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Odisha State Board CHSE Odisha Class 11 Alternative English Solutions Grammar Tense and Aspect Exercise Questions and Answers.

CHSE Odisha Class 11 Alternative English Grammar Tense and Aspect

What is a Tense?
A ‘Tense’ refers to a verb form or series of verb forms which expresses/express a time relation. Let us consider a verb ‘write’ The verb ‘write’ has two forms.
1) Present form ‘write’
2) Past form ‘wrote’

Therefore, according to these two forms, Tense can be classified into two types, such as
1) Present Tense,
2) Past Tense.

There is no future tense, as there is a verb form of future. Let us consider these sentences.
1) He will do the work tomorrow.
2) I shall attend the meeting tomorrow.

Then, what about these sentence sentences. Actually these sentences are in future time. Because, shall, will etc. are the symbol of future time. These sentences imply that the subjects are going to do a work in future time. Hence, due to lack of verb form, it is not called future tense, but it is called Future Time.

Mark these sentences :
1. Tendulkar plays cricket every day.
2. Tendulkar is playing cricket today.
3. Tendulkar has played cricket.
4. Tendulkar has been playing cricket for the last twenty years. In the above sentences, the verb forms are different.
In sentence -1 – ‘plays’.
In sentence -2 – ‘is playing
In sentence -3 – ‘has played’
In sentence -4 – ‘has been playing’

According to these different verb forms, each tense is divided into four different forms.
1) Present/past Indefinite (simple).
2) Present/past continuous.
3) Present/past perfect.
4) Present/past perfect continuous.

1. Symbols of simple present
The main verb in present form ‘s’ or ‘es’ attached to it.
Example: He writes a letter.
2. Symbols of Present Progressive/ Continuous- is/am/are + M.V.+ing.
3. Symbols of Present Perfect- has/have+V.P.P.
4. Symbols of Present Perfect- has been/have been+M.V.+ing.
5. Symbols of Simple Past- M.V. in past form, or did:
6. Symbols of -Past Progressive/

Continuous was/were+MV+ing.
7. Symbols of Past Perfect- had+.V.P.P.
8. Symbols of Past Perfect Continuous had been + M.V.+ing.
1. In case of habitual work of subject, it refers to simple present or past according to time.
2. In case of continuity, it refers to Progressive or Continuous.
3. In case of completion of work, it refers to perfect.
4. In case of a long continuity of doing a work which is going on even today, it- refers to Perfect Continuous.

A. Fill in the blanks with the correct tense forms of the verbs given in the brackets.
1. The rose __________sweet, (smell)
2. What you__________now? (do)
3. At present I _________ a novel, (write)
4. I shall let you know when I ___________ (know)
5. How long you _________ for me. (wait)
6. Since when you _________here ? (be)
7. I _________what his name is. (forget)
8. I _________in this college since 1995.(teach)
9. I _________to pass this year, (try)
10. It _________ all the morning, (rain)
Answer:
1. The rose smells sweet.
2. What are you doing now.
3. At present I am writing a novel.
4. I shall let you know when I have none.
5. How long have you been waiting for me?
6. Since when have you been here?
7. I have forgotten what his name is.
8. I have been teaching in this college since 1995.
9. I am trying to pass this year.
10. It has been raining all the morning.

B. Fill in the blanks with suitable forms of verbs given in the brackets.
1. The patient __________ before the doctor came, (die)
2. The bridge collapsed when the bus __________ on it. (move)
3. When Reena __________Meerta was dancing, (sing)
4. What you ___________when I rang up ? (do)
5. The children ran away, when they _________the police, (see).
6. I wish I _________ a bird. (be)
7. I wish I __________ in the exam. (pass)
8. He _________ to me just now. (telephone)
9. The man died because, he _________medicine, (not take)
10.I could not recognise him, because I___________ him before. (not see)
11. He looked as if he _________for many days. (not wash)
12. From morning to night I (read) __________ a novel.
13. I came in white he __________T.V (watch)
14. It _________last year that we went to Puri.(be)
15. Until the teacher _________ the students could not understand. (explain)
Answer:
1. The patient had died before the doctor came.
2. The bridge collapsed when the bus was moving on it.
3. When Reena was singing, Meena was dancing.
4. What were you doing when I rang up.
5. The children ran away when they saw the police.
6. I wish I were a bird.
7. I wish I had passed in the examination.
8. He telephoned to me just riots.
9. The man died because he did not take medicine.
10. I could not recognize him because I had not seen him before.
11. He looked as if he had not washed for many days.
12. From morning to night, I was reading a novel.
13. I came in while he was watching TV.
14. It was last year that we wen£ to Puri.
15. Until the teacher had. explained, the students could not understand.

C. Fill in the blank spaces with suitable tense forms with the verbs., given in the brackets.
1. When I reach home, it _________ (rain)
2. We__________till he comes. (wait).
3. They _________ here tomorrow, (be)
4. I _________my reading by the time he returns, (finish)
5. Who _________the letter now? (post)
6. If I help you, you _________ (help)
7. I_________two lessons by then, (complete)
8. He__________ his degree in two years time. (take)
Answer:
1. When I reach home, it will be raining.
2. We stall wait, till he comes.
3. They will be here tomorrow.
4. I shall have finished my reading by the time he returns.
5. Who will post the letter now?
6. If I help you, you will help me,
7. I shall have completed two lessons by then.
8. He will have taken his degree in two years time.

D. Fill in the blanks with correct tense fourth of the verbs given in the brackets.
1. Mr. Dash just _________ (resign)
2. You can go home if you _________ your study. (finish)
3. You _________ my friend yesterday? (meet)
4. Father _________ a bar next week, (buy)
5. Akash _________ to college every day, but today he _________ to Cuttack.
6. Unless he invites me I _________ to his party. (not go)
7. I _________ him if I were you. (kill)
8. The report already_________ that you at fault. (prove,, be)
9. He told me that he _________him there, (not see)
10. The man ___________ to be mad. (appear)
11. The boy jumped off the bus when it ___________. (more)
12. If you had invited me, I _________ your party. (attend)
13. I wish I _________ a bird.
14. He ________the circus if he had been here, (see)
Answer:
1. Mr. Dash has just resigned.
2. You can go home if you have finished your study.
3. Did you meet my friend yesterday?
4. Father is going to buy a new car next week.
5. Akash goes to college every day, but today he is going to Cuttack.
6. Unless he invites me I shall not go to his party.
7. I would kill him if I were you.
8. The report has already proved that you are at fault.
9. He told me that he had not seen him there.
10. The man appears to be mad.
11. The boy jumped off the bus when it was moving.
12. If you had invited me, I would have attended your party.
13. I wish I were a bird.
14. He could have seen if he had been here.

Odisha State Board BSE Odisha 10th Class Physical Science Notes Chapter 2 ଅମ୍ଳ, କ୍ଷାରକ ଓ ଲବଣ will enable students to study smartly.

BSE Odisha Class 10 Physical Science Notes Chapter 2 ଅମ୍ଳ, କ୍ଷାରକ ଓ ଲବଣ

→ ଉପକ୍ରମ (Introduction):
(i) ଅମ୍ଳ (Acids) ର ସାଧାରଣ ଗୁଣ:

• ଅମ୍ଳ ପାଟିକୁ ଖଟା ଲାଗେ । ଏହା ନୀଳ ଲିଟ୍‌ସ୍‌କୁ ଲାଲ୍ କରିଦିଏ ।
• କଞ୍ଚା ଆମ୍ବ, ଲେମ୍ବୁ, ପାଚି ନ ଥ‌ିବା ଅଙ୍ଗୁର, ଦହି ଓ ଭିନେଗାର ଇତ୍ୟାଦିରେ ଅମ୍ଳ ଥିବା ଯୋଗୁଁ ଏଗୁଡ଼ିକ ପାଟିକୁ ଖଟା ଲାଗେ ।
• ଏହା କ୍ଷାରୀୟ ଗୁଣର ପ୍ରଭାବକୁ ପ୍ରତିହତ (Nullify) କରିଥାଏ ।

(ii) କ୍ଷାରକର ସାଧାରଣ ଗୁଣ:

• କ୍ଷାରକ ପାଟିକୁ ଖାରିଆ ଲାଗେ । ଏହା ଲାଲ୍ ଲିଟ୍‌ସ୍‌କୁ ନୀଳ କରିଦିଏ ।
• ସାବୁନ, ଧୋଇବା ସୋଡ଼ା ଓ ଚୂନ ଆଦିରେ କ୍ଷାରକ ଥାଏ ।
• ଏହା ଅମ୍ଳୀୟ ଗୁଣର ପ୍ରଭାବକୁ ପ୍ରତିହତ କରିଥାଏ ।

(iii) ଆମର ଖାଦ୍ୟ ହଜମ ନ ହେବା ଫଳରେ ପାକସ୍ଥଳୀରେ ଅତ୍ୟଧିକ ଅମ୍ଳ ସୃଷ୍ଟି ଯୋଗୁଁ ଜଳାପୋଡ଼ା ହୋଇଥାଏ । ଅମ୍ଳଜନୀତ ଯନ୍ତ୍ରଣାରୁ ଆରୋଗ୍ୟ ଯୋଗୁଁ ବେକିଙ୍ଗ ସୋଡ଼ାର ଦ୍ରବଣ ବା ପ୍ରତିଅମ୍ଳ (antacid) ବଟିକା ଖାଇଥାଉ । ଏଣୁ ପ୍ରତିଅମ୍ଳ ବଟିକା କ୍ଷାରୀୟ ହୋଇଥିବାରୁ ପାକସ୍ଥଳୀରେ ଥ‌ିବା ଅତ୍ୟଧିକ ଅମ୍ଳକୁ ପ୍ରଶମିତ କରିଥାଏ ।

(iv) ଅମ୍ଳ ଓ କ୍ଷାର ରାସାୟନିକ ଭାବେ ପରସ୍ପର ବିପରୀତ ଅଟନ୍ତି ।

(v) କେତେକ ଅମ୍ଳ ଓ କ୍ଷାରକ ସଂକ୍ଷରକ ଅଟନ୍ତି ଓ ସେଗୁଡ଼ିକ ଶରୀରର ବିଭିନ୍ନ କ୍ଷତି କରିପାରନ୍ତି ।

(vi) ଅମ୍ଳ ଓ କ୍ଷାରକକୁ ଚିହ୍ନିବା ପାଇଁ ଲିଟମସ୍ କାଗଜ ଓ ହଳଦୀ ଆଦି ସୂଚକ ରୂପେ ବ୍ୟବହାର କରାଯାଏ ।

(vii) ଲିସ୍ ଦ୍ରବଣ:

• ଲିଟ୍‌ମସ୍ ଦ୍ରବଣ ଏକ ନୀଳ ଲୋହିତ ରଞ୍ଜକ । ଏହା ଥାଲୋଫାଇଟା ଶ୍ରେଣୀର ଶୈବାଳିକା (Lichen)ରୁ ନିଷ୍କାସନ କରାଯାଇଥାଏ ।
• ଏହା ପ୍ରାକୃତିକ ସୂଚକ ଭାବରେ ବ୍ୟବହୃତ ହୋଇଥାଏ ।
• ହଳଦୀ ସେହି ପ୍ରକାରର ଏକ ପ୍ରାକୃତିକ ସୂଚକ (Indicator) ଅଟେ ।
• ଅମ୍ଳ ଓ କ୍ଷାରକ ପରୀକ୍ଷା କରିବା ପାଇଁ ମିଥାଇଲ ଅରେଞ୍ଜ୍ ଓ ଫେନଲ୍‌ଫ୍‌ଲିନ ପରି ସଂଶ୍ଳେଷିତ ସୂଚକଗୁଡ଼ିକ (Synthetic indicator) ମଧ୍ୟ ବ୍ୟବହାର କରାଯାଇଥାଏ ।
• ଯେତେବେଳେ ଲିଗ୍‌ମସ୍ ଦ୍ରବଣ ଅମ୍ଳୀୟ କିମ୍ବା କ୍ଷାରୀୟ ନୁହେଁ, ସେତେବେଳେ ଏହାର ବର୍ଣ୍ଣ ନୀଳ ଲୋହିତ ହୋଇଥାଏ ।

(iv) ପ୍ରାକୃତିକ ଅମ୍ଳ-କ୍ଷାରକ ସୂଚକ:
ଅମ୍ଳ – ପାଇଁ ବ୍ୟବହାର କରାଯାଏ । ଲାଲ୍ ବନ୍ଧାକୋବି ପତ୍ର, ହଳଦୀ, କେତେକ ଫୁଲ (ହାଇଡ୍ରାନ୍‌ଜିଆ, ପେଟୁନିଆ ଓ ଜେରାନିୟମ୍)ର ପାଖୁଡ଼ା ପ୍ରଭୃତି ଅନେକ ପ୍ରାକୃତିକ ପଦାର୍ଥ ରହିଛି ଯାହା ଦ୍ରବଣରେ ଅମ୍ଳ ଓ କ୍ଷାରର ଉପସ୍ଥିତି ସୂଚାଇଥା’ନ୍ତି । ଏଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ଅମ୍ଳ-କ୍ଷାରକ (Acid-base) ସୂଚକ କହନ୍ତି ।

→ ଅମ୍ଳ ଓ କ୍ଷାରକର ରାସାଶନିକ ଧର୍ମ (Chemical Properties of Acids and Bases):

→ ଅମ୍ଳ ଓ କ୍ଷାରକର ଧାତୁ ସହ ରାସାୟନିକ ପ୍ରତିକ୍ରିୟା (Reactions of Acids and Bases with Metals):
(A) ଧାତୁର ଅମ୍ଳ ସହ ପ୍ରତିକ୍ରିୟା – ଧାତୁ ଅମ୍ଳ ସହ ପ୍ରତିକ୍ରିୟା କରି ହାଇଡ୍ରୋଜେନ୍ ଗ୍ୟାସ୍ ସୃଷ୍ଟି କରେ । ଧାତୁ ଅମ୍ଳରୁ ହାଇଡ୍ରୋଜେନ୍ ଗ୍ୟାସ୍‌- ଅପସାରଣ କରି ଅମ୍ଳର ଅବଶିଷ୍ଟ ଅଂଶ ସହ ମିଶି ଏକ ଯୌଗିକ ଗଠନ କରେ, ଏହାକୁ ଲବଣ କୁହାଯାଏ ।

ଉଦାହରଣ :

• ଧାତୁ + ଅମ୍ଳ – → ଲବଣ + ହାଇଡ୍ରୋଜେନ୍ ଗ୍ୟାସ୍
  Zn + H₂SO₄ (dil) → ZnSO₄ + H₂
• କେତେକ ଧାତୁ କ୍ଷାର ସହ ପ୍ରତିକ୍ରିୟା କରି ଲବଣ ଓ ହାଇଡ୍ରୋଜେନ୍ ଗ୍ୟାସ୍ ସୃଷ୍ଟି କରନ୍ତି ।
  Zn (ଧାତୁ) + 2NaOH (କ୍ଷାରକ) → Na₂ZnO₂ + H₂ (ସୋଡିୟମ୍‌ ଜିକେଟ୍ ଲବଣ)
• ସମସ୍ତ ଧାତୁ ସହିତ ଏହି ଧରଣର ପ୍ରତିକ୍ରିୟା ସମ୍ଭବ ହୋଇପାରେ ନାହିଁ ।

→ ଚୂନପାଣି ଓ ଅଙ୍ଗାରକାମ୍ଳ ଗ୍ୟାସ୍‌ର ପ୍ରତିକ୍ରିୟା:
ପ୍ରକ୍ରିୟାରୁ ଉତ୍ପନ୍ନ କାର୍ବନ ଡାଇଅକ୍‌ସାଇଡ୍ ଗ୍ୟାସ୍‌କୁ ଚୂନପାଣି ମଧ୍ୟରେ ପ୍ରବେଶ କରାଇଲେ ଧଳା ଅଦ୍ରବଣୀୟ କ୍ୟାଲ୍‌ସିୟମ୍ କାର୍ବୋନେଟ୍‌ର ଅବକ୍ଷେପ ସୃଷ୍ଟି ହୋଇଥାଏ । ଫଳରେ ଚୂନପାଣି ଦୁଧୂରଙ୍ଗ ଧାରଣ କରେ ।

ଅଧିକ କାର୍ବନ ଡାଇଅକ୍‌ସାଇଡ୍ ଗ୍ୟାସ୍ ଚୂନପାଣି ମଧ୍ୟରେ ପ୍ରବେଶ କରାଇଲେ କ୍ୟାଲସିୟମ୍ ବାଇକାର୍ବୋନେଟ୍ ସୃଷ୍ଟି ହୁଏ । ଏହା ଜଳରେ ଦ୍ରବଣୀୟ ଅଟେ । ଫଳରେ ଦୁଧୂଅ ବର୍ଣ୍ଣ ଲୋପପାଏ ।

(a) ଧାତବ କାର୍ବୋନେଟ୍‌ର ଅମ୍ଳ ସହ ପ୍ରତିକ୍ରିୟା :
ଚୂନପଥର (lime stone), ଚକ୍ (chalk) ଓ ମାର୍ବଲ କ୍ୟାଲ୍‌ସିୟମର ଭିନ୍ନ ଭିନ୍ନ ରୂପ ଅଟେ । ସମସ୍ତ ଧାତବ କାର୍ବୋନେଟ୍ ସହ ରାସାୟନିକ ପ୍ରତିକ୍ରିୟା କରି ଲବଣ, ଜଳ ଓ ଅଙ୍ଗାରକାମ୍ଳ ସୃଷ୍ଟି କରେ ।
ଧାତବ କାର୍ବୋନେଟ୍ + ଅମ୍ଳ → ଲବଣ + ବଲ + ଅଙ୍ଗ|ରକାମ୍ଳ ଖ୍ୟାସ୍
Na₂CO₃ + 2HCI → 2NaCl + H₂O + CO₂

(b) ଅମ୍ଳ ଓ ଧାତବ ହାଇଡ୍ରୋଜେନ୍ କାର୍ବୋନେଟ୍ ମଧ୍ୟରେ ପ୍ରତିକ୍ରିୟା:
ସମସ୍ତ ଧାତବ କାର୍ବୋନେଟ୍ ଓ ହାଇଡ୍ରୋଜେନ୍ କାର୍ବୋନେଟ୍ ଅମ୍ଳ ସହିତ ରାସାୟନିକ ପ୍ରତିକ୍ରିୟା କରି ସଂପୃକ୍ତ ଲବଣ, କାର୍ବନ ଡାଇଅକ୍‌ସାଇଡ ଓ ଜଳ ଉତ୍ପନ୍ନ କରେ ।
ଧାତବ ହାଇଡ୍ରୋଜେନ୍ କାର୍ବୋନେଟ୍ + ଅମ୍ଳ → ଲବଣ + କାର୍ବନ ଡାଇଅକ୍‌ସାଇଡ୍ + ଜଳ
NaHCO₃ (s) + HCl (aq) → NaCl (aq) + CO₂ (g) + H₂O (l)

କ୍ଷାରକର ଅମ୍ଳ ସହ ପ୍ରତିକ୍ରିୟା :
ଅମ୍ଳ ଓ କ୍ଷାରକ ପରସ୍ପର ପ୍ରତିକ୍ରିୟା କରି ଲବଣ ଓ ଜଳ ସୃଷ୍ଟି କରନ୍ତି । ଏଥ‌ିରେ ଉଭୟ ଅମ୍ଳ ଓ କ୍ଷାରକ ସେମାନଙ୍କର ଧର୍ମ ହରାଇଥା’ନ୍ତି । ଅର୍ଥାତ୍ ସେମାନଙ୍କର ଅମ୍ଳୀୟ ଗୁଣ ଓ କ୍ଷାରୀୟ ଗୁଣ ଲୋପ ପାଏ । ଏପରି ପ୍ରତିକ୍ରିୟାକୁ ପ୍ରଶମନୀକରଣ ପ୍ରତିକ୍ରିୟା କୁହାଯାଏ ।

→ ଧାତବ ଅକ୍‌ସାଇଡ୍‌ର ଅମ୍ଳ ସହିତ ରାସାୟନିକ ପ୍ରତିକ୍ରିୟା (Reaction of Metallic Oxides with Acids) :
ଧାତବ ଅକ୍‌ସାଇଡ୍ ଅମ୍ଳ ସହ ପ୍ରତିକ୍ରିୟା କଲେ ଲବଣ ଓ ଜଳ ସୃଷ୍ଟି ହୁଏ ।
ଧାତବ ଅକ୍‌ସାଇଡ଼ + ଅମ୍ଳ → ଲବଣ + ଜଳ

→ ଅଧାତବ ଅକ୍‌ସାଇଡ୍‌ର କ୍ଷାରକ ସହିତ ରାସାୟନିକ ପ୍ରତିକ୍ରିୟା (Reaction of a Non-metallic Oxide with Base):
ରାସାୟନିକ ପ୍ରତିକ୍ରିୟା କଲେ ଲବଣ ଓ ଜଳ ଉତ୍ପନ୍ନ ହୁଏ । ଏହି ରାସାୟନିକ ପ୍ରତିକ୍ରିୟା କ୍ଷାରକ ଓ ଅମ୍ଳ ମଧ୍ୟରେ ଘଟୁଥ‌ିବା ରାସାୟନିକ ପ୍ରତିକ୍ରିୟା ସହିତ ସମାନ । ତେଣୁ ଅଧାତବ ଅକସାଇଡ଼ଗୁଡ଼ିକ ଅମ୍ଳୀୟ ।

ସମସ୍ତ ଅମ୍ଳ ମଧ୍ୟରେ ଏବଂ ସମସ୍ତ କ୍ଷାରକ ମଧ୍ୟରେ ସମାନତା (Similarity between acids and bases):

• ଅମ୍ଳଗୁଡ଼ିକ ଧାତୁ ସହ ପ୍ରତିକ୍ରିୟା କରି ହାଇଡ୍ରୋଜେନ୍ ଗ୍ୟାସ୍ ସୃଷ୍ଟି କରନ୍ତି । ତେଣୁ ହାଇଡ୍ରୋଜେନ ସମସ୍ତ ଅମ୍ଳରେ ରହିଥ‌ିବା ପରି ମନେହୁଏ, କିନ୍ତୁ ହାଇଡ୍ରୋଜେନ୍ ଥିବା ସମସ୍ତ ଯୌଗିକ ଅମ୍ଳୀୟ ନୁହଁନ୍ତି ।
• ଅମ୍ଳଗୁଡ଼ିକ ଦ୍ରବଣରେ ହାଇଡ୍ରୋଜେନ୍ ଆୟନ, H⁺(aq) ଉତ୍ପନ୍ନ କରନ୍ତି । ଏହି H⁺ (aq) (କ୍ୟାଟାୟନ) ଆୟନଗୁଡ଼ିକ ପଦାର୍ଥର ଅମ୍ଳୀୟଗୁଣ ପାଇଁ ଦାୟୀ । ଏଣୁ ଆୟନଗୁଡ଼ିକ ଦ୍ବାରା ଅମ୍ଳୀୟ ଦ୍ରବଣରେ ବିଦ୍ୟୁତ୍ ପରିବହନ ହୋଇଥାଏ ।
• କ୍ଷାରକଗୁଡ଼ିକ ଜଳରେ ହାଇଡ୍ରୋକ୍‌ସାଇଡ୍ OH^–(aq) ଆୟନ ଉତ୍ପନ୍ନ କରନ୍ତି । ଏହି OH^–(aq) ଆୟନରେ ଉପସ୍ଥିତି ଦ୍ଵାରା କ୍ଷାରକର ଜଳୀୟ ଦ୍ରବଣ ବିଦ୍ୟୁତ୍ ପରିବହନ କରିଥାଏ ।

→ ଜଳୀୟ ଦ୍ରବଣରେ ଅମ୍ଳ ଓ କ୍ଷାରକର ପ୍ରଭାବ (Effect of acids and bases on water solution) :
ଜଳ ଉପସ୍ଥିତିରେ HCIରୁ ହାଇଡ୍ରୋଜେନ୍ ଆୟନ୍ ଉତ୍ପନ୍ନ ହୁଏ । କିନ୍ତୁ ଜଳ ଅନୁପସ୍ଥିତିରେ HCl ଅଣୁରୁ H⁺ ଆୟନ ଅଲଗା ହୋଇପାରେ ନାହିଁ ।

→ ଅମ୍ଳ ଓ କ୍ଷାରକର ପ୍ରଶମନ1ଜରଣ (Neutralisation of Acids & Bases):
ଅମ୍ଳଗୁଡ଼ିକ ଜଳରେ H⁺(aq) ଆୟନ ଓ କ୍ଷାରକଗୁଡ଼ିକ (OH)^–(aq) ଆୟନ ଦେଇଥା’ନ୍ତି ।
ହାଇଡ୍ରୋଜେନ୍ ଆୟନ ବା ହାଇଡ୍ରିକ୍‌ସାଇଡ୍ ଆୟନ ଏକାଠି ହୋଇ ଅଣଆୟନୀୟ ଅଣୁ ଗଠନ କରନ୍ତି । ଏହାକୁ ପ୍ରଶମନୀକରଣ ପ୍ରତିକ୍ରିୟା କୁହାଯାଏ ।

→ ରାସାୟନିକ ପ୍ରତିକ୍ରିୟା:
ଅମ୍ଳ + କ୍ଷାରକ → ଲବ୍ରଣ + ଜଳ

• ଅମ୍ଳ ବା କ୍ଷାରକ ଜଳରେ ଦ୍ରବୀଭୂତ ହେବା ଏକ ତାପ ଉତ୍ପାଦୀ ପ୍ରତିକ୍ରିୟା ଅଟେ ।
• ଜଳରେ ଅମ୍ଳ ବା କ୍ଷାରକ ମିଶାଇବାଦ୍ଵାରା ଏକକ ଆୟତନ ପ୍ରତି H₃O⁺ ବା OH^– ଆୟନଗୁଡ଼ିକର ଗାଢ଼ତା କମିଯାଏ ।
• ଏହିପରି ପ୍ରକ୍ରିୟାକୁ ଲଘୁକରଣ (Dilution) କୁହାଯାଏ ଏବଂ ଅମ୍ଳ ବା କ୍ଷାରକ ଲଘୁକୃତ (Diluted) ହେଲା ବୋଲି କୁହାଯାଏ ।

→ ଅମ୍ଳ ଓ କ୍ଷାରକ ଦ୍ରବଣର ସାମର୍ଥ୍ୟ :

• ଲଘୁକରଣ ପ୍ରକ୍ରିୟାରେ ଦ୍ରବଣରେ H⁺ କିମ୍ବା OH^– ଆୟନଗୁଡ଼ିକର ଗାଢ଼ତା ହ୍ରାସ ପାଇଥାଏ । ଦ୍ରବଣରେ ଏହି ଆୟନଗୁଡ଼ିକର ପରିମାଣ ଜାଣିବାପାଇଁ ଏକ ସାର୍ବଜନୀନ ସୂଚକ ବ୍ୟବହାର କରାଯାଏ ।
• ସାର୍ବଜନୀନ ସୂଚକ କେତେଗୁଡ଼ିଏ ସୂଚକର ମିଶ୍ରଣ ଅଟେ । ବିଭିନ୍ନ ହାଇଡ୍ରୋଜେନ୍ ଆୟନ ଗାଢ଼ତା ବିଶିଷ୍ଟ ଦ୍ରବଣ ସହିତ ମିଶିଲେ ସାର୍ବଜନୀନ ସୂଚକ ଭିନ୍ନ ଭିନ୍ନ ବର୍ଷ ଧାରଣ କରେ ।
• କୌଣସି ଦ୍ରବଣର ହାଇଡ୍ରୋଜେନ୍ ଆୟନ୍ ଗାଢ଼ତା ମାପ କରିବା ପାଇଁ pH ସ୍କେଲ ନାମରେ ଏକ ସ୍କେଲର ବିକାଶ କରାଯାଇଛି ।

→ pH କ’ ଣ ?

• pH ହେଉଛି ଏକ ସଂଖ୍ୟା ଯାହା ଏକ ଦ୍ରବଣର ଅମ୍ଳୀୟ କିମ୍ବା କ୍ଷାରୀୟ ପ୍ରକୃତିକୁ ସୂଚିତ କରେ ।
• କୌଣସି ଦ୍ରବଣର ହାଇଡ୍ରୋଜେନ ଆୟନ ଗାଢ଼ତା ମାପ କରିବା ପାଇଁ PH ସ୍କେଲ୍ ବ୍ୟବହାର କରାଯାଏ । ଜର୍ମାନ ଶବ୍ଦ ‘Potenz’ ରୁ pHର ‘p’ ଅକ୍ଷର ଆସିଛି । ‘Potenz’ର ଅର୍ଥ ହେଲା କ୍ଷମତା (Power)
• pH ସ୍କେଲ୍‌ରେ pHର ମୂଲ୍ୟ ‘୦’ (ଅତ୍ୟଧିକ ଅମ୍ଳୀୟ)ରୁ pH 14 ( ଅତ୍ୟଧ୍ୱ କ୍ଷାରୀୟ) ପର୍ଯ୍ୟନ୍ତ ରହିଥାଏ ।
• ଏକ ପ୍ରଶମିତ ଦ୍ରବଣ (Neutral Solution)ର pH ହେଉଛି 7 ।
• pH ସ୍କେଲରେ pH ମୂଲ୍ୟ 7 ରୁ କମ୍ ହେଲେ ଦ୍ରବଣଟି ଅମ୍ଳୀୟ ହୋଇଥାଏ । ସେହିପରି pH ମୂଲ୍ୟ 7ରୁ 14 ପର୍ଯ୍ୟନ୍ତ ରହିଲେ ଦ୍ରବଣଟି କ୍ଷାରୀୟ ହୋଇଥାଏ ।
• ଦ୍ରବଣରେ H⁺ ଆୟନର ଗାଢ଼ତା ବଢ଼ିଲେ ଦ୍ରବଣର ଅମ୍ଳୀୟ ପ୍ରକୃତି ବୃଦ୍ଧି ପାଇଥାଏ । ସେହିପରି ଦ୍ରବଣର OH^– ଆୟନର ଗାଢ଼ତା ବଢ଼ିଲେ ଦ୍ରବଣର କ୍ଷାରୀୟ ପ୍ରକୃତି ବୃଦ୍ଧି ପାଇଥାଏ ।
  
• H‍⁺(ag) ଓ OH^–(ag) ଆୟନଗୁଡ଼ିକର ଗାଢ଼ତାର ପରିବର୍ତ୍ତନ ସହିତ pHର ପରିବର୍ତ୍ତନ

→ ତୈନଦିନ ଜାବନରେ pHର ଗ୍ରରୁତ୍ଵ (Importance of pH in everyday life):

• ଆମ ଶରୀର pH 7.0ରୁ 7.8 ପରିସରରେ କାମ କରିଥାଏ ।
• ଜୀବ ଓ ଉଭିଦଗୁଡ଼ିକ (Living Organisms) କେବଳ ଏକ ସଂକୀର୍ଣ୍ଣ pH ପରିସରରେ ବଞ୍ଚରନ୍ତି ।

(A) ଅମ୍ଳବର୍ଷା (Acid rain):

• ବର୍ଷା ଜଳର pH 5.6 ରୁ କମ୍ ହୋଇଥିଲେ ତାକୁ ଅମ୍ଳବର୍ଷା (Acid rain) କୁହାଯାଏ । ଏହି ଅମ୍ଳବର୍ଷା ପାଣି ଯେତେବେଳେ ବୋହିଯାଇ ନଦୀରେ
• ମିଶେ, ନଦୀ ଜଳର pH କମିଯାଏ । ଏହାଫଳରେ ନଦୀରେ ଜଳଚର ଜୀବ (Aquatic life) ମାନଙ୍କର ବଞ୍ଚିବା କଷ୍ଟକର ହୋଇପଡ଼େ ।
• ଶୁକ୍ର (Venus) ଗ୍ରହର ବାୟୁମଣ୍ଡଳ ସଫ୍ୟୁରିକ୍ ଏସିଡ୍‌ର ବହଳିଆ ଧଳା-ହଳଦିଆ ବାଦଲରେ ଗଠିତ ।

(B) ପରିପାକ ବ୍ୟବସ୍ଥାରେ pH ( pH in our digestive system):

• ଆମର ପାକସ୍ଥଳୀ (Stomach) ହାଇଡ୍ରୋକ୍ଲୋରିକ୍ ଏସିଡ (HCI) ପ୍ରସ୍ତୁତ କରେ ।
• ଏହା ପାକସ୍ଥଳୀର କୌଣସି କ୍ଷତି ନ କରି ଖାଦ୍ୟ ହଜମ ହେବାରେ ସାହାଯ୍ୟ କରିଥାଏ ।
• ଅଜୀର୍ଣ୍ଣ ସମୟରେ ପାକସ୍ଥଳୀ ଅତ୍ୟଧିକ ଅମ୍ଳ ଉତ୍ପନ୍ନ କରିଥାଏ ଏବଂ ଏହା ପେଟ ଯନ୍ତ୍ରଣା ଓ ଅସୁସ୍ଥିର କାରଣ ହୁଏ ।
• ଏହି ଯନ୍ତ୍ରଣାରୁ ଉପଶମ ପାଇବା ପାଇଁ କ୍ଷାରକ ବ୍ୟବହାର କରାଯାଏ । ଏହାକୁ ପ୍ରତି-ଅମ୍ଳ (Antacid) କୁହାଯାଏ ।
• ଏହି ପ୍ରତି ଅମ୍ଳଗୁଡ଼ିକ ଅତ୍ୟଧିକ ଅମ୍ଳକୁ ପ୍ରଶମନ କରନ୍ତି । ମ୍ୟାଗ୍ନେସିୟମ୍‌ ହାଇଡ୍ରକ୍‌ସାଇଡ୍ ( ମିଲକ୍ ଅଫ୍ ମ୍ୟାଗ୍ନେସିଆ) ଏକ ପ୍ରତି ଅମ୍ଳ (କ୍ଷାରକ)ର ଉଦାହରଣ ଅଟେ ।

(C) pH ପରିବର୍ତ୍ତନ ଦାନ୍ତକ୍ଷନ୍ଧାର କାରଣ (pH Change as the cause of tooth decay) :

• ଦାନ୍ତର ବହିରାବରଣ (Tooth enamel) କ୍ୟାଲସିୟମ୍ ଫସଫେଟ୍‌ରେ ଗଠିତ । ଏହା ଶରୀର ମଧ୍ୟରେ ସବୁଠାରୁ ଶକ୍ତ ପଦାର୍ଥ ଓ ଏହା ଜଳରେ ଦ୍ରବୀଭୂତ ହୁଏ ନାହିଁ ।
• ପାଟିର pH 5.5 ରୁ କମ୍ ହେଲେ ଦନ୍ତକ୍ଷୟ ଆରମ୍ଭ ହୋଇଥାଏ ।
• ଖାଇସାରିବା ପରେ ପାଟିରେ ଲାଗି ରହିଥ‌ିବା ମିଠା ଜିନିଷ ଓ ଖାଦ୍ୟ କଣିକାକୁ ପାଟିର ବୀଜାଣୁ (Bacteria) ନିମ୍ନକରଣ (Degradation) କରି ଅମ୍ଳରେ ପରିଣତ କରନ୍ତି । ଏହାଫଳରେ ପାଟିର pH 5.5 ରୁ କମ୍ ହୋଇଯାଏ ।
• ଏହାର ପ୍ରତିକାର ପାଇଁ ସର୍ବୋତ୍ତମ ଉପାୟ ହେଉଛି ଖାଇସାରିବା ପରେ ପାଟିକୁ ଭଲଭାବରେ ଧୋଇଦେବା ।
• ଟୁଥ୍ପେଷ୍ଟ, ସାଧାରଣତଃ କ୍ଷାରୀୟ । ଏହାକୁ ବ୍ୟବହାର କରି ଦାନ୍ତ ଘଷିଲେ ପାଟିର ଅମ୍ଳ କମିଯିବ ଏବଂ ଦନ୍ତକ୍ଷୟକୁ ନିବାରଣ କରିହେବ ।

(D) ରାସାୟନିକ ଯୁଦ୍ଧ ଜରିଆରେ ପ୍ରାଣୀ ଏବଂ ଉଭିଦର ଆତ୍ମରକ୍ଷା (Self defence by Animals and Plants through Chemical warfare):

• ମହୁମାଛିର ଦଂଶନରେ ଏକ ଅମ୍ଳ ଆମ ଶରୀରକୁ ଆସି ଯନ୍ତ୍ରଣା ଓ ଜ୍ଵାଳାର କାରଣ ହୋଇଥାଏ । ଖାଇବାସୋଡ଼ା (Baking Soda) ପରି ମୃଦୁ କ୍ଷାରକ ଦଂଶନ ସ୍ଥଳରେ ବ୍ୟବହାର କଲେ ଉପଶମ ମିଳିଥାଏ ।
• ବିଛୁଆତି ପତ୍ରର ଆଂଶୁ ଦେହରେ ଫୋଡ଼ି ହୋଇଗଲେ ମିଥାନୋଇକ୍ ଏସିଡ୍ (ଫରମିକ୍ ଏସିଡ୍) ଶରୀର ମଧ୍ୟକୁ ଆସିଥାଏ । ଏହା ଜଳାପୋଡ଼ା ଯନ୍ତ୍ରଣାର କାରଣ ହୋଇଥାଏ ।
• ଏହାର ଏକ ପାରମ୍ପରିକ ଉପଚାର ହେଉଛି – ଫୋଡ଼ି ହୋଇ ଯାଇଥିବା ସ୍ଥାନକୁ ‘ଡକ୍‌ପ୍ଲାଣ୍ଟ’ ପତ୍ରରେ ଘଷିଲେ ଉପଶମ ମିଳିଥାଏ ।
  

→ ପ୍ରକୃତିଲତ୍ଵ ପ୍ରଣମନ1କାରଣ ବ୍ୟବସ୍ଥା :

• ବିଛୁଆତି (Nettle) ଏକ ଲତାଜାତୀୟ ଉଦ୍ଭିଦ । ଏହାର ଆଂଶଗୁଡ଼ିକ ଦେହକୁ ଫୋଡ଼ି ପକାଏ ଓ ଯନ୍ତ୍ରଣା ଦିଏ ।
• ସେଗୁଡ଼ିକରୁ ନିଃସୃତ ହେଉଥୁବା ମିଥାନୋଇକ୍ ଏସିଡ୍ ହିଁ ଏହି ଯନ୍ତ୍ରଣାର କାରଣ ।
• ଯନ୍ତ୍ରଣା ହେଉଥିବା ସ୍ଥାନରେ ଡକ୍ . ପ୍ଲାଣ୍ଟ ପତ୍ର ଘସିଲେ ଯନ୍ତ୍ରଣାର ଉପଶମ ମିଳିଥାଏ । କାରଣ ଡକ୍‌ପ୍ଲାଣ୍ଟ ପତ୍ରର ପ୍ରକୃତି କ୍ଷାରୀୟ ହୋଇଥାଏ ।

→ ଲବଣର ପରିବାର (Family of Salts) :
ଅମ୍ଳ ଓ କ୍ଷାରକ ପରସ୍ପରକୁ ପ୍ରଶମିତ କରିବା ଫଳରେ ଲବଣ ସୃଷ୍ଟି ହୁଏ ।
ଅମ୍ଳ + କ୍ଷାରକ → ଲବଣ + ଜଳ
ଲବଣ ଏକ ଆୟନୀୟ ଯୌଗିକ ଯାହା ଯୁକ୍ତାତ୍ମକ ଆୟନ ଓ ବିଯୁକ୍ତାତ୍ମକ ଆୟନ ସୃଷ୍ଟି କରେ ।

ଲବଣଗୁଡ଼ିକର pH (pH of Salts):

• ଗୋଟିଏ ସବଳ ଅମ୍ଳ ଏବଂ ଗୋଟିଏ ସବଳ କ୍ଷାରକରୁ ପ୍ରସ୍ତୁତ ଲବଣର pH ମୂଲ୍ୟ 7 ଏବଂ ଏହା ଅମ୍ଳ-କ୍ଷାର ଗୁଣ ବିହୀନ ଅଟେ ।
• ଗୋଟିଏ ସବଳ ଅମ୍ଳ ଏବଂ ଗୋଟିଏ ଦୁର୍ବଳ କ୍ଷାରକରୁ ପ୍ରସ୍ତୁତ ଲବଣ ଅମ୍ଳୀୟ ଅଟେ ଏବଂ ଏହାର pH ମୂଲ୍ୟ 7ରୁ କମ୍ ହୋଇଥାଏ ।
• ଗୋଟିଏ ସବଳ କ୍ଷାରକ ଏବଂ ଗୋଟିଏ ଦୁର୍ବଳ ଅମ୍ଳରୁ ପ୍ରସ୍ତୁତ ଲବଣ କ୍ଷାରୀୟ ଅଟେ ଏବଂ ଏହାର pH ମୂଲ୍ୟ 7 ରୁ ଅଧ୍ଵ ହୋଇଥାଏ ।

→ ଖାଇବା ଲୁଣରୁ ରାସାୟନିକ ପଦାର୍ଥ (Chemicals from Common Salt) :

• ହାଇଡ୍ରୋକ୍ଲୋରିକ୍ ଏସିଡ୍ ଏବଂ ସୋଡ଼ିୟମ୍ ହାଇଡ୍ରକ୍‌ସାଇଡ୍ ଦ୍ରବଣ ମିଳିତ ହୋଇ ଯେଉଁ ଲୁଣ ବା ଲବଣ ଉତ୍ପନ୍ନ କରନ୍ତି ତାକୁ ସୋଡ଼ିୟମ କ୍ଲୋରାଇଡ କୁହାଯାଏ ।
  
• ଦୈନନ୍ଦିନ ଜୀବନରେ ବ୍ୟବହୃତ ହେଉଥ‌ିବା ବିଭିନ୍ନ ଉପାଦେୟ ଯୌଗିକ; ଯଥା – ସୋଡ଼ିୟମ୍‌ ହାଇଡ୍ରକ୍‌ସାଇଡ୍ (NaOH), ଖାଇବା ପୋଡ଼ା
• (NaHCO₃), ଧୋଇବା ପୋଡା (Na₂CO₃), ବ୍ଲିଚିଂ ପାଉଡ଼ର (CaOCl₂) ଆଦି ପ୍ରସ୍ତୁତ କରିବାରେ ସୋଡ଼ିୟମ୍‌ କ୍ଲୋରାଇଡ୍ (NaCI) କୁ କଞ୍ଚାମାଲ ରୂପେ ବ୍ୟବହାର କରାଯାଏ ।

→ ସୋଡ଼ିୟମ୍‌ ହାଇଡ୍ରକ୍‌ସାଇଡ୍ (Sodium Hydroxide) :

• MBD ବିଦ୍ୟୁତ୍ ସ୍ରୋତକୁ ସୋଡ଼ିୟମ୍ କ୍ଲୋରାଇଡ୍‌ର ଜଳୀୟ ଦ୍ରବଣ [ ବ୍ରାଇନ୍ (Brine)] ମଧ୍ୟ ଦେଇ ପ୍ରବାହିତ କରାଇଲେ, ସୋଡ଼ିୟମ୍‌ କ୍ଲୋରାଇଡ୍ର ବିଘଟନଦ୍ୱାରା ସୋଡ଼ିୟମ୍‌ ହାଇଡ୍ରକ୍‌ସାଇଡ୍ ଉତ୍ପନ୍ନ ହୁଏ ।
• ଏହି ପ୍ରଣାଳୀକୁ କ୍ଲୋରଆଲ୍‌କାଲି ପ୍ରଣାଳୀ ବୋଲି କୁହାଯାଏ, କାରଣ ଉତ୍ପାଦଗୁଡ଼ିକ ହେଉଛି – କ୍ଲୋର୍ ( କ୍ଲୋରିନ୍‌ ପାଇଁ) ଏବଂ ଆଲ୍‌କାଲି (ସୋଡ଼ିୟମ୍‌ ହାଇଡ୍ରକ୍‌ସାଇଡ୍ ପାଇଁ ) ।
  2NaCl (aq) + 2H₂O(l) → 2NaOH (aq) + Cl₂ (g) + H₂(g)
• କ୍ଲୋରିନ୍‌ ଗ୍ୟାସ୍ ଏନୋଡ୍ଠାରେ ଓ ହାଇଡ୍ରୋଜେନ୍ ଗ୍ୟାସ୍ କ୍ୟାଥୋଡ୍ଠାରେ ନିର୍ଗତ ହୁଏ ।
• ସୋଡ଼ିୟମ୍ ହାଇଡ୍ରକ୍‌ସାଇଡ୍ ଦ୍ରବଣ କ୍ୟାଥୋଡ୍ ନିକଟରେ ଉତ୍ପନ୍ନ ହୁଏ ।
• ଏହି ପ୍ରଣାଳୀରେ ଉତ୍ପନ୍ନ ହେଉଥ‌ିବା ତିନୋଟିଯାକ ଉତ୍ପାଦ ଉପଯୋଗୀ ଅଟେ । ଏହି ଉତ୍ପାଦଗୁଡ଼ିକର ବିଭିନ୍ନ ବ୍ୟବହାର ଚିତ୍ରରେ ପ୍ରଦର୍ଶିତ ହୋଇଛି ।

→ ବ୍ଲିଚିଂ ପାଉଡ଼ରକୁ (Bleaching Powder) (CaOCI₂):
ପ୍ରସ୍ତୁତି:

• ସୋଡ଼ିୟମ୍‌ କ୍ଲୋରାଇଡ୍‌ର ଜଳୀୟ ଦ୍ରବଣ (ବ୍ରାଇନ୍)କୁ ବିଦ୍ୟୁତ୍ ବିଶ୍ଳେଷଣ କଲେ କ୍ଲୋରିନ୍ ଗ୍ୟାସ୍ ନିର୍ଗତ ହୁଏ । ଏହି କ୍ଲୋରିନ୍ ଗ୍ୟାସ୍ ବ୍ଲିଚିଂ ପାଉଡ଼ର ଉତ୍ପାଦନ ପାଇଁ ବ୍ୟବହାର କରାଯାଏ ।
• ଶୁଷ୍କ ଶମିତଚୂନ [Ca(OH)₂] ସହିତ କ୍ଲୋରିନ୍‌ର ରାସାୟନିକ ପ୍ରତିକ୍ରିୟା ଘଟି କ୍ଲିଚିଂ ପାଉଡ଼ର ଉତ୍ପନ୍ନ ହୁଏ ।
• ବ୍ଲିଚିଂ ପାଉଡ଼ରକୁ CaOCI₂ ଭାବରେ ଲେଖାଯାଇଥାଏ । ଏହାର ପ୍ରକୃତି ସଂରଚନା (Composition) ବାସ୍ତବରେ ଜଟିଳ ।
  Ca(OH)₂ + Cl₂ → CaOCl₂ + H₂O

→ ବ୍ୟବହାର :

• ବୟନ ଶିଳ୍ପରେ କପାସୂତା ଓ ଶଣ ବସ୍ତ୍ର (Linen)କୁ, କାଗଜ କଳରେ କାଠମଣ୍ଡକୁ ଏବଂ ଲକ୍ଷ୍ମୀରେ ସଫା ଲୁଗାକୁ ବିରଂଜନ (Bleaching) କରିବା ପାଇଁ ବ୍ଲିଚିଂ ପାଉଡ଼ର ବ୍ୟବହାର କରାଯାଏ ।
• ଅନେକ ରାସାୟନିକ ଶିଳ୍ପରେ ଜାରକ ଭାବରେ କ୍ଲିଚିଂ ପାଉଡ଼ର ବ୍ୟବହାର କରାଯାଏ ।
• ଜୀବାଣୁ ନାଶକାରୀ (Disinfectant) ପଦାର୍ଥ ଭାବରେ ପାନୀୟ ଜଳକୁ ଜୀବାଣୁମୁକ୍ତ କରିବା ପାଇଁ ଏହାକୁ ବ୍ୟବହାର କରାଯାଏ ।

→ ବେକିଙ୍ଗ୍ ବା ଖାଇବା ସୋଡ଼ା (Baking Soda) (NaHCO₃):

• ରୋଷେଇ ଘରେ ସୁସ୍ୱାଦୁ ମୁସୁମୁସିଆ ପକୁଡ଼ି ତିଆରି କରିବା ପାଇଁ ସାଧାରଣତଃ ବ୍ୟବହାର କରାଯାଉଥିବା
• ସୋଡ଼ା ହେଉଛି ବେକିଙ୍ଗ୍ ସୋଡ଼ା ବା ଖାଇବା ସୋଡ଼ା । ବେଳେବେଳେ ରନ୍ଧନକୁ ଦ୍ରୁତତର (Faster) କରିବା ପାଇଁ ମଧ୍ୟ ଏହାକୁ ମିଶାଯାଇଥାଏ ।
• ଏହି ଯୌଗିକର ରାସାୟନିକ ନାମ ହେଉଛି ସୋଡ଼ିୟମ୍ ହାଇଡ୍ରୋଜେନ୍ କାର୍ବୋନେଟ୍ (NaHCO₃) ।
• ଏହାକୁ ପ୍ରସ୍ତୁତ କରିବା ପାଇଁ ବ୍ୟବହାର କରାଯାଉଥିବା କଞ୍ଚାମାଲ୍ ଗୁଡ଼ିକ
  
• ବେକିଙ୍ଗ୍ ସୋଡ଼ା ଏକ ମୃଦୁ (Mild) ଅସଂକ୍ଷାରକ (Non-corrosive) କ୍ଷାରକ । ରାନ୍ଧିବା ସମୟରେ ଏହାକୁ ଗରମ କଲେ, ପ୍ରଦତ୍ତ ରାସାୟନିକ ପ୍ରତିକ୍ରିୟା ଘଟେ –
  

→ ବ୍ୟବହାର :

• ବେକିଙ୍ଗ୍ ପାଉଡ଼ର ପ୍ରସ୍ତୁତ କରିବା ପାଇଁ ବେକିଙ୍ଗ୍ ସୋଡ଼ା ବ୍ୟବହାର କରାଯାଏ । ବେକିଙ୍ଗ ସୋଡ଼ା (ସୋଡ଼ିୟମ୍ ହାଇଡ୍ରୋଜେନ୍ କାର୍ବୋନେଟ୍) ଓ
• ଟାର୍‌ଟାରିକ୍ ଏସିଡ୍ ପରି ମୃଦୁ ଖାଦ୍ୟୋପଯୋଗୀ ଅମ୍ଳର ଏକ ମିଶ୍ରଣ ଅଟେ ।
• ଯେତେବେଳେ ବେକିଙ୍ଗ୍ ପାଉଡ଼ରକୁ ଗରମ କରାଯାଏ କିମ୍ବା ଜଳରେ ମିଶାଯାଏ, ନିମ୍ନଲିଖ ରାସାୟନିକ ପ୍ରତିକ୍ରିୟା ଘଟେ ।
  NaHCO₃ + H⁺ (କୌଣସି ଅମ୍ଳରୁ) → CO₂ + H₂O + ଅମ୍ଳର ସୋଡ଼ିୟମ୍‌ ଲବଣ
• ରାସାୟନିକ ପ୍ରତିକ୍ରିୟା ସମୟରେ ସୃଷ୍ଟି ହେଉଥ‌ିବା କାର୍ବନ୍ ଡାଇଅକ୍‌ସାଇଡ୍ ପାଉଁରୁଟି କିମ୍ବା କେକ୍‌କୁ ଫୁଲାଇ ଦେଇ ନରମ ଓ ସଚ୍ଛିଦ୍ର କରିଥାଏ ।
• ସୋଡ଼ିୟମ୍‌ ହାଇଡ୍ରୋଜେନ୍ କାର୍ବୋନେଟ୍ ପ୍ରତିଅମ୍ଳଗୁଡ଼ିକର ମଧ୍ୟ ଏକ ଉପାଦାନ ଅଟେ । କ୍ଷାରୀୟ ହୋଇଥିବା ହେତୁ ଏହା ପାକସ୍ଥଳୀରେ ଅଧ‌ିକ ଅମ୍ଳକୁ ପ୍ରଶମନ କରେ ଏବଂ ଯନ୍ତ୍ରଣା ଉପଶମ କରିଥାଏ ।
• ଏହା ମଧ୍ଯ ସୋଡ଼ା-ଅମ୍ଳ (soda-acid) ଅଗ୍ନି ନିର୍ବାପକ ଯନ୍ତ୍ର (Fire extinguisher) ରେ ବ୍ୟବହାର କରାଯାଏ ।

