଡ୍ ଡାଟା ବୁକ୍
(iv) ପ୍ରଥମ ସଂରକ୍ଷିତ ଜଙ୍ଗଲ	(iv) ହେନ୍ତାଳ ବଣ
(v) ଭିତରକନିକା	(v) ପୁନଃବନୀକରଣ
(vi) ସ୍ୱ-ଅଞ୍ଚଳୀୟ ଜାତି	(vi) ମରୁଭୂମିକରଣ
(vii) ଜଙ୍ଗଲ ଧ୍ବଂସ	(vii) ଜୀବ ଓ ପରିବେଶର ସମ୍ପର୍କ
(viii) ଜୈବବିବିଧତା	(viii) ଚିଲିକା
(ix) ମୃତ୍ତିକାର ଉର୍ବରତା ହ୍ରାସ	(ix) ବୃହତ୍ ଗୁଣ୍ଡୁଚି
(x) ସଂକଟାପନ୍ନ ପ୍ରାଣୀ ଓ ଉଦ୍ଭଦ	(x) ସାତପୁରା

Answer:

‘କ’ ସ୍ତମ୍ଭ	‘ଖ’ ସ୍ତମ୍ଭ
(i) ଦ୍ଭବିଷ୍ୟତର ସବୁକଥାରଣ୍ୟ	(v) ପୁନଃବନୀକରଣ
(ii) ପରିବ୍ରାଜକ ପକ୍ଷୀ	(viii) ଚିଲିକା
(iii) ବ୍ୟାଘ୍ର ପ୍ରକଳ୍ପ	(ii) ଶମିଳିପାଳ
(iv) ପ୍ରଥମ ସଂରକ୍ଷିତ ଜଙ୍ଗଲ	(x) ସାତପୁରା
(v) ଭିତରକନିକା	(iv) ହେନ୍ତାଳ ବଣ
(vi) ସ୍ୱ-ଅଞ୍ଚଳୀୟ ଜାତି	(ix) ବୃହତ୍ ଗୁଣ୍ଡୁଚି
(vii) ଜଙ୍ଗଲ ଧ୍ବଂସ	(i) ବିଶ୍ୱତାପନ
(viii) ଜୈବବିବିଧତା	(vii) ଜୀବ ଓ ପରିବେଶର ସମ୍ପର୍କ
(ix) ମୃତ୍ତିକାର ଉର୍ବରତା ହ୍ରାସ	(vi) ମରୁଭୂମିକରଣ
(x) ସଂକଟାପନ୍ନ ପ୍ରାଣୀ ଓ ଉଦ୍ଭଦ	(iii) ରେଡ୍ ଡାଟା ବୁକ୍

 

Follow More:

GNFC Pivot Point Calculator

Odisha State Board CHSE Odisha Class 12 Foundations of Education Solutions Unit 4 Educational Statistics Questions and Answers.

CHSE Odisha 12th Class Foundations of Education Unit 4 Educational Statistics Questions and Answers

Objective Type Question and Answers

Question 1.
What is the formula to find out the mean?
(a) \(\frac{\sum F x}{N}\)
(b) \(\frac{F x}{N}\)
(c) L+\(\frac{N_2 F}{M}\)
(d) H.S.-L.S.
Answer:
(a) \(\frac{\sum F x}{N}\)

Question 2.
Estimate the mode of the scores:
8, 9, 8, 9,10,11,8,9,10
(a) 9
(b) 10
(c) 11
(d) 8
Answer:
(d) 8

Question 3.
What is a formula to find median?
(a) H.S. – L.S.
(b) \(\frac{Q_3-Q_1}{Q}\)
(c) 3 median – 2 mean
(d) None of the above
Answer:
(c) 3 median – 2 mean

Question 4.
4. Estimate the mean of the scores: 8,9,10,11,12,13
(a) 8.5
(b) 10.5
(c) 11.5
(d) 12.5
Answer:
(b) 10.5

Question 5.
5. Estimate the class interval of25-29.
(a) 4
(b) 3
(c) 5
(d) None
Answer:
(c) 5

Question 6.
6. Estimate the mean of the scores:
2, 8, 10, 25,45
(a) 10
(b) 20
(c) 30
(d) 40
Answer:
(a) 10

Question 7.
7. Select the formula to find out the median?
(a) A.M.+\(\frac{\sum F d}{N}\) Xi
(b) U\(\frac{\frac{N}{2}-F}{f m}\) xi
(c) 3 median – 2 mean
(d) None
Answer:
(b) U\(\frac{\frac{N}{2}-F}{f m}\) xi

Answer in single word / single sentence

Question 1.
How can you find out Mode?
Answer:
The mode can be calculated as 3 median – 2 mean.

Question 2.
What is Mean?
Answer:
The mean is the sum of the group of scores divided by the number of scores.
M = \(\frac{\sum x}{N}\)

Question 3.
What do you mean by Median?
Answer:
The median is the midpoint or mid-value of the distribution of scores.

Question 4.
Give one use of Mean?
Answer:
Mean is used when a quick and easily computerized measure of central tendency is needed.

Question 5.
Give one use of Mode?
Answer:
Mode is used when the quickest of the central tendency is needed.

Question 6.
What is the limitation of the Median?
Answer:
A median is an algebraic measure and hence not suitable for the function of algebraic treatment.

Question 7.
How can you calculate the Mean?
Answer:
mean = L +\(\left|\frac{\frac{N}{2}-F}{F m}\right|\) Xi

Question 8.
What is the limitation of Mode?
Answer:
Mode is not based on all the observations in a series.

Question 9.
What is the formula for finding out the mean of the ungrouped data?
Answer:
Mean = \(\frac{\sum X}{N}\)

Question 10.
What is the mode of an ungrouped set score?
Answer:
The score which occurs frequently or number of times is known as a mode.

Question 11.
How can you measure the median in a simple method
Answer:
Median = \(\left(\frac{N+1}{2}\right)^{t h}\) Term

Question 12.
Find out the median of the following scores:
5.4, 3, 7, 8, 10, 4,6
Answer:
Arrange is chronological order :
3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10
Median = \(\left(\frac{N+1}{2}\right)^{t h}\) Score
= \(\frac{8+1}{2}\)
= \(9 / 2\)
= 4.5^th
= \(\frac{7+8}{2}\)
= \(\frac{15}{2}\)
=7.5

Question 13.
what is the midpoint of class interval: 1.3 -1.7?
Answer: The midpoint of C, I.
= 1.3- 1.7= 1.5

Question 14.
What is Mode? Give example.
Answer:
The mode is the score that occurs frequently in a group.
Example – 5, 6, 7, 8,4, 8, 9 Here mode is = 5.

Question 15.
Find out H.S.&L.S. of 14.5 -19.5
Answer:
14- 19 & 15-20

Question 16.
find out the mean: 40, 30,20, 80,60
Answer:
Mean = \(\frac{\sum X}{N}\)
= \(\frac{160}{5}\)
= 32

Question 17.
Find out H.S. & L.S. of the three class intervals 100 – 109,10 – 14, 80 – 84
Answer:

C.I	L.S.	H.S.
100 – 109	99.5	109.5
10-14	9.5	14.5
80-84	79.5	84.5

Very Short Type Questions With Answer

Question 1:
Explain how the knowledge of statistics is helpful to a teacher.
Answer:
1. Statistics helps the teacher to draw general conclusions.
2. It enables the teacher to predict the future performance of the pupils.

Question 2:
What is measures of central tendency?
Answer:
Methods of finding out the central values or average value of a statistical series of quantitative information mean, median and mode are the measures of central tendency, to find out the arithmetic averages.

Question 3:
Explain the different steps for preparing a frequency distribution table.
Answer:
The following are the steps of frequency distribution:

• Find out the range,
• Deciding the length of class interval.
• Making tallies to find out the frequency of scores with each class.
• Making the total number of tallies in each class.

Short Type Questions With Answers

Question 1:
1. What is statistics? What is measure of central tendency?
Answer:
Statistics is a branch of mathematics. It is a science dealing with numerical facts collected systematically with the purpose of action and study. So statistics is a science dealing with the collection, analysis and interpretation of data. It always deals with numerical facts and figures. The data are collected from various sources, then it is analyzed, and tabulated for interpretation. Now, statistics is used to measure population growth in education, agriculture and industry in finding out the numerical facts and figures statistics is used.

Measures of Central Tendency

Measures of central tendency is the method of finding out the central values or average value of statistical series of quantitative information mean, median and mode are the measures of central tendencies. Mean is the arithmetical average of the scores of a group. Median is the score point in a distribution below and above which half of the cases live. Mode means the score which occurs most frequently.

Question 2:
Write the function of statistics in education.
Answer:

• Statistics helps in the collection, presentation of data in a systematic manner.
• It helps in classification.
• It provides a technique for making comparison of examination results among the students.
• It helps to understand complex data by simplifying it.
• It helps to study the relationship between different results of examinations.

Question 3:
Explain the use of mean and Median.
Answer:
Use of Mean :

• When the distribution is symmetrical score and are uniformly distributed mean is the centre of gravity have the same value and other scores distribute it to its distribution
• Mean is the most stable measure of central tendencies and is often in demand at the greatest statistical calculations.
• The mean has the greatest stability so when a measure of central tendency with the greatest stability is needed the mean is used.

Use of Median :

The Median is used when the exact midpoint the 50 % of the distribution is desired.

• It is scored that would markedly affect the mean.
• When it is desired that certain scores should influence the central tendency, the median is used.
• It is used when the distribution has no upper or lower class interval of complicated length.

Long Type Questions With Answers

Question 1.
What is statistics? What is measures of E.T. ? Explain.
Answer:
Statistics is a branch of mathematics. It is a science dealing with numerical facts collected systematically with the purpose of action and study.

So statistics is a science dealing with the collection, analysis and presentation of data and interpretation. Statistics always deals with numerical facts and figures. The data are collected systematically from various sources then it is analysed, and tabulated for interpretation. How statistics is used to measure population, growth in education, agriculture and industry.

Helpful to a Teacher:

•  It helps the teacher to provide the most exact type of description.
• It makes the teaching definite and exact is procedures and thinking.
• It enables the teacher to draw general conclusions.
• It enables the teacher to predict to future performances of the pupils.

Functions of statistics:

• Statistics help into the collection and presentation the data in a systematic manner.
• It helps to understand complex data by simplifying it.
• It helps to classify data.
• It provides a technique for making comparisons of exams and results among students.
• It helps to study the relationship between different results of examination.

Needs :

• Statistical methods are used for standardisation of various tests and measures like – achievement tests in various subjects, like intelligence tests, interest, aptitude scales and various other measures of personality measurement.
• The scores obtained from various tests and measures are always relative. Statistical methods help their proper presentation, comparison, analysis and interpretation, and statistics help better.
• To make predictions regarding to further progress.
• Statistics is used for the ID of our students to study their interest and I.Q.
• To compare the variability some Mean, Median and Mode and its central tendency.

What is the Measures of C.T :
Central value or central tendency means the value which lies in the centre or middle of the distribution. Thus it is located somewhere in between two extreme values in the distribution. In simple words, it is the value of a variable around which other values are distributed
A measure of C.T. of the measure of a single typical value which is the best representative of the whole group.

Measures of CT is the methods finding at the central values on the average value of a statistical series of quantitative information. Mean median and mode are the measures of central tendencies.

Mean is the score point in a distribution in between and above which half of the cases like a sum total of the score divided by its number is mean.
So μ = \(\frac{\sum X}{N}\)

where ∑ = sum total
X = individual scores
N = total no. of frequencies

Mean = \(\frac{\text { the sum of all the values }}{\text { the number of values }}\)

Suppose, 5 boys of a class are selected for the cricket team and their ages are 15 16 16 17 17 18.
We can find out the arithmetic mean of the ages of students by adding the ages of 5 students and then dividing that sum by the number of boys 5.

Arithmetic mean \(\frac{75}{5}\) = 15

Calculation of mean by the short method:

Marks	No of students	Midpoints	Deviations	Fd
C l	F	(m)	(d)
0-10	6	5	-30	-180
10-20	14	15	-20	-280
30-40	16	25	-10	-160
40-50	27	35	o	0
50-60	22	45	10	220
	15	55	20	300
	N=100			F d = -100

Arithmetic mean = \(\overline{\mathbf{X}}\) = A = \(\frac{\sum \mathrm{fd}}{\mathbf{N}}\)
Where A = Arithmetic means 35
∑Fd = Total deviations = -100
N=∑f=100
\(\overline{\mathbf{X}}\)
= 35+\(\frac{-100}{100}\)
=35-1
=34

Median: Median is the mid value of the middle item of the series when the series are arranged in ascending or descending order of magnitude, smallest to longest or largest to smallest.

Median = value of \(\left(\frac{N+1}{2}\right)^{\text {th }}\) item

For example – if the ages of five boys are 7, 8, 9, 10, 11

Median age will be the age of \(\left(\frac{N+1}{2}\right)^{\text {th }}\)
Boy = \(\left(\frac{S+1}{2}\right)\) boy

i.e. the 3rd boy which is equal to 9 years.
Example: Find out the median of the grouped data.

C.T.	F	Count
45-50	1	30
41-50	2	29
35-40	2	27
31-34	2	25
26-30	4	23
21-25	5	19
16-20	1	14
11-15	6	13
6-10	4	7
1-05	3	3
	N=31

Here L= 25 \(\frac{N}{2}\)
= \(\frac{30}{2}\)
= 15

F= I4 Fm=5 i=5
Median = 20.5+\(\frac{15-14}{5}\) x 5
= 20.5+\(\frac{1}{5}\) x5
= 20.5+\(5 / 5\)
= 20.5 + 1
= 21.5

Mode = mode is the frequently occurring value in a distribution.
Example = Calculate the mode from the following data of the marks obtained by 20 students 15, 10,25, 30, 25,40
Mode = 25
Formula = 3 median – 2 mean = mode
(1) Use of Mean: Mean is used:

• When the distribution is systematic, scores are distributed. Mean is the centre of gravity
  of the scores of distribution.
• Mean is the most stable measure of C.T. and greater statistical calculation.
• When the measure of C.T. with its greatest stability is needed the mean is used.

(2)The use of Median :

• The Median is used when the exact midpoint of the distribution is desired.
• It is scores which would markable affect the mean.
• When it is desired that certain scores should be with CT median is used.
• It is used when the distribution has no upper or lower interval of complicated length. Use of Mode: Mode is used when the quickest of the central tendency is needed.

Question 2.
Find out mean and median of the distribution?

C.L	F
10 – 14	4
15 – 19	5
20 – 24	9
25 – 29	18
30 – 34	11
35 – 39	5
40 – 44	6
45 – 49	3
50 – 54	1
	N=60

Answer:

C.I.		F	d1	Fd1
15-19	7	-3	-21	-39
20-24	5	-2	-10
25-29	8	-1	-8
30-34	15	0	0
35-39	10	+1	10	+49
40-44	6	+2	12
45-49	9	+3	27
	N=60	+3	∑fd1 = 10

Mean = A.m+ \(\frac{\sum f d}{N}\) xi
= 32+\(\frac{10}{60}\) x 5
= 32+ \(\frac{10}{12}\)
= 3282

Median = L + \(\left(\frac{\frac{N}{2}-F}{F m}\right)\) x i

Where L = 29.5
N/2=30 ,F=20 ,Fm=15 ,¡=5
= 29.5+\(\left(\frac{30-20}{15}\right)\) x5
= 29.5+\(\frac{10}{15}\) x 5
= 29.5+\(\frac{50}{15}\)
= 29.5 + 3.3
= 32.8

Question 3.
Calculate the mean, median and mode of the following frequency distribution?

CL	F
20-21	1
18-19	2
16-17	3
14-15	5
12-13	3
10-11	3
8-9	2
6-7	1
	N= 20

Answer:

C.I.	Midpoint	F	X1	Fx1
20-21	20.5	1	3	3
18-19	18.5	2	2	4
16-17	16.5	3	1	3
14-15	14.5	5	0	0
12-13	12.5	3	-1	-3
10-II	10.5	3	-2	-6
8-9	8.5	2	-3	-6
8-7	6.5	1	-4	-4
	N=20		Fx’ = -9

Mean = A.M. + \(\frac{\sum F x^1}{N}\) x i

Where,   A.M. = Assumed Mean
∑ = Sum of
Fx¹ = Frequency x deviates of the midpoints of the class intervals from the assumed mean in terms of class interval unit.
¡ = size of the class interval
Here,  A.M. = 14.5
∑FX¹ = -9
i=2

Mean = A.M. + \(\frac{\sum F x^1}{N}\) x i
= 14.5+\(\frac{-9}{20}\) x 2
= 14.5 + -9
= 13.6

Median = L + \(\left(\frac{\frac{N}{2}-F}{F m}\right)\) x i
Where L = Lower limit of the class interval containing the Median i.e. \(\frac{n}{2}\)th score.
F = Cumulative frequency up to ‘L’
Fm = Frequency of the C.I. containing the Medium
i = size of the class interval

When counting from the top or bottom we found that \(\frac{n}{2}\)th score i.e. the 10th. score lies in the class interval 14-15.
∴ L = 13.5
F=9 Fm=5 ¡=2

Mdn = 13.5+\(\left(\frac{\frac{20}{2}-9}{5}\right)\) x2
=13.5+4=13.9
Mode = 3Mdn – 2 Mean
=3 x 13.9 – 2 X 13.6
=41.7 – 27.2
=14.5
∴ Calculated Mean = (3.6), Median = (13.9) and Mode = 14.5

Question 4.
Calculate the mean, and median of the following frequency distribution?

C.I.	F
90-94	1
85-89	3
80-84	5
75-79	7
70-74	9
65-69	6
60-64	4
55-59	3
50-54	2
	N = 40

Answer:

C.I.		Midpoint	F	X1	Fx1
90-94	92	1	4	4
85-89	87	3	3	9
80-84	82	5	2	10
75-79	77	7	1	7
70-74	72	9	0	0
65-69	67	6	-1	-6
60-64	62	4	-2	-8
55-59	57	3	-3	-9
50-54	52	2	-4	-8
		N=40		∑Fx’ = -l

Mean = A.M. + \(\frac{\sum F x^1}{N}\) x i
= 72+\(\frac{-1}{10}\) x 5
=72-125
=71.89

Median = L=69.5 L=69.5
N/20 =2O  N/20 =20
F= 15
Fm = 9
i = 5
= L+\(\left(\frac{\frac{\mathrm{N}}{2}-\mathrm{F}}{\mathrm{Fm}}\right)\) xi
= 65.5+\(\frac{(20-15) \times 5}{9}\)
= 65.9+\(\frac{25}{9}\)
= 69.5 + 2.77
= 72.2

Questions 5.
Find Mean in a short method?

Class interval	Frequencies
90-94	2
85-89	2
80-84	4
75-79	8
70-74	6
65-69	11
60-64	9
	N = 42

Answer:
Calculation means by the short method :

C.I.	(M)	F	(d1)	(Fd1)
90-94	92	2	+3	+6
85-89	87	2	+2	+4
80-84	82	4	+1	+4
75-79	77	8	0	0
70-74	77	6	-1	-6
65-69	67	11	-2	-22
60-64	62	9	-3	-27
		N=42		∑fd1= -41

Mean = A.M. + \(\frac{\sum F x^1}{N}\) x i
Where, A.M. = 77¹
∑fd¹ = -41
\(\frac{n}{2}\) = 21
i = 5

So, mean  77+\(\frac{-41}{42}\) x5
= 77+\(\left(\frac{-41}{42} \times 5\right)\)
= 77+\(\frac{205}{42}\)
= 77 + -4.8
= 72.7

questions 6.
Find out the Median of the scores?

C.I.	10-19	20-29	30-39	40-49	50-59	60-69
F	10	05	15	20	10	10

Answer:

Class interval	Frequency	Cum F.
10-19	10	10
20-29	05	15
30-39	15	30
40-49	20	50
50-59	10	60
60-69	10	70

Median = L+\(\left(\frac{\frac{N}{2}-F}{F m}\right)\) xi
L = Lower limit of the CI. in \(\frac{n}{2}\) F = The frequency below the CI. of \(\frac{n}{2}\)
Fm = The F at N/2 scores
i = class Interval
\(\frac{n}{2}\)= \(\frac{70}{2}\) = 35

L= 39.5   F = 30    F = 20  i =10
Median = L+\(\left(\frac{\frac{N}{2}-F}{F m}\right)\) xi
= 39.5+\(\left(\frac{35-30}{20}\right)\)x10
= 39.5+\(\left(\frac{35-30}{20}\right)\)x10
= 39.5+\(\frac{5}{20}\)x10
= 39.5+\(\frac{5}{2}\)x10
= 39.5 + 2.5
= 42.6

questions 7.

CL	F
30-34	2
25-29	3
20-24	3
15-19	10
10-14	4
5-9	5
0-4	2
	N =30

Answer:

CL	F	Cum F
30-34	2	30
25-29	3	28
20-24	3	25
15-19	10	19
10-14	4	9
5-9	5	5
0-4	2	2
	N =30

Here \(\frac{n}{2}\) =15
F=15(15-19) in the CI.
Fm=1O i =15
Median = L+\(\left(\frac{\frac{N}{2}-F}{F m}\right)\) xi
= 14.5+\(\frac{(15-19)}{10}\) x 5
= 14.5+\(\frac{4}{10}\) x5
= 14.5+2
= 16.5

Questions 8.
Calculate the Mean, Median and Mode from the class interval given?

CL	F
35-39	2
30-34	3
25-29	5
20-24	7
15-19	5
10-14	3
5-9	3
	N =28

Answer:

CL	F	D1	Fd1
35-39	2	+3	6	6
30-34	3	+2	5	+17
25-29	5	+1	5
20-24	7	0	0
15-19	5	-1	-5
10-14	3	-2	-6	-20
5-9	3	-3	-9
	N =28		∑fd1= -3

Mean=A.M. +C.I.
= 17+\(\frac{-3}{8}\) x5
= 17+\(\frac{-15}{28}\) x5
= 17-0.18
= 16.2

Median = L+\(\left(\frac{\frac{N}{2}-F}{F m}\right)\) xi
= 14.5+\(\frac{14-11}{7}\) x5
= 14.5+\(\frac{15}{7}\)
= 14.5+2.1
= 16.7

Mode = 3 Median -2 Mean
=3X 16.7- 2X 16.2
=50.1 -32.4
= 17.6
∴ Calculated Mean, Median and Mode are 16.2, 17.7 and 17.6 respectively

Questions 9.
Find out the Mean, Median and Mode by the long method?

C.I.	F
55-59	1
50-54	1
45-49	3
40-44	4
35-39	6
30-34	7
25-29	12
20-24	6
15-19	8
10-14	2
	N = 50

Answer:

C.I.	F	X	Fx
55-59	1	57	57
50-54	1	52	52
45-49	3	47	141
40-44	4	42	168
35-39	6	37	222
30-34	7	32	224
25-29	12	27	324
20-24	6	22	132
15-19	8	17
	N = 50		∑Fx1 = 1472

mean = \(\frac{\sum F x}{N}\)
= \(\frac{1472}{50}\)
= 29.4
Median = L+\(\left(\frac{\frac{N}{2}-F}{F m}\right)\) xi

Where L = 34.5
N/2 = 25
F = 35
Fm = 6
i = 5

So, Median = L+\(\left(\frac{\frac{N}{2}-F}{F m}\right)\) xi
= 34.5+\(\left(\frac{25-35}{6}\right)\) x5
= 34.5+\(\frac{-10}{6}\) x5
= 34.5+\(\frac{-50}{6}\)
= 34.5-8.3
= 26.2

Mode =3. Median -2 Mean
=3X 26.2 – 2X 29.4
= 76.6 – 58.8
= 19.5

Questions 10.
Find out the Mean, Median of the frequency distribution?

C.I.	F
20-21	1
18-19	2
16-17	3
14-15	5
12-13	3
10-11	3
8-9	2
6-7	1

Answer:

C.I.	Midpoint	F	X1	Fx1
20-21	20-5	1	3	3
18-19	18-5	2	2	4
16-17	16-5	3	1	3
14-15	14-5	5	0	0
12-13	12-5	3	-1	-3
10-11	10-5	3	-2	-6
8-9	8-5	2	-3	-6
6-7	6-5	1	-4	-4
		N = 20		∑fx1= -9

Mean = A.M. + \(\frac{\sum F x^1}{N}\) x i
where A.M, = Assumed mean
Σ=Sumtotal
Fx¹ = Frequency x deviations of the points of the class intervals from the assumed mean X¹ Terms of the class intervals.
i = size of the class intervals
Here, A.M. = 14.5
∑Fd =-9

Mean = 14.5+\(\frac{-9}{20}\) x2
= 14.5-9
= 13.6

Where L = Lower limit of the class interval containing the Median \(\frac{n}{2}\) score,
F = cumulative frequency up to L.

Fm = Frequency of the class interval containing the median.
i = size of the class interval
L= 13.5, f=9, Fm5, i=2
Median = 13.5+ \(\frac{10.9}{5}\) x2
= 13.5+\(\frac{1}{5}\)x2
= 13.5+4
= 13.9
Mode = 3 Median – 2 Mean
= 3 x 13.9 – 2 x 13.8
= 41.7 – 27.2
= 14.5

Question 11.
Find out the Mean and Median by the long method.

C.I.	F
10-14	4
15-19	5
20-24	9
25-29	18
30-34	11
35-39	5
40-44	6
45-49	3
50-54	1
	N = 60

Answer:

C.I.	X	F	FX
10-14	12	4	48
15-19	17	5	85
20-24	22	9	198
25-29	27	18	486
30-34	32	11	352
35-39	37	5	185
40-44	42	6	252
45-49	47	3	94
50-54	5	1	52
		N = 60	∑Fx = 1760

Mean = \(\frac{\sum F x}{N}\)
= \(\frac{1760}{60}\)
= 29.0

Calculation of Median;
Median = L+\(\left(\frac{\frac{N}{2}-F}{F m}\right)\) xi
Where
L = 24.5\(\frac{N}{2}\)
= \(\frac{60}{2}\)
= 30
Fm = 18,F = 17 ,i=5
So, Median = L+\(\left(\frac{\frac{N}{2}-F}{F m}\right)\) xi
= 24.5+\(\left(\frac{30-17}{18}\right)\) x5
= 24.5+3.6
= 28.0

Mode = 3 Median – 2 Mean
=3 X28-2X29=26.3

Question 12.
Find out the Mean of the following distribution?

C.I.	X
15-19	6
20-24	5
25-29	8
30-34	15
35-39	10
40-44	9
45-49	7
	N = 60

Answer:

C.I.	X	D1	FD1
15-19	6	-3	-18
20-24	5	-2	-10
25-29	8	-1	-8
30-34	15	0	0
35-39	10	1	10
40-44	9	2	18
45-49	7	3	21
	N = 60		∑Fd1= -13

Mean = A.M.+\(\frac{\sum F d^{\prime}}{N}\) x i
Suppose, the mean is within the 30-34 class interval
∴ A.M. = 32
In C.I. 25-29,
d = \(\frac{27-32}{5}\)
= \(\frac{-5}{6}\)
= -1

∴ Mean = A.M.+\(\frac{\sum F d^{\prime}}{N}\) x i
= 32+\(\frac{13}{60}\)x5
= 32+\(\frac{13}{12}\)
= 32+1.09
= 33.09

FINNIFTY Pivot Calculator

Odisha State Board CHSE Odisha Class 11 Political Science Solutions Unit 1 Understanding Political Theory Long Answer Questions.

CHSE Odisha 11th Class Political Science Unit 1 Understanding Political Theory Long Answer Questions

Long Questions With Answers

Question 1.
Define politics and discuss its nature. Or, Explain the meaning and nature of politics?
Answer :
‘Politics’ today has been more frequently used than that of political science. In most of the universities of the USA and UK, the department of political science is renamed as a department of politics.

The term ‘politics’ has been derived from the Greek word ‘polis’ which means the a days, politics is the central concept of the socio-political system. No one can avoid politics, as it encompasses different aspects of social, and political life. An individual today encounters politics in family, village, school, college, town, religious institution, business organization and human organizations.

Definition :
Scholars define politics in different ways. According to the Oxford English Dictionary politics is a science and art of government which deals with the organization of the state and the regulation of its relationship with other states.

Lasswell says politics is the study of influence and influential. David Easton defines politics as the authoritative allocation of values in society, and these values here mean material resources.

Butter says, politics is concerned with the people. It studies about their behaviour and support or reactions to decisions. Politics is a struggle for power to make authoritative decisions. It establishes a relationship between the government and every individual who seeks to maximize his interest best.

In the process, people fight with one another and make use of power and influence to realize their goals. In society, it is not possible for every individual to attain his goal and for the purpose he may have to enter into a conflict with others. To come out victorious in all such conflicts individuals use force and power. Thus, whenever people make use of power to achieve their goal in any conflicting situation it is called politics.

Nature :

• Politics is a social process, concerned with social conflicts and rivalry.
• It is a universal activity found everywhere and in every now and then.
• It is found in every organization and group activity, whether government or non-government, public or private. Political or non-political.
• Politics is based on morality. It seeks to establish an ideal society or state for the well-being of individuals.
• Politics is a struggle for power in a society where actors compete for power to maximize their gain.
• Politics seeks to resolve conflicts, bring peace and order and promote cooperation with the members of society.

Question 2.
Distinguish between politics and political science. Or, Make a comparison between politics and political science?
Answer :
Politics and political science the two terms have been derived from the same Greek word ‘polis’ that refers to the study of city-states in Greece. Both are social sciences dealing with individuals in society.

These two terms have been used interchangeably since the ancient era, but with the development of the concept of power, scholars started distinguishing between the two terms. In the modem age today, politics deals with power, conflict, political process and decision-making in controversial situations. But political science is the study of origin nature, structure and functions of state and government.

What is politics :
Politics is a socio-political concept associated with human organizations. Individual is the centre of politics. When every individual tries to protect and promote his interest he is likely to enter into a conflict with others. This conflict is a vital factor of politics. To resolve this conflict individuals accumulate and make use of power. Those who use it most proficiently they can safeguard their goal better.

Thus politics possesses three elements. Conflict, interest and power. It is a struggle for realise of interest in a conflicting situation
using power. Where there is conflict there is politics. Power is the epicentre of politics. So, people in society in to acquire and accumulate power and to use it to maximize one’s goals. Politics is always just and it promotes social welfare.

Politics is the study of power and influence. It believes in effective decision-making in any situation of conflict whereby social stability is maintained. Politics is a competition for power. Hence everybody tries to win. The political parties contest in elections to capture the power and this in politics.

Politics can be formal or informal when it is concerned with the formation of govt, a political party or policy-making it is formal politics. But informal politics is concerned with formation of alliances, use of power and the spread of ideology.

Political science :
Political science on the other hand is a science of state and government. It deals with the origin, nature, and basic principles of state and government. It also discusses about political theory, political philosophy, and government and individual state relationships.
The distinction between politics and political science may be analysed below.

Political science is the theoretical aspect of politics while politics is the reality. Political science is a science but politics is an art.

A student of political science undertakes a study of the origin, nature & development of state and government, the purpose and functions of the state. The goal of political science is to make men happy. But politics refers to the study of conflicts and controversy arising among groups of the political process.

The purpose of politics is to resolve social-political conflicts and to bring order and cooperation among people. The study of politics is universal and it touches everybody but study of political science is confined to educational institutions only.

Those concerned with political science are known as political thinkers or philosophers, but those dealing with politics are political leaders and statements. Political science undertakes a study of nature’s arid types of power but politics falls about the accumulation & use of power.

Politics is the realistic or behavioural dimension of political science. It is a factual and goal-oriented study. Political science is imaginary, ideological and based on value premises. The scope of politics and political science may not be completely separate but each of them has its own identity.

Question 3.
Examine the characteristics and features of politics, Politics has been a natural and essential aspect of social life. Discuss?
Answer :
Politics is a universal activity and there can be no society without politics. Therefore an individual encounters, politics in his village, family, town, schools, colleges, hospitals, temples, churches and in every social human organization.

Politics is associated with conflict, struggle, rivalry, cooperation and social integration. It seeks to promote the general good catlin says, politics is the study of organized human society and it deals primarily with the political aspects of the life of a community. When people express divergent views on any public issue it is called politics.

Morgenthau regards it as a struggle for power. It establishes a formal relationship between the people and the government. It influences policymaking both in positive and negative ways. The poor consider it as a struggle between power holders but the rich regard it ‘ as a source of social unity.
Characteristics :
The basic features of politics can be discussed below:

• Politics is concerned with socio-political disputes and conflicts. It cannot exist with conflict or controversy.
• It is a universal activity and people from all walks of life and involved in it
• Politics is concerned with government and the working of various organs of government.
• Power is the essence of politics. It seeks to maximize one’s power states to win over the opponents.
• Politics Organize conflicting claims and then by use of power resolve those conflicts.
• Politics is associated with the decision-making process.
• Politics believes in die study of the political process, which. means the study of public administration, election, political parties, pressure groups, laws making processes and administration of justice as well.
• Politics is an art whereby one group tries to achieve its goal against all others by using any means possible.
• Politics believes in bringing order out of disorder by resolving all issues, crises and conflicts arising between individuals and groups in social, and political life.
• Politics is also related to the distribution of material resources. Social economic privileges and opportunities.

Question 4.
Explain the meaning and scope of politics?
Answer :
The term ‘politics’ has been derived from the Greek word ‘polis’ which means the affairs of city-states. Aristotle was the first scholar to use the word politics, but scholars define it in their own way.

Traditional thinkers define politics as a socio-political process which promotes the public welfare. It gives more importance to the study of government and administration than that of individuals.

But, modem scholars consider politics as a study of conflicts. Rivalry and struggle in society. People living in society fight for their interests. The resources and opportunities are limited and they try to realize their interest by imposing power and influence. The study of this situation of conflict and cooperation in society and polity is known as politics.
Elements of politics :

• Interest or goal,
• Conflict over interest and
• use of power, are the true element of politics.

In every society, the goals of individuals are divergent. When two or more individuals go for the same interest it leads to conflict. To overcome this conflict individuals capture power and use it for the realization of their interests. Politics found everywhere, in society, in state and in the international sphere.

Scope of politics: The scope of politicsmay be explained below:
Study of society :
Politics is a social process and their can be no politics outside society. It deals with all situations of conflict and cooperation between individuals, groups and organizations and its mission is to resolve them.

Study of government :
The organs of government like the executive, legislature and judiciary are the main area of study in politics. Politics also studies policy making under crucial situations.

Study of power:
Power is the very basis of politics. Watkins says, not state but power is the centre of politics. It sheds light on the process of accumulation and exercise of power, sharing of power etc. those who can make the best use of power in any controversy or crisis they become victorious. Therefore, Morgenthau calls politics as a struggle for power.

Study on conflict and rivalry :
Politics seeks to study about social conflicts disputes and struggles over self-interests. Conflicts arise over self-interests. Conflicts arise over the distribution of power and socio-economic opportunities and resolving those peacefully is the prime concern of politics.

Study of the political process :
Political process refers to the formation of political parties, groups, elections, campaigns, government formation, decision-making, and performance of welfare. functions, a study of the law-making process, running of administration, adjudication etc. This is a never-ending process whereby all divergent views are resolved and social stability is maintained.

Study of the political system :
Politics is concerned with the study of the political system. The apolitical system comprises of the people. The government, the political parties. The groups, the executive, the religlatiure, the judiciary the people the political and non-political organizations and the disputes arising among them. Politics seeks to bring cooperation among rivals and discipline among warring groups.

Leadership :
Politics is concerned with leaders and their leadership qualities. The decisions taken by a lender in a crucial situation, his behaviour, temperament, attitude, reactions, likings and disliking, etc. are vital aspects of politics. The ability of a leader in realising his goals is an important aspect of politics.

Study of political reality :
Politics is always objective. It is concerned with the present social system, society-state relationships, group activity and with other sociopolitical organizations. It undertakes a realistic study as to resolve the crises and restore stability.

Besides, politics also undertakes a study of the international system. UNO, war and peace, inter-state rivalry, friendship, cooperation, terrorism, poverty, environmental concerns, human rights issues, etc.

It is also related to local government, group activity, communal tension, regional issues, the Caste system and the like. It is much broader in scope and all tissues facing mankind are the subject matter of politics.

Question 5.
Discuss the meaning of politics from traditional and modern points of view?
Answer :
‘Politics’ has become a natural and essential aspect of our social life. There can be no society without politics. An individual encounters politics in the village, in schools, colleges, towns, cities, hospitals, offices and in the government. As a universal activity it is closely linked with human existence. With the passage of time, everyone is becoming more and more political and all the aspects of human life is becoming free from state intervention.

Meaning:
“The Oxford dictionary defines politics as “a science and art of government which deals with the organization of state regulation of its relationship with other states.

Catlin links politics with the activities of an organized human society. He says, “Politics is the study of organized human society and it deals primarily with the political aspects of the life of the community.

Lasswell says, “Politics is the study of influence and influential.” David Easton defines politics as the ‘ study of the authoritative allocation of values as it is influenced by the distribution and use of power.

Thus everyone has tired to define politics in one’s own way, but there is no consensus. We can examine the traditional and modem view of politics below.
Traditional View, The traditional view of politics can be divided into:

• Philosophical,
• Institutional view
• Legalistic view.

Philosophical view:
The philosophical view is the oldest view of politics which includes all aspects of a person’s political activities. It regards ethics as the basis of politics. It aims to set up a good and just society and to end the evils of society. The Greek thinkers regard it as an all-embracing activity covering all aspects of human life.

Institutional view :
This view lays stress on formal aspects of formal political structures and processes. Van Dyke, an exponent of this approach has said that the study of politics is the study of govt. And its related institutions.

Legalistic view :
It stresses on the study of legal issues it emphasizes that the activities of the state must be in accordance with constitutional laws and based c proper interpretation and . execution of laws. Politics is a game of law-abiding political actors.

Criticism of traditional views :
The traditional view of politics neglects individual and international politics. It has failed to study the role of violence in politics.

Modern view of politics :
This view is given by the anglo American scholars and, Marxists. Basically, there are two views on politics. Politics and society are inseparable politics is a conflict for power and those who win it try to capture more and more power and to control the rest in society.

The second view regards politics as not as a conflict, but a cooperation which seeks to bring order and justice. It helps in maintaining collective interests and the common good against private interest.

The poor ones consider it as a conflict while the rich as a useful weapon for maintaining order.
Marxist view :
The Marxist scholar defines politics as a conflict between the haves and have-nots in society. This is a continuous process which will continue till the non-privileged section able to win and establish a class-less society.

Anglo-American view :
According to this view, political conflict is a part of human society. It is an activity which is linked with groups which have shared desires and who are ready to fight for their goal.

Quincy Wright says “Politics is the art of manipulation and group controlling and influencing others with a view to promoting some interests against others.

Politics revolves around the concept of power, Lasswell and Kaplan define it as “the study of shaping and sharing of power.” According to Morgenthau, “Politics is the struggle for power and the art of maintaining and retaining power.

” Power is the basis of all politics and study of politics is the study of power and power of the influence and influential. In the words of David Easton, “Politics is the authoritative allocation of values and it is influenced by the distribution and use of power.

Politics in the modem age is regarded as an interaction of all political activities and formal governmental institutions; It is a process by which policies are formulated and executed. It is a game of having maximum resources under disposal and for that each adopts several strategies tp get the decision in his favour.

Question 6.
Define Political theory and discuss its nature, Narrate the meaning and features of political theory. Narrate the meaning and features of political theory?
Answer :
Political theory is a part and parcel of political science. It deals not only with state or government but also with all other power-based organizations. Political theory undertakes the study of the origin, elements, future, problems and prospects of any-political event or issue. Political theory has two dimensions

It stands for the history of political ideas, such as Plata’s theory of justice, Hobbes’s sovereignty and Hegel’s theory of the state. From a modem point of view, the political theory deals with the political behaviour of both individual actors and political institutions like the executive, legislature and judiciary.

Political theory deals with the ideas and principles that shape constitutions governments and social life a systematic way. It makes us clear about our understanding of the concepts of freedom, equality, justice, democracy, secularism, etc. Besides’ examining arguments it reflects upon our current political experiences and indicates future trends.

Characteristics or features :
The fundamental characteristics or features of pol ideal theory can be stated below. Political theory deals with political concepts or ideas and it interprets them and indicates about their future. The political theory explains the factors behind every concept.

It unravels the truth and tries to realize the goal. Political theory is based on facts. It is universal and functions irrespective of time and place.

Political theory is based on mortality and this nature is found in classical theory. Theory develops out of issues, crises and situations. It is created out of social traditions, experiences of the people and general consciousness of society. It is not imaginary or speculative.

The political theory makes people conscious about politics. Political system political events.Concepts and sharpens our ideas and understanding about politics.

Question 7.
Explain the relevance of studying political theory Or, Describe the need for study of political theory Or, and Why should we study political theory?
Answer :
The term theory has been derived from the Greek word ’theoria’ which means deep thinking on any issue. Political theory is a part of social science that deals with state government and other political concepts. Political theory has three aspects.

• It is based on facts and evidence.
• There are factors or reasons behind every concept or argument.
• It is concerned with the well-being of the state and society.

Functions :
Political theory performs three functions

It seeks to describe the facts of political reality. It relies on a collection of data about reality through observation of arid experiences. It is logical and guided by reason It seeks to evaluate the behaviour of political actors on the basis of norms and values.

However, in order to be meaningful and relevant it must be normative and empirical. Political theory is both value-based and empirical. It believes in scientific analysis, observations inference, and study of ideas and values. The concepts of political theory explain about the political behaviour of individuals. Political theory emerges from socio-political crises.

Utility of political theory :
The study of political theory is useful to society, the state and citizens. Even students, teachers and administrators need to study political theory. Its relevance may be discussed below.

Understanding political concepts and ideals :
The study of political theory is essential for understanding various concepts and ideas. These concepts carry different meanings in different situations. So far the proper understanding of concepts study of theory is indispensable.

Social control and, reconstruction :
Every political system has some problems and prospects and for eradicating those problems, the study of theory is essential. The political theory provides remedies for various socio-political issues. Plato’s ideal State Marx’s class struggle, Hobbes’s absolute sovereignty etc. are examples of political theory helping social stability and reconstruction.

Mutual respect and tolerance:
The study of political theory helps in promoting mutual respect and tolerance. Political theory is a never-ending conversation among theorists and it helps in understanding reality.

Formulation of polity :
The study of political theory is useful for the formulation of public policy. The study of political history and political institutions is essential for policy-making.

Enriches the study of political science:
The study of politics enriches political science in two ways. It helps political scientists, and specify their research techniques and perceive their data. It suggests valuable hypotheses which are tested by political scientists. Again, study of political theory and its knowledge helps political analysis to understand facts, theories and events.

Thus, political theory broadens the knowledge of political science. The study of theory further informs about political organization, administration; functionaries and about experiences. It broadens our mind and introduces us with the future world.

Question 8.
Politics is a struggle for power Morgenthau?
Answer :
This statement of Hans J. Morgenthau is not about state, government or anything else, but power. It is the be all arid end all of politics. It covers all those activities that have their bearing on the struggle for power.

Politics and power are deeply attached. Without the accumulation of power or use of power no one can make his presence felt in politics. It is the fuel that runs the political machine. Therefore, Lasswell and Kaplan say, politics is the shaping and sharing of power in society. Besides Lasswell, David Easton, Robert A. Dahl, Morgenthau and Friechich Watkins also find power the core subject of politics.

Power is a coercive influence people remain loyal to it in fear of punishment. The laws of the state are obeyed by most people out of habit but some obey it out of fear. Therefore, Watkins says, politics deals not with the state but with power. Who gets what when and how is the subject matter of politics. In order to substantiate this statement of Morgenthau we have to analyse the following lines.

Power involves a conflict of purpose. It is a relationship. So it can’t be explained without an opponent or rival. Power may take any form, either knowledge, wealth, reputation or brute force.

Power manifests only in action. It is concerned with the wills and interests of various individuals and with their conflicting claims. In order to reconcile these claims power is used. Thus, it is the power that brings order out of disorder and unity out of disintegration.

Politics is also sustained by power politics is the study of the power holder and the way he exercises power over the opponent. It results in compromise and consensus, out of stiff rivalry and conflict. People having divergent interests come to compromise only because of the power factor.

Therefore, behavioural thinkers hold politics as the study of power. Authority and legitimacy. Power controls politics and through political power is enjoyed. Policy decisions are taken with the help of power and it is power that helps in executing those decisions.

If politics means the Resolution of social conflicts, without power it can’t be done thus power has varied dimensions and those who make use of it should legitimately use if for the achievement of their goal.

Question 9.
Distinguish between traditional and modern political theory?
Answer :
Political theory can be divided into classical and modem depending upon their subject matter and methods of study. The classical or traditional political theory stands for the history of political ideals and they are speculative in character. This type of theory is based on morality, values and ideals. Plato, Aristotle, Hobbes, Rousseau, Kant, Hegel, Marx and Laski, etc. belong to the classical theories.

Traditional political theory is mostly concerned with how the state should be what must be its goal. This is based on values & traditions.
But, modem political theory emerged after world war – II.

It was the product of behavioural revaluation which introduced scientific approach with too much stress on methods, techniques, data collection, analysis and systematization of facts David Easton. Truman, Herbert Siman, Robert Dali, Laswell, Kaplan, Karl Friedrich, etc. are the main exponents who popularized modem political theory.

Modem political theory is scientific in nature and based on reality. It is specifically believing in objective study based on facts and evidence. It is empirical in character and in most cases relies on data collection, observation, qualification, comparison and evaluation before arriving at any conclusion.

The modern political theory believes in an interdisciplinary approach and in most cases avoids value preferences. In place of studying political institutions and rules it believes in the study of political process, activity, structure, behaviour, culture and experiences for a better understanding of facts.

Question 10.
Define political theory and discuss how it differs from political philosophy, political thought and ideology?
Answer :
Political theory is a branch of political science which deals with the systematic study of State Government, political institutions, ideas and concepts.

It elaborates on the origin and nature of various organizations institutions, concepts and ideas and their values and importance in politics and society. It also sheds light on the behaviours reactions of individuals, groups and institutions.

Political theory is based on facts and evidence. The knowledge of political theory its ideas, concepts, and theories have relevance for society, study of political reality with the help of facts and evidence is a trade mark of political theory.

In order to have a clear understanding about political theory its relations to political philosophy, political thought and political ideologies must be studied.

Political theory and Political philosophy :
Political theory is different from political philosophy from different angles. Political theory is a part of political philosophy. So the scope of the latter is wider and vast than that of the former.

Political philosophy implies realists’ study of political events and situations with valid justifications. It may be factual or speculative. But, political theory is always based on facts and evidence.

Political theory studies the behaviour and functions of the political system, but political philosophy aims at studying about the goals of these institutions. A political philosopher may be a theorist but a theorist may not be a philosopher.

Political theory and political thought :
Political theory and political thought differ from each other on the following counts. Political though is the study of political speculation of a whole community, but political theory is the speculation of an individual thinker.

Political thought refers to the opinion & views of a political thinker on state government and other political organizations. It is a general statement of a political situation. But, political theory is the ideas of Plato, Aristotle, Rousseau, Hobbes and Marx on any political issue or event.

Political theory is universally applicable irrespective of time and place. But, political thought is the statement on state, government and political events of a definite period. The theory is factual & rational but political thought may be factual or may be based on imagination of the thinker.

Political theory & Politial Ideology :
Political ideology is a part of political theory’ but there are some distinctions between the two.

Ideology means emotional support for any concept or idea. Individuals express complete allegiance to ideas and get prepared to sacrifice anything for the same. But political theory is value-neutral.

Thinkers do not feel emotionally attached to their theory as they do to their ideology. It is realistic and permanent.

The scope of political theory is wider than that of political ideology. People may support or oppose an ideology but not any theory. Thus, political theory is an objective description of politics. It may be normative or empirical, but it seeks to explain political reality.

Question 11.
Define modern political theory and discuss its nature and significance Or, Examine the need for studying political theory?
Answer :
Modem political theory developed during the 2nd half of the 20th century. The behavioural revolution introduced new methods and technique’s for the study of political science and gave political theory the status of a scientific discipline.

Modem political theory is rational, neutral and based on facts. It is a statement about the political system. Political organizations and is based on facts and evidence, It seeks to make political science a pure science. Characteristics of modern political theory.

Modem political theory is based on the following features. It is based on facts & evidence and it can be studied empirically.

The modern political theory believes in the realistic study of political issues and (c) It’s the aries and propositions can be verified & tested through observation. It is scientific and value-free.

Modem political theory relies on data collection, observation and analysis of political data in order to arrive at any conclusion. It is objective in nature and believes in interdisciplinary study. Modem political theory seeks to solve political and social issues.

Significance of modern theory :
Modern political theory is relevant to formulating grounds.

It seeks to make political science a pure science. Through analysis and interpretation of political realities, it helps leaders, statesmen & administrators in taking appropriate decisions at the right time. It supplies facts about political behaviour and events, thus making it easy for the authority to solve any crisis.

Modem theory makes political science useful for the changing situation. Modem political theory supplies issues and problems for undertaking research. It broadens our knowledge by supplying facts, ideas and concepts.

For the understanding of complex political issues modem, political theory is regarded as useful. It works for the welfare of mankind. Thus, political theory, whether traditional or modem, always gives new ideas and concepts for the development and progress of the human race.

Question 12.
Examine the relevance of the scientific study of politics?
Answer :
The scientific study of politics began only after the second world war and thereafter political scientists started paying more attention to the various aspects of social life to know more about politics. This new approach turned its attention to the empirical study of relationships among people.

The process, first of all, began in USA and Britain and Scholars began to concentrate on the study of the behaviour of persons and groups instead of confining its study to the structure, institutions, ideologies and events. The scientific study of politics began with Aristotle.

Then Hobbes and Spencer in England used geometrical and biological methods of evolution and classification in the 16th – 17th centuries. In the modem age, students of political sociology.

Cybernetics and Operational Research have been insisting on the increasing use of scientific methods in the study of politics. Even in some spheres decision-making research, algebra and calculus and being used.

Now, there is a craze among scholars to make more use of scientific tools and techniques. As a result, efforts are being made in the field of voting behaviour studies, attitude measurements, opinions surveys etc. as an indication of the scientific study of politics.

Nowadays, political scientists have been trying to build models and test hypotheses of Political Science through the process of verification and empirical research.

They are trying to focus attention on the problems of facing mankind as a result of which they have been taking recourse to a multi-disciplinary approach to knowledge through the integral synthesis of available empirical information regarding the nature and behaviour of men.

Criticism :
The scientific approach can be criticized on the following grounds.

Duvenger criticizing the scientific approach says that politics cannot be scientific as a whole, it must be supplemented by moral Mid spiritual dimensions.

It cannot be successfully applied in the study of the policy formulation process, because the data available to political scientists are not adequate enough to know all the factors which influence the shaping of politics.

Political phenomena cannot be reproduced for scientific analysis. It is not possible to subject political data to quantitative measurement.

Political science tends to be influenced by the environment, emotions and value judgements and research cannot avoid them while making a study of politics. Therefore, a combination of empirical and philosophical methods is required.

Question 13.
Define the state and discuss its elements. Or, Explain the meaning and elements of the state?
Answer :
The state is regarded as the central theme of Political Science it is the most universal and most powerful of all social institutions. The term ‘state’ has been derived from its Teutonic root “Status’ which means ‘existence’.

It is a territorial unit where a group of people live under a political sovereign. State refers to a collection of human beings, occupying a definite area under an organized government and subject to no outside control.

Machiavelli was the first political thinker to use the word state and to popularize it. Bluntschli defines it as a politically organized people of a definite territory. Laski holds it as, “a territorial society divided into government and subjects claiming within its allotted physical area, supremacy over all other institutions.

According to Woodrow Wilson, “State is the people organized for law within a definite territory.
The state is thus a natural and universal institution and it exists for the good life of the citizens. It provides opportunities for the satisfaction of human desire and the development of human personality.

Elements :
The state has four elements, like

• population
• territory,
• sovereignty
• Government

which are: discussed below.
Population :
The population is the primary element of state Because a deserted or uninhabited surface might not be conceved in terms of state or association and the state being a human association must bear population as its constituent .element.

However, there is no consensus among political scientists regarding what should be the standard size of population for a state Aristotle, the father of Political Science, has advocated a minimum of ten thousand and a maximum a hundred thousand populations as the standard population for a state.

But in the context of modem state there are states like Maldives and Morrocco having a few thousand or population whereas there are large populations are like India and China.

Territory :
The next element of State is a fixed territory. Without a fixed territory there would be no state for which every state must have a territory of its own over which the state should have absolute control. Here the case of nomadic race and Jews could not have a state because of lack of a fixed territory.

The territory of State does not include only the surface territory but also the water and air surface. The concept of territory, is inseparable from that of the State in view of the fact the territory is an element which distinguishes the Site from other forms of associations.

If the population provides the physical basis, the territory provides the material basis of the State.

Government :
For the formation of State, there must be some sort of Political machinery which should exercise the supreme power of the state. So Government is the political machinery through which the will of the state is formulated, expressed and enforced Prof.

Gamer defines Government as “the agency through which common policies are determined and by which common affairs are regulated and common interest promoted.” Without Government, there must not be any concept of State.

Because the State has no life and it is the government through which the will and attention of the state are expressed and the government is the agent through which all the actions of the state are formulated and executed and without government, there will be anarchy or lawlessness.

Sovereignty:
The last important element of State is sovereignty. The word sovereignty has been derived from the Latin word ‘Supreanus’ which means supreme or absolute. Bodin, a French political philosopher defined sovereignty as “Supreme power over citizens and subjects unrestrained by law.

Sovereignty has also both internal and external meanings internally, it can be viewed that the state has complete legal authority over all the individuals who compose it and from an external point of view, it regards the State as legally independent of foreign dominations.

Other than the above four constituent elements of State in modem times, there is also another element, i.e, international recognition as the basis for the formation of the State. Nowadays international recognition is considered to be necessary not to constitute a state, but to enable it to participate in the community of nations.

Question 14.
Bring out the differences between State and Government?
Answer :
In common parlance, it is understood that there is no difference between State and Government. But in technical senses beyond the layman’s perception, there are basic differences between State and Government.

Some of the critical problems of Political Science are solved on the basis of distinction between the State and Government.
The following are the some of differences between State and the Government.

The state has four elements, namely, population; territory, sovereignty and government. So Government is one of the parts of the organic whole of the state. The Government is an agent of the state. It is the brain of the whole body of the state through which the will of the state is expressed.

Secondly, state is permanent whereas Government is temporary. A Government may come and go but the state is permanent. Ordinarily, there is no change of the state. The state continues forever but the Government is appointed for a fixed period of time.

The state is composed of all citizens whereas the Government by a few according to the provisions. The origins of the Government, the legislature, executives and judiciary through which along government runs. Thus, the state is broader than that of the Government.

The State possesses sovereign power, which is unlimited and absolute, but ordinarily, there is no such power of the Government. Whatever the Government enjoys is only derivative.

The state is an abstract concept whereas the Government is concrete. The state is invisible but Government is visible. The Government is a physical manifestation and it consists of people who can be seen and known.

All states are identical in character and there must be common aspects but all are not same but with regard to states whether long or small the characteristics of State do not change.

But the Government are of different types and they may vary from state to state. There are different classifications of government like monarchy, aristocracy, democracy, dictatorship etc.

So there is no uniform type of government but the state is a universal institution bearing four elements and if there is the absence of any single element three might not be any state.

Lastly, the citizens have a right against the government but not against the state. The government may commit mistakes and it is the genuine right of the individual to protest against any irrational actions of the Government.

But the citizens do not have any right to protest against state because state never commits any mistake. It is only Government which acts on behalf of the state.

A state is an indestructible unit but Government is destructible. The stability and permanence of state distinguish it from other organizations.

Question 15.
Distinguish between State and Association?
Answer :
The state is a sovereign political association and is superior to all other associations. Being a sovereign entity it is superior to all other associations, Associations are formed with a specific purpose but the state satisfies various needs of the people.

Association is a collection of individuals united for the achievement of certain specific goals. It is formed with a definite end, but state has a broader scope to serve the members. The differences between state and association can be stated below.

State is sovereign but associations are not:
The state is a sovereign political association and no other association enjoys this power. The state represents the collective will of its members and all the citizens are bound to obey its commands. It is a coercive agency it has armed forces, law courts and police.

But, associations are not sovereign, nor do they enjoy coercive authority. They cannot force their members to comply with their decisions. Association had no police army or court of law.

Membership :
Membership in a state is compulsory, but in the case of associations, it is voluntary.

State is national in character but associations can be local, national or international :
The state had a definite territory within which it enforces its commands. But, associations have no definite area or territory. Some are local or regional in character like clubs, some are national like, the national political parties, the R.S.S., the Muslim League, the VHP etc, and some others may be international like Red Cross-Society, the UNO etc.

One can be a member of one state, but of many associations :
An individual can join as many associations as he likes, but he can be a member of only one state at the same time. If he accepts the membership of another state he will have to lose her previous membership.

Territory :
The state has a definite territory and it can expand only by means of aggression or war, but the association has no fixed territory and it can be changed at will.

Scope :
The purpose and scope of the state is much wider than that of an association. The state aims at promoting the welfare of the common people. It makes plans for the all-around progress of its people but the scope of jurisdiction of an association is limited only to its member Associations are formed by those who need to be served by it.

State is superior to all other associations :
The state is an association of associations because it regulates the activities and existence of all other associations. All associations are subjected to the command of the state. Therefore, the state is considered to be superior to all other associations.

Question 16.
Critically examine the Individualistic theory of State regarding the sphere of State activity. Or “The State is best which governs the least.” Discuss this statement along with justification and criticism. Or, “State is a necessary evil.” Examine this statement along with its merits and demerits?
Answer :
Individualism or individualistic theory of state was a philosophy of the 18th century. But it has a long history and its roots can be traced from the writings of Greek Sophists and contractual thinkers like, Hobbes and Locke. It was further developed by Adamsmith, J.S. Mill and
Herbert Spencer, Hayek, Friedman and Oakesholt etc.

Theory: Individualism is based on the ultimate value of human personality. It * seeks to give the individual maximum freedom to develop his personality and restricts the functions of the state. It stands for maximum individual liberty and minimum functions for the state.
Features:

Individualism seeks to protect the liberty of the individual from the interference of the State.

It is based on the economic theory of Laissez-faire. It is based on a Capitalist economy, free trade and economic competition. The individual is demanded for the reduction of State activity in the economic sphere and it came to be known as the Laissez-faire theory.

It argues that the individual must be left alone to decide his future, and the State should not in any way restrain the scope of individual freedom and initiative.

The individualist theory regards the State as a necessary evil’. The state is necessary to stop the anti-social activities of individuals and, it is an evil because it encroaches upon the liberty of individuals.

This theory advocates for maximum liberty of the individual and minimum functions for the State. It pleads that the file State which governs the least is the best. The lesser the functions of State the better for individuals.

Individualist State is a police state which performs only negative or preventive functions. It prevents lawbreakers and checks the obstacles before individual liberty. The state is a negative institution and its functions are limited.

The state is compared to a night watchman which performs the following functions.

• Protection of the state and individuals from foreign aggression.
• Protection of property from robbery or damage.
• Protection of individuals against false contracts or breaches of contracts.
• Protection of the unfit; and
• Protection of individuals against diseases.

Merits
The individualistic theory is supported from four different angles.

From an ethical point of view, individualism is defended on the ground that, an individual personality can be best developed if he is left alone. If the individual is left free then the qualities like, self-reliance, initiative, enterprise and originality develop to the fullest extent.

Government interference kills initiative and cramps individual personality, The uniqueness of Individual personality characteristics are more likely to be destroyed by a uniform state which creates standardized values and reduces society to uniformity as a result of which both society and individuals are closers.

From the economic ground, it is also justified. Individualists hold that every man is self-seeking and he knows his interest best. If the individual is left to himself he would maximize his efforts and interests, Free competition increases production, ensures efficiency and maximizes economic well-being.

A free economy will provide incentives to people to work hard as a result trade, industry and commerce will flourish. So it advocated for non-interference of the state in the economic sphere.

Individualism is also justified on scientific grounds. Spencer favouring the theory holds that each individual should be allowed to stand or fall according to his worth without the support of the government.

Free competition among individuals would ensure the survival of the strong, the efficient, the intelligent and the virile and the elimination of the poor, the weak and the inefficient: He justifies it on the ground of survival of the fittest.

Practical experience shows how government interference leads to efficiency, corruption, red-tropism, delay and wastage., As the government is already over-burdened it can not deliver the goods.

In contrast, privately managed enterprises are more efficient and they make greater profits. Thus, the state should leave the individual to mobilize his own resources and attain his best interest.

Demerits :
The theory in spite of its value has been subjected to something criticism.

The individualistic assumption of state as a necessary evil is wrong. Because state is always considered to be a positive good it always protects, encourages and fosters common well-being it problems good life of the individuals rather than doing harm to them.

The role of state today has enormously increased for which, without state action, an individual’s all-around development can’t be attained. The state provides the basic needs like facilities for education, health and public services. So its powers should not be curtailed.

The basis of individualism is unsound. It regards human beings as self-seeking and thereby neglects the altruistic natures of man.

Individualism wrongly assumes that each individual knows his interest best. Because the ignorant ones can’t take effective precautions against dangers. It is the state which can judge an individual’s intellectual, moral and physical needs better than the individual.

The state does not encroach upon individual liberty. Actually, in a good state, the scope of individual action is enlarged and protected. All restraints of the state on individuals are not bad. Laws of the state are not anti-thetic to individual liberty,

Individualism seeks to create a division between individuals and society. Individual good and social welfare are not opposing but complementary,

The argument of survival of the fittest may not always prove survival of the best. This law is applicable for animals not for human beings. Man is the noblest of all animals and he posses reason, compassion and fellow feeling of love, and affection.

So it is human to say that the old, weak and invalid will have no right to live. The individualistic theory however good or bad it might be suffered, its decline in the 20th century with the emergence of modem welfare states.

Question 17.
Discuss, the origin and development of the concept of Welfare State and explain its merits, and demerits Or, Examine the meaning and nature of Welfare State along with its drawbacks.
Answer :
The concept of Welfare State is a by-product of communism and individualism. It is a social service agency which puts equal emphasis on individuals and society, It guarantees a minimum standard of subsistence to every individual.

According to Kent, a “Welfare State is a state that provides for its citizens a wide range of social services.” But G.D.H.Cole defines it is a society In which an assured minimum standard of living and opportunity becomes the possession of every individual. It seeks to maintain social justice.
Origin and Development :
The Concept of the Welfare State was first of all found in England. The following factors led to the evolution of the Welfare State.

• The evils of industrialization and urbanization.
• The New Deal Programme of U.S. President F.D. Roosevelt also contributed to its evolution.

Objectives:
A Welfare State seeks to fulfil the following objectives.

It checks the evil effects of the capitalist order and provides basic minimum needs to common man. It gives protection against natural and social contingencies. It seeks to ensure a fair standard of living to all.

Justification or Merits of Welfare State:

A Welfare State seeks or promotes people’s welfare by undertaking development activities relating to social welfare and security,

It guarantees a minimum standard of living and a reduction of economic inequality. It is a positive state which acts as a social service agency. The state looks after the individual from the cradle to the grave.

It puts equal emphasis on the individual and society on individual liberty and common goods. The State is considered a friend, philosopher and guide to the individual. Its function within the framework of democratic political institutions.

It regulates the national economy through planning. It postulates a mixed economy allows both the public and private sectors to play their part in the development of the national economy.

The State upholds the rights of all and gives equal treatment to all Individuals, groups and classes without discrimination.

Demerits:

1. A Welfare State is an expensive model which puts pressure on public exchequer.
2. It kills individual initiative and creates a pauper mentality in the minds of individuals.
3. A Welfare State leads to bureaucratic despotism.
4. It magnifies the state at the cost of individual

Question 18.
Discuss the function of the Welfare State in the modern age?
Answer :
The concept of the ‘Welfare State is a 20th-century phenomenon. The state in the modem age is wedded to the principle of welfare and every community seeks to provide for its members a large number of welfare measures or schemes. The state is considered as a positive instrument which guarantees to individuals a minimum standard of subsistence without removing incentives to private enterprises.

The state as a social service agency undertakes developmental activities relating to social welfare, security, and reduction of inequality and injustice. Welfare State is a community where every citizen has assured a minimum standard of living and opportunity.

The State protects the liberty and integrity of the individual and at the same time promotes common welfare. In a Welfare State, the individual has to get and the state does the rest.
Functions:
As a Positive State, the Welfare State performs a variety of functions concerning the life and happiness of the individual. The State provides conditions of social life, maintains law and order, guarantees fundamental rights, makes
provisions for social security and promotes common welfare. The State looks after the individual from cradle to grave. The State performs all those functions which the people expect from the state.
Gcttcll and Willoughby classified these functions into:

• Essential or obligatory functions and
• Optional functions

Obligatory functions:
These functions are essential and the State at all costs will have to perform these functions.

Defence or security of the State:
It is the most important function of a Welfare state. for which the statement maintains a strong army and defends the country from external aggression.

The State always seeks to enhance the strength of its armed forces, manufactures powerful weapons and increases its strength.lt maintains diplomatic relations with others to maintain a cordial atmosphere among the family of nations.

Maintenance of law and order :
A Welfare State maintains law and order and discipline all over the country. The State through its machinery creates conditions in which the life, liberty and property of the individuals can be protected. It ensures the supremacy of law and maintains peace.

Administration of justice:
The State makes adequate provisions for the administration of justice. It establishes courts of law and settles the disputes
arising between citizens and imposes punishment on the offenders.

Separate, courts are established to decide civil and criminal disputes. The State controls the life and activities the citizens and ensures supremacy to the law.

Protection of individual liberty and property :
The State protects the life, liberty and property of the individual from – possible threats. Thus, the State ensures a happy and peaceful life to the individual and grants fundamental freedoms.

Optional Functions.
These are the non-essential function of an individual. The State is never obliged to perform all these functions, however, most of the modem states do perform such functions. These are as follows.

The welfare of citizens :
A welfare State should perform all such functions as are necessary to promote welfare of the society has to make adequate provisions for medical facilities, sanitation a conservancy. The State should take care for public health, maintenance and construction of roads and must establish orphanages and child care centres.

Spread of education:
It is another important duty of a Welfare State. The State must introduce universal compulsory education for the children, encourages scientific and technological research and give patronage to art and literature. Care must be taken to maintain the spirit of unity among the people.

Regulation of tide and industry and development of agriculture:
The State as a welfare agency regulates, trade and commerce and controls the economy for the welfare Of the masses. It believes in a mixed economy, nationalization of big industries the other means of production regulating the prices of essentials, commodities and import-export.

The State introduces land- reforms irrigation measures, modernization of agriculture, cooperative farming and increases production. It checks, corruption and black-marketing in business.

Social Security :
This is one of the important functions of a welfare state. The state makes provisions, for the economic and social development of the weaker sections of society, prevents exploitation of the poor by the rich, and social security of widows, orphans, physically handicapped and distressed persons.

It prevents epidemics, provides insurance against accidents and unnatural deaths, undertakes family planning programmes and introduces measures like allowances to unemployed persons and pensions for old age persons.

Management of public utility services:
The State makes provisions for means of transport and communication, post and telegraph, supply of electricity and drinking water, road transport, railways and air transport etc.

Other functions:
A Welfare state undertakes economic planning for the rational utilisation of material and human resources. It safeguards the rights and liberties of the people, prevents adulteration of edible products, ensures free and fair elections and inspires public participation in political affairs.

The State takes all possible measures to develop the standard of living of the people and makes them lead happy and peaceful life.

Question 19.
Define Globalization and discuss its impact on the Indian economy?
Answer :
Globalization refers to a process of economic reforms introduced in 1990 with a view to integrating nation-states within the overall framework of WTO.

It is a modem version of the ‘Theory of, ‘Comparative Costs Advantage: propagated by classical economists to provide theoretical foundations for the unrestricted flow of goods from developed countries to developing and underdeveloped nations.

Globalization believes in the effective integration of economies through the exchange, of ideas, information, technologies, goods and, services. It is a product of the technological revolution in recent years and implies faster movement Of capital goods and services as a result of an increase in the speed of communication.

Globalization has four parameters :

Reduction of trade barriers so as to permit free flow of goods across national frontiers. Creation of an environment in which free flow of capital can take place among -nations States.

Creation of an environment permitting free flow of technology. Creation of an environment in which free movement of labour can take place in different countries of the world.

The developed nations consider globalization as a new mantra for world development. It started in India during 1991 with the hope of rapid economic growth. It has opened access to new markets and new technology.

Impact on the Indian Economy:
India has followed the policy of globalization for over a decade and it impact on our economy can be described below:

Increase in world export of goods and services:
As per the data supplied by the world bank during the last decade though we have hot been .able to compete with our neighbours like China and South Korea in the export of goods yet in the export of services India has done well. The Indian share in world export of goods and services has improved slightly.

The flow of foreign investment:
Globalisation has pledged a greater inflow of foreign investment to India and it has also picked up in India. But direct foreign investment in India has not been significant as yet.

Again, there is a wide gap between the approved investment and the actual flow of investment During 1996-2000 the inflow of foreign investment has decreased but still, there is a wide gap between promise and realization.

Import rate is higher than the rate of export:
The advocates of globalization argued in favour of export-oriented growth in place of import-oriented growth. But, actually, India is still relying on the import of foreign goods and our export has not picked up signs recently.

That means globalization has helped foreign countries to penetrate into Indian markets more than creating a favourable foreign market for Indian goods.

Indian Economy has become dependent:
It was hoped that globalization would help in increase of GDP growth, but in fact, our economy has become more and more dependent on the world economy after 12 years of experimentation.

Slowness in poverty, alleviation:
During the post-globalization period, India has failed to achieve any ‘progress in its programme of poverty alleviation. This is largely due to a reduction in agricultural productivity growth of non-farm sector development spending and inflation.

The policies of liberalization, privatization and globalization have affected the “performance of states in poverty eradication.

A decline in employment growth:
It is another major shortfall of globalization in the Indian economy. The rate of unemployment has gone up during the last five years. There has been a sharp decline in agriculture, community and personal services.

Effects of Indian industry:
Indian industry has been facing increasing competition from foreign industrial products. The indigenous industry has to pay excise. Sales tax, octroi and turnover tax while imported goods are given duty-free access to the market. As a result, most of industries are shut down and cheap imports have become a cause of recession in Indian industry.

A decline in agricultural export:
Prior to globalization and agreement on agriculture, Indian agricultural prices were lower than international prices. Due to heavy subsidies on agricultural export by developed countries, the international price of agricultural products has been lower, than Indian prices, thus Indian farmers have been put to a serious disadvantage.

Thus, after a. decade of globalization police being introduced in India, the hope of the nation has been sacked. It has affected badly our industry and agriculture. The process of development has not been encouraging. The. high hopes with which it was introduced in India had proved to be futile.

Question 20.
Analyse the socioeconomic functions of the Welfare State?
Answer :
The state in the modem age. has assumed the character of a welfare state. The idea of a welfare state emerged after World War II in Britain, USA, Germany and France. The Govt took the responsibility of providing all sorts of luxuries to ordinary citizens. The state provided a wide range of social services to the people.

Welfare State is a democratic state which seeks to secure socioeconomic welfare and development of its people with full respect to the rights and freedoms of the people. The socioeconomic functions of a welfare state can be discussed below.

Social functions :
A welfare state performs a good number of functions of securing socioeconomic reconstruction and development.
Securing social equality :
The state grants equal rights and freedoms to all its citizens. It ensures rule of law and abolishes all discrimination.

Secures social justice :
The state tries to establish a social order and gives special protection and Opportunities to the poor, and backward classes. The state enacts laws to reduce the gap between rich and poor and to secure social justice.

Provides social security :
A welfare state provides social security to the poor and needy. It gives financial- assistance to poor, disabled, diseased and unemployed people. It also makes provisions for insurance, provident fund, pension and health care facilities.

Fights social evils :
A welfare state seeks to eradicate social evils through legislation. The Govt, of India, has enacted laws to eradicate sati, child- marriage, dowry, prostitution and untouchability, etc.

Spread of education :
The state on a priority basis looks for the spread of education among the people. It establishes schools and colleges and provides free education up to secondary standards.

It sets up libraries, and reading rooms and provides financial assistance to private educational institutions. It also gives stipends and education loans to poor students.

Protection of public health :
A welfare state looks after public health and sanitation. It sets up hospitals, dispensaries and maternity homes and provides free medical aid to the people.
The state also initiates programmes for family planning and welfare.

Economic Functions :
The state undertakes a series of economic functions for rapid economic development.

Improvement of the economic condition of the people :
The state works for raising the living standard of the people by making provisions for food, clothing, shelter, education and health amenities. to all its citizens. The state tries to, eradicate poverty and unemployment

Economic planning :
Welfare stale undertakes economic planning for balanced utilization of its resources. Planning accelerates the pace of economic growth.

Development of agriculture :
A welfare state takes all possible steps for increasing agriculture production. It makes use of scientific known how, improved seeds, manures and machines. The state makes provisions for irrigation. conservation of crops and also fixes the prices of agricultural products.

Development of industry :
The state also facilities the development of the industry. It finalises national industrial policy and rules of export and import.

Regulates Trade and Commerce :
A welfare state regulates trade and commerce. It fixes customs duties, circulates currency establishes banks and insurance companies. It looks after the interests of the consumers and nationals.

The state also makes an equitable distribution of wealth, determines the fiscal policy of the nation and takes care so that wealth s not accumulated by few. It levies taxes to undertake socio-economic development.

The welfare state also takes care of the workers and labour class people. It determines their working hour, minimum wage, and proper working conditions. The state also makes special provisions for the upliftment of the poor working classes. In the age of privatization, the state today had to control unfair trading and ensure an efficient public distribution system for common goods.

Question 21.
Review the advantages and disadvantages of Globalisation?
Answer :
The 21st century is considered to be the age of globalisation. The concept involves a process of expanding business and trade relations among independent nations.

The aim of globalisation is to secure real socio-economic-political and cultural transformation of the world into a global community, It seeks the integration of the world economy into a common model.

Globalisation means a new world economic order based on free trade, free access to world markets and increased socio-economic and cultural linkage among nations. The aim of globalization is to secure the socio-economic integration and development of all the people of the world.
Features :

• Globalization believes in liberalization of trade industrial policy.
• It stands for the free flow of trade relations among nations.
• It seeks to integrate the domestic economy with world economy.
• It believes in liberalisation of imports and export.
• It believes in privatisation.
• Globalisation encourages cooperation among nations in order to; secure rapid development modernisation and technological advancement.

It introduces fiscal reforms strengthening free trade.
Globalisation stands for free trade, free access to world markets and. flow of investment across borders. Its motto is to bring about the unity of world culture, economy and infrastructure.

The developed nations of die world with a view to capturing the world market have designed the policy of globalisation, The World Trade Organisation has been set up replacing the GATT as per Dunkel’s Resolution and the big powers are now trying to capture the economies of poor countries.

India has adopted globalisation in 1991. During the last few years its impact has been mixed:
Advantages:

Globalisation constitutes a natural extension of the principles of inter¬dependence among nations. It leads to the socioeconomic and cultural integration of the people. It discourages war and aggression.

Liberal import-export policies encourage free flow of goods and services across the borders and accelerate the pace of economic industrial development.

It provides advanced technology to developing nations. A free-market economy encourages economic competition which brings development.

It has successfully fought against poverty, hunger and disease. Globalisation has brought about sustainable development all around the world.

Disadvantages:
The disadvantages of globalization outnumber its advantages.

Globalisation has enhanced the role of corporate business houses and capitalists and multi-national corporations have assumed an important role in international relations. The rich countries have taken undue control over the poor and developing countries.

Free market economy and free trade will make it difficult for developing countries to compete for protecting their interests. The rich nations have been protecting their trade interests through multi-national corporations.

It gives the state fewer financial resources to look after health, education and social security services. Globalisation has led to a widening of the gap between rich and poor.

Domestic markets of developing countries have been flooded with goods of rich countries. The small-scale and medium-range industries have suffered a loss.

The share of poor and developing countries in the world’s income and resources will be reduced because of the dominance of rich and developed countries. In the name of globalisation, the developed countries dictate terms to the poor countries.

It has adversely affected the interests . of labour and the govt, makes no effort to improve the conditions of the working class. The nations which have joined the globalisation process have been forced to abide by the suggestions of the World Bank, IMF and WTO.

It has given a setback to employment, and generation schemes followed by underdeveloped countries. As a whole, the globalisation concept is not wrong. It will yield positive results after a few years.

Question 22.
Review .the basic features of globalization and its impact on the state?
Answer :
Globalization is the process of the economic integration of the world. It started in the 2nd half of the 20th century under the initiative of rich and prosperous countries. Globalization seeks to ensure socioeconomic integration of the world through a free flow of goods. Services, information knowledge and people across the borders of the state.
Features :

Globalization believes in the integration of the domestic economy with the world economy. It aims at free trade with all other countries of the world.

As it believes in liberalization, each state has to open its domestic market for foreign companies. Globalization seeks to reduce state control over imports and export.

Globalisation seeks to keep the state away from ownership of means of production and distribution and allows free follows of industrial trade and economic activities among the people and their corporations.

It believes in the modernisation of transport and communication. It introduces economic reforms for giving maximum liberty to private organizations.

Impact on the state :
As a result of globalization, the scope of state activity and efficiency has been affected with the increase in investment privatization has encouraged the public sector to compete with the private sector.

The role of state has changed from a regulator to a facilitator. Though the state continues to be a welfare state its activity is confined to Ensuring a smooth and orderly functioning of the market. It tries to secure stability in the market through macroeconomic policies and

Providing social services, such as education, health care and social security measures. Regulating state economy in the interest of social justice and welfare.

The emergence of free trade, a market economy and multinational corporations have limited the scope of the role of state in the sphere of the international economy. Globalization has limited the sovereignty of the state. The WTO, World Bank and IMF have eroded into state autonomy.

The information technology revolution has led to the development of the means of transport and communication and the world is converted into a global village.

The movement for international peace and peaceful coexistence has reduced the importance of the military power of the state. The states are now concerned with the need to fight terrorism and safeguard human rights and the environment.

Try More:

LT Pivot Point Calculator

Odisha State Board CHSE Odisha Class 12 Invitation to English 4 Solutions Grammar Direct and Reported Speech Textbook Activity Questions and Answers.

CHSE Odisha 12th Class English Grammar Direct and Reported Speech

Section -1

Revision
We use direct or indirect speech when we want to report what someone says.
In ‘Direct Speech’ we repeat the exact words of the speaker, and put them within quotation marks/inverted commas.

Example
Somesh said, “I get bored very easily.”
But in ‘Reported Speech’/’Indirect speech’, we do not repeat the exact words. We give only the meaning of what was said. Quotation marks are not used in such sentences.

Example
Somesh said (that) he got bored very easily.
Here we have changed I to he. We have also changed the tense of the verb used by the speaker. (from get to got)
In the above example, the verb said is known as the ‘reporting verb’ and ‘got’ as the verb of the reported speech

Section -2

Changes in the form of reported speech
Reported statements

A. Change in tense
When the reporting verb is in present tense and we want to do a sentence from direct to indirect, there will be no change in the tense form of the vebr of the sentence being reported (reported speech).

Example
He says, “I can do the sums.” (Direct)
He says that he can do the sums. (Indirect)

When the repoting verb is in the past tense i.e. said, replied etc., the tense of the verb in the (reported speech) sentence being reported is normally ‘pushed back’.

1. Present tense verb becomes past tense
(a) Present simple becomes past simple.
(b) Present progressive becomes past simple.
(c) Present perfect becomes past perfect.
(d) Present perfect progressive becomes past perfect progressive.

2. Past tense verbs
(a) Simple past becomes past perfect/simple past
(b) Past progressive becomes past perfect continuous progressive.
(c) Past perfect becomes past perfect (unchanged).
(d) Past perfect continuous becomes unchanged.

Present relevance
If the words (speaker’s) spoken by the speaker remain valid (true) at the time of reporting, it is possible to leave the tense of the verbs unchanged.
Example
“Sheela is coming this evening ”, may be reported as He said (that) Sheela is coming this evening – in case the reporting is done the same day, after a very short gap/period. It is also permissible or grammatical to change the tense, following the usual rules of reported speech, to
He said that Sheela was coming this evening.

Future time verbs

‘will’	changes to	‘would’
‘shall’	changes to	‘should’
‘may’	changes to	‘might’
‘can’	changes to	‘could’
‘must have’	changes to	‘can’t have’
‘must’	changes to	‘had to’

B. Change in adverbials of time and place
The following changes would take place in reported speech.

Speaker’s words	Reported speech
here	there
this	that/the
now	then
today	that day
tonight	that night
tomorrow	the next day/the following day
yesterday	the day before/the previous day
next Monday	the following Monday
last Monday	the previous Monday

But if the reporting takes place on the same day, at the same place, the adverbials of time and place remain unchanged.

Example
“I have asked Ramesh to come here today”, changes to He said that he has asked Ramesh to come here today. It can be also used ‘he said that he had asked Ramesh to come there that day, if the report takes place the same day, at the same place, so the ‘change’ in adverbirals of time and place depends on the context/situation.

Reported questions
(a) When in a direct speech (sentence) we find an interrogative (question) sentence, we use verbs such as asked, inquired, wanted to know etc. while making/changing it to ‘repoted speech’.

We know very well that there are two types interrogatives such as Wh- word and yes/no type interrogatives.
Do mark how we change “Wh- questions”
1. (direct) Teacher (to Bimal) : “When did you meet Shobha ?”
Indirect: The teacher asked Bimal when he has met Sobha.
2. (direct) Prem (to Sudhir) : “Where can I get the book ?”
Indirect: Prem asked Sudhir where he could get the book.
3. (direct) Smita : “How can I leave the place ?”
Indirect: Smita inquired how she could leave the place.

(b) Reporting yes/no questions.
Here are some examples of Yes or No questions and the same put in direct speech. Note the use of the conjunction if or whether in the indirect form.

Direct	Indirect
The doctor asked the patient, “Do you smoke ?”	The doctor asked the patient whether or if he smoked.
Bhupen: ‘May I go out, Teacher ?”	Bhupen asked the teacher if/whether he could go out.

(c) Reporting requests, offers, etc.
Note how the command or direction is expressed with ‘to + verb’ in the indirect form

Direct	Indirect
The captain to the men said, “Get ready to march.”	The captain order the men to get ready to march.
	Sita requested Mina to move the table.
Sita said to Mina, “Please move the table.”	He wished me a good morning./He greeted me.
He said, “Good morning.”
She said to me, “Congratulations.”	She congratulated me.

Activity – 1
Change the statements below into reported speech.

1. “We are visiting Konark on Sunday,” Harihar said.
2. “I will see you later,” Suresh told Sobha.
3. “Mr Mohanty has written the report,” the Chairman told me.
4. “I can’t speak Assamese,” I told her.
5. “We will have dinner at the Oberoi,” Umesh said.
6. “I don’t want to go shopping,” said Rabi.
7. “I lived in Cuttack when I was a boy,” he said.
8. “I don’t like balck coffee,” she said.
9. “We are going to be late,” Varsha said.

Answers
1. Harihar said that they were visiting Konark on Sunday.
2. Suresh told Sobha that he would see her later.
3. The Chairman told me that Mr. Mohanty had written the report.
4. I told her that I couldn’t speak Assamese.
5. Umesh said that they would have dinner at the Oberoi.
6. Rabi said that he didn’t want to go shopping.
7. He said that he (had) lived in Cuttack when he was a boy.
8. She said that she didn’t like black coffee.
9. Varsha said that they were going to be late.

Activity – 2
Complete the sentences in reported speech, making the necessary changes in person, place and time.
1. Nisha (to Seema): “Nina never speaks to me !”
Seema (to Nina): Nisha-said that ______________.
2. Suresh, “The match was played last week.”
You (a week later): Suresh said that _____________.
3. Ram: “I arrived in Delhi only yesterday.”
You (two days later): Ram said that ____________.
4. Renu (to Lipi): “I don’t have any money for the ticket.”
Lipi (to Pushpa) Renu told me that ______________.
5. Amiya (yesterday): “Tina and I are going on a picnic tomorrow.”
You (today): Amiya said that _____________.
6. Jina (in the library): “I’ll meet you and Mohan in the canteen.”
You (to Mohan, in the canteen): Jina told me that ____________.

Answers
1. Nisha (to Seema): “Nina never speaks to me !”
Seema (to Nina): Nisha said that you (Nina) never spoke to her.
2. Suresh, “The match was played last week.”
Suresh said that the match had- been played last week.
3. Ram: “I arrived in Delhi only yesterday.”
You (two days later): Ram said that he had arrived in Delhi only the day before/ the previous day.
4. Renu (to Lipi): “I don’t have any money for the ticket.”
Lipi (to Pushpa) Renu told me that she didn’t have any money for the ticket.
5. Amiya (yesterday): “Tina and I are going on a picnic tomorrow.”
You (today): Amiya said that Tina and I are going on a picnic (the next day) tomorrow.
6. Jina (in the library): “I’ll meet you and Mohan in the canteen.”
You (to Mohan, in the canteen): Jina told me that she would meet me and Mohan in the canteen.

Activity- 3
Respond to the statements in quotation marks. The speakers are all saying something different from what they had told you before. The first one has been done for you.
1. “I prefer chicken to mutton.”
But you had told me you prefer mutton.
2. “I like sweets more than I like fish.”
But you had said _____________
3. “I love classical music.”
But I remember you saying _______________
4. “I haven’t finished my homework.”
But I thought you said ___________
5. “I don’t have a computer at home.”
But ________________

Answers
1. “I prefer chicken to mutton.”
But you had told me you prefer mutton.
2. “I like sweets more than I like fish.”
But you had said to me that you like(d) fish.
3. “I love classical music.”
But I remember you saying That you love pop-music.
4. “I haven’t finished my homework.”
But I thought you said to me that you had finished your homework.
5. “I don’t have a computer at home.”
But you had told me that you had a computer at home.

Activity- 4
Kavita has been teaching in a school for five years. She can still remember the interview
she had to face and the questions that she was asked. This is what she tells her friend
Roma about the interview.
1. “Where are you from ?”
They asked me where I was from.
2. “Have you taught anywhere before ?”
They asked me _______________________
3. “Why are you interested in this job ?”
__________________________________
4. “Will you be able to come to the school at 7.00 every morning?
__________________________________
5. “Can you teach English in the higher classes ?”
__________________________________
6. “How much do you expect to be paid ?”
__________________________________

Answers
1. “Where are you from ?”
They asked me where I was from.
2. “Have you taught anywhere before ?”
They asked me if/whether I had taught anywhere.
3. “Why are you interested in this job ?”
They asked me why I was interested in that job
4. “Will you be able to come to the school at 7.00 every morning?
They asked me if/whether I would be able to come to school at 7.00 every morning.
5. “Can you teach English in the higher classes ?”
They asked me if/whether I could teach English in the higher classes.
6. “How much do you expect to be paid ?”
They asked me how much I expected to be paid.

Activity- 5
A famous magician has arrived in your city and just presented his first performance. The show has proved to be very popular. This is what the different newspapers had to say about it.

“The show is brilliant,” (the Samaj).
“It made me laugh and cry,” (the Sambad).
“We can’t remember a better show,” (the Dharitri).
“You’ll love it,” (the Prajatantra).
“You shouldn’t miss it.” (the Dinalipi)

Put their comments in reported speech.
Answers
(a) The Samaj reported that the show was brilliant.
(b) The Sambad said that had made him laugh and cry.
(c) The Dharitri said that they couldn’t remember a better show.
(d) The Prajatantra said we would love that.
(e) The Dinalipi said that we shouldn’t miss that.

Activity – 6
Change the sentences below into reported speech. Replace the word said, used in the sentences, by one of the verbs given below. Use each verb only once.

protested	suggested	admitted
shouted	boasted	exclaimed
muttered	agreed	objected
warned	insisted	claimed

1. “You can’t threaten me like that. I know my rights,” the old man said.
__________________________________
2. “This man doesn’t know what he’s talking about,” said someone in the audience.
__________________________________
3. “No, let’s finish this work first”, she said, “We can go to the movies some other day.”
__________________________________
4. “I can write a novel in a month,” said the man.
__________________________________
5. “Stand up now or I’ll beat you,” said the teacher.
__________________________________
6. “The book you are reading is my property,” the man said.
__________________________________
7. “If they can’t hand in the assignment today, they simply must hand it in tomorrow,” said the Principal.
__________________________________
8. “We’ll, the car has broken down and we can’t repair it now,” said the driver.
__________________________________
9. “Yes, I hit the boy with the school bag,” the girl said.
__________________________________
10. “We shall always be loyal to our country,” said the children.
__________________________________
11. “What a surprise to find him here today !” they said.
__________________________________
12. “I don’t have enough resources to build the house”, said the man.
__________________________________

Answers
1. “You can’t threaten me like that. I know my rights,” the old man said.
Answer:
The old man shouted that I couldn’t threaten him like that and he knew his rights.

2. “This man doesn’t know what he’s talking about,” said someone in the audience.
Answer:
Someone objected that the man didn’t know what he was talking about.

3. “No, let’s finish this work first”, she said, “We can go to the movies some other day.”
Answer:
She suggested that they should finish that work first and they could go to the movies some other day.

4. “I can write a novel in a month,” said the man.
Answer:
The man agreed that he could write a novel in a month.

5. “Stand up now or I’ll beat you,” said the teacher.
Answer:
The teacher warned me to stand up then or he would beat me.

6. “The book you are reading is my property,” the man said.
Answer:
The man claimed that the book he was reading was his property.

7. “If they can’t hand in the assignment today, they simply must hand it in tomorrow,” said the Principal.
Answer:
The Principal insisted that if they couldn’t hand in the assignment today, they simply had to hand it in the next day.

8. “We’ll, the car has broken down and we can’t repair it now,” said the driver.
Answer:
The driver muttered that the car had broken down and they couldn’t repair that then.

9. “Yes, I hit the boy with the school bag,” the girl said.
Answer:
The girl admitted that she had hit the boy with the school bag.

10. “We shall always be loyal to our country,” said the children.
Answer:
The children boasted that they should be loyal to their country.

11.“What a surprise to find him here today !” they said.
Answer:
They exclaimed that was a surprise to find him there that day.

12. “I don’t have enough resources to build the house”, said the man.
Answer:
The man protested that he didn’t have enough resources to build the house.

Activity – 7
Choose suitable adverbs from the list below and use while reporting the following statements. The first one has been done for you.

passionately agreeably sharply
accusingly sarcastically angrily
defiantly patiently

1. “I shall always love you,” the young boy said.
Ans. The young boy passionately said that he would always love her.
2. “I thought you said you were ill yesterday,” she said.
3. “You can go to the devil !” the boy said.
4. “I think we were having a wonderful party,” he said.
5. “You think you’re god, don’t you ?” she said.
6. “Let’s try again, shall we ? It is rather difficult,” the teacher said.
7. “Don’t keep asking such silly questions,” the husband said.
8. “Mind your own business,” the stranger said.

Answers
2. She defiantly said that she thought I said I was ill the previous day.
3. The’ boy angrily said that I could go to the devil.
4. He agreeably said that (he thought) they were having a wonderful party.
5. She sarcastically said that I thought whether I was sad or not.
6. The teacher patiently said that it was rather difficult and they should try again.
7. The husband accusingly said not to keep asking silly questions like that.
8. The stranger sharply told me to mind my own business.

Activity- 8
Last Sunday you met your cousin Harish. Here are some of the things Harish said to you.
1. “I’d like to go to a good college but my parents can’t afford the fees”
2. “I’m living with a friend now and working part-time.”
3. “I’m enjoying my work.”
4.“My bicycle was stolen a few days ago.”
5. “My friend has got a scholarship to study abroad.”
6. “I’ll tell my Mother that I met you.”

You want to tell your mother, the same day, what Harish said to you. (Use reported speech)
Answers
1. Harish said to me that he would like to go to a college but his parents can’t afford the fees.
2. He said that he is living with a friend now and working part-time.
3. He also said that he is enjoying his work.
4. He said that his bicycle was stolen a few days ago/had been stolen a few days before.
5. He said that his friend has got a scholarship to study abroad.
6. He said that he will/would tell his Mother that he met me.

Activity- 9
Imagine that you are a journalist and that you have to report a school debate. The topic for the debate was “Children should be encouraged to watch television.” Some speakers supported the topic while others opposed it. The main arguments are summarised below.
Topic: Children should be encouraged to watch television.

For	Against
Television stimulates thinking. It keeps the family together. It keeps one well-informed. It brings the outside world into your home. It provides a lot of information. It is a good babysitter.	It kills the art of conversation. It ruins family interaction. It makes people uncritical. It shuts out the real world. It ruins the reading habit. It makes children passive.

Begin as follows.
Some speakers said- that _________________________
but some other speakers were of the opinion that (continue) __________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________

Answers
Some speakers said that television stimulates/stimulated thinking but some other speakers were of the opinion that it killed that art of conversation.
Some said that it keeps the family together but some other speakers were of the opinion that it ruined the family interaction.
Some said that it keeps one well informed but some others were of the opinion that it made people uncritical.
Some speakers said that it brought/brings the outside world into the home but some others were of the opinion that it shuts out the real world.
Some said that it provides a lot of information but some others were of the opinion that it ruined/ ruins the reading habit.
Some said that it is a good baby-sitter but some others were of the opinion that it made the children passive.

Activity – 10
Rewrite the following paragraph, using the sentences below the paragraph to fill in the gaps in the paragraph. The sentences have to be changed into reported speech.
Sometime ago Manoj applied for the post of clerk in a bank. Last Friday he was called for an
interview. When he went into the Manager’s office, the Manager told him 1 __________ and asked him 2 _________ Majoj told him 3 ___________. Then the Manager asked him 4 ____________and Manoj told him 5 ___________.He added 6 _____________. The Manager wanted to know 7 ___________ and Manoj replied 8 __________. Then the Manager asked him 9 __________ and Manoj replied 10 ___________. The Manager gave him a test and then said 11 _________. Manoj thanked him and asked 12 ____________ The Manager replied 13 _____________and Manoj promised 14 _________________.
1. “Please sit down.”
2. “What is your name ?”
3. “My name is Manoj Kumar.”
4. “Do you smoke ?”
5. “I don’t usually smoke.”
6. “I never smoke in the office.”
7. “Where have you worked before ?”
8. “I worked for two years in a private company.”
9. “Can you take shorthand ?”
10. “Yes sir, I can.”
11. “I can appoint you on probation for a month.”
12. “When can I start work ?”
13. “Tomorrow, if you wish.”
14. “I will be here on Monday.”

Answers
Sometime ago Manoj applied for the post of clerk in a bank. Last Friday he was called for an interview. When he went into the Manager’s office, the Manager told him to sit down and asked him what his name was. Manoj told him that his name was Manoj Kumar. Then the Manager asked him If/whether he smoked and Manoj told him that he didn’t usually smoke/doesn’t usually smoke. He added that he never smoke/smoked in the office. The Manager wanted to know where he had worked before and Manoj replied that he had worked for two years in a private company. Then the Manager asked him if/whether he could take shorthand and Manoj replied affirmatively that he could. The Manager gave him a test and then said that he could appoint him on probation for a month. Manoj thanked him and asked when he could start work. The Manager replied that if he wished, you could work tomorrow and Manoj promised that he could be there on Monday.

Activity- 11
Look at the following ‘tips’ given to candidates preparing for an interview.
1. Be sure to reach the place where the interview is to take place a few minutes before the time given to you.
2. Look relaxed when you are sitting, but sit erect. Don’t lounge.
3. Anticipate questions and be ready with your facts.
4. Do not talk more than is necessary.
5. Look into the interviewer’s eyes when you answer.
6. Be confident and do not become nervous.
Now tell a friend about these ‘tips’, using reported speech.
Begin
I have been advised to ______________________.I have also been asked to (continue) __________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________.

Answers
I have been advised to be sure to reach the place where the interview is to take place a few minutes before the time given to me. I have also been asked to look relaxed when I am sitting, and to sit erect and not to lounge. I have also been asked to anticipate questions and be ready with my facts. I have also advised not to talk more than is necessary. I have been asked to look into the interviewer’s eyes when I answer. I have been advised to be confident and not become nervous.

Activity – 12
Rewrite the passage below using the reported speech.
“Have you been here long ?” the newcomer asked another person in the hotel lounge.
“No, just over a week; that’s all.”
“You. don’t know the place very well, then ?”
“I’m a stranger in these parts. But of course even a stranger learns a few things in a week.”
“Would you mind telling me if somebody called Sujit has been here ?”
“Sujit ?” said the middle-aged man. “It’s odd you should mention that name. I remember the
man, well; a big tall fellow, with a dark mustache. He left this morning.”
“Do you know where he went ?” asked the newcomer.
“Well, he said he was going to Delhi.”

Answers
The newcomer asked another person in the hostel lounge if/whether he had been there long. Another person replied negatively saying that he came just over a week and that was all. The newcomer asked another person if he did not know the place very well then. Another person
replied that he was a stranger in these parts and added saying that even a stranger learns a few things in a week. The newcomer asked another person if/whether he would mind telling him if somebody called Sujit had been there. The middle-aged man asked if it was Sujit and added that it was odd you should mention that name and he remembered the man well, a big tall fellow, with a dark mustache and he left this morning. The newcomer asked if/whether he did know where he went. He replied affirmatively that he had been going to Delhi.

Multiple-Choice Questions (MCQs) with Answers
Question 1.
He said, “I am busy now.”
He said that _________.
(A) he is busy now
(B) he had been busy now
(C) he was busy then
(D) he would be busy then
Answer:
(C) he was busy then

Question 2.
He said, “It may rain tomorrow.”
(A) He said that it might rain tomorrow.
(B) He said that it might rain the next day.
(C) He said that it might have been raining the next day.
(D) He said that it may rain tomorrow.
Answer:
(B) He said that it might rain the next day.

Question 3.
He said to us, “Are you going away today.”
(A) He asked us if we were going away that day.
(B) He asked us if we were going away today.
(C) He asked us that we were going away the next day.
(D) none of these
Answer:
(A) He asked us if we were going away that day.

Question 4.
He said to me, “Why did you insult my brother ?”
(A) He told me why I would insult his brother.
(B) He asked me why I had insulted his brother.
(C) He asked me if I insulted his brother.
(D) He asked me why I insult his brother.
Answer:
(B) He asked me why I had insulted his brother.

Question 5.
“Shoot the prisoner”, said the tyrant.
(A) The tyrant told them to shoot the prisoner.
(B) The tyrant advised them to shoot the prisoner.
(C) The tyrant wanted them to shoot the prisoner.
(D) The tyrant commanded them to shoot the prisoner.
Answer:
(D) The tyrant commanded them to shoot the prisoner.

Question 6.
The rebel said to the king, “Pardon my fault sir.”
(A) The rebel asked the king to pardon his fault.
(B) The rebel begged the king to pardon his fault.
(C) The rebel insisted the king on pardoning him.
(D) none of these
Answer:
(B) The rebel begged the king to pardon his fault.

Question 7.
He said, “Bravo! You have done well.”
(A) He said that he had done well.
(B) He said that he did well.
(C) He applauded him saying that he had done well.
(D) He remarked that he had done well.
Answer:
(C) He applauded him saying that he had done well.

Question 8.
I said to my students, “When are you meeting me ?”
(A) I said to my students when are you meeting him.
(B) I asked my students when you are meeting me.
(C) I asked my students when they were meeting me.
(D) I said to my students when they were meeting me.
Answer:
(C) I asked my students when they were meeting me.

Question 9.
The teacher said, “Life is full of sorrow.”
(A) The teacher said that life was full of sorrow.
(B) The teacher said that life is full of sorrow.
(C) The teacher explained that life was full of sorrow.
(D) all of these
Answer:
(B) The teacher said that life is full of sorrow.

Question 10.
He said, “Good-bye, friends.”
(A) He bade good-bye to his friends.
(B) He expressed good-bye to his friends.
(C) He wanted good-bye to his friends.
(D) none of these
Answer:
(A) He bade good-bye to his friends.

Odisha State Board BSE Odisha 7th Class History Important Questions Chapter 6 ମୋଗଲ ସାମ୍ରାଜ୍ୟର ପତନ Important Questions and Answers.

BSE Odisha Class 7 History Important Questions Chapter 6 ମୋଗଲ ସାମ୍ରାଜ୍ୟର ପତନ

Subjective Type Questions With Answers
ଦୀର୍ଘ ଉତ୍ତରମୂଳକ ପ୍ରଶ୍ନୋତ୍ତର

୧। ମୋଗଲ ସାମ୍ରାଜ୍ୟର ପତନ ପଛରେ କେଉଁ ଅର୍ଥନୈତିକ କାରଣମାନ ଦାୟୀ ଥିଲା ?

• ପ୍ରସିଦ୍ଧ ମୋଗଲ ସମ୍ରାଟ ଆକବର ଏକ ସୁଚିନ୍ତିତ ଶାସନ ପ୍ରଣାଳୀ ପ୍ରବର୍ତ୍ତନ କରି ମୋଗଲ ସାମ୍ରାଜ୍ୟର ଅର୍ଥନୀତିକୁ ସୁଦୃଢ଼ କରିପାରିଥିଲେ ।
• ମାତ୍ର ପରବର୍ତ୍ତୀ ମୋଗଲ ସମ୍ରାଟମାନଙ୍କ ସମୟରେ ଶାସନ ପ୍ରଣାଳୀରେ ପରିବର୍ତ୍ତନ ସହ ଅନେକ ସମସ୍ୟା ଦେଖାଦେଇଥିଲା ।
• ଜାହାଙ୍ଗୀରଙ୍କ ଶାସନରେ ତାଙ୍କର ପତ୍ନୀ ନୁର୍‌ଜାହାନ ପ୍ରକୃତ ଶାସନଭାର ଗ୍ରହଣ କରି ଅର୍ଥନୀତି ପ୍ରତି ଦୃଷ୍ଟି ଦେଲେ ନାହିଁ ।
• ମୋଗଲ ସମ୍ରାଟ ଶାହାଜାହାନ୍‌ଙ୍କ ସମୟରେ ଅନେକ ରାଜପ୍ରାସାଦ ଓ ସୌଧ ନିର୍ମାଣରେ ଅଜସ୍ର ଅର୍ଥ ଖର୍ଚ୍ଚ – ହୋଇଥିଲା ।
• ଏପରିକି ତାଙ୍କର ରାଜତ୍ଵ କାଳରେ ଭୂରାଜସ୍ୱ ଶତକଡ଼ା ୫୦ ଭାଗକୁ ବୃଦ୍ଧି ପାଇଥିଲା ।
• ଏତଦ୍‌ବ୍ୟତୀତ ମୋଗଲ ସମ୍ରାଟମାନେ ବିଭିନ୍ନ ବାହ୍ୟ ଶତ୍ରୁମାନଙ୍କର ଆକ୍ରମଣରୁ ନିଜ ଦେଶକୁ ରକ୍ଷା କରିବାପାଇଁ କ୍ରମାଗତ ଯୁଦ୍ଧ କରିବା ଫଳରେ ରାଜକୋଷ ଶୂନ୍ୟ ହୋଇଗଲା । ଫଳରେ ମୋଗଲ ସାମ୍ରାଜ୍ୟର ପତନ ନିମନ୍ତେ ମାର୍ଗ ପରିଷ୍କାର ହୋଇଗଲା ।

ସଂକ୍ଷିପ୍ତ ଉତ୍ତରମୂଳକ ପ୍ରଶ୍ନୋତ୍ତର

୧। ତୃତୀୟ ପାନିପଥ ଯୁଦ୍ଧ କାହା କାହା ମଧ୍ୟରେ ହୋଇଥିଲା ? ଏହି ଯୁଦ୍ଧରେ କିଏ ପରାଜିତ ହୋଇଥିଲେ ?
(i) ତୃତୀୟ ପାନିପଥ ଯୁଦ୍ଧ ଆଫଗାନିସ୍ଥାନର ଶାସକ ଅହମ୍ମଦଶାହ ଅବଦଲୀ ଓ ମରହଟ୍ଟାମାନଙ୍କ ମଧ୍ୟରେ ହୋଇଥିଲା ।
(ii) ଏହି ଯୁଦ୍ଧରେ ମରହଟ୍ଟାମାନେ ପରାଜିତ ହୋଇଥିଲେ ।

୨। ନାଦିର ଶାହ କେବେ ଭାରତ ଆକ୍ରମଣ କରିଥିଲେ ଓ ଭାରତରୁ କ’ଣ ସବୁ ଲୁଣ୍ଠନ କରି ଇରାକୁ ନେଇଥିଲେ ?
(i) ନାଦିର ଶାହ ୧୭୩୯ ଖ୍ରୀଷ୍ଟାବ୍ଦରେ ଭାରତ ଆକ୍ରମଣ କରିଥିଲେ ।
(ii) ସେ ଭାରତରୁ (୧) ମୟୂର ସିଂହାସନ ଓ (୨) ବିଶ୍ୱବିଖ୍ୟାତ କୋହିନୁର ହୀରା ସହ ପ୍ରଚୁର ଧନରତ୍ନ ଲୁଣ୍ଠନ କରି ଇରାକୁ ନେଇଥିଲେ ।

୩। କେଉଁ ଇରାନ୍ (ପାରସ୍ୟ) ସମ୍ରାଟ ୧୭୩୯ ଖ୍ରୀ.ଅ.ରେ ଭାରତ ଆକ୍ରମଣ କରିଥିଲେ ? ତାଙ୍କଦ୍ୱାରା ଅଧିକୃତ ଦୁଇଟି ଭାରତୀୟ ରାଜ୍ୟର ନାମ ଲେଖ ।
(i)ଇରାନ୍ (ପାରସ୍ୟ) ସମ୍ରାଟ ନାଦିର ଶାହ ୧୭୩୯ ଖ୍ରୀ.ଅ.ରେ ଭାରତ ଆକ୍ରମଣ କରିଥିଲେ ।
(ii) ତାଙ୍କଦ୍ୱାରା ଅଧିକୃତ ଦୁଇଟି ଭାରତୀୟ ରାଜ୍ୟ ହେଲା ସିନ୍ଧୁପ୍ରଦେଶ ଓ ଲାହୋର ।

୪। କେଉଁ କେଉଁ ଇଉରୋପୀୟ ବଣିକମାନେ ବାଣିଜ୍ୟ ଉଦ୍ଦେଶ୍ୟରେ ଭାରତ ଆସିଥିଲେ ? ସେମାନଙ୍କ ମଧ୍ୟରୁ କେଉଁମାନେ ଭାରତରେ ରାଜ୍ୟବିସ୍ତାର କଲେ ?
(i) ପର୍ତ୍ତୁଗୀଜ୍, ଓଲନ୍ଦାଜ, ଦିନାମାର, ଇଂରେଜ ଓ ଫରାସୀ ବଣିକମାନେ ବାଣିଜ୍ୟ ଉଦ୍ଦେଶ୍ୟରେ ଭାରତ ଆସିଥିଲେ ।
(ii) ସେମାନଙ୍କ ମଧ୍ୟରୁ ଇଂରେଜମାନେ ଶକ୍ତିଶାଳୀ ହୋଇ ଭାରତରେ ରାଜ୍ୟବିସ୍ତାର କରିଥିଲେ ।

୫। ଶାହାଜାହାନଙ୍କ ଶାସନ କାଳରେ ଭୂରାଜସ୍ଵ କାହିଁକି ଓ କେତେ ବୃଦ୍ଧି ଘଟିଥିଲା ?
(i) ଶାହାଜାହାନଙ୍କ ଶାସନକାଳରେ ଅନେକ ରାଜପ୍ରାସାଦ ଓ ସୌଧ ନିର୍ମାଣ ନିମିତ୍ତ ବହୁ ଅର୍ଥ ବ୍ୟୟ ହେତୁ ଭୂରାଜସ୍ବ ବୃଦ୍ଧି ପାଇଥିଲା ।
(ii) ତାଙ୍କ ରାଜତ୍ଵ କାଳରେ ଭୂରାଜସ୍ୱ ୫୦ ପ୍ରତିଶତ ବୃଦ୍ଧି ପାଇଥିଲା ।

୬। ବୈଦେଶିକ ଶତ୍ରୁମାନେ କାହିଁକି ଭାରତ ଆକ୍ରମଣ କରିଥିଲେ ?
(i) ଭାରତ ଧନରତ୍ନରେ ପରିପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ ବୋଲି ବିଶ୍ଵାସ କରାଯାଉଥ‌ିବାରୁ ଅନେକ ବୈଦେଶିକ ଶତ୍ରୁ ଧନ ଲୁଣ୍ଠନ ଉଦ୍ଦେଶ୍ୟରେ ଭାରତ ଆକ୍ରମଣ କରୁଥିଲେ ।
(ii) ଅନ୍ୟ କେତେକ ଭାରତକୁ ସାମ୍ରାଜ୍ୟ ବିସ୍ତାର ଉଦ୍ଦେଶ୍ୟରେ ଆକ୍ରମଣ କରୁଥିଲେ ।

୭ । କେଉଁମାନେ ଓ କାହିଁକି ଔରଙ୍ଗଜେବ୍‌ଙ୍କର ଶତ୍ରୁ ହୋଇପଡ଼ିଥିଲେ ?
(i) ହିନ୍ଦୁ, ରାଜପୁତ୍, ଶିଖ୍, ଜାଠ ଓ ମରହଟ୍ଟାମାନେ ଔରଙ୍ଗଜେବ୍‌ଙ୍କ ଶତ୍ରୁ ହୋଇପଡ଼ିଥିଲେ ।
(ii) କାରଣ ସେ ହିନ୍ଦୁମାନଙ୍କ ଉପରେ ଜିଜିୟା ଓ ତୀର୍ଥଯାତ୍ରୀ କର ବସାଇଥିଲେ ଏବଂ ସେମାନଙ୍କୁ ରାଜକାର୍ଯ୍ୟରୁ ଅନ୍ତର କରିଥିଲେ । ସେ ରାଜପୁତ୍, ଶିଖ୍, ଜାଠ, ମରହଟ୍ଟାମାନଙ୍କ ପ୍ରତି ଭଲ ବ୍ୟବହାର ଦେଖାଉନଥିଲେ ।

ଅତିସଂକ୍ଷିପ୍ତ ଉତ୍ତରମୂଳକ ପ୍ରଶ୍ନୋତ୍ତର 

Class 7 History Chapter 6 Questions And Answers ୧। ମୋଗଲମାନେ ଭାରତବର୍ଷକୁ କେତେ ବର୍ଷ ଶାସନ କରିଥିଲେ ?
Answer:
ମୋଗଲମାନେ ଭାରତବର୍ଷକୁ ଦୁଇଶହରୁ ଅଧ‌ିକ ବର୍ଷ ଶାସନ କରିଥିଲେ ।

Class 7 History Chapter 6 Extra Questions And Answers ୨। ମୋଗଲ ସାମ୍ରାଜ୍ୟ ପତନର ମୁଖ୍ୟ କାରଣ କ’ଣ ଥିଲା ?
Answer:
ଔରଙ୍ଗଜେବଙ୍କ ହିନ୍ଦୁ ବିଦ୍ବେଷ ନୀତି ମୋଗଲ ସାମ୍ରାଜ୍ୟର ପତନର ମୁଖ୍ୟ କାରଣ ଥିଲା ।

Chapter 6 History Class 7 Pdf Question Answer ୩ । ଔରଙ୍ଗଜେବ୍ ହିନ୍ଦୁମାନଙ୍କ ଉପରେ କେଉଁ କେଉଁ କର ବସାଇଥିଲେ ?
Answer:
ଔରଙ୍ଗଜେବ୍ ହିନ୍ଦୁମାନଙ୍କ ଉପରେ ଜିଜିୟା ଓ ତୀର୍ଥଯାତ୍ରୀ କର ବସାଇଥିଲେ ।

୪। ନାଦିର ଶାହ କିଏ ଥିଲେ ?
Answer:
ନାଦିର ଶାହ ପାରସ୍ୟର ସମ୍ରାଟ ଥିଲେ ।

୫। ନାଦିର ଶାହ କେତେ ଖ୍ରୀଷ୍ଟାବ୍ଦରେ ଭାରତ ଆକ୍ରମଣ କରିଥିଲେ ?
Answer:
ନାଦିର ଶାହ ୧୭୩୯ ଖ୍ରୀଷ୍ଟାବ୍ଦରେ ଭାରତ ଆକ୍ରମଣ କରିଥିଲେ ।

୬। ମୟୂର ସିଂହାସନ କିଏ ନିର୍ମାଣ କରିଥିଲେ ?
Answer:
ମୋଗଲ ସମ୍ରାଟ ଶାହାଜାହାନ୍ ମୟୂର ସିଂହାସନ ନିର୍ମାଣ କରିଥିଲେ ।

୭ । ତୃତୀୟ ପାନିପଥ ଯୁଦ୍ଧ କେବେ ହୋଇଥିଲା ?
Answer:
ତୃତୀୟ ପାନିପଥ ଯୁଦ୍ଧ ୧୭୬୧ ଖ୍ରୀଷ୍ଟାବ୍ଦରେ ହୋଇଥିଲା ।

୮। ତୃତୀୟ ପାନିପଥ ଯୁଦ୍ଧର ଫଳାଫଳ କ’ଣ ହେଲା ?
Answer:
ତୃତୀୟ ପାନିପଥ ଯୁଦ୍ଧରେ ଆଫଗାନିସ୍ଥାନର ଶାସକ ଅହମ୍ମଦଶାହ ଅବଦଲୀ ମରହଟ୍ଟାମାନଙ୍କୁ ପରାସ୍ତ କରିଥିଲେ ।

୯। ପର୍ତ୍ତୁଗୀଜ୍‌ମାନଙ୍କ ପରେ ଭାରତକୁ କିଏ ଆସିଥିଲେ ?
Answer:
ପର୍ତ୍ତୁଗୀଜମାନଙ୍କ ପରେ ଓଲନ୍ଦାଜ୍, ଦିନାମାର, ଇଂରେଜ ଓ ଫରାସୀମାନେ ଭାରତକୁ ଆସିଥିଲେ ।

୧୦ । ମୋଗଲ ସାମ୍ରାଜ୍ୟର ପତନ କେବେ ଘଟିଥିଲା ?
Answer:
ଅଷ୍ଟାଦଶ ଶତାବ୍ଦୀର ଦ୍ଵିତୀୟ ଭାଗରେ ମୋଗଲ ସାମ୍ରାଜ୍ୟର ପତନ ଘଟିଥିଲା ।

Objective Type Questions With Answers
ବସ୍ତୁନଷ ପ୍ରଶ୍ନୋତ୍ତର
(କ) ବନ୍ଧନୀ ମଧ୍ଯରୁ ଉପଯୁକ୍ତ ଶବ୍ଦ ବା ବାକ୍ୟାଶ ବାଛି ଶୂନ୍ୟସ୍ଥାନ ପୂରଣ କର ।
୧। ମୋଗଲ ସାମ୍ରାଜ୍ୟର ପତନ ପାଇଁ କିଏ ଦାୟୀ ?
(i) ଶାହାଜାହାନ
(ii) ଆକବର
(iii) ଔରଙ୍ଗଜେବ୍
(iv) ବାହାଦୂରଶାହ
Answer:
(iii) ଔରଙ୍ଗଜେବ୍

୨। ନାଦିର ଶାହ ଭାରତର କେଉଁ ଅଞ୍ଚଳ ଆକ୍ରମଣ କରି ହତ୍ୟା ଓ ଲୁଣ୍ଠନ କରିଥିଲେ ?
(i) ବମେ୍ୱ
(ii) ଲାହୋର
(iii) ଦିଲ୍ଲୀ
(iv) ସିନ୍ଧୁପ୍ରଦେଶ
Answer:
(iii) ଦିଲ୍ଲୀ

୩ । ନାଦିର ଶାହଙ୍କ ଭାରତ ଆକ୍ରମଣ ଫଳରେ କେଉଁଟି ତାଙ୍କ ସାମ୍ରାଜ୍ୟଭୁକ୍ତ ହୋଇନଥିଲା ?
(i) ସିନ୍ଧୁପ୍ରଦେଶ
(ii) ବଙ୍ଗ
(iii) ଲାହୋର
(iv) କାବୁଲ
Answer:
(ii) ବଙ୍ଗ

୪। ଅହମ୍ମଦଶାହ ଅଲୀ ଓ ମରହଟ୍ଟାମାନଙ୍କ ମଧ୍ୟରେ ୧୭୬୧ ଖ୍ରୀଷ୍ଟାବ୍ଦରେ କେଉଁଠାରେ ଯୁଦ୍ଧ ହୋଇଥିଲା ?
(i) ହଳଦୀଘାଶ
(ii) ପାନିପଥ
(iii) ତାଲିକୋଟା
(iv) କାବୁଲ
Answer:
(ii) ପାନିପଥ

୫। ମୟୂର ମୟୂର ସିଂହାସନ ଭାରତରୁ କେଉଁଠାକୁ ଅପହୃତ ହୋଇଥିଲା ?
(i) କାବୁଲ
(ii) ଇରାକ୍
(iii) ପାରସ୍ଯ
(iv) ଆଫଗାନିସ୍ଥାନ
Answer:
(iii) ପାରସ୍ଯ

(ଖ) ଶୂନ୍ୟସ୍ଥାନ ପୂରଣ କର ।
୧। ______________ ଙ୍କ ଉଦାରନୀତି ଓ ସୁଶାସନ ମୋଗଲ ଶାସନର ଭିଭିକୁ ସୁଦୃଢ଼ କରିଥିଲା ।
Answer:
ଆକବର

୨ । ପ୍ରଥମେ _________________ଦେଶର ବଣିକମାନେ ନିଜର ବାଣିଜ୍ୟ କମ୍ପାନୀ ସହ ଭାରତ ଆସିଥିଲେ ।
Answer:
ପର୍ତ୍ତୁଗାଲ

୩। ________________ ଶତାବ୍ଦୀର ଦ୍ଵିତୀୟାର୍ଦ୍ଧରେ ଇଂରେଜମାନେ ଅଧୂକ ଶକ୍ତିଶାଳୀ ହୋଇ ଭାରତରେ ରାଜ୍ୟବିସ୍ତାର କଲେ ।
Answer:
ଅଷ୍ଟାଦଶ

୪। _______________ଙ୍କ ନେତୃତ୍ଵରେ ମରହଟ୍ଟାମାନେ ଦାକ୍ଷିଣାତ୍ୟରେ କ୍ଷମତା ବିସ୍ତାର କରିଥିଲେ ।
Answer:
ଶିବାଜୀ

୫। ବଙ୍ଗଳାର ଶାସକ ବଙ୍ଗ ସହିତ ଓଡ଼ିଶା ଓ _________________ କୁ ମିଶାଇ ଏକ ବିରାଟ ଅଞ୍ଚଳ ଉପରେ ନିଜର ସ୍ଵାଧୀନତା ଘୋଷଣା କରିଥିଲେ ।
Answer:
ବିହାର

୬। ମରହଟ୍ଟାମାନେ ଦାକ୍ଷିଣାତ୍ୟର ଅହମ୍ମଦନଗର, ବିଜାପୁର ଓ ___________________ ର କେତେକ ଦୁର୍ଗ ଅଧିକାର କରିଥିଲେ ।
Answer:
ଗୋଲକୁଣ୍ଡା

୭। ଜାହାଙ୍ଗୀରଙ୍କ ଶାସନ ସମୟରେ ତାଙ୍କର ______________________ ରଜାହାନ ପ୍ରକୃତ ଶାସନଭାର ଗ୍ରହଣ କରିଥିଲେ ।
Answer:
ପତ୍ନୀ

୮। ମୋଗଲ ସମ୍ରାଟ __________________ ଙ୍କ ରାଜତ୍ଵ କାଳରେ ଭୂରାଜସ୍ୱ ୫୦ ପ୍ରତିଶତ ବୃଦ୍ଧି ପାଇଥିଲା ।
Answer:
ଶାହାଜାହାନ୍

Odisha State Board CHSE Odisha Class 11 Invitation to English 3 Solutions Writing Using Graphics Textbook Activity Questions and Answers.

CHSE Odisha 11th Class English Writing Using Graphics

Using Graphics

We think of composition as the writing of paragraphs or essays in words. But sometimes a description can be made clearer and easier to understand by the use of some kind of pictorial representation.
There are different kinds of graphic representations – they are :
(a) The table
(b) The Bar chart
(c) The Pie chart
(d) The Organisation chart
(e) Pictograms
An example of a graphic representation is given below :

Another example of a graphic representation is given below for reference.

Activity 1

Now, read the following passages and say if they can be represented graphically. Draw neat labelled diagrams to go with or to replace these passages. (More than one answer is possible.)

(a) Iron is not found pure in nature. It is found in the form of iron compounds, particularly compounds of iron and oxygen. Such compounds are called ores. To get iron from its ore, layers of iron ore are placed in a blast furnace with coke and limestone. Coke has a high proportion of carbon in it. The mixture of iron ore, coke and limestone is heated in the blast furnace. A blast of hot air enters the blast furnace from the bottom and passes upwards.

The carbon in the coke combines with the oxygen in the iron ore and forms a colourless gas called carbon monoxide. The oxygen in the iron oxide is thus removed. The other constituents of the ore combine with the limestone to form a slag which floats at the top. The slag is removed from the furnace through a tap. The metal which remains is called pig iron. It is 91 per cent pure.

(b) In Britain most schools are financed by the state and for the children attending these schools, they are free. However, about 5 per cent of the school population attend private schools, and these are financed from pupils’ fees. For state-run as well as private schools the general pattern of schooling in Britain is as follows. All children must start school at the age of 5. At the age of 11, children move to different schools, called Secondary Schools, where they are made to go through a set timetable of subjects for a period of 5 years.

After this, they take their first public examination at the age of 16. After the first public examination, most pupils leave school. Only about 30 per cent continue. Those that stay on spend the next two years concentrating on a small number of subjects. They take their second public examination at the age of 18. In Britain, there is also a provision for pre-primary schooling. However, pre-primary schooling is not compulsory. On the other hand, it is voluntary and is offered both by state-run schools and private schools.

(c) It was the season’s hottest day, in Orissa today. The temperature in many places went beyond 40° Celsius. Of all the places in Orissa, Angul recorded the highest temperature of 43.5°. The other places that experienced an equally warm day were Bolangir and Jharsuguda. In these two places, the mercury soared up to 42.7°. Bhubaneswar, the capital city, recorded a high temperature of 42.2°.

The other places that were as warm as Bhubaneswar were Sambalpur and Cuttack with a recording of 41.8° and 41.2° respectively. However, Puri, Gopalpur, Paradip and Balasore, places near the sea, were relatively cooler. They recorded maximum temperatures of around 32° Celsius.

(d) Ramesh walks to school at 10. It takes him hardly 20 minutes to get there. After prayers, he attends classes from 10.30 a.m. to 4 p.m. which includes games- break for half an hour, from 1 to 1.30. At 4, when the classes are over, he comes back home with his friends. He greatly enjoys the return trip home as his friends and he usually amuses themselves with innocent jokes, makes fun and indulge in different kinds of innocuous mischief. On reaching home he gobbles up something quickly and scampers away to join his friends either in volleyball or in some country games, which he plays for just one hour.

At 6 he has a wash, says his prayers and sits down to study, from 6.30 to 9.30 in the evening. At 9.30 he has dinner, does some light reading and goes to bed by 10.30. Next morning he is up by 6.30. Within one hour he brushes his teeth, has a wash, etc. and by 7.30 he is at his study table. He does his homework from 7.30 to 9.30. At 9.30 he has an early lunch, packs his books in the bag and is ready to go to school.

(e) The poor in Indian do not have a lot of money. Their annual family income, on an average, comes to Rs. 20,000. But they make a lot of purchases and constitute the mainstay for most products in the country. For example, families belonging to his category own 47 per cent of all bicycles. 17 per cent of mopeds, 9 per cent of scooters, 11 per cent of motor cycles and 10 per cent of colour televisions. They even own washing machines.

The rich, in contrast, have money, but their share of purchases of these products is comparatively much less. Despite the money they have, they buy only 3 per cent of bicycles, 7 per cent of mopeds, 17 per cent of scooters, 20 per cent of motor cycles and 19 per cent of colour TVs. The poor earn less, but spend more. And the rich earn more, but spend less.

(f) Go straight along the National Highway upto Jayadev Vihar. Then turn left and take the Nandan Kanan Road. Keep going for about two kilometres and then turn right at NALCO Chhak. Continue until you come to the Sainik School, on the left. Don’t stop. Go straight ahead. You will reach Vani Vihar after half a kilometre. You can see the gates of Vani Vihar on the left, just 400 metres after Acharya Vihar traffic post. Enter, and go straight to the Administrative Block of the university.

(g) Junagadh is an ancient city in Gujarat. It is situated among the shadows of Mount Gimar. The name “Junagadh” – Juna (old) and Gadh (fort) – literally means “old fort”. On the outskirts of the city, there is a dark basalt rock. It stands on the way to Mount Gimar. The rock hols the inscriptions of three mighty dynasties. They included the Maurya and Gupta dynasties. The incriptions are in Sanskrit. In a jungle nearby, there is a stupa and some Buddhist caves.

They were built between 100-700 A.D. At the foot of Mount Gimar there is the sacred Damodar Kund (pond). It is one of the most important places of pilgrimage for the Jains. Another place of interest is the 19th Century Rang Mahal Palace, which presently houses government offices.

(h) Two leaves are removed from a destarched plant. The upper side of one and the lower side of the other are greased with vaseline. The stalk of each leaf is dipped in water and the leaves are left in light for four hours so that photosynthesis takes place. Most of the vaseline is wiped off and the leaves are placed in a solution of potassium iodide. The leaf greased on the upper-side develops a blue colour, showing that starch has been formed by photosynthesis from carbon dioxide, which entered through the leaf pores which are mainly on the under side. No colour develops in the other leaf in which vaseline blocked the pores.

Answer:
(a)

(b)

(c) Look at the table below, showing the maximum temperature recorded at different places in Orissa :

(d)

(e) Here is a chart that deals with the purchasing habits of the poor in India.

The following chart presents a contrasting picture of the purchasing habits of the rich :

 

 

(f)

(g) Let us look at the table that deals with the beautiful spots of the nearby areas of Junagarh an ancient of Gujarat.

Places of interest	Description of these places
Rock	dark and basalt with the inscriptions of mighii dynasties — Maurya and Gupta
Stupa and some Buddhist caves	builLhetween 100-7(X) A.D.
Damodar Kund	most important places of pilgrimage for the jams, situateLat the foot of Mount Girnar
19th century Rang Mahal Palace	presently housing government offices

(h) The flow-chart throwing light on an experiment concerning photosynthesis

Additional Questions With Answers

Question 1.
Write about 150 words in each of the following:
(a) The camel
(b) The ostrich
Answer:

(a) The camel:
The camel is a big animal. There are two kinds. One has two humps on its back; it is called the Bactrian camel. The other has one hump; it is called the Arabian camel. The camel is called “the ship of the desert”. Why? Because, as men cross the sea in ships, so they cross the desert on camels. Camels can go a long time with very little food or drink.

How can they do this? They carry stores of water in their stomachs, and much fat in their “humps”. A fasting camel is really feeding on its hump. The camel is also very strong and can go on day after day without getting tired. So it can make long journeys over the hot, dry sandy deserts. It is a fine sight to see a line of camels marching in a caravan. They hold their heads up proudly and tread steadily on.

(b) The ostrich:
The ostrich is the largest of all birds. Some ostriches are eight feet high. The ostrich is so strong that it can carry a man, like a horse. It has a long neck and a small head. It carries its head and neck erect. Its wings are small, and it cannot fly. But it has very strong legs. It can run faster than a horse. It defends itself by kicking. A kick from an ostrich can lame a horse, or kill a man. The ostrich is found in Africa.

It lives in dry sandy wastes, or a country covered with low bushes. It feeds on grass, leaves, seeds and berries. Wild ostriches are very shy. They are hard to catch, for they run so fast. Ostriches are hunted for the sake of their feathers. Ostrich feathers are very costly. Ladies buy them for their hats. Ostriches are now bred in large farms in Africa. The sale of their feathers pays well.

Question 2.
Write a short paragraph on each of the following:
(a) Electronic calculator
(b) A type-writer
Answer:

(a) Electronic calculator:
Electronic calculators are useful gadgets to have in homes, offices, shops and schools. They come in various sizes. There are desk models which are the size of a book or bigger. For personal use, there are mini-calculators that one can hold comfortably in one’s hand. Other models are even smaller. Every calculator has a keyboard showing numbers 0 to 9 plus mathematical symbols i.e. +, -, x, %. Above the keyboard is a display window and above the window, at one comer, is the switch with which one can turn the calculator on or off.

The calculator works this way. The operator presses the keys to feed a problem, say 13 x 12 = into the machine. The answer, 156, appears almost instantly in the form of some lighted numerals in the display window. All calculators help to do the basic functions of arithmetic. Some calculators, those with memory, can store numbers for use in future calculations.

(b) A type-writer:
A typewriter is a familiar machine in offices and homes. It is worked by hand. It prints letters or figures on a sheet of paper, one at a time. The type-writer consists of a metal frame, movable rollers and a set of keys. The metal frame also contains a set of small hammers with tiny letters or figures on the ends. The typewriter has a ribbon soaked in special ink which is held in position by two spools on either side of the metal frame. A sheet of paper is clipped against the roller. When one of the keys is tapped, a hammer goes and strikes the ribbon and presses it against the blank paper, thus printing the required letter. Then the roller automatically moves along, another key is tapped and the next letter is printed after the first.

Question 3.
Describe the following simple processes:
(a) Kite-making
(b) Mending a puncture
Answer:

(a) Kite-making:
To make a kite, we take two sticks and tie them together in the shape of a cross. Then we tie a string, passing along the tips of the sticks to make a frame for the kite. We then cut a piece of thin paper to a size slightly larger than the frame and folding the edges over the frame, stick them with glue. We tie another string about IV2 times the length of the longer stick to the two tips of the longer stick; this is the bridle. We tie the flying cord to the bridle. We attach a tail to the kite at the narrower end.

(b) Mending a puncture:
The process of mending a puncture starts with the removal of the tube from the rim. Then we blow up the tube a little and dip it into a pan of water to find the puncture. We clean the tube around the puncture. Then we put on a sticky substance. We put on a patch and allow it to dry. We put the tube back on the rim after it gets dried. At last, we blow up the tyre. This is how the puncture is mended.

Question 4.
Prepare outlines and write an argument in support of the following proposition.
The Government should ban smoking in public places.

A. Stating the proposition :
The government should ban smoking in public places.

B. Reasons for the ban :
a. Cigarette smoking is responsible for a host of illnesses ranging from heart attacks, hypertension and strokes to cancers of the mouth, lung and kidneys. These illnesses cause thousands of deaths each year and a staggering number of hospital visits and bills.
b. Ban on cigarette advertising in several countries, and health warning required by law on every cigarette packet on sale.
c. Smoking injurious to the health of the non-smoker.
d. Unpleasant for non-smokers to sit in smoke-filled rooms and halls.
e. Smoking is a serious fire risk in crowded places.
f. Still people smoke; hence the need for a ban by the government.

C. The other side of the case :
a. There are already enough no-smoking areas such as cinema halls, for example, therefore total ban is unnecessary.
b. Ban will further curtail their freedom to smoke.

D. Smokers’ objections refuted
a. Smoking is harmful to smokers and non-smokers. Non-smokers are as much risk as smokers.
b. Smokers should not harm the health of non-smokers in the name of freedom to smoke.

Answer:
The paragraph in the outlines :
Medical researchers have established cigarette smoking as the cause of a host of potentially fatal illnesses ranging from heart attacks, hypertension and strokes, to cancers of the mouth, lungs and kidneys. These illnesses are responsible for thousands of deaths each year and a staggering number of hospital visits and bills. Several countries have as a result banned cigarette advertising and made it compulsory by law for cigarette manufacturers to print a health warning on every cigarette packet on sale.

What is at stake is not just the health of the smoker; the non-smoker is as much at risk as a result of the passive smoking he or she is exposed to. It is extremely unpleasant for non-smokers to sit in smoke-filled rooms and halls. Finally, smoking is a serious fire risk in crowded places. Despite all this, people still smoke. The government, therefore, should intervene and ban smoking in public places.

Read More:

GODREJCP Pivot Point Calculator