Class 11

Odisha State Board CHSE Odisha Class 11 Political Science Solutions Unit 5 Constitution at Work-II Long Answer Questions.

CHSE Odisha 11th Class Political Science Unit 5 Constitution at Work-II Long Answer Questions

Long Type Questions With Answers

Question 1.
Describe the procedure of the Presidential election in India. Or, Explain how the President is elected?
Answer:
The President of India is elected indirectly by an electoral college for a term of five years.
Qualifications:
A Presidential Candidate shall possess the following qualifications.

• He / She must be a citizen of India.
• He / She must be above 35 years of age
• He / She should possess all other qualifications to become a member of Lok Sabha.

The procedure of Election The President is elected through proportional representation and single transferable vote system. The electoral college shall consist of The elected members of Lok Sabha, Rajya Sabha, and Rajya Vidhan Sabha. The elected members of the Delhi legislative assembly and the Puducherry legislative assembly also take part in it.

In order to make the President a true representative of the people the constitution has tried to bring parity of votes between the total number of votes cast by MPs and MLAs. This system are followed to maintain a balance between the center and states. Die’s constitution has devised a formula to determine the value of the votes of MLAs and MPs.

\(=\frac{\text { Total population of a state }}{\text { No. of elected MLAs }}\)÷1000+1

Similarly the values of vote of an MP is

\(=\frac{\text { Total value of votes of MLAs }}{\text { No. of elected MPs }}\)

Similarly, the value of the vote of an MP is the Total value of votes of ML As No. of elected MPs Preferential voting In this system, each voter shall cast as many votes as there are candidates. At the time of counting the 1st preference votes are taken into consideration and a candidate is declared elected if he secures a fixed quota or not.

If no candidate gets the required number then the candidate securing the lowest number of votes is eliminated and his 2nd preference votes are taken into consideration. If nobody secures the quota the process continues. After his election, the Chief Justice of India reads out the oath of office and secrecy of the President before he enters his office.

Question 2.
Discuss the powers and position of the President of India?
Answer:
The President is the constitutional head of state in India and the constitution has vested all executive powers in him. He exercised all these powers on the advice of the Union Council of Ministers. The administration is run in his name but he does not exercise real powers.

Executive Powers:
The President is empowered to exercise supervision over the administration of the state. He gives appointments to the Prime Minister and other members of the Union Council of Ministry, Chief Justice and Judges of the Supreme Court and High Courts, Governors of State, Members of the Election Commission, Finance Commission, the Attorney-General, and CAG, etc.

He is responsible for preserving, protecting and defending the constitution of India. President is also directly responsible for the administration of the union territories in India. However, all these above-mentioned powers are not independently exercised by the Presidential of India. There is a Council of Ministers headed by the Prime Minister, whisk advises the President in the discharge functions.

Legislature Power:
Article – 123 of the Constitution of India discusses about the legislative Power nf the President of India is a part of the union legislature. Without the assent of the President, no bill will become an Act. It is the President who summons and prorogues the House of Parliament and can dissolve the House of People. He may summon the joint sitting of both the Houses of the Union Parliament. It is customary on the part of the President of India to address both the Houses of the Union Parliament separately.

His legislative power also includes the power to nominate 12 members to Rajya Sabha and 2 members to Lok Sabha from Anglo Indian community. Certain kinds of bills cannot be introduced into the Parliament and state legislature without the assent of the President of India. Further, the legislative power of the President of India also includes the power to promulgate ordinances during the recess of the Parliament.

Judicial Power:
Article -122 of the Constitution of India discusses the Judicial powers of the President of India which includes the power to grant pardon, reprieves, remission of punishment, and remit the sentence to death. The above power of the President can be used as against any kind of Court’s Judgement to which the President possesses the power to pardon or remit the punishment.

Financial Power:
The President of India not possess any financial power. Rather all the expenditures are done in the name of the President of India. He is the guardian of the public funds. He supervises the annual budget and the money bills introduced into the Parliament must receive the recommendation of the President of India. The President also determines the share of various revenue taxes between the central and the state governments.

Military Power:
The President of India is constitutionally considered as the Supreme Commander of the Air, Navy, and Military. Forces in India. It is the President of India who declares wars and concludes peace. Any military pact or treaty must be done in the name of the President of India.

Diplomatic Power:
All sorts of diplomatic or foreign relations are maintained in the name of the President of India. Any treaty with outside foreign countries signed must bear the name and authority of the President of India. It is the President of India who appoints and accredits the diplomatic agents to foreign countries and receives the diplomatic envoys.

Emergency powers:
The Constitution under part XVIII, Art.- 352 to 360 has discussed three types of emergency. The President has been authorized to exercise the power in grave situations, of crises to tackle abnormal situations. The President under Art-352 can declare National Emergency, under – 356 State Emergency, and under Art- 360 Financial Emergency. All these powers are discharged on the advice and recommendations for the same. But these powers have strengthened the hand of the President.

Position:
The President of India holds a unique position in the constitutional system. He is an integral part of the union executive although his authority is nominal. He performs his functions on the advice of the Central Council of Ministers. The cabinet and the Prime Minister decide everything in the name of the President. He has limited scope to exercise real authority.

But the President is not a golden cipher. In important circumstances, the President can exercise his discretion io making a choice of the Prime Minister in a coalition Govt, and in the dissolution of Lok Sabha. He can return any proposal of the Cabinet for reconsideration. He is a constitutional head who holds a position of prestige. He is there to preserve, protect and defend the Constitution. He is a symbol of national unity.

Question 3.
Discuss the constitutional status of the Indian President. Or, The President of India has vast powers but little discretion. Discuss. Or, The President is merely a constitutional figurehead?
Answer :
There is a great controversy among scholars in regard to the powers and position of the. President of India. Some are of the view that the President of India with such vast powers may become the dictator of India. The late first President of India Dr.Rajendra Prasad was of the opinion that the constitutional provision did not clearly indicate about the President is the titular or nominal head of the state.

But on the other B.R. Ambedkar was of the opinion that the President of India must act as titular head of state. He said in the Constituent Assembly that If President does not act upon the advice of the ministry it will be tantamount to a violation of the Constitution and the shall be liable for impeachment. Let us discuss at our own the powers and positions of the President in the context of the Indian constitutional setup. In the first place, the Constitution provides that there shall be a Council of Ministers to aid and advice the President of India.

Though there is no mention that such aid and advice rendered by the Council of Ministers are binding on the President of India: In the 42nd constitutional amendment provides a concrete fact in favor of the titular status of the chair. The 42nd constitutional amendment of 1976 states clearly that the aid and advice rendered by the Council of Ministers is binding on the President.

Secondly, the Parliamentary form of government is marked by two types of executive i.e, the real executive and the titular executive. It is fact that in all parliamentary fonts of government the cabinet will act as the real executive and there shall be another office of the executive which must be the titular executive and all the executive work will be carried out by the real executive in the beign honor of the nominal executive.

If the cabinet is the real executive in Indian Parliamentary context, the office of the President must be titular. Thirdly, the practice of the parliamentary form of government speaks about responsible executives. The executive must remain answerable to its citizens. The Council of Ministers in the parliamentary form of government are directly chosen from among, the legislation.

Those legislations i.e. the members of the cabinet sit in the legislature and answers all question relating to the executive functions. But the Indian President is not answerable to the legislature for which the Presidentship must be attributed to its nominal aspect and the President of India must be treated as the nominator titular’ head of the state.

Fourthly, the Constitution provides that the President m&y refer back the advice rendered by the Council of Ministers for reconsideration but after reconsideration, the President is about to accept the advice rendered by the cabinet. Hence, he must be treated as the nominal or titular head of the state.

Fifthly, a few constitutional experts fear that the emergency powers of the President of India may enable the President to exercise his dictatorship over the country: But there is no reality f the conception. In spite of the above constitutional restrictions, the President of India might not be equated with the King of the British Parliament who is not more than a cipher. However the working of the Constitution of India.

since 1950 clearly shows, that personal charisma or liberty caliber can expert a remarkable influence on the working of Indian parliamentary constitutional system. The constitution of India has provided a source sort of discretionary powers to the President of India and the. President may exercise this discretion on two occasions, namely.

• Appointment of the Prime Minister of India and
• Secondly with regard to the dissolution of the parliament.

Here we must, from, the constitutional history of India, cite the example of 1979 when existing President N . Sanjeev Reddy by using his discretion appointed Charan Singh as the Prime Minister of India. Again also in 1990, the then easting President appointed Chandra Sekhar to government exercising his discretion. So it can be said that the President of India is not so weak as the British monarch and as powerful as the President ofU.S.A.

Though the President of India does not possess real executive work yet he can direct advice and suggestions to the cabinet for modification forbidding the possibility of growth of arbitrary administration. And in some occasions, the President of India is well to do exercise his discretion. He cannot be compared with a just rubber stamp in the affair of the administration of India.

Question 4.
Discuss the emergency powers of the President of India?
Answer:
The constitutional fathers in order to tide over from the incredible situation have provided the emergency power, of the President of India. The idea of the emergency provisions has been greatly included in the provisions of Emergency working in the Weimar constitution Germany. The constitutional fathers, considering, the heterogeneity aspect of the Indian people; have incorporated the emergency, provisions into the Constitution of India with a view to strengthening the Unity and integrity of the country in times of grave national crisis.

Normally the Constitution provides three kinds of emergency powers of the President of India. There are :

• National Emergency: According to Article 352 of the Constitution.
• State Emergency or President Emergency: According to Article -356.
• Thirdly, the Financial Emergency Under Article 360 these are three types of emergencies are discussed below separately.

National Emergency:
According to Article- 360 of the Constitution of India President can declare the National Emergency on the ground of the grave dangers faced by the country. If the president feels that a grave situation exists out of war, external disturbance or internal armed rebellion in any part of the country or in the whole.

He may declare a national emergency for the entire country. The President must declare on the advice of the Council of Ministers. The 44th Constitutional Amendment of India say that with regard to the proclamation of a national emergency the President must be advised with written documents. Ordinarily emergency, once declared remains up to the expiry of one month within which the Union Parliament must approve the declaration of emergency.

If the declaration of emergency is approved by the Parliament it will continue up to six months. This process will continue in the gap of every six months until the normal situation returns back. If there is the dissolution of the Lok Sabha the Rajya Sabha must approve it and in the eve of the new Lok Sabha, the Mouse must approve it within 30 days of its existence.

The Effect of National Emergency:

• The Union legislature legislates in the state list
• The center can direct the state administration on any matters.
• Constitutional sources of revenues between the center and the state can be modified by the President.
• The fundamental rights in general and the right to freedom according to Article – 19 of the Constitution cease to exist temporarily.