→ ଧୋଇବା ସୋଡ଼ା (Washing Soda) (Na₂CO₂. 10H₂O):
ପ୍ରସ୍ତୁତି ପ୍ରଣାଳ1 :

• ସୋଡ଼ିୟମ କ୍ଲୋରାଇଡରୁ ମିଳୁଥିବା ଅନ୍ୟ ଏକ ରାସାୟନିକ ପଦାର୍ଥ Na₂CO₃; 10H₂O (ଧୋଇବା ସୋଡ଼ା) ।
• ବେକିଂ ସୋଡ଼ାକୁ ଉତ୍ତପ୍ତ କଲେ ସୋଡ଼ିୟମ୍‌ କାର୍ବୋନେଟ୍ ମିଳିଥାଏ ।
  
• ସୋଡ଼ିୟମ କାର୍ବୋନେଟକୁ ପୁନଃ ସ୍ଫଟିକୀକରଣ କଲେ ଧୋଇବା ସୋଡ଼ା ମିଳିଥାଏ । ଏହା ମଧ୍ୟ ଏକ କ୍ଷାରୀୟ ଲବଣ ଅଟେ ।
  

→ ବ୍ୟବହାର :

• ସୋଡ଼ିୟମ୍ କାର୍ବୋନେଟ୍ ( ଧୋଇବା ସୋଡ଼ା) କାଚ, ସାବୁନ୍ ଓ କାଗଜ ଶିଳ୍ପରେ ବ୍ୟବହାର କରାଯାଏ ।
• ବୋରାକ୍‌ସ୍ ପରି ସୋଡ଼ିୟମ୍ ଯୌଗିକଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ଉତ୍ପାଦନ କରିବା ପାଇଁ ଏହାକୁ ବ୍ୟବହାର କରାଯାଏ ।
• ଘର ସଫା କରିବା କାର୍ଯ୍ୟରେ ସୋଡ଼ିୟମ୍ କାର୍ବୋନେଟ୍‌କୁ ବ୍ୟବହାର କରାଯାଏ ।
• ଜଳର ସ୍ଥାୟୀ ଖରତ୍ଵ ଦୂର କରିବା ପାଇଁ ଏହାକୁ ବ୍ୟବହାର କରାଯାଏ ।

→ ଲବଣଗୁଡ଼ିକର ସ୍ଫଟିକ (Crystals of Salts) :

• ସ୍ଫଟିକ ଅବସ୍ଥାରେ ଲବଣର ପ୍ରତ୍ୟେକ ସଂକେତ ଏକକ (Formula unit) ସହିତ ନିର୍ଦ୍ଦିଷ୍ଟ ସଂଖ୍ୟକ ଜଳ ଅଣୁର ରାସାୟନିକ ସଂଯୁକ୍ତି ଘଟିଥାଏ ।
• ଏହି ନିର୍ଦ୍ଦିଷ୍ଟ ସଂଖ୍ୟକ ଜଳ ଅଣୁକୁ ସ୍ଫଟିକ ଜଳ କୁହାଯାଏ । ଲବଣର ସ୍ଫଟିକକୁ ଉତ୍ତପ୍ତ କଲେ ଏଥିରେ ଥ‌ିବା ଜଳ ଅଣୁ ଅପସାରିତ ହୋଇଥାଏ ।
• କପର ସଲଫେଟ୍ ସ୍ଫଟିକଗୁଡ଼ିକ ଶୁଷ୍କ ଭଳି ଜଣାପଡ଼ୁଥିଲେ ମଧ୍ୟ, ପ୍ରକୃତରେ ସେଥିରେ ସ୍ଫଟିକ ଜଳ ରହିଥାଏ । ତେଣୁ କପର
  
• ସଲଫେଟ୍ ସ୍ଫଟିକକୁ ଉତ୍ତପ୍ତ କଲେ ଏଥ‌ିରେ ଥିବା ଜଳ ଅଣୁ ଅପସାରିତ ହୋଇଥାଏ । ଏହି ନୀଳବର୍ଷର କପର ସଲଫେଟ୍ ସ୍ଫଟିକ ଧଳା ଲବଣରେ ପରିଣତ ହୁଏ ।
• ବର୍ତ୍ତମାନ ଏହି ଧଳା ଦାନାଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ଓଦା କରିଦେଲେ ଦେଖିବା ଯେ କପର ସଲଫେଟ୍ ସ୍ଫଟିକର ନୀଳବର୍ଣ୍ଣ ପୁନର୍ବାର ଫେରି ଆସୁଛି ।
• ଜଳ ଯୋଜିତ କପର ସଲଫେଟ୍ରର ରାସାୟନିକ ସଂକେତ ହେଉଛି CuSO₄5H₂O । ଏହି ସଂକେତରେ ପାଞ୍ଚଟି ଜଳ ଅଣୁ ରହିଛି ।
• ସୋଡ଼ିୟମ୍‌ କାର୍ବୋନେଟ୍ ସ୍ଫଟିକ (ଧୋଇବା ସୋଡ଼ା)ର ରାସାୟନିକ ସଂକେତ ହେଉଛି Na₂CO₃.10H₂O। ଏହି ସ୍ଫଟିକରେ 10ଟି ଜଳ ଅଣୁ ସ୍ଫଟିକ ଜଳ ଭାବରେ ରହିଥାଏ ।
• ସେହିପରି ଜିପସମ୍ ଲବଣର ଅଣୁ ସଂକେତ ହେଉଛି CaSO₄.2H₂O । ଏହି ସ୍ଫଟିକରେ ଦୁଇଟି ଜଳ ଅଣୁ ସ୍ଫଟିକ ଜଳ ଭାବରେ ରହିଥାଏ ।

→ ପ୍ନାଷ୍ଠର ଅଫ୍ ପ୍ୟାରିସ୍ (Plaster of Paris) (CaSO₄ . 1⁄2H₂O) :
ପ୍ରସ୍ତୁତି ପ୍ରଣାଳୀ :

• ଜିପସମ୍ (CaSO₄ 2H₂O) ସ୍ଫଟିକକୁ 373K ତାପମାତ୍ରାରେ ଉତ୍ତପ୍ତ କଲେ ଏହା ଜଳ ଅଣୁ ହରାଇ କ୍ୟାଲସିୟମ୍ ସଲଫେଟ୍ ସେମିହାଇଡ୍ରେଟ୍ (CaSO₄ . 1/2H₂O)ରେ ପରିଣତ ହୋଇଥାଏ ।
• ଏହାକୁ ପ୍ଲାଷ୍ଟର ଅଫ ପ୍ୟାରିସ୍ କୁହାଯାଏ ।
  

→ ଧର୍ମ:
ଏହା ଏକ ଧଳା ପାଉଡର ଏବଂ ଏହା ଜଳ ସହିତ ମିଶି ପୁନର୍ବାର ଜିପସମ୍ଭରେ ପରିଣତ ହୁଏ । ଏହା ଅତ୍ୟନ୍ତ ଶକ୍ତ କଠିନ ବସ୍ତୁ ଅଟେ

→ ବ୍ୟବହର :

• ଭାଙ୍ଗିଯାଇଥିବା ହାଡ଼କୁ ଠିକ୍ ସ୍ଥାନରେ ରଖିବା ପାଇଁ ଡାକ୍ତରମାନେ ପ୍ଲାଷ୍ଟର ଅଫ ପ୍ୟାରିସ୍ ବ୍ୟବହାର କରିଥାନ୍ତି ।
• କଣ୍ଢେଇ, ସାଜସଜା ସରଞ୍ଜାମ ଏବଂ ପୃଷ୍ଠକୁ ଚିକ୍‌କଣ କରିବା ପାଇଁ ଏହାକୁ ବ୍ୟବହର କରାଯାଏ ।
• ପ୍ଲାଷ୍ଟର ଅଫ୍ ପ୍ୟାରିସ୍‌ର ପ୍ରସ୍ତୁତି ପାଇଁ ଆବଶ୍ୟକ କଞ୍ଚାମାଲ ଜିପ୍‌ସମ୍ ପ୍ୟାରିସ୍‌ରେ ମିଳୁଥିବାରୁ ଏବଂ ଏହାକୁ ପ୍ଲାଷ୍ଟର କାର୍ଯ୍ୟରେ ବ୍ୟବହାର କରାଯାଉଥିବାରୁ ଏହାର ଏପରି ନାମକରଣ କରାଯାଇଛି ।

Odisha State Board CHSE Odisha Class 12 Math Notes Chapter 2 Inverse Trigonometric Functions will enable students to study smartly.

CHSE Odisha 12th Class Math Notes Chapter 2 Inverse Trigonometric Functions

Definitions:
Let us first consider the function
Sin : R → [-1, 1]
Let y = Sin x, x ∈ R. Look at the graph of sin x. For y ∈ [-1, 1], there is a unique number x in each of the intervals…, \(\left[-\frac{3 \pi}{2},-\frac{\pi}{2}\right],\left[-\frac{\pi}{2}, \frac{\pi}{2}\right],\left[\frac{\pi}{2}, \frac{3 \pi}{2}\right], \ldots\) such that y = sin x.

Hence any one of these intervals can be chosen to make sine function bijective.

We usually choose \(\left[-\frac{\pi}{2}, \frac{\pi}{2}\right]\) as the domain of sine function. Thus sin: \(\left[-\frac{\pi}{2}, \frac{\pi}{2}\right]\) → [-1, 1] is bijective and hence admits of an inverse function with range \(\left[-\frac{\pi}{2}, \frac{\pi}{2}\right]\) denoted by sin^-1 or arcsin (see footnote).

Each of the above-mentioned intervals as range gives rise to different branches of sin^-1 function. The function sin^-1 with the range \(\left[-\frac{\pi}{2}, \frac{\pi}{2}\right]\) is called the principal branch which is defined below.

sin^-1 : [-1, 1] → \(\left[-\frac{\pi}{2}, \frac{\pi}{2}\right]\left[-\frac{\pi}{2}, \frac{\pi}{2}\right]\) defined by y = sin^-1 x ⇔ x = sin y.

The values of y (=sin^-1 x) in \(\left[-\frac{\pi}{2}, \frac{\pi}{2}\right]\) are called principal values of sin^-1.

Similar considerations for other trigonometric functions give rise to respective inverse functions. We define below the principal branches of cos^-1, tan^-1 and cot^-1.

cos^-1 : [-1, 1] → [0, π] defined by
y = cos^-1 x ⇔ x = cos y
tan^-1 : R → \(\left[-\frac{\pi}{2}, \frac{\pi}{2}\right]\) defined by
y = tan^-1 x ⇔ x = tan y
cot^-1 : R → (0, π) defined by
y = cot^-1 x ⇔ x = cot y

Important Properties

Property – I
We know that when
f : X → Y is invertible then fof^-1 = I_y and f^-1of = I_x.
Applying this we have.
(i) sin (sin^-1 x) = x, x ∈ [-1, 1]
cos (cos^-1 x) = x, x ∈ [-1, 1]
tan (tan^-1 x) = x, x ∈ R
cot (cot^-1 x) = x, x ∈ R
sec (sec^-1 x) = x, x ∈ R -(-1, 1)
cosec (cosec^-1 x) = x, x ∈ R -(-1, 1)

Property – II
(i) sin^-1(-x) = -sin^-1 x, x ∈ [-1, 1]
(ii) cosec^-1(-x) = -cosec^-1 x , |x| ≥ 1
(iii) tan^-1(-x) = -tan^-1 x, x ∈ R

Odisha State Board CHSE Odisha Class 12 Math Notes Chapter 1 Relation and Function will enable students to study smartly.

CHSE Odisha 12th Class Math Notes Chapter 1 Relation and Function

Ordered Pair
It is a pair of numbers of functions listed in a specific order, eg. (a, b) is an ordered pair.

Cartesian Product:
Let A and B are two non empty sets. The cartesian product of A and B = A × B = {(a, b) : a ∈ A, b ∈ B}.

Relation
A relation R from A to B is a subset of A × B i.e. R ⊆ A × B.

Relation on a set:
R is a relation on A if R ⊆ A × A.

Domain, Range and Co-domain of a relation:
Let R is a relation from A to B.
Dom R = {x ∈ A: (x, y) ∈ R for y ∈ B }
Rng R = {y ∈ B : (x, y) ∈ R for x ∈ A}
Co-domain of R = B

Types of Relation
(a) Empty or void relation:
As Φ ⊂ A × B we have Φ is a relation known as empty or void relation.

(b) Universal Relation:
As A × B ⊆ A × B, we have A × B is a relation, known as universal relation.

(c) Identity Relation:
A relation R on A is an identity relation of (a, a) ∈ R, For a ∈ A.

(d) Reflexive Relation:
A relation R on A is reflexive if (a, a) ∈ R for all a ∈ A.

(e) Symmetric Relation:
A relation R on A is symmetric if (a, b) ∈ R ⇒ (b, a) ∈ R, where a, b ∈ A.

(f) Transitive Relation:
A relation R on A is transitive if (a, b), (b, c) ∈ R ⇒ (a, c) ∈ R where a, b, c ∈ A.

(g) Anti Symmetric Relation:
A relation R on A is anti-symmetric if (a, b), (b, a) ∈ R ⇒ a = b.

(h) Equivalence Relation:
A relation R on A is an equivalence relation if it is reflexive, symmetric as well as Transitive.

(i) Partial ordering:
A relation R on A is a partial ordering if it is reflexive, transitive and antisymmetric.

(j) Total ordering:
A relation R on A is a total ordering. If it is a partial ordering and either (a, b) or (b, a) ∈ R for a, b ∈ A.

Equivalence Class:
Let R is an equivalence relation on X for any x ∈ X the equivalence class of x.
= [x] = {y ∈ X : (x, y) ∈ R}
(a) For all x ∈ X, [x] ≠ Φ
(b) If (x, y) ∈ R, then [x] = [y]
(c) If (x, y) ∉ R then [x] ∩ [y] = Φ
(d) An equivalence relation partitions a set into disjoint equivalence classes.

Function
Function as a Rule:
Let A and B are two non empty sets. If each element of A is mapped to a unique element of B by rule ‘f’ then f is a function.
Function as a relation
A relation f from A to B is a function if
(i) Dom f = A
(ii) (x, y), (x, z) ∈ f ⇒ y = z

Domain, Co-domain and Range of a function

Domain of a Real Function:
Let f : A → B, defined as y = f(x)
Dom f = {x ∈ A: = f(x) for y ∈ B}

Range of a function:
Let f : A → B, defined as y = f(x)
Rng f = {y ∈ B : y = f(x) for all x ∈ A}

Co-Domain of a function:
Let f : A → B defined as y = f(x)
Co dom f = B
Note: Rng f ⊆ Co dom f

Types of Functions

Injective (one-one) function:
f : A→ B is one one if f(x₁) = f(x₂) ⇒ x₁ = x₂
Step-1
Methods of check Injective function:
Consider any two arbitrary x₁, x₂ ∈ A.
Step-2
Put f(x₁) = f(x₂) and simplify.
Step-3
If we get x₁ = x₂ then f is one-one, otherwise f is many one.

Surjective (onto) function:
A function f : A → B is onto if Rng f = Co-domain f = B.

Methods of Check for onto
Method-1:
Find Range of f
If Rng f = B then f is onto.

Method-2:
Step-1
Consider any arbitrary y ∈ B
Step-2
Write y = f(x) and simplify to express x in terms of y.
Step-3
If x ∈ A, then find f(x)
Step-4
If f(x) = y, then f is onto
In case x ∉ A or f(x) ≠ y then f is not onto, it is into function.

Bijective function (one-one and onto):
f : A → B is a bijective function if its both one-one and onto.

Composition of functions:
Let f : X → Y and g : Y → Z, the composition of f and g denoted by gof, is defined as
gof : X → Z defined by
gof(x) = g(f (x)) for all x ∈ X.

Note:

1. gof is defined when Rngf ⊆ Dom g.
2. Dom gof = Dom f.
3. As gof(x) = g(f(x)), first f rule is applied then g rule is applied.
4. gof ≠ fog
5. If f : R → R and g : R→ R then gof and fog exist.
6. ho(gof) = (hog)of
7. If f : X → Y and g : Y → Z are one-one, then gof : X → Z is also one-one.
8. If f : X → Y and g : Y → Z are onto then go f : X → Z is also onto.
9. Let f : X → Y and g : Y → Z then
   (i) gof : X → Z is onto ⇒ g is onto.
   (ii) gof is one-one ⇒ f is one-one.
   (iii) gof is on to and g is one-one then f is onto.
   (iv) gof is one-one and f is onto ⇒ g is one-one.

Invertible functions:
A function f : X → Y is invertible if there exists a function g : Y → X, such that gof = idx and fog = idy.
The function g is called the inverse of f denoted by g = f^-1.

Note:

1. Not all functions are invertible.
2. Only bijective functions are invertible.
3. Inverse of a function may not be a function.
4. Dom f^-1 = Y
5. \(\left(f^{-1}\right)^{-1}\)
6. (gof)^-1 = f^-1og^-1

Methods to check invertibility of a function and to find f^-1:

Method-1:
Step-1
Write f : X→ Y, defined as y = f(x) = an expression in x.
Step-2
Take any arbitrary y ∈ Y. and write y = f(x).
Step-3
Express x in terms of y and check that x ∈ X.
Step-4
Define g : Y → X as x = g(y) = Value of x in terms of y.
Step-5
find gof (x) and fog of (y).
Step-6
If gof (x) = x and fog (y) = y then f is invertible with f^-1.

Method-2:
Step-1
Show that ‘f’ is one-one.
Step-2
Show that ‘f’ is on to.
Step-3
Either from step-2 or otherwise, write x in terms of y and write f^-1 : Y → X defined as f^-1(y) = x (in terms of y).

Even and odd function:
A function f is even if f(-x) and odd if f(-x) = -f(x).

Note:

1. fi(x) + f(-x) is always even.
2. f(x) – f(-x) is always odd.
3. Every function can be expressed as the sum of one even and one odd function as
   f(x) = \(\frac{f(x)+f(-x)}{2}+\frac{f(x)-f(-x)}{2}\)

Binary operations:
Let A is a nonempty set. Then a binary operation * on a set A is a function *:
A × A → A

Note :

1. Closure property: An operation * on a non-empty set A is a said to satisfy closure property if for every a, b ∈ A
   ⇒ a * b ∈ A.
2. If * is a binary operation on a non-empty set A, then must satisfy the closure property.
3. Number of binary operations on A where |A| = n is \(n^{n^2}\).

Properties of a Binary operation
Let * is a binary operation on A.
1. Commutative Law:
* is commutative if for all a, b ∈ A. a * b = b * a

2. Associative Law:
* is a associative if for all a, b, c ∈ A.
(a * b) * c = a * (b * c)

3. Distributive Law:
Let ‘*’ and ‘a’ are two binary operations on A.
‘*’ is said to be distributive over ‘o’ if for all a, b, ∈ A.
a * (b o c) = (a * b) o (a * c)

4. Existence of identity element:
e ∈ A is said to be the identity element for the binary operation if for all a ∈ A.
a * e = e * a = a

5. Existence of inverse of an element:
a^-1 ∈ A is inverse of a ∈ A if a * a^-1 = a^-1 * a = e, where e is the identity.

Operation or composition table for a binary operation.
Let * is any operation on a finite set A = {a₁, a₂ …… a_n}
The table containing the results of the operation * is known as the operation table.
We can study different properties of binary operation * from the table.

Operation table for * on A:

Study of properties from operation table:
1 . If all the entries of the table belong to A, then A is a binary operation.
2. If each row coincides with the corresponding column, then * is commutative.
3. If elements of a row are identical to the top row, then the leftmost element of that row is the identity element.
4. Mark the position of identity elements in the table. The leading elements in the corresponding row and column of that cell are inverse of each other.

Odisha State Board BSE Odisha 9th Class Hindi Solutions Chapter 4 वैज्ञानिक चेतना के वाहक चंद्रशेखर वेंकट रामन Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

BSE Odisha Class 9 Hindi Solutions Chapter 4 वैज्ञानिक चेतना के वाहक चंद्रशेखर वेंकट रामन

प्रश्न और अभ्यास (ପ୍ରଶ୍ନ ଔର୍ ଅଭ୍ୟାସ)

1. निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों के उत्तर दो-तीन वाक्यों में दीजिए:
(ନିମ୍ନଲିଖୂ ପ୍ରଶ୍ନୋ କେ ଉତ୍ତର୍ ଦୋ-ତୀନ୍ ବାକେଁ ମେଁ ଦୀଜିଏ )
(ନିମ୍ନଲିଖୂ ପ୍ରଶ୍ନଗୁଡ଼ିକର ଉତ୍ତର ଦୁଇ-ତିନୋଟି ବାକ୍ୟରେ ଦିଅ : )
(क) रामन के प्रारंभिक शोध कार्य को आधुनिक हठयोग क्यों कहा गया है?
(ରାମନ୍ କେ ପ୍ରାରଂଭିକ ଶୋଧ-କାର୍ଯ କୋ ଆଧୁନିକ ହଠୟୋଗ କ୍ୟା କହା ଗୟା ହୈ ?)
(ରମଣଙ୍କ ପ୍ରାରମ୍ଭିକ ଗବେଷଣା କାର୍ଯ୍ୟକୁ ଆଧୁନିକ ହଟଯୋଗ କାହିଁକି କୁହାଯାଇଛି ?)

रामन कलकत्ता में स्थापित ‘इंडियन एसोसिएसन फॉर द कल्टीवेशन ऑफ साइंस’ की प्रयोगशाला में कामचलाऊ उपकरणों का इस्तेमाल करते हुए शोधकार्य करते। जिसमें एक साधक दफ्तर में कड़ी मेहनत के बाद बहू बाजार की इस मामूली-सी प्रयोगशाला में पहुँचता और अपनी इच्छा शक्ति के जोर से भौतिक विज्ञान को समृद्ध बनाने के प्रयास किया। इसलिए रामन के प्रारंभिक शोध-कार्य को आधुनिक हठयोग कहा गया।

(ख) रामन-प्रभाव का परिणाम कैसा रहा?
(ରାମନ୍-ପ୍ରଭାବ୍ କା ପରିଣାମ କୈସା ରହା ?)
(ରମଣ ପ୍ରଭାବର ପରିଣାମ କିପରି ରହିଲା ?)
उत्तर:
रामन कलकत्ता विश्वविद्यालय के शैक्षणिक माहौल में पूरा समय अध्ययन, अध्यापन और शौध में वितानें लगो। सन् 1911 में समुद्र – यात्रा के समय रामन के मस्तिष्क में समुद्र के नीले रंग की वजह का सवाल हिलोरें लेने लगा तो उन्होंने आगे इस दिशा में प्रयोग किए, जिसकी परिणाम रामन प्रभाव की खोज के रूप में हो रहा।

(ग) भारतीय संस्कृति से रामन का लगाव कैसा था?
(ଭାରତୀୟ ସଂସ୍କୃତି ସେ ରାମନ୍ କା ଲଗାବ୍ କୈସା ଥା ?)
(ଭାରତୀୟ ସଂସ୍କୃତିପ୍ରତି ରମଣଙ୍କ ଆଗ୍ରହ କିପରି ଥୁଲା ?)
उत्तर:
भारतीय संस्कृति से रामन को हमेशा गहरा लगाव रहने के साथ भारतीय पहचान को हमेशा अक्षुण्ण रखा। अंतराष्ट्रीय प्रसिद्धि के बाद उन्हें अपने दक्षिण भारतीय पहनावे को नहीं छोड़ा। वे कट्टर शाकाहारी थे और मदिरा से सखत परदेज केहते थे।

(घ) देश मं वैज्ञानिक दृष्टि और चिंतन के विकास के लिए रामन ने क्या योगदान दिया?
(ଦେଶ ମେଁ ବୈଜ୍ଞାନିକ୍ ଦୃଷ୍ଟି ଔର୍ ଚିନ୍ତନ୍ କେ ବିକାଶ୍ କେ ଲିଏ ରାମନ୍ ନେ କ୍ୟା ୟୋଗଦାନ୍ ଦିୟା ?)
(ଦେଶରେ ବୈଜ୍ଞାନିକ ଦୃଷ୍ଟି ଓ ଚିନ୍ତନ ବିକାଶ ପାଇଁ ରମଣ କ’ଣ ଅବଦାନ ଦେଲେ (ଥ୍ଲା) ?)
उत्तर:
देश में वैज्ञानिक दृष्टि और चिंतन के विकास के लिए रामन ने एक उन्नत प्रयोगशाला और शोध- संस्थान की स्थापना वंगलौर में किया। और उन्हों के नाम पर ‘रामन रिसर्च इंस्टीट्युट्’ नाम से नामित किया। भौतिक शास्त्र में अनुसंधान को बढ़ावा देने के लिए उन्होने ‘इंडियन जरनल आफ फिजिकस’ नामक शोध पत्रिका प्रारंभ की।

(ङ) रामन को क्या-क्या पुरस्कार और सम्मान प्राप्त हुए ?
(ରାମନ୍ କୋ କ୍ୟା-କ୍ୟା ପୁରସ୍କାର୍ ଔର୍ ସମ୍ମାନ୍ ପ୍ରାପ୍ତ ହୁଏ ?)
(ରମଣଙ୍କୁ କେଉଁସବୁ ପୁରସ୍କାର ଓ ସମ୍ମାନ ମିଳିଥିଲା ? )
रामन को रोम का मेत्यूसी पदक, रॉयल सोसाइटी का हच्ज् पदक, फिलोडेल्फया इंस्टीट्यूट का फ्रैंकलिन पदक, सोवियत रूस का अंतर्राष्ट्रीय लेनिन पुरस्कार आदि मिला । सन 1929 में रामन को रॉयल सोसाइटी की सदस्यता से सम्मानीत, 1929 में ‘सर’ की उपाधि प्रदान की गई। सन् 1954 में देशके सर्वोच्च सम्मान ‘भारत रत्न’ से सम्मानित किया गया।

2. निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों के उत्तर एक या दो वाक्यों में दीजिए:
(ନିମ୍ନଲିଖ ପ୍ରଶ୍ନୋ କେ ଉତ୍ତର୍ ଏକ୍ ୟା ଦୋ ବାର୍କେ ମେଁ ଦୀଜିଏ) ।
(ନିମ୍ନଲିଖତ ପ୍ରଶ୍ନଗୁଡ଼ିକର ଉତ୍ତର ଗୋଟିଏ ବା ଦୁଇଟି ବାକ୍ୟରେ ଦିଅ ।)

(क) पेड़ से सेब गिरने के पीछे छिपे रहस्य को सबसे पहले कौन समझ पाया?
(ପେଡ୍ ସେ ସେବ୍ ଗିର୍‌ନେ କେ ପୀଛେ ଛିପେ ରହସ୍ୟ କୋ ସଙ୍ଗେ ପହଲେ କୌନ ସମଝା ପାୟା ?)
(ଗଛରୁ ଆତ ପଡ଼ିବାର ପଛରେ ଛପି ରହିଥ‌ିବା ରହସ୍ୟକୁ ସର୍ବପ୍ରଥମେ କିଏ ବୁଝି ପାରିଥିଲେ ?)
उत्तर:
पेड़ से सेब गिरने के पीछे छिपे रहस्य को सबसे पहले न्युटन समझ पाया।

(ख) रामन का जन्म कब हुआ था ? IR की। बीई पी ईथा था ?
(ରାମନ୍ କା ଜନ୍ମ କବ୍ ହୁଆ ଥା ?)
(ରମଣଙ୍କ ଜନ୍ମ କେବେ ହୋଇଥିଲା?)
उत्तर:
रामन का जन्म 7 नवंबर सन 1888 को तामिलनाडु के तिरुचिरापल्ली नगर में हुआ था।

(ग) रामन के पिता किस विषय के शिक्षक थे?
(ରାମନ୍ କା ପିତା କିସ୍ ବିଷୟ କେ ଶିକ୍ଷକ୍ ଥେ ?)
(ରମଣଙ୍କ ପିତା କେଉଁ ବିଷୟରେ ଶିକ୍ଷକ ଥିଲେ ?)
उत्तर:
रामन के पिता गणित और भौतिकी (पदार्थविज्ञान) के शिक्षक थे।

(घ) रामन का पहला शोधपत्र किस में प्रकाशित हुआ?
(ରାମନ୍ କା ପହଲା ଶୋଧପତ୍ର କିସ୍ ମେଁ ପ୍ରକାଶିତ ହୁଅ ?)
(ରମଣଙ୍କ ପ୍ରଥମ ଗବେଷଣାପତ୍ର କେଉଁଥ‌ିରେ ପ୍ରକାଶିତ ହେଲା?)
उत्तर:
रामन का पहला शोधपत्र फिलोसॉफिकल मैगजनी में प्रकाशित हुआ।

(ङ) रामन को भारत सरकार के किस विभाग में नौकरी मिली?
(ରାମନ୍ କୋ ଭାରତ୍-ସରକାର୍ କେ କିସ୍ ବିଭାଗ୍ ମେଁ ନୌକରୀ ମିଳୀ ?)
(ରମଣକୁ ଭାରତ-ସରକାରଙ୍କ କେଉଁ ବିଭାଗରେ ଚାକିରୀ ମିଳିଲା ?)
उत्तर:
रामन को भारत सरकार के वित्त विभाग में नौकरी मिली।

(च) डॉक्टर महेन्द्रलाल सरकार ने कौन-सी संस्था खड़ी की थी?
(ଡାକ୍ଟର ମହେନ୍ଦ୍ରଲାଲ୍ ସରକାର୍ ନେ କୌନ-ସୀ ସଂସ୍ଥା ଖଢ଼ୀ କୀ ଥୀ ?)
(ଡାକ୍ତର ମହେନ୍ଦ୍ରଲାଲ ସରକାର କେଉଁ ସଂସ୍ଥା ଛିଡ଼ା କରିଥିଲେ ?)
उत्तर:
डॉक्टर महेन्द्रलाल सरकार ने इंडियन एसोसिएशन फॉर द कल्टीवेशन ऑफ साइंस नामक संस्था खड़ी की थी।

(छ) रामन ने कब सरकारी नौकरी छोड़ दी?
(ରାମନ ନେ କବ ସରକାରୀ ନୌକରୀ ଛୋଡ଼ ଦୀ)
(ରମଣ କେବେ ସରକାରୀ ଚାକିନୀ ଛାଡ଼ିଲେ ?)
उत्तर: रामन ने सन 1917 में सरकारी नौकरी छोड़ दी।

(ज) समुद्र-यात्रा पर रामन कब निकले?
(ସମୁଦ୍ର ଯାତ୍ରା ପର୍ ରାମନ ନିକଲେ ?)
(ସମୁଦ୍ର ଯାତ୍ରାରେ ରମଣ କେବେ ବାହାରିଲେ ?)
उत्तर:
समुद्र- यात्रा पर रामन सन् 1921 में निकले।

(झ) रामन को कब ‘सर’ की उपाधि मिली?
(ରାମନ କୋ କବ୍ ‘ସର’ କୀ ଉପାଧ୍ ମିଲୀ ?)
(ରମଣଙ୍କୁ କେବେ ‘ସର’ ଉପାଧ୍ ମିଳିଲା ?)
उत्तर:
रामन को सन् 1929 में ‘सर’ की उपाधि मिली।

(ञ) सन् 1954 ईं में रामन को किस सम्मान से सम्मानित किया गया?
(ସନ୍‌ ୧୯୫୪ ଈ.ମେଁ ରାମନ୍ କୋ କିସ୍ ସମ୍ମାନ୍ ସେ ସମ୍ମାନିତ କିମ୍ବା ଗୟା ?)
(୧୯୫୪ ମସିହାରେ ରମଣକୁ କେଉଁ ସମ୍ମାନରେ ସମ୍ମାନିତ କରାଗଲା ?)
उत्तर:
सन् 1954 ईं. में रामन को ‘भारत रत्न’ सम्मान से सम्मानित किया गया।

(ट) रामन की खोज ने किसे सहज बनाया?
(ରାମନ୍ କୀ ଖୋଜ ନେ କିସେ ସହଜ ବନାୟା ?)
(ରମଣଙ୍କ ଆବିଷ୍କାର ଦ୍ବାରା କ’ଣ ସହଜ ହୋଇଗଲା?)
उत्तर:
रामन की खोज पदार्थों के अणुओं और परमाणुओं की आतंरिक संरचना के अध्ययन को सहज बनाया।

(ठ) रामन ने ‘रामन इंस्टीच्यूट’ की स्थापना क्यों की?
(ରାମନ୍ ନେ ‘ରାମନ୍ ଇଂସ୍ଟିଚ୍ୟୁଟ୍’ କୀ ସ୍ଥାପନା କେଁ କୀ ?) ]
(ରମଣ ‘ରମଣ ଇଂଷ୍ଟିଚ୍ୟୁଟ’ କାହିଁକି ସ୍ଥାପନ କଲେ ?)
उत्तर:
भौतिक शास्त्र के अनुसंधान को बढ़ावा देने के लिए रामन ने रामन इंस्टीच्यूट स्थापना की।

3. कोष्ठक से सही उत्तर चुनकर रिक्त स्थान भरिए:
(ଦକ୍ଷତାରୁ ଉପଯୁକ୍ତ ଉତ୍ତର ବାଛି ଶୂନ୍ୟସ୍ଥାନ ପୂରଣ କର)
(क) एकवर्णीय प्रकाश की किरणों में सब से अधिक ऊर्जा ………………….. रंग के प्रकाश में होती है। (नीले, बैंगनी, नारंगी, आसमानी)
उत्तर:
वैंगनी,

(ख) रामन की खोज ……………….. के क्षेत्र में एक क्रांति के समान थी। (गणति, रसायन शास्र, जीव विज्ञान, भौतिक विज्ञान)
उत्तर:
भौतिक विज्ञान,

(ग) रामन को सन् …………………. में रॉयल सोसाइटी की सदस्यता से सम्मानित किया गया था। (1921, 1929, 1924, 1954)
उत्तर:
1924

(घ) रामन नोबेल पुरस्कार पाने वाले …………………. भारतीय वैज्ञानिक थे। (दूसरे, तीसरे, पहले, चौथे)
उत्तर:
पहले,

(ङ) रामन की मृत्यु ……………………… वर्ष की आयु में हुई। (85,82,83,84)
उत्तर:
82

1. समानार्थी शब्द लिखिए: (ପ୍ରତିଶବ୍ଦ ଲେଖ)
समुद्र, दफ्तर, प्रकाश, तलाश, मेहनत, जवाब, सवाल, पेड़, फैसला
उत्तर:
समुद्र – उदधी, सिन्धु

जवाब – उत्तर

दफ्तर – कार्यालय

सवाल – प्रश्न

तलाश – खोज, अनुसंधान

पेड़ – वृक्ष

मेहनत – परिश्रम, श्रम

फैसला – राय, निर्णय

2. पाठ में आए निम्न शब्दों के लिंग बताइए:
(ପାଠରୁ ଆସିଥିବା ନିମ୍ନ ଶବ୍ଦଗୁଡ଼ିକର ଲିଙ୍ଗ କୁହ:)
यात्रा, समुद्र, जिज्ञासा, नींव, ऊर्जा, आभा, दीपक, फैसला, प्रस्ताव, परदा
उत्तर:

स्त्रीलिंग	पुंलिंग
यात्रा	समुद्र
जिज्ञासा	दीपक
नींव	फैसला
ऊर्जा	प्रस्ताव
आभा	परदा

3. वचन बदलिए: (ବଚନ ବଦଲାଥି)
ध्वनि, नौकरी, चीज, जिज्ञासा
उत्तर:
ध्वनि – ध्वनियाँ नौकरी-नौकरियाँ चीज-चीजें जिज्ञासा-जिज्ञासाएँ

4. विज्ञान + इक = वैज्ञानिक
यहाँ ‘विज्ञान’ शब्द में ‘इक’ प्रत्यय जुड़कर नया शब्द ‘वैज्ञानिक’ बना है। इसी प्रकार ‘इक’ प्रत्यय जोड़कर पाँच शब्द बनाइए।
(ଏଠାରେ ବିଜ୍ଞାନ ଶବ୍ଦରେ ‘ଇକ’ ପ୍ରତ୍ୟୟ ସଂଯୋଗରେ ନୂଆ ଶବ୍ଦ ବୈଜ୍ଞାନିକ ହୋଇଛି । ଏହିପରି ‘ଇକ’ ପ୍ରତ୍ୟୟ ସଂଯୋଗ କରି ପାଞ୍ଚଟି ଶବ୍ଦ ଗଠନ କର ।)
उत्तर:
दिन + इक = दैनिक
वर्ष + इक = वार्षिक
नीति + इक = नैतिक
धर्म + इक = धार्मिक
साहित्य + इक = साहित्यिक

5. निम्नलिखित वाक्यों के रेखांकित शब्दों को स्पष्ट कीजिए:
(ନିମ୍ନଲିଖ୍ ବାକ୍ୟଗୁଡ଼ିକରେ ରେଖାଙ୍କିତ ଶବ୍ଦଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ସ୍ପଷ୍ଟ କର : )
(ବିଶେଷ୍ୟ, ସର୍ବନାମ, ବିଶେଷଣ, କ୍ରିୟା ଆଦି ।)
(संज्ञा, सर्वनाम, विशेषण, क्रिया आदि)
(क) वे समुद्र की नीली आभा में घंटों खोए रहते।
उत्तर:
वे-सर्वनाम
खोए रहते – क्रिया

(ख) इस संस्था का उद्देश्य था देश में वैज्ञानिक चेतना का विकास करना।
उत्तर:
संस्था – संज्ञा
वैज्ञानिक – विशेषण

(ग) प्रतिभावान छात्र, सरकारी नौकरी की ओर आकर्षित होते थे।
उत्तर:
प्रतिभावान – विशेषण
छात्र – संज्ञा
सरकारी – विशेषण
नौकरी – संज्ञा

(घ) हमारे आसपास ऐसी न जाने कितनी ही चीजें बिखरी पड़ी है।
उत्तर:
हमारे – सर्वनाम
बिखरी पड़ी हैं – क्रिया

(क) वे अपना पूरा समय अध्ययन अध्यापन और शोध में बिताने लगे
उत्तर:
वे अपना पूरा समय अध्ययन, अध्यापन और शाध में बिताने लगे।

(ख) आखिर समुद्र का रंग नीला ही क्यों होता है
उत्तर:
आखिर समुद्र का रंग नीला ही क्यों होता है?

(ग) बैंगनी के बाद क्रमशः नीले आसमानी हरे पीले नारंगी और लाल वर्ण का नंबर आता है।
उत्तर:
बैंगनी के बाद क्रमशः नीले, आसमानी, हरे, पीले, नारंगी और लाल वर्ण का नंबर आता है

7. रिक्त स्थानों में सही परसर्ग भरिए:
(क) भारतीय संस्कृति …………… रामन ………………. हमेशा ही गहरा लगाव रहा।
उत्तर:
से, को,

(ख) रामन वैज़ानिक चेतना और दृष्टि …………………. साक्षात् प्रतिमूर्त्रि थे।
उत्तर:
की,

(ग) रामन …………….. खोज भौतिकी …………………. क्षेत्र ………………… एक क्रांति ………………… समान थी।
उत्तर:
की, के, में, के

गृह कार्य:
(क) नोबेल पुरस्कार पानेवाले भारतीयों के बारे में जानकारी हासिल कीजिए।
(ख) आइजाक न्यूटन की उपलब्धि के बारे में पता लगाइए।
उत्तर:
(क) भारती वैज्ञानिक चन्द्रशेखर वेंकट रामन को १९३० ई. में भौतिक विज्ञान के क्षेत्र में नई खोज के लिए उन्हें नोबल पुरस्कार से सम्मानित किया गया। वे नोबल पुरस्कार पाने वाले प्रथम भारतीय थे। इसके बाद मदर टेरेसा को शांति के लिए नोबल पुरस्कार मिला था।
(ख) आइजाक न्यूटन ने मध्याकर्षण शक्ति का आविष्कार किया था। पृथ्वी के नीचे एक चुम्बकीय शक्ति है जो हर चीज को अपनी ओर खींचती (नीचे की ओर) है। इस तथ्य का आविष्कार न्युटन ने किया था।

अति संक्षिप्त उत्तरमूलक प्रश्नोत्तर

A. निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों के उत्तर एक वाक्य में दीजिए।

प्रश्न 1.
प्रथम भारतीय नोबेल बिजेता वैज्ञानिक कौन है?
उत्तर:
प्रथम भारतीय नोबेल विजेता वैज्ञानिक सर चंद्रशेखर वेंकट रामन हैं।

प्रश्न 2.
वैज्ञानिक रामन ने कितनी उर्म में मैट्रिक पास किया?
उत्तर:
बैज्ञानिक रामन ने ग्यारह साल की उर्म में मैट्रिक पास किया।

प्रश्न 3.
वैज्ञानिक रामन को कब नोबेल पुरस्कार मिला?
उत्तर:
बैज्ञानिक रामन को सन् १९३० ईस्वी में नोबेल पुरस्कार मिला।

प्रश्न 4.
रामन का जन्म कब और कहाँ हुआ था?
उत्तर:
रामन का जन्म ७ नवंबर सन् १८८८ को तामिलनाडु के तिरुचिरापल्ली नगर में हुआ था।

प्रश्न 5.
रामन के पिना क्या थे?
उत्तर:
रामन के पिता गणित और भौतिकी के शिक्षक थे।

प्रश्न 6.
प्रतिभावान छात्र किस ओर आकर्षित होते थे?
उत्तर:
प्रतिभावान छात्र सरकारी नौकरी की ओर आकर्षित होते थे।

प्रश्न 7.
रामन बहुबाजार क्यों आते थे?
उत्तर:
रामन बहुबाजार स्थित ‘इंडियन एसोसिएशन फॅर द कल्टीवेशन ऑफ साइंस’ की प्रयोगशाला में शोधकार्य के लिए आते थे।

प्रश्न 8.
रामन की खोज की बजह से क्या सहज हो गया?
उत्तर:
रामन की खोज की बजह के पदार्थों के अणुओं और परमाणुओं की आंतरिक संरचना का अध्ययन सहज हो गया।

प्रश्न 9.
आइंस्टाइन ने प्रकाश के बारे में क्या बताया?
उत्तर:
आइंस्टाइन ने प्रकाश के बारे में बताया कि प्रकाश आति सूक्ष्म कणों की तीव्र धारा के समान है।

प्रश्न 10.
रामन को किससे लगाव रहा?
उत्तर:
भारतीय संस्कृति से रामन को हमेंशा ही गहरा लगाव रहा।

प्रश्न 11.
विज्ञान के प्रचार-प्रसार के लिए रामन क्या करते थे?
उत्तर:
विज्ञान के प्रचार-प्रसार के लिए ‘करेंट साइंस’ नामक एक पत्रिका का संपादन करते थे।

प्रश्न 12.
पेड़ से सेब गिरने के पीछे छिपे रहस्य को सबसे पहले कौन समझ पाया?
उत्तर:
पेड़ से सेब गिरने के पीछे छिपे रहस्य को सबसे पहले न्यूटन समझ पाया।

प्रश्न 13.
रामन का पहला शोधपत्र किसमें प्रकाशित हुआ था?
उत्तर:
रामन का पहला शोधपत्र फिलोसॉफिकल मौगाजीन में प्रकाशित हुआ था।

प्रश्न 14.
एकवर्णिय प्रकाश की किरणों में सबसे अधिक उर्जा किस रंग के प्रकाश में होती है?
उत्तर:
एकवर्णीय प्रकाश की किरणों में सबसे अधिक उजी बैंजनी रंग के प्रकाश में होती है।

प्रश्न 15.
रामन ने कब सरकारी नौकरी छोड़ दी?
उत्तर:
जब रामन ने कलकता विश्वविद्यालय में प्रोफेसर का कार्य भार संकाला तब उन्होंने सरकारी नौकरी छोड़ दी।

प्रश्न 16.
रामन की खोज किस क्षेत्र में एक क्रांति के समान थी?
उत्तर:
रामन की खोज भौतिक के क्षेत्र में एक कांति के समान थी।

प्रश्न 17.
डॉ महेन्द्रलाल सरकार ने कौन-सी संस्था खड़ी की थी?
उत्तर:
महेन्द्रलाल सरकार ने ‘इंडियन एसोसिएशन फॉर द कालटीवेशन ऑफ सांइस’ नामक एक प्रयोगशाला संस्था खड़ी की थी।

प्रश्न 18.
रामन को ‘सर’ की उपाधि कब मिला?
उत्तर:
रामन को ‘सर’ की उपाधि सन् १९२९ ईं को मिला।

B. निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों के उत्तर एक शब्द में दीजिए।

प्रश्न 1.
प्रतिभावान छात्र किसपर आकर्षित होते थे?
उत्तर:
अध्यापक पदपर

प्रश्न 2.
पेड़ से सेव गिरने के पीछे छिपे रहस्य को सबसे पहले कौन समझ पाया?
उत्तर:
न्युटन

प्रश्न 3.
रामन के पिता किस बिषय के शिक्षक थे?
उत्तर:
भौतिकी और गणित

प्रश्न 4.
रामन कब जन्मग्रहण किए थे?
उत्तर:
७ नवबंर सन् १८८८

प्रश्न 5.
रामन का पहला शोध पत्र किस में प्रकाशित हुआ?
उत्तर:
फिलोसॉफिकल मैगजीन

प्रश्न 6.
भारत-सरकार के किस विभाग में रामन को नौकरी मिली?
उत्तर:
वित्त विभाग

प्रश्न 7.
सरकारी नौकरी रामन ने कब छोड़ दी?
उत्तर:
१९१७

प्रश्न 8.
रामन समुद्र यात्रा पर कब निकले?
उत्तर:
१९२१

प्रश्न 9.
‘भारत रत्न’ से सम्मानित रामन को कब किया गया?
उत्तर:
१९५४

प्रश्न 10.
किस क्षेत्र रामन की खोज में एक क्रांति के समान थी?
उत्तर:
भौतिक विज्ञान

प्रश्न 11.
कौन नोबेल पुरस्कार पाने बाले पहले भारतीय बैज्ञानिक थे?
उत्तर:
रामन

प्रश्न 12.
फिलोसोफिकल मैंगजीन रामन का कौन-सा शोधपत्र था?
उत्तर:
पहला

प्रश्न 13.
रामन को कब ‘सर’ की उपाधि मिली?
उत्तर:
1929

प्रश्न 14.
रामन की मृत्यु कितने वर्ष की आयु में हुई?
उत्तर:
८२ वर्ष

C. रिक्तस्थानों को भरिए।

प्रश्न 1.
रामन की खोज ………………. के क्षेत्र में एक क्रांति के समान थी।
उत्तर:
भौतिक विज्ञान

प्रश्न 2.
वैज्ञानिक रामन ने ………………. उम्र में मैट्रिक पास किया।
उत्तर:
ग्यारह साल

प्रश्न 3.
…………………… ने कहा- “प्रकाश अति सूक्ष्म कणों की तीव्र धारा के समान है”।
उत्तर:
आइंष्टाइन

प्रश्न 4.
रामन को सन् …………………. में राँयाल सोसाइटी की सहायता से सम्मानित किया गया था।
उत्तर:
१९२४

प्रश्न 5.
रामन पदार्थो की आणविक और पारमाणविक संरचना अध्ययन के लिए ………………… का सहारा लिया।
उत्तर:
स्पेक्ट्रोस्कोपी

प्रश्न 6.
‘बैज्ञानिक चेतना के बाहक चंद्रशेखर वेंकट रामन’ ………………….. यह रचना की है।
उत्तर:
धीरंजन मालवे

प्रश्न 7.
डॉक्टर महेंद्रलाल सरकार ने ………………. संस्था का खड़ा किया था।
उत्तर:
इंड़ियन एसोसिएशन फॅर द कल्टीवेशन ऑफ साइंस

प्रश्न 8.
…………………… ‘सर’ की उपाधि रामन को मिली।
उत्तर:
१९२९

प्रश्न 9.
सन् १९५४ ई. में रामन को ……………….. सम्मान से सम्मानित किया गया।
उत्तर:
भारत-रत्न

प्रश्न 10.
सब से अधिक ऊर्जा एक वर्णीय प्रकाश की किरणों में …………………. रंग के प्रकाश में होती है।
उत्तर:
बैंगनी

प्रश्न 11.
……………………….. रामन को रॉयल सोसाइटी की सदस्यता से सम्मानित किया गया था।
उत्तर:
१९२४

प्रश्न 12.
नोबेल पुरस्कार पाने वाले रामन …………….. से भारतीय बैजानिक थे।
उत्तर:
पहले

प्रश्न 13.
……………….. वर्ष की आयु में रामन की मृत्यु हुई।
उत्तर:
८२

प्रश्न 14.
रामन को ……………… ईस्वी में नोबेल पुरस्कार से सम्मानित किया गया था।
उत्तर:
९ ९ ३ ०

प्रश्न 15.
………………. प्रकाश की किरणों में सबसे अधिक ऊर्जा बैंगनी रंग के प्रकाश में होती है।
उत्तर:
एकवर्णीय

प्रश्न 16.
………………. अति सूक्ष्म कणों की तीव्र धारा के समान है।
उत्तर:
प्रकाश

प्रश्न 17.
नोबेल पुरस्कार पाने वाले पहला भारतीय वैज्ञानिक ………………… है।
उत्तर:
रामन

प्रश्न 18.
१ ९ २ ४ ई० में रामन को …………………. की सदस्यता से सम्मानित किया गया।
उत्तर:
रॉयल सोसाइटी

प्रश्न 19.
सनु १९२१ को रामन ………………… यात्रा पर निकले।
उत्तर:
समुद्र यात्रा

प्रश्न 20.
……………….. वैज्ञानिक ने “इंड़ियन एसोसियन फॅार द कल्टीवेसन आँफ साइंस” की स्थापना की।
उत्तर:
वेंकटरामन

प्रश्न 21.
रामन का जन्म……………… हुआ था।
उत्तर:
७ नवंबर १८८८

प्रश्न 22.
पेड़ से सेव गिरने के रहस्य को ……………….. समझ पाया।
उत्तर:
न्युटन

प्रश्न 23.
‘इंड़ियन एसोसिएसन फॉर द कल्टीवेशन ऑफ साइंस’ …………………… बनाया।
उत्तर:
डॉक्टर महेन्द्रलाला सरकार

प्रश्न 24.
रामनका मृत्यु …………………… वर्ष की आयु में हुई।
उत्तर:
८?

प्रश्न 25.
सन् १८५४ ईं.में रामन को …………………. सम्मान से सम्मानित किया गया।
उत्तर:
भारत-रत्न

D. सही उत्तर चुनिए।

1. ‘बैज्ञानिक चेतना के बाहक चंद्रशेखर वेंकट रामन’ पा के लेखक हैं
(A) धीरंजन मालवे
(B) वेंकट रामन
(C) रवीन्द्रनाथ
(D) अबदुल कलाम
उत्तर:
(A) धीरंजन मालवे

2. रामन ने कितने साल की उम्र भौतिक पास किया?
(A) दस
(B) बारह
(C) ग्यारह
(D) तेरह
उत्तर:
(C) ग्यारह

3. प्रथम भारतीय जो नोबेल बिजेता बने, वे हैं –
(A) धीरंजन मालवे
(B) विनोबाभावे
(C) वेंकटरमन
(D) इनमें से कोई नहीं
उत्तर:
(C) वेंकटरमन

4. रामन को कब नोबेल पुरस्कार से नबाजा गया?
(A) 1940
(B) 1941
(C) 1935
(D) 1930
उत्तर:
(D) 1930

5. रामन का जन्म कहाँ पर हुआ था?
(A) तामिलनाडु
(B) दिल्ली
(C) तिरूपिरापल्ली
(D) मद्रास
उत्तर:
(C) तिरूपिरापल्ली

6. रामन का जन्म कहाँ पर हुआ था?
(A) वैज्ञानिक
(B) शिक्षक
(C) वकील
(D) कृषक
उत्तर:
(B) शिक्षक

7. रामन का जन्म कब हुआ था?
(A) 1989
(B) 1888
(C) 1878
(D) 1870
उत्तर:
(B) 1888

8. रामन के पिता किस विषय के शिक्षक थे?
(A) गणित
(B) विज्ञान
(C) इतिहास
(D) भूगोल
उत्तर:
(A) गणित

10. भौतिकी के अनुसंधान को बढ़ावा देने के लिए रामन ने क्या स्थापना की ?
(A) रामन ईस्टीच्यूट
(B) कलपूर्जा
(C) रिसर्चसेंटर
(D) कार्यालय
उत्तर:
(A) रामन ईस्टीच्यूट

11. रामन की दिल्ली इच्छा क्या थी?
(A) सेवाकरना
(B) राजकार्य करना
(C) शोधकार्य करना
(D) गृहकार्य करना
उत्तर:
(C) शोधकार्य करना

12. रामन कार्यालय से फुरसत पाते ही कहाँजाते थे?
(A) मंदिर
(B) गाँव
(C) स्कूल
(D) प्रयोगशशला
उत्तर:
(D) प्रयोगशशला

13. आशुतोष मुखर्जी कौन थे?
(A) गणित शास्त्री
(B) शिक्षा शास्त्री
(C) रसायनवित
(D) इतिहासवित
उत्तर:
(B) शिक्षा शास्त्री

14. रामन ने अपने किस पहनावे को नहीं छोड़ा?
(A) उत्तर भारतीय
(B) दक्षिण भारतीय
(C) पूर्व भारतीय
(D) पश्चिम भारतीय
उत्तर:
(B) दक्षिण भारतीय

15. किस प्रत्रिका का संपादन रामन ने किया?
(A) साईस पत्रिका
(B) करेंट साईंस पत्रिका
(C) इतिहास पत्रिका
(D) इनमें से कोई नहीं
उत्तर:
(B) करेंट साईंस पत्रिका

16. देशी और विदेशी बाद्ययंत्रो पर किसने अध्ययन किया?
(A) रामन
(B) गालिलिओ
(C) नियुटन
(D) इनमें से कोई नहीं
उत्तर:
(A) रामन

1. पेड़…………………… रामन।
ପେଡ଼୍ ସେ ସେଣ୍ଟ୍ ଗିତେ ହୁଏ ତୋ ଲୋଗ୍ ସଦିଛେଁ ସେ ଦେଖ୍ ରହସ୍ୟ କୋ ନ୍ୟୁଟନ୍ ସେ ପହଲେ କୋଈ ଔର୍ ଜାନ୍ ନହୀ ପାୟା ଥା । ଠୀକ୍ ଉସୀ ରହେ ଥେ, ମଗର୍ ଗିରନେ କେ ପୀଛେ ଛିପେ ପ୍ରକାର୍ ବିରାଟ୍ ସମୁଦ୍ର କୀ ନୀଲ୍-ବର୍ଷୀୟ ଆଭା କୋ ଭୀ ଅସଂଖ୍ୟ ଲୋଗ୍ ଆଦିକାଲ୍ ସେ ଦେଖତେ ଆ ରହେ ଥେ, ମଗର୍ ଇସ୍ ଆଭା ପର୍ ପଡ଼େ ରହସ୍ୟ କେ ପରଦେ କୋ ହଟାନେ କେ ଲିଏ ହମାରେ ସମକ୍ଷ ଉପସ୍ଥିତ ହୁଏ ସାର୍ ଚନ୍ଦ୍ରଶେଖର ୱେଙ୍କଟ୍ ରାମନ୍ ।

ଅନୁବାଦ:
ଗଛରୁ ସେଓ ପଡ଼ିବା ଲୋକ କେଉଁ କାଳରୁ ଦେଖ୍ ଆସୁଥିଲେ କିନ୍ତୁ ପଡ଼ିବା ପଛରେ ଲୁଚି ରହିଥ‌ିବା ରହସ୍ୟକୁ ନିଉଟନ୍‌ଙ୍କ ପୂର୍ବରୁ କେହି ଜାଣିପାରି ନଥିଲେ । ଠିକ୍ ସେହିପରି ବିରାଟ ସମୁଦ୍ରର ନୀଳବର୍ଣ୍ଣ ରଙ୍ଗକୁ ମଧ୍ଯ ଅସଂଖ୍ୟ ଲୋକ ଆଦିମ କାଳରୁ ଦେଖ୍ ଆସୁଥିଲେ, କିନ୍ତୁ ଏହି ରଙ୍ଗ ପଡ଼ିବାର ରହସ୍ୟର ପରଦାକୁ ଉଠାଇବାପାଇଁ ଆମ ସମ୍ମୁଖରେ ଉପସ୍ଥିତ ହେଲେ ସାର୍ ଚନ୍ଦ୍ରଶେଖର ଭେଙ୍କଟ ରମଣ ।

2. बात सन्. ………………………. बन गए।
ବାତ୍ ସନ୍‌ ୧୯୨୧ କୀ ହୈ ଜବ୍ ରାମନ୍ ସମୁଦ୍ରା ୟାତ୍ରା ପର୍ ଥେ । ଜାହାଜ୍ କେ ଡେକ୍ ପର୍ ଖଡ଼େ ହୋକର୍ ନୀଲେ ସମୁଦ୍ର କୋ ନିହାରନା ପ୍ରକୃତି-ପ୍ରେମୀ ରାମନ୍ କୋ ଆଚ୍ଛା ଲଗ୍ନ ଥା । ୱେ ସମୁଦ୍ର ନୀଲୀ ଆଭା ମେଁ ଘଣ୍ଟା ଖୋଏ ରହତେ । ଲେକିନ୍ ରାମନ୍ କେୱଲ୍ ଭାବୁକ୍ ପ୍ରକୃତିପ୍ରେମୀ ହୀ ନର୍ତୀ ଥେ, ଉକେ ଅନ୍ଦର୍ ଏକ୍ ବୈଜ୍ଞାନିକ୍ କୀ ଜିଜ୍ଞାସା ଭୀ ଉତନୀ ହୀ ସଶକ୍ତ ଥୀ । ୟହୀ ଜିଜ୍ଞାସା ଉସେ ସୱାଲ୍ କର୍ ବୈଠୀ– ‘ଆଖୁ ସମୁଦ୍ର କା ରଙ୍ଗ ନୀଲା ହୀ ଜ୍ୟୋ ହୋତା ହୈ ? କୁଛ୍ ଔର୍ କ୍ୟା ନହୀ ? ରାମନ୍ ସୱାଲ୍ କା ଜଓ୍ବାବ୍ ଗୂଢ଼ନେ ମେଁ ଲଗ୍ ଗଏ । ଜବ୍ ର୍ଭୂଢ଼ତେ ହୀ ୱେ ବିଶ୍ୱବିଖ୍ୟାତ୍ ବନ୍ ଗଏ ।

ଅନୁବାଦ :
୧୯୨୧ ମସିହାର କଥା ଅଟେ ଯେତେବେଳେ ରମଣ ସମୁଦ୍ର ଯାତ୍ରାରେ ଥିଲେ । ଜାହାଜର ଡେକ୍ ଉପରେ ମଧ୍ୟ ସେତିକି ଶକ୍ତିଶାଳୀ ଥିଲା । ଏହି ଜାଣିବାର ଇଚ୍ଛା ତାଙ୍କୁ ପ୍ରଶ୍ନ କରିବସିଲା ‘କାହିଁକି ସମୁଦ୍ରର ରଙ୍ଗ ନୀଳ ହୁଏ ? କିଛି ଆଉ କାହିଁକି ନୁହେଁ ? ରମଣ ପ୍ରଶ୍ନର ଉତ୍ତର ଖୋଜିବାରେ ଲାଗିଗଲେ । ଉତ୍ତର ଖୋଜି ସେ ବିଶ୍ୱବିଖ୍ୟାତ ହୋଇଗଲେ।

3. रामन का ……………….. हसिल किए।
ରାମନ୍ କା ଜନ୍ମ ୭ ନଭେମ୍ବର ସନ୍‌ ୧୮୮୮ କୋ ତାମିଲନାଡୁ ତିରୁଚିରାପଲ୍ଲୀ ନଗର୍ ମେଁ ହୁଆ ଥା । ଇନ୍‌କେ ପିତା ବିଶାଖାପଉନମ୍ ମେଁ ଗଣିତ୍ ଔର୍ ଭୌତିକୀ ଇହେଁ ବପନ୍ ସେ ଗଣିତ୍ ଔର୍ ଭୌତିକୀ ପଢ଼ାତେ ଥେ । ଇସ୍‌ କୋଈ ଅତିଶୟୋକ୍ତି ନହେଁ ଦୋ ବିଷୟୌ କେ ଜ୍ଞାନ ନେ ଉନ୍ଦେ ଜଗତ୍-ପ୍ରସିଦ୍ଧ ବନାୟା, ଉକୀ ସଶକ୍ତ ନୀ ଉକେ ପିତା ନେ ପଢ଼ାଈ ଉର୍ଡୋନେ ପହଲେ ଏ.ବୀ.ଏନ୍. କାଁଲେଜ୍, ତିରୁଚିରାପଲ୍ଲୀ ସେ ଔର୍ ଫିର ପ୍ରେସୀରେଁସୀ କଲେଜ୍, ମଦ୍ରାସ୍ ସେ କୀ । ବୀ.ଏ.ଔର୍ ଏମ୍.ଏ. -ଦୋନୌ ହୀ ପରୀକ୍ଷାଓଁ ମେଁ ଉର୍ଦ୍ଧ୍ୱନେ କାଫୀ ଉଁଚେ ଅଙ୍କ ହାସିଲ କିଏ ।
ହୀ ତୈୟାର୍ କୀ ଥୀ । କଲେଜ୍ କୀ

ଅନୁବାଦ:
ରମଣଙ୍କ ଜନ୍ମ ୧୮୮୮ ମସିହା ନଭେମ୍ବର ୭ରେ ତାମିଲନାଡୁର ତିରୁଚିରାପଲ୍ଲୀ ସହରରେ ହୋଇଥିଲା । ତାଙ୍କର ପିତା ବିଶାଖାପାଟଣାରେ ଗଣିତ ଓ ପଦାର୍ଥ ବିଜ୍ଞାନରେ ଶିକ୍ଷକ ଥିଲେ । ପିତା ତାଙ୍କୁ ପିଲାଦିନେ ଗଣିତ ଓ ପଦାର୍ଥ ବିଜ୍ଞାନ ପଢ଼ାଉଥିଲେ । ଏଥିରେ କୌଣସି ସନ୍ଦେହ ନାହିଁ ଯେ ଯେଉଁ ଦୁଇଟି ବିଷୟର ଜ୍ଞାନରେ ସେ ଜଗତ ପ୍ରସିଦ୍ଧ ହେଲେ । ତାଙ୍କର ସୁଦୃଢ଼ ମୂଳଦୁଆ ତାଙ୍କ ପିତା ପ୍ରସ୍ତୁତି କରିଥିଲେ । ପ୍ରଥମେ ଏ.ବି.ଏମ୍. କଲେଜ, ତିରୁଚିରାପଲ୍ଲୀ ଏବଂ ପୁଣି ପ୍ରେସିଡେନ୍ସି କଲେଜ, ମାଡ୍ରାସ୍‌ରେ କଲେଜ ପଢ଼ା ହୋଇଥିଲା । ବି.ଏ. ଏବଂ ଏମ.ଏ. ଉଭୟ ପରୀକ୍ଷାରେ ସେ ଉଚ୍ଚ ନମ୍ବର ପାଇଥିଲେ ।

4. रामन का ……………………… .म हुई।
ରାମନ୍ କା ମସ୍ତିଷ୍କ ବିଜ୍ଞାନ୍ କେ ରହସ୍ଯା କୋ ସୁଝାନେ କେ ଲିଏ ବଚ୍‌ପନ୍ ସେ ହୀ ବେଟେନ୍ ରହତା ଥା । ଅପ୍‌ନେ କଲେଜ୍‌ କେ ଜମାନେ ସେ ହୀ ଉନେ ଶୋଧକାର୍ଥେ ମେଁ ଦିଲ୍‌ଚନ୍ତ୍ରୀ ଲେନା ଶୁରୂ କର୍ ଦିୟା ଥା । ଉନ୍‌କା ପହଲା ଶୋଧପତ୍ର ଫିଲୋସୋଫିକଲ୍ ମୈଗଜୀନ୍ ମେଁ ପ୍ରକାଶିତ ହୁଆ ଥା । ଉକୀ ଦିଲୀ ଇଚ୍ଛା ତୋ ୟହୀ ଥୀ କି ୱେ ଅପ୍‌ ସାରା ଶୋଧକାର୍ୟା କୋ ହୀ ସମର୍ପିତ କର୍ ହେଁ, ମଗର୍ ଉନ୍ ଦିନୌ ଶୋଧକାର୍ଯ କୋ ପୂରେ ସମୟ କୈରିୟର୍ କେ ରୂପ୍ ମେଁ ଅପ୍‌ନାନେ କୀ କୋଈ ଖାସ୍ ବ୍ୟବସ୍ଥା ନର୍ତୀ ଥୀ । ପ୍ରତିଭାବାନ୍ ଛାତ୍ର ସରକାରୀ ନୌକରୀ କୀ ଔର୍ ଆକର୍ଷିତ ହୋତେ ଥେ । ରାମନ୍ ଭୀ ଅପ୍‌ ସମୟ କେ ଅନ୍ୟ ସୁୟୋଗ୍ଯ ଛାତ୍ରୋ କୀ ଭାଁତି ଭାରତ୍ ସରକାର୍‌ କେ ୱିତ୍ତ-ଭାଗ୍ ମେଁ ଅଫ୍‌ସର୍ ବନ୍ ଗଏ । ଉନ୍‌କୀ ତୈନାତୀ କୋଲକାତା ମେଁ ହୁଈ ।

ଅନୁବାଦ:
ରମଣଙ୍କ ମସ୍ତିଷ୍କ ବିଜ୍ଞାନର ରହସ୍ୟକୁ ସମାଧାନ କରିବାପାଇଁ ପିଲାଦିନରୁ ହିଁ ଅସ୍ଥିର ରହୁଥିଲା । ନିଜ କଲେଜ ସମୟରୁ ସେ ଗବେଷଣା କରିବାରେ ଆଗ୍ରହ ଆରମ୍ଭ କରି ଦେଇଥିଲେ । ତାଙ୍କର ପ୍ରଥମ ଗବେଷଣାମୂଳକ ଲେଖା ଗବେଷଣା କାର୍ଯ୍ୟରେ ହିଁ ସମର୍ପିତ କରିଦେବେ, କିନ୍ତୁ ସେହି ଦିନମାନଙ୍କରେ ଗବେଷଣା କାର୍ଯ୍ୟକୁ ସମ୍ପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ ଜୀବିକା ରୂପେ ଗ୍ରହଣ କରିବାର କୌଣସି ଭଲ ବ୍ୟବସ୍ଥା ନଥିଲା । ପ୍ରତିଭାବାନ୍ ଛାତ୍ର ସରକାରୀ ଚାକିରୀ ପ୍ରତି ଆକର୍ଷିତ ହେଉଥିଲେ । ରମଣ ତାଙ୍କ ନିଯୁକ୍ତି କଲିକତାରେ ହେଲା ।

5. कलकत्ता……………….. वाद्ययंत्र थे।
କୋଲକାତା ମେଁ ସରକାରୀ ନୌକରୀ କେ ଦୌରାନ୍ ଉନେ ଅପ୍‌ ଆଷମ ଥି । ସ୍ବାଭାୱିକ୍ ରୁଝାନ୍ କୋ ବନାଏ ରଖା । ହୁଏ ବହୂ ବାଜାର ଆଡେ, ଜହାଁ ‘ଇଣ୍ଡିୟନ୍ ଏସୋସିଏଶନ୍ ଫାର ଦ କଲ୍‌ୱେସନ୍ ଆପ୍‌ ଏକ ଅନୂଠୀ ସଂସ୍ଥା ଥୀ, ଜିସେ କୋଲକାତା କେ ଏକ୍ ଡାକ୍ଟର ଦଫ୍‌ର ସେ ଫୁର୍ସତ୍ ପାତେ ହୀ ୱେ ଲୌ
ଆଁଫ୍ ସାଇଂସ୍’ କୀ ପ୍ରୟୋଗଶାଲା ଥୀ । ୟହ ଅପ୍‌ ମହେନ୍ଦ୍ରଲାଲ୍ ସର୍‌କାର୍ ନେ ବର୍ଷେ କୀ କଠିନ୍ ମେହନତ୍ ଔର ଲଗନ୍ କେ ବାଦ୍ ଖଡ଼ା କିମ୍ବା ଥା । ଇସ୍ ସଂସ୍ଥା କା ଉଦ୍ଦେଶ୍ୟ ଥା ଦେଶ୍ ମେଁ ବୈଜ୍ଞାନିକ ଚୈତନା କା ସ୍ଵିକାସ କନା । ଅପ୍‌ ମହାନ୍ ଉଦ୍ଦେଶ୍ୱେ କେ ବାଜୁଦ୍ ଇସ୍ ସଂସ୍ଥା କେ ପାସ୍ ସାଧର୍ମୋ କା ନିତାନ୍ତ ଅଭା ଥା । ରାମନ୍ ଇସ୍ ସଂସ୍ଥା କୀ ପ୍ରୟୋଗଶାଲା ମେଁ କାମଚଲାଉଁ ଉପକରଣୋ କା ଇସ୍ତେମାଲ୍ କର୍‌ତେ ହୁଏ ଶୋଧକାର୍ୟ କର୍‌ତେ।

ୟହ ଅପ୍‌ ଆପ୍‌ ଏକ ଆଧୁନିକ ହଠୟୋଗ୍ କା ଉଦାହରଣ ଥା, ଜିସ୍ ମେଁ ଏକ ସାଧକ ଦଫ୍‌ତର ମେଁ କଡ଼ୀ ମେହନତ୍ କେ ବାଦ୍ ବହୁ ବାଜାର୍ କୀ ଇସ୍ ମାମୂଲୀ-ସୀ ପ୍ରୟୋଗଶାଲା ମେଁ ପହୁଁଚ୍‌ ଔର୍ ଅପୂନୀ ଇଚ୍ଛାଶକ୍ତି କେ ଜୋର୍ ସେ ଭୌତିକ ଜ୍ଞାନ କୋ ସମୃଦ୍ଧ ବନାନେ କେ ପ୍ରୟାସ୍ କର୍‌ତା । ଉନ୍ସୀ ଦିନୋ ୱେ ୱାଦ୍ୟୟନ୍ତ୍ର କୀ ଧ୍ଵନିର୍ଲୋ କେ ପୀଛେ ଛିପେ ଜ୍ଞାନିକ ରହସ୍ୟା କୀ ପରର୍ତେ ଖୋଲ୍‌ନେ କା ପ୍ରୟାସ୍ କର୍ ରହେ ଥେ । ଇସ୍ ଦୌରାନ୍ ଉନେ ଅନେକ ୱାଦ୍ୟୟନ୍ତୋ କା ଅଧ୍ୟୟନ କିୟା ଜିନ୍‌ ଦେଶୀ ଔର୍ ବିଦେଶୀ, ଦୋର୍ଡୋ ପ୍ରକାର କେ ୱାଦ୍ୟୟନ୍ତ୍ର ଥେ ।

ଅନୁବାଦ:
କଲିକତାରେ ସରକାରୀ ଚାକିରୀ କାଳରେ ସେ ନିଜର ସ୍ଵାଭାବିକ ଲକ୍ଷ୍ୟକୁ ବଜାୟ ରଖୁଲେ । ଅଫିସ୍‌ରୁ ସମୟ ମିଳିଲେ ସେ ଫେରିଆସି ବହୁ ବଜାର ଆସୁଥୁଲେ, ଯେଉଁଠି ‘ଇଣ୍ଡିଆନ୍ ଏସୋସିଏସନ୍ ଫର୍ ଦି କଲ୍‌ଟିବେସନ୍ ଆଫ୍ ସାଇନ୍‌ସ୍’ର ପ୍ରୟୋଗଶାଳା ଥିଲା । ଏହା ନିଜସ୍ୱ ଢଙ୍ଗର ଏକ ଅସାଧାରଣ ସଂସ୍ଥା ଥିଲା, ଯାହାକୁ କଲିକତାର ଡାକ୍ତର ମହେନ୍ଦ୍ରଲାଲ ସରକାର ବର୍ଷ ବର୍ଷର କଠିନ ପରିଶ୍ରମ ଓ ନିଷ୍ଠା ପରେ ପ୍ରତିଷ୍ଠା କରିଥିଲେ । ଏହି ସଂସ୍ଥାର ଉଦ୍ଦେଶ୍ୟ ଥିଲା ଦେଶରେ ବୈଜ୍ଞାନିକ ଚେତନାର ବିକାଶ କରିବା । ନିଜର ମହାନ୍ ଉଦ୍ଦେଶ୍ୟ ପରେ ମଧ୍ୟ ଏହି ସଂସ୍ଥା ନିକଟରେ ସାଧନଗୁଡ଼ିକର ନିତାନ୍ତ ଅଭାବ ଥିଲା । ଆଧୁନିକ ହଟଯୋଗର ଏକ ଉଦାହରଣ ଥିଲା, ଯେଉଁଠି ଜଣେ ସାଧକ ଅଫିସ୍‌ରେ କଠିନ ପରିଶ୍ରମ ପରେ ବହୁ ବଜାରର ଏହି ସାଧାରଣ ପ୍ରୟୋଗଶାଳାରେ ପହଞ୍ଚୁଥିଲେ ଏବଂ ନିଜର ଇଚ୍ଛାଶକ୍ତି ଦ୍ୱାରା ପଦାର୍ଥ ବିଜ୍ଞାନକୁ ସମୃଦ୍ଧ କରିବାକୁ ଚେଷ୍ଟାକରୁଥିଲେ । ଖୋଜିବାକୁ ଚେଷ୍ଟାକଲେ । ଏହି ସମୟରେ ସେ ଅନେକ ବାଦ୍ୟଯନ୍ତ୍ରର ଅଧ୍ୟୟନ କଲେ ଯାହା ମଧ୍ୟରେ ଦେଶୀ ଓ ବିଦେଶୀ,

6. वाद्ययंत्रों ……………………….. प्रकाशित किए।
ୱାଦ୍ୟୟର୍ଷେ ପର୍ କିଏ ଜା ରହେ ଶୋଧକାରୌ କେ ଦୌରାନ୍ ଉକେ ଅଧ୍ୟୟନ୍ କେ ଦାୟରେ ମେଁ ଜହାଁ ୱାୟଲିନ୍, ଚୈଲୋ ୟା ପିୟାନୋ ଜୈସେ ଵିଦେଶୀ ୱାଦ୍ୟ ଆଏ, ୱର୍କୀ ୱଣା, ତାରା ଔର ମୃଦଙ୍ଗମ୍ ପର ଭୀ ଉର୍ଦ୍ଧ୍ୱନେ କାମ୍ କିୟା । ଉନ୍‌ନେ ଜ୍ଞାନିକ୍ ସିଦ୍ଧାର୍ଡୋ କେ ଆଧାର ପର୍ ପଶ୍ଚିମୀ ଦେଶୌ କୀ ଇସ୍ ଭ୍ରାତି କୋ ତୋଡ଼ନେ କୀ କୋଶିଶ୍ କୀ କି ଭାରତୀୟ ୱାଦ୍ୟୟନ୍ତ୍ର ଵିଦେଶୀ ୱାର୍ଯ୍ୟୋ କୀ ତୁଲ୍‌ନା ମେଁ ଘଟିୟା ହେଁ । ୱାଦ୍ୟୟନ୍ତୋ କେ କଂପନ୍ କେ ପିଛେ ଛିପେ ଗଣିତ୍ ପର୍ ଉର୍ଡୋନେ ଅଚ୍ଛା-ଖାସା କାମ୍ କିୟା ଔର୍ ଅନେକ୍ ଶୋଧପତ୍ର ଭୀ ପ୍ରକାଶିତ୍ କିଏ ।

ଅନୁବାଦ:
ଚାଦ୍ୟ ଯନ୍ତ ଉପରେ କରୁଥିବା ଗବେଷଶା ସମୟରେ ତାଙ୍କର ଅଧ୍ୟୟନର ପରିଧ୍ ମଧ୍ୟରେ ଯେଉଁଠି ଭାଓଲିନ୍ ପିଆନୋ ଯେପରି ବିଦେଶୀ ବାଦ୍ୟ ଆସିଥିଲା, ସେଇଠି ବୀଣା, ତାନପୁରା ଏବଂ ମୃଦଙ୍ଗ ଉପରେ ମଧ୍ୟ ସେ କାମ କରିଥିଲେ । ବିଦେଶୀ ବାଦ୍ୟ ତୁଳନାରେ ଭଲ ନୁହେଁ । ବାଦ୍ୟଯନ୍ତ୍ରମାନଙ୍କର କମ୍ପନର ପଛରେ ଲୁଚି ରହିଥିବା ଗଣିତ ଉପରେ ସେ ଭଲ କାମ କରିଥିଲେ ଓ ଅନେକ ଗବେଷଣା ପତ୍ର ମଧ୍ୟ ପ୍ରକାଶିତ କରିଥିଲେ ।

7. उस जमाने …………………. काम था।
ଉସ୍ ଜମାନେ କେ ପ୍ରସିଦ୍ଧ ଶିକ୍ଷାଶାସ୍ତ୍ରୀ ସର୍ ଆଶୁତୋଷ ମୁଖାର୍ଜୀ କୋ ଇସ୍ ପ୍ରତିଭାୱାନ୍ ୟୁୱକ୍ କେ ବାରେ ମେଁ ଜାନକାରୀ ମିଲୀ । ଉନ୍ସୀ ଦିର୍ଡୋ କଳ୍‌କରା ୱିଶ୍ୱଦ୍ୟାଲୟ ମେଁ ପ୍ରୋଫେସର୍ କା ନୟା ପଦ୍ ସୃଜିତ୍ ହୁଆ ଥା । ମୁଖର୍ଜୀ ମହୋଦୟ ନେ ରାମନ୍ କେ ସମକ୍ଷ ପ୍ରସ୍ତାବ୍ ରଖା କି ୱେ ସରକାରୀ ନୌକରୀ ଛୋଡ଼କର୍ କଳ୍‌କରା ୱିଶ୍ୱଦ୍ୟାଲୟ ମେଁ ପ୍ରୋଫେସର୍ କା ପଦ୍ ସ୍ବୀକାର କର୍ ଲୈ । ରାମନ୍ କେ ଲିଏ ୟହ ଏକ କଠିନ୍ ନିର୍ଣ୍ଣୟ ଥା । ଉସ୍ ଜମାନେ କେ ହିସାବ୍ ସେ ୱେ ଏକ ଅତ୍ୟନ୍ତ ପ୍ରତିଷ୍ଠିତ ସରକାରୀ ପଦ୍ ପର୍ ଥେ । ଜିସ୍କୋ ସାଥ୍ ମୋଟୀ ତହା ଔର ଅନେକ ସୁବିଧାଏଁ ଜୁଡ଼ି ହୁଈ ଥୀ । ଉହେଁ ନୌକରୀ କର୍‌ତେ ହୁଏ ଦସ୍ ୱର୍ଷ ବୀତ୍‌ ଚୁକେ ଥେ । ଐସୀ ହାଲତ୍ ମେଁ ସର୍‌କାରୀ ନୌକ୍‌ରୀ ଛୋଡ଼କର୍ କମ୍ ୱେତନ୍ ଔର କମ୍ ସୁଧାୱାଲୀ ୱିଶ୍ୱଦ୍ୟାଲୟ କୀ ନୌକରୀ ମେଁ ଆନେ କା ଫୈସଲା କରନା ହିମ୍ମତ୍ କା କାମ୍ ଥା।

ଅନୁବାଦ:
ଚାଦ୍ୟ ଯନ୍ତ ଉପରେ କରୁଥିବା ଗବେଷଶା ସମୟରେ ତାଙ୍କର ଅଧ୍ୟୟନର ପରିଧ୍ ମଧ୍ୟରେ ଯେଉଁଠି ଭାଓଲିନ୍ ସୂଚନା ମିଳିଲା । ସେହିଦିନମାନଙ୍କରେ କଲିକତା ବିଶ୍ଵବିଦ୍ୟାଳୟରେ ପ୍ରଫେସରର ନୂତନ ପଦବୀ ସୃଷ୍ଟି ହୋଇଥିଲା ମୁଖାର୍ଜୀ ସ୍ଵୀକାର କରନ୍ତୁ । ରମଣଙ୍କ ପାଇଁ ଏହା ଏକ କଠିନ ସମସ୍ୟା ଥିଲା । ସେହି ସମୟର ହିସାବରେ ସେ ଏକ ଅତ୍ୟନ୍ତ ପ୍ରତିଷ୍ଠିତ ସରକାରୀ ପଦରେ ଥିଲେ, ଯାହା ସହିତ ମୋଟା ଦରମା ଓ ଅନେକ ସୁବିଧା ସୁଯୋଗ ଥିଲା । ସେ ଚାକିରୀ କରି ଦଶ ବର୍ଷ ଅତିବାହିତ କରିଥିଲେ । ଏପରି ଅବସ୍ଥାରେ ସରକାରୀ ଚାକିରୀ ଛାଡ଼ି କମ୍ ଦରମା ଓ କମ୍ ସୁବିଧା ଥିବା ବିଶ୍ଵବିଦ୍ୟାଳୟର ଚାକିରୀ କରିବାର ସିଦ୍ଧାନ୍ତ ନେବା ସାହସିକତାର କାମ ଥିଲା।

8. रामन …………………………. में हुई।
ରାମନ୍ ସରକାରୀ ନୌକ୍‌ରୀ କୀ ସୁଖ୍-ସୁଧାଓଁ କୋ ଛୋଡ୍ ସନ୍‌ ୧୯୧୭ ମେଁ କଲ୍‌କରା ୱିଶ୍ୱଦ୍ୟାଲୟ କୀ ନୌକ୍‌ରୀ ମେଁ ଆ ଗଏ । ଉକେ ଲିଏ ସରସ୍ଵତୀ କୀ ସାଧନା ସର୍‌କାରୀ ସୁଖ ସୁଧାଓଁ ସେ କର୍ମୀ ଅଧିକ ମହତ୍ତ୍ଵପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ ଥୀ । କଲ୍‌କତ୍ତା ଶ୍ୱଦ୍ୟାଲୟ କେ ଶୈକ୍ଷଣିକ ମାହୋଲ୍ ମେଁ େ ଅପ୍‌ନା ପୂରା ସମୟ ଅଧ୍ୟୟନ, ଅଧ୍ୟାପନ୍ ଔର୍ ଶୋଧ ମେଁ ବିତାନେ ଲଗେ । ଚାର୍ ସାଲ୍ ୱାଦ୍ ମ୍ମାନୀ ସନ୍ ୧୯୨୧ ମେଁ ସମୁଦ୍ର-ୟାତ୍ରା କେ ଦୌରାନ୍ ଜବ୍ ରାମନ୍ କେ ମସ୍ତିଷ୍କ ମେଁ ସମୁଦ୍ର କେ ନୀଲେ ରଙ୍ଗ କୀ ୱଜହ କା ସୱାଲ୍ ହିଲୋର୍ରେ ଲେନେ ଲଗା, ତୋ ଉନେ ଆଗେ ଇସ୍ ଦିଶା ମେଁ ପ୍ରୟୋଗ କିଏ, ଜିସ୍‌ ପରିଣତି ରାମନ୍ ପ୍ରଭାୱ କୀ ଖୋଜ କେ ରୂପ ମେଁ ହୁଈ ।

ଅନୁବାଦ:
ରମଣ ସରକାରୀ ଚାକିରୀର ସୁଖ ସୁବିଧା ଛାଡ଼ି ୧୯୧୭ ମସିହାରେ କଲିକତା ବିଶ୍ଵବିଦ୍ୟାଳୟରେ ଚାକିରୀ କଲେ । ତାଙ୍କ ପାଇଁ ସରସ୍ଵତୀଙ୍କ ସାଧନା ସରକାରୀ ସୁଖ ସୁବିଧାଠାରୁ ଅଧିକ ମହତ୍ତ୍ବପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ ଥିଲା କଲିକତାକା ରଣର ପ୍ରଶ୍ନ ଆଲୋଡ଼ିତ କରିବାକୁ ଲାଗିଲା, ତେଣୁ ସେ ଆଗେ ଏହି ଦିଗରେ ପ୍ରୟୋଗ କଲେ, ଯାହାର ପରିଣତି ରମଣ ପ୍ରଭାବର ଆବିଷ୍କାର ରୂପରେ ହୋଇଛି ।

9. रामन ………………………… जाता है।
ରାମନ୍ ନେ ଅନେକ୍ ଠୋସ୍ ର ଔର୍ ତରଲ୍ ପଦାର୍ଥେ ପର୍ ପ୍ରକାଶ୍ କୀ କିରଣ୍ କେ ପ୍ରଭାୱ କା ଅଧ୍ୟୟନ୍ କିୟା । ଉନ୍‌ନେ ପାୟୀ କି ଜବ୍ ଏକବର୍ଷୀୟ ପ୍ରକାଶ୍ କୀ କିରଣ କିସୀ ତରଲ୍ ୟା ଠୋସ୍ ରୱେଦାର୍ ପଦାର୍ଥ ସେ ଗୁଜରତୀ ହୈ ତୋ ଗୁଜର୍‌ନେ କେ ବାଦ୍ ଉସ୍‌ ୱର୍ଣ୍ଣ ମେଁ ପରିବର୍ଭନ୍ ଆତା ହୈ । ଜହ ୟହ ହୋତୀ ହୈ କି ଏକର୍ଣ୍ଣୀୟ ପ୍ରକାଶ୍ କୀ କିରଣ୍ କେ ଫୋର୍ଡାନ୍ ଜବ୍ ତରଲ୍ ୟା ଠୋସ୍ ରୱେ ସେ ଗୁଜର୍‌ତେ ହୁଏ ଇନ୍‌କେ ଅଣୁଓଁ ସେ ଟକରାହେଁ ହେଁ ତୋ ଇସ୍ ଟକରାଷ୍ଟ୍ର କେ ପରିଣାମସ୍ୱରୂପ ୱେ ୟା ତୋ ଊର୍ଜା କା କୁଚ୍ଛ ଅଂଶ ଖୋ ଦେତେ ହୈ ୟା ପା ଜାତେ ହେଁ । ଦୋର୍ଡୋ ହୀ ସ୍ଥିତିୟାଁ ପ୍ରକାଶ କେ ୱର୍ଷ (ରଙ୍ଗ) ମେଁ ବଦଲାୱ ଲାତି ହେଁ । ଏକଣ୍ଠୀୟ ପ୍ରକାଶ୍ କୀ କିରଣୋ ମେଁ ସସେ ଅଧିକ ଊର୍ଜା ବୈଜନୀ ରଂଗ୍ କେ ପ୍ରକାଶ୍ ମେଁ ହୋତୀ ହୈ । ବୈଜନୀ କେ ବାଦ୍ କ୍ରମଶଃ ନୀଲେ, ଆସ୍‌ମାନୀ, ହରେ, ପୀଲେ, ନାରଂଗୀ ଔର୍ ଲାଲ୍ ୱର୍କ୍ କା ନମ୍ବର୍ ଆତା ହୈ । ଇସ୍ ପ୍ରକାର୍ ଲାଲ୍ ବର୍ଷୀୟ ପ୍ରକାଶ୍ କୀ ଉର୍ଜା ସବ୍‌ କମ୍ ହୋତି ହୈ । ଏକଣ୍ଠୀୟ ପ୍ରକାଶ୍ ତରଲ ୟା ଠୋସ୍ ରହେଁ ସେ ଗୁଜରତେ ହୁଏ ଜିସ୍ ପରିମାଣ ମେଁ ଊର୍ଜ୍ୟ ଖୋତା ୟା ପାତା ହୈ, ଉସୀ ହିସାବ୍ ସେ ଉସ୍‌ ୱର୍ଣ୍ଣ ପରିବର୍ତ୍ତିତ ହୋ ଜାତା ହୈ ।

ଅନୁବାଦ:
ରମଣ ଅନେକ ଶକ୍ତ ଜିନିଷ ଏବଂ ତରଳ ପଦାର୍ଥ ଉପରେ ଆଲୋକ କିରଣର ପ୍ରଭାବ ସମ୍ବନ୍ଧରେ ଅଧ୍ୟୟନ କଲେ । ସେ ପାଇଲେ ଯେ ଏକ ବର୍ଷର ଆଲୋକର କିରଣ କୌଣସି ତରଳ ବା ଶକ୍ତ ପଦାର୍ଥ ମଧ୍ୟ ଦେଇ ଯାଏ, ଯିବା ପରେ ବର୍ଷରେ ପରିବର୍ତ୍ତନ ଆସେ । କାରଣ ଏହା ହେଉଛି ଯେ ଏକ ବର୍ଷର ଆଲୋକର କିରଣର ଅଂଶ ତରଳ ବା ଶକ୍ତ ମଧ୍ୟ ଦେଇ ଯାଏ ଓ ଏହାର ଅଣୁ ସହିତ ଧକ୍କା ହୁଏ । ଏହି ଧକ୍‌କା ପରିଣାମ ସ୍ବରୂପ ସେହି ବଳର କିଛି ଅଂଶ ହରାଇଥାଉ ବା ପାଇଥାଉ । ଉଭୟ ସ୍ଥିତି ଆଲୋକ ରଙ୍ଗରେ ପରିବର୍ତ୍ତନ ଆଣିଥାଏ । ଏକ ଆଲୋକର କିରଣରେ ସବୁଠାରୁ ଅଧିକ ଶକ୍ତି ବାଇଗଣି ରଙ୍ଗର ଆଲୋକରେ ଅଛି। ବାଇଗଣି ପରେ କ୍ରମଶଃ ନୀଳ, ଆକାଶୀ, ସବୁଜ, ହଳଦୀ, ନାରଙ୍ଗି ଓ ଲାଲ ବର୍ଷର ନମ୍ବର ଆସେ । ଏହି ପ୍ରକାର ଲାଲ-ବର୍ଣ୍ଣର ପ୍ରକାଶର ବଳ ସବୁଠାରୁ କମ୍ ହୁଏ । ଗୋଟିଏ ବର୍ଷର ଆଲୋକ ତରଳ ବା ଶକ୍ତି ଦେଇ ଗତିକଲେ ଯେଉଁ ପରିମାଣର ଶକ୍ତି ପାଏ ବା ହରାଏ, ସେହି ହିସାବରେ ତାହାର ବର୍ଣ୍ଣ ପରିବର୍ତ୍ତନ ହୁଏ ।

10. रामन की ………………………………. करती है।
ରାମନ୍ କୀ ଖୋଜ୍ ଭୌତିକୀ କେ କ୍ଷେତ୍ର ମେଁ ଏକ୍ କ୍ରାନ୍ତି କେ ସମାନ୍ ଥୀ । ଇସ୍‌ ପହଲା ପରିଣାମ୍ ତୋ ୟହ ହୁଆ କି ପ୍ରକାଶ୍ କୀ ପ୍ରକୃତି କେ ବାରେ ମେଁ ଆଇଂସ୍ଟାଇନ୍ କେ ୱିଚାର୍ରେ କା ପ୍ରାୟୋଗିକ ପ୍ରମାଣ୍ ମିଲଗୟା । ଆଇଂଷ୍ଟାଇନ୍ କେ ପୂତ୍ତୀ ବୈଜ୍ଞାନିକ୍ ପ୍ରକାଶ୍ କୋ ତରଙ୍ଗ୍ କେ ରୂପ୍ ମେଁ ମାତେ ଥେ, ମଗର୍ ଆଇଂସ୍ଟାଇନ୍ ନେ ବତାୟା କି ପ୍ରକାଶ ଅତି ସୂକ୍ଷ୍ମ କର୍ପୋ କୀ ତୀବ୍ର ଧାରା କେ ସମାନ୍ ହୈ । ଇନ୍ ଅତି ସୂକ୍ଷ୍ମ କର୍ପୋ କୀ ତୁଳନା ଆଇଂସ୍ଟାଇନ୍ ନେ ବୁଲେଟ୍‌ ସେ କୀ ଔର୍ ଇନ୍‌ ‘ପ୍ରୋଟନ୍’ ନାମ୍ ଦିୟା । ରାମନ୍ କେ ପ୍ରୟୋଗୋଁ ନେ ଆଇଂସ୍ଟାଇନ୍ କୀ ଧାରଣା କା ପ୍ରତ୍ୟକ୍ଷ ପ୍ରମାଣ୍ ଦେ ଦିୟା, ଜ୍ୟୋକି ଏକର୍ଣ୍ଣୀୟ ପ୍ରକାଶ୍ କେ ୱର୍ଣ୍ଣ ମେଁ ପରିୱର୍ଭନ୍ ୟହ ସାଫ୍ ତୌର ପର୍ ପ୍ରମାଣିତ୍ କରତା ହୈ କି ପ୍ରକାଶ କୀ କିରଣ ତୀବ୍ରଗାମୀ ସୂକ୍ଷ୍ମ କର୍ପୋ କେ ପ୍ରହ କେ ରୂପ ମେଁ ବ୍ୟବହାର କରତୀ ହୈ ।

ଅନୁବାଦ:
ରମଣଙ୍କ ଅନୁସନ୍ଧାନ ପଦାର୍ଥ ବିଜ୍ଞାନ କ୍ଷେତ୍ରରେ ଏକ ବିପ୍ଲବ ପରି ଥିଲା। ଏହାର ପ୍ରଥମ ପରିଣାମ ଏହା ବୈଜ୍ଞାନିକ ଆଲୋକକୁ ତରଙ୍ଗ ରୂପେ ମାନୁଥିଲେ। କିନ୍ତୁ ଆଇନ୍‌ଷ୍ଟାଇନ୍ କହିଲେ ଯେ ଆଲୋକ ଅତି ସୂକ୍ଷ୍ମ ଅଣୁର ତୀବ୍ରଧାରା ପରି ଅଟେ । ଏହି ଅତି ସୂକ୍ଷ୍ମ ଅଣୁର ତୁଳନା ଆଇନ୍‌ଷ୍ଟାଇନ୍ ବୁଲେଟ୍ ସହିତ କଲେ ଏବଂ ତାହାକୁ ‘ପ୍ରୋଟନ୍’ ନାମ ଦେଲେ । ରମଣଙ୍କ ପ୍ରୟୋଗ ଆଇନ୍‌ଷ୍ଟାଇନ୍‌ଙ୍କ ଧାରଣାର ପ୍ରତ୍ୟକ୍ଷ ପ୍ରମାଣ ଦେଇଦେଲା, କାରଣ ଏକବର୍ଷୀୟ ଆଲୋକ ବର୍ଷରେ ପରିବର୍ତ୍ତନ ଏହା ପ୍ରକୃତିରେ ପ୍ରମାଣିତ କରେ ଯେ ଆଲୋକର କିରଣ ତୀବ୍ରଗାମୀ ସୂକ୍ଷ୍ମ ଅଣୁଗୁଡ଼ିକର ପ୍ରବାହ ରୂପରେ ବ୍ୟବହାର କରେ ।

11. रामन की ……………………………. गया है।
ରାମନ୍ କୀ ଖୋଜ୍ କୀ ୱଜହ ସେ ପଦାର୍ଥୋ କେ ଅଣୁଓଁ ଔର୍ ପରମାଣୁଓଁ କୀ ଆନ୍ତରିକ୍ ସଂରଚନା କା ଅଧ୍ୟୟନ୍ ସହଜ୍ ହୋ ଗୟା । ପହଲେ ଇସ୍ କାମ୍ କେ ଲିଏ ଇଁଫ୍ରା ରେଡ଼ ସ୍ପେକ୍ଟ୍ରୋସ୍କୋପି କା ସହାରା ଲିୟା ଜାତା ଥା । ୟହ ମୁସ୍କିଲ୍ ତକ୍‌କ୍ ହୈ ଔର୍ ଗଲ୍‌ୟୌ କୀ ସଂଭାୱନା ବହୁତ୍ ଅଧିକ ରହତୀ ହୈ । ରାମନ୍ କୀ ଖୋଜ୍ କେ ବାଦ୍ ପଦାର୍ଥେ କୀ ଆଣୱିକ୍ ଔର୍ ପରମାଣକ ସଂରଚନା କେ ଅଧ୍ୟୟନ୍ କେ ଲିଏ ରାମନ୍ ସ୍ପେକ୍ଟ୍ରୋସ୍କୋପି କା ସହାରା ଲିୟା ଜାନେ ଲଗା । ୟହ ତକ୍‌ନୀକ୍ ଏକୱର୍କୀୟ ପ୍ରକାଶ୍ କେ ୱର୍ଣ୍ଣ ମେଁ ପରିୱର୍ଭନ୍ କେ ଆଧାର ପର୍ ପଦାର୍ଥୋ କୋ ଅଣୁଓଁ ଔର୍ ପରମାଣୁଓଁ କୀ ସଂରଚନା କୀ ସଟୀକ ଜାନ୍‌କାରୀ ଦେତୀ ହୈ । ଇସ୍ ଜାନ୍‌କାରୀ କୀ ୱଜହ ସେ ପଦାର୍ଥେ କା ସଂଶ୍ଳେଷଣ ପ୍ରୟୋଗଶାଲା ମେଁ କରନା ତଥା ଅନେକ ଉପୟୋଗୀ ପଦାର୍ଥେ କା କୃତ୍ରିମ ରୂପ୍ ସେ ନିର୍ମାଣ ସମ୍ଭବ ହୋ ଗୟା ହୈ ।

ଅନୁବାଦ:
ରମଣଙ୍କ ଅନୁସନ୍ଧାନ କାରଣରୁ ପଦାର୍ଥର ଅଣୁ ଓ ପରମାଣୁର ଗଠନ ରୀତିର ଅଧ୍ୟୟନ ସହଜ ହୋଇଗଲା । ପ୍ରଥମେ ଏହି କାମ ପାଇଁ ଇମ୍ଫାରୋଡ଼ ସେକ୍ସ୍ ।ସ୍କୋପିର ସାହାଯ୍ୟ ନିଆଯାଉଥିଲା । ଏହା କଠିନ କୌଶଳ ଅଟେ ଓ ଭୁଲଗୁଡ଼ିକର ଅଧ୍ୟୟନ ପାଇଁ ରମଣ ସ୍ପେକ୍ଟ୍ରୋ,ସ୍କୋପିର ସାହାଯ୍ୟ ନେବାକୁ ପଡ଼ିଲା । ଏହି କୌଶଳ ଗୋଟିଏ ରଙ୍ଗର ଆଲୋକର ବର୍ଷର ପରିବର୍ତ୍ତନର ଆଧାର ପଦାର୍ଥଗୁଡ଼ିକରେ ଅଣୁ ଏବଂ ପରମାଣୁଗୁଡ଼ିକର ରୀତିରେ ସଠିକ୍ ସୂଚନା ଦେଉଛି । ଏହି ସୂଚନା କାରଣରୁ ପଦାର୍ଥର ସଂଶ୍ଳେଷଣ ପ୍ରୟୋ ଗଶାଳାରେ କରିବା ତଥା ଅନେକେ ଉପଯୋଗ ପଦାର୍ଥର କୃତ୍ରିମ ରୂପରେ ନିର୍ମାଣ ସମ୍ଭବ ହୋଇପା ରିଛି।

12. रामन प्रभाव ………………………….. जाग्रत किया।
ରାମନ୍ ପ୍ରଭାବ୍ କୀ ଖୋଜ୍ ନେ ରାମନ୍ କୋ ବିଶ୍ଵ କେ ଚୋଟୀ କେ ବୈଜ୍ଞାନିର୍ଲୋ କୀ ପଂକ୍ତି ମେଁ ଲା ଖଡ଼ା କିୟା । ପୁରସ୍କାରୌ ଔର୍ ସମ୍ମାନୌ କୀ ତୋ ଜୈସେ ଝଡ଼ୀ-ସୀ ଲଗୀ ରହୀ । ଉର୍ଦ୍ଧ୍ୱ ସନ୍‌ ୧୯୨୪ ମେଁ ର୍ରାୟଲ୍ ସୋସାଇଟୀ କୀ ସଦସ୍ୟତା ସେ ସମ୍ମାନିତ୍ କିମ୍ବା ଗୟା । ସନ୍‌ ୧୯୨୯ ମେଁ ଉହେଁ ‘ସର୍’ କୀ ଉପାଧୀ ପ୍ରଦାନ୍ କୀ ଗଈ । ଠୀକ୍ ଅଗ୍‌ ହୀ ସାଲ୍ ଉହେଁ ୱିଶ୍ କେ ସର୍ବୋଚ୍ଚ ପୁରସ୍କାର ଭୌତିକୀ ମେଁ ନୋବେଲ୍‌ ପୁରସ୍କାର୍ ସେ ସମ୍ମାନିତ୍ କିୟାଗୟା । ଉହେଁ ଔର୍ ଭୀ କଈ ପୁରସ୍କାର୍ ମିଲେ, ଜୈସେ ରୋମ୍ କା ମେନ୍ୟୁସୀ ପଦକ୍, ର୍ରାୟଲ ସୋସାଇଟୀ କା ହ୍ୟୁଜ୍ ପଦକ, ଫିଲୋଡ଼େଲ୍‌ଫିୟା ଇଂଷ୍ଟୀଟ୍‌ଟ୍ କା ଫ୍ରେଙ୍କ୍‌ଲିନ୍ ପଦକ୍, ସୋୱିୟତ୍ ରୂସ୍ କା ଅନ୍ତରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରୀୟ ଲେନିନ୍ ପୁରସ୍କାର ଆଦି । ସନ୍‌ ୧୯୫୪ ମେଁ ରାମନ୍ କୋ ଦେଶ୍ କେ ସର୍ବୋଚ୍ଚ ସମ୍ମାନ ‘ଭାରତ-ରତ୍ନ’ ସେ ସମ୍ମାନିତ୍ କିୟା ଗୟା । ୱେ ନୋବେଲ୍‌ ପୁରସ୍କାର ପାନେୱାଲେ ପହଲେ ଭାରତୀୟ ବୈଜ୍ଞାନିକ ଥେ । ଉକେ ବାଦ୍ ୟହ ପୁରସ୍କାର୍ ଭାରତୀୟ ନାଗରିକତାଓ୍ବାଲେ କିସୀ ଅନ୍ୟ କୈଜ୍ଞାନିକ୍ କୋ ଅଭୀତକ୍ ନର୍ଜୀ ମିଲ୍ ପାୟା ହୈ । ଉର୍ଦ୍ଧ୍ୱ ଅଧିକାଂଶ ସମ୍ମାନ ଉସ୍ ଦୌର୍ ମେଁ ମିଲେ ଜବ୍ ଭାରତ ଅଂଗ୍ରେର୍ଡୋ କା ଗୁଲାମ ଥା । ଉହେଁ ମିଲନେୱାଲେ ସମ୍ମାନୌ ନେ ଭାରତ କୋ ଏକ ନୟା ଆତ୍ମ-ସମ୍ମାନ୍ ଔର୍ ଆତ୍ମ-ବିଶ୍ବାସ୍ ଦିୟା । ୱିଜ୍ଞାନ କେ କ୍ଷେତ୍ର ମେଁ ଉନ୍‌ନେ

ଅନୁବାଦ:
‘ରମଣ ପ୍ରଭାବ’ ବା ‘ରମଣ ରଶ୍ମୀ’ର ଆବିଷ୍କାର ରମଣଙ୍କୁ ବିଶ୍ଵର ଉଚ୍ଚକୋଟୀର ବୈଜ୍ଞାନିକମାନଙ୍କ ମଧ୍ୟରେ ଆଣି ଛିଡ଼ା କଲା । ପୁରସ୍କାର ଓ ସମ୍ମାନର ଧାଡ଼ି ଲାଗିରହଲା । ତାଙ୍କୁ ୧୯୨୪ ମସିହାରେ ରୟାଲ ସୋସାଇଟ୍‌ର ସହସ୍ୟଭାବେ ସମ୍ମାନିତ କରାଗଲା । ୧୯୨୯ ମସିହାରେ ତାଙ୍କୁ ‘ସାର୍’ ଉପାଧ୍ ପ୍ରଦାନ କରାଗଲା । ଠିକ୍ ଆଗାମୀ ବର୍ଷ ତାଙ୍କୁ ବିଶ୍ଵର ସର୍ବୋଚ୍ଚ ପୁରସ୍କାର ପଦାର୍ଥ ବିଜ୍ଞାନରେ ନୋବେଲ ପୁରସ୍କାରରେ ସମ୍ମାନିତ କରାଗଲା । ତାଙ୍କୁ ଆହୁରି ମଧ୍ୟ କେତେକ ପୁରସ୍କାର ମିଳିଲା, ଯେପରି ରୋମ୍‌ର ମୈତ୍ୟୁସୀ ପଦକ, ରୟାଲ ସୋସାଇଟ୍‌ର ହ୍ୟୁଜ୍ ପଦକ, ଫିଲାଡ଼େଲିଫ୍‌ ଇନ୍‌ଷ୍ଟିଚ୍ୟୁଟର ଫ୍ରେଙ୍କଲିନ୍ ପଦକ, ସୋଭିଏତ୍ ରୁଷର ଅନ୍ତରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରୀୟ ଲେନିନ୍ ପୁରସ୍କାର ଆଦି । ୧୯୫୪ରେ ରମଣଙ୍କୁ ଦେଶର ସର୍ବୋଚ୍ଚ ସମ୍ମାନ ‘ଭାରତ-ରତ୍ନ’ରେ ସମ୍ମାନିତ କରାଗଲା । ସେ ନୋବେଲ ପୁରସ୍କାର ପାଇବାରେ ପ୍ରଥମ ଭାରତୀୟ ବୈଜ୍ଞାନିକ ଥିଲେ । ତାଙ୍କ ପରେ ଏହି ପୁରସ୍କାର ଭାରତୀୟ ନାଗରିକତା ପ୍ରାପ୍ତ କୌଣସି ଅନ୍ୟ ବୈଜ୍ଞାନିକଙ୍କୁ ବର୍ତ୍ତମାନ ପର୍ଯ୍ୟନ୍ତ ମିଳିପାରି ନାହିଁ । ତାଙ୍କୁ ଅଧିକାଂଶ ସମ୍ମାନ ଏହି ସମୟରେ ମିଳିଲା, ଯେତେବେଳେ ଭାରତ ଇଂରେଜଙ୍କ ଅଧୀନରେ ଥିଲା । ତାଙ୍କୁ ମିଳିଥି ସମ୍ମାନଗୁଡ଼ିକ ଭାରତକୁ ଏକ ନୂତନ ଆତ୍ମସମ୍ମାନ ଓ ଆତ୍ମବିଶ୍ଵାସ ଦେଲା । ବିଜ୍ଞାନ କ୍ଷେତ୍ରରେ ସେ ଏକ ନୂତନ ଭାରତୀୟ
ଚେତନାର ଜାଗ୍ରତ କଲେ ।

13. भारतीय ……………….. परहेज क्यों।
ଭାରତୀୟ ସଂସ୍କୃତି ସେ ରାମନ୍ କୋ ହମେଶା ହୀ ଗହରା ଲଗାୱ ରହା । ଉନ୍‌ନେ ଅପୂନୀ ଭାରତୀୟ ପହଚାନ୍ କୋ ହମେଶା ଅକ୍ଷୁଣ୍ଣ ରଖା । ଅନ୍ତରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରୀୟ ପ୍ରସିଦ୍ଧି କେ ବାଦ୍ ଭୀ ଉନ୍‌ନେ ଅପ୍‌ନେ ଦକ୍ଷିଣ ଭାରତୀୟ ପହନାୱେ କୋ ନହିଁ ଛୋଡ଼ା । ୱେ କଟ୍ଟର୍ ଶାକାହାରୀ ଥେ ଔର୍ ମଦିରା ସେ ସଖ୍ତ ପରହେଜ୍ ରଖ୍ ଥେ। ଜବ୍ ୱେ ନୋବେଲ୍‌ ପୁରସ୍କାର ପ୍ରାପ୍ତ କର୍‌ନେ ଷ୍ଟିକହୋମ୍ ଗଏ ତୋ ୱହାଁ ଉନେ ଶରାବ୍ ପୀନେ ସେ ଇନ୍‌କାର୍ କିୟା ତୋ ଏକ୍ ଆୟୋଜକ୍ ନେ ପରିହାସ୍ ମେଁ ଉସେ କହା କି ରାମନ୍ ନେ ଜବ୍ ଅଲ୍‌କୋହଲ୍ ପର୍ ରାମନ ପ୍ରଭାୱ କା ପ୍ରଦର୍ଶନ କର୍ ହର୍ମେ ଆହ୍ଲାଦିତ କର୍‌ନେ ମେଁ କୋଈ କସର୍ ନହୀ ଛୋଡ଼ୀ, ତୋ ରାମନ୍ ପରି ଅଲ୍‌କୋହଲ୍ କେ ପ୍ରଭାୱ କା ପ୍ରଦର୍ଶନ୍ କର୍‌ନେ ସେ ପରହେଜ୍ କୈ?

ଅନୁବାଦ:
ଭାରତୀୟ ସଂସ୍କୃତିରେ ରମଣଙ୍କ ସର୍ବଦା ଗଭୀର ରୁଚି ଥିଲା । ସେ ନିଜର ଭାରତୀୟ ପରିଚୟକୁ ସର୍ବଦା ଅକ୍ଷୁଣ୍ଣ ରଖୁଥିଲେ । ଅନ୍ତରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରୀୟ ପ୍ରସିଦ୍ଧ ପରେ ମଧ୍ୟ ସେ ନିଜେ ଦକ୍ଷିଣ ଭାରତୀୟ ପୋଷାକକୁ ଛାଡ଼ିନଥିଲେ । ସେ ଦୃଢ଼ ଶାକାହାରୀ ଥିଲେ ଓ ମଦଠୁ ସମ୍ପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ ଦୂରେଇ ରହୁଥିଲେ । ଯେତେବେଳେ ସେ ନୋବେଲ ପୁରସ୍କାର ପାଇଁ ଷ୍ଟକ୍‌ହୋମ୍ ଗଲେ ସେଠାରେ ସେ ମଦ ପିଇବାକୁ ମନା କଲେ, ତେଣୁ ଜଣେ ଆୟୋଜକ ପରିହାସ (ଥଟ୍ଟା)ରେ ତାଙ୍କୁ କହିଲେ ଯେ ରମଣ ଯେତେବେଳେ ଆଲ୍‌ କୋହଲ୍ ଉପରେ ‘ରମଣରଶ୍ମି’ର ପ୍ରଦର୍ଶନକରି ଆମକୁ ଆହ୍ଲାଦିତ କରିବାରେ କୌଣସି ଚେଷ୍ଟା ଛାଡ଼ିନାହାନ୍ତି, ସେତେବେଳେ ରମଣ ଉପରେ ଆଲକୋହଲ୍‌ର ପ୍ରଭାବ ପ୍ରଦର୍ଶନ କରିବାରେ କୁଣ୍ଠିତ କାହିଁକି ?

14. रामन का …………………………. आहु में हुई।
.ତ୍ର କ । ରାମନ୍ କା ଜ୍ଞାନିକ୍ ବ୍ୟକ୍ତିତ୍ଵ ପ୍ରୟୋଗୋଁ ଔର୍ ଶୋଧପତ୍ର-ଲେଖନ୍ ତକ୍ ହୀ ସିମ୍‌ଟା ହୁଆ ନର୍ଜୀ ଥା । ଉକେ ଅନ୍ଦର୍ ଏକ ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରୀୟ ଚେତନା ଥୀ ଔର୍ ୱେ ଦେଶ୍ ମେଁ ବୈଜ୍ଞାନିକ ଦୃଷ୍ଟି ଔର୍ ଚିନ୍ତନ କେ ବିକାସ୍ କେ ପ୍ରତି ସମର୍ପିତ ଥେ । ଉହେଁ ଅପନେ ଶୁରୁଆତୀ ଦିନ୍ ହମେଶା ହୀ ୟାଦ ରହେ ଜବ୍ ଉର୍ରେ ଜଂଗ କୀ ପ୍ରୟୋଗଶାଲା ଔର୍ ଉପକରଣୋ କେ ଅଭା ମେଁ କାଫି ସଂଘର୍ଷ କର୍‌ନା ପଡ଼ା ଥା । ଇସୀଲିଏ ଉର୍ଡୋନେ ଏକ୍ ଅତ୍ୟନ୍ତ ଉନ୍ନତ୍ ପ୍ରୟୋଗଶାଲା ଔର୍ ଶୋଧ-ସଂସ୍ଥାନ କୀ ସ୍ଥାପନା କୀ ଜୋ ବଂଗଲୌର୍ ମେଁ ସ୍ଥିତ୍ ହୈ ଔର୍ ଉର୍ତୀ କେ ନାମ୍ ପର୍ ‘ରାମନ୍ ରିଚର୍ସ ଇଂସ୍ଟିଟ୍ୟୁଟ୍’ ନାମ୍ ସେ ଜାନୀ ଜାତୀ ହୈ । ଭୌତିକ୍ ଶାସ୍ତ୍ର ମେଁ ଅନୁସଂଧାନ୍ କୋ ବଢ଼ି ଦେନେ କେ ଲିଏ ଉହୋନେ ‘ଇଣ୍ଡିୟନ ଜରନଲ୍ ଆଫ୍ ଫିଜିକ୍‌ସ’ ନାମକ ଶୋଧ ପତ୍ରିକା ପ୍ରାରମ୍ଭ କୀ ।

ଅପ୍‌ନେ ଜୀୱନ୍-କାଲ୍ ମେଁ ଉର୍ଦ୍ଧ୍ୱନେ ସୈକର୍ଡ଼ ଶୋଧ ଛାର୍ଡୋ କା ମାର୍ଗଦର୍ଶନ୍ କିୟା । ଜିସ୍ ପ୍ରକାର ଏକ ଦୀପକ୍ ସେ ଅନ୍ୟ କଈ ଦୀପକ୍ ଜଲ୍ ଉଠତେ ହୈ, ଉସୀ ପ୍ରକାର୍ ଉକେ ଶୋଧ-ଛାତ୍ରୋ ନେ ଆଗେ ଚଲ୍‌କର୍ କାଫି ଅଚ୍ଛା କାମ୍ କିୟା । ଉହେଁ ମେଁ କଈ ଛାତ୍ର ବାଦ୍ ମେଁ ଉଜ୍ ପଦୌ ପର୍ ପ୍ରତିଷ୍ଠିତ ହୁଏ । ଜ୍ଞାନ୍ କେ ପ୍ରଚାର୍ ପ୍ରସାର୍ କେ ଲିଏ ୱେ ‘କରେଣ୍ଟ୍‌ ସାଇଂସ୍’ ନାମକ୍ ଏକ୍ ପତ୍ରିକା ଭୀ ସଂପାଦନ କର୍‌ତେ ଥେ । ରାମନ୍ ପ୍ରଭାୱ କେଲ୍ କୀ କିରଣୋ ତକ୍ ହୀ ସିମ୍‌ଟା ନର୍ଜୀ ଥା, ଉନେ ଅପ୍‌ନେ ବ୍ୟକ୍ତିତ୍ଵ କେ ପ୍ରକାଶ୍ କୀ କିରର୍ଥେ ସେ ପୂରେ ଦେଶ୍ କୋ ଆଲୋକିତ୍ ଔର୍ ପ୍ରଭାବିତ୍ କିୟା । ଉନ୍‌କୀ ମୃତ୍ୟୁ ୨୧ ନବର ସନ୍‌ ୧୯୭୦ କେ ଦିନ ୮୨ ବର୍ଷ କୀ ଆୟୁ ମେଁ ହୁଈ ।

ଅନୁବାଦ:
ରମଣଙ୍କ ବୈଜ୍ଞାନିକ ବ୍ୟକ୍ତିତ୍ଵ ପ୍ରୟୋଗ ଓ ଗବେଷଣା ପତ୍ର ଲେଖୁ ପର୍ଯ୍ୟନ୍ତ ସମାପ୍ତ ହୋଇ ନଥିଲା । ତାଙ୍କ ଭିତରେ ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରୀୟ ଚେତନା ଥିଲା ଓ ସେ ଦେଶର ବୈଜ୍ଞାନିକ ଦୃଷ୍ଟି ଏବଂ ଚିନ୍ତନର ବିକାଶ ପ୍ରତି ସମର୍ପିତ ଥିଲେ । ସେ କରିବାକୁ ପଡ଼ିଥିଲା । ତେଣୁ ସେ ଗୋଟିଏ ଅତ୍ୟନ୍ତ ଉନ୍ନତ ପ୍ରୟୋଗଶାଳା ଓ ଅନୁସନ୍ଧାନ ସଂସ୍ଥା ସ୍ଥାପନ କଲେ, ଯାହା ବାଙ୍ଗଲୋରରେ ଅବସ୍ଥିତ ଏବଂ ତାଙ୍କ ନାମ ଅନୁସାରେ ‘ରମଣ ରିସର୍ଚଇନ୍‌ଷ୍ଟିଚ୍ୟୁଟ୍’ ନାମରେ ନାମିତ ହୋଇଛି । ଭୌତିକ ଶାସ୍ତ୍ରରେ ଗବେଷଣାକୁ ବଢ଼ାଇ ଦେବାପାଇଁ ସେ ‘ଇଣ୍ଡିଆନ୍ ଜର୍ଣଲ୍‌ ଆଫ ଫିଜିକ୍‌ସ’ ନାମକ ଗବେଷଣା ପତ୍ରିକା ଆରମ୍ଭ କଲେ । ନିଜ ଜୀବନ କାଳରେ ସେ ଶହ-ଶହ ଗବେଷଣା ଛାତ୍ରମାନଙ୍କର ମାର୍ଗଦର୍ଶନ କଲେ। ଯେପରି ଗୋଟିଏ ଦୀପରୁ ଅନ୍ୟ କେତେଗୁଡ଼ିଏ ଦୀପ ଜଳିଉଠେ, ସେହିପରି ତାଙ୍କର ଅନୁସନ୍ଧାନୀ ଛାତ୍ରମାନେ ଆଗକୁ ଯାଇ ବହୁତ ଭଲ କାମ କଲେ । ତା’ ନାମକ ଗୋଟିଏ ପତ୍ରିକା ମଧ୍ୟ ସମ୍ପାଦନ କରିଥିଲେ । ରମଣଙ୍କ ପ୍ରଭାବ କେବଳ ଆଲୋକର କିରଣ ପର୍ଯ୍ୟନ୍ତ ରହିନଥୁଲା ସେ ନିଜ ବ୍ୟକ୍ତିତ୍ଵର ଆଲୋକର କିରଣରେ ସମ୍ପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ ଦେଶକୁ ଆଲୋକିତ ଓ ପ୍ରଭାବିତ କଲେ । ତାଙ୍କର ଦେହାନ୍ତ ୧୯୭୦ ମସିହା ନଭେମ୍ବର ୨୧ ତାରିଖ, ୮୨ ବର୍ଷରେ ହୋଇଥିଲା ।

15. रामन वैज्ञानिक ………………………….. करने की।
ରାମନ୍ ବୈଜ୍ଞାନିକ୍ ଚେତନା ଔର୍ ଦୃଷ୍ଟି କୀ ସାକ୍ଷାତ୍‌ ପ୍ରତିମୂର୍ତ୍ତି ଥେ । ଉନ୍‌ନେ ହମେଁ ହମେଶା ହୀ ୟହ ସଂଦେଶ୍ ଦିୟା କି ହମ୍ ଅପ୍‌ ଆସ୍‌ପାସ୍ ଘଟ୍ରହୀ ବିଭିନ୍ନ ପ୍ରାକୃତିକ୍‌ ଘଟନାଓଁ କୀ ଛାନବୀନ୍ ଏକ ବୈଜ୍ଞାନିକ ଦୃଷ୍ଟି ସେ କର୍ରେ । ତଭୀ ତୋ ରାମନ୍ ଜ୍ଞାନିକ୍ ଚେତନା ଔର୍ ଦୃଷ୍ଟି କୀ ସାକ୍ଷାତ୍‌ ପ୍ରତିମୂର୍ତ୍ତି ଥେ । ଉନେ ହମେଁ ହମେଶା ହୀ ୟହ ସଂଦେଶ୍ ଦିୟା କି ହମ୍ ଅପ୍‌ ଆସ୍‌ପାସ୍‌ ଘଟ୍‌ରହୀ ବିଭିନ୍ନ ପ୍ରାକୃତିକ୍‌ ଘଟନାଓଁ କୀ ଛାନବୀନ୍ ଏକ ବୈଜ୍ଞାନିକ ଦୃଷ୍ଟି ସେ କର୍ରେ । ତଭୀ ଉନେ ସଙ୍ଗୀତ କେ ସୁର-ତାଲ୍ ଔର୍ ପ୍ରକାଶ୍ କୀ କିରର୍ଣ୍ଣୋ କୀ ଆଭା କେ ଅନ୍ଦର୍ ସେ ବୈଜ୍ଞାନିକ ସିଦ୍ଧାନ୍ତ ଖୋଜ୍ ନିକାଲେ । ହମାରେ ଆସ୍‌ସ୍ ଐସୀ ନ ଜାନେ କିତ୍‌ନୀ ହୀ ଚୀହେଁ ବିଖ୍ରୀ ପତ୍ନୀ ହେଁ, ଜୋ ଅପ୍‌ ଜ ରୂରତ୍ ହୈ ରାମନ୍ କେ ଜୀୱନ ସେ କରନେ କୀ । ପ୍ରେରଣା ପାତ୍ର କୀ ତଲାସ୍ ମେଁ ହେଁ । ଲେନେ କୀ ଔର୍ ପ୍ରକୃତି କେ ବୀଚ୍ ଛୁପେ ବୈଜ୍ଞାନିକ୍ ରହସ୍ୟ କା ଭେଦନ୍।

ଅନୁବାଦ:
ରମଣ ବୈଜ୍ଞାନିକ ଚେତନା ଓ ଦୃଷ୍ଟିର ସାକ୍ଷାତ୍ ପ୍ରତିମୂର୍ତ୍ତି ଥିଲେ । ସେ ଆମ୍ଭଙ୍କୁ ସର୍ବଦା ଏହା ବାର୍ତ୍ତା ଦେଲେ ଯେ ଆମେ ନିଜ ଆଖପାଖରେ ଘଟୁଥ‌ିବା ବିଭିନ୍ନ ପ୍ରାକୃତିକ ଘଟଣାଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ଅନ୍ଵେଷଣ କରି ବୈଜ୍ଞାନିକ ଦୃଷ୍ଟିରେ ଦେଖୁବା । ସେଥ‌ିପାଇଁ ସେ ସଙ୍ଗୀତର ସୁର-ତାଳ ଓ ଆଲୋକ କିରଣର ଚମକ ଭିତରେ ବୈଜ୍ଞାନିକ ସିଦ୍ଧାନ୍ତ ବାହାର କଲେ । ଆମ ତୋ ଆଖପାଖରେ ଏପରି ଅଜଣାରେ କେତେକ ପଦାର୍ଥ ପଡ଼ିଛି, ଯିଏ ନିଜ ପାତ୍ରର ଅନୁସନ୍ଧାନରେ ଅଛି । ଆବଶ୍ୟକ ଅଛି ରମଣଙ୍କ ଜୀବନରୁ ପ୍ରେରଣା ନେବାର ଓ ପ୍ରକୃତି ମଧ୍ୟରେ ଛପି ରହିଥ‌ିବା ବୈଜ୍ଞାନିକ ରହସ୍ୟ ଭେଦ କରିବାର।

शबनार: (ଶରାର୍ଥି)

आभा – चमक (ଚମକ ପ୍ରଭା କାନ୍ତି)।

जिज्ञासा – जानने की इच्छा (ଜାଣିବାର ଇଚ୍ଛା, ଜିଜ୍ଞାସା) ।

नींव – आधार (ଆଧାର)।

दिलचस्पी – आग्रह (ଆଗ୍ରହ) ।

दिली इच्छा – मन या हुदय की क (ମନବା ହୃଦୟର କାମନା)।

तैनाती – नियुक्ति (ନିଯୁକ୍ତି ) ।

विश्वविख्यात – संसार में प्रसिद्ध (କାରଣରେ ପ୍ରସିଦ୍ଧ ବା ଖ୍ୟାତ, ବିଶ୍ୱବିଖ୍ୟାତ)

निहारना – देखना (ଦେଖ୍) ।

असंख्य – अनगिनत (ଅଗଣିତ, ଅସଂଖ୍ୟ) ।

बहुत – अधिक (ଅଧିକ ବହୁତ)।

रुझान – झुकाव ((ଅଭିଳାଷ ଆଗ୍ରହା)।

इस्तेमाल – व्यवहार (ବ୍ୟବହାର)।

भौतिकी – पदार्थ विज्ञान (ପଦାର୍ଥ ବିଜ୍ଞାନ) विज्ञान जिसमें तत्त्वों के गुण आदि का विवेचन किया गया है।

शोध – खोज,अनुसंधान (ଗବେଷଣା) ।

तनख्वाह – वेतन (ଦରମା) ।

माहौल – बतावरण, परिवेश (ଗତବରଶ)।

फोटाँन – प्रकाश का अंश (ଆଲୋକର ଅଂଶ)।

एकवर्णीय – एक रंग का (ଗୋଟିଏ ରଙ୍ଗ) ।

ऊर्जा – शक्ति , बल (ଶକ୍ତି, ବଳ)।

क्रांति – आन्दोलन (ଆନ୍ଦୋଳନ କରନ୍ତି)।

संरचना – गठन रीति (ଗଠନ ନାତି ସଂରଚନା)।

आणविक – अणु संबधित (ଅଶୁ ସମବୃଷ୍ଟିତ)।

परमाणविक – परमाणु से संवधित (ପରମାଣୁ ସମ୍ବରଣିତ ପରମାଣ ବିକ)।

अक्षुण्ण – अखंड़ित (ଅଖଣ୍ଡିତ ଅକ୍ଷୁର୍ଶ) ।

आहलदित – आनंदित (ଆନତିତ)।

झंका रेड़ स्पेक्ट्रोस्कापी – अबशक्त स्पेक्ट्रम विज्ञान (ଅବଶକ୍ତି ସ୍ପେକଟ୍ରମ ବିଜ୍ଞନା)।

संश्लेषण – मिलान करना (ମିଳିନ କରିବା ସଂଶ୍ଳେଷଣ)।

कट्टट – दृढ़ (ତୃଢ଼)।

लेखक परिचय (ଲେଖକ ପରିଚୀୟ)

नोबेल पुरस्कार – यह एक अन्तराष्ट्रीय स्तर का सर्वोच्च पुरस्कार है जो साहत्यि, भौतिक विज्ञान, रसायन विज्ञान, चिकित्सा विज्ञान, अर्थशास्त्र तथा शान्ति के क्षेत्र में अभूतपूर्व कार्य के लिए दिया जाता है। नोबेल पुरस्कार के जन्मदाता अल्फ्रेड़ नोबेल हैं, जिनका जन्म सन् 1833 ई. में स्वीड़ेन स्टाँकहोम नामक स्थान में हुआ था।( ନୋବେଲ ପୁରସ୍କାର, ଏହା ଅନ୍ତ ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରୀୟ ସ୍ତରର ସର୍ବୋଚ୍ଚ ପଦାର୍ଥବିଜ୍ଞାନ, ରସାୟନ ବିଜ୍ଞାନ, ଚିକିତ୍ସା ଶାସ୍ତ୍ର, ଅର୍ଥଶାସ୍ତ୍ର ତଥା ଶାନ୍ତି ଏହାର ଜନ୍ମଦାତା, ଆଲ୍ ଫ୍ରେଡ୍ ନୋବେଲ୍‌ଙ୍କ ଜନ୍ମ ୧୮୩୩ ମସିହା ସ୍ଵି ଡ଼େନ୍ ଦେଶର ଷ୍ଟକ୍ ହୋମ୍ ସହରରେ ହୋଇଥିଲା)।

धीरंजन मालवे
धीरंजन मालवे का जन्म बिहार के नालंदा जिले के डुवरावाँ गाँव में 9 मार्च 1952 को हुआ। उन्होंने ऊँची डिग्रियाँ हासिल कीं । एम.एस.सी. के साथ एम.बी.ए. और एल. एल. बी. भी पास की। वे आकाशवाणी और दूरदर्शन से जुड़े रहे। वैज्ञानिक जानकारी लोगों तक पहुँचाने का काम किया। कई भारतीय वैज्ञानिकों की संक्षिप्त जीवनियाँ भी लिखीं। ये सब उनकी ‘विश्व-विख्यात भारतीय वैज्ञानिक’ पुस्तक में समाहित हैं। मालवेजी की भाषा सीधी, सरल और वैज्ञानिक शब्दावली से युक्त है।

अभिमत:
प्रस्तुत पाठ में नोबेल विजेता प्रथम भारतीय वैज्ञानिक चंन्द्रशेखर वेंकट रामन का जीवन वर्णित है। उनके जीवन के संघर्ष की कथा कही गई है। रामन ने ग्यारह साल की उम्र में मैट्रिक पास किया। फिर विशेष योग्यता के साथ इंटरमीडिएट पास किया। आगे भौतिकी और अंग्रेजी में स्वर्णपदक के साथ बी. ए. और प्रथम श्रेणी में एम.ए. की डिग्री हासिल की। मात्र अट्ठारह साल की उम्र में कोलकाता में भारत सरकार के वित्त- विभाग में नौकरी की। उनकी प्रतिभा से उनके अध्यापक भी अभिभूत थे। रामन भारत में विज्ञान की उन्नति के चिर आकांक्षी थे। भौतिक विज्ञान के क्षेत्र में उन्होंने नयी खोज की। इसलिए सन् 1930 ई. में उन्हों नोबेल पुरस्कार मिला। एक मेधावी छात्र से महान वैज्ञानिक तक की रामन की संघर्षमय जीवन – यात्रा और उनकी उपलब्धियों की जानकारी यह पाठ प्रदान करता है।

Odisha State Board CHSE Odisha Class 11 Approaches to English Book 2 Solutions Short Stories Chapter 3 The Little Wife Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

CHSE Odisha 11th Class Alternative English Solutions Short Stories Chapter 3 The Little Wife

Section – I

Questions For Discussion:

Question 1.
Can you guess where Joe Hunckley worked? What made you guess so?
Answer:
Joe Hunckley most probably worked as businessman in a business centre. The writer makes use of an expression “the buyer” in the starry which provides the clue to know that he is a businessman.

Question 2.
What was the occasion of his getting into the 2.23 train? Was it in a normal state of time?
Answer:
It was unusually hot for early June outside the heat waves shimmered and danced above the hot slag road bud and the muddy river that run by the station when Joe got into the 2.23 train. He was in a hurry and tension when he got into the train. He was not in a normal state of mind.

Question 3.
What was the initial reaction of Joe to the first telegram?
Answer:
The telegram had upset Joe. It had come so suddenly so unexpectedly that he felt vaguely that somebody was playing a joke on him. He sat for a time staring at his fingernails.

Question 4.
Who were his co-travellers? How was the journey?
Answer:
His co-travelers were two young girls leaning out of the window and waving to their friends whose eyes were shining and cheeks flushing with laughter with the excitement at the prospect of going away and a gaunt farm woman sitting across the aisle. The journey was a mixture of pain and pleasure.

Question 5.
What things came to his mind after re-reading the telegram? Do you get any idea about his married life in this section?
Answer:
After re-reading the telegram, Joe’s hands clenched suddenly and then relieved. It had all happened so suddenly, he could not quite get it through his head, even yet. He thought that Bessie was getting along so nicely she had no trouble at all and the baby wasn’t expected for a month. This section deals with his married life. When he got married Bessie’s mother had come to live with them as a matter of course. He was rather „ glad of that arrangement.

Question 6.
Which lines show that he was upset and worried?
Answer:
The lines “The telegram had upset Joe: it had come so suddenly so unexpectedly”, “He felt confused and helpless. It was difficult to believe that Bessie was so desperately sick.

Question 7.
What does his finding fault with the doctors reveal about him?
Answer:
Suddenly, Joe had a clear picture of his wife lying in their bed, her face white with suffering and a quick panic gripped his heart. To measure himself he whispered, “Those doctors don’t know everything”. This throws light on his flinging mud at the others who are clean and innocent.

Section – II

Questions For Discussion:

Question 1.
How did Joe behave when he received the second telegram? How did he evade the stark and painful reality? Why did he not open the telegram?
Answer:
Joe’s throat felt tight and he. noticed that his hands were trembling. He wished to put his head on the window sill but he was afraid that people would think him sick and try to talk to him. He placed the unopened telegram on the seat beside him and stared at it for a long time. He tore the telegram up into tiny bits and threw away in order to evade the stark and painful reality. He did not open the telegram because it brings him tension and suffering.

Question 2.
There’s no need of going so fast, we’ve got all the time in the world. What do these words signify? Are they a happy utterance?
Answer:
These words signify the movement of the running train in a high Speed. The countryside appearance and its beauty had to somewhat intoxicate him and the speedy train was robbing him of his sightseeing. These are not a happy utterance. He was sick of the situation.

Question 3.
Does Joe tear the second telegram to pieces? What does it reflect? Where do you get the evidence of his fixation with death of his little wife?
Answer:
Thinking that the telegram was not true and he did not believe the sickness of his wife and that his tension was intense in him due to the rushing in of telegrams one after the other. Joe felt the necessity of fearing the second telegram which had caused a lot of weariness in him.

Question 4.
Why was Joe sorry that the conductor could not stay longer?
Answer:
Joe was in good humour after tearing the telegram into tiny bits. He came back to his seat when the conductor arrived for checking tickets. Joe felt like telling about his life and their marital relationships. However, the conductor went off without giving him more time for this. Joe felt extremely sorry because he felt an imperative need of talking to someone. He felt that he must talk about Bessie

Question 5.
How does Joe try to overcome his depression? What does his conversation with the fellow travellers reveal?
Answer:
Joe tries to surmount his depression by holding uninvited talks with the two young girls who were travelling in the same compartment. His conversation with them reveals his excessive emotional output of his love for his wife Bessie even in the unwarranted situation.

Question 6.
Give an account of Joe’s affair with Bessie as related by Joe.
Answer:
Bessie and Joe had been married for a year and had been very happy. The only bad thing is that he didn’t get home very often. Bessie was the finest little wife a man ever had. She didn’t complain at all about his being away so much. She had given birth to a baby son.

Question 7.
What were the fellow travellers, reaction to Joe’s incessant talk about Bessie and his married life? Were they sympathetic? Do they know about his mental condition? Justify your answer. Now, you are going to read the last part of the story. How do you think the story will end?
Answer:
Joe went on talking about his married life with Bessie to the fellow travellers- two young girls and an old woman. At the outset, they, cooperated with him to enjoy the emotional incident of married life. But they were not at all sympathetic with him. They rather poured slanting comments and finally they left him leaving him alone. They got bored to listen to such personal things for a long time. They didn’t understand his mental condition.

Grammar:
A. Fill in the blanks with suitable infinitive, participle or gerund derived from the verbs given in the brackets.
1. Have you seen anyone at the gate? (stand)
2. Those apples are sweet, (eat)
3. We caught him pickle in the kitchen, (eat)
4. She is very clever at excuses, (make)
5. It is dangerous to live wire, (touch)
6. We saw the storm; (approach)
7. He likes historical places (visit)
8. I saw her with her son. (play)
9. I am not afraid of the truth, (speak)
10. Will you allow us here? (park)
11. His remarks left us. (think)
12. It is delightful a walk in the morning, (have)
13. It would be a mistake your father’s advice, (ignore)
14. He is tired of (sing).

B. Fill in the blanks.
1. If I make a promise, I_________.
2. If it rains, you will __________.
3. If you throw a stone at the glass, the glass __________.
4. I can’t understand you, unless you __________.
5. If you don’t read carefully, you __________.
6. If he comes to invite me, I __________.
7. If demand increases, price __________.
8. Unless you pass the test __________.
9. If you work hard, you __________.
10. If you heat a metal __________.
11. If you take away his toys, __________.
12. If you come early, __________.
13. If you go to the doctor, __________.
14. If you switch on the light,__________.
15. If she does well in her examination, __________.

C. Fill in the blanks:
1. If he were here __________.
2. If it rained __________.
3. If you ate too much __________.
4. He could come, if you __________.
5. What, would happen if they __________.
6. What would happen if that tree __________.
7. She would speak to you __________.
8. If 1 have enough money __________.
9. If I were you, __________.
10. He would not be so fat __________.
11. If she were a king __________.
12. If wishes were horses __________.
13. This curry would taste better__________.
14. If the bus collided against the bridge __________.
15. We should all be glad __________.

D. Fill in the blanks.
1. There would have been a tragic accident __________.
2. If it had not been raining __________.
3. The patient would have died __________.
4. If he had not explained it __________.
5. I would have been glad __________.
6. We would have staged the drama __________.
7. I could have helped you __________.
8. I-would have joined the army __________.
9. You would have been very angry __________.
10. If she had worked harder __________.
11. If they had admitted the feet__________.
12. If the government had taken adequate steps __________.
13. If I had known that you were so busy__________.
14. Had he come to call me__________.
15. He would never get the job __________.
Answers :
A. Blanks are filled in with suitable infinitives, participles or gerunds desired from the verbs given in the brackets:
1. Have you seen anyone standing at the gate?
2. Those apples are sweet to eat.
3. We caught him dating pickle in the kitchen.
4. She is very clever at making excuses.
5. It is dangerous to touch a live wire.
6. We saw the storm approaching.
7. He likes visiting historical places.
8. I saw her with her playing son.
9. I am not afraid of speaking the truth’.
10. Will you allow us to park here ?
11. His remarks left us to think.
12. It is delightful to have a walk in the morning.
13. It would be a mistake to ignore your fellow’s advice.
14. He is tired of singing.

B. Fill in the blanks:
1. If I make a promise, I shall keep it.
2. If it rains, you will cancel the programme.
3. If you throw a stone at the glass, the glass will break.
4. I can’t understand you, unless you explain it properly.
5. If you don’t read carefully, you will make mistakes.
6. If he comes -to invite me, I shall go to the party.
7. If demand increases, price goes up.
8. Unless you pass the test, vou can’t fill in the forms.
9. If you work hard, vou will succeed.
10. If you heat a metal, it will expand.
11. If you take away his toys, he will’ cry.
12. If you come early, we will reach soon.
13. If you go to the doctor, he will come immediately.
14. If you switch on the light, vou will see the new book.
15. If she does well in her examination, she will go for higher studies.

C. Fill in the blanks.
1. If he were here, I would take his advice.
2. If it rained, I would postpone the programme.
3. If you ate too much, you would be very fat.
4. He could come, if vou invited him.
5. What would happen, if they didn’t come.
6. What would happen, if that tree broke.
7. She would speak to you if vou permitted her.
8. If I had enough money I would lend vou some.
9. If I were you, I would help him.
10. He would not be so tat if he did dieting.
11. If she were a king she would- be despotic.
12. If wishes were horses beggars would ride them.
13. This curry would taste better if it had more salt in it.
14. If the bus collided against the bridge none could escape.
15. We should all be glad if he was here.

D. Fill in the blanks.
1. There would have been a tragic accident, if the driver had not been careful.
2. If it had not been raining we would have played the match.
3. The patient would have died if the – doctor had not come.
4. If he had not explained it I wouldn’t have understood it.
5. I would have been glad if you had told. it to me before.
6. We would have staged the drama, if it hadn’t rained.
7. I could have helped you if I had been there.
8. I would have joined the army if I had physical fitness.
9. You would have, been very angry if you had been in my place.
10. If she had worked harder she could have succeeded.
11. If they had admitted the fact, It would have helped- them.
12. If the government had taken adequate steps, the disease would have been checked.
13. If I had known that you were so busy, I wouldn’t have disturbed you.
14. Had he come to call me I could have gone with him.
15. He would never get the job if he didn’t work hard.

Section-III

Questions For Discussion:
Question 1.
What impression did the fellow travellers take about Joe from his continuous talk?
Answer:
The fellow travellers at first thought Joe was jolly and high spirited, but after some times, they came to the conclusion that he must he a little drunk or possibly demented.

Question 2.
What idea does this section offer about his marriage?
What does his incessant talk about his little wife reveal?
Was he conscious of the listeners and also the time?
Answer:
This section tells that Joe and Bessie had been married one year ago and his little wife didn’t go in for a lot of show. They had spent their honeymoon in New Orleans and had visited all the places there. She was an excellent cook and housekeeper.

Question 3.
Why did a feeling of terror sweep over him after he met Mrs. Thompkins?
Answer:
Mrs. Thompkins was dressed in black and had a black veil. Her eyes were red and swollen. She asked is he had received her telegrams. She looked boldly into his eyes. A sudden terror swept over him.

Question 4.
What do his final words to his mother-in-law reveal?
Answer:
His final words to his mother-in-law were, “I didn’t read your telegram. I didn’t want to know that she was dead. I wanted to keep her alive a little longer.” This means his little wife was alive in his thought so long as he had not known from the telegram that she was dead. She continued to live in him till he knew that she had died.

Question 5.
What is the focus in the story?
Answer:
The main focus in the story is the telepathic function over Joe regarding the death of his little wife. His becoming restless and talking a lot about her reveal that his wife must have been dead.

Question 6.
Why did Joe repeatedly use the expression ‘my little wife’?
Was he successful in hiding his mental condition before the fellow travellers?
Answer:
Joe said, “My little Wife” repeatedly with the fellow travellers out of affection. He was not successful in hiding his mental condition before them.

Question 7.
In which lines do you know that Bessie was no more?
Answer:
The lines — “She (Mrs. Thompkins) was dressed in black and she wore a black veil” I didn’t want to know that she was dead. I wanted to keep her alive a little longer”— give an impression that Bessie was dead.

Question 8.
Can you guess what would have been the story if the second telegram had been opened and had contained the message of Bessie’s improving health?
Answer:
If the second’ telegram had been opened and had contained the message of Bessie’s improving health, Joe would have been very happy and contented, would have not lost mental equilibrium.

Composition :

Question 1.
Give an account of behaviour of Joe after he received the second telegram.
Answer:
When Joe received the second telegram, we marked a sea change in him. His behaviour changed altogether. Joe’s throat felt tight and he noticed that his hands were trembling. He wished to put his head on the window sill but he was afraid people would think him sick and try to talk him. He placed the unopened telegram on the seat beside him and stared of it for a long time. At last, he read the first telegram very slowly. He looked up quickly and saw that the two young, girls had turned around and were watching him, making laughing remark to each other behind their hands. He rose from his seat feeling weak and slightly nauseated the unopened telegram in his hand. He passed through several coaches until he reached the end of the train and went out on the near vestibule.

He had a sudden wish to jump from the end of the train and run off into the woods:
However, Joe kept turning over in his hand thinking, “I’ve got to open it now; I’ve got to open it and read it. Finally, he said aloud.;, It’s not true ! I don’t believe it !” He repeated those words a number of times and then he said, “It’s from the House about that cancellation in meridian.” Moreover, he tore the unopened telegram into tiny bits and threw the pieces from the end of the train. He reached the seat as the conductor came through the train. He told the conductor that he was going to see his little wife at home. The conductor passed some light remarks on him and his wife.

He then went off and Joe was sorry for his departure. He felt an imperative need of talking to some. He felt that he must talk about Bessie to someone. He saw two young girls smiling at him. Joe understood perfectly. He started talking to them. When the young girls got off the train, Joe followed them and saw them off. He came back but again felt like talking about his little wife to some people. He wished to smoke a cigarette, but saw three people in the smoker.‘He saw the old lady having lunch with her husband. He went forward and asked for talking to them. The old gentleman consented and Joe went on with the usual talk about his little wife. He even talked about their honeymoon at New OrleAnswer: The old gentleman was surprised to hear such unnecessary talk of Joe. As a matter of fact, Joe’s mind was entirely disturbed after receiving the second telegram. That is why he started behaving in a peculiar and queer manner.

Question 2.
Write a note on Joe’s relationship with Bessie leading to their marriage.
Answer:
The story “The Little Wife” is written by William March, a prominent and outstanding American storyteller. His stories dealt upon the dramatic or critical moments of life, his discerning study of man and manners especially of their psychic responses at such moment, makes his stories very interesting and powerful. Here, the protagonist Joe, describes his premarital relationship with Bessie leading to their wedlock. His emotional out part propelled him to present this relationship at a great length.

However, Joe started talking rapidly about it to the two young girls and the old lady. He told in detail of the first time he had met Bessie. It had been in the home of Jack Barnes, one of the boy he had met on the road and he had been invited over for dinner and a little study poker later. Mrs. Bernes didn’t play poker, so, Bessie who lived across the street had been invited over to keep Mrs. Barnes company while the man played. He had liked Bessie at once and the boys had kidded him about not keeping his mind on the same. He had never told anybody this before, but when the boys started kidding him he made up his mind not to look at Bessie again as he didn’t want her to think that he was fresh, but he couldn’t stop looking at her and every time he caught her eye she would smile in a sweet friendly sort of way.

At last, everybody noticed it and they started joking Bessie too,- but she had not minded at all. He had lost $14.50 that night, but had met Bessie. Bessie can’t be called exactly beautiful, but she was sweet and nice. Bessie was the sort of girl that any man would want to marry. He told to their courtesy. He quoted whole paragraph from letters that she had written to prove a particular point which he had brought up. Bessie had not liked him especially, not right at first, at any rate, of course she had liked him as a friend from the first but not in any serious way. There were one or two other fellows hanging around too.

Bessie had a great deal of attention, she could have gone out every night with a different man if she had wanted to. Being on the opportunity to see her after or maybe that was an advantage any way he wrote her everyday. Then, finally they had become engaged. She hadn’t even let him kiss her until then. He knew from the first that she would make a wonderful little wife, but he was stilt puzzled why a girl as superior as Bessie would want to marry him. In fact, Joe’s relationship with Bessie is very interesting and thought-provoking. The storyteller has tried to provide a vivid description about Joe’s premarital relationship with Bessie.

Question 3.
Justify the title of the story “The Little Wife”.
Answer:
In fact the story “The Little Wife” is one of the most typical masterpiece of William March, an eminent, popular and outstanding American storyteller. He is really a great master to provide apt and suggestive titles to his stories. The title of the present story is a burning example expressing those qualities. Actually, every work of art has a title which dominates over the labyrinth of the whole work. It is, in fact, the central idea around which the other ideas revolve.

Of course, the title of a work of art can be appropriately compared with a signboard of a shop. As an attractive, colourful and gorgeous signboard automatically arrests the attention of the customer, similarly a beautiful and apt title attracts the attention of the reader towards the piece of art and even it makes them spellbound to completely go through it as soon as possible”. Just like a good signboard spells out the contents of a shop, likewise the beautiful and attractive title of a piece of art speaks about the volumes of the ideas contained therein. In this discussing story, the writer has repeatedly used the title in the story giving much emphasis on the little wife.

However, the protagonist’s wife Bessie is here described as the little wife. Joe refers to this little wife again and over again. It is that little wife Bessie whom Joe had married one year ago. She had been with him after their love before marriage. She had been blessed with a baby son about which Joe receives an express telegram from his mother-in-law regarding her giving birth to a sort The first telegram says that the mother and baby. were getting on rapidly. But the second telegram tells about the locating truth of life. The second telegram entirely disturbs and confused the mind of Joe. He was so much irritated by the very word telegram that he had even not gone through the second one. He moves from coach to coach so as to brood over his little wife. He decided to jump off the train and disappear into the forest.

Of course, then he came back and furiously explained all that had been associated with Bessie starting from their love to the marital life and having a baby thereafter. He even didn’t forget to describe their love, marriage and honeymoon trips to New Orleans where they had a pleasant experience. In the concluding part of the story, it is .found that the little wife is dead. The stern and stark reality of life had reached. prematurely sweeping away a nice partner.

In fact, it is very much clear from the story that the title of the story is apt and suggestive. We have marked that the entire story is appropriately concerned with the little wife. Again the ending of the story, although it is pathetic, still then it is concerned, with the death of the little wife. In short, March’s, dealing with the title is superb and fantastic.

Vocabulary:
Make sentences using the following:

stow	shimmer	swab	aisle
gaunt	protruded	itinerary	giggle
vestibule	mangy	demented	cuspidor
flabby	petulant	droop	jaunty
announce	supplement	excuse	advantage
engage

Answer:
stow – Don’t stow your luggage out of sight.
shimmer – A dim light shimmered in a distance.
swab – He washed his bike and then swabbed it.
aisle – An old lady was sitting in the aisle of the train.
gaunt – He looks gaunt after his prolonged illness.
protruded – His lower chin is little protruded.
itinerary – He had a pleasant itinerary experience.
giggle – The girls giggled at the young man’s story.
vestibule – Joe went to the vestibule with the second telegram in hand.
mangy – There sleeps a mangy cat under the cat.
demented – After his wife’s demise, he was demented.
cuspidor – Spit into the cuspidor.
flabby – The girl was quite soft and flabby.
petulant – The old man is quite petulant in temperament.
droop – He is having a drooping posture.
jaunty – His jaunty walking reveals his romantic personality.
announce – TV announced the approach of a terrible cyclone.
supplement – His article supplemented to, my, preparation.
excuse – Scarcity of time for preparing for the examination is not an excuse.
advantage – Rising early from bed is an advantage to health.
engage – He is engaged in a risky matter.

Grammar:
A. Fill in the blanks with suitable forms of ‘be’, ‘have’ or ‘do’.
1. Man_________an animal.
2. _________quiet.
3. He didn’t do well. No, he
4. Your cycle makes a lot of sound. Yes, it __________.
5. He spoke a lot. Yes, he __________.
6. __________ a good time.
7. Will you __________ a cup of tea?
8. Her brother __________ a reporter.
9. What are you __________ to night?
10. __________ remember to come in time.
11. I_________visited the states.
12. He __________ eaten all the mangoes before I arrived.
13. She __________ singing when her husband was playing harmonium.
14. She __________ a house at Berhampur.
15. Your son __________ a red ball in his hand.
16. I __________ do better next time.
17. Come what many, I not retreat.
18. __________ you come to dine with us?
19. __________ I make tea for you?
20. He__________be 18 this week.
21. Members __________ bring their identity cards to the general body meeting.
22. He won’t come __________ he?
23. Let us go the theatre __________we?
24. The train __________reach Delhi a day after tomorrow.
25. I_________ see you tomorrow.
26. He __________ be dismissed for his misconduct.
27. I_________ never see your face again.
28. She __________ obey her parents.
29. All students pay their tuition fees on 10th of every month.
30. The Chief Minister __________ came to inaugurate the annual function of our College.
31. __________you lend me your pen?
32. Have a cup of tea, __________ you?
33. I_________ be thirty after two years.
34. You__________ be rewarded for your success.
35. I __________ help you.
36. He suggested that we __________ go on a ride.
37. After super she __________ take a glass of milk.
38. They ran last they __________ miss the train.
39. You __________ not talk in such a loud voice inside an auditorium.
40. He is determined that he ____ join politics.
41. She worked hard so that she __________ keep a position.
42. __________ you mind closing the door.
43. The students __________ actively participate in social work.
44. He __________ not have behaved so roughly with his wife.
45. He __________ like to know about his duty.
46. Your report __________be ready before 20th January.
47. Your answer is wrong, can you say what _________ it be?
48. I _________ like you to be punctual.
49. _________you mind closing the door?
50. She wrote me that she_________ arrive in the airport at 1 1 p.m.
51. When _________ he done? He _________ be late.
52. Where ___________ you keep the picture.
53. It’s late. You _________ leave now.
54. _________you like to have tea?
55. ___________ you mind lending me your book?

Answer:
1. Man is an animal.
2. Be quiet.
3. He didn’t do well. No, he does.
4. Your cycle makes a lot of sound. Yes, it does.
5. He spoke a lot, yes, he did.
6. Have a good time?
7. Will you have a cup of tea?
8. Her brother is, a reporter.
9. What are you doing tonight.
10. Do you remember to come in time.
11. I have visited the states.
12. He has eaten all the mangoes before I arrived
13. She was singing when her husband was playing harmonium.
14. She has a house at Berhampur.
15. Your son has a red ball in his hand.
16, I will do better next time.
17. Come what money? I will not retreat.
18. Will you come to dine with us?
19. Shall I make tea for you?
20. He win be 18 this week.
21. Members shall bring their identity cards to the general body meeting.
22. He won’t come, will he?
23. Let us go to the theater, shall we?
24. The train will reach Delhi a day after tomorrow.
25. I shall see you tomorrow.
26. He shall be dismissed for his misconduct.
27. I will never see your face again.
28. She shall obey her parents.
29. All students will pay their tuition fees on 10th of every month.
30. The Chief Minister will come to inaugurate the annual function of our college.
31. Will you lend me your pen?
32. Have a cup of tea, will you?
33. I shall be thirty after two years.
34. You shall be rewarded for your success.
35. I will help you.
36. He suggested that one should go on a ride.
37. After supper she would take a glass of milk.
38 They ran fast they should miss the train.
39. You should not talk in such a loud voice inside an auditorium.
40. He is determined that he would join politics.
41. She worked hard so that she should keep a position.
42. Would you mind closing the door?
43. The students should actively participate in social works.
44. He would not have behaved so roughly with his wife.
45. He would like to know about his duty.
46. Your report should be ready before 20th January.
47. Your answer is wrong, can you say what should it be?
48. I would like you to be punctual.
49. Would you mind closing the door?
50. She wrote me that she would arrive in the airport at 11 p.m.
51. When should he come? He would be late.
52. Where should you keep the picture?
53. It’s late. You should leave now.
54. Would you like to have tea?
55. Would you mind lending me your book!

Section – I

Pre-reading Activity:
How do you feel when the postman knocks on your door and says that you have a telegram? Have you read R.K. Narayan’s story “The Gateman’s Gift” where the protagonist a retired gentleman avoids opening a registered letter, lest it should contain some bad news.
How do you feel when you receive the news of a close relative being treated in a hospital?

Notes on the Writer:
William March (1804-1954), a prominent American writer, has made a significant mark in the realm of short stories. His stories dealt upon the dramatic or critical moments of life, his discerning study of men and manners especially of their psychic responses at such moment makes his stories very interesting and powerful.

The Story:
The present story enacts a drama of terrible tension procedure lingering for about 5 hours of a train journey (from 2.28 p.m. to 7.35 p.m.). Joe’s behaviour throughout the journey with the unopened telegram is a clear demonstration of his restlessness and fear- psychosis. After he throws away the torn pieces of the telegram outside he feels relieved and gay. This mark of gaiety and relief is nothing but a psychic projection of an intense longing to keep his dear ‘little wife’ alive a little longer. All his words and abnormal behaviour in the compartment manifest a fear due to lack of courage to face the most painful reality. His reminiscences about his love for Bessie, thereafter leading to marriage and his obsession with his little wife seem to provide him an escape from the dreadful truth he wants to forget. The memories of his most intimate moments with his dear wife only serve to highlight the pathos and psychological strain witnessed in the story are justaposed to lay the light heartedness of the fellow passengers and their responses to the babbling of Joe. The spry with its atmosphere of gloom and depression reminds us of the dreadful finality of death.

Gist:
Paragraphs: 1-3
Joe Hinckley set out for a train journey. He selected a seat on the shady side of the train. It was very hot for early June. The time was 2.28 p.m. when the train was five minutes late. He could not pack his things due to lack of time. He had little time after getting. telegram from Mrs. Thompkins, the telegram. had upset Joe. He felt vague that someone was playing a joke on him. He was confused. and helpless. It was difficult to believe that” Bassie was so desperately sick. He sat staring at his fingernails. He, all of sudden, recalled an appointment of 4. O’clock and he rose so ” quickly from his seat for sending a message to explain his absence. But he realised that the train was in motion.

Paragraphs: 4-7
Two young girls were leaning out of the window. Their eyes were shining and their cheeks were flushed and they were laughing with excitement at the prospect of going away. A farm woman sat across the aisle, whose red-veined eyes projected. Her neck was swollen with a goiter. She held a bouquet of crepe- myrtle. Beside her she had placed her straw suitcase and several bulky paper-wrapped parcels. Joe took from his pocket the telegram that he had received from his mother-in-law and read it again.

Paragraphs: 8-9
All at sudden, Joe’s hands clenched and then relaxed. Then at two O’clock, he had gone back to the hotel to freshen up and the clerk had reached in his box and had taken out the key to this room and the telegram which had been waiting for him for two hours. Joe read it twice and then looked at the address to make sure that the message was really for him. He had arranged his itinerary so that he would be with his wife Bessie when the baby was born. Joe leaned his head against the real plush of the seat. He felt numb and ‘ very tired. At first the signature “Mother” had puzzled him because he could not understand what his mother would be doing in mobile with I Bessie. Then he realised that it was Bessie’s mother who had sent him the telegram.

Paragraph: 10
When he had married Bessie, her mother had come to live with them. He was rather glad of that arrangement. His work j. made it impossible for him to get home often than every other week and many times it was difficult for him to get home that often. He couldn’t disappoint Bessie, no matter what happened. Three years of married life had been the happiest that he had ever known. Bessie had been happy too. Suddenly, he had a clear picture of her lying on their bed, her face white with suffering and a quick panic gripped his heart. To assume himself he whispered that those doctors don’t know everything. She would be all right. Mrs. Thompkins her mother was excited and terrified.

Analytical outlines:

• Joe Hinkley set out for a train journey.
• He selected a seat on the shady side of the train.
• It was very hot for early June.
• The time was 2.28 p.m.
• The train was five minute late at that time.
• He could not pack his things due to lack of time.
• He had little time after getting telegram from Mrs. Thompkins.
• The telegram had upset Joe.
• He felt vaguely that someone had played joke with him.
• He was confused.
• He was also helpless.
• Bessie was desperately sick.
• It was beyond his belief.
• He sat staring at his fingernails.
• Suddenly, he recalled an appointment of 4 O’clock.
• He rose quickly from his seat.
• He sent a message to explain his absence.
• But he realised that the train was in motion.
• Two young girls were leaning out of the window.
• Their eyes were shining.
• Their cheeks were flushed.
• They were laughing with excitement at the prospect of going away.
• A farm woman sat across the aisle.
• Her red-reined eyes were projected.
• Her, neck was swollen with a goitre.
• She held a bouquet of crepe-myrtle.
• Beside her, she had placed her straw suitcase.
• She had also placed several bulky paper wrapped parcels.
• Joe took the telegram from his pocket.
• He had received it from his mother-in-law.
• He read it again.
• Suddenly, Joe’s hand clenched and then relaxed.
• It was two O’clock then.
• He had gone back to the hotel to freshen up.
• The clerk had reached in his box.
• He hud taken out the key to this room and the telegram.
• The telegram had been waiting for him for two- hours.
• Joe read it twice.
• He looked at the address.
• He was sure that the message was really for him.
• He had arranged his itinerary.
• He would be with his wife Bessie.
• Joe leaned his head against the red plush of the seat.
• He felt numb and very tired.
• At first the signature “Mother” had puzzled him.
• Because, he could not understand what his to other would be doing in mobile with Bessie.
• Then he realised that it was Bessie’s mother.
• He knew that she had sent him the telegram.
• When he married Bessie, her mother had come to live with them.
• He was rather glad of that arrangement.
• He was remaining busy with his work.
• He was not able to visit her always.
• He was coming home often than every other week.
• Many times it was difficult for him to come home even often.
• He could not disappoint Bessie no matter what happened.
• Their year of married life had been the happiest.
• Bessie had been happy too.
• Suddenly, she became bed sick.
• Her face was white with suffering.
• A quick panic gripped his heart.
• He whispered that those doctors don’t know anything.
• He consoled her that she would be all right.
• Her mother Mrs. Thompkins was excited and terrified.

Meaning of difficult words:
stow – put away, to Store, place.
shimmer – shine with a soft, unsteady light, gleam tremulously.
swab – to clean or dry with a piece of cloth.
aisle – way for walking alone, between blocks of seats.
gaunt – lean, grim, haggard-looking, extremely thin and bony, emaciated.
protruded – stood out, projected, trust forward.
goiter – an enlargement of thyroid gland on the front and sides of the neck.
crepe-myrtle – a tall Chinese shrub having pink purple or white flowers grown as an ornamental in the southern and western U.S.
drone – to make a dull continuously monotonous sound, humming sound.
wheage – to make a sound resembling difficult breathing.
itinerary – a detailed plan for a journey, esp a list of places to visit, a plan of travel.
smuthy – dirty, filthy, obscene.

Section – II

Gist:
Paragraphs: 11-12
In front of Joe was seated a White haired old gentle man who opened his bag and took out a travelling cap. He had some difficulty in fastening the cutch while holding his straw hat in his hand but his wife sitting with him took the bag and fastened it at once. Then she took his hat and held it on her lap. She was reading a magazine. The Negro porter came down the aisle, who had a telegram in his hand. Reaching the centre he called out, “Telegram for Mr. J.G. Hinckley !” Joe let him call the name three times before he claimed the message. The porter explained that the telegram had been delivered to the train by a messenger from the American Hotel. Joe gave the porter twenty-five cents for a tip and went back to his seat.

Paragraphs: 13-15
The country’ woman looked up instantly and turned her eyes away. The young girls laughed and whispered and looked boldly at Joe and the old gentle man went to the smoking room with a cigarette. Joe felt his hands trembling. He placed the unopened telegram on the seat and stared at it for a long time. At last, he re-read the first telegram very slowly. He thought it might have been from Mrs Thompkins or from Boykin Rosen or from house. He looked up and saw the two young girls had turned around and were watching him making remarks to reach behind their hands. He rose from his seat weak and nauseated with the unopened telegram in his hand. He passed through several coaches until he reached the end of the train and went out on the rear vestibule. He had a sudden wish to jump from the train and ran off into the woods. But he felt that such an act would look very strange. The brakeman with a lantern in hand asked whether he was feeling all right. He replied in affirmative. The break-man disappeared and Joe was happy.

Paragraphs: 16-17
The train marched past the countryside. A little Negro girl with a patched pink dress ran down to the track and waved her hand. A lame old country man ploughing in his stumpy field, pulled up his mangy mule to share at the passing train. He felt sick. He didn’t want people to notice him or talk to him. He kept turning the telegram over in his hand thinking that he had got to open it then. He said it was not true. He said that the telegram was not from Mrs. Thompkins, it was from house. He tore the unopened telegram into small pieces and threw the pieces from the end of the train immediately, he felt better. He felt that everything was all right and decided to go home and see his little wife. He laughed happily. He went back to his seat. He felt gay and relieved.

Paragraphs: 18-19
Joe reached his seat as the conductor came through the train. He nodded pleasantly as he gave up his ticket. Joe laughed with ringing heartiness and the conductor looked at him in surprise. The conductor asked him the reason why he was laughing. He replied because, he was going to see his little wife at home. The conductor replied that’s fine, simply fine. He shook Joe’s hand.’Joe laughed again. The conductor said to give his regards to madam.

Paragraphs: 20-26
Joe was sorry that the conductor could not stay longer. He felt an imperative talking to some one particularly about Bessie. He looked around and the two young girls smiled at him. Joe decided that he would go over and talk to them. He walked over casually and seated himself. He asked where they were going to. The blue-eyed girl replied that they would be getting off at Flomation. They were going home for summer vacation. Joe gravely said to get all the education they could and the girls laughed. Joe laughed too. The old lady across the aisle put down her magazine and started laughing too Joe waited until the girls had exhausted themselves. He said that he ought to sound fatterly, he has just got a telegram that he has become father for the first time.

Paragraphs: 27-31
This interested the young girls who crowded him questions which they wanted to know about it. Joe felt very happy. The old lady had moved in her seat in order to hear better. Joe said that his mother-in-law Mrs. Thompkins had sent him telegram following Bessie giving birth to a baby son and both mother and son were doing well. Bessie and he had been married for a year. The old lady asked what he was going to name his baby. The reply was not exactly beautiful. She was sweet and nice. She was the sort of girl that any man would want to marry.

Paragraphs: 32-34
He went on speaking how they were engaged and ultimately married. He also told how he was once determined not to marry at all. Two hours after, his audience was getting bored but Joe did not realize it. Finally, the old gentleman with the cap came back from the smoking room. He also never spared his mother-in-law whom he described like anything.

Analytical outlines:

• In front of Joe, a white haired old gentle man was seated.
• He opened his bed.
• He took out a travelling cap.
• He had some difficulty in fastening the cutch.
• He held his straw hat in his hand.
• His wife took the bag.
• She fastened it at once.
• Then she took his hat.
• She held it on her lap.
• She was reading a magazine.
• The Negro porter came down the aisle.
• He had a telegram in his hand.
• He came to the center.
• He called out, ‘Telegram for Mr. J.G Hinkley”.
• Joe let him call the name three times before he claimed the message.
• The porter explained about it.
• It had been delivered to the train.
• It was delivered by a messenger from the American Hotel.
• Joe gave the porter twenty-five cents for a tip.
• He went back to his seat.
• The country woman looked up instantly.
• He turned her eyes away.
• The young girls laughed.
• They whispered and looked boldly.
• The old gentleman went to the smoking room with a cigarette.
• Joe felt his hand trembling.
• He placed the unopened telegram on the seat.
• He stared at it for a long time.
• At last, he re-read the first telegram very slowly.
• He thought it might have been from Mrs. Thompkins.
• Even it might have been from Boykin Rosen or from house.
• He looked up.
• He saw the two young girls had turned around.
• They were watching him.
• They were making remarks to reach behind their hands.
• He rose from his seat weak and nauseated with the Unopened telegram in his hand.
• He passed through several coaches.
• He reached the end of the train.
• He went out on the rear vestibule.
• He had a sudden wish to jump from the train.
• He wished to run off into the woods.
• But he felt that such an act would look very strange.
• The brakeman was holding a lantern.
• He asked him if he was feeling alright.
• He replied in affirmative.
• The brakeman disappeared.
• Joe became happy.
• The train marched past the countryside.
• A little Negro girl ran down to die track.
• She was wearing a patched pink dress.
• She waved her hand.
• A lame old county man ploughing in his stumpy field.
• He pulled up his mangy mule to share at the passing train.
• He felt sick.
• He did not want people to notice or talk to him.
• He kept turning the telegram over in his hand.
• He was about to open it then.
• He said it was not true.
• He said that it was not from Mrs. Thonipkins.
• But it was from house.
• He tore the unopened telegram into small pieces.
• He threw the pieces from the train immediately.
• Then he felt better.
• He felt that everything was alright.
• He decided to go home and see his little wife.
• He laughed happily.
• He went back to his seat.
• He felt gay and relieved.
• Joe reached his seat.
• The conductor came through the train.
• He nodded pleasantly as he gave up his ticket.
• Joe laughed with ringing heartiness.
• His conductor looked at him in surprise.
• The conductor asked him the reason of laughing.
• He replied because, he is going to see his little wife at home.
• The conductor replied it was fine.
• He shook Joe’s hand.
• Joe laughed again.
• The conductor said to give his regards to madam.
• Joe was sorry for the departure of the conductor.
• He felt an imperative talking to someone, particularly about Bessie.
• He looked around.
• The two young girls smiled.
• Joe decided to talk to them.
• He asked where they were going to.
• The blue-eyed girl replied that they were to Flomation.
• They were going home for summer vacation.
• Joe advised them to get all the education they could.*
• The girls laughed.
• Joe laughed too.
• The old lady across the aisle put down the magazine.
• She started laughing too.
• Joe waited until the girls had exhausted themselves.
• He said that he ought to sound fatherly.
• He got a telegram that he has become a father for the first time.
• This interested the young girls.
• They crowded him questions.
• They wanted to know about it
• Joe felt very happy.
• The old lady moved in her seat to hear better.
• He received the telegram from his mother-in-law.
• He is informed that his wife had given birth to a baby son.
• Both the mother and son were doing well
• Bessie and he had been married for a year.
• The old lady asked what he was going to name his baby.
• The reply was not exactly beautiful.
• She was sweet and nice.
• She was the sort of girl that any man woud want to many.
• He went on speaking how they were engaged.
• At last they were married.
• He also told how he was once determined not to marry at all.
• Finally, the old gentleman came back from the smoking room with the cap.
• He also never spared his mother-in-law.
• He described her like anything.

Meaning of difficult words:
giggle – titter, laugh in a silly manner.
vestibule – part of a railway carriage connecting win anti with access to the next.
mangy – affected by mangy (a skin disease affecting animals and sometimes men and characterized by loss of hair and scabby eruptions).
elbow/nudge – push slightly, especially with the elbow.
snap – a quick, sharp speech or manner of speaking.
cockeyed – (slang) foolish or obscured.
kid (v) – to tease or jest with.

Section-III

Gist:
Paragraphs: 35-40
At last, the train reached Flomation. The porter canie to help the girls off with their bags. They were very glad to get away. They were also a little nervous. There was something about Joe that they couldn’t understand. At first, they had thought him jolly and high spirited, but after a time they came to the conclusion that he must be drunk or slightly demented. Joe helped them off the train and on the platform. The black-eyed girl waved her hand and said to give her love to Bessie and the son and the blue-eyed girl said to be sure and kiss the baby for her. The two girls looked at each other and started laughing. Joe came back to the coach again. He was again restless. He decided to have a cigarette. He found three men in the smoking room. They were telling jokes and laughing when Joe came in. Joe wanted to talk to them about Bessie but he couldn’t bring her name up in such an atmosphere. He went to his seat.

Paragraphs: 41-45
A bright-skinned waiter came through the train announcing the first calf for dinner. At first, he thought to have dinner on the train, but then thought that Mrs. Thompkins would be waiting for him with a nice preparation of meals at home. He again felt like telling about his wife and went to the old couple engaged in taking their lunch on the train. He went to them and asked if he could talk to them. The old man replied positively. The old lady looked at her husband reproachfully. Joe talked of his wedding. .

Paragraphs: 46-49
Then he told of the honey-money, they had spent in New Orleans, all the places they had visited there and just what Bessie had thought and said about each one. He went on talking. He told of the first week of their married life and how happy they were in those days. He also told that Bessie was a marvellous cook. He talked of her Jove for the home he had purchased for her and her unbound pleasure when she knew that she was going to have a baby. The old gentleman was staring at Joe in a puzzled manner. Joe had lost all idea of time. He talked on and on rapidly and excitedly. He had get as far as Bessie’s plans for the child’s education when the porter touched him in die arm and told him that they were pulling into station at mobile. He gave the porter a tip and stepped off the train jauntily. When he turned to pick up his bag he saw that the woman with the waiter was staring at him. He went and said “Goodbye, lady, I hope you have a nice trip.” The woman stared at him until he was out of sight.

Paragraphs: 50-54
On the other side of the iron fence, Joe saw Mrs. Thompkins. She was dressed in black and she wore a black veil. Joe went over to her briskly and Mrs. Thompkins put her arms around him and kissed him twice saying “Poor Joe !”. Joe noticed that her eyes were red and swollen. She asked whether he had got her telegram. He replied positively. She again asked whether he had .got her second telegram. He leaned against the iron fence for support and Mrs. Thompkins, held his hand. Joe at last said the truth that he had not read her telegram. He didn’t want to know that Bessie was dead. He sat down on an empty baggage truck and hide his face in his hands.

Analytical Outlines:

• At last, the train reached Flomation.
• The porter came to help the girls.
• They were very glad to get away.
• They were also a little nervous.
• There was something about Joe.
• They could not understand it.
• At first, they had thought him jolly and high-spirited.
• Later on they thought that he must be drunk or slightly demented.
• Joe helped them off the train.
• The black-eyed girl waved her hand.
• She said to give her love to Bessie and the son.
• The blue-eyed girl said to kiss the baby for her.
• The two girls looked at each other.
• They also started laughing.
• Joe came back to the coach again.
• He was again restless.
• He decided to have a cigarette.
• He found three men in the smoker.
• They were joking and laughing.
• Joe wanted to talk to them about Bessie.
• But he could not do it in such an atmosphere.
• He went to his seat.
• A bright-skinned waiter came through the train.
• He announced the first call for dinner.
• At first, he thought to have dinner.
• But he gave up this thought.
• As Mrs. Thompkins would be waiting >. him for dinner.
• The old couple were taking their lunch.
• Joe went there to talk with them about Bessie.
• He begged permission to talk with them.
• The old gentle man replied positively.
• Joe started talking about his wedding.
• Then he told about the honeymoon.
• They had spent it in New OrleAnswer:
• He had visited all the places there.
• He told them about Bessie’s thought.
• He told about the first week of their married life.
• They were very happy in those days.
• He also told that Bessie ’was a marvellous cook.
• He talked of her love for the home.
• He talked about her unbound pleasure.
• As she knew that she was going to have a baby.
• The old gentle man was staring at Joe.
• He started at a puzzled manner.
• Joe had lost all idle of time.
• He talked on and on rapidly and excitedly.
• He had got as far as Bessie’s plan for child’s education.
• The porter touched him in his arm.
• He told that they were coming to the – station very soon.
• He gave the porter a tip.
• The train stopped off jauntily.
• He turned to pick up his bag.
• He marked the woman staring at him.
• He bade her good-bye.
• Joe saw Mrs. Thompkins on the other side of the iron fence.
• She was dressed in black.
• She wore a black veil.
• Joe went over to her briskly.
• Mrs. Thompkins put her arms around him.
• She kissed him twice.
• She said him poor Joe.
• Joe noticed that her eyes were red and swollen.
• She asked whether he had got her telegram.
• Joe replied positively.
• She again asked whether he received the second telegram.
• He leaned against the iron fence.
• She hold his hand.
• Joe said that he received the second telegram, but he did not go through it.
• So, he didn’t know that Bessie was dead.
• He sat down on an empty baggage truck.
• He hid his face in his hands.

Meaning of difficult words :
demented – made mad, insane.
cuspidor – spitoon
flabby – soft, yielding.
petulant – showing impatience and irritation.
droop – handing down.
jaunty – an easy and sprightly manner.

Odisha State Board Elements of Mathematics Class 12 CHSE Odisha Solutions Chapter 13 Three Dimensional Geometry Additional Exercise Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

CHSE Odisha Class 12 Math Solutions Chapter 13 Three Dimensional Geometry Additional Exercise

Question 1.
Find the equation in vector and Cartesian form of the plane passing through the point (3, -3, 1) and normal to the line joining the points (3, 4, -1) and (2, -1, 5)
Solution:

Changing the vector equation to cartesian form we have
(xi + yj + zk) . (-i – 5j + 6k) = 18
⇒ -x – 5y + 6z = 18
⇒ x + 5y – 6z + 18 = 0

Question 2.
Find the vector equation of the plane whose Cartesian form of equation is 3x – 4y + 2z = 5
Solution:
The cartesian equation is 3x – 4y + 2z = 5
The vector equation is \(\vec{r}\). (3i – 4j + 2k) = 5

Question 3.
Show that the normals to the planes \(\vec{r}\) . (î – ĵ + k̂) = 3 and \(\vec{r}\) . (3î + 2ĵ – k̂) = 0 are perpendicular to each other.
Solution:

Question 4.
Find the angle between the planes \(\vec{r} \cdot(2 \hat{i}-\hat{j}+2 \hat{k})=6 \text { and } \vec{r} \cdot(3 \hat{i}+6 \hat{j}-2 \hat{k})=9\).
Solution:

Question 5.
Find the angle between the line \(\vec{r}=(\hat{i}+2 \hat{j}-\hat{k})+\lambda(\hat{i}-\hat{j}+\hat{k})\) and the \(\vec{r} \cdot(2 \hat{i}-\hat{j}+\hat{k})\) = 4.
Solution:

Question 6.
Prove that the acute angle between the lines whose direction cosines are given by the relations l + m + n = 0 and l² + m² – n² = 0 is \(\frac{\pi}{3}\).
Solution:
l + m + n = 0 ⇒ n = -(l + m)
l² + m² – n² = 0
⇒ l² + m² – (l + m)² = 0
⇒ 2lm = 0
Now l = 0 ⇒ m + n = 0 ⇒ m = -n

Question 7.
Prove that the three lines drawn from origin with direction cosines l₁, m₁, n₁ ; l₂, m₂, n₂ ; l₃, m₃, n₃ are coplanar if \(\left|\begin{array}{lll}
l_1 & m_1 & n_1 \\
l_2 & m_2 & n_2 \\
l_3 & m_3 & n_3
\end{array}\right|\) = 0.
Solution:

Question 8.
Prove that three lines drawn from origin with direction cosines proportional to (1, -1, 1), (2, -3, 0), (1, 0, 3) lie on one plane.
Solution:

= 1 (-9) + 1 (6) + 1(3) = 0
∴ The lines are co-planar.

Question 9.
Determine k so that the lines joining the points P₁ (k, 1, -1) and P₂ (2k, 0, 2) shall be perpendicular to the line from P₂ to P₃ (2 + 2k, k, 1).
Solution:

Question 10.
Find the angle between the lines whose direction ratios are proportional to a, b, c and b-c, c-a, a-b.
Solution:

Question 11.
O is the origin and A is the point (a, b, c). Find the equation of the plane through A at right angles to \(\overrightarrow{OA}\).
Solution:

Question 12.
Find the equation of the plane through (6, 3, 1) and (8, -5, 3) parallel to x-axis.
Solution:
Given points are A (6, 3, 1) and B (8, -5, 3) D.C.S of x-axis are < 1, 0, 0 >
Let P (x, y, z) is any point on the plane.

⇒ 2 (y – 3) + 8 (z – 1) = 0
⇒ 2y – 6 + 8z – 8 = 0
⇒ y + 4z – 7 = 0

(A) Multiple Choice Questions (Mcqs) With Answers

Question 1.
Write the value of k such that the line \(\frac{x-4}{1}=\frac{y-2}{1}=\frac{z-k}{2}\) lies on the plane 2x – 4y + z = 7.
(a) k = 7
(b) k = 2
(c) k = 5
(d) k = 3
Solution:
(a) k = 7

Question 2.
If \((\vec{a} \times \vec{b})^2+(\vec{a} \cdot \vec{b})^2\) = 144, write the value of ab.
(a) 4
(b) 12
(c) 3
(d) 24
Solution:
(b) 12

Question 3.
If the vectors \(\vec{a}, \vec{b}\text { and }\vec{c}\) from the sides \(\overline{BC}, \overline{CA} \text { and } \overline{AB}\) respectively of a triangle ABC, then write the value of \(\vec{a} \times \vec{c}+\vec{b} \times \vec{c}\).
(a) 1
(b) -1
(c) 2
(d) 0
Solution:
(d) 0

Question 4.
If \(|\vec{a}|=3|\vec{b}|=2 \text { and } \vec{a} \cdot \vec{b}=0\), then write the value of \(|\vec{a} \times \vec{b}|\).
(a) 6
(b) 0
(c) 2
(d) 3
Solution:
(a) 6

Question 5.
If \(|\vec{a} \times \vec{b}|^2+|\vec{a} \cdot \vec{b}|^2\) = 144 and \(|\vec{a}|\) = 4 then \(|\vec{b}|\) is equal to:
(a) 3
(b) 8
(c) 12
(d) 16
Solution:
(a) 3

Question 6.
Write down the equation to the plane perpendicular to the y-axis at the point (0, -2, 0).
(a) y – 2 = 0
(b) y + 2 = 0
(c) y = 0
(d) 2y + 1 = 0
Solution:
(b) y + 2 = 0

Question 7.
How many straight lines in space through the origin are equally inclined to the coordinate axes?
(a) 2
(b) 1
(c) 0
(d) -1
Solution:
(a) 2

Question 8.
Write the value of a if the vectors \(\vec{a}=2 \hat{i}+3 \hat{j}-6 \hat{k} \text { and } \vec{b}=\alpha \hat{i}-\hat{j}+2 \hat{k}\) are parallel.
(a) \(\frac{2}{3}\)
(b) \(\frac{3}{2}\)
(c) \(\frac{-3}{2}\)
(d) \(\frac{-2}{3}\)
Solution:
(d) \(\frac{-2}{3}\)

Question 9.
Write the equation of the line passing through the point (4, -6, 1) and parallel to the line \(\frac{x-1}{1}=\frac{y+2}{3}=\frac{z-1}{-1}\).
(a) \(\frac{x+4}{1}=\frac{y+6}{3}=\frac{z+1}{-1}\)
(b) \(\frac{x-4}{1}=\frac{y+6}{3}=\frac{z-1}{-1}\)
(c) \(\frac{x-4}{1}=\frac{y-6}{3}=\frac{z-1}{-2}\)
(d) \(\frac{x+4}{-1}=\frac{y+6}{3}=\frac{z-1}{-1}\)
Solution:
(b) \(\frac{x-4}{1}=\frac{y+6}{3}=\frac{z-1}{-1}\)

Question 10.
What is the image of the point (-2, 3, -5) with respect to the zx-plane?
(a) (-2, -3, -5)
(b) (2, -3, -5)
(c) (2, 3, 5)
(d) (2, 3, -5)
Solution:
(a) (-2, -3, -5)

Question 11.
If \(|\vec{a} \times \vec{b}|^2=k|\vec{a} \cdot \vec{b}|^2+|\vec{a}|^2|\vec{b}|^2\), then what is the value of k?
(a) 1
(b) 2
(c) 0
(d) -1
Solution:
(d) -1

Question 12.
Write the value of m and n for which the vectors (m – 1) î + (n + 2) ĵ + 4k̂ and (m + 1) î + (n – 2) ĵ + 8k̂ will be parallel.
(a) m = 3 and n = 6
(b) m = -3 and n = 6
(c) m = -3 and n = -6
(d) m = 3 and n = -6
Solution:
(d) m = 3 and n = -6

Question 13.
For what value of λ the vectors λî + 3ĵ + λk̂ and λî – 2ĵ +k̂ are perpendicular to each other.
(a) (-2, -3)
(b) (2, 3)
(c) (2, -3)
(d) (-2, 3)
Solution:
(c) (2, -3)

Question 14.
If |x| = 1, |y| = 2 and |z| = 3, then how many points in R³ are there having coordinates (x, y, z)?
(a) 8
(b) 2
(c) 6
(d) 4
Solution:
(a) 8

Question 15.
Write the equation of the plane passing through the point (1, -2, 3) and perpendicular to the y-axis.
(a) y – 2 = 0
(b) y = -2
(c) y + 2 = 0
(d) 2y – 2 = 0
Solution:
(c) y + 2 = 0

Question 16.
What is the projection of î + ĵ – k̂ upon the vector î?
(a) 0
(b) 1
(c) 2
(d) None of the above
Solution:
(b) 1

Question 17.
If \(\vec{a}=2 \hat{i}+\hat{j}, \vec{b}=\hat{k}\) what is \(\vec{a} \cdot \vec{b}\)?
(a) 0
(b) 1
(c) 2
(d) None of the above
Solution:
(a) 0

Question 18.
What is the work done by a force \(\overrightarrow{\mathrm{F}}\) = 4i + 2j + 3k in displacing a particle from A (1, 2, 0) to B (2, -1, 3)?
(a) 5
(b) 6
(c) 7
(d) 8
Solution:
(c) 7

Question 19.
If \(\vec{a} \times \vec{b}=\hat{n}\) then what is the angle between \(\vec{a} \text { and } \vec{b}\)?
(a) \(\frac{\pi}{4}\)
(b) \(\frac{\pi}{2}\)
(c) \(\frac{\pi}{3}\)
(d) None of the above
Solution:
(b) \(\frac{\pi}{2}\)

Question 20.
The plane 2x + 3z = 5 is parallel to:
(a) x-axis
(b) y-axis
(c) z-axis
(d) line x = y = z
Solution:
(b) y-axis

Question 21.
The equation of the plane containing the points (1, 0, 0), (0, 2, 0) and (0, 0, 3) is given by:
(a) x + 2y + 3z = 1
(b) 3x + 2y + z = 2
(c) 6x + 3y + 2z = 6
(d) 6x + 3y + 2z = 8
Solution:
(c) 6x + 3y + 2z = 6

Question 22.
If on action of force f = 2i + j – k, a particle displaced from A (0, 1, 2) to B (-2, 3, 0) then what is the work done by the force?
(a) 1
(b) 2
(c) 0
(d) None of the above
Solution:
(c) 0

Question 23.
If \(\vec{a}, \vec{b}, \vec{c}\) are unit vectors and \(\vec{a}+\vec{b}+\vec{c}=0\) then evaluate \(\vec{a} \cdot \vec{b}+\vec{b} \cdot \vec{c}+\vec{c} \cdot \vec{a}\).
(a) \(\frac{3}{2}\)
(b) –\(\frac{3}{2}\)
(c) \(\frac{2}{3}\)
(d) –\(\frac{2}{3}\)
Solution:
(b) –\(\frac{3}{2}\)

Question 24.
What is the value of (î + ĵ) × (ĵ + k̂) × (k̂ + î)?
(a) 0
(b) 1
(c) 2
(d) 3
Solution:
(c) 2

Question 25.
Write the distance of the point of intersection of the plane, ax + by + cz + d = 0 and the z-axis from the origin.
(a) \(\left|\frac{d}{c}\right|\)
(b) \(\left|\frac{d}{a}\right|\)
(c) \(\left|\frac{a}{c}\right|\)
(d) \(\left|\frac{a}{d}\right|\)
Solution:
(a) \(\left|\frac{d}{c}\right|\)

Question 26.
Write down the equation of the plane through (0, 0, 0) perpendicular to the line joining (0, 0, 1) and (0, 0, -1).
(a) x = 0
(b) z = 0
(c) y = 0
(d) None of the above
Solution:
(b) z = 0

Question 27.
What is the distance of the point (1, 1, 1) from the plane y = x?
(a) 0
(b) 1
(c) -1
(d) None of the above
Solution:
(a) 0

Question 28.
What is the angle between the planes y + x = 0 and z = 0?
(a) 45°
(b) 60°
(c) 75°
(d) 90°
Solution:
(d) 90°

Question 29.
For what ‘k’ the line \(\frac{x-3}{2}=\frac{y+k}{-1}=\frac{z+1}{-5}\) lies on the plane 2x – y + z – 7 = 0.
(a) 0
(b) 1
(c) -1
(d) 2
Solution:
(d) 2

Question 30.
Projection of the line segment joining (1, 3, -1) and (3, 2, 4) on z-axis is
(a) 4
(b) 5
(c) 3
(d) 2
Solution:
(b) 5

Question 31.
The image of the point (6, 3, -4) with respect to yz-plane is ______.
(a) (-6, 3, 4)
(b) (6, 3, -4)
(c) (-6, 3, -4)
(d) (-6, -3, -4)
Solution:
(c) (-6, 3, -4)

Question 32.
Find the equation of a plane through (1, 1, 2) and parallel to x + y + z – 1 = 0
(a) x + y – z + 4 = 0
(b) x + y – z – 4 = 0
(c) x + y + z – 4 = 0
(d) x + y + z + 4 = 0
Solution:
(c) x + y + z – 4 = 0

Question 33.
The distance between the parallel planes 2x – 3y + 6z + 1 = 0 and 4x – 6y + 12z – 5 = 0 is ______.
(a) \(\frac{1}{4}\)
(b) \(\frac{2}{3}\)
(c) \(\frac{1}{2}\)
(d) None
Solution:
(c) \(\frac{1}{2}\)

Question 34.
Find k if the normal to the plane parallel to the line joining (-1, 1, -4) and (5, 6, -2) has d.rs (3, -2, k).
(a) 1
(b) -1
(c) 2
(d) -2
Solution:
(b) -1

Question 35.
If a line makes angles 35° and 55° with x-axis and y-axis respectively, then the angle which this line subtends with z-axis is:-
(a) 35°
(b) 45°
(c) 55°
(d) 90°
Solution:
(d) 90°

Question 36.
Write the equation of the plane passing through (3, -6, -9) and parallel to xz-plane.
(a) z = -5
(b) z = -9
(c) z = 9
(d) z = -7
Solution:
(b) z = -9

Question 37.
In which condition x + y + z = α + β + γ will contain the line \(\frac{x-\alpha}{l}=\frac{y-\beta}{m}=\frac{z-\gamma}{n}\).
(a) l + m – n = 0
(b) l – m – n = 0
(c) l – m + n = 0
(d) l + m + n = 0
Solution:
(d) l + m + n = 0

Question 38.
The angle between the planes x + y + 1 = 0 and y + z + 1 = 0 is ______.
(a) 30°
(b) 45°
(c) 60°
(d) 75°
Solution:
(c) 60°

Question 39.
Find the number of points (x, y, z) in space other than the point (1, -2, 3) such that |x| = 1, |y|= 2, |z| = 3.
(a) 2
(b) 3
(c) 5
(d) 7
Solution:
(d) 7

Question 40.
Write the ratio in which the line segment joining the points (1, 2, -2) and (4, 3, 4) is divided by the xy-plane.
(a) 1:2
(b) 3:4
(c) 2:3
(d) 2:5
Solution:
(a) 1:2

(B) Very Short Type Questions With Answers

Question 1.
Write the value of k such that the line \(\frac{x-4}{1}=\frac{y-2}{1}=\frac{z-k}{2}\) lies on the plane 2x – 4y + z = 7.
Solution:
The line \(\frac{x-4}{1}=\frac{y-2}{1}=\frac{z-k}{2}\) lies on the plane 2x – 4y + z = 7.

Question 2.
Write the equations of the line 2x + z – 4 = 0 = 2y + z in the symmetrical form.
Solution:
Given line is 2x + z – 4 = 0 = 2y + z
⇒ z = -(2x – 4) = -2(x – 2) and z = -2y
∴ -2(x – 2) = -2y = z
∴ The equation of the line in symmetrical form is \(\frac{x-2}{1}=\frac{y}{1}=\frac{z}{-2}\).

Question 3.
Write the distance between parallel planes 2x – y + 3z = 4 and 2x – y + 3z = 18
Solution:
Distance between the given parallel planes
= \(\frac{|18-4|}{\sqrt{4+1+9}}=\frac{14}{\sqrt{14}}=\sqrt{14}\)

Question 4.
Write down the equation to the plane perpendicular to the y-axis at the point (0, -2, 0).
Solution:
The equation of the plane perpendicular to y-axis at (0, -2, 0) is
(x – 0) . 0 + (y + 2) . 1 + (z – 0) . 0 = 0
⇒ y + 2 = 0

Question 5.
Under which conditions the straight line \(\frac{\mathrm{x}-\mathrm{a}}{l}=\frac{\mathrm{y}-\mathrm{b}}{\mathrm{m}}=\frac{\mathrm{z}-\mathrm{c}}{\mathrm{n}}\) intersects the plane Ax + By + Cz = 0 at a point other than (a, b, c)?
Solution:
The line \(\frac{\mathrm{x}-\mathrm{a}}{l}=\frac{\mathrm{y}-\mathrm{b}}{\mathrm{m}}=\frac{\mathrm{z}-\mathrm{c}}{\mathrm{n}}\) will intersect the plane Ax + By + Cz + D = 0 at a point other than (a, b, c) if Al + Bm + Cn ≠ 0 and Aa + Bb + Cc + D ≠ 0.

Question 6.
How many straight lines in space through the origin are equally inclined to the coordinate axes?
Solution:
There are two lines in space through origin which are equally inclined to coordinate axes.

Question 7.
Write the value of a if the vectors \(\vec{a}=2 \hat{i}+3 \hat{j}-6 \hat{k} \text { and } \vec{b}=\alpha \hat{i}-\hat{j}+2 \hat{k}\) are parallel.
Solution:

Question 8.
Write the equation of the line passing through the point (4, -6, 1) and parallel to the line \(\frac{x-1}{1}=\frac{y+2}{3}=\frac{z-1}{-1}\).
Solution:
Equation of the line passing through (4, -6, 1) and parallel to
\(\frac{x-1}{1}=\frac{y+2}{3}=\frac{z-1}{-1} \text { is } \frac{x-4}{1}=\frac{y+6}{3}=\frac{z-1}{-1}\).

Question 9.
What is the image of the point (-2, 3, -5) with respect to the zx-plane?
Solution:
Image of the point (-2, 3, -5) w.r.t. zx-plane is (-2, -3, -5)

Question 10.
What is the point of intersection of the line x = y = z with the plane x + 2y + 3z = 6?
Solution:
Given line is x = y = z = λ (say)
Any point on this line has coordinates (λ, λ, λ).
Putting x = y = z = λ in x + 2y + 3z = 6
We get 6λ = 6 ⇒ λ = 1
∴ The point of interesetion is (1, 1, 1).

Question 11.
How many directions a null vector has?
Solution:
A null vector has infinitely many directions (arbitrary direction).

Question 12.
For what value of λ the vectors λî + 3ĵ + λk̂ and λî – 2ĵ + k̂ are perpendicular to each other?
Solution:
Given vectors are perpendicular to each other iff λ² – 6 + λ = 0.
⇒ λ² + 3λ – 2λ- 6 = 0
⇒ λ (λ + 3) – 2 (λ + 3) = 0
⇒ (λ – 2) (λ + 3) = 0
⇒ λ = 2, λ = (-3)

Question 13.
If |x| = 1, |y| = 2 and |z| = 3, then how many points in R³ are there having coordinates (x, y, z)?
Solution:
Required number of points are ‘8’.

Question 14.
Write the equation of the plane passing through the point (1, -2, 3) and perpendicular to the y-axis.
Solution:
D.rs. of any line parallel to y-axis are < 0, 1, 0 >.
∴ The equation of required plane is
(x – 1) 0 + (y + 2) . 1 + (z – 3) . 0 = 0
⇒ y + 2 = 0

(C) Short Type Questions With Answers

Question 1.
Find the point where the line \(\frac{x-2}{1}=\frac{y}{-1}=\frac{z-1}{2}\) meets the plane 2x + y + z = 2.
Solution:
Equation of the line is \(\frac{x-2}{1}=\frac{y}{-1}=\frac{z-1}{2}\)
Co-ordinates of any point on the line are (k + 2, -k, 2k + 1)
This point lies on the plane
⇒ 2 (k + 2) + (-k) + (2k + 1) = 2
⇒ 3k + 5 = 2 ⇒ k = -1
⇒ The required point of intersection is (1, 2, -1)

Question 2.
If the sum of two unit vectors is a unit vector, show that the magnitude of their difference is √3.
Solution:

Question 3.
The position vectors of two points A and B are 3î + ĵ + 2k̂ and î – 2ĵ – 4k̂ respectively. Find the equation of the plane passing through B and perpendicular to \(\overrightarrow{AB}\).
Solution:

Question 4.
Find the equation of the plane through the point (2, 1, 0) and passing through the intersection of the planes 3x – 2y + z – 1 = 0 and x – 2y + 3z = 1.
Solution:
Equation of any plane passing through the intersection of given two planes is:
(3x – y + z – 1) + λ (x – 2y + 3z – 1) = 0
⇒ x (3 + 2λ) + y (-1 – 2λ) + z (1 + 3λ) – 1 – λ = 0
This plane passes through A (2, 1, 0)
⇒ 2 (3 + λ) – 1 – 2λ – 1 – λ = 0
⇒ 6 + 2λ – 2 – 3λ = 0
⇒ λ = 4
∴ Equation of the required plane is 7x – 9y + 13z – 5 = 0

Question 5.
Prove that the vectors 2î – ĵ + k̂, î – 3ĵ – 5k̂, 3î – 4ĵ – 4k̂ are the sides of a right angled triangle.
Solution:

Question 6.
Prove that \(|\overrightarrow{a}+\overrightarrow{b}| \leq|\overrightarrow{a}|+|\overrightarrow{b}|\). Write when equality will hold
Solution:

Question 7.
The projections of a line segment \(\overline{OP}\), through the origin O on the coordinate axes are 6, 2, 3. Find the length of the line segment \(\overline{OP}\) and its direction cosines.
Solution:

Question 8.
Prove that the lines \(\frac{x+4}{3}=\frac{y+6}{5}=\frac{z-1}{-2}\) and 3x – 2y + z + 5 = 0 = 2x + 3y + 4z – 4 are coplanar.
Solution:
Given lines are
\(\frac{x+4}{3}=\frac{y+6}{5}=\frac{z-1}{-2}\) = r (say) … (1)
and 3x – 2y + z + 5 = 0
2x + 3y + 4z – 4 = 0 … (2)
Two lines are coplanar if either they are parallel or intersecting coordinates of any point on the line (1) are P (3r – 4, -5r – 6, -2r + 1) putting in the equations (2) we get.
3 (3r – 4) – 2 (5r – 6) + (-2r + 1) + 5 = 0
and 2 (3r – 4) + 3 (5r – 6) + 4 (-2r + 1) -4 = 0
⇒ -3r + 6 = 0 and 13r – 26 = 0
⇒ r = 2 and r = 2
Thus two lines are intersecting.
⇒ The lines are co-planar.

Question 9.
If the sun of two unit vectors is a unit vector then find the magnitude of the difference.
Solution:

Question 10.
Find the equation of a plane parallel to the plane 2x – y + 3z + 1 = 0 and at a distance of 3 units away from it.
Solution:
Any plane parallel to 2x – y + 3z + 1 = 0 … (1)
has equation 2x – y + 3z + λ = 0.
Distance between two parallel planes (1) and (2) is 3 units.
Equation of required plane is.

Question 11.
Show that the poiints (3, -2, 4), (1, 1, 1) and (-1, 4, -2) are collinear.
Solution:
Let the given points are A (3, -2, 4), B (1, 1, 1) and C (-1, 4, -2).

The points A, B and C are collinear.

Question 12.
Determine the value of m for which the following vectors are orthogonal:
(m + 1) j + m²ĵ – mk̂, (m² – m + 1) î – mĵ + k̂
Solution:

Question 13.
Find the equation of the plane passing through the line x = y = z and the point (3, 2, 1).
Solution:
Equation of any plane through the line is (x – y) + λ (y – z) = 0 … (1)
Since the point (3, 2, 1) is on the plane, so it satisfies (1)
i.e., ( 3 – 2) + λ ( 2 – 1) = 0 ⇒ 1 + λ = 0
⇒ λ = -1
Using the value of λ in (1) we get
x – y + (-y) – z = 0 ⇒ x – 2y + z = 0 is the required equation of the plane.

Question 14.
Find the scalar projection of the vector \(\overrightarrow{a}=3 \hat{i}+6 \hat{j}+9 \hat{k} \text { on } \overrightarrow{b}=2 \hat{i}+2 \hat{j}-\hat{k}\).
Solution:

Question 15.
Prove that the straight line \(\frac{x-1}{2}=\frac{y+2}{-3}=\frac{z-3}{1}\) lies on the plane 7x + 5y + z = 0.
Solution:
Given line is \(\frac{x-1}{2}=\frac{y+2}{-3}=\frac{z-3}{1}\) lies on the plane 7x + 5y + z = 0.
As 7 × 1 + 5 × (-2) + 3 = 0 the point (1,-2, 3) lies on the plane.
D.rs. of the given line = < 2, -3, 1 > and
d.rs. of the normal to the plane are < 7, 5, 1 >
As 2 × 7 + (-3) × 5 + 1 × 1 = 0
The given line is parallel to the given plane.
Hence the given line lies in the plane.

Odisha State Board BSE Odisha 9th Class Hindi Solutions Chapter 2 ममता Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

BSE Odisha Class 9 Hindi Solutions Chapter 2 ममता

प्रश्न और अभ्यास (ପ୍ରଶ୍ନ ଔର୍ ଅଭ୍ୟାସ)

1. निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों के उत्तर दो-तीन वाक्यों में दीजिए।
(ନିମ୍ନଲିଖୂ ପ୍ରଶ୍ନ କେ ଉତ୍ତର୍ ଦୋ-ତୀନ୍ ବାର୍କେ ମେଁ ଦୀଜିଏ )।
(ନିମ୍ନଲିଖତ ପ୍ରଶ୍ନଗୁଡ଼ିକର ଉତ୍ତର ଦୁଇ-ତିନୋଟି ବାକ୍ୟରେ ଦିଅ ।)
(क) ‘ममता’ कहानी का सारमर्म अपने शब्दों में लिखिए।
(‘ମସ୍ତା’ କହାନୀ କା ସାରମର୍ମ ଅତ୍ମନେ ଶବ୍ଦା ମେଁ ଲିଖୁଏ )।
(‘ମମତା’ କାହାଣୀର ସାରମର୍ମ ନିଜ ଭାଷାରେ ଲେଖି ।)
उत्तर:
ममता मध्ययुग के रोहतास दुर्ग के ब्राह्मण मन्त्री चूड़ामणि की विधवा पुत्री है। पहले माता और कुछ दिनों के बाद पठानों से हुए संघर्ष में ममता के पिता का मौत हो गयी। मगर मुगल बादशाह हुमायूँ चौसा- युद्ध में शेरशाह से हारकर एक रात ममता की झोंपड़ी में आश्रय लिया। ममता को हुमायूँ का परिचय मालूम न होते हुए भी झोपड़ी में आश्रय देती है। एवं स्वंय पास की टूटी दीवारों में चली जाती। इसके साथ ४७ सालों के बाद अकवर मुगल बादशाह बनते हैं। उस स्थान पर हुमायूँ की स्मृति में एक अष्टकोण मन्दिर बनवाया जाता है, पर मन्दिर में ममता का नाम कहीं भी लिखा नहीं जाता।

(ख) ‘ममता’ कहानी का मुख्य चरित्र कौन है? उसकी चारित्रिक विशेषताओं को बताइए।
(‘ମମ୍‌’ କହାନୀ କା ମୁଖ୍ୟ ଚରିତ୍ର କୌନ୍ ହୈ ? ଉସ୍‌ ଚାରିତ୍ରିକ୍ ୱିଶେଷତାଓଁ କୋ ବତାଇଏ)।
(ମମତା କାହାଣୀର ମୁଖ୍ୟ ଚରିତ୍ର କିଏ ? ତାହାର ଚାରିତ୍ରିକ ବିଶେଷତ୍ଵ କୁହ ।)
उत्तर:
ममता कहानी का मुख्य चरित्र रोहतास दुर्ग के ब्राह्मण मन्त्रो चूड़ामणि की विधवा बेटी ‘ममता’ है। पिताजी पुत्री को स्वर्ण मुद्रा भेंट करते है लेकिन नि: लोभता से यह भेंट ठुकरा देती है। चूड़ामणि के देहान्त के बाद रोहताश दुर्ग को शेरशाह अधिकार कर लिया और ममता एक बौद्ध मठ के खण्डहरों में जा छिपती है। मुगल बादशाह हुमायूँ एक रात ममता की झोंपड़ी में आश्रय के लिए भिक्षा माँगते और आश्रय पाते हैं मगर ममता पास की टूटी दीवारों में चली जाती है। इससे ममता की कंलक मुक्त चारित्रिक साबित हुआ। वह कहती है मैं ब्राह्मण हू, मुझे तो अपने धर्म- अतिथी देव की उपासना का पालन करना चाहिए।

(ग) इस कहानी से आपको क्या प्रेरणा मिलती है?
(ଇସ୍ କହାନୀ ସେ ଆପ୍‌ କ୍ୟା ପ୍ରେରଣା ମିଲ୍‌ ହୈ ?)
(ଏହି କାହାଣୀରୁ ଆପଣଙ୍କୁ କ’ଣ ପ୍ରେରଣା ମିଳୁଛି ?)
उत्तर:
ब्राह्मण – मन्त्री चूड़ामणि की स्नेहममता विधवा बेटी ममता पर निदक झलक है। ममता विधवा हिन्दु नारी चरित्रको अक्षुर्ण रख सकती। उसने अपने जीवन को मानव सेवा में उत्सर्गिकृत करदिया। उस के साल हमें जीवन में संघर्ष करते हुए जीना चाहिए हमें अपने धर्म और कर्त्तव्य का कभी नहीं छोड़ना चाहिए। विपन्न समय में आए हुए शरणागती की रक्षाकरनी चाहिए।

(घ) इस कहानी में लेखक का उद्देश्य स्पष्ट कीजिए।
(ଇସ୍ କହାନୀ ମେଁ ଲେଖକ କା ଉଦ୍ଦେଶ୍ୟ ସ୍ପଷ୍ଟ କୀଜିଏ) ।
(ଏହି କାହାଣୀରେ ଲେଖକଙ୍କ ଉଦ୍ଦେଶ୍ୟ ସ୍ପଷ୍ଟ କର ।)
उत्तर:
इस कहानी में जयशंकर प्रसाद ने हिन्दू ब्राह्मणो विधवा ‘ममता’ के माध्यम से भारतीय संस्कृति और पारंपरिक मुल्यवोध को दर्शाया गया। यहाँ हिन्दू और मुसलमान दोनो धर्म को चर्चा करने के साथ विधवा चरित्र एक कलंकमुक्त, परोपकारी, निर्लोभ, निर्भिक, अतिथिसेवा और कामना वासना गुणो को त्याग करने का आदि विशेष गुणों का निच्छक प्रतिछवि स्पष्ट रूप से चित्रित होसका है।

2. निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों का उत्तर एक या दो वाक्यों में दीजिए।
(ନିମ୍ନଲିଖୂ ପ୍ରଶ୍ନ କା ଉତ୍ତର୍ ଏକ୍ ୟା ଦୋ ବାର୍କେ ମେଁ ଦୀଜିଏ) ।
(ନିମ୍ନଲିଖ ପ୍ରଶ୍ନଗୁଡ଼ିକର ଉତ୍ତର ଗୋଟିଏ ବା ଦୁଇଟି ବାକ୍ୟରେ ଦିଅ ।)

(क) रोहतास दुर्ग के प्रकोष्ठ में बैठी हुई युवती ममता किसे देख रही थी?
(ରୋହତାସ୍ ଦୁର୍ଗ କେ ପ୍ରକୋଷ୍ଠ ମେଁ ବୈଠୀ ହୁଈ ୟୁବତୀ ମମତା କିସ୍ ଦେଖ୍ ରହୀ ଥୀ ?)
(ରୋହତାସ ଦୁର୍ଗର ପ୍ରକୋଷ୍ଠରେ ଯୁବତୀ ମମତା ବସିରହି କ’ଣ ଦେଖୁଥିଲା ?)
उत्तर:
रोहतास दुर्ग के प्रकोष्ठ में बैठी हुई युवती ममता शोण के तीक्ष्ण गम्भीर प्रवाह को देख रही थी।

(ख) ममता का यौवन किसके समान उमड़ रहा था?
(ମମତା କା ଯୌବନ୍ କିସ୍‌ ସମାନ୍ ଉମଡ଼୍ ରହା ଥା ?)
(ମମତାର ଯୌବନ କାହା ସହିତ ଆବେଗତା ସୃଷ୍ଟି କରୁଥିଲା ?)
उत्तर:
ममता का यौवन शोण के समान उमड़ रहा था।

(ग) संसार में सबसे तुच्छ निराश्रय प्राणी कौन है?
(ସଂସାର୍ ମେଁ ସବ୍‌ ତୁଚ୍ଛ ନିରାଶ୍ରୟ ପ୍ରାଣୀ କୌନ୍ ହୈ ?)
(ସଂସାରରେ ସବୁଠାରୁ ତୁଚ୍ଛ ନିରାଶ୍ରୟ ପ୍ରାଣୀ କିଏ ?)
उत्तर:
संसार में सबसे तुच्छ निराश्रय प्राणी हिन्दू विधवा है।

(घ) चूड़ामणि क्यों व्यथित हो गये ?
(ଚୂଡ଼ାମଣି କ୍ୟା ବ୍ୟର୍ଥିତ ହୋ ଗୟେ ?)
(ଚୂଡ଼ାମଣି କାହିଁକି ବ୍ୟସ୍ତ ହୋଇଗଲେ ?)
उत्तर:
शोण के प्रवाह में ममता अपना जीवन मिलाने में बेसुध होने के साथ पिता का आना नहीं जानसकी, इसलिए चुडामणी व्यथित हो गये।

(ङ) ममता ने पिता का उपहार क्यों स्वीकार नहीं किया?
(ମମ୍‌ତା ନେ ପିତା କା ଉପହାର୍ ଜ୍ୟୋ ସ୍ଵୀକାର ନହୀ କିୟା ?
(ମମତା କାହିଁକି ପିତାଙ୍କ ଉପହାର ସ୍ଵୀକାର କଲା ନାହିଁ ?)
उत्तर:
ममता ने पिता का उपहार इसलिए स्वीकार नहीं किया कि म्लेच्छ का उत्कोच स्वीकार करना ठीक नहीं है। हम लोग ब्राह्मण है, इतना सोना लेकर क्या करेंगे ?

(च) चूड़ामणि का हृदय क्यों धक् धक् करने लगा ?
(ଚୂଡ଼ାମଣି କା ହୃଦୟ ବ୍ୟୋ ଧକ୍-ଧକ୍ କର୍‌ନେ ଲଗା ?)
(ଚୂଡ଼ାମଣିର ହୃଦୟ କାହିଁକି ଧକ୍-ଧକ୍ କଲା ?)
उत्तर:
जब डोलियों का तांता भीतर आ रहा था तब चूड़ामणि का हृदय धक् धक् करने लगा।

(छ) ब्राह्मण – मन्त्री कैसे मारा गया?
(ବ୍ରାହ୍ମଣ-ମନ୍ତ୍ରୀ କୈସେ ମାରା ଗୟା ?)
(ବ୍ରାହ୍ମଣ-ମନ୍ତ୍ରୀଙ୍କୁ କିପରି ମାରି ଦିଆଗଲା ?)
उत्तर:
चुडामणी ने जाकर रोहतास दुर्ग के तोरण निकट की डोलियों का आवरण खुलवाना चाहा। पठानों ने कहा – यह महिलाओं का अपमान करना है। बात बढ़ गयी, तलवारों खिचीं ब्राह्मण मंत्री मारा गया।

(ज) मौर्य और गुप्त सम्राटों की कीर्त्ति का खण्डहर कहाँ था?
(ମୌର୍ଯ୍ୟ ଔର୍ ଗୁପ୍ତ ସମ୍ରାଟୋ କୀ କୀର୍ଜୀ କା ଖଡ୍ଗର୍ କହାଁ ଥା ?)
(ମୌର୍ଯ୍ୟ ଏବଂ ଗୁପ୍ତ ସମ୍ରାଟ ମାନଙ୍କର କୀର୍ତ୍ତିର ଭଗ୍ନସ୍ତୂପ କେଉଁଠାରେ ଥିଲା ?)
उत्तर:
काशी के उत्तर धर्मचक्र बिहार मौर्य और गुप्त सम्राटो की कीर्ति का खंडहर था।

(झ) भारतीय शिल्प की विभूति कहां बिखरी हुई थी ?
(ଭାରତୀୟ ଶିଳ୍ପୀ ବିଭୂତୀ କହାଁ ବିଖରୀ ହୁଇ ଥୀ ?)
(ଭାରତୀୟ ଶିଳ୍ପର ଚମତ୍‌କାରିତା କେଉଁଠି ଝଟକୁଥିଲା ?)
उत्तर:
भारतीय शिल्प की विभूति भग्नचूड़ा, तृणा-गुल्मों से ढके हुए प्राचीर ईटो के ढेर में बिखरी हुई थी।

(ञ) ‘सब विधर्मी दया के पात्र नहीं’ – ऐसा ममता ने क्यों कहा?
(‘ସବ୍‌ ବିଧର୍ମୀ ଦୟା କେ ପାତ୍ର ନେହୀ ଐସା ମମତା ନେ କ୍ୟା କହା ?)
(ସବୁ ବିଧର୍ମୀ ଦୟାର ପାତ୍ର ନୁହଁନ୍ତି ଏପରି ମମତା କାହିଁକି କହିଲା ?)
उत्तर:
जब ममता सोचा कि मेरे पिता का वध करने वाले आततायी ये घायल व्यक्ति है। जो मुझसे आश्रय माँगते है तब ममता ने कहा – सब विधर्मी दया का पात्र नहीं होते।

(ट) स्त्री क्या विचार कर रही थी?
(ସ୍ତ୍ରୀ କ୍ୟା ବିଚାର କର ରହୀ ଥୀ ?)
(ସ୍ତ୍ରୀ କ’ଣ ବିଚାର କରୁଥିଲା ?)
उत्तर:
स्त्री विचार कर रही थी – “मै ब्राह्मण हूँ, मुझे तो अपने धर्म – अतिथि देव की उपसना का पालन करना चाहिए, परन्तु यहाँ सब विधर्मी दया के पात्र नहीं, मगर दया तो नहीं कर्त्तव्य करना है।

(ठ) ममता ने मन में क्या कहा?
(ମମତା ନେ ମନ୍ ମେଁ କ୍ୟା କହା ?)
(ମମତା ମନକୁ କ’ଣ କହିଲା ?)
उत्तर:
ममता ने मन में कहा- “यहाँ कौन दुर्ग है। यही झोंपड़ी है, जो चाहे ले लो, मुझे तो अपना कर्त्तव्य करना पड़ेगा।”

(ड) किसके प्रकाश में मुगल ने ममता का मुखमण्डल देखा?
(କିସ୍‌ ପ୍ରକାଶ୍ ମେଁ ମୁଗ୍‌ ନେ ମମ୍‌ କା ମୁର୍ଖମଣ୍ଡଲ୍ ଦେଖା ?)
(କାହାର ଆଲୋକରେ ମୋଗଲ ମମତାର ମୁଖ ଦେଖିପାରିଲା ?)
उत्तर:
चन्द्रमा के प्रकाश में मुगल ने ममता का मुखमण्डल देखा।

(ढ) ममता ने मुगल से क्या कहा?
(ମମତା ନେ ମୁଗଲ୍ ସେ କ୍ୟା କହା ?)
(ମମତା ମୁଗଲକୁ କ’ଣ କହିଲା ?)
उत्तर:
ममता ने मुगल से कहा- “क्या आश्चर्य है कि तुम भी छल करो ।”

(ण) प्रभात में खण्डहर की सन्धि से ममता ने क्या देखा?
(ପ୍ରଭାତ୍ ମେଁ ଖଣ୍ଡହର୍ କୀ ସନ୍ଧୀ ସେ ମମ୍‌ ନେ କ୍ୟା ଦେଖା ?)
(ସକାଳୁ ଭଗ୍ନ କୁଡ଼ିଆର ଫାଙ୍କରେ ମମତା କ’ଣ ଦେଖୁଲା ?)
उत्तर:
प्रभात में खण्डहर की सन्धि से ममता ने सैकड़ों अश्वारोहियों को देखा।

(त) किस युद्ध को बहुत दिन बीत गये?
(କିସ୍ ୟୁଦ୍ଧ କୋ ବହୁତ୍ ଦିନ୍ ବୀଡ଼ଗୟେ ?)
(କେଉଁ ଯଦ୍ଧ ବହୃତ ଦିନ ହୋଇଗଲାଣି ?)
उत्तर:
चौसा के मुगल-पठान युद्ध को बहुत दिन बीत गये।

(थ) हुमायूँ ने एक दिन कहाँ विश्राम किया था?
(ହୁମାମୁଁ ନେ ଏକ ଦିନ୍ କହାଁ ୱିଶ୍ରାମ୍ କ୍ରିୟା ଥା ?)
(ହୁମାମୁଁ ଦିନେ କେଉଁଠି ବିଶ୍ରାମ କରିଥିଲେ ?)
उत्तर:
हुमायूँ ने एक दिन ममता की झोंपड़ी में विश्राम किया था।

(द) हुमायूँ कौन था? उसका युद्ध किससे और कहाँ हुआ?
(ହୁମାମୁଁ କୌନ୍ ଥା ? ଉସ୍‌ ୟୁଦ୍ଧକସ୍‌ ଔର କହା ହୁଆ ?
(ହୁମାମୁଁ କିଏ ଥିଲେ ? ତାଙ୍କର ଯୁଦ୍ଧ କାହା ସହିତ ଓ କେଉଁଠି ହୋଇଥିଲା ?)
उत्तर:
हुमायूँ मुगल वादशाह थे। उसका युद्ध शेरशाह से चौसा में हुआ।

(ध) हुमायूँ ने मिरजा से क्या करने के लिए कहा?
(ହୁମାୟାଁ ନେ ମିରଜା ସେ କ୍ୟା କରନେ କେ ଲିଏ କହା ?)
(ହୁମାୟାଁ ମିରାଜାକୁ କ’ଣ କରିବାପାଇଁ କହିଲେ ?)
उत्तर:
हुमायूँ ने मिरजा से यह करने के लिए कहा- “उस स्त्री को मैं कुछ भी ‘न दे सका, उसका घर बनवा देना इसलिए कि विपति में मैने यहाँ आश्रय पाया था।

(न) ममता ने अश्वारोही से क्या कहा?
(ମମତା ନେ ଅଶ୍ଵାରୋହୀ ସେ କ୍ୟା କହା ?)
(ମମତା ଅଶ୍ଵାରୋହୀକୁ କ’ଣ କହିଲା ?)
उत्तर:
ममता ने अश्वारोही से कहा- “मैं नहीं जानती वह शहंशाह था या साधारण मुगल, पर एक दिन इसी झोंपड़ी के नीचे वह रहा था। फिर भी वह मेरा घर बनाने की आज्ञा दे गया था, मगर मैं आजीवन अपनी झोंपड़ी खुदवाने के डर से भयभीत रही थी। ”

3. निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों के उत्तर एक-एक शब्द में दीजिए।
(ନିମ୍ନଲିଖୂ ପ୍ରଶ୍ନ। କେ ଉତ୍ତର୍ ଏକ୍-ଏକ୍ ଶବ୍ଦ ମେଁ ଦୀଜିଏ ।)
(ନିମ୍ନଲିଖ ପ୍ରଶ୍ନଗୁଡ଼ିକର ଉତ୍ତର ଗୋଟିଏ-ଗୋଟିଏ ଶବ୍ଦରେ ଦିଅ । )

(क) रोहतास दुर्गपति के मन्त्री कौन थे?
(ରୋହତାସ୍ ଦୁର୍ଗପତି କେ ମନ୍ତ୍ରୀ କୌନ୍ ଥେ ?)
(ରୋହତାସ ଦୁର୍ଗର ମନ୍ତ୍ରୀ କିଏ ଥିଲେ ?)
उत्तर:
चूडामणि

(ख) ममता किसकी पुत्री थी?
(ମମ୍‌ କିସ୍‌କୀ ପୁତ୍ରୀ ଥୀ ?)
(ମମତା କାହାର କନ୍ୟା (ଝିଅ ଥୁଲା ?)
उत्तर:
मन्त्री चूडामणि

(ग) शोण के प्रवाह में अपना जीवन मिलाने में कौन बेसुध थी?
(ଶୋଣ୍ କେ ପ୍ରବାହ ମେଁ ଅପ୍‌ନା ଜୀବନ୍ ମିଲାନେ ମେଁ କୌନ୍ ବେସୁଧ ଥୀ ?)
(ଶୋଣର ସ୍ରୋତରେ ନିଜ ଜୀବନକୁ ମିଶାଇ ଦେବାରେ କିଏ ମଗ୍ନ ଥୁଲା ?)
उत्तर:
ममता

(घ) सुनहली सन्ध्या में किसका पीलापन विकीर्ण होने लगा?
(ସୁହଲୀ ସନ୍ଧ୍ୟା ମେଁ କିସ୍‌ ପୀଲାପନ୍‌ ୱିକୀର୍ଣ ହୋନେ ଲଗା ?)
(ସୁବର୍ଣ୍ଣ ସନ୍ଧ୍ୟାରେ କାହାର ହଳଦୀ ରଙ୍ଗ ବିଛୁଡ଼ି ହୋଇ ପଡ଼ିଲା ?)
उत्तर:
सुवर्ण

(ङ) म्लेच्छ का उत्कोच किसने स्वीकार किया था?
(ପ୍ଲେକ୍ସ୍ କା ଉତ୍କୋଚ୍ କିସ୍‌ ସ୍ଵୀକାର୍ କିୟା ଥା ?)
(ମେଛର ଲାଞ୍ଚ କିଏ ସ୍ଵୀକାର କରିଥିଲେ ?)
उत्तर:
चूड़ामणि

(च) किसने कहा कि ‘माता’, मुझे आश्रय चाहिए?
(କିସ୍‌ କହା କି ‘ମାତା’, ମୁଝେ ଆଶ୍ରୟ ଚାହିଏ ?)
(କିଏ ସେ କହିଲେ ଯେ ମାତା ମୋତେ ଆଶ୍ରୟ ଦରକାର ?)
उत्तर:
वादशाह हुमायूँ

(छ) कौन-से युद्ध में शेरशाह से विपन्न होकर मुगल रक्षा चाहता था?
(କୌନ୍-ସେ ୟୁଦ୍ଧ ମେଁ ଶେର୍‌ଶାହ ସେ ବିପନ୍ନ ହୋକର୍ ମୁଗଲ୍ ରକ୍ଷା ଚାହତା ଥା ?)
(କେଉଁ ଯୁଦ୍ଧରେ ଶେରଶାହ ଠାରୁ ବିପନ୍ନ ହୋଇ ମୋଗଲ ରକ୍ଷା ଚାହିଁଲା ?)
उत्तर:
चौसा

(ज) किसने सोचा कि उसे अतिथि – देव की उपासना का पालन करना चाहिए?
(କିସ୍‌ ସୋଚାକି ଉସ୍ ଅତିଥ୍-ଦେବ କୀ ଉପାସନା କା ପାଳନ୍ କର୍‌ନା ଚାହିଏ ?)
(କିଏ ସେ ବିଚାର କଲେ ଯେ ତାଙ୍କୁ ଅତିଥ୍ୟ ଦେବଙ୍କ ପୂଜା କରିବା ଉଚ୍ଚିତ ?)
उत्तर:
ममता

(झ) ‘भाग्य का खेल है’- यह वाक्य किसने कहा?
(‘ଭାଗ୍ୟ କା ଖେଲ୍ ହୈ’ ୟହ ବାକ୍ୟ କିସ୍‌ କହା ?)
(‘ଭାଗ୍ୟର ଖେଳ’ ଏହି ବାକ୍ୟ କିଏ କହିଥିଲେ ?)

(ञ) सैनिकों के खोजने पर ममता कहाँ चली गयी?
(ସୈନିର୍ଲୋ କେ ଖୋଜ ପର୍‌ ମସ୍ତା କାହାଁ ଚଲୀ ଗୟୀ ?)
(ସୈନିକମାନେ ଖୋଜିବା ବେଳେ ମମତା କେଉଁ ଆଡ଼େ ଚାଲିଗଲେ ?)

(ट) किसका जीर्ण-कंकाल खांसी से गूंज रहा था?
(କିସ୍‌ ଜୀର୍ଣ-କଂକାଂଳ ଖାସୀ ସେ ପୁଂଜ୍ ରହା ଥା ?)
(କାହାର ଦୁର୍ବଳ କଂଙ୍କାଳ (ଶରୀର) କାଶରେ ଶବ୍ଦ କରୁଥାଏ ।)
उत्तर:
ममता का

(ठ) ममता की सेवा के लिए गांव की कितनी स्त्रियां उसे घेर कर बैठी थीं?
(ମମ୍‌ କୀ ସେ କେ ଲିଏ ଗାଁୱ କୀ କିତ୍‌ନୀ ସ୍ତ୍ରୀଯାଁ ଉସ୍ ଘେର୍ କର୍ ବୈଠୀ ର୍ଥୀ ?)
(ମମତାର ସେବା ନିମିତ୍ତ ଗ୍ରାମର କେତେଜଣ ସ୍ତ୍ରୀ ଲୋକ ତାକୁ ଘେରି ବସିଥିଲେ ?)
उत्तर:
दो-तीन

(ड) कौन अवाक् खड़ा था?
(କୌନ୍ ଅଓ୍ବାକ୍ ଖଡ଼ା ଥା ?)
(କିଏ ଆଶ୍ଚର୍ଯ୍ୟରେ ଠିଆ ହୋଇଥିଲା ?)
उत्तर:
अश्वारोही

(ढ) ममता की झोंपड़ी पर कौन-सा मन्दिर बना?
(ମମୂତା କୀ ଝୋପଡ଼ି ପର୍ କୌନ୍ ସା ମନ୍ଦିର ବନା ?)
(ମମତାର କୁଡ଼ିଆ (ଘର) ଉପରେ କେଉଁ ମନ୍ଦିର ତିଆରି ହେଲା ?)
उत्तर:
अष्टकोण

(ण) सातों देशों का नरेश कौन था?
(ମମ୍‌ କୀ ଝୋପଡ଼ି ପର୍ କୌନ୍ ସା ମନ୍ଦିର ବନା?)
(ମମତାର କୁଡ଼ିଆ (ଘର) ଉପରେ କେଉଁ ମନ୍ଦିର ତିଆରି ହେଲା?)
उत्तर:
अष्टकोण

(त) गगनचुम्बी मन्दिर किसने बनवाया?
(ଗଗମ୍ଭୀ ମନ୍ଦିର୍ କିସ୍‌ ବନବାୟା ?)
(ନଭଶ୍ଚୁମ୍ଭୀ ମନ୍ଦିର କିଏ ତିଆରି କଲେ ?)
उत्तर:
अकबर

(थ) किसमें ममता का नाम नहीं था?
(କିସ୍‌ ମମ୍‌ କା ନାମ୍ ନେହିଁ ଥା ?)
(କେଉଁଥ୍ରେ ମମତାର ନାମ ନଥିଲା ?)
उत्तर:
मन्दिर में

(द) किसने कहा कि ‘यह महिलाओं का अपमान करना है’?
(କିସ୍‌ କହା କି ୟହ ମହିଳାଓଁ କା ଅପମାନ୍ କର୍‌ନା ହୈ ?)
(କିଏ କହିଲେ ‘ଏହା ମହିଳାମାନଙ୍କୁ ଅପମାନ କରିବା ଅଟେ’ ।)
उत्तर:
पठानों ने

(ध) ममता को एक स्त्री ने किससे जल पिलाया?
(ମମତା କୋ ଏକ୍ ସ୍ତ୍ରୀ ନେ କିସ୍‌ ଜଲ୍ ପିଲାୟା ?)
(ମମତାକୁ ଜଣେ ସ୍ତ୍ରୀ ଲୋକ କେଉଁଥରେ ଜଳ ପିଆଇଲା ?)
उत्तर:
सीपी से

4. निम्नलिखित अवतरणों को पढ़कर उनका आशय स्पष्ट कीजिए।
(ନିମ୍ନଲିଖ୍ ଅବତରଣୋ କୋ ପଢୁକର୍ ଉନ୍‌ ଆଶୟ ସ୍ପଷ୍ଟ କୀଜିଏ) ।
(ନିମ୍ନଲିଖ୍ ଶବ୍ଦ ଖଣ୍ଡଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ପଢ଼ି ତାହାର ଉଦ୍ଦେଶ୍ୟ ସ୍ପଷ୍ଟ କର ।)

(क) उसका यौवन शोण के समान ही उमड़ रहा था।
(ଉସ୍‌ ଯୌବନ୍ ଶୋଶ୍ କେ ସମାନ୍ ହୀ ଉମଡ଼ ରହା ଥା ।)
(ତାହାର ଯୌବନ ଶୋଣନଦୀ ଭଳି ଆବେଗତା ସୃଷ୍ଟି କରୁଥିଲା । )
उत्तर:
उसका यौवन …………………. उमड़ रहा था।
प्रस्तुत पंक्तियाँ ‘ममता’ नामक कहानी से ली गयी है। यहाँ प्रसाद जी ने ममता की यौवन की शोण नदी के साथ तुलना की । रोहतास दुर्ग के प्रकोष्ठ में बैठी हुई युबती ममता शोण के तीक्ष्ण गम्भीर प्रवाह को देख रही थी । ममता विधवा थी मगर ममता की उम्र कम थी; वे उस समय में पूर्ण यौवन में भरपूर रही थी। नदी जिस तरह पूर्ण यौवन प्राप्त होकर बह रही थी, उसी तरह ममता की जवानी में प्रवाह थी।

(ख) शोण के प्रवाह में वह अपना जीवन मिलाने में बेसुध थी।
(ଶୋଶ୍ କେ ପ୍ରବାହ ମେଁ ୱହ ଅପ୍‌ନା ଜୀବନ୍ ମିଲାନେ ମେଁ ବେସୁଧ୍ ଥୀ।)
(ଶୋଣର ସ୍ରୋତରେ ସେ ନିଜର ଜୀବନକୁ ମିଶାଇ ଦେବାରେ ମଗ୍ନ ଥଲା ।)
उत्तर:
शोण के ………………… बेसुध थी।
यह पंक्ति हमारी पाठ्य पुस्तक रचित ‘ममता’ कहानी से ली गई है। इसमें लेखक ने ममता की चिंता और अकेलेपन का वर्णन किया है। यहाँ जिस प्रकोष्ठ में ममता भग्न हृदय को लेकर बैठी थी; उस समय में पिता चूड़ामणि प्रवेश किया। चूड़ामणि व्यथित हो उठे। वे स्नहपालिता पुत्री के लिए क्या करे, यह स्थिर न कर सकते थे, लेकिन ममता अपने जीवन को नदी के साथ तल्लीन कर देती थी।

(ग) इस पतनोन्मुख प्राचीन सामन्त वंश का अंत समीप है।
(ଇସ୍ ପତନୋନୁ ଖ ପ୍ରାଚୀନ୍ ସାମନ୍ତ୍ ବଂଶ କା ଅନ୍ତ୍ ସମୀପ୍‌ ।)
(ଏହି ପତନମୁଖୀ ପ୍ରାଚୀନ ସାମନ୍ତ ବଂଶର ଶେଷ ନିକଟ ଅଟେ ।)
उत्तर:
इस पतनोन्मुख ……………… समीप है।
यह पंक्ति ‘ममता’ कहानी से लि गयी है। जिस समय मन्त्री चूड़ामणि अपनी बेटी को कुछ सुबर्ण उपहार देते तो सुवर्ण को ममता ने लौटा दिया। इसलिए कि पिताजी दूसरे से उत्कोच ग्रहण किया। मगर फिर चूड़ामणि
ने ममता को समझाया, किसी भी दिन शेरशाह रोहतास पर अधिकार कर सकता है। उस दिन मन्त्रीत्व नहीं रहेगा। यह सामन्त वंश का अंत समीप हो। यह स्वर्ण थाल का उपहार तव के लिए है।

(घ) परन्तु तुम भी वैसे ही क्रूर हो। वही भीषण रक्त की प्यास, वही निष्ठुर प्रतिबिम्ब तुम्हारे मुख पर भी है।
(ପରନ୍ତୁ ତୁମ୍ ଭୀ ୱେସ୍‌ ହୀ କୂର୍ ହୋ । ହୀ ଭୀଷଣ୍ଢ ରକ୍ତ କୀ ପ୍ୟାସ୍, ଓ୍ୱାହୀ ନିଷ୍ଠୁର ପ୍ରତିବିମ୍ବ ତୁମ୍ଭାରେ ମୁଖ୍ ପର୍ ଭୀ ହୈ ।)
(କିନ୍ତୁ ତୁମେ ମଧ୍ୟ ସେହି ଭଳି ନିଷ୍ଠୁର ଅଟ, ସେହି ଭୀଷଣ ରକ୍ତର ତୃଷ୍ଣା, ସେହି ନିଷ୍ଠୁର ପ୍ରତିଛବି ତୁମ ମୁଖ ମଣ୍ଡଳରେ ମଧ୍ୟ ଅଛି ।)
उत्तर:
परन्तु तुम ………………. पर भी है।
प्रस्तुत पंक्ति पठित कहानी ‘ममता’ से ली गई है। इस पर वर्णन है कि मुगल बादशाह हुमायूँ चौसायुद्ध में शेरशाह से हारकर एक रात को ममता की झोपड़ी में पहुंचता है और आश्रय की भीक्षा मांगते हैं परन्तु ममता ने कहा तुम भी वैसी ही निष्ठुर हो। वही भीषण रक्त की प्यास के साथ निष्ठुर प्रतिविम्व तुम्हारे मुख पर देख सकते है। मेरी झोंपड़ी में स्थान नहीं आज कंही दूसरा स्थान में आश्रय खोज लो। इस तरह में एक अनजान आदमी को आश्रय देने में असमर्थ हूँ।

(ङ) मैं ब्राह्मण – कुमारी हूँ, सब अपना धर्म छोड़ दें तो मैं भी क्यों छोड़ दूँ?
(ମୈ ବ୍ରାହ୍ମଣ-କୁମାରୀ ହୁଁ, ସବ୍‌ ଅପୂନା ଧର୍ମ ଛୋଡ଼ ହେଁ ତୋ ମେଁ କେଁ ଛୋଡ଼ ହୁଁ ?)
(ମୁଁ ବ୍ରାହ୍ମଣ-କନ୍ୟା ଅଟେ, ସମସ୍ତେ ନିଜର ଧର୍ମଛାଡ଼ି ଦେବେ ବୋଲି କ’ଣ ମୁଁ ଛାଡ଼ିଦେବି ?
उत्तर:
मैं ब्राह्मण ……………. छोड़ दूँ?
यह पंक्ति ‘ममता’ कहानी से ली गई है। इस में लेखक ने धर्म और कर्त्तव्य के बीच में सामंजस्य वैठाया है। जिस समय ममता हुमायूँ को आश्रय देने के लिए मना कर दे तो मन में सोच रही कि सब विधर्मी दया के पात्र नहीं। इसलिए मेरे पिता का वध करने वाले आततायी ही है। अंत में ममता ने विचार किया कि अतिथि सेवा ही प्रकृत माधव सेवा है। इसमें कोई धर्म की जरूरत नहीं। यह मेरा कर्तव्य है अभी मुझे अपने कर्त्तव्य करना चाहिए।

(च) उस स्त्री को मैं कुछ भी न दे सका।
(ଉସ୍ ସ୍ତ୍ରୀ କୋ ଭୀ କୋ ମେଁ କୁଛ୍ ଭୀ ନ ଦେ ସକା)।
(ସେ ସ୍ତ୍ରୀକୁ ମୁଁ କିଛି ମଧ୍ୟ ଦେଇ ପାରିଲି ନାହିଁ ।)
उत्तर:
उस स्त्री ……………….. देसका
यह पंक्ति ममता कहानी से आगत है। ममता हुमायूँ को रात में आश्रय अपनी कुटिया में देने के बाद, वे उस स्थान छोड़कर चली गयी मगर रात बीत गई। सुवह उस स्थान में ममता नहीं मिली। ममता को खोजने के लिए हूमायूँ मिरजा को आदेश दिया। उसने मुझपर जो उपकार किया उसके बदले मैं कुछ भी न दे सका।

(छ) अब तुम इसका मकान बनाओ या महल, मैं अपने चिर विश्राम गृह में जाती हूँ।
(ଅବ୍ ତୁମ୍ ଇସ୍‌କା ମକାନ୍ ବନାଓ ୟା ମହଲ୍, ମେଁ ଅପ୍‌ନେ ଚିର୍ ବିଶ୍ରାମ-ଗୃହ ମେଁ ଜାତି ହୁଁ ।)
(କୋଠାଘର କର, ମୁଁ ମୋର ଚିର ବିଶ୍ରାମ ଗୃହକୁ ଯାଉଛି ।)
उत्तर:
अब तुम …………… जाती हूँ।
यह अवतरण ममता कहानी से ली गई है। ४७ सालों के बाद अकवर जब मुगल बादशाह बनते हैं तब उनकी आज्ञा से मिरजा ममता के घर बनवाने के लिए आते है। उस समय ममता ने कहा मैं आज इसे छोड़े जाती हूँ। अब तुम इसका मकान बनाओ या महल, मैं अपने चिर विश्राम गृह में जाती हूँ।

5. निम्नलिखित वाक्यों को ‘किसने’ और ‘किससे’, कहा?
(ନିମ୍ନଲିଖତ୍ ବାର୍କୋ କୋ ‘କିସନେ‌’ ଔର୍ ‘କିସସେ‌’ କହା ?)
(ନିମ୍ନଲିଖତ ବାକ୍ୟଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ କିଏ ଓ କାହାକୁ କହିଛନ୍ତି ।)
(क) क्या आपने म्लेच्छ का उत्कोच स्वीकार कर लिया?
(କ୍ୟା ଆପ୍‌ ପ୍ଲେଚ୍ଛା କା ଉତ୍କୋଚ୍‌ ସ୍ଵୀକାର କର ଲିୟା ?)
(କ’ଣ ତୁମେ ମେଛର ଲାଞ୍ଚ ସ୍ଵୀକାର କରି ନେଲ ?)
उत्तर:
ममता ने अपने पिता चूड़ामणि से कहा।

(ख) यह महिलाओं का अपमान करना है।
(ୟହ ମହିଲାଓଁ କା ଅପମାନ୍ କର୍‌ନା ହୈ ।)
(ଏହା ମହିଳାମାନଙ୍କୁ ଅପମାନ କରିବା ଅଟେ ।)
उत्तर:
पठानों ने ब्राह्मण मंत्री चूड़ामणि से कहा।

(ग) माता, मुझे आश्रय चाहिए।
(ମାତା, ମୁଝେ ଆଶ୍ରୟ ଚାହିଏ ।)
(ମା’ ମୋତେ ଆଶ୍ରୟ ଦରକାର ।)
उत्तर:
हूमायूँ ने ममता से कहा।

(घ) गला सूख रहा है, साथी छूट गये हैं, अश्व गिर पड़ा है।
(ତଣ୍ଟି ଶୁଖ୍ଯାଉଛି, ସାଙ୍ଗମାନେ ପଳାଇଗଲେ, ଘୋଡ଼ା ପଡ଼ିଗଲା ।)
ଗଲା ସୁଖ୍ ରହା ହୈ, ସାଥୀ ଛୁଟ ଗୟେ ହେଁ, ଅଶ୍ଵ ଗିର୍ ପଡ଼ା ହୈ ।
उत्तर:
मुगल बादशाह ने ममता से कहा।

(ङ) उस स्त्री को मैं कुछ भी न दे सका।
(ଉସ୍ ସ୍ତ୍ରୀ କୋ ମୈ କୁଛ ଭୀ ନ ଦେ ସକା ।)
(ସେ ସ୍ତ୍ରୀକୁ ମୁଁ ମଧ୍ୟ କିଛି ଦେଇ ପାରିଲି ନାହିଁ ।)
उत्तर:
हुमायूँ ने मिरजा से कहा।

भाषाज्ञान (ଭାଷାଜ୍ଞାନ)
प्रस्तुत कहानी में अनेक तत्सम शब्द आये हैं। जैसे- कंटक, दुर्गपति, निराश्रय आदि। याद रखो : तत्सम शब्द ‘तत्’ और ‘सम’ के योग से वना है। इसका अर्थ है, उसके समान – यानी संस्कृत के समान। संस्कृत के जो शब्द हिन्दी में ज्यों के त्यों प्रयुक्त होते है, उन्हों तत्सम शब्द कहते है, जैसे – भ्राता, सुन्दर, पुष्प, सूर्य, आत्मा आदि।
इसी तरह इस पाठ में आए तत्सम शब्दों को छाँटिए और उनका अर्थ लिखिए।
उत्तर:
दुश्चिन्ता, व्यथित, उत्कोच ………………….. आदि।
इस तरह बच्चों शिक्षक/शिक्षिका की सहायता लेकर कहानी से तत्सम शब्दों को छाँटिए।

2. निम्नलिखित वाक्यों पर ध्यान दीजिए।
(ନିମ୍ନଲିଖ୍ ବାକ୍ୟଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ଦୃଷ୍ଟି ଦିଅ ।)
‘आँखों में पानी की बरसात लिए वह सुख के कंटक शयन में विकल थी ।’

‘तो क्या आपने म्लेच्छ का उत्कोच स्वीकार कर लिया ?
उपर्युक्त वाक्यों में ‘बरसात’ स्त्रीलिंग है और ‘उत्कोच’ पुंलिंग है। इसी कारण इन शब्दों के पहले प्रयुक्त विभक्ति का प्रयोग क्रमश: ‘की’ और ‘का’ के रूप में हुआ है।
इसी तरह के वाक्य चुनकर रेखांकित करने के साथ-साथ लिंग बताइए ।
(ଏହିପରି ବାକ୍ୟ ବାଛି ରେଖାଙ୍କିତ କରିବା ସହିତ ଲିଙ୍ଗ କୁହ ।)
उत्तर:
जहाँ पंचवर्गीय भिक्षु गौतम का उपदेश ग्रहण करने केलिए पहले मिले थे। (पुलिंग)
काशी के उत्तर धर्मचक्र बिहार मौर्य और गुप्त सम्राटों की कीर्त्ति का खंडहर था। (पुलिंग)
“मै ब्राह्मण हूँ, मुझे तो अपने धर्म – अतिथि देव की उपासना का पालन करना चाहिए ।” (स्त्रीलिंग)
ममता अब सत्तर वर्ष की वृद्धा है। (स्त्रीलिंग)
इस तरह कहानी से अन्य वाक्यों को छाँटिए ।

3. नीचे लिखे वाक्यों में विराम चिह्न लगाइए।
(ନିମ୍ନଲିଖ୍ ବାକ୍ୟଗୁଡ଼ିକରେ ବିରାମ ଚିହ୍ନ ଲଗାଅ ।)
याद रखो : हम दूसरों के साथ वातचीत करते समय बीच-बीच में रुकते हैं। इसी प्रकार लिखित सामग्री पढ़ते समय भी, भाववोध के लिए हम कभी पूरे एक वाक्य के वाद या कभी-कभी वाक्यांश के बाद या कभी एक शब्द के बाद रूकते हैं। इस प्रकार रूकने या विराम के लिए भाषा में कुछ संकेत – चिह्नों का प्रयोग करना होता है। इन्हीं चिह्नों को ‘विराम चिह्न’ कहते हैं ।मैं नहीं जानती कि वह शाहंशाह था या साधारण मुगल पर एक दिन इसी झोंपड़ी के नीचे वह रहा था मैंने सुना था वह मेरा घर बनानेकी आज्ञा दे गया था मैं आजीवन अपनी झोंपड़ी खुदवाने के डर से भयभीत रही थी।
उत्तर:
“मैं नहीं जानती कि, वह शाहंशाह था या साधारण मुगल, पर एक दिन इसी झोंपड़ी के नीचे वह रहा था। मैंने सुना था, वह मेरा घर बनानेकी आज्ञा दे गया था। मैं आजीवन अपनी झोंपड़ी खुदवाने के डर से भयभीत रही थी।”

4. नीचे दिये गये उपसर्ग एवं प्रत्यय-युक्त शब्दों के मूल शब्द बताइए।
(ନିମ୍ନରେ ଦିଆଯାଉଥ‌ିବା ଉପସର୍ଗ ଏବଂ ପ୍ରତ୍ୟୟଯୁକ୍ତ ଶବ୍ଦଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ମୂଳ ଶବ୍ଦ କୁହ ।)
उत्तर:
प्रकोष्ठ – यहाँ ‘प्र’ उपसर्ग एवं कोष्ठ मूलशब्द
निराश्रय – यहाँ ‘नि’ उपसर्ग एवं आश्रय मूल शब्द।
इस तरह के कुछ शब्दों की सूची तैयार कीजिए।
प्र – प्रचार, प्रबल, प्रगति, प्रयोग, प्रकाश
नि – निकृष्ट, निष्ठुर, निवास, निवेदन, निश्चल, निरोध, निवारण।

अतिरिक्त प्रश्नोत्तर

1. हुमायूँ कौन था? उसने मिरजा से क्या कहा?
(ହୁମାମୁଁ କୌନ୍ ଥା ? ଉସ୍‌ ମିଜା ସେ କ୍ୟା କହା?0
(ହୁମାୟୁନ୍ କିଏ ଥିଲେ ? ସେ ମିଜାକୁ କ’ଣ କହିଲେ ?)
उत्तर:
हुमायूँ मुगल सम्राट और सातों देशों का नरेश था। उसने मिरजा से यह कहा कि उस स्त्री को मैं कुछ भी न दे सका। उसका घर बनवा देना, क्योंकि विपत्ति में मैंने यहाँ आश्रय पाया था। यह स्थान भूलना मत।

2. ममता ने अश्वारोही से क्या कहा?
(ମମତା ନେ ଅଶ୍ଵାରୋହୀ ସେ କ୍ୟା କହା ?)
(ମମତା ଘୋଡ଼ାଚାଳକକୁ କ’ଣ କହିଲା ?)
उत्तर:
ममता ने अश्वारोही से कहा – “भगवान ने सुन लिया, मैं आज इसे छोड़े जाती हूँ। अब तुम इस झोपड़ी का मकान बनाओ या महल, मैं अपने चिर विश्राम गृह में जाती हूँ ।”

3. पथीक ने जाते वक्त मिरजा से क्या कहा?
(ପଥୀକ୍ ନେ ଜାତେ ୱିକ୍‌ ମିର୍‌ଜା ସେ କ୍ୟା କହା ?)
(ବାଟୋଇ ଯିବା ସମୟରେ ମିରଜାଙ୍କୁ କ’ଣ କହିଲା ?)
पथक ने जाते वक्त मिरजा से कहा – मिरजा ! उस स्त्री को मैं कुछ भी न दे सका। उसका घर बनवा देना, क्योंकि विपत्ति में मैंने यहाँ आश्रय पाया था। यह स्थान को कभी न भूलना। इसके बाद वे चले गये।

4. ममता की चरित्र कलंकमुक्त है सावित कीजिए?
(ମମତା କୀ ଚରିତ୍ର କଳଙ୍କମୁକ୍ତ ହୈ ସାବିତ୍ କୀଜିଏ ?)
(ମମତାର ଚରିତ୍ର କଳଙ୍କମୁକ୍ତ ଚରିତ୍ର କିପରି ପ୍ରମାଣିତ ହେଲା ?)
चूडामणि के मौत के बाद रोहताश दुर्ग को शेरशाह अधिकार कर लिया और ममता एक वौद्ध मठ के खण्डहरों में जा छिपती है। मुगल वादशाह हुमायूँ एक रात ममता की झोपड़ी में आश्रय के लिए भिक्षा माँगते हैं मगर ममता पास की दूरी दीवारों में चली जाती है, इससे ममता की कलंकमुक्त चरित्र प्रमाणित हुआ।

5. ममता ने मुगल से क्या कहा?
(ମମତା ନେ ମୁଗଲ୍ ସେ କ୍ୟା କହା ?)
(ମମତା ମୁଗଲଙ୍କୁ କ’ଣ କହିଲା ?)
उत्तर:
“जाओ भीतर, थके हुए भयभीत पथिक ! तुम चाहे कोई हो, मैं तुम्हें आश्रय देती हूँ मैं ब्राह्मण कुमारी हूँ, सब अपना धर्म छोड़ दे तो मैं भी क्यों छोड़ दूँ ?”

अति संक्षिप्त उत्तरमूलक प्रश्नोत्तर

A. निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों के उत्तर एक वाक्य में दीजिए।

प्रश्न 1.
‘ममता’ कहानी के कहानीकार का नाम क्या है?
उत्तर:
जयशंकर प्रसाद ‘ममता’ कहानी के कहानीकार है।

प्रश्न 2.
जयशंकर प्रसाद का जन्म कब हुआ था ?
उत्तर:
जयशंकर प्रसाद का जन्म सन् १८८९ ई. में हुआ था।

प्रश्न 3.
ममता कौन है?
उत्तर:
ममता रोहतास दूर्गपति के मंत्री चूड़ामणि की विधबा पुत्री है।

प्रश्न 4.
‘ममता’ कहानी के माध्यम से प्रसाद जी ने क्या दिखाया है?
उत्तर:
‘ममता’ कहानी के माध्यम से प्रसाद जी ने भारतीय संस्कृति और पारंपरिक मूल्यबोध को दिखाया है।

प्रश्न 5.
रोहतास दुर्ग पर किसका अधिकार हो जाता है?
उत्तर:
रोहतास दुर्ग पर शेरशाह का अधिकार हो जाता है।

प्रश्न 6.
ममता मुगलों से छिपने के लिए कहाँ चली गयी?
उत्तर:
ममता मुगलों से छिपने के लिए पास के मृगदाव में चली गयी।

प्रश्न 7.
चौसा युद्ध किस-किसके बीच हुआ था?
उत्तर:
चौसा युद्ध हुमायूँ और शेरशाह के बीच हुआ था।

प्रश्न 8.
सातों देशों के नरेश किसे कहा गया है?
उत्तर:
सातों देशों के नरेश हुमायूँ को कहा गया है।

प्रश्न 9.
मौर्य और गुप्त सम्राटों की कीर्त्ति का खण्डहर कहाँ था?
उत्तर:
मौर्य और गुप्त सम्राटों की कीर्त्ति का खण्डहर काशी के उत्तर धर्मचक्र विहार में था।

प्रश्न 10.
किसके प्रकाश नें मुगल में समता का मुखमण्डल देखा?
उत्तर:
चंद्रमा के मंद प्रकाश में मुगल ने ममता का मुखमण्डल देखा।

प्रश्न 11.
शोण के प्रवाह में अपना जीवन मिलाने में कौन बेसुध थी?
उत्तर:
शोण के प्रवाह में अपना जीवन मिलाने में बेसुध मंत्री चुड़ामणि की विधवापुत्री ममता थी।

प्रश्न 12.
प्रभात में खण्डहर की संधि से ममता ने क्या देखा?
उत्तर:
प्रभात में खण्डहर की संधि से ममता ने सैंकड़ो अश्वारोही को उस प्रांत में घूमते देखा।

प्रश्न 13.
किस युद्ध को बहुत दिन बीत गए?
उत्तर:
चौसा युद्ध को बहुत दिन बीत गए।

प्रश्न 14.
हुमायूँ ने मिरजा की क्या करने को कहा?
उत्तर:
हुमायूँ ने मिरजा से कहा- ‘उस स्त्री को मैं कुछ भी न दे सका। उसका घर बनवा देना, क्योंकि विपत्ति में मैंने यहाँ आश्रय पाया था। यह स्थान भूलना मत।’

प्रश्न 15.
ममता ने अश्वाराही से क्या कहा?
उत्तर:
ममता ने अश्वारोही से कहा- “मैं नहीं जानता वह शहंशाह था या साधारण मुगल, पर एक दिन इसी झोंपड़ी के नीचे वह रहा था। मैं आज इसे छोड़ जाती हूँ। अब तुम इसका मकान बनाओ या महल, मैं अपने चिर विश्राम गृह में जाती हूँ।

प्रश्न 16.
संसार में सबसे तुच्छ निराश्रय प्राणी कौन है?
उत्तर:
हिंदू विधवा संसार में सबसे तुच्छ, निराश्रय प्राणी है।

प्रश्न 17.
ममता का यौवन किसके समान उमड़ रहा था?
उत्तर:
ममता का यौवन शोण के समान उमड़ रहा था।

प्रश्न 18.
हुमायूँ कौन था? उसका युद्ध किससे हुआ था?
उत्तर:
हुमायूँ मुगल सम्राट और सातों देशों का नरेश था। उसका शेरशाह के साथ युद्ध हुआ था।

प्रश्न 19.
ममता ने मन में क्या कहा?
उत्तर:
ममता ने मन में कहा- “यहाँ कौन दुर्ग है? यही झोंपड़ी है, जो चाहे ले, ले। मुझे तो अपना कर्त्तव्य करना पड़ेगा।

प्रश्न 20.
ममता को एक स्त्री ने किससे जल पिलाया?
उत्तर:
ममता को एक स्त्री ने सीपी से जल पिलाया।

प्रश्न 21.
म्लेच्छ का उत्कोच किसने स्वीकार किया था?
उत्तर:
म्लेच्छ का उत्कोच मंत्री चूड़ामणि ने स्वीकार किया था।

B. निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों के उत्तर एक शब्द में दीजिए।

प्रश्न 1.
संसार में सबसे तुच्छ निराश्रय प्राणी कौन है?
उत्तर:
हिंदू विधवा

प्रश्न 2.
ममता के पिता का नाम क्या था?
उत्तर:
चूड़ामणि

प्रश्न 3.
किसका हृदय धक-धक करने लगा?
उत्तर:
चूड़ामणि

प्रश्न 4.
किस युद्ध को बहुत दिन बीत गये?
उत्तर:
चौसा के मुगल-पठान युद्ध

प्रश्न 5.
किसने एक दिन ममता की झोपड़ी में विश्राम किया था?
उत्तर:
हुमायूँ

प्रश्न 6.
हुमायूँ कौन था?
उत्तर:
मुगल का बादशाह

प्रश्न 7.
चौसा युद्ध किसके – किसके बीच हुआ था?
उत्तर:
हुमायूँ और शेरशाह

प्रश्न 8.
ममता किसकी पुत्री थी?
उत्तर:
चूड़ामणि

प्रश्न 9.
कौन से युद्ध में शेरशाह से विपन्न होकर मुगल रक्षा चाहता था?
उत्तर:
चौसा युद्ध

प्रश्न 10.
किसने सोचा कि उसे अतिथि-देव की उपासना का पालन करना चाहिए?
उत्तर:
ममता

प्रश्न 11.
कौन अवाक् खड़ा था?
उत्तर:
अश्वारोही

प्रश्न 12.
ममता की झोंपड़ी पर कौन सा मंदिर बना?
उत्तर:
अष्टकोण

प्रश्न 13.
गगनचुंबी मंदिर किसने बनवाया?
उत्तर:
अकबर

प्रश्न 14.
किसमें ममता का नाम नहीं था?
उत्तर:
अष्टकोण मंदिर के शिलालेख

प्रश्न 15.
हुमायूँ ने मुगल को ममता के लिए क्या बनाने को कहा?
उत्तर:
महल

प्रश्न 16.
किसने कहा कि ‘माता’, मुझे आश्रय चाहिए?
उत्तर:
वादशाह हुमायूँ

प्रश्न 17.
ममता की सेवा के लिए गांव की कितनी स्त्रियाँ उसे घेर कर बैठी थी?
उत्तर:
दो-तीन

प्रश्न 18.
म्लेच्छ का उत्कोच किसने स्वीकार किया?
उत्तर:
चूड़ामणि

प्रश्न 19.
सैनिकों के खोजने पर ममता कहाँ चली गयी?
उत्तर:
मृगदाव

प्रश्न 20.
रोहतास दुर्ग कौन अधिकार किया?
उत्तर:
शेरशाह

प्रश्न 21.
‘ममता’ कहानी का सन्देश है
उत्तर:
भारतीय संस्कृति और पारम्परिक मूल्यवोध

प्रश्न 22.
ममता को एक स्त्री ने किससे जल पिलाया?
उत्तर:
सीपी

प्रश्न 23.
ममता का यौवन किसके समान उमड़ रहा था।
उत्तर:
शोण नदी

प्रश्न 24.
किसकी प्रकाश में मुगल ने ममता का मुखमंडल देखा?
उत्तर:
चंद्रमा के मंद प्रकाश

C. रिक्तस्थानों को भरिए।

प्रश्न 1.
‘ममता’ कहानी ……………. ने लिखी है।
उत्तर:
जयशंकर प्रसाद

प्रश्न 2.
ममता ………………. नदी की प्रवाह में खोयी थी।
उत्तर:

प्रश्न 3.
ममता …………… जाति की महिला थी।
उत्तर:
ब्राह्मण

प्रश्न 4.
चूड़ामणि रोहतास दुर्ग में ……………….. पद पर कार्यरत थे।
उत्तर:
मंत्री

प्रश्न 5.
………………. ने कहा- “यही झोपड़ी है, जो चाहे ले। मुझे तो अपना कर्त्तव्य करना पड़ेगा।”
उत्तर:
ममता

प्रश्न 6.
……………….. के प्रकाश में मुगल ने ममता का मुखमंड़ल देखा।
उत्तर:
चंद्रमा के मंद प्रकाश

प्रश्न 7.
प्रभात में खंड़हर की संधि से ………………. ने देखा सैंकड़ो अश्वारोही उस प्रांत में घूम रहे हैं।
उत्तर:
ममता

प्रश्न 8.
हुमायूँ ने मिरजा से …………….. करने के लिए कहा।
उत्तर:
घर

प्रश्न 9.
रोहतास दुर्गपति के मंत्री ……………. थे।
उत्तर:
चूड़ामणि

प्रश्न 10.
शोण के प्रवाह में अपना जीवन मिलाने में …………………..बेशुध थी?
उत्तर:
ममता

प्रश्न 11.
सुनहली संध्या में ……………… का पीलापन विकीर्ण होने लगा।
उत्तर:
सुवर्ण

प्रश्न 12.
……………… ने कहा कि ‘माता’ मुझे आश्रय चाहिए।
उत्तर:
हुमायूँ

प्रश्न 13.
” “भाग्य का खेल हैं”। यह वाक्य ……………… ने कहा।
उत्तर:
हुमायूँ

प्रश्न 14.
सैनिकों के खोजने पर ममता ……………… चली गयी।
उत्तर:
धर्मचक्र बिहार

प्रश्न 15.
………………… का जीर्ण कंकाल खाँसी से गुँज रहा था।
उत्तर:
ममता

प्रश्न 16.
ममता की सेवा के लिए गाँव की ………………. स्त्रियाँ उसे घेर कर बैठी थी।
उत्तर:
दो-तीन

प्रश्न 17.
सातों देशों का नरेश …………….. था।
उत्तर:
हुमायूँ

प्रश्न 18.
‘यह महिलाओं का अपमान है’ ………………. ने कहा।
उत्तर:
पठानों ने

प्रश्न 19.
ममता को एक स्री ने ………………… से जल पिलाया।
उत्तर:
सीपी से

प्रश्न 20.
चूड़ामणि की इकलौती बेटी का नाम ………………… था।
उत्तर:
ममता

प्रश्न 21.
……………… सूख रहा है, साथी छूट गए हैं, अश्व गिर पड़ा है?
उत्तर:
गला

प्रश्न 22.
“उस स्री को मैं कुछ भी न दे सका ।” दिए गए वाक्य में “उस स्री” का संबंध ………………… चरित्र से है।
उत्तर:
ममता

प्रश्न 23.
चंद्रमा के मंद प्रकाश में मुगल ने ………………….. का मुखमंड़ल देखा।
उत्तर:
ममता

प्रश्न 24.
ममता का ह्दय ……………… करने लगा।
उत्तर:
धक-धक

प्रश्न 25.
गगनचुम्बी मन्दिर ………………. ने बनवाया।
उत्तर:
अकवर

प्रश्न 26.
………………… अवाक् खड़ा था।
उत्तर:
अश्वारोही

प्रश्न 27.
एक महिला ने सिपि से ……………. को जल पिलाया।
उत्तर:
ममता

प्रश्न 28.
………………… ने कहा कि “यह महिलाओं का अपमान करना है?
उत्तर:
पठानों ने

प्रश्न 29.
गला सूख रहा है, साथी छूट गये हैं, अश्व गिर पड़ा हैं- यह ………….. की उक्ति है।
उत्तर:
मुगल वादशाह

प्रश्न 30.
उस स्री को मैं कुछ भी न दे सका- यह बात ……………….. ने कही।
उत्तर:
हुमायूँ ने

प्रश्न 31.
हुमायूँ ने ममता से कहा, माता, ……………….. ।
उत्तर:
मुझे आश्रय चाहिए

D. सही उत्तर चुनिए।

1. ‘ममता’ किसका पुत्री है ?
(A) मन्त्री चुड़ामणि की
(B) अकबर की
(C) हुमायूँ की
(D) गौतम की
उत्तर:
(A) मन्त्री चुड़ामणि की

2. ‘ममता’ कहानी लिखी है ?
(A) विनोबाभाबे
(B) जयशंकर
(C) धीरजन
(D) प्रेमचंद
उत्तर:
(B) जयशंकर

3. रोहतास दुर्ग के मंत्री कौन थे?
(A) चूड़ामणि
(B) हूमायूँ
(C) शेरशाह
(D) अकबर
उत्तर:
(A) चूड़ामणि

4. कौन शोण के प्रबाह में अपना जीवन मिलाने में बेसुध था?
(A) महारानी
(B) मंत्री की पत्नी
(C) ममता
(D) इनमें से कोई नहीं
उत्तर:
(C) ममता

5. ममता के पिता मंत्री चूड़ामणि कैसे मारे गये?
(A) पठानों से युद्ध करके
(B) स्बाधीनता संग्राम में
(C) हिन्दु से शुद्ध करके
(D) इनमें से कोई नहीं
उत्तर:
(A) पठानों से युद्ध करके

6. चौसा युद्ध किन दोनों के बीच हुआ था?
(A) शेरशाह-अकबर
(B) शेरशाह हुमायूँ
(C) हुमायूँ-चूड़ामणि
(D) इनमें से कोई नहीं
उत्तर:
(B) शेरशाह हुमायूँ

7. संसार में सबसे निराश्रय प्राणी है ?
(A) इसलाम विधवा
(B) आदिवासी विधवा
(C) हिन्दु विधवा
(D) इनमें से कोई नहीं
उत्तर:
(C) हिन्दु विधवा

8. अनुचर क्या लेकर आए थे?
(A) डाला
(B) टोकरी
(C) थाल
(D) इनमें से कोई नहीं
उत्तर:
(C) थाल

9. “इइतना स्वर्ग ! यह कहाँ से आया ?” – किसने कहा?
(A) मंत्री
(B) राजा
(C) सेनापति
(D) ममता
उत्तर:
(D) ममता

10. मंत्री अपनी पुत्री का दु:ख कम करने के लिए क्या मेंट करते हैं?
(A) हीरा
(B) वस्त्र
(C) महल
(D) स्वर्ग
उत्तर:
(D) स्वर्ग

11. ममता किस नदी के तीक्ष्ण गंभीर प्रवाह को देख रही थी?
(A) यमुना
(B) गंगा
(C) शोण
(D) सरस्वती
उत्तर:
(C) शोण

12. म्लेच्छ का उत्कोच किसने स्वीकार किया था?
(A) चूड़ामणि
(B) अकबर
(C) बीरबल
(D) हुमायूँ
उत्तर:
(A) चूड़ामणि

13. सुनहली संहया में किसका वीलापन विकीर्ण होने लगा?
(A) चाँदी
(B) पीतल
(C) सोने
(D) लोहे
उत्तर:
(C) सोने

14. किसने कहा कि यह महिलाओं का अपमान है?
(A) मुगलों ने
(B) पठानों ने
(C) हिन्दुओं ने
(D) सम्रार्यो ने
उत्तर:
(B) पठानों ने

15. हुमायूँ किस वंश से है ?
(A) राजपूत
(B) तैसूर
(C) मौर्य
(D) मुगल
उत्तर:
(B) तैसूर

16. ममता भागकर कहाँ छिपती है ?
(A) पैचवटी
(B) बुद्धिमान
(C) बौधमठ
(D) जैन मठ
उत्तर:
(C) बौधमठ

17. सातों देश का नरेश कोन था?
(A) हुमायूँ
(B) अकबर
(C) बाबर
(D) महाराणाप्रताप
उत्तर:
(A) हुमायूँ

18. कौन अवाक् खड़ा था ?
(A) अकबर
(B) हुमायूँ
(C) अश्वारोही
(D) गाड़ीबाले
उत्तर:
(C) अश्वारोही

19. हुमायूँ से बचने के लिए ममता कहाँ चली गयी ?
(A) खंड़धर में
(B) टूटी दीवारों में
(C) झोपड़ी में
(D) मृगदाव में
उत्तर:
(D) मृगदाव में

20. कौन-से युद्ध में शेरशाह से विपन्न होकर मुगल रक्षा चाहता था?
(A) विश्व-युद्ध
(B) मोगल-युद्ध
(C) चौसा-युद्ध
(D) पानीपथ-युद्ध
उत्तर:
(C) चौसा-युद्ध

रोहतास-दुर्ग………………….. अन्त था?
ରୋହତାସ୍-ଦୁର୍ଗ କେ ପ୍ରକୋଷ୍ଠ ମେଁ ବୈଠୀ ହୁଈ ଯୁବତୀ ମମତା, ଶୋଣ୍ କେ ତୀକ୍ଷ୍ଣ୍ ଗମ୍ଭୀର ପ୍ରବାହ କୋ ଦେଖ୍ ରହୀ ଥୀ । ମମତା ବିଧୱା ଥୀ । ଉସ୍କା ଯୌବନ ଶୋଶ୍ କେ ସମାନ୍ ହୀ ଉମଡ଼୍ ରହା ଥା । ମନ୍ ମେଁ ୱେଦନା, ମସ୍ତକ୍ ମେଁ ଆଁଧୀ, ଆଁଖେଁ ମେଁ ପାନୀ କୀ ବର୍‌ସାତ୍ ଲିଏ ୱହ ସୁଖ୍ କେ କଂଟକ୍-ଶୟନ୍ ମେଁ ୱିକଲ୍ ଥୀ । ୱହ ରୋହତାସ୍ ଦୁର୍ଗପତି କେ ମନ୍ତ୍ରୀ ଚୂଡ଼ାମଣି କୀ ଅକେଲୀ ଦୁହିତା ଥୀ । ଫିର୍ ଉସ୍‌କେ ଲିଏ କୁଛ୍ ଅଭାବ୍ କା ହୋନା ଅସଂଭବ ଥା, ପରନ୍ତୁ ୱହ ବିଧାତ୍ମା ଥୀ । ହିନ୍ଦୁ ବିଧ ସଂସାର୍ ମେଁ ସବ୍‌ସେ ତୁଚ୍ଛ, ନିରାଶ୍ରୟ ପ୍ରାଣୀ ହୈ-ତବ୍ ବିଡ଼ମ୍ବନା କା କହାଁ ଅନ୍ତ୍ ଥା?

ଅନୁବାଦ:
ରୋହତାସ ଦୁର୍ଗର ଏକ କୋଠରୀରେ ବସି ଯୁବତୀ ମମତା ଶୋଣ ନଦୀର ପ୍ରଚଣ୍ଡ ଗମ୍ଭୀର ଜଳଧାରାର ପ୍ରବାହକୁ ଦେଖୁଥିଲା । ମମତା ବିଧବା ଥିଲା। ତାହାର ଯୌବନ ଶୋଣ ନଦୀ ଭଳି ଆବେଗତା ସୃଷ୍ଟି କରୁଥିଲା । ମନରେ ବେଦନା (କଷ୍ଟ), ମସ୍ତିକରେ ଝଡ଼, ଆଗ୍‌ରେ ଲୁହର ବର୍ଷା ନେଇ ସେ ସୁଖର କଣ୍ଟକ ଶଯ୍ୟାରେ ବ୍ୟାକୁଳ ଥିଲା ସେ । ସେ ରୋହତାସ ଦୁର୍ଗର ଅଧୂପତିଙ୍କ ମନ୍ତ୍ରୀ ଚୂଡ଼ାମଣୀଙ୍କ ଏକମାତ୍ର ଝିଅ ଥିଲା । ତେଣୁ ତା ପାଇଁ କିଛି ଅଭାବ ନଥୁଲା କିନ୍ତୁ ସେ ବିଧବା ଥିଲା, ହିନ୍ଦୁ ବିଧବା ସମାଜରେ ସବୁଠାରୁ ତୁଚ୍ଛ, ନିରାଶ୍ରୟ ପ୍ରାଣୀ ଅଟେ ତେଣୁ ଉପହାସର ଶେଷ କେଉଁଠି ଥିଲା?

चूडामणि ने ……………………पड़ते थे।
ଚୂଡ଼ାମଣି ନେ ଚୁପ୍‌ଚାପ୍ ଉସ୍ ପ୍ରକୋଷ୍ଠ ମେଁ ପ୍ରବେଶ୍ କିୟା । ଶୋଶ୍ କେ ବେସୁଧ ଥୀ । ପିତା କା ଆନା ନ ଜାନ୍ ସକୀ । ଚୂଡ଼ାମଣି ବ୍ୟର୍ଥାତ୍ ହୋ ଉଠେ । ସ୍ଥିର୍ ନ କର୍ ସଲ୍‌ ଥେ । ଲୌଟ୍‌କର୍ ବାହାର୍ ଚଲେ ଗୟେ । ଐସା ପ୍ରାୟଃ ଦୁଶ୍ଚିନ୍ତା ଥୀ । ପୌର୍ ସୀର୍ଥେ ନ ପଡ଼େତେ ଥେ। ପ୍ରବାହ ମେଁ ୱହ ଅପୂନା ଜୀବନ ମିଲାନେ ମେଁ ସ୍ନେହପାଲିତା ପୁତ୍ରୀ କେ ଲିଏ କ୍ୟା କରେ, ୟହ ହୋତା, ପର୍ ଆଜ ମନ୍ତ୍ରୀ କେ ମନ୍ ମେଁ ବଡ଼ୀ

ଅନୁବାଦ :
ଚୂଡ଼ାମଣି ସନ୍ତର୍ପଣରେ (ନିରବରେ) ଉକ୍ତ କୋଠରୀ ମଧ୍ୟରେ ପ୍ରବେଶ କଲା । ଶୋଣ ନଦୀର ପ୍ରବାହ ମଧ୍ୟରେ ନିଜ ଜୀବନକୁ ମିଳାଇବାରେ ସେ (ମମତା) ନିମଗ୍ନ ଥିଲା । ପିତାଙ୍କର ପ୍ରବେଶ ସମ୍ପର୍କରେ ସେ ଅଜ୍ଞ ଥିଲା । ଚୂଡ଼ାମଣି ବ୍ୟଥ୍‌ତ ହୋଇଉଠିଲେ । ଅତି ସ୍ନେହରେ ବଢ଼ାଇଥିବା ଝିଅପାଇଁ ସେ କ’ଣ କରିପାରିବେ, ସେ ସ୍ଥିର କରିପାରି ନଥିଲେ । ବୁଲିପଡ଼ି ବାହାରକୁ ଚାଲିଗଲେ । ଏହିଭଳି ପ୍ରାୟ ସମୟରେ ହେଉଥୁଲା, କିନ୍ତୁ ଆଜି (କାହିଁକି) ମନ୍ତ୍ରୀଙ୍କ ମନରେ ବଡ଼ ଦୁଃଶ୍ଚିନ୍ତା ଥିଲା । (ତାଙ୍କର) ପାଦ ଆଜି ଠିକ୍‌ରେ ପଡୁନଥିଲା ।

एक पहर ………………… चलेगए।
ଏକ ପହର ରାତ୍ ବୀତ୍ ଜାନେ ପର୍ ଫିର୍ ୱେ ମମତା କେ ପାସ୍ ଆୟେ । ଉସ୍ ସମୟ ଉକେ ପିଛେ ଦସ୍ ସେବକ୍ ଚୌଦୀ କେ ବଡ଼େ ଥାଲୌ ମେଁ କୁଛ ଲିଏ ଖଡ଼େ ଥେ, କିତନେ ହୀ ମନୁଷ୍ଯା କେ ପଦ୍-ଶବ୍ଦ ସୁନ୍ ମମ୍ ନେ ଘୂମ୍ କର ଦେଖା । ମନ୍ତ୍ରୀ ନେ ସବୁ ଥାଲୈ କେ ରଖିନେ କା ସଂକେତ୍ କିୟା । ଅନୁଚର ଥାଲ୍ ରଖ୍ କର୍ ଚଲେ ଗୟେ ।

ଅନୁବାଦ:
ଏକ ପ୍ରହର ରାତି କଟିଯିବା ପରେ ପୁନର୍ବାର ସେ (ଚୂଡ଼ାମଣି) ମମତା ପାଖକୁ ଆସିଲେ । ସେହି ସମୟରେ ତାଙ୍କ ପଛରେ ଦଶଜଣ ସେବାକାରୀ ରୂପାର ବଡ଼ ପାତ୍ରରେ କିଛି ନେଇ ଠିଆ ହୋଇଥିଲେ । କେତେକ ଲୋକମାନଙ୍କର ପାଦଶବ୍ଦ ଶୁଣି ମମତା ବୁଲିପଡ଼ି ଦେଖୁଲା, ମନ୍ତ୍ରୀ ସବୁ ପାତ୍ରଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ରଖୁବା ପାଇଁ ଇସାରା ଦେଲେ । ଅନୁଚରଗଣ ପାତ୍ର ରଖ୍ ଚାଲିଗଲେ ।

ममता ने …………………. लेकर क्या करेंगे?
ମମତା ନେ ପୂଛା ‘ୟହ କ୍ୟା ହୈ ପିତାଜୀ ?’’
‘‘ତେରେଲିଏ ବେଟୀ, ଉପ୍‌ହାର୍ ହୈ ।’’ ୟହ କହକର୍ ଚୂଡ଼ାମଣି ନେ ଆବ୍‌ରଣ ଉଲଟ୍ ଦିୟା । ସୁବର୍ଣ୍ଣ କା ପୀଲାପନ୍ ଉସ୍ ସୁହଲୀ ସଂଧ୍ୟା ମେଁ ୱିକୀର୍ଣ ହୋନେ ଲଗା ।
ମମ୍ ଚୌକ୍ ଉଠୀ ……………………
‘ଇନା ସ୍ଵର୍ଣ୍ଣ ! ୟହ କହାଁ ସେ ଆୟା ?’’
‘ଚୁପ୍ ରହୋ ମମତା ! ୟହ ତୁମ୍‌ହାରେ ଲିଏ ହୈ ।’’
‘‘ତୋ କ୍ୟା ଆପ୍‌ ମେଚ୍ଛ କା ଉତ୍କୋଚ୍‌ ସ୍ଵୀକାର କର୍ ଲିୟା ? ପିତାଜୀ ! ୟହ ଅର୍ଥ ନନ୍ଦୀ, ଅନର୍ଥ ହୈ । ଲୌଟା ଦୀଜିଏ । ପିତାଜୀ ! ହମ୍ ଲୋଗ୍ ବ୍ରାହ୍ମଣ ହେଁ, ଇନା ସୋନା ଲେକର୍ କ୍ୟା କରଂଗେ ?”’

ଅନୁବାଦ:
ମମତା ପଚାରିଲା ଏ ସବୁ କ’ଣ, ବାପା ? ‘ତୋ ପାଇଁ ଝିଅ ଉପହାର ଅଟେ’, ଏହା କହି ଚୂଡ଼ାମଣି ଓଢ଼ଣୀ ଉଠାଇ ଦେଲେ । ସୁନାର ହଳଦୀରଙ୍ଗ ହେଁ, ସୁବର୍ଣ୍ଣ ସନ୍ଧ୍ୟାରେ ବିଛୁଡ଼ି ହୋଇ ପଡ଼ିଲା । ମମତା ଆଶ୍ଚର୍ଯ୍ୟ ହୋଇଗଲା……..ଏତେ ସୁନା ! ଏଗୁଡ଼ିକ କେଉଁଠାରୁ ଆସିଲା ? ‘ପାଟି କରନା ମମତା ! ଏଗୁଡ଼ିକ ତୋ’ପାଇଁ ।’’ ‘ତା ହେଲେ କ’ଣ ଆପଣ ପାପୀମାନଙ୍କ ଲାଞ୍ଚ ସ୍ଵୀକାର କରି ନେଲେ ? ବାପା ! ଏହା ଠିକ୍ ନୁହେଁ, ଖରାପ ଅଟେ । ଫେରାଇ ଦିଅ । ବାପା ! ଆମ୍ଭେ ବ୍ରାହ୍ମଣ, ଏତେଗୁଡ଼ିଏ ସୁନା ନେଇ କ’ଣ କରିବା ?’’

” ‘इस …………………… बबेटी!’
‘‘ଇସ୍ ପତନୋନ୍ଥ,ଖ ପ୍ରାଚୀନ୍ ସାମନ୍ତ୍-ବଂଶ୍ କା ଅନ୍ତ୍ ସମୀପ୍ ହୈ, ବେଟୀ, କିସୀ ଭୀ ଦିନ୍ ଶେର୍‌ଶାହ୍ ରୋହତାସ୍ ପର ଅଧିକାର୍ କର୍ ସକ୍ତା ହୈ । ଉସ୍ ଦିନ୍ ମନ୍ତ୍ରୀତ୍ଵ ନ ରହେଗା, ତବ୍ କେ ଲିଏ ବେଟୀ !’’

ଅନୁବାଦ:
ଏହି ପତନୁନୁମୁଖୀ ପ୍ରାଚୀନ ସାମନ୍ତବଂଶର ଅନ୍ତ (ଶେଷ) ନିକଟ ହୋଇଆସିଲାଣି, ଝିଅ ଯେକୌଣସି ଦିନ ଶେରଶାହ ରୋହତସ୍‌ ଅଧିକାର କରିପାରେ । ସେଦିନ ଆଉ ମନ୍ତ୍ରୀତ୍ବ ନଥ‌ିବ । ସେହି ସମୟପାଇଁ (ଏହି ସୁନା) ଝିଅ ।

” हे भगवान! ………………. चलले गये।
‘ହେ ଭଗ୍‌ବାନ୍ ! ତବ୍ କେ ଲିଏ ! ବିପଦ୍ କେ ଲିଏ ଇନା ଆୟୋଜନ୍ ! ପରମ୍ପିତା କୀ ଇଚ୍ଛା କେ ବିରୁଦ୍ଧ ଇତ୍‌ନା ସାହସ୍ ? ପିତାଜୀ, କ୍ୟା ଭୀଖ୍ ନ ମିଲେଗୀ ? କ୍ୟା କୋଈ ହିନ୍ଦୁ ଭୂ-ପୃଷ୍ଠ ପର୍ ନ ବଚା ରହ୍ ଜାଏଗା, ଜୋ ବ୍ରାହ୍ମଣ୍ କୋ ଦୋ ମୁ ଅନ୍ନ ଦେ ସକେ ? ଅସମ୍ଭବ ହୈ । ଲୌଟ ଦୀଜିଏ ପିତାଜୀ ! ମେଁ କାଁପ ରହୀ ହୁଁ ଇସ୍‌କ ଚମକ୍ ଆର୍ଥୋ କୋ ଅନ୍ଧା ବନା ରହୀ ହୈ ।’’ ‘ମୂର୍ଖ ହୈ’ କହକର ଚୂଡ଼ାମଣି ଚଲେ ଗୟେ

ଅନୁବାଦ:
‘ହେ ଭଗବାନ ! ସେହି ସମୟପାଇଁ ! ବିପଦ ପାଇଁ ଏତେଟା ବ୍ୟବସ୍ଥା ! ପରମପିତାଙ୍କ ଇଚ୍ଛା ବିରୁଦ୍ଧରେ ଏତେ ସାହସ ? ବାପା, କ’ଣ ଭିକ ମିଳିବ ନାହିଁ ? କ’ଣ କୌଣସି ହିନ୍ଦୁ ଏହି ପୃଥ‌ିବୀ ପୃଷ୍ଠରେ ବଞ୍ଚିବ ନାହିଁ ଯେ ବ୍ରାହ୍ମଣ ଦୁଇମୁଠା ଅନ୍ନଦେଇ ପାରିବ ନାହିଁ ? ଅସମ୍ଭବ ଅଟେ । ଫେରାଇ ଦିଅନ୍ତୁ ବାପା ! ମୁଁ ଥରିଯାଉଛି ଏହାର ଜ୍ୟୋତି ମୋର ଆଖୁକୁ ଅନ୍ଧ କରିଦେଉଛି ।’’ ‘ମୂଖ’ କହି ଚୂଡ଼ା ମଣି ଚାଲିଗଲେ

दूसरे दिन ……………… करना है।”
ଦୂସ୍‌ରେ ଦିନ୍ ଜବ୍ ଡୋଲିର୍ଲୋ କା ତାଂତା ଭୀତର ଆ ରହା ଥା, ବ୍ରାହ୍ମଣ୍ ମନ୍ତ୍ରୀ ଚୂଡ଼ାମଣି କା ହୃଦୟ ଧକ୍-ଧକ୍ କର୍‌ନେ ଲଗା । ୱହ ଅପ୍‌ କୋ ନ ରୋକ୍ ସକା । ଉତ୍ପନେ ଜାକର ରୋହତାସ୍-ଦୁର୍ଗ କେ ତୋରଣ୍ ପର ଡୋଲିର୍ଲୋ କା ଆବରଣ୍ ଖୁନା ବାହା । ପଠାନାଁ ନେ କହା ‘ୟହ ମହିଲାଓ କା ଅପ୍‌ମାନ୍ କରନା ହୈ ।’’
ଅନୁବାଦ;
ପରଦିନ ଯେତେବେଳେ ଧାଡ଼ି ଧାଡ଼ି ସବାରୀ ଭିତରକୁ ଆସୁଥୁଲା, ବ୍ରାହ୍ମଣ ମନ୍ତ୍ରୀ ଚୂଡ଼ାମଣିଙ୍କ ଛାତି ଆବରଣ (ପରଦା) ଖୋଲିବାକୁ ଚାହିଁଲେ । ପଠାଣମାନେ କହିଲେ ଏହା ମହିଳାମାନଙ୍କୁ ଅପମାନ କରିବା ଅଟେ।

बात बढ़ ……………… न मिली।
ବାତ୍ ବଢ ଗୟୀ । ତର୍ରେ ଖୂର୍ବୀ, ବ୍ରାହ୍ମଣ ମନ୍ତ୍ରୀ ୱହୀ ମାରାଗୟା ଔର୍ ରାଜା, ରାନୀ ତଥା କୋଷ୍ ସବ୍ ଛଲୀ ଶେର୍‌ଶାହ କେ ହାଥ ପଡ଼େ, ନିକଲ୍ ଗୟୀ ମମତା । ଡୋଲି ମେଁ ଭରେ ହୁଏ ପଠାନ୍ ସୈନିକ ଦୁର୍ଗ ଭର୍ ମେଁ ଫିଲ୍‌ ଗୟେ, ପର୍ ମମତା ନ ମିଲୀ ।

ଅନୁବାଦ:
କଥାଟା ବଢ଼ିଗଲା । ଖଣ୍ଡା ବାହରକଲେ, ବ୍ରାହ୍ମଣମନ୍ତ୍ରୀ ସେଠାରେ ମରିଗଲେ ଏବଂ ରାଜା, ରାଣୀ ଏବଂ ଧନସବୁ କପଟି ଶେର ସାହଙ୍କ ହାତକୁ ଆସିଗଲା । ମମତା ବାହାରି ପଳାଇଗଲା, ସବାରୀରେ ପଶିଥ‌ିବା ପଠାଣ ସୈନିକ ଦୁର୍ଗର ଚାରିପଟେ ଘେରିଗଲେ, କିନ୍ତୁ ମମତାକୁ ପାଇଲେ ନାହିଁ ।

काशी के ……………… कर रही थी।
କାଶୀ କେ ଉତ୍ତର୍ ଧର୍ମକ୍ର ବିହାର୍ ମୌର୍ୟ ଔର୍ ଗୁପ୍ତ ସମ୍ରାଟୋ କୀ କୀର୍ତି କା ଖଣ୍ଡହର୍ ଥା ଭଗ୍ନଚୂଡ଼ା, ତୃଣା-ଗୁହେଁ ସେ ଢକେ ହୁଏ ପ୍ରାଚୀର ଇଁଟୋ କେ ଢେର୍ ମେଁ ବିଖରୀ ହୁଈ ଭାରତୀୟ ଶିଳ୍ପ କୀ ବିଭୂତି, ଗ୍ରୀଷ୍ମ ରଜନୀ କୀ ଚନ୍ଦ୍ରିକା ମେଁ ଅପ୍‌ କୋ ଶୀତଲ୍ କର୍ ରହୀ ଥୀ ।

ଅନୁବାଦ:
କାଶୀର ଉତ୍ତରରେ ଥ‌ିବା ଧର୍ମଚକ୍ର ବିହାର ମୌର୍ଯ୍ୟ ଏବଂ ଗୁପ୍ତ ସମ୍ରାଟମାନଙ୍କର କିର୍ତ୍ତିର ଭଗ୍ନସ୍ତୂପ ଥିଲା । ଭଗ୍ନଚୂଡ଼ା ( ଅଗ୍ରଭାଗ ଭାଙ୍ଗି ଯାଇଥିବା), ଘାସ ଏବଂ ଗୁଳ୍ମରେ ଆଚ୍ଛାଦିତ ହୋଇଥିବା ଇଟାର ପ୍ରାଚୀର ମଧ୍ୟରେ ଭାରତୀୟ ଶିଳ୍ପକଳାର ବିଛାଡ଼ି ହୋଇ ପଡ଼ିଥିଲା ବିଭୂତି (ବୈଭବ), ଗ୍ରୀଷ୍ମ ରାତିରେ ଚନ୍ଦ୍ରାଲୋକରେ ନିଜକୁ ଶୀତଳ କରୁଥିଲା ।

जहाँ ……………………. पर्युपासते।
ଜହାଁ ପଞ୍ଚବର୍ଗୀୟ ଭିକ୍ଷୁ ଗୌତମ୍ କା ଉପଦେଶ ଗ୍ରହଣ୍ କରନେ କେ ଲିଏ ପହଲେ ମିଲେ ଥେ, ଉସୀ ସ୍ତୂପ୍ କେ ଭଗ୍ନାବଶେଷ କୀ ମର୍ଲିନ ଛାୟା ମେଁ ଏକ ଝୋପଡ଼ା କେ ଦୀପାଲୋକ୍ ମେଁ ଏକ ସ୍ତ୍ରୀ ପାଠ୍ କର ରହୀ ଥୀ– ‘ଅନନ୍ୟାଣ୍ଟି ନ୍ତୟନ୍ତେ। ମାଁ ଯେ ଜନଃ ପର୍ୟୁପାସତେ ।”’……………

ଅନୁବାଦ:
ଯେଉଁଠାରେ ପାଞ୍ଚବର୍ଗୀୟ ଭିକ୍ଷୁ ସନ୍ୟାସୀମାନେ ଗୌତମଙ୍କ ଉପଦେଶ ଗ୍ରହଣ କରିବାକୁ ପ୍ରଥମେ ଏକତ୍ରିତ ହୋଇଥିଲେ । ସେହି ସ୍ତୂପର ଭଗ୍ନାବଶେଷର ନିଷ୍ପ୍ରଭ ଛାଇର ଗୋଟିଏ ଭଙ୍ଗା କୁଡ଼ିଆର ଦୀପ ଆଲୋକରେ ଗୋଟିଏ ସ୍ତ୍ରୀ ପଢ଼ୁଥିଲା । ‘ଯେଉଁ ବ୍ୟକ୍ତି ଅନ୍ୟକଥା ଚିନ୍ତାକରେ ସେ କେବେ ସୁଖପାଏ ନାହିଁ ।’’

पाठ रूक …………………. हहाँ माता !’
ପାଠ୍ ରୁକ୍ ଗୟା । ଏକ୍ ଭୀଷଣ ଔର୍ ହତାଶ୍ ଆକୃତି ଦୀପ୍ କେ ମନ୍ଦ ପ୍ରକାଶ ମେଁ ସାମ୍‌ନେ ଖଡ଼ୀ ଥୀ । ସ୍ତ୍ରୀ ଉଠୀ, ଉସ୍‌ କପାଟ୍ ବନ୍ଦ୍ କରନା ଚାହା, ପରନ୍ତୁ ବ୍ୟକ୍ତି ନେ କହା ‘‘ମାତା ! ମୁଝେ ଆଶ୍ରୟ ଚାହିଏ ।’’ ‘ତୁମ୍ କୌନ୍ ହୋ ?’’ ସ୍ତ୍ରୀ ନେ ପୂଛା । ‘‘ମୈ ମୁଗଲ ହୁଁ । ଚୌସା ୟୁଦ୍ଧ ମେଁ ଶେର୍‌ଶାହ ସେ ବିପନ୍ନ ହୋକର ରକ୍ଷା ଚାହତା ହୁଁ । ଇସ୍ ରାତ୍ ଅବ୍ ଆଗେ ଚଲନେ ମେଁ ଅସମର୍ଥ ହୁଁ । ‘‘କ୍ୟା ଶେର୍‌ଶାହ ସେ ?’’ ସ୍ତ୍ରୀ ନେ ଅପନେ ହୋଠ୍ କାଟ୍ ଲିଏ । ‘‘ହାଁ, ମାତା ???

ଅନୁବାଦ;
ପଢ଼ିବା ବନ୍ଦ ହୋଇଗଲା । ଗୋଟିଏ ବିରାଟ ଓ କାକଟ ରୂପ ଦୀପର କ୍ଷୀଣ ଆଲୋକର ସମ୍ମୁଖରେ ଠିଆ ହୋଇଥିଲା । ସ୍ତ୍ରୀଟି ଉଠିଲା । ସେ କବାଟ ବନ୍ଦ କରିବାକୁ ଚାହୁଁଥିଲା କିନ୍ତୁ ଲୋକଟି କହିଲା ମା ! ମୋତେ ଆଶ୍ରୟ ଦରକାର । ତୁମେ କିଏ ? ସ୍ତ୍ରୀଟି ପଚାରିଲା । ମୁଁ ମୋଗଲ ଅଟେ । ଚୌସା ଯୁଦ୍ଧରେ ଶେରସାହଙ୍କଠାରୁ ହାରି ରକ୍ଷା ଚାହୁଁଅଛି । ଏହି ରାତିରେ ଆଉ ଆଗକୁ ଯିବାକୁ ମୁଁ ଅସମର୍ଥ ଅଟେ । କ’ଣ ଶେର ସାହଙ୍କଠାରୁ ? ସ୍ତ୍ରୀଟି କ୍ରୋଧ ହୋଇଗଲା ‘ହଁ, ମା !

” परन्तु …………………. खोजलो।
‘ପରନ୍ତୁ ତୁମ୍ ଭୀ ଭୀ ହୈସେ ହୀ କ୍ରୂର ହେ । ୱହୀ ଭୀଷଣ ରକ୍ତ କୀ ପ୍ୟାସ୍, ୱହୀ ନିଷ୍ଠୁର ପ୍ରତିବିମ୍ବ ତୁମ୍‌ହାରେ ମୁଖ୍ ପର୍ ମେଁ ସ୍ଥାନ ନେହୀ । ଜାଓ, କର୍ମୀ ଦୂସରା ଆଶ୍ରୟ ଖୋଜ୍ ଲୋ ।”’

ଅନୁବାଦ:
‘‘କିନ୍ତୁ ତୁମେ ମଧ୍ୟ ସେହିଭଳି କ୍ରରୁ ଅଟ। ସେହି ଭୀଷଣ ରକ୍ତର ତୃଷ୍ଣା, ସେହି ନିଷ୍ଠୁର ପ୍ରତିଛବି ତୁମ ମୁଖ ମଣ୍ଡଳରେ ମଧ୍ୟ ଅଛି । ସୈନିକ । ମୋ କୁଡ଼ିଆରେ ସ୍ଥାନ ନାହିଁ, ଯାଆ ଅନ୍ୟ କେଉଁଠି ଆଶ୍ରୟ ଖୋଜି ନିଅ ।’’

“‘गला ………………. सोचने लगी।'”
‘‘ଗଲା ସୁଖ୍ ରହା ହୈ, ସାଥୀ ଛୁଟ୍ ଗଏ ହୈ, ଅଶ୍ଵ ଗିର୍ ପଡ଼ା ହୈ– ଇତନା ଥକା ହୁଆ ହୁଁ, ଇନା !’’ କହି ହ ବ୍ୟକ୍ତି ଧମ୍‌ ବୈଠ୍ ଗୟା ଔର୍ ଉସ୍‌ ସାମନେ ବ୍ରହ୍ମାଣ୍ଡ ଘୂମନେ ଲଗା। ସ୍ତ୍ରୀ ନେ ସୋଚା, ୟହ ବିପରି କହାଁ ସେ ଆଈ, ଉସ୍‌ନେ ଜଲ୍ ଦିୟା । ମୁଗଲ କେ ପ୍ରାର୍ଥେ କି ରକ୍ଷା ହୁଈ । ଏହ ସୋଚନେ ଲଗୀ

ଅନୁବାଦ:
ତଣ୍ଟି ଶୁଖ୍ ଯାଉଥିଲା, ସାଥୀମାନଙ୍କୁ ଛାଡ଼ି ପଳାଇଗଲେଣି, ଘୋଡ଼ା ପଡ଼ିଗଲା, ଏତେ କ୍ଳାନ୍ତ ହୋଇଛି, ଏତେ ! କହି ସେହି ବ୍ୟକ୍ତିଟି ହଠାତ୍ ବସି ପଡ଼ିଲା ଏବଂ ତାର ଆଗରେ ସାରା ସଂସାର ବୁଲିବାକୁ ଲାଗିଲା । ସ୍ତ୍ରୀଟି ଭାବିଲା, ଏହି ବିପଦ କେଉଁଠୁ ଆସିଲା, ସେ ପାଣି ଦେଲା । ମୋଗଲର ଜୀବନ ରକ୍ଷା ହେଲା, ସେ ଭାବିକାକୁ ଲାଗିଲା

” सब ……………….. होगया।’
‘ସବ୍‌ ବିଧର୍ମୀ ଦୟା କେ ପାତ୍ର ନହୀ ମେରେ ପିତା କା ବଧ୍ କର୍ ନେ ୱାଲେ ଆତତାୟୀ !’’ ଘୃଣା ସେ ଉସ୍କୋ ମନ ବିରକ୍ତ ହୋ ଗୟା।
ଅନୁବାଦ:
ସବୁ ବିଧର୍ମୀ (ମୁସଲମାନ) ଦୟାର ପାତ୍ର ନୁହଁନ୍ତି ମୋର ବାପାଙ୍କୁ ହତ୍ୟା କରିଥିବା ଆତତାୟୀମାନେ ! ଘୃଣାରେ ତା’ର ମନ ବିରକ୍ତ ହୋଇଗଲା ।

स्वस्थ ………………… खेल है।”
ସ୍ଵସ୍ଥ ହୋକର୍ ମୁଗଲ୍ ନେ କହା ‘ମାତା ! ତୋ ଫିର୍ ମେଁ ଚଲା ଜାଉଁ ? ସ୍ତ୍ରୀ ବିଚାର୍ କର୍ ରହୀ ଥୀ ‘‘ମୈ ବ୍ରାହ୍ମଣ ହୁଁ, ମୁଝେ ତୋ ଅପ୍‌ ଧର୍ମ ଅତିଥ୍ୟ ଦେବ କୀ ଉପାସନା କା ପାଲନ୍ କରନା ଚାହିଏ, ପରନ୍ତୁ ୟହଁ ……………………. ନେହୀ, ପରନ୍ତୁ ୟହ ଦୟା ତୋ ନେହିଁ କର୍ତ୍ତବ୍ୟ କରନା ହୈ । ତବ୍ ? ମୁଗଲ ଅପ୍‌ନୀ ତଲୱାର ଟେକ୍ କର୍ ଉଠ୍ ଖଡ଼ାହୁଆ । ମମତା ନେ କହା ‘କ୍ୟା ଆଶ୍ଚର୍ୟ ହୈ କି ତୁମ୍ ଭୀ ଛଲ୍ କରେ ।’’ ‘‘ଛଲ୍ ! ନେହୀ, ତବ୍ ନେହୀ ସ୍ତ୍ରୀ ! ଜାତା ହୁଁ, ତୈମୂର କା ବଂଶଧର ସ୍ତ୍ରୀ ସେ ଛଲ୍ କରେଗା ! ଜାତା ହୁଁ, ଭାଗ୍ୟ କା ଖେଲ୍ ହୈ ।’’

ଅନୁବାଦ:
ସୁସ୍ଥ ହେଲାପରେ ମୋଗଲଟି କହିଲା, ମାତା ! ମୁଁ ତେବେ ଚାଲିଯାଉଛି ? ସ୍ତ୍ରୀ ବିଚାର କରୁଥିଲା, ମୁଁ ବ୍ରାହ୍ମଣ ଅଟେ । ମୋତେ ତ ମୋର ଧର୍ମ ଅତିଥ୍ୟ ଦେବତାଙ୍କ ପୂଜା କିନ୍ତୁ ଏଠାରେ ……………………. ନା, ନା, ଏ ସବୁ ମୁସଲମାନମାନେ ଦୟାର ପାତ୍ର ନୁହଁନ୍ତି, କିନ୍ତୁ ଏହା ଦୟା ଅଟେ । ତେଣୁ? ପାଳନ କରିବା ଉଚିତ । ନୁହେଁ କର୍ତ୍ତବ୍ୟ କରିବା ମୋଗଲ ନିଜର ତରବାରୀ ଉଠାଇ ଠିଆ ହେଲା, ମମତା କହିଲା ଏଥରେ ଆଶ୍ଚର୍ଯ୍ୟ କ’ଣ ଅଛି ଯେ ତୁମେ ମଧ୍ଯ କପଟ କରିବ। ଅଟେ । ‘‘କପଟ, ନା, କେବେ ନୁହଁ ସ୍ତ୍ରୀ ! ଯାଉଛି, ତୈମୁରଙ୍କ ବଂଶଧର ସ୍ତ୍ରୀଙ୍କୁ କପଟ କରିବ ! ଯାଉଛି, ଭାଗ୍ୟର ଖେଳ ଅଟେ ।

ममता ने ………………… छोड़ दूँ ?’
ମମତା ନେ ମନ୍ ମେଁ କହା ‘ୟହାଁ କୌନ୍ ଦୁର୍ଗ ହୈ ! ୟହୀ ଝୋପଡ଼ା ହୈ, ଜୋ ଚାହେ ଲେ ଲେ । ମୁଝେ ତୋ ଅପ୍‌ନା କର୍ତ୍ତବ୍ୟ କର୍‌ନା ପଡ଼େଗା ।’’ ୱହ ବାହର ଚଲୀ ଆୟୀ ଔର ମୁଗଲ୍ ସେ ଜଓ ଭ।ତର୍ ଥକେ ହୁଏ ଭୟଭୀତ୍ ପଥ୍ୟାକ୍ ! ତୁମ୍ ଚାହେ କୋଈ ହୋ, ମୈ ତୁମ୍‌ହେଁ ଆଶ୍ରୟ ଦେବୀ ହୁଁ । ମେଁ ଛୋଡ୍ ହେଁ ତୋ ମେଁ ଭୀ ଜ୍ୟୋ ଛୋଡ଼ ହୁଁ,

ଅନୁବାଦ:
ମମତା ମନକୁ ମନ କହିଲା ଏହିଠାରେ କୋଉ ଦୁର୍ଗ ଅଛି ! ଏହି କୁଡ଼ିଆ ଅଛି । ଯାହା ଇଚ୍ଛା ନେଇ ନିଅ । ମୋତେ ତ ନିଜର କର୍ତ୍ତବ୍ୟ କରିବାକୁ ପଡ଼ିବ । ସେ ପଦାକୁ ପଳାଇ ଆସିଲା ଏବଂ ମୋଗଲକୁ କହିଲା ଭିତରକୁ ଯାଅ,, କ୍ଳାନ୍ତ ହୋଇଥ‌ିବା ଭୟଭିତ ବାଟୋଇ ତୁମେ ଯିଏ ହୁଅନା କାହିଁକି ମୁଁ ତୁମକୁ ଆଶ୍ରୟ ଦେଉଛି, ମୁଁ ବ୍ରାହ୍ମଣ କନ୍ୟା ଅଟେ, ସମସ୍ତେ ନିଜର ଧର୍ମ ଛାଡ଼ି ଦେଉଛନ୍ତି ବୋଲି କ’ଣ ମୁଁ ଛାଡ଼ିଦେବି ?

मुगल …………………. विश्रामकिया।
ମୁଗଲ୍ ନେ ଚନ୍ଦ୍ରମା କେ ମଂଦ୍ ପ୍ରକାଶ୍ ମେଁ ୱହ ମହିମାମୟ ମୁଖମଣ୍ଡଳ ଦେଖା । ଉସ୍‌ ମନ୍ ହୀ ମନ୍ ନମସ୍କାର କିୟା । ମମ୍‌ ପାସ୍‌କୀ ଟୂଟୀ ହୁଈ ଦୀୱାରୌ ମେଁ ଚଲୀ ଗଈ । ଭୀତର୍ ଥକେ ପଥ୍ୟକ୍ ନେ ଝୋପଡ଼ା ମେଁ ବିଶ୍ରାମ୍ କିୟା ।

ଅନୁବାଦ:
ମୋଗଲ ଚନ୍ଦ୍ରର କ୍ଷୀଣ ପ୍ରଭାରେ ସେହି ମହିମାପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ ମୁଖମଣ୍ଡଳକୁ ଦେଖ‌ିଲେ । ସେ ମନକୁ ମନ ନମସ୍କାର କଲେ । ମମତା ପାଖରେ ଥ‌ିବା ଭଙ୍ଗା କାନ୍ଥ ପାଖକୁ ଚାଲିଗଲା । ଭିତରେ ଥକି ପଡ଼ିଥିବା ବାଟୋଇଟି କୁଡ଼ିଆରେ ବିଶ୍ରାମ କଲା ।

प्रभात में ………………. .यहाँ हूँ
ପ୍ରଭାତ୍ ମେଁ ଖଡ୍ଗର୍ କୀ ସଂଧୂ ସେ ମମତା ନେ ଦେଖା, ସୈକର୍ଡ଼ ଅଶ୍ଵାରୋହୀ ଉସ୍ ପ୍ରାନ୍ତ ମେଁ ଘୂମ୍ ରହେ ହେଁ । ୱହ ଅପୂନୀ ମୂର୍ଖତା ପର୍ ଅପ୍‌ କୋ କୋସ୍କୋନେ ଲଗୀ । ଅବ୍ ଉସ୍ ଝୋପଡ଼ା ସେ ନିକଲ୍ କର୍ ଭସ୍ ପଥ୍ୟକ୍ ନେ କହା ‘ମିରଜା ! ମେଁ ‘ୟହାଁ ହୁଁ’’।

ଅନୁବାଦ:
ସକାଳୁ ଭଗ୍ନ କୁଡ଼ିଆର ଫାଙ୍କରେ ମମତା ଦେଖା, ଶହ ଶହ ଅଶ୍ଵାରୋହୀ ସେହି ସ୍ଥାନରେ ବୁଲୁଛନ୍ତି । ସେ ନିଜର ମୁର୍ଖତା ପାଇଁ ନିଜକୁ ଧୃକ୍‌କାର କଲା। ବର୍ତ୍ତମାନ ସେହି କୁଡ଼ିଆରୁ ବାହାରି ପଥକଟି କହିଲା ‘ମିରଜା ! ମୁଁ ଏଠାରେ ଅଛି ।’’

शब्द ……………….. चले गये।
ଶବ୍ଦ ସୁନ୍‌ ହୀ ପ୍ରସନ୍ନତା କୀ ଚୀତ୍କାର୍ ଧ୍ବନି ସେ ୱହ ପ୍ରାନ୍ତ ଗୁଁଜ୍ ଉଠା । ମମତା ଅଧି ଭୟଭୀତ୍ ହୁଈ । ପଥକ୍ ନେ କହା ‘ଵହ ସ୍ତ୍ରୀ କହାଁ ହେଁ ଉସେ ଖୋଜ୍ ନିକାଲୋ।’ମମତା ଛିପ୍‌ନେ କେ ଲିଏ ଅଧ୍ବକ୍ ସଚେଷ୍ଟ ହୁଈ । ୱହ ମୃଗଦା ମେଁ ଚଲୀ ଗୟୀ । ଦିନ୍ ଭର୍ ଉସ୍‌ ସେ ନ ନିକଲୀ ସନ୍ଧ୍ୟା କୋ ଜବ୍ ଉକେ ଜାନେ କା ଉପକ୍ରମ ହୁଆ, ତୋ ମମତା ନେ ସୁନା, ପଥୁକ୍ ଘୋଡ଼େପର୍‌ ସର ହୋତେ ହୁଏ କହ ରହା ଥା ‘ମିରଜା ଉସ୍ ସ୍ତ୍ରୀ କୋ ମେଁ କୁଛ ଭୀ ନ ଦେ ସକା । ଉସ୍‌କା ଘର ବନଓ୍ବା ଦେନା, କୈ କି ବିପରି ମେଁ ମୈନେ ୟହାଁ ଆଶ୍ରୟ ପାୟା ଥା । ୟହ ସ୍ଥାନ୍ ଭୂଲ୍ ନା ମତ୍ ।’’ ଇସ୍‌ ବାଦ ୱେ ଚଲେ ଗୟେ ।

ଅନୁବାଦ:
ଶବ୍ଦଟି ଶୁଣି ଖୁସିର ଚିତ୍କାରରେ ସେ ସ୍ଥାନଟି ମୁଖରିତ ହୋଇଗଲା । ମମତା ଆହୁରୀ ଭୟଭୀତ ହେଲା । ପଥକଟି କହିଲା, ସେ ସ୍ତ୍ରୀ କେଉଁଠି ଅଛି ? ତାକୁ ଖୋଜି ବାହାର କର । ମମତା ଲୁଚିବା ପାଇଁ ଆହୁରି ଚେଷ୍ଟା କଲା, ସେ ମୃଗଦାବକୁ ଚାଲିଗଲା ଦିନ ସାରା ସେଠାରୁ ବାହାରିଲା ନାହିଁ । ସନ୍ଧ୍ୟାକୁ ଯେତେବେଳେ ସେମାନଙ୍କର ଯିବାକୁ ବ୍ୟବସ୍ଥା ଆରମ୍ଭ ହେଲା, ମମତା ଶୁଣିଲା, ପଥଟି ଘୋଡ଼ାରେ ଚଢ଼ି ଯାଉ-ଯାଉ କହୁଥିଲା, ମିରଜା ! ସେ ସ୍ତ୍ରୀକୁ ମୁଁ କିଛି ଦେଇ ପାରିଲି ନାହିଁ । ତାହାର ଘର ତିଆରି କରିଦେବ, କାହିଁକିନା, ବିପଦରେ ମୁଁ ଏଠାରେ ଆଶ୍ରୟ ପାଇଥିଲି । ଏହି ଯାଗାକୁ ଭୁଲିବ ନାହିଁ, ଏହାପରେ ସେମାନେ ଚାଲିଗଲେ ।

चौसा ………………….. सहभागिनीरही।
ଚୌସା କେ ମୁଗଲ-ପଠାନ୍ ଯୁଦ୍ଧ କୋ ବହୁତ୍ ଦିନ୍ ବୀତ୍ ଗୟେ । ମମ୍‌ ଅବ୍ ସତ୍ତର ବର୍ଷକୀ ବୃଦ୍ଧା ହୈ । ହ ଅପୂନୀ ଝୋପଡ଼ା ମେଁ ଏକ ଦିନ୍ ପତ୍ନୀ ଥୀ । ଶୀତ୍‌କାଲ କା ପ୍ରଭାବ ଥା । ଉସ୍‌କା ଜୀର୍ଣ କଂକାଲ ଖାଁସୀ ସେ ଗୂଢ ରହା ଥା । ମମ୍‌ କୀ ସେଓ୍ବା କେ ଲିଏ ଗାଁୱ କୀ ଦୋ-ତୀନ ସ୍ତ୍ରୀର୍ଯା ଉସ୍ ଘେର୍ କର୍ ବୈଠୀ ର୍ଥୀ, ଜ୍ୟୋକି ୱହ ଆଜୀବନ ସବ୍ କେ ସୁଖ-ଦୁଃଖ କୀ ସହଭାଗିନୀ ରହୀ ।

ଅନୁବାଦ;
ମୋଗଲ-ପଠାନଙ୍କ ଚୌସା ଯୁଦ୍ଧକୁ ବହୁତ ଦିନ ହୋଇଗଲାଣି । ମମତା ଏବେ ୭୦ ବର୍ଷର ବୃଦ୍ଧା (ବୁଢ଼ୀ) ଅଟେ । ସେ ନିଜର କୁଡ଼ିଆରେ ଦିନେ ପଡ଼ିଥିଲା । ଶୀତ ସମୟ ଥାଏ । ତାହାର ଦୁର୍ବଳ କଂକାଳ (ଶରୀର) କାଶରେ ଶବ୍ଦ କରୁଥାଏ । ମମତାର ସେବା କରିବା ପାଇଁ ଗାଁର ଦୁଇ-ତିନି ଜଣ ସ୍ତ୍ରୀଲୋକ ତାକୁ ଘେରି ବସିଥିଲେ, କାହିଁକି ନା ସେ ଜୀବନସାରା ସମସ୍ତଙ୍କର ଦୁଃଖ ସୁଖର ଭାଗୀଦାରୀ ଥିଲା ।

ममता ने ……………….. की हुई।’
ମମତା ନେ ଜଲ ପୀନା ଚାହା । ଏକ୍ ସ୍ତ୍ରୀ ନେ ସିପି ସେ ଜଲ୍ ପିଲାୟା । ସହସା ଏକ ଅଶ୍ୱାରୋହୀ ଉସୀ ଝୋପଡ଼ା କେ ଦ୍ୱାର୍ ପର୍ ଦିଖାୟୀ ପଡ଼ା । ୱହ ଅପ୍‌ ଧୁନ୍ ମେଁ କହୁନେ ଲଗା ‘ମିରଜା ନେ ଜୋ ଚିତ୍ର ବନାକର୍ ଦିୟା ହୈ, ୱହ ତୋ ଇସୀ ଜଗହ କା ହୋନା ଚାହିଏ । ୱହ ବୁଢ଼ିୟା ମର୍ ଗଈ ହୋଗୀ । ଅବ୍ କିସ୍ ସେ ପୂର୍ବେ କି ଏକ ଦିନ ଶାହଂଶାହ ହୁମାମୁଁ କିସ୍ ଛୱର୍ କେ ନୀଚେ ବୈଠେ ଥେ ? ୟହ ଘନା ଭୀ ତୋ ସୈତାଲୀସ ବର୍ଷ ସେ ଉପର୍ ହୋ ଚୁକି ହେ ।’’

ଅନୁବାଦ:
ମମତା ପାଣି ପିଇବାକୁ ଚାହିଁଲା । ଗୋଟିଏ ସ୍ତ୍ରୀ ଲୋକ ତାକୁ ଶାମୁକାରେ ପାଣି ପିଆଇଲା ହଠାତ୍ ଗୋଟିଏ ଘୋଡ଼ା ଚାଳକ ସେହି କୁଡ଼ିଆର ଦ୍ବାର ଦେଶରେ ଦେଖାଗଲା । ସେ ନିଜର ସ୍ବରରେ କହିଲା ‘ମିରଜା ଯେଉଁ ଚିତ୍ର କରି ଦେଇଥିଲେ, ସେ ତ ଏହି ଜାଗା ହୋଇଥବ । ସେ ବୁଢ଼ୀ ମରିଯାଇଥିବ । ବର୍ତ୍ତମାନ କାହାକୁ ପଚାରିବା ଯେ ଏଠାରେ ଶାହଂଶାହ ହୁମାୟାଁ କେଉଁ ଛପର ତଳେ ବସିଥିଲେ। ଏହି ଘଟଣା ୪୭ ବର୍ଷ ଉପର ହେଲାଣି

ममता ने …………………. रही थी।”
ମମୂତା ନେ ଅପ୍‌ନେ ୱିକଲ୍ କାର୍କୋ ସେ ସୁନା । ଉସନେ ପାସ୍ କୀ ସ୍ତ୍ରୀ ସେ କହା ‘ବୁଲାଓ’। ଅଶ୍ଵାରୋହୀ ପାସ୍ ଆୟା । ମମ୍ତା ନେ ରୁକ୍-ରୁକ୍ କର କହା ମେଁ ନହୀ ଜାନତୀ ୱହ ଶାହଂଶାହ ଥା ୟା ସାଧାରଣ ମୁଗଲ, ପର୍ ଏକ ଦିନ ଇସୀ ଝୋପଡ଼ା କେ ନୀଚେ ୱହ ରହା ଥା । ମୈନେ ସୁନା ଥା, ୱହ ମେରା ଘର ବନାନେ କୀ ଆଜ୍ଞା ଦେ ଗୟା ଥା । ମେଁ ଆଜୀବନ୍ ଅପୂନୀ ଝୋପଡ଼ା ଖୁଦ୍ୱାନେ କେ ଡର୍ ସେ ଭୟଭୀତ ରହୀ ଥୀ।

ଅନୁବାଦ:
ମମତା ତା’ର ବ୍ୟାକଳ କଣ୍ଠରେ ଶୁଣିଲା । ସେ ନିଜ ପାଖରେ ଥିବା ସ୍ତ୍ରୀକୁ କହିଲା ଡାକ। ଘୋଡ଼ା ଚାଳକଟି ପାଖକୁ ଆସିଲା, ମମତା ରହି ରହି କହିଲା, ମୁଁ ଜାଣି ନାହିଁ ସେ ଶାହଂଶାହଥିଲେ କି ସାଧାରଣ ମୋଗଲ, କିନ୍ତୁ ଗୋଟିଏ ଦିନ ସେ ଏହି କୁଡ଼ିଆ ତଳେ ଥିଲେ ମୁଁ ଶୁଣିଥିଲି, ସେ ମୋର ଘର ତିଆରି କରିବାକୁ ଆଜ୍ଞା ଦେଇ ଯାଇଥିଲେ ମୁଁ ଜୀବନ ସାରା ନିଜର କୁଡ଼ିଆ ଖୋଳାଯିବାର ଭୟରେ ଭୟଭୀତ ହେଉଥୁଲି ।

‘भगवान ने ……………….. उड़ गये।
‘ଭଗବାନ ନେ ସୁନା ଲିୟା, ମେଁ ଆଜ ଇସ୍ ଛୋଡ଼ ଜାତୀ ହୁଁ । ଅବ୍ ତୁମ ଇସ୍‌କା ମକାନ୍ ବନାଓ ୟା ମହଲ୍, ମେଁ ଅପ୍ରେନେ ଚିର ବିଶ୍ରାମ-ଗୃହ ମେଁ ଜାତି ହୁଁ ।’’ ହ ଅଶ୍ଵାରୋହୀ ଅବାକ୍ ଖଡ଼ା ଥା । ବୁଢ଼ିୟା କେ ପ୍ରାଣ ପକ୍ଷୀ ଅନନ୍ତ୍ ମେଁ ଉଡ଼ ଗୟେ ।

ଅନୁବାଦ:
ଭଗବାନ ଶୁଣିଲେ, ମୁଁ ଆଜି ଏହାକୁ ଛାଡ଼ିଯାଉଛି । ତୁମେ ଏବେ ଏହାକୁ ଘରକର କିମ୍ବା କୋଠାଘର (ମହଲ), ମୁଁ ସବୁଦିନ ପାଇଁ ମୋ ବିଶ୍ରାମଘରକୁ ଯାଉଛି । ସେହି ଘୋଡ଼ାଚାଳକ ଆଶ୍ଚର୍ଯ୍ୟରେ ଠିଆ ହୋଇଥିଲା । ବୁଢ଼ୀର ପ୍ରାଣ-ପକ୍ଷୀ ଆକାଶରେ ଉଡ଼ିଗଲା ।

वहाँ एक ……………………. नाम न था।
ହାଁ ଏକ୍ ଅଷ୍ଟ୍ଣ୍ ମନ୍ଦିର୍ ବନା ଔର୍ ଉସ୍‌ର୍ ଶିଲାଲେଖ ଲଗାୟା ଗୟା ‘‘ସାର୍ଡୋ ଦେଶୌ କେ ନରେଶ ହୁମାୟାଁ ନେ ଏକ୍ ଦିନ୍ ୟହାଁ ବିଶ୍ରାମ କିୟା ଥା । ଉକେ ପୁତ୍ର ଅକବର୍ ନେ ଉସ୍‌ ସ୍ମୃତି ମେଁ ୟହ ଗଗନଚୁମ୍ବୀ ମନ୍ଦିର୍ ବନବାୟା’’ । ପର୍ ଉସ୍ରେ ମମତା କା କର୍ମୀ ନାମ୍ ନ ଥା ।
ଅନୁବାଦ:
ସେଠାରେ ଗୋଟିଏ ଅଷ୍ଟକୋଣ ମନ୍ଦିର ତିଆରି ହେଲା ଏବଂ ତା ଉପରେ ଶିଳାଲେଖ ଲେଖାଗଲା । ‘‘ସାତଟି ଦେଶର ରାଜା ହୁମାୟାଁ ଦିନେ ଏହିଠାରେ ବିଶ୍ରାମ କରିଥିଲେ । ତାଙ୍କ ପୁଅ ଆକବର ତାଙ୍କ ସ୍ମୃତି ଉଦ୍ଦେଶ୍ୟରେ ଏହି ନଭଶ୍ଚୁମ୍ବୀ ମନ୍ଦିର ତିଆରି କଲେ ।’’ କିନ୍ତୁ ସେଥ‌ିରେ ମମତାର କୌଣସି ନାମ ନଥିଲା।

शबनार: (ଶରାର୍ଥି)

शोण – एक नदी का नाम (ଗୋଟିଏ ନଦୀର ନାମ)।

विकल – व्याकुल (ବ୍ୟାକୁଳ/ବ୍ୟସ୍ତ)।

बेसुध – बेहोश, मग्न (ବେହୋସ, ମଗ୍ନ, ତଲ୍ଲିନ୍) ।

विकीर्ण – फैला या छितराया हुआ (ବିଛାଡ଼ି ହୋଇଥବା) ।

म्लेच्छ – मनुष्यों की वे जातियाँ जिनमें धर्म न हो (ମନୁଷ୍ୟର ଗୋଟିଏ ଜାତି ଯେଉଁ ମାନଙ୍କର ଧର୍ମ ନାହିଁ, କ୍ଲେଛ) ।

उत्कोच – घूस या रिश्वत (ଲାଞ୍ଚ) ।

डोली – एक प्रकार की सवारी जिसे कहार कन्धों पर लेकर चलते हैं-

ताँता – कतार (ଧାଡ଼ି) ।

कोष – संचित धन (ସଞ୍ଚ ଧନ, କୋଷ) ।

पठान – अफगानिस्तान और पश्चिम पाकिस्तान के बीच वसी हुई एक मुसलमान जाति जो वीरता, कठोरता आदि के लिए प्रसिद्ध है (ଆଫଗାନିସ୍ଥାନ ଓ ପଶ୍ଚିମ ପାକିସ୍ତାନ ମଧ୍ୟରେ ବାସକରନ୍ତି) ।

मुगल – मंगोल देश का निवासी, मुसलमानों का एक वर्ग (ମଙ୍ଗୋଲ ଦେଶର ନିବାସୀ/ ମୁସଲମାନର ଏକ ଜାତି) ।

धर्मचक्र – धर्म का समूह

तृणगुल्म – कई शाखाओं में होकर निकलने वाली घास (କୌଣସି ଶାଖାରେ ହୋଇଥିବା ଛୋଟ ଛୋଟ ଘାସମଗୁଳ୍ମ)।

चन्द्रिका – चाँदनी (ଚାନ୍ଦିନୀ, ଶଶାଙ୍କ, ଶଶି) ।

स्तूप – टीला (ସ୍ତୁପ) । जिसके नीचे भगवान बुद्ध की अस्थि, दाँत, केश आदि स्मृति चिह्न सुरक्षित हो (ଯେଉଁଠାରେ ଭଗବାନ ବୁଦ୍ଧଙ୍କ ଅସ୍ତ, ଦାନ୍ତ କେଶ ଆଦି ସ୍ମୃତି ଚିହ୍ନ ସୁରକ୍ଷିତ ହୋଇଅଛି) ।

कपाट – किवाड़, पट, दरवाजा (କବାଟ, ଦ୍ଵାର) ।

खण्डहर – किसी टूटे हुए या गिरे हुए मकान का बना हुआ भाग (ଭଗ୍ନାବଶେଷ ) ।

मृगदाव – काशी के पास ‘सारनाथ’ नामक स्थान का प्राचीन नाम स्थान का प्राचीन नाम (କାଶୀ ନିକଟରେ ଥିବା ସାରନାଥ ନାମକ ଏକ ସ୍ଥାନର ପ୍ରାଚୀନ ନାମ ) ।

सीपी – कड़े आवरण के भीतर रहने वाला संख, गोंधा आदि की जाति का जल-जन्तु। (ଜଳଜୀବ ବା ଶାମୁକା ) ।

खाँसी – (କାଶ) ।

छल – कपट (କପଟ)।

क्रूर – क्रोध (ନିଷ୍କୁର)।

कहानीकार का परिचय (କାହାଣୀକାର ବା ଲେଖକଙ୍କ ପରିଚାୟ):

जयशंकर प्रसाद का जन्म सन् १८८९ ( 1889) ईं० में हुआ। उनके पिता सुंघनी साहू मशहूर तम्बाकू व्यापारी थे। वे व्यवसाय करते थे, लेकिन लिखते थे काव्य – कविता क्योंकि उनके पिता देवीप्रसाद विद्धानों- गुणीजनों का आदर करते थे। प्रसादजी को उच्च शिक्षा नहीं मिली। उन्होंने घर पर हिन्दी, संस्कृत, अंग्रेजी पढ़ी। माता-पिता का जल्दी देहान्त हो गया। इसलिए उन्हें किशोरावस्था से ही पारिवारिक भार उठाना पड़ा। सन् १९३७ (1937) ई. को ४८ वर्ष की उम्र में हीउनका निधन हो गया।

अभिमत:
ममता मध्ययुग के रोहतास दुर्ग के ब्राह्मण-मन्त्री चूड़ामणि की विधवा पुत्री है। उसकी माता का पहले ही देहान्त हो चुका था। स्नेहपालिता पुत्री का दुःख कुछ कम करने के लिए पिता चूड़ामणि पठानों से प्राप्त स्वर्ण- मुद्रा भेंट करते हैं; पर ममता यह कहकर कि ‘हम लोग ब्राह्मण हैं, इतना सोना लेकर क्या करेंगे’ यह भेंट ठुकरा देती है। कुछ दिनों के पश्चात् पठानों से हुए संघर्ष में ममता के पिता मारे जाते हैं। दुर्ग पर शेरशाह का अधिकार हो जाता है। ममता भाग निकलती है और एक बौद्ध मठ के खण्डहरों में जा छिपती है।

आगे चलकर मुगल बादशाह हुमायूँ चौसा- युद्ध में शेरशाह से हारकर एक रात को ममता की झोंपड़ी में पहुंचते हैं और आश्रम की भिक्षा मांगते हैं। ‘अतिथि देवो भव’ – इसी भारतीय सांस्कृतिक परंपरा के नाम पर ममता हुमायूँ की मदद करती हे। मदद के प्रतिदान देने के लिए हुमायूँ ममता की खोज करने का आदेश सैनिकों को देते हैं, पर ममता कहीं नहीं मिलती। तब उस झोंपड़ी के स्थान पर एक घर बनानेका आदेश मिरजा को देते हुए हुमायूँ लौट जाते हैं। फिर ४७ सालों के बाद अकबर जब मुगल बादशाह बनते हैं, तब उनकी आज्ञा से मिरजा ममता का घर बनवाने के लिए आते हैं। उस समय ममता ७० साल की वृद्धा है। मुगलों को अपनी झोंपड़ी सौंपकर ममता स्वर्ग सिधार जाती है। उस स्थान पर हुमायूँ की स्मृति में एक अष्टकोण मन्दिर बनवाया तो जाता है, पर कहीं भी उस मन्दिर पर ममता का नाम लिखा नहीं जाता।

Odisha State Board CHSE Odisha Class 11 Approaches to English Book 1 Solutions Unit 2 Text D: The Jam Sahib of Newanagar Textbook Activity Questions and Answers.

CHSE Odisha Class 11 Alternative English Solutions Unit 2Text D: The Jam Sahib of Newanagar

Activity-16

Understanding The Writer’S Purpose
Which of the following does the text aim to do?
a) instruct people on how they can become great batsmen.
b)warn good batsmen of.the danger of playing in a foreign and.
c)present a factual account of the Jam Sahib’s game.
d) express the writer’s great admiration for Jam Sahib as a batsman
Answer:
(d) express the writer’s great admiration for Jam Sahib as a batsman.

Activity-17

Understanding The Structure Of The Text
Look quickly through the text and decide which paragraphs are about each of the following points

Points in: the text	Paragraph Number(s)
i) a special place in the affec­tions of the English people.
ii) Jam Sahib’s technical perfection in comparison with that of Shrewsbury.
iii) Maximum result with minimum effort.
iv) But the king will come to no more
v) Success in bringing the East into the heart of happy crowds.
vi) Stillness of the panther before its sudden spring.

Answer:

Points in the text	Paragraph Number(s)
i) Special place in the affec­tions of the English people.	7
ii) The Jam Sahib’s technical is perfect in comparison with that of Shrewsbury.	3
iii) Maximum result with minimum. effort.	6
iv) But the king will come to no more	9
v) Success in bringing the East into the heart of happy crowds.	8
vi) Stillness of the panther before its sudden spring.	4

Activity-18

Comprehension
Decide which of the following statements the writer would agree with.
i) The Jam Sahib of Nawanagar is the first Indian who has reached the imagination of the English people,
ii) Mr. Asquith scored many more runs than Shrewsbury.
iii) India could have found a better ambassador than the Jam Sahib with his smile and bat.
iv) Mr. Asquith can’t stand comparison ‘with the Jam Sahib with his mastery of the fine and omission of inessentials.
v) The Jam Sahib used to remain motionless as the ball was delivered.
Answer:
(i) The Jam Sahib of Nawanagar is the first Indian who has touched the imagination of the English people, (v) The Jam Sahib used to remain motionless as the ball was delivered.

Extra Activity-18(A)

A. Find out which statement is true about the Jam Sahib
i)The Jam Sahib is an economist,
ii) Mr. Shrewsbury is a tariff batsman.
iii)No batsman can ever face the powerful bowling of the Jam Sahib
iv)The Jam Sahib and Mr. Asquith can be compared on the same line so far as maintaining the economy.
v)Jam Sahib entered cricket and the writer has written this essay on that.
Answer:
(iv) The Jam Sahib and Mr. Asquith can be compared on the same line so far as maintaining the economy.

B. See which of the following is correct in the context of the text. The Jam Sahib
a) is an Indian cricket bowler.
b) has scored two single centuries in a single match on a single day.
c) passes the quickness of the panther with the stillness of its spring.
d) moves like a squirrel on the pitch while the bowler approaches the wicket.
e) makes a slight movement of his wrist and the ball races the ropes.
f)has own no special place in the affections of the English people.
Answer:
(e) The Jam Sahib makes a slight movement of his wrist and the ball races to the ropes

C.(a) What does the feeling of writer in the initial lines of the text?
Answer:
The writer expresses great anger at Jam Sahib’s retirement from cricket. Therefore, he says in the initial lines of the text that the last ball has been howled,
the bats have been bowled and put away and the ground stands will look empty around Lords.

(b) Why did the Jam Sahib retire from cricket?
Answer:
The Jam Sahib had a far-reaching contribution to cricket. But he got retired from cricket because he had become forty and had become fat

(c) What was specific about Strawberries?
Answer:
Strawberry was dull and mechanic, There was no style, color, no enthusiasm, no character in his art of playing cricket. To him cricket was not an adventure, but a business, Although his technical perfection was astonishing, the soul of the game was wanting in him.

(d) What was special about the Jam Sahib?
Answer:
The Jam Sahib’s playing cricket was most attractive. His play was as sunny “as his face. He was not miserly in begging mns’ but was a mi, billionaire spending them with an sP, ended yet and generosity. He stands motionless as the bowler approaches the wicket. That bat suddenly flashes to the ball and the stroke is over.

(e) Why do Jam Sahib and Mr. Asquith stand in comparison in the text?
Answer:
Both Jam Sahib and Mr. Asquith are known economies in their respective fields. Mr. Asquith is economical in his use of words and the Jam Sahib is also in his use of actions in playing cricket. Both achieve the same comp, etc„ ess of effort. The Jam Sahib never uses action too much and Mr. Asquith never uses a word too many.

(f) What does the writer say about the other known Indians and the Jam Sahib?
Answer:
The great Indians such as the Gokhale, the Banerjee, and the Tagores are known for their high scholarship, rare powers of speech and noble characters come to the
English. They come arid go unseen and unheard by the mess of people. But the Jam Sahib has brought the East into the heart of the holiday crowds and taught them to think of it as something human and kind-hearted and keenly responsive to the joys and appeal to them i.e. the English.

Activity 19

( Writing)
Write an Idler io friend. comparing the Jam expressing your views on Gardiner’s appreciation of Jam Sahib’s batting while Sahib with your favorite batsman in international cricket.

Activity-20

Brochure Writing
A brochure refers to a booklet or even a page with pictures that gives you information about a product or service.
Read the following writing (brochure) about a city in England.

The famous Roman City of St. Albanus is 30 miles North of London and can easily be reached by train or bus. The town although small is well worth a visit and the following places are of particular interest to the tourist. First, there are the Roman remains of Verulamium and the Roman theatre, both situated in beautiful natural surroundings near a lake.

Second and closed by, is the impressive, largely Norman Cathedral, the second largest in Britain and housing the remains of the first Christian martyr, St. Alban. You can then roll along old winding streets like Fishpool and George Street, both lined with fine examples of Tudor and Georgian houses, and not far away is the clock tower, built in 1645. Last but not least, no visitor should leave the city without dropping into one of the numerous picturesque old pubs.

Pre-reading Activity:
We have so far read three texts Text-A on a lovable man who was a teacher of the writer’s father at the elementary school. Text-B on the writer’s mother and Text-C on Lucy’s mother who suffered in her old age because of governmental apathy. The present section (Section-D) presents a portrait of a great cricketer an Indian prince who in England won the hearts of the Englishmen of his time with his superb batting You must have heard about Sunil Gavaskar as a master batsman and you must have watched Sachin Tendulkar batting.’ Can you name some other batsmen whom you admire and say what’s special about their batting? Have you ever heard about a cricketer named the Jam Sahib? Now read the following Text to know about this great cricketer of the past.

The Jam Sahib Of Nawangar Summary in English

The writer says that cricket fans have to say goodbye to cricket. Because they have already said goodbye to the cricket king who will no more appear in the field to amuse the audience. It is because the Jam Sahib has turned forty and becomes fat. No more will they see him running lightly down the pavilion steps, his face wreathed in chubby smiles. However, it is a fact that as a batsman the Indian will live as the supreme master of the Englishman’s game. His season’s average of 87 with a total of over 3000 runs, is easily the highest point ever reached in English cricket.

He has totaled over 3,000 runs three times and no one else has equaled that record. He has also scored two double centuries in a single match on a single day. The Jam Sahib has the root of the matter in him. His play is as sunny as his face. He was born and brought up in his little kingdom Nawanagar where he has the power of life and death in his hands, he is extremely popular. His pleasure rests in giving pleasure. He is the perfect embodiment of combining the stillness of the panther with the suddenness of its spring. The style of the Jam Sahib is entirely different. He stands motionless as the bowler approaches the wicket. He remains motionless as the ball is delivered. Then the bat flashes to the ball, and the stroke is over.

The boy seems as if not having changed position, the feet unmoved, and the bat as before. Jam Sahib makes a slight movement of his wrist and the ball races to the ropes. As Mr. Asquith is economical in the use of words as the Jam Sahib in the same of action, a man of high scholarship, rare powers of speech, noble character— the Gokhale’s, the Banerjee’s, the Tagores come and go by the m&ss of the people. The Jam Sahib has brought the East into the heart of the happy holiday English crowds and has taught them to think of it as something human and kind-hearted and keenly responsive to the joys that appeal to all.

Analytical outlines of the text.

• The writer says that cricket fans have to say goodbye to cricket.
• Because they have already said goodbye to the cricket king.
• The cricket king will no more appear in the field to amuse the audience.
• It is because the Jam Sahib has turned forty.
• He becomes fat.
• No more will they see him running lightly down the pavilion steps.
• We can no more see his face wreathed in chubby smiles in the pavilion.
• It is a fact that as a batsman the Indian will live as the supreme mortar
• His season’s average is 87 with a total of every 3000 runs. of the Englishman’s game.
• It is actually the highest point ever reached in English cricket.
• He has totaled over 3000 runs three times.
• No one else has equaled that record.
• He has also scored two double centuries in a single match on a single day
• Jam Sahib has the f00t 6f the matter in
• His play is sunny as his fane.
• He was born and brought up in his little kingdom Nawanagar.
• Here, he has the power of life and. death in his hand.
• He is extremely popular for his attractive playing.
• His pleasure rests in giving pleasures.
• He is the perfect embodiment of combining the stillness of the panther with the suddenness of its spring,
• The style of the Jam Sahib is entirely different.
• He stands motionless as the bowler approaches the wicket.
• He remains motionless as the ball is delivered.
• Then the bat flashes to the ball.
• Then the stroke is over.
• The boy. seems as if not having changed position.
• The boy seems as if the feet are unmoved and the bat is as before.
• Jam Sahib makes a slight movement of his wrist and the ball riches to the ropes.
• Mr. Asquith is economical in the use of words.
• So Jam Sahib is economical in the use of action.
• He is a man of high scholarship, rare powers of speech, and noble character.
• The Gokhale, the Banerjee, and the Tagores come and go by the mass of the people.
• Jam Sahib has brought the East into the heart of the happy holiday English crowds.
• He has taught them to think of it as something human.
• He also taught them to think of it as something kind-hearted and keenly responsive to the joys that appeal to all.

Meaning Of Difficult Words:

Lord’s- the most important cricket ground in England.
Grandstands – places where spectators sit to watch a game.
Jam Sahib – Ranjit Singhji, Prince and ruler of the former Indian State of Nawanagar.
chubby – plump and round-faced. bidding goodbye (from cricket)
hats off – bidding goodbye (from cricket)
chubby smiles – smiles of a person who has a round face.
Washington Irving – American essayist, story- writer and historian (1783- 1859)
Shrewsbury – a famous English cricketer of the time
menaced – endangered, in danger.
wanting – lacking, there is the absence of.
millionaire – very rich, wealthy, affluent,
gaiety – the spirit of joy, pleasure, happiness.
daring -courageous, energetic, vigorous.
generosity – liberal, very kind, noble.
swiftness – quickness, speedy in movement
stylists – people who play cricket very gracefully and in a unique way
indisputable – unquestionable, unargumental undebatable, tentative, unquarreling.
flourish – bloom, decorate gracefully move.
cease – abandon, stop, halt, pause.
lightens – flashes.
Mr. Asquith – British Statesman (1852-1928)
inessentials – unnecessary, unrequired unwanted.

Odisha State Board CHSE Odisha Class 11 Approaches to English Book 1 Solutions Unit 2 Text C: Lucy Rowan’s Mother Textbook Activity Questions and Answers.

CHSE Odisha Class 11 Alternative English Solutions Unit 2 Text C: Lucy Rowan’s Mother

Section – C

Pre-Reading Activity
In this unit, we have so far read three texts Now read the following text to know about this great cricketer of the past in the next chapter Text-A on a lovable man who was a teacher of the writer’s father at the elementary school, Text-B on the writer’s mother and Text-C on Lucy’s mother who suffered in her old age because of governmental apathy. This section (Section-D) presents a portrait of a great cricketer an Indian prince who in England won the hearts of the Englishmen of his time with his superb batting. Have you ever heard about a cricketer named Jam Sahib?

Activity-12

Understanding The Text Type
Look quickly through the passage and decide what type of text it is. Choose from the following:
a) 219 guide to how old people can receive help from the government.
b) a report on the helplessness of old people in the United States.
c) a report on government apathy towards old people in the. United States.
d) a description of the goodness of Lucy’s mother.
Answer:
(b) a report on the helplessness of old people in the United States.

Activity-13

In many texts, a certain amount of information is implied rather than directly stated. In such cases, you will have to infer and thus collect more information from the text than what is explicitly stated. You will have some practice in inferring still if you look at the following sentences and answer the questions.

a) “The fact that only 3 percent of the city’s elderly live in institutions tells all about its nursing homes” (paragraph 1) What does this fact suggest?
Answer:
This fact suggests that only a negligible elderly population pulls forward in the nursing homes of America.

b) “The lady in 3B is dying” (paragraph 2) What do you think 3B refers to?
Answer:
3B refers to a home for the Ageing in which senior citizens are admitted to be taken care of.

(c) “Sister Bernice talked briefly of moving her into a nursing home” (paragraph 1). Who do you think sister Bernice is?
Answer:
Sister Bernice is in charge of taking care of the old in a nursing home.

(d) “Breaking open mailboxes is so common that people don’t want to alert criminals to their vulnerability” paragraph 12) Why would this alert criminal to their vulnerability?
Answer:
“Breaking open the Ifetter boxes would ultimately lead to ‘disclosure which would alert criminals to their vulnerability. secret

(e) “The Crime Prevention Centre always advises the elderly and to get into eB, Pt)r elevators?’ (Paragraph-

15). Why do they advise this?
Answer:
Because the office is situated on the sixth floor of an unguarded almost deserted building.

Activity-14

Understanding Chronological Sequence
Write down the sequence of events described in the passage from the moment Lucy Rowan’s mother needed help to when the old lady died.

Answer:
1. Lucy Rowan’s mother used to live alone in Brooklyn in a one-roomed flat.
2. She was 86, and had developed cataracts and arthritis.
3. a Few weeks ago, she was strong and stout and she went shopping herself.
4. But lier arthritis was so bad that she was unable to move.
5. Sister Bernice suggested moving into a nursing home.
6. Lucy’s eyes caught a mailbox stuffed with letters.
7. Lucy telephoned the number to Early Alert.
8. Lucy’s mother is not getting all the benefits she is entitled to
9. There is a medic who toÿprovide home help and pays medical bills, food stamps, and even welfare from the City.
10. In spite of the trouble and red tapism in finding such things Lucy feels elated to work her way.
11. She, therefore, rang the Brooklyn office of the Department for the Ageing.
12. Her mother, indeed, should be getting more money victors to help her with household charges, money management, personal care, laundry, meal planning, nutrition, shopping, seeing a doctor, etc.
13. The official offered the telephone number of a private employment agency, household helps S 7 an hour, six hours daily minimum.
14. Early Alert is a home for the Ageing which is available to anyone over 65.
15. . It arranges for the postman to put a red dot inside the relevant box to remind himself it belongs to an old person.
16. 11,000 people have registered so far with Early Alert.
17. The Department for Ageing came up with a brand new scheme.
18. They opened a pilot senior citizens Crime Prevention and Assistant Centre.
19. The office was on the sixth floor of an unguarded and deserted building on a rough street off Brooklyn.
20. Lucy Rowan discovered to get help for her mother, she had to contact seven different agencies. Her mother has since died.

Activity – 15

Comparing And ContrastingTwo Texts:
Notice that Xirod C. Choudhury’s “My Mother” and Linda Blandford’s “Lucy Rowan’s Mother” share a common topic, each of them talks about a mother. Can you will show us the contrast between the two texts dealing with a common topic? complete the table below which on completion.

Aspects of contrasts	My Mother	Lucy Rowan’s Mother
1. Writer’s relation with the person described.
2. Writer’s purpose
3. Writer’s attitude to the person described.
4. Main features of the mother
5. Image used and their effect (s)
6. Descriptive sequence (how are the parts of the text related?
7. Any other aspects in which you can contrast the two texts?

Answer:

Aspects of contrasts	My Mother	Lucy Rowan’s Mother
1. Writer’s relation with the person	Closely related but with occasional restraints and fear	relation not so thick so as to take care of mother when old
2. Writer’s purpose	to universalize the particular	to shed and shift responsibilities at old parents. •
3. Writer’s attitude to the person described.	Quite positive and extraord­inary, sensitive and discreet	personal interest outweighing the desire of looking. into the interest of the mother.
4. Main features of the mother	Mother as a universal figure- lovable and occasionally serious didactic and delightful, traditionally conservative and dynamic	Old, affluent, materialistic, moneyed, helpless, and old age.
5. Image used Jand their effect (s)	She gives a hideous scream and begins to knock her head on the floor by way of mourning. They frightened her by giving a scream 1 disproportionate to the children’s enjoy	She lives alone in a one-roomed flat. She was 86, had cataracts and arthritis in no bed and she can’t move.
6. Descriptive sequence (how are the parts of the text related?	“Give out a hideous scream and begin to knock her head on the floor by way mour­ning.” “We frightened her  by giving a scream dispropo­rtionate to our injury	“She lives about in Brooklyn. She has a one-roomed flat and he only income is her social security cheque for $196. Lucy’s mother is 86. She has cataracts and arthritis … Her arthritis is so- bad, she can’t move.
1. Any other, aspects in which you can contrast the two texts	Well, a balanced character who helps and is being helped.	Helpless in old age despite her riches and children who do not feel inclined to look after her

Lucy Rowan’S Mother Summary in English

However, Lucy Rowan’s mother lived income was S 196. She- was eighty-six years condition. For this reason, she was not able alone in Brooklyn in a one-roomed fiat. Her old. She was suffering from cataracts and arthritis. Her arthritis was Very serious to move easily. One day,’ on the way home Lucy noticed a dramatic poster on the bus. It displayed a mailbox full of letters. It bore a headline: “The lady in 3B is dying, only her mailbox can save her.” There was also a telephone number for something called Early Alert run by the city’s Department for the Ageing. Lucy telephoned the number.

Of course, Lucy’s mother was not availing all such benefits. At that time, any service continuously was paid tea maximum retired person completing forty quarters of $107.90 a month. She telephoned the Brooklyn office of the Department for the Ageing. Her mother, in’ deed, should have more money for household chores, money management, personal care, laundry, meal planning, nutrition, shopping seeing a doctor, etc.

Eleven thousand people have already registered themselves with Early Alert. The Department for Ageing came up with a new scheme- Senior citizens, crime prevention, and Assistance Centres to provide protection to 60 percent of elderly persons. It would also help people after they have been mugged. The office was situated on the sixty, the floor on which there was no elevator attendant. Lucy Rowan discovered that to get help for her mother, she had to contact seven different agencies. Her mother has since died.

Analytical Outlines of the Text

• Lucy Rowan’s mother lived alone in Brooklyn,
• She lived in a one-roomed flat there.
• Her income was $196.
• She was eighty-six years old.
• She was suffering from cataracts and arthritis.
• Her arthritis was a very serious condition.
• For1 this reason, she was not able to move easily.
• One day, on the way home, Lucy noticed a dramatic poster on the bus.
• It displayed a mailbox full of letters. It bore a headline: “The lady in 3B is dying, only her mailbox can save her.”
• There was also a telephone number for something called Early Albert run by the city’s Department for the Ageing.
• Lucy telephoned the number.
• Of course, Lucy’s mother was not availing all such benefits.
• At that time, any’ retired person who completed forty quarters of services continuously, was paid to a maximum of
• She telephoned the Brooklyn, office of the Department for the A’gejftg $107.90 a month.
• Her mother, indeed, should have more
• Eleven thousand people have already registered themselves with Early Alert.
• The Department for Ageing came up with a new scheme.
• The new scheme was for senior citizens, Crime Prevention, and Assistance Centres.
• It provided protection to 60 percent of elderly persons.
• It would also help people after they have been mugged.
• The office was situated on the sixty floors.
• There was no elevator attendant in the office.
• Lucy Rowan wanted to get help for her mother.
• Her mother has since died
• She had to contact seven different agencies. money for household chores, money management, personal care, laundry, meal planning, nutrition, shopping, seeing a doctor, etc.

Meaning of difficult words

mailbox – a disease of the eye in which the lens slowly clouds over obscuring the light.
patently – light gout, inflammation of a joint or joints.
Cataract – full of, beset with, infested with.
arthritis – letter box, box carrying letter
stuffed – evidently, with sufficient, substantial proof
discernible – distinguishable, worthy of making out, which can be seen clearly by eyes or mind.
inventory – a detailed catalog, stock of articles shown, clustered assembled, grouped, gathered, congregated, etc.
bulging – swelling up, being inflated, growing up in size
wad – a collection of documents folded or rolled together.
amiss – wrong, disturbance in the situation.
vulnerability – open to physical injury or attack.
undaunted – not daunted, fearless, courageous, bold.
intruder – he who comes in without being asked or wanted.
trauma – causing lasting so estancia damage to a person’s psychological development. the severe wound was caused by a sudden emotional shock

Odisha State Board CHSE Odisha Class 11 Approaches to English Book 1 Solutions Unit 2 Text B: My Mother Textbook Activity Questions and Answers.

CHSE Odisha Class 11 Alternative English Solutions Unit 2 Text B: My Mother

Section-B

Pre-reading Activity:
Mother is the fondest image impressed on our minds. In the following passage, Nirad C. Chaudhury who is considered an outstanding Indian writer in English and who lived most of his life in England gives an account of his mother.

Activity – 8

Understanding The Structure Of The Text
Scan, the gaped text (Text-B) and decide which of the following parts would fit into which numbered gap in the text. There is one extra part that does not belong in any of the gaps.

A. If she asked us to take a portion after dividing a sweet Or some other dish, we always said, “Give us a piece yourself, mother.” For we know of by any chance one of us took what appeared to be the biggest piece, she would look at him with meaning or at times even angry contempt.

B. She came back after nearly six months and the day after. She arrived. She again ordered my mother out. My mother who had stepped in the room for the whole period of absence of her mother-in-law went out smiling under her veil

C. If we groaned too much in times of illness or expected to be made much of, we were quietly and firmly told to try to go to sleep instead of making things worse by complaining.

D. Her eyes were large and liquid, her nose very regular and prominent, her lips well-cut tending towards fullness in the lower one. The real weakness of the face was the chin which though nearly shaped was net weighty enough for the upper part.

Activity-9

Understanding The Relation Of The Parts In A Text
Now read the complete text (that is with the gaps filled) and complete the diagram below so that the completed diagram represents the (descriptive) sequence in which the writer describes his mother. The completed diagram will give you an overall idea of the text organization.

Answer:
A. If she asked us to take a portion after dividing a sweet or some other dish, we always said, “Give us a, piece yourself, mother”, for we knew, if by any chance one of us took what appeared to be the biggest piece, she would look at him with meaning or at times even angry contempt. (It fits into paragraph no.3)

B. She came back after nearly six months and the day after she arrived, she again ordered my mother out. My mother, who had slept in the room for the whole period of absence of her mother-in-law,’ went and sent under her veil.

C. If we groaned too much in times of illness or expected to be made much of, we were quietly and firmly told to try to go to sleep instead of making things worse by complaining.

D. Her eyes were large and liquid, her nose very regular and prominent, her lips well cut tending towards fullness in the lower one. The real weakness of the face was the chain; which though nearly shaped was not weighty enough for the upper part (It fits into the paragraph giving an introduction of her physical features)

Answers Activity-9
(Understanding The Relation Of The Parts In A Text)
Now read the complete text (that is with the gaps filled) and complete the diagram so that the completed diagram represents the (descriptive) sequence in which the writer described his mother. The completed diagram will give you an overall idea of the text organization.

Extra Activity-9 (A)

Question 1.
This writer’s mother and father had common principles. They had also differences. What are they?
Answer:
The writer’s mother and father were different in appearance, temperament, and outlook

Question 2.
What does the writer say about his mother’s and father’s physique?
Answer:
The writer’s mother was slight and fragile, but his father was robust and strong-built. Her face was responsive but that of his father was impassive.

Question 3.
Could the writer’s mother hide her feelings?
Answer:
The writer’s mother wore her heart on her sleeve. She could not hide her feelings. Her children were able to see at a glance whether she was angry or pleased.

Question 4.
What does the writer say about his mother’s eyebrows?
Answer:
When his mother was young. there were two deep vertical wrinkles between her eyebrows which in normal cases would have signified a bent for thought

Question 5.
Do you feel the writer’s mother was an intellectual?
Answer:
The writer’s mother was not an intellectual. She was rather argumentative and devastatingly logical. She was also intuitive and introspective

Question 6.
What does the writer say about his mother’s forehead and face?
Answer:
The writer describes that his mother’s forehead was very well-shaped without being high. The oval of her face was broad in its upper half, but very quickly receding and tapering in the lower.

Question 7.
What qualities do her features indicate?
Answer:
Her physical features indicate an impression of unsleeping, alertness, and inexhaustible, animation. They speak volumes of openness, goodness, and generosity which were so natural in that countenance.

Question 8.
Why does the author say that “appearance was deceptive”?
Answer:
It was because her face did not show hardly indicated even, the immense strength of her normal convictions. Nobody could infer from her face that she was capable of such fanaticism

Question 9.
What did she do when some mishap befell her children?
Answer:
Although a high-strong woman she was capable of turning panicky on some mishap happening to any of her children, she restrained herself soon.

Question 10.
What were the most detestable things seen with the writer’s marriage?
Answer:
The things which the writer’s mother earnestly detested were a falsehood, dishonesty, moral cowardice, and meanness.

R. Choose the correct alternative to match the answers against each question:

i) The writer’s mother was : (beautiful, ugly, and pretty)
Answer:
Pretty,

ii) She was: (strong, well-built, robust, and fragile)
Answer:
fragile.

iii) She had two deep vertical wrinkles:(on her eyebrows, between her eyebrows)
Answer:
between her eyebrows

iv) She disliked? (dishonesty, pleasure, and love)
Answer:
dishonesty

v) She : (loved her children, did not love her children)
Answer:
loved her children

Extra Activity- 9 (B)

Comparison (1): Cheaper, More Expensive
A.Look at these sentences:
1. Let us go by car. It’s cheaper
2. Don’t go by train. It was more expensive.
‘Cheaper’ and ‘more expensive’ arc comparative forms. One can use ‘than’ after comparative.
Ex: 1. It’s cheaper to go by car than by train.
2. Going by train is more expensive than going by car.

B. The comparative form is er or more…,

i) We use ‘er’ for short words (one syllable)
cheap – cheaper, fast – faster,
large – larger
We also use ‘er’ for two-syllable words that end in ‘y’
lucky – luckier, easy- easier,
early- earlier
ii) We use ‘more’ for longer words (two syllables or more) more modem, more serious, and more expensive.
Ex: These people are more modern than we are

C. Adjective and Adverbs having irregular comparative forms: Good/well – better.

Ex. 1. The garden, looks better since we tidied it up.
2. I know him well, probably better than anybody else.
badly/bad- worse
Ex. 1. Is your headache better? No, it’s worse.
far- further (or farther)
Ex. It’s a long walk to the station – farther than/thought ‘further but not ‘farther’ can also mean ‘more’ of ‘additional’.
Ex. Let me know if you hear any further news (= any more news).

Comparison (2)
A. Before comparing you can use: much, a lot, far, a bit, a little, slightly
Ex. 1. Let’s go by car. It’s much cheaper.
2. Could you speak a bit more slowly?
3. This bag is slightly heavier than the other one.
4. Her illness is far more serious than we thought at first

B. You can use any and not + comparative (any longer/no bigger)

Ex. I’ve waited long enough. I’m not waiting any longer. This] house is not bigger than ours.’

C. Harder and harder; more and more. We repeat comparative like this to say that something is changing continuously.

Ex. It’s becoming harder and harder to find a job. Your English is improving. It’s getting better and better. These days more and more people are learning English,
Older and Elder: We can use elder (older) when we talk of members of a family.
You can say “my elder brother”.
Ex. Tom looks older than me.

Comparison (3) as … as/than

A. Study the following situation:
Ex. Surath, Sini, and Subas millionaires.
They are all very rich. Surath has Rs. 10 million, Sini has Rs. arc all 8 million and Subas has Rs.2 million. So: Sini is rich.
He is richer than Subas.
But he is not as rich as Surath.
Tom isn’t as old as he looks.
You can also say, ‘not so… (as):
Ex. It’s not warm but it isn’t as cold as yesterday. less… that is as similar to not as… (as):
Ex. 1. I spent less money than you.
2. The city center was less crowded than usual

B. You can use as … as but not ‘so… as’ in positive sentences and questions:

Ex. 1. I’m sorry. I’m late. I got here as fast as I could.
2. There’s plenty of food. You can have as much as you like.
3. Let’s walk. It’s just as quick as taking the bus.
4. Can you send me the money as soon as possible, please?

C. We say the same as (not ‘the same like’)

Ex. 1. Annis’s salary is the same as mine.
2. Tom is the same age as George.
3. What would you like to drink?
4. I’ll have the same as you,

D. Than me/than I am etc. we usually say:
1. You are taller than me.
2. He is not as clever as her.
Alter than/as. It is more usual to say me/ him/her/them/us when there is no verb, compare
Ex. 1. You’re taller than I am, but, you are taller than me.
2. They’re more money than we have, but, they have more money than us.
3. I can’t run as far as he can, but I can’t run as fast as him.

I.Complete the sentences using a comparative form (The first one is done for you)
1. It’s too noisy here. Can we go somewhere _________?
2. This coffee is very weak. I like it a bit ______.
3. The hotel was surprisingly big, I expected it to be ___.
4. The hotel was surprisingly cheap. I expected it to be _________.
5. The weather is too cold in this country. I’d like to live somewhere ___________.
6. My job is a bit boring sometimes. I’d like to do something ________.
7. I was surprised at how easy it was to use the computer. I thought it would be _________.
8. Your work isn’t very good. I’m sure you can do _______.
9. Don’t worry, the situation isn’t so bad It could be _________.
10. I was surprised we got here so quickly I expected the journey to talk _________.
11. You’re talking very loudly. Can you speak it a bit_____?
12. You hardly ever phone me. Why don’t you phone me _________?
13. You’re standing too near the camera. Can you move a bit _________?
14.You were a bit depressed yesterday but today ___________you today
Answer:
1. It’s too noisy here. Can we go somewhere quieter?
2, This coffee is very weak. I like it a bit stronger.
3. The hotel was surprisingly big. I expected it to be smaller.
4. The hotel was. surprisingly cheap. I expected it to be costlier.
5. The weather is too cold in this country. I’d like to live somewhere warmer.’
6. My job is a bit boring sometimes. I’d like to do something more interesting.
7. I was surprised at how easy it was to use the computer. I thought it would be much more difficult.
8. Your work isn’t very good. I’m sure you can do better.
9. Don’t worry, the situation isn’t so bad. It could be better and smoother.
10. I was surprised we got here so quickly. I expected the journey to talk more time.
11. You’re talking very loudly. Can you speak it a bit slower?
12. You hardly ever phone me. Why don’t you phone me more frequently?
13. You’re standing too near the camera. Can you move a bit farther?
14. You were a bit depressed yesterday but you look smarter today.

II.A. Read the situation and complete the sentences using a comparative form
1. Yesterday the temperature was nine degrees. Today it is only six degrees _______.
2. The journey takes four hours by car and five hours by train. It takes___________.
3. Viju and I went for a run, I ran ten kilometers. Viju stopped after eight kilometers. I ran________.
4. Ajay and Bijay both did badly in the examination. Ajay got 20% and Vijay got only 15%. Vijay did ________.
5. I expected my friends to arrive at about 4 O’clock. In fact, they arrived at 2.30. My friends_______.
6. You can go by bus or by train. The buses run every 30 minutes. The train runs every hour. The buses__________.
7. We were very busy at work today. We’re not usually as busy as that. We _______.
Answer:
1. The temperature has become lesser.
2. It takes less time by car than by train.
3. I ran more than Viju.
4. Ajay scored more than Vijay.
5. My friends reached earlier.
6. The buses are more frequent than the trains
7. We are busier at work today

II.B. Use the words in brackets to complete the sentences. Use ‘much/ a bit etc. + a comparative’ form. Use ‘than’ where necessary
1.Her illness_______we thought at first,(much/serious)
2. This bag is too small. I need something ________(much/big)
3. I’m afraid the problem is_______it seems, (much/complicated)
4. You looked depressed this morning but you look_ now. (a bit/happy)
5. I enjoy our visit to the museum. It was_____I expected (far/interesting)
6. You’re driving too fast, could you drive______ (a bit/slowly)
7. It’s_____to learn a foreign language in the country where it is spoken, (a bit/ easy)
8.I thought she was younger than me but in fact, she is_______(Slight/old)
Answer:
1 . Her illness was much, more serious than we thought at first
2. This bag is too small. I need something much bigger.
3 I’m afraid the problem is more complicated than it seems.
4. You looked depressed this morning but you look a bit happier now.
5. I enjoy-our visiting the museum. It was far more interesting than I expected.
6. You’re driving too fast, could you drive a bit slower
7. It’s a bit easier to learn a foreign language in the country where it is spoken
8. I thought she was younger than me but in fact, she is slightly older.

III. Complete the sentences using any/ not a comparative. Use ‘than’ where necessary.
1. I’m fed up with waiting I’m not waiting __________.
2. I’m sorry, I’m a bit late but I could not get here ___________.
3. This shop is. not expensive. The price is ___________ anywhere else
4. I must stop for a rest, I can’t walk _________.
5. The traffic is not particularly bad today. It’s______usually.
Answer:
1 . I’m fed up with waiting. I’m not waiting any longer.
2. I’m sorry I’m a bit late but I could not get here any. longer.
3. This shop is not expensive. The price is higher than anywhere else.
4. I must stop for a rest I can’t walk anymore.
5. The traffic is not particularly, lead today It’S work usually.

Complete the sentences using the structure -er and -er.
1. It’s becoming________to find a job (hard)
2. That hole in your pull over is getting_________ (big).
3. My bag seemed to get _______ as I carried them (heavy)
4. As 1 waited for my interview, I became______ (nervous)
5. As the day went on, the weather get _______ (bad)
6. Travelling is becoming ________ (expensive).
7. Since she has been in Britain, her English has gotten___ (good).
8.As the conversation went on, he became _______(talkative).
Answer:
1. It’s becoming harder and harder to find a job
2. That hole in your pullover is getting bigger and bigger.
3. My bag seemed to get heavier and heavier as 1 carried them.
4. As 1 waited for my interview, I became more and more nervous.
5. As the day went on, the weather get worse and worse.
6. Travelling is becoming more and more expensive.
7. Since she has been in Britain, her English has gotten better and better
8. As the conversation went on, he became more and more,

V. Which is correct, older or elder? Or both of them?
1. My older/elder brother is a pilot.
2. I’m surprised Jane is only 25, 1 thought she was older/elder.
3. Anni’s younger sister is still at school. I let older/elder.
4. Martin is older/elder than his brother
Answer:
1. My elder brother is a pilot
2. I’m surprised Jane is only 25. 1 thought she was older.
3. Anni’s younger sister is still at school. Her elder sister,
4. Martin is older than his brother.

Activity-11

Grammar
Student tips: Look at the first sentence in paragraph 2 of Text-B. She was not handsome, but no more was she plain. You can easily see that in the first clause of the sentence, the verb “was” comes after the subject “she” which is the usual word order in English, but in the second clause there is an inversion (change of position) ‘was’ comes before the subject ‘she’.Notice again this sentence in paragraph 5: Not only did she condemn vice, (but) she almost equally despised the tacit acceptance of an advantage. Here, again in the italicized part, the auxiliary verb did come before the subject. She and there is an; inversion. Apart from its use in interrogative sentences (e.g. what do you want ? Inversion occurs) :

1. When a negative adverbial such as not only, never, and sooner. little, neither or nor begins a clause.
i) Not only- did she condemn vice, (but) she almost equally despised the tacit acceptance of an advantage
ii) Never have I seen a lovelier sunrise.
iii) No sooner had 1 entered the room, than the phone rang.
iv) Little did she know that he would never come back.
v)I have not understood a word he said neither/nor have I.

2. When time expression such as rarely*. seldom, hardly, barely, scarcely begin a sentence:
i)Rarely does, he visits us nowadays.
ii) Seldom has the Indian team given a better performance.
iii) Hardly had the train left the station, when there was an explosion.

3. When; the sentence begins with only: Only after posting the letter did 1 remember that I had forgotten to put on a stamp

4. When the sentence begins with phrases containing no or not such as – Under no circumstance, on no account; at no time, in no way, and not until.
i) On no account did the police open fire without a warning.
ii) No until then did 1 notice that 1 was carrying someone else’s umbrella

5. Wlÿen expletive there begins a sentence;
i) There were people near the cricket counter.
ii) There was someone giving them help with the reservation.

6. When so comes at the beginning of a clause in construction like the following: I had a good time and so did Mona. With this grammatical formation, you can do the following activities:

(a) These sentences are from the holiday postcard from Smita to her brother Sunil. Complete them by putting the words in the right order. Remember, you can use inversion only in sentences (ii) and (iii)
i) We are having __ (time-a-really here-at the moment-great)
ii) The weather has been brilliant, though ________(some clouds-there-in the sky were-in the morning)
iii) The hotel is not too bad, but ___________ (-there are – tourists – too many – and – fed up – are getting – the staff)
iv) The food, however, __ (is good exceptionally)
v) Tomorrow we hope to go ___ (and on a trip – organized – the local sights some – by the hotel – of- see)
Answer:
(i)We are having really a great time here at the moment.
ii)The weather has been brilliant, though there were some clouds in the sky. in ftejnomjng
iii)The hotel is not too bad, but the staff there is too many and getting the tourists fed up.
iv)The food, however, is exceptionally good
v)Tomorrow we hope on a trip organized by the hotel and see some of the local sights.

(b) Rewrite the following as indicated
making necessary changes:
i)There is nowhere a monument that surpasses the Taj Mahal. (No where_______)
ii)We had no sooner arrived than the storm broke. (No sooner _______ )
iii) Tulu arrived late and started complaining. (Not only__________)
iv) I’ll never invite him again
v)It started raining soon after the guests left (Hardly had ______.)
vi) The athletes were so exhausted that none of them finished the race. (So exhausted______ ).
vii) 1 realized that I had left my keys in the office only after reaching the station. (Only________).
Answer:
i) There is nowhere a monument that surpasses the Taj Mahal. Nowhere is there a monument that surpasses the Taj Mahal. ’
ii) We had no sooner arrived than the storm broke. No sooner had we arrived than the storm broke.
iii) Tulu arrived late and started complaining. Not only did Tulu arrive but started complaining.
iv) Til never invite him again. Never shall I invite him again.
v)It started raining soon after the guests left. Hardly had the guests left when it started raining.
vi)The athletes were so exhausted that none of them finished the race. So exhausted were the athletes that none of them finished the race.
vii) I realized that I had left my keys in the office only after- reaching the station. Only after reaching the station did I realize that I had left my -keys in the office.

My Mother Summary in English

However, the writer’s parents had equal principles, but they had opposite appearances, temperaments, and outlooks. His mother was trifling, and delicate, while his father was vigorous and strong and stout. Her face was responsive, on the other hand, his father’s face was entirely smart and energetic. She was rarely able to conceal her emotions and feeling. The children can easily understand in a flash whether she was angry or pleased. Although not, excited and thrilling, she was always elaborate and high-strong. Even when she was young, there were two vertical wrinkles between her eyebrows.

His mother although argumentative and logical was not intellectual. On the other hand, she was intuitive and introspective. She was not charming. Her forehead was very well-shaped and her face was oval. On the whole, she was alert and alive However, she got frightened at a mishap with her children like other Indian mothers AVho show their helplessness by giving out piercing streams or knocking their heads on the floor. She never paraded such emotion what she disliked most were a falsehood, dishonesty, moral cowardice, and meanness.

Analytical Outlines:

• The writer’s parents had equal principles.
• On the other hand, they had the opposite appearance.
• They had also opposite temperaments and outlooks.
• His mother was trifling and delicate.
• His father was vigorous, strong, and stout.
• Her face was responsive.
• On the other hand, his father’s face was entirely smart and energetic.
• She was rarely able to conceal her4 emotions and feelings.
• The children can easily understand in a flash whether she was angry or pleased.
• She was always elaborate and highly strong.
• On the other hand, she was not excited and thrilled.
• Even when she was young, there were two vertical wrinkles between her eyebrows.
• His mother although argumentative and logical was not intellectual.
• But she was intuitive and introspective.
• She was not charming.
• Her forehead was very well-shaped.
• Her face was oval.
• On the whole, she was alert and alive.
• She got frightened at a mishap with her children like other -Indian mothers.
• The Indian women show their helplessness by giving out piercing streams.
• They also knocked their heads on the floor.
• She never paraded such emotion.
• However, she disliked falsehood, dishonesty, moral cowardice, and meanness.

Meaning Of Difficult Words:

reverse – opposite, opposed to, change, or turn to opposite.
fregite -bristle, which can be easily broken.
responsive – strong and stout, strong-built, well-formed.
impassive – giving out a response, the person who reciprocates.
high-strung – smart, active, energetic, not passive.
hectic. – small waves of stagnant water.
robust – of weak mind, very nervous, excitable.
rippled – excited or rushed, intensely active.
devastatingly – frighteningly, dangerously.
propensity – temperament, inclination.
wrinkles – small creases on the face.
introspective – looking into one’s thoughts and feelings.
broadening – thinking deeply over something or somebody.
receding – move back as flood water to withdraw from agreement
tapering – became gradually thinner or smaller at one end
inexhaustible – which can’t be exhausted or consumed up.
animation – smart, lively, and quick in movement.
countenance – look, appearance, disposition.
fanaticism – the act of moving by force of enthusiasm
hideous – frightful, ugly, repulsive, arousing, fear or awe.
mourning ‘ – pathetic, lament, unhappiness on the assumption
on the assumption – on the supposition presumption.
exhibition – show, parade, display,
contemptuous – hateful, decisive, detracting.
epithets – attributive expression, descriptive, appellation, words used to characterize
chasten – punish in order to correct, discipline.
discreetly – openly, evidently, having proof.
patently – judiciously, using reasoning and thought.
intuitive – of direct knowledge or awareness of something without conscious attention or reasoning, the knowledge that is acquired in this way, is perceived immediately.