State Emergency or Presidential Emergency:
Article 356 of the Constitution of India deals with Presidential emergencies. The Constitution in its Article-356 says that if the President on the basis of the report of the Governor of the state or otherwise feels satisfied that there is a breakdown of the constitutional machinery in a particular state he can proclaim a Presidential emergency. The Parliament must approve the declaration of emergency within two months. It can continue for a maximum period or three years.

Effects of State Emergency:

• Under Article – 356, during State Emergency all functions of the state government is assumed by the President of India.
• All powers of the state legislature is assumed by the union legislature.
• The Parliament may also delegate these powers to the President.

Financial Emergency:
The third type of emergency is known as the financial emergency which is promulgated by the President of India. Article 360 of Constitution of India says that if the President feels that a situation has. arisen whereby the financial stability of India or any part thereof is threatened, he may proclaim a financial emergency. The promulgation of a financial emergency must be approved by the Union Parliament at the expiry of two months without which the financial emergency will cease to exist. There is no limitation in case of a financial emergency.

Effects of Financial Emergency:

• President may direct the state government to observe certain principles in the matter of public expenditure.
• The salary of the central government and the state government employees may be reduced.
• The money bill of the state legislature may be reserved for the consideration of the President.
• Allocation of revenues between the central and state government may be modified by the President in the interest of the nation.

From the above discussion of the emergency powers of the President of India it is clear that during a national emergency the entire country is transformed into a unitary state giving a free hand to the. President of India to rule over the country freely and fairly.

Question 5.
Discuss the qualifications, privileges, and functions of the Vice-President of India?
Answer:
The Constitution of India under Article – 63 provides that there shall be a Vice¬President of India who will be elected by the two Houses of the Union Parliament on the basis of Proportional representation by means of a single transferable vote. The Vice-President occupies the next highest office of dignity after the President. The Vice-President of India is the Chairman of the Rajya Sabha.

The constitutional provision was the Vice-President of India must be elected in the joint sitting of the Union Parliament, however, the 10th Constitutional Amendment Act. In 1961 dropped the provision of the Joint Sitting of Parliament was. A candidate for the office, of the Vice-President of India, must possess the following qualifications without which he would not be entitled to the office of the Vice-Presidentship in India.

Qualification of Vice-President:
Article-66 of the Constitution of India deals with the qualifications of the Vice-President in India which says that a person for the Vice Presidentship.

• the lie must be a citizen of India.
• He must have completed 35 years of age.
• He must have the necessary qualifications to be a Member of the Council of States.
• He must not hold any office of profit either under the state government or under Central Government. If he holds such office he must vacate in soon after the election.

Term Salary:
The Vice-President of India is ordinarily elected,d for a term of five years. Before the expiry of the term, he may resign from his post or he also may be impeached by the Union Parliament. He receives a salary of Rs. 1,25,00 per month. Powers and the Functions of the Vice-President of India. The Vice-President of India acts as the Ex-officio Chairman of the Rajya, Sabha. He also possesses the right to vote in case of there is a tie. The Vice-President also represents in various ceremonial occasions.

He is the sole protector of the rights and liberties of the members of the Rajya Sabha. The Vice-President also performs the duties of the President due to the absence, illness or registration of the President of India. In case of the death of the President of India, he also succeeds to the office of the President until a further election is held and new President is elected to the office of the Presidentship.

Some critics opine that the office of the Vice-President in India is Superfluous in the context of the constitutional setup of India yet the conception is not fully irrelevant because the. Vice-President occupies the social highest office of dignity and he is related to a number of cultural institutions in an ex-officio capacity. The Vice-President also acts as the Chancellor of Delhi University and the office of the Vice¬Presidentship serves as a training group for future Presidentship.

Question 6.
Discuss the organization and function of the Council of Ministers?
Answer:
The practice of the parliamentary form of executive essentially rests on two types of executive i.e the real executive and the nominal executive. The President acts as the nominal head of the state and the Council of Ministers enjoy real executive power Article 74 of the Constitution of India says that there shall be a Council of Ministers, headed by the Prime Minister to aid and advise the president of India and the President shall act in accordance with the advice rendered by the Council of Ministers.

Further, the aid and advice rendered by the President of India, as per to the 42nd Constitutional Amendment, is binding on the President of India. Again Article – 75 of the Constitution of India tells that the ministers shall hold office during the pleasure of the President of India and the Council of Ministers shall remain collectively responsible to the union legislature. Organization or Formation of the Council of Ministers.

Article – 75 (1) of the Constitution of India clearly states that the Prime Minister of India shall be appointed by the President of India and the other ministers will be appointed by the President on the basis of list furnished by the Prime Minister of India. In actual practice, the President possesses little or no power with regard to the appointment of the Ministers. The Prime Minister is solely responsible for the formation or organization of his cabinet. In India, the Council of Ministers consists of four categories of Ministers which are discussed below.

Cabinet Ministers:
Cabinet Ministers are the senior Ministers in the Council of Ministers who are the central body in the Council of Ministers who actually carry out the executive business of the government.

State Ministers:
The Ministers of State constitute the second category of ministers below the. Cabinet Ministers. The Ministers of the State do not attend the meeting of the Cabinet.

Deputy Ministers:
The Deputy Ministers constitute the third category of ministers who stand below the rank of the Minister of State. Ordinarily, they do not hold any portfolio independently or any executive portfolio. The Deputy Ministers assist the Cabinet Ministers and the Ministers of the State in their functions.

Parliamentary Secretaries:
The Parliamentary Secretaries constitute the fourth rank in the Council of Ministry. Parliamentary Secretaries are not the real members of the Council of Ministers. They do not possess any power of execution of laws rather they only inform the ministers and give reports. Each ministry has its own Parliamentary Secretaries.

Functions of the Council of Ministers:
In India, the Council of Ministers headed by the Prime Minister carries out all the executive functions with the help of the executive officials. The President being the nominal head of the state acts upon the aid and advice of the Council of Ministers. So the entire function of the state are carried out by the Council of Ministers. The following are some of the functions of the Council of Ministers. Though nowhere in the Constitution there is mention of the functions of Council of Ministers.

Formation and Implementation of Policies:
Though constitutionally Parliament is responsible for determining national and foreign policies yet in practice it is the Council of Ministers that determines that national and foreign policies. It is the cabinet that initiates policies and after the approval by the Parliament, the Cabinet initiates administrative details.

Supervision and Control of Administration:
Secondly, the Ministers supervise and control the administration of the state there are civil servants who function under the ministers and the minister being the departmental head supervises and controls the functions and activities of their respective departmental employees.

Coordination of Activities:
Though there are different ministers in charge of specific departments yet no function of the government of India will be carried out unless there is coordination among the various .departments. It is a cabinet which coordinates among the various departments.

Legislative Functions:
All legislative functions, though’ is approved by the union legislature, yet in practice, it is the cabinet minister who introduces, prepares, and pilot all important bills in the Parliament. The Cabinet approves all draft legislation proposed to be introduced in the Parliament.

Financial Functions:
It is the Cabinet which is responsible for the financial expenditure and functions of state. Though finance is sanctioned and authorized by the President of India yet in practice it is the Cabinet or the Council of Ministers which is responsible for all financial functions with the approval of the Lok Sabha, The Finance Minister in coordination with other minister prepares the annual budget of the Country. The other functions of the Cabinet may be referred to the functions, of appointments of key posts, settlement of inter-departmental disputes, approval of proposals for legislation, etc. may be included in the function of the Council of Ministers.

Question 7.
Discuss the powers and role of the Prime Minister of India in the context of the Indian Parliamentary form of Government?
Answer :
Article 74 (1) of the Constitution of India states that there shall be a Council of Ministers headed by the Prime Minister to aid and advice the president. India. In any parliamentary form of government, the Prime Minister occupies a very top position. Appointment of the Prime Minister Article – (75) (1) of the Constitution of India reads that the President shall appoint the Prime Minister and other ministers will be appointed fey the President of India on the basis of information supplied by the Prime Minister of India.

However, the Constitution of India is silent in regard to how the President will select the Prime Minister of India. Hence it is the convention of the Parliamentary form of Government that the leader of the majority party in the Lok Sabha should be appointed as the Prime Minister. In case of no party secures a majority in the Lok Sabha the discretion goes to the President for the selection of a Prime Minister.

Powers and Functions of Prime Minister:
The following are some of the important functions of the Prime Minister of India.
Formation of the Ministry:
The Prime Minister of India is the pivotal factor in the formation of the ministry and also a central factor in the death of the ministry, The Parliamentary convention is that the President appoints the leader of the majority as the Prime Minister and other ministers are appointed on the basis of the information supplied by the Prime Minister. So Prime Minister has an effective role to play in the formation of the ministry.

Allotment of Portfolio:
Secondly, it is the Prime Minister who allocates various portfolios to different ministers. It is the Prime Minister who determines the size of the Cabinet and decides. who shall be the cabinet ministers, the minister of state, and the deputy ministers. He may change the portfolio of different ministers.

Prime Minister presides over the Cabinet meeting:
The Prime Minister is the Chairman of his Cabinet and presides over the meeting of the Cabinet. All other members of the Cabinet remain answerable and responsible to the Prime Minister because of his leadership. The Prime Minister in the constitution with the Cabinet takes decisions.

Co-ordinates the Administrative:
The Prime Minister acts as the coordinator of the government. He coordinates the functions of various departments. The Prime Minister can go through any document of any department and can make necessary changes with regard to any decisions. All the departments of the government of India work under his supervision.

Establishes a link between the Ministry and the President:
The Prime Minister of India provides a source of link between the Ministry and the President of India. It is the Prime Minister communities all cabinet decisions to the President of India If the President requires any information concerning any particular department he may sought it through the office of the Prime Minister. The Prime Minister also advises the President for the dissolution of the Lok Sabha and to hold Fresh elections.

leader of the Nation:
The Prime Minister of India is, not only regarded as the leader of the majority in the Lok Sabha but he is also regarded as the leader of the nation. As the head of government, he is responsible for the rules and policies within and outside the Parliament. Normally, the Prime Minister through his leadership works for the Popularity of his party and he leads the campaign during the election. He also represents the people of India in various international conferences.

The Prime Minister is regarded as the keystone of the Cabinet arch! He is central to the ministry and government for which the Prime Minister regarded as the Primus inter pares. He is the key factor for the stability, progress, and prosperity of India. The Prime Minister is the heart and soul of the union executive.

He has considered as the stin around whom the ministers revolve like planets. He assumes a dominant position in the government. Though the constitution regards the President as the Chief Administrator of the state yet it is the Prime Minister who is the embodiment of shining personality and the real .ruler of the’ nation.

Question 8.
Explain the powers and constitutional status of a State Governor?
Answer :
The State Governor is the executive head of state. He exercises nominal authority. The constitution under Art -153 vests all executive powers in the hands of the Governor and these powers are in practice exercised by the Council of Ministers Appointment: The Governor is appointed by the President on the advice of the Union Government.

Qualification of Governors:
The Constitution provides certain qualifications for the Governor of the state. He must be a Citizen of India, He must have completed 35 years of age. He must not be a member of either House of Parliament or the state legislature. If the holds any such position, he must vacate it, before assuming office. Other than the above-mentioned qualification he must be a sound citizen in the eyes of the law.

Power and Functions of the Governor:
There are many powers arid functions of the Governor of a state which may be classified as follows

• Executive Power
• Legislative Power
• Financial Power
• Judicial Power
• Miscellaneous power.

Executive Powers:
The Governor is regarded as the Chief Executive of a state and the central executive administration of the state runs in name of Governor. The executive power of the Governor of a state constitutes the power of appointment. He appoints the Chief Minister of the State and other ministers are appointed by the Governor with the advice of the Chief Minister.

The Governor also appoints the Advocate General, Chairman, and the members of the Public Service Commission. Again the Governor is also consulted by the President of India at the time of appointment of the Judges of the High Court. Further, any Chief Minister of the concerned state must supply the necessary and up-to-date information concerning the administration of the state.

Legislative Powers:
The Governor summons prorogues and dissolves the state Assembly. The Governor convenes the state Assembly address it and may send messages to the state legislature. All bills passed by the State legislature must receive the consent of the Governor in order to become an Act. If the Governor did not give his assent to the bill he must sent it to the legislature for further consideration after which the Governor is bound to give his assent.

The Governor may also reserve a particular bill for the consideration of the President. The Governor has no power to withhold his assent to a money bill. But all the money bills ust be introduced in the Parliament, with the consent of the Governor. Again in his legislative power also includes the power to declare the ordinances during the recession of the state legislature.

Financial Powers:
The state treasury functions under the guardianship and the leadership of the Governor of the State. The annual budget of the state legislature is introduced with the approval of the Governor of the state. No proposal for higher taxation would be proposed without the permission of the Governor.

Besides the annual budget, there may also be a supplementary. Budget, which must be placed with the authorization of the Governor. Again the Governor is the guardian of the state Contingency Fund from which the Governor of the state can raise the funds for immediate expenditure.

Judicial Powers:
The Judicial power of the Governor of a state includes the power to pardon, commute and sentence of any person affected on any offenses against any law related to the matters to which the executive powers of the state extend. However, these powers are not expected to be exercised arbitrarily except for good and sufficient reasons.

In case of the appointment of the top judicial officers, the Governor is also consulted, At the time of appointment of the High Court Judges the Governor of the states are consulted. Besides the judicial appointment, the Governor is above law. No civil and criminal matters can be pursued against the Governor ordinarily.

Miscellaneous Functions:
The Governor of the state also performs certain miscellaneous and ceremonial functions. The Governor acts as the ex-officio Chairman of the universities that existed within the state. He has a greater role to be played in case of conferment of the degree, the appointment of the Vice Chancellors, etc. He may patronize various philanthropic organizations.

The Governor also receives the report of the State Public Service Commission and passes it to the state legislature for its consideration. He also receives the Report of the Auditor-General and gains Article – 356 (1) of the Constitution authorizes the Governor to submit a report to the. President of India for the proclamation of emergency in the state if he satisfies that such a situation is inevitable.

Position and Role:
Though we have discussed the above Powers and Functions of the Governor of a state yet the very practice of the nominal or titular head of the state in whose name the entire administration of the state will be carried out and all the executive powers of the state will be exercised by the council of ministers headed by the Chief Ministers.

So it can be told that the very practice of the Parliamentary form of Government has tied the hands of the Governor, The Governor: acts as an agent of the center exercising his discretion. He is a federal link who binds the union with states.

Question 9.
Examine critically the role of the Chief Minister in the Administration of the State. Or, Discuss the powers and functions of the Chief Minister?
Answer :
Chief Minister is the real functionary in a state. The State Government revolves around his office. He is the head of Government and the leader of the Assembly. The Governor acts on his advice. Therefore -he is considered to be the real executive in action. The following are some of the powers and functions of the Chief Minister.

Formation of Ministry:
The Chief Minister of the state is the key factor for the formation of the ministry. The Governor appoints the leader of the majority party as the Chief Minister and other ministers are appointed by the Governor in accordance with the list supplied by the Chief Minister. The Chief Minister determines the size of ministry’s desires. The Chief Minister may ask the minister through the office of the Governor to resign or he may advise the government to appoint any new legislator as a minister. The Chief Minister is the key factor in the formation and death of the Ministry.

The Chief Minister also recommends the Governor for the distribution of the portfolio’s among the ministers on the basis of the efficiency of the ministers. He may also advise the Government to change the portfolios of the various ministers. Besides the appointment of the ministers and distribution of portfolio the office of the Chief Minister serves as the basis for the coordination among the cabinet minister, to guide, supervise and to direct the various activities of the ministers in the desired way.

Chief Minister as the leader of the Government :
While the Governor is regarded as the head of state the Chief Minister is considered as the head of the Government. It is the Chief Minister who heads the government and to other members of the government follow the footsteps of the leader. The Chief Minister is responsible and answerable within and outside the legislature for his actions. The Chief Minister presides over the meetings of the cabinet and each and every decision of the cabinet must receive the acknowledgment of the Chief Minister.

The Chief Minister being the leader of the Government ensures the efficiency of his cabinet colleagues and the bureaucrats. His office is the key factor form which all the policies flow. Again he is also responsible for the initiation of policy within the State Legislature and after being approved in the legislature, it is the Chief Minister, who remains responsible for the implementation of the policies.

Leader of the House:
The Chief Minister is known as the leader of the House i. e., the State Legislative Assembly. It is under the ablest leadership of the Chief Minister, the House carries out its business. The Chief Minister guides the House in every possible manner. Again the Chief Minister is not only the leader of the House he is also a leader of the majority party. So it is the Chief Minister who looks after the proper implementation of the various policies of the party which is assured to the masses at the time of election.

Supplies information to Governor:
As per the Constitution, its is the responsibility of the Chief Minister to communicate all the information concerning the decisions of the cabinet to the Governor. Although the Constitution is not particular about the information of the Chief Minister, whether is Governor is entitled to receive the information concerning the decision of the cabinet or not.

So the Chief Minister acts as a communicating link between the Governor and the Council of Ministers. The Governor sends messages to the cabinet from time to time and if any minister takes decision without it being discussed in the ‘cabinet, the Governor may suggest the cabinet through the office of the Chief Minister for its discussion and approval in the cabinet.

Chief Minister Co-ordinates the policies:
By Council of Ministers, we know there ate different portfolio’s within the Council of Ministers bearing different types of policies for different portfolios. The Chief Minister being the leader of the cabinet and head of the government coordinates the policies of the various ministers. The Chief Minister may seek for any file of any department for his coordination and supervision.

Spokesman of the Government:
The Chief Minister of the state is the Chief Spokesman of the government. As the leader of the majority party, he shoulders maximum responsibility in the formation of the Government Since the political party which secures the majority forms the Government, the Chief Minister being the leader negotiates on behalf of the government in all matters. The view of the Chief Minister are considered as the policies of the Government.

It is the Chief Minister who normally pilots all the important bills and policies. The Chief Minister also supervises the entire administration and exercises considerable influence concerning the outlook or policies of the. government. From the above discussion, it can be attributed that the Chief Minister at the state level can be compared to the powers and positions of the Prime Minister at the Central level.

The Chief Minister as the leader of the majority party and chairperson of the Cabinet is often considered as a moon among the stars or the primus inter pares or the first among the equals. He plays a significant role in the administration of the state. But in actual practice, the working of the parliamentary form of government since 1950 has shown that the real power and functions of the Chief Minister depend upon the allegiance and loyalty of the party members without which whatever power might have been provided by the constitution the Chief Minister will be squeezed to the minimum.

Question 10.
Discuss the composition and functions of the State Council of Ministers?
Answer:
The Constitution provides that there shall be a Council of Ministers headed by the Chief Ministers to aid and advise the Governor in the governance of the State. The Constitution of India says that it is the leader of the majority who is appointed as the Chief Minister by the Governor and the Governor appoints other ministers on the basis of the list supplied by the Chief Minister.

When no party secures majority the Governor may have some discretion but that does not mean that the Governor will appoint other ministers at his own discretion. It is the Chief Ministers on the basis, of whose advice the Governor will appoint the ministers. The shape and size of the Council of Ministers depend upon the decision of the Chief Minister and political circumstances. The State Council of Ministers consists of three categories of ministers, such as Cabinet Ministers. Ministers of State and Deputy Ministers.

The Senior members of the party are appointed as Cabinet Ministers and they are assisted by the State Ministers and they are again aided by the Deputy-Ministers. The entire ministry works as a team and they remain coll~etively responsible to the Assembly for all acts of omission and commission. The Assembly may be passing a vote of no confidence against the government to remove the ministry from office. The tenure of the Ministry is five years but they continue so long as they are backed by a majority membership of the House.

Powers and Functions. The powers and functions of the State Council of Ministers may be discussed below:
The State Council of Ministers is the real executive of the State and it determines and decides all executive and legislative policies of the state. Execution of these policies is also the responsibility of the Ministry. The ministers are political heads of every department and they exercise supervision, direction and control over the state administration.

The Council of Ministers is a collective body that undertakes coordination and collaboration among the various departments. The differences among ministers are sorted out by the ministry. The ministers introduce bills and proposals into the legislative. They take a leading part in the debates and deliberations of the House. The Governor promulgates the ordinance on the advice of State Council of Ministers. The agenda of the Assembly is determined by the Council of Ministers in the constitution with the Speaker.

It prepares the annual budget of the State and introduces all money bills into the Assembly. All proposals of financial taxation,  transactions are decided by the ministry. The State Council of Ministers advises the Governor on summoning, proroguing and dissolving the Assembly.
The State Council of Ministers keeps the Governor informed regarding State administration. All major appointments in the State are made by the Governor on the advice of the Council of Ministers.

The ministers explain and defend governmental policies. The ministry is responsible for the efficient and honest administration of the state and to bring about efficiency in administration and finance. The entire administration of the state is run in the name of the Governor by the Council of Ministers. Thus it plays a significant role in the administration of the State.

Question 11.
Examine the role and functions of judiciary in the modern?
Answer:
Judiciary is the watchdog of democracy. It is responsible for the administration of justice, interpretation of laws, and enforcement of decisions of the executive and judiciary, In a democratic set up it acts as the guardian of the constitution and champion of individual liberty. It renders some useful services too. the people and to the system. The excellence of a good government is known from the efficiency of its judicial system.

The Judiciary in a democracy has to see that not branch of government nor all the branches combined shall take any action contrary to law or in violation of the rights guaranteed to individuals. The functions performed by the judiciary in a democracy can be judicial or non-judicial in character. The judiciary not only applies the rules and regulations in the administration of justice but also creates and interprets laws whenever it feels necessary.

The role and functions of the judiciary can be discussed below.
Judicial Functions :
Judicial functions refer to the adjudication of disputes. When a case is. brought before the court taking various factors into account, decides the disputes on the. basis of available evidence. Once the facts have been established the court proceeds to decide what the law is applicable to a particular controversy or circumstances.

Interpretation of Laws:
If the laws are formulated by the legislature and executed by the executive, it is the third important factor for the interpretation of laws which is normally done by the judiciary. In interpreting the laws the judiciary decides the laws whether those are correct or not and properly executed or not. So it acts as a proper interpretation of laws.

Law-making Functions:
The interpretation of laws is not the only function of the judiciary but also makes laws. Judge-made laws are common to all types of jurisprudence. When there is ambiguity with regard to laws it is the judiciary to decide the nature of the laws. For instance the enunciation of the doctrine of implied powers by the U.S.A. Judiciary proved conducive to the growth of the federal government’s power.

Guardian of the Constitution:
Normally the supreme judiciary is a federal state acts as the guardian of the constitution. We know there is a division of power in federal states and if there happens to arise any conflict between the state and the Central Government it is the supreme judiciary whose jurisdiction prevails over the conflict once again in federal states all the laws should conform on the basic. Principles of the constitution which is ensured by the judiciary. In case of conflict with regard to constitutional power, the judiciary acts as the umpire between the central and state government.

Advisory Jurisdiction:
Fifthly in some federal states, the Supreme Court possesses the power to deliver advisory jurisdiction in case of incredible situations. For instance, in the context of India, the President of India possesses the power to seek the advisory opinion of the Supreme Court on what is to be done. Similarly, the Canadian judiciary also has the power to advise the Governor General of the State.

Supervisory Jurisdiction:
Generally in almost all countries, there hierarchy of the judicial organization, and the chief judiciary performs the acts of unity of command and it is the duty of the higher court to perform the task of supervision over the lower courts. This act of supervision is known as the supervisory jurisdiction.

Protector of Fundamental Rights:
Fundamental Rights are the basic norms of democracy that are provided as a check against the arbitrary will of the government. The judiciary acts as the protector of all those Fundamental Rights because the judiciary prevents the Fundamental Rights from being violated. If there is any law that endangers the Fundamental Rights of the individual could approach the courts for its protection and the court has got the power to issue prohibitory orders in order to protect the Fundamental Rights of the individual.

Non-Judiciary Functions:
Other than the judiciary functions of Supreme Court, the Supreme Court also possesses a. number of non-judicial functions. Here in case of a conflict of the ownership of the property, the court, for the interest of the society may undertake ownership for the smooth administration of the property. Unlike the property, the court has also some sort of rehabilitation functions. The court assumes responsibility for handling the affairs of minor Children or lunatics, for cancellation of certain undue licenses or grant of citizenship to aliens, etc.

Question 12.
Independence of the judiciary and discuss the ways to secure the independence of the judiciary?
Answer:
In all ages, there is fear of the encroachment upon the right of the judiciary and the liberties of the individual but without the liberty or independence of the judiciary, the liberties of the individual cannot be ensured “Justice” is regarded as a blind folded prison, who holds the scale of justice which is the symbol of the impartial quality of Judge. In order to ensure the impartiality of Judges the Judiciary should be independent without which true justice cannot be realized.

Without the independence of the judiciary, the rights and liberties of the individual cannot be maintained against any encroachment. Even government officials would. attempt to violate the rights and liberty of the individual. Without independence of judiciary the judiciary would also be influenced by the government and undue interference as a result of which the judiciary would not be in a stable position to safeguard the rights and freedom of the individual.

The judiciary in federal states acts as the guardian of the constitution. It also acts as – an impartial arbitrator of the disputes which arise between the central and the state government. Unless the Judges are independent, they cannot freely express their opinion. Following are the ways through which the independence of the judiciary can be secured.

In the first place, the Judge should be accorded a very high social status in order to attract suitable and qualified persons. This will ensure the sanctity and integrity of the profession. Secondly, a handsome amount should be paid to the Judges to attract persons of high repute and qualifications. This will also enable the Judge to deliver their judgments independently and impartially and will forbid the possibility of corruption.

Thirdly, the separation of power between the legislature, executive, and judiciary will better ensure the free and smooth functioning of judicial system. Fourthly, with regard to the appointment of Judges, there should not be any political influences. Political influence with regard to the appointment of Judges causes the fear and favor among the Judges and there might not be impartial with regard to the Judgement. The election of the Judges by the people or by the legislature is not conducive to the achievement of judicial independence.

Fifthly, the judges should not ordinarily be removed from office by the executive because that will cause the considerable influence of the party in power over the Judges. Whatever suggestion may be made with regard to. securing the independence of the judiciary all the norms and conditions will be vague’ and absurd if there will not be any sound moral character in the nature of the Judges. So a sound moral character with all the above-mentioned factors are needed for ensuring the independence of judiciary.

Question 13.
Define Judicial Review and discuss its merits and demerits. Or, Judicial Review is an essential safeguard to the sanctity of the constitution and the rights and liberties of the people. Explain?
Answer:
In the modem age of democracy, judiciary has assumed a new role, which is to safeguard the constitution and the rights and freedoms of the people. The constitution is the supreme law of the land and the judiciary acts as the guardian of the Constitution and final interpreter of law. The judiciary reviews the laws made by the legislature and executive decisions to determine whether any of them conforms to the constitution or not.

If it finds anything repugnant to the Constitution, the judiciary immediately declares that law or order ultra vires or non-existent. This is called the power of judicial review. Judicial review is a negative power of the judiciary to scrutinize legislative-executive decisions. It emerged in the U.S.A. from the historic Judgement given by Chief Justice Marshall in the famous case of “Marbury vs Madison in 1803”.

This Judgement Once for all held that the judiciary can invalidate any decision of the executive or judiciary if such a decision goes against the spirit of the Constitution. The Judiciary exercising this power acts as the guardian of the Constitution.

Features:
The doctrine of the judicial review contains the following features.

• Judicial review is not automatic. The judiciary takes up the matter only when it is challenged.
• The Judiciary has to establish and explain the grounds of rejecting a law or decree.
• All questions of judicial review are heard by a judicial bench, not by individual judges.
• Exercising this power the judiciary can invalidate any law or part of that.
• It does not extend to political questions.
• The decision of the judiciary becomes operative from the day it is delivered.
• It is never advisory in nature.
• It is conducted in accordance with the principle of due process of law in the USA and procedure established by law in India.
• The judiciary invalidates only those parts of the law which are found to be unconstitutional, other parts continue to operate.

Merits:
Judicial review is an important instrument to protect the sanctity of the Constitution and to safeguard democracy. It helps to defend the rights and liberty to be people against the arbitrariness of legislature and executive. In a federal setup it keeps the federal government and states in their respective spheres. It checks the federal government encroaching upon the state’s authority It helps the courts of law to play a
meaningful role in the development of the Constitution.

Demerits:
The doctrine is criticized on the following grounds:

• The judiciary exercising judicial review has certainly treated the Constitution as a tool.
• It has enhanced the prestige of the judiciary at the cost of the legislature.
• It hinders quick legislation.
• It is criticized as undemocratic as the Judges invalidate the decisions of elected representatives through judicial review.
• It Causes delay and inefficiency in administration.
• It cannot prevent any unconstitutional law from enforced unless it is challenged.
• It creates conflict between the executive, legislature, and judiciary.
• Judicial review is a source of conservatism. Despite the above drawbacks, judicial review has made the judiciary the guardian of the Constitution.

Question 14.
Enumerate the salient, features of the Indian Judicial System?
Answer:
The formers of the Indian Constitution preferred to have a federal set up but they opted for a single integrated judicial system. The Supreme Court stands at the apex, the High Court in each state; and below the High Court, there are subordinate courts existing at the district and sub-divisional levels. These courts are linked with a chain from top to bottom. The judiciary is independent and it administers impartial justice, safeguarding the federation.

Features:
The basic features of the Indian judiciary may be analyzed below.
Single integrated judiciary:
The entire judiciary in India is integrated into a single unified system. The Supreme Court acts as the federal judiciary, the High Court as state judiciary, and the subordinate courts all of them are bound by a single chain. The Supreme Court exercises control over all these courts.

Independence of judiciary:
The Constitution of India has taken every care to ensure the independence of the judiciary. The Judges are appointed on merit by the President but once appointed they cannot be removed easily. They receive attractive salaries and enjoy a fair amount of autonomy. The judges are kept free from political and executive influence. So, the Judges administer free and fair justice.

Judicial Review:
The Supreme Court of India acts as the guardian of the Constitution and as the final interpreter of the Constitution. It exercises the power of judicial review to declare the laws of the legislature and executive decisions unconstitutional. The High Courts also exercise this power.

Joint High Courts:
The Constitution of India has set up High Courts in each state and also one High Court for more than one state.

Supreme Court as the Federal Court:
The Supreme Court of India acts as the federal judiciary. It settles all disputes arising between the Union and States or between two or more states in the original jurisdiction.

Guardian of Fundamental Rights:
The Supreme Court and High Courts act as the defender of the fundamental rights of the citizens, The Supreme Court and High Courts issue five different types of writs for the enforcement of the rights of the citizens.

Separation of judiciary from Executive:
The judiciary in India is neither a branch of the executive nor remains subordinate to it. The judiciary enjoys complete freedom of action and it is free from central and state administration.

Open Trial:
Trial in India is conducted before the public eye and the accused is given full opportunity to defend himself. The state provides free legal aid to the poor and needy. There is a provision for Lok Adalats to provide speedy justice at low costs.

Judicial Activism:
The judiciary in India remains active all throughout and fulfills its social responsibility. It seeks to protect, the public interest even going beyond its normal jurisdiction. It strives to end corruption and protect the environment.

Public Interest Litigation:
The law courts in India can enforce and initiate steps to safeguard the public interest. Any citizen or an organization c An draw the attention of the court about anything likely to affect public interest adversely. And in such cases, the court does interfere.

Special Courts:
The Government of India can set up special courts for trying specific cases against specific persons, involved in unusual crimes.

Fast Track Courts:
The Government has set up Fast Track Courts in 2000 to provide speedy justice. These courts operate at the district level and are manned by retired Sessions Judges or Members of the Bar on an ad-hoc basis for the purpose. These are the features of the Indian Judicial System.

Question 15.
Discuss the organization and powers of the Supreme Court of India. Or, Write an essay on the Supreme Court of India?
Answer:
The Supreme Court is the apex judiciary in India. It is the highest court of. law and the federal arbiter which plays a vital role in the Indian political system.

Organization:
As per Art. 124, the Supreme Court of India consists of a Chief Justice and such other Judges as the parliament from time to time prescribes. The Supreme Court consists of 26 Judges including the Chief Justice. The President gives appointment to the Judges of Supreme Court on the advice of a high-power committee headed by the Prime Minister.

The President may appoint Adhoc Judges as and when necessary. Appointment of Judges: The Judge of the Supreme Court are appointed by the President of India. At the time of appointment, the President of India shall consult with the Chief Justice of India in case of appointment of other Judges but with regard to the appointment of Chief Justice of India the outgoing Chief Justice should be consulted.

Qualification :
The Judge: Any citizen of India can be appointed as the Supreme Court Judge if he possesses the following qualifications.

• He must be a citizen of India.
• He must have acted as Judge of the High Court for at least period of 5 years.
• He must have served as a High Court Judge not less than for a period of 10 years or
• He must have been a distinguished jurist in the eyes of the President of India.

Tenure of Office:
Ordinarily, the constitution provides that the Judges of the Supreme Court of India once appointed shall continue, in the office until he attains the age of 65 years, Before the retirement age the Judge may also resign or can be removed from the office on the basis of impeachment procedure by the Parliament on the ground of proved mis-behavior or incapacity.

Salary and other Emoluments and Privileges:
The Judges of the apex court receive Rs 90,000 per month and Chief Justice gets Rs. 1,00,000. The salary and other emollments are charged from the Consolidated Fund of India. These are not votable in the Parliament except in the situations like the financial emergency the salary cannot be reduced during the service period of the Judges. Other than salary the Supreme Court Judges are also entitled to get free housing, medical facilities, travell allowances, etc. Ordinarily no litigation can be Pursued by authority failing under the executive departments.

Jurisdiction:
The Jurisdiction of the Supreme Court of India may be discused under the following heads which may otherwise be termed as the powers of the Supreme Court of India.

Original Jurisidication:
The original jurisdiction is the exclusive power it the Supreme Court of India and no other Courts entertain Such cases. The original jurisdiction includes. To indicate on a dispute between the Central Government on the one hand and one or more than one State Government on the other hand.

Disputes between union government and one or more! State Government on one side and one or more states on the other side. Disputes between the two or more than two State Governments. The original jurisdiction is the basis by the application of which the Supreme Court of India balances the wheel of Indian federalism.

The Court can ensure, the safeguard of the State Governments against the Possibilities of encroachment. Besides ensuring the protection of State Governments on any matters relating to the encroachment of the Central Government the original jurisdiction of the Supreme Court also includes the protection of the fundamental rights of Individuals against possibilities of any kind of encroachment.

A citizen can directly proceed to the Supreme Court under Article – 32 for the enforcement of right to constitutional remedies. In this regard, the Supreme Court on the basis of issuing the writs, the Habeas Corpus, Mandamus Prohibition, Quowarranto and, Certiorari can ensure safeguards for the protection of fundamental rights.

Appellate Jurisdiction:
The Supreme Court is the highest Court of Justice can bear the appeals against the decisions of the High Court or any other tribunal other than a military tribunal. The appellate jurisdiction of the Supreme Court includes both constitutional, civil, and criminal cases. In case of Constitutional appeal against the decisions of the High Court should certify that the case involves substantial questions relating to the interpretation of the Constitution.

Unless the High Court gives. such certificate, the Supreme Court may grant special leave to appeal, In cases of criminal appeal, an appeal can be made on the following grounds. The High Court certificates that the case is fit for appeal. High Court has reversed the orders of acquittal, of a Lower Court and has sentenced the accused to death.

The High court has withdrawn a case before itself and the person has been sentenced to death or The Supreme Court grants special leave to appeal. In case of civil appeal, the matters can be appealed to Supreme Court in the following grounds. The High Court certifies that the case involves a substantial question of civil laws. The Supreme Court grants special leave to appeal.

Advisory Jurisdiction:
The Supreme Court of India also possesses advisory jurisdiction in certain constitutional matters, The constitution under its Article-143 of the constitution of India speaks that the President of India may refer to Supreme Court any question of law or matters of public importance for the opinion of the Supreme Court is of India. Though the advice rendered by the Supreme Court not binding on the government.

There are several instances where the Sup¬reme Court of India has given its advisory jurisdiction. Some of the important references made to the Supreme Court by the President were the Kerala education bill, the transfer of Berubani and the questions, involving the Jurisdiction of the U.P. Government, In 1993 the President referred the Ram Janmabhumi and Babri Masjid disputed land at Ayodha so as to ascertain whether a temple existed at the disputed site or not.

Supervisory Jurisdiction:
Supervisory jurisdiction of the Supreme Court of India includes that of all other judicial functions under the authority of the Supreme Court of India. The Supreme Court of India being the highest court of justice and being the- apex court supervises the functions all other Subordinate Courts.

A Court of Record:
The Constitution of India under Article -129 of the constitution states that the Supreme Court is a Court of Record, The decisions rendered by the Supreme Court serve as an instance for the jurisdiction of any such future disputes.

Supreme Court acts as the guardian of the Constitution:
The Supreme Court of India is regarded as the guardian of the Constitution of India. The Constitution provides that the Supreme Court is entitled to protect the rights and privileges of the state government. It is the Supreme Court of India which must prohibit any sort of encroachment of the Central Government over the State Governments.

Further, any laws made by the legislature if does not conform to the values and principles of the Constitution may be termed unconstitutional or void by the Supreme Court of India. Since its inauguration in 1950 the Supreme Court.of India is playing a very progressive role. There are various instances where the Court lias protected the rights of citizens successfully. Now it has been playing the role of savior of Constitution.

Question 16.
Discuss the various steps taken for the independence of the Supreme Court of India?
Answer:
A free and fair judiciary only can ensure the successful enjoyment of individual rights and liberties. Indian politicians keeping in view of the independence of the judiciary have, to some extent, maintained the theory of separation of power. Adequate steps have been taken to ensure the independence of the judiciary.

The judiciary can successfully check the arbitrary will of the legislature and executive in India. The Constitution of India has taken every possible measure to make free of the judiciary from the control of India are the best illustrations of the steps taken to consolidate the position of the judiciary which are discussed below.

Mode of Appointment:
Generally, the Constitution provides that the Judges of the Supreme Court of India Should be appointed by the President of India. The President should apply his conscience for the selection in order to access the capability of the persons to perform the task. Further, the Constitution does not provide a very free hand to the President for the appointment. At the time of appointment of the Judge of the Supreme Court, the President should consult with the Chief Justice of India blit in case of the appointment of the Chief Justice, the outgoing Chief Justice of India must be consulted.

Secondly, the President’s hand has been I tied with the provisions concerning the qualifications of the Judges where the care has been taken to recruit the deserving candidates. The legislature possesses no role with regard to the appointment of the judges -of the Supreme Court clearly indicates about the non-political interference in the sphere of the judiciary in India.

Mode of Removal:
So far as mode of removal is concerned the constitution has taken the best possible measures to ensure impartiality and to preserve the integrity of the judges and to make them free from the control of the government. The mode of removal of a Judge of the Supreme Court involves certain rigorous procedures.

The Constitution provides that the Judges should be appointed by the executive but cannot be removed by the executive but the removal can be done on the basis of a procedure termed as the impeachment procedure where the legislature requires a two-thirds majority for the approval of the impeachment of a Judge. There is a clear-cut division with regard to the appointment and removal power of the Supreme Court Judges. Again the Constitution says that Judges of the Supreme Court cannot ordinarily be removed from office.

The Judges alone can be removed from office on the ground of proven misbehavior or incapacity. Even the constitution saves the Judges while making the provisions that the Judge can represent his arguments before a committee appointed for the purpose. If the committee feels that there is no sufficient ground for the movement of the impeachment procedure, the motion will be rejected.

Salaray and Allowances:
The constitution has made provision a very high and .handsome remuneration for the Judge of the Supreme Court. This has been done in order to prevent the Judge, from doing any corrupting practices or to be indulged in maladministration for Justice. Again the handsome salary and allowances are made to motivate capable persons to join the profession.

Further, the salary and allowances of the Judges of the Supreme. The Court of India are raised from the Consolidated Fund of India. The salary and allowances cannot ordinarily be lowered during the tenure of the Judge and their salaries and allowances is not votable in .the Parliament, of India.

Social Dignity:
The Constitution has assigned a very, high dignitaries position for the Judges of the Supreme Court. The Judges of the Supreme Court cannot ordinarily be criticized in public. The position of the judgeship is free from conflict and manipulation.

Further to ensure the independence of the Judiciary and to prevent the Judges from adopting corrupt practices the Supreme Court of India has denied the retired Judges of the Supreme Court from practicing under any Court after their retirement. Again Judges also should not be given profitable occupations under the Government of India.

Again to ensure the independence of the Judiciary the Constitution has given the administrative jurisdiction hy which the Supreme Court is free to recruit its administration, and officials and determine their service conditions. Again the provisions of the contempt of court is another incentive for the Judicial system in India for its independence. No institution the legislature of the executive possesses the power to impose restrictions on the power and position of the Supreme Court of India.

Though there is no strict separation of power in the Constitution of India yet maximum precaution has been taken to ensure the non-interference of the legislature or executive so as to ensure the independence of the judiciary. Thus, the constitution has taken the best possible, steps to preserve the independence and impartiality of the Supreme Court of India.

Question 17.
Discuss the exercise of Judicial Review by the Supreme Court of India. Or, Examine how the Supreme Court has applied judicial review in Parliamentary democracy in India?
Answer:
The Supreme Court of India exercises the power of Judicial review as the guardian of the Constitution. While exercising this power the Court ensures that. The Union and State governments are kept within their respective sphere of authority and fundamental rights are guaranteed to the people.

Meaning:
Judicial review means the right of the Court to review the laws passed by the Parliament and State legislatures, and orders issued by the executive, so as to confirm whether they violate the Constitution or not. if any law or executive order violates the sanctity of the Constitution then the Court declares such law unconstitutional.

Origin:
The doctrine of Judicial review originated in American Supreme Court in 1803, when the then Chief Justice John Marshal, in the famous case of Marbury vs Madison’ observed that the decision of the Supreme Court regarding the interpretation of the constitution is final and binding.

judicial Review in India:
This power is conferred upon the Supreme Court of India not in any specific Article but its spirit prevails all over the ‘Constitution. In view of the Parliamentary Democracy operating in India, the framers recognized the Supremacy of the Judiciary, but confined it to constitutional limitations, so the Supreme Court of India enjoys limited judicial review power.

It can declare a law invalid only if such a law is contrary to the letter and spirit of the constitution. It can not go behind the law to find out its objectives. The Supreme Court under Art. 13, 32, 445,246,251,258, and 372 exercises this power of judicial review. The Judges India an oath to uphold the Constitution against the executive and legislative encroachments. The Court does not take up cases of judicial review all by itself, it only acts when its attention is drawn to any law, decree or treaty signed by the government.

The Supreme Court has been exercising this power since 1950 and during the last 53 years, it has modified the meaning and character of the Constitution. It has declared the national of 14 Banks, abolition of purses and privileges of former rulers and power of the President and Parliament invalid on this ground. The Parliament has tried to restrict the scope of judicial review by the 42nd Amendment Act, but it was again restored during the Minerva Mills case of 1980.

During the last fifty years, the operation of this power of judicial review reveals that the Court has always taken a liberal view of judicial review and adjudicated law in favor of the legislature on the plea that, it consists of the representatives of the people. people are the best Judge to decide about the necessity of law. Thus, the Court always leans in favor of supporting legislation on reasonable grounds.

This attitude of the Court has given rise to the doctrine of severability which is to delete only those words, letters or lines which violate the Constitution. However, the Supreme Court by the exercise of this power has played a commendable role in ensuring constitutional supremacy in the country and protected the federal fabric effectively.,

Question 18.
Explain the organization and powers of the High Court?
Answer:
The Constitution has set up High Courts in each state which act as the highest court of law af the provincial level. There can be one High Court for more than one state if need be.

Organization:
The Orissa High Court has been set up at Cuttack in 1948. It consists of 16 Judges appointed by the President in consultation with the Chief Justice of India. Chief Justice of State High Court and Governor of Orissa. The parliament determines the strength of the High Court from time to time.

Qualification: A Judge of the High Court must satisfy the following qualifications.

• He Must be a citizen of India.
• He must have held a judicial office inside India for at least- ten years, or
• He must be are advocate in one or more High Courts for at least ten years.

The judges hold office during good behavior and they retire at the age of 62 years. The President can remove a Judge of High Court on grounds of proven misbehavior and incapacity if an address to that effect is passed in both the Houses of Parliament by a special majority The President can transfer a Judge of Orissa High Court to any other High Court of India.

salary and Allowances:
The Chief Justice of High Court gets a monthly salary of Rs. 90,000/- while other Judges get Rs. 80,0000/ each. Their salary and allowances cannot be reduced to their disadvantages during their office.

Jurisdiction and Powers: The State High Courts exercise both original and appellate jurisdiction.
Original Jurisdiction:
The High Court of Orissa enjoys limited original jurisdiction. Under Art, 226 the High Court can issue writs for the enforcement Fundamental Rights. It can also hear cases relating to probate, admiralty, matrimonials, and contempt of court. The High Court has full autonomy to make rules for regulating its business for the administration of justice.

Appellate Jurisdiction:
The appellate jurisdiction of the High Court extends to both civil and criminal cases. In a civil case, the High Court can hear appeals against the decision of the District Judge Court and Munsif Courts. In a criminal case, an appeal can be made to the High Court against the decision of Sessions judge or Addl. Session Judge.

In matters of death sentence or imprisonment above four years awarded by the lower court an appeal can also be made to the High Court. Even in cases relating to the interpretation of tire Constitution an appeal can be made to the High Court directly. The jurisdiction of High Court extends to all cases under state and federal laws.

Court of Record:
The High Court also acts as a Court of Record. Its decisions have evidentiary value for which they are treated as judicial precedents in sub-ordinated Courts. The. decisions of High Court are recorded for perpetual loss of memory and the court can punish for Contempt of Court.

Judicial Review:
The High Court exercises the powers of judicial review and it can declare any law or ordinance unconstitutional that goes against the Constitution.

Power of Superintendence:
The High Court exercises the power of superintendence over all courts and tribunals except military tribunals. It Can regulate the proceedings of all these courts. It can call for returns or proceedings from such courts. The High Court shall have die power to transfer any case from one court to the other.

It prescribes forms in which books and accounts are to be kept by subordinate courts. The High Court appoints its own administrative staff and determines their salary and service conditions. The judges of subordinate courts of the district level are appointed by the Governor on the recommendation of the High Court.

The judiciary exercising its power of judicial review controls the bureaucracy not to go against the Constitution. It can sue civil servants for wrongful acts. The judiciary also issues writs like habeas corpus, mandamus, prohibition, injunction, certiorari and quo-warranty against civil servants in case of illegal actions being taken by them. Thus, the executive, legislature, and judiciary exercise control over. bureaucracy to make it responsive and efficient.

Question 19.
What is Judicial Activism? Or, Discuss the. evolution and importance of Judicial Activism?
Answer:
Judicial Activism has been an innovation of the modem judicial system. It means that the judiciary has been actively involved these days in dispensing justice to the people. Judicial activism further means that the judiciary plays a pro-active role in the prevailing socio-economic conditions ensuring speedy justice to the people.

There is no mention in the constitution about judicial activism and it is not different from the usual judicial process. Rather it aims at securing the implementation of laws, policies and programs by the executive, Judicial activism constitutes a bold attempt on the part of the judiciary to act as the effective guardian of the law when the executive and legislature show apathy.

Judicial Activism is Judicial policy-making either in favor or against any law or decision of the government. In most cases, the judiciary challenges the law or decision in the public interest and we call it judicial activism. Judicial Activism is different from judicial review in the sense that to be the former is positive in approach while the latter is negative.

Features:

• Judicial Activism is extra-constitutional in origin.
• It goes with the time and situation.
• It seeks to eradicate corruption, lawlessness, injustice, and exploitation from society so as to create a social order based on values.
• Judicial Activism works as a panacea against executive apathy.
• It demands judicial intervention for socioeconomic justice.
• It gives priority to the judicial system over and above the executive and legislature,
• It empowers the judiciary to interfere in the autonomy of autonomous bodies and when necessary.

Evolution and Growth:
Judicial Activism has been a phenomenon of the post-emergency era After the defeat of Mrs. Indira Gandhi in 1917 executive dominance gradually gave way to judicial superiority. The judiciary could not tolerate the injustice and exploitation of the poor and backward classes and thought it appropriate to give justice to all by interfering in the sphere of executive and legislature. The evolution of public interest litigation (PIL) and Lok Adalat has further helped judicial activism.

Causes behind its evolution:
The main reasons behind the evolution of judicial activism are as follows:

• Increase in the number of administrative cases day by day.
• Delegation of legislative authority by the legislature to the executive.
• Judicial control over discretionary powers.
• Exercise of judicial review over Administration.
• Increase in the number of contempt of court by the judiciary.
• Judicial intervention on critical political controversies; and
• The evolution of Lok Adalat and Public Interest Litigation PIL) etc.

Importance:
The importance of judicial activism lies in laying down priorities, policies, and programs and giving directions to execute them. The story started in the 1980s with the Agra Protective Home case when the Indian Express published news of inhuman treatment to the people staying there. There were cases of unlawful trading of women and children. The court immediately reacted to it and could ensure justice to the distressed.

The Shah Bano Case of 1985, the role of the Supreme Court in the Jain Hawala Case the Creamy layer, the issue, the Supreme Courts direction to the CBI for impartial and speedy justice, etc. are landmarks towards judicial activism. The judiciary during the last thirty years has become the center of public attention by exposing corruption, executive activity, various scams involving powerful persons, and preventing environmental pollution.

In view of executive inaction and negligence, the judiciary has come forward to dispense justice to the people and thus won their trust and confidence, arid this has led to the superiority of the judiciary in a democracy.

Odisha State Board CHSE Odisha Class 11 Political Science Solutions Unit 1 Understanding Political Theory Objective Questions and Answers.

CHSE Odisha 11th Class Political Science Unit 1 Understanding Political Theory Objective Questions

Objective Type Question 

Question 1.
Who used the word ‘politics’ first?
(a) Plato
(b) Socrates
(c) Aristotle
(d) Cicero
Answer:
(b) Socrates

Question 2.
The term ‘politics has been derived from which words of which language?
(a) Greek word polis
(b) French word ‘polis’
(c) Latin word ‘polis’
(d) English word ‘polis’
Answer:
(a) Greek word polis

Question 3.
What is the meaning of the word ‘polis’?
(a) State
(b) City – state
(c) Nation state
(d) Princely state
Answer:
(b) City – state

Question 4.
Which among the following is not a nature of political theory?
(a) Factual
(b) Moral
(c) Systematic
(d) Imaginary
Answer:
(d) Imaginary

Question 5.
When did modern political theory emerge?
(a) After the origin of state
(b) After the evolution of democracy
(c) After the world war – I
(d) After the world war – II
Answer:
(d) After the world war – II

Question 6.
Who among the following scholars was an advocate of classical political theory?
(a) Robert Dahl
(b) Harold Lasswell
(c) David traman
(d) H.J. Laski
Answer:
(d) H.J. Laski

Question 7.
Who said Political science is the science of politics?
(a) Aristotle
(b) Gettell
(c) Friedrich Pollock
(d) WilliamGodown
Answer:
(c) Friedrich Pollock

Question 8.
Who first says politics is the study of power?
(a) David Easton
(b) Gilchrist
(c) Hobbes
(d) Machiavelli
Answer:
(c) Hobbes

Question 9.
Which is the birth place of political science?
(a) United Kingdom
(b) USA
(c) India
(d) Greece
Answer:
(d) Greece

Question 10.
During ancient age by what name the study of city state was known?
(a) Political science
(b) Politics
(c) Political philosophy
(d) Polis
Answer:
(d) Polis

Question 11.
Who is known as the father of political science?
(a) Plato
(b) Aristotle
(c) Sacrates
(d) Rousseau
Answer:
(b) Aristotle

Question 12.
Political science is a science of what?
(a) State
(b) State and Government
(c) Government
(d) Law and constitution
Answer:
(b) State and Government

Question 13.
By what name state was known in anicient Greece?
(a) Polis
(b) Society
(c) Civicitas
(d) Status
Answer:
(a) Polis

Question 14.
A welfare state seeks to ensure which type of justice?
(a) Social justice
(b) Political justice
(c) Economic justice
(d) All of these
Answer:
(d) All of these

Question 15.
In modem age politics is defined as the study of _____
(a) State and Association
(b) State and Nation
(c) State and Govt
(d) Political Relations and Interactions
Answer:
(d) Political Relations and Interactions

Question 16.
Who says “Political science deals with State, Law and Government?
(a) Aristotle
(b) Gamer
(c) Geltel
(d) Willoughby
Answer:
(d) Willoughby

Question 17.
Who defined politics as the process of shaping and sharing power?
(a) Bryce
(b) Easton
(c) Lasswell
(d) Robert Dahl
Answer:
(c) Lasswell

Question 18.
Which is the new name of state in the modern age?
(a) Political community
(b) Political system
(c) Political culture
(d) Political behaviour
Answer:
(b) Political system

Question 19.
Political science studies about_____?
(a) Past of the State
(b) Present of state
(c) Future of the state
(d) All the above
Answer:
(d) All the above

Question 20.
What is the central theme of the study of Politics?
(a) State and society
(b) Nation and state
(c) Struggle for power in society
(d) Political system
Answer:
(c) Struggle for power in society

Question 21.
Why political science is called a science?
(a) It employes scientific method of study
(b) It is a social science
(c) It conducts experimentation
(d) None of these
Answer:
(a) It employes scientific method of study

Question 22.
What type of science is political science?
(a) Social science
(b) Physical science
(c) Natural science
(d) Policy Science
Answer:
(a) Social science

Question 23.
According to traditional thinkers political science is a_____?
(a) Empirical science
(b) Normative science
(c) Moral science
(d) Experimental science
Answer:
(b) Normative science

Question 24.
Normative Approach gives importance to_____?
(a) Values
(b) Facts
(c) Figures
(d) Reality
Answer:
(a) Values

Question 25.
What is the essence of Empirical Approach?
(a) Study of facts
(b) Study of values
(c) Study of society
(d) Study of environment
Answer:
(a) Study of facts

Question 26.
Which of the following is a modern approach?
(a) Legal Approach
(b) Philosophical Approach
(c) Historical Approach
(d) Empirical Approach
Answer:
(d) Empirical Approach

Question 27.
Who coined the word State?
(a) Aristotle
(b) Plato
(c) Hobbes
(d) Machiavelli
Answer:
(b) Plato

Question 28.
Who wrote the book ‘Politics’
(a) Plato
(b) Gamer
(c) Aristotle
(d) Machiavelli
Answer:
(c) Aristotle

Question 29.
Who defined state as a politically organized people of definite territory?
(a) Aristotle
(b) Laski
(c) Gettell
(d) Bluntschli
Answer:
(d) Bluntschli

Question 30.
Which is the most important element of state?
(a) Territory
(b) Population
(c) Government
(d) Sovereignty
Answer:
(d) Sovereignty

Question 31.
Who says ‘Man is a social animal’?
(a) Aristotle
(c) Plato
(b) Hobbes
(d) JeanBodin
Answer:
(a) Aristotle

Question 32.
Why political science is denied the claim of science political?
(a) Political theory lacks exactness
(b) There are no agreed principles in politics
(c) Political predictions are not exact
(d) All the above
Answer:
(d) All the above

Question 33.
Who says political science is an inexact science?
(a) Lord Bryce
(c) Daguit
(b) J.S.Mill
(d) Easton
Answer:
(a) Lord Bryce

Question 34.
Which is a feature of Normative Approach?
(a) It focuses on study of political system
(b) It takes a realistic view of politics
(c) It undertakes the study of formal political institution
(d) It stands for theory building
Answer:
(c) It undertakes the study of formal political institution

Question 35.
Which approach relies on study of environment?
(a) Psychological approach
(b) Biological approach
(c) Normative approach
(d) Empirical approach
Answer:
(d) Empirical approach

Question 36.
Which approach believes in value-based study?
(a) Empirical approach
(b) Normative approach
(c) Scientific approach
(d) Systems approach
Answer:
(b) Normative approach

Question 37.
Who is the author of the book ‘On Liberty’?
(a) Spacer
(b) Laski
(c) J.S.Mill
(d)Adamsmith
Answer:
(c) J.S.Mill

Question 38.
Who has given the biological argument in favour of Individualism?
(a) Charles Darwin
(b) Herbert Spencer
(c) J.S.Mill
(d) HJ.Laski
Answer:
(b) Herbert Spencer

Question 39.
What is the meaning of ‘Laissez-faire’?
(a) Police State
(b) Less is best
(c) Let the individual free
(d) Limited liberty
Answer:
(c) Let the individual free

Question 40.
Who is not an individualist?
(a) J.S.Mill
(b) Adamsmith
(c) Spencer
(d) Robert Owen
Answer:
(d) Robert Owen

Question 41.
The Welfare-State concept regards the state as a _______?
(a) Necessary Evil
(b) Natural institution
(c) Night-watchman
(d) Police-man
Answer:
(b) Natural institution

Question 42.
Which is not the function of a Welfare State?
(a) Protection of the state
(b) Promotion of justice
(c) Protection of public health
(d) Interference in family life of citizens
Answer:
(d) Interference in family life of citizens

Question 43.
The idea of Welfare State ground in?
(a) 1930s
(b) 1940s
(c) 1950s
(d) 1960s
Answer:
(b) 1940s

Question 44.
India adopted economic globalization in the year_____?
(a) 1997
(b) 1995
(c) 1992
(d) 1991
Answer:
(d) 1991

Question 45.
What is the objective of Globalization?
(a) Free world trade
(b) Free flow of investments
(c) Integration of world culture and economics
(d) All the above
Answer:
(d) All the above

Question 46.
Who designed the policy of globalization?
(a) Developed Nations
(b) Under developed nations
(c) Developing Nations
(d) Super powers
Answer:
(a) Developed Nations

Question 47.
What is the basic purpose of globalization?
(a) To make one world
(b) To make the world a global village
(c) To create world bank
(d) To derive profit
Answer:
(b) To make the world a global village

Question 48.
What is the meaning of globalization?
(a) Economic liberalization
(b) Political Liberalization
(c) Socio economic linkage among nations.
(d) Socio economic and cultural transformation of the world.
Answer:
(d) Socio economic and cultural transformation of the world.

Question 49.
Globalization pleads for which type of state?
(a) Capitalist state
(b) Socialist state
(c) Police state
(d) Welfare state
Answer:
(d) Welfare state

Question 50.
As a policy globalizations believes in the principle of_____?
(a) Liberalization
(b) Privatization
(c) Free trade
(d) All the above
Answer:
(d) All the above

Question 51.
According to which theory, the state which governs the least is the best?
(a) Socialism
(b) Individualism
(c) Marxism
(d) Welfare state
Answer:
(b) Individualism

Question 52.
Which state believes in mixed economy?
(a) Individualist state
(b) Socialistic state
(c) Welfare state
(d) Theocratic state
Answer:
(c) Welfare state

Question 53.
Which theory regards the state as a necessary evil?
(a) Individualism
(b) Socialism
(c) Liberalism
(d) Neo-marxism
Answer:
(a) Individualism

Question 54.
Who says ‘politics is the study of shaping and sharing of power’?
(a) David Easton
(b) G. Almond
(c) Lasswell & Kaplan
(d) Robert A Dahl
Answer:
(c) Lasswell & Kaplan

Question 55.
Which of the following is not an element of state?
(a) Territory
(b) Population
(c) Sovereignty
(d) Public opinion
Answer:
(d) Public opinion

Question 56.
Which of the following is not a state?
(a) Nepal
(b) Japan
(c) Afghanistan
(d) UNO
Answer:
(d) UNO

Question 57.
From which word the term ‘sovereignty’ has been derived?
(a) Soverancus
(b) Superarius
(c) Soventus
(d) Servitude
Answer:
(b) Superarius

Question 58.
Which of the following is not true about state?
(a) State is permanent
(b) State is sovereign
(c) State has a definite territory
(d) State can not be divided
Answer:
(d) State can not be divided

Question 59.
Which theory pleads for freedom of the individual from state control?
(a) Individualism
(b) Socialism
(c) Communisrri
(d) Welfare state
Answer:
(a) Individualism

Question 60.
Who among the following is not an individualist?
(a) Adamsmith
(b) J.S. Mill
(c) Spencer
(d) Laski
Answer:
(d) Laski

Question 61.
Which argument does not hold good for individualism?
(a) State is a necessary eveil
(b) Let the individual free
(c) State is good that governs the least
(d) State protects the rights and liberty of individual.
Answer:
(d) State protects the rights and liberty of individual.

Question 62.
Which is not an obligatory function of welfare state?
(a) Maintenance of law and order
(b) Defence and security of state
(c) Social security of individuals
(d) To provide justice
Answer:
(c) Social security of individuals

Question 63.
Which is not a feature of welfare state?
(a) Servant state
(b) Equal emphasis on individual and society
(c) Believes in democracy and mixed economy
(d) Free economic competition.
Answer:
(d) Free economic competition.

Question 64.
Which of the following is not the goal of globalization?
(a) Economic cooperation among states
(b) Spread of western culture and civilization
(c) Widening gap between rich and poor
(d) Exchange of technology, labour and raw materials
Answer:
(c) Widening gap between rich and poor

Question 65.
A welfare state regards state as _____?
(a) Police state
(b) State is an instrument ofexploitation
(c) State is a natural institution
(d) State is an evil
Answer:
(c) State is a natural institution

Question 66.
Which country was identified first as a welfare state?
(a) USA
(b) India
(c) Britain.
(d) Switzerland
Answer:
(b) India

Question 67.
Who was the Prime Minister when India joined the globalization process?
(a) Atal Behari Vajpayee
(b) Indira Gandhi
(c) P.V. Narsimha Rao
(d) Rajiv Gandhi
Answer:
(c) P.V. Narsimha Rao

Question 68.
Who was the advocate of ‘New Deal’ programme?
(a) Ronald Reagan
(b) Bill Clinton
(c) E.D. Roosevelt
(d) George bush
Answer:
(c) E.D. Roosevelt

Question 69.
Which of the following theory is based on laissez faire?
(a) Individualism
(b) Socialism
(c) Welfare state
(d) Marxism
Answer:
(a) Individualism

Question 70.
Which theory regards the state as a police state?
(a) Individualism
(b) Socialism
(c) Welfare state
(d) Globalization
Answer:
(a) Individualism

Question 71.
Who among the following is not an individualist?
(a) Adamsmith
(b) J.S. Mill
(c) Spencer
(d) Karl Marx
Answer:
(d) Karl Marx

Question 72.
Modern individualism came into existence in the period of______
(a) 19th century
(b) 20th century
(c) Later past of 19th century
(d) First past of 20th century
Answer:
(c) Later past of 19th century

Question 73.
When did Industrial revolution spread in England?
(a) 17th Century
(b) 1 8th Century
(c) 19th Century
(d) 20th Century
Answer:
(c) 19th Century

Question 74.
Which of the following- Economists converted individualism into a full fledged philosophy?
(a) Adamsmith
(b) J.M. Keynes
(c) Mathus
(d) David Ricardo
Answer:
(a) Adamsmith

Question 75.
Which Indian statesman was a staunch supporter of Individualism?
(a) M.K. Gandhi
(b) J.L. Nehru
(c) Sardar Patel
(d) M.G. Ranade
Answer:
(d) M.G. Ranade

Question 76.
A welfare state gives priority to which of the following needs of an individual?
(a) Law & order
(b) Equality
(c) Rights
(d) Social security
Answer: (d)

Question 77.
Who among the following was not a supporter of welfare state ideology?
(a) T.H. Green
(b) L.T. Hobhouse
(c) J.M. Keynes
(d) IS. Mill
Answer:
(d) IS. Mill

Question 78.
When the world trade organization was formed?
(a) 1988
(b) 1991
(c) 1993
(d) 1995
Answer:
(d) 1995

Question 79.
Which is not an impact of Globalisation?
(a) Growing unemployment
(b) Spread of consumerism
(c) Increase in environmental pollution
(d) Spread of terrorism
Answer:
(d) Spread of terrorism

Question 80.
Who among the following are the main supports of Globalization?
(a) Multi-national companies
(b) Big companies
(c) Foreign companies
(d) National companies
Answer:
(a) Multi-national companies

Question 81.
The protagonists of welfare state regards state as_____?
(a) An evil institution
(b) Powerful institution
(c) Necessary evil institution
(d) Natural institution
Answer:
(d) Natural institution

Answer the following questions in one word or digit

Question 1.
Who said man is a social animal?
Answer:
Aristotle

Question 2.
Who used the word ‘politics’ first?
Answer:
Aristotle

Question 3.
Who is the father of political science?
Answer:
Aristotle

Question 4.
From which term the word ‘politics’ or ‘political science’ has been derived?
Answer:
Polis

Question 5.
What is the meaning of the term ‘polis’?
Answer:
City state

Question 6.
The term ‘polis’ from which the word ‘politics’ has been developed belongs to which language?
Answer:
Greek

Question 7.
What is the meaning of sovereignty?
Answer:
Supreme power

Question 8.
Sovereignty has been derived from the word superanus of which language?
Answer:
Latin

Question 9.
From which Latin word sovereignty has come from?
Answer:
Superanus

Question 10.
Who wrote the book ‘Politics’?
Answer:
Aristotle

Question 11.
When did Aristotle write ‘Politics’?
Answer:
4th Century BC

Question 12.
Who wrote the book Republic?
Answer:
Plato

Question 13.
The word ‘state’ is now substituted by the word____?
Answer:
Political system

Question 14.
Who used the world state for the first time?
Answer:
Machiavelli

Question 15.
Which is the most vital element of state?
Answer:
Sovereignty

Question 16.
Which two are the structural elements of stale?
Answer:
Population and territory

Question 17.
What was the educational institution set up by Aristotle in ancient Athens?
Answer:
Lyceum

Question 18.
What was the educational system setup by Plato?
Answer:
Academy

Question 19.
By what name the liberal philosophy associated with the sphere of state activity?
Answer:
Individualism

Question 20.
Which theory pleads for free economic competition among individuals?
Answer:
Individualism

Question 21.
Which theory believes in mixed economy?
Answer:
Welfare state

Question 22.
Which political theory regards the state as a necessary evil?
Answer:
Individualism

Question 23.
Which political theory regards the state as a night Watchman?
Answer:
Individualism

Question 24.
What does the term ‘Laissez fair’ imply?
Answer:
Let the individual alone

Question 25.
Who was the advocate of Economic Individualism?
Answer:
Adamsmith

Question 26.
Who was the exponent of biological individualism?
Answer:
Spencer

Question 27.
Which theory pleads that the state that governs the least is the best?
Answer:
Individualism

Question 28.
Who introduced the New Deal programme?
Answer:
F.D. Roosevelt

Question 29.
When the WTO was formed?
Answer:
January 1st, 1995

Question 30.
By what name applied political science is known?
Answer:
Politics

Question 31. Who says Politics is a struggle for power?
Answer:
H.J. Morgenthau

Question 32. The outside forces that influence politics are called?
Answer:
Political dynamics

Question 33.
Who says ‘Man is a political animal’?
Answer:
Aristotle

Question 34.
Who says ‘State is the march of God on Earth’?
Answer:
Hegel

Question 35.
Who is the representative of state?
Answer:
Government

Question 36.
Who were the initial exponents of Individualism?
Answer:
French physiocrats

Question 37.
Which was the first welfare state?
Answer:
Britain

Fill in the blanks

1. _____ is the primary social science.
Answer: Sociology

2. _____ studies about values, morals and political principles.
Answer: Political philosophy

3. The term ‘politics’ emerged in the state of _____.
Answer: Greece

4. The word ‘politics’ has been derived from the Greek word _____.
Answer: Polls

5. ‘Politics’ has been derived from the Greek word ‘Polis’ which means _____.
Answer: City state

6. _____ is the father of political science.
Answer: Aristotle

7. Political science is a _____ science.
Answer: Social

8. _____ says political science is a social science.
Answer: Aristotle

9. _____ calls political science as the supreme social science.
Answer: Aristotle

10. _____ says, “Politics is the study of influence and influencial”.
Answer: Laswell

11. The book ’politics’ is written by _____.
Answer: Aristotle

12. _____ wrote the book ‘Republic’.
Answer: Plato

13. ‘The academy’ was founded by _____.
Answer: Plato

14. _____ was the founder of ‘the Lyceum’.
Answer: Aristotle

15. _____ used the term ‘state’ first.
Answer: Machiavelli

16. State has _____ elements.
Answer: Four

17. _____ is the vital element of state.
Answer: Sovereignty

18. State is a _____ political association.
Answer: Sovereign

19. The supreme power of state is called _____.
Answer: Sovereignty

20. Government is _____ of state.
Answer: Element

21. State is a _____ association.
Answer: Political

22. The word sovereignty has come from the latin word _____.
Answer: Superanus

23. Modern political science insists on the _____ study of polities.
Answer: Empirical

24. The term ‘state’ has came from the latin word _____.
Answer: Status

25. _____ is the application of political science.
Answer: Politics

26. The liberal theory of state activity is known as _____.
Answer: Individualism

27. _____ state provides maximum liberty to individuals.
Answer: Individualism

28. _____ theory regards the state as a necessary evil.
Answer: Individualism

29. _____ was the advocate of economic Individualism.
Answer: Adamsmith

30. _____ was the propounder of scientific socialism.
Answer: Karl Marx

31. _____ theory regards the state as a policeman.
Answer: Individualism

32. ‘Laissez faire’ means _____.
Answer: Let the individual free

33. A _____ state gives to priority to’ protection of social security.
Answer: Welfare state

34. _____ provides basic minimum needs of individuals.
Answer: Welfare state

35. _____ states are the protagonists of globalization.
Answer: Welfare states

36. India entered into the Globalization process during the Prime Ministership of _____.
Answer: P.V. Narsimha Rao

37. Individualism is a philosophy of century.
Answer: 18th century

38. _____ is the product of individualism and socialism.
Answer: Welfare state

39. _____ theory believes in free economic competition.
Answer: Individualism

40. A welfare state believes in _____ economy.
Answer: Mixed

41. _____ is the main objective of globalization.
Answer: Economic integration of the world

42. Globalisation believes in _____ economy.
Answer: Free market

43. Politics is the use of _____ in society.
Answer: Power

44. _____ theory gives the state a negative role.
Answer: Individualistic

45. _____ says over his body and soul individuals sovereign.
Answer: J.S. Mill

46. Welfare state concept gained popularity during _____ century.
Answer: 20th

47. _____ seeks to make the world a global village.
Answer: Globalisation

48. Politics revolves round the concept of _____.
Answer: Power

Answer in one sentence

Question 1.
What is Politics?
Answer:
Politics is a political process where by national resources and power are distributed among the people.

Question 2.
What is formal politics?
Answer:
From formal point of view politics means the working of formal structures of government and the administrative system.

Question 3.
What informal view of politics?
Answer:
From an informal point of view politics means making alliances and using power for the realization of definite goals.

Question 4.
What is political theory?
Answer:
Political theory refers to those principles ideas, concepts that influence the constitution, the government and the social life of individuals.

Question 5.
What is the utility of studying political theory?
Answer:
The study of political theory helps as to know about political concepts, institutions and political systems.

Question 6.
What is political science?
Answer:
Political science is a social science which deals with state and government.

Question 7.
What is the objective of political theory?
Answer:
The purpose of objective of political theory is to inform us about contemporary political issues, crises and processes.

Question 8.
What are the elements of politics?
Answer:
Interest, conflict and power are the three vital elements of politics.

Question 9.
What is political philosophy?
Answer:
All political concepts, views and arguments relating to individuals political Use are called political philosophy.

Question 10.
What is political thought?
Answer:
Political thought is the political views and speculations of an individual or a group relating to a specific period of time.

Question 11.
What is political ideology?
Answer:
Political ideology is a set of ideas in the nature of a belief or a conviction of a political theorist or thinker.

Question 12.
What is inter disciplinary approach?
Answer:
Interdisciplinary approach is a modern scientific approach which believes in using methods, techniques and principles of various social sciences for the study of a social science.

Question 13.
What is state?
Answer:
State is a sovereign political institution.

Question 14.
What is Government?
Answer:
Government is an element of state through which the state performs its function.

Question 15.
What is sovereignty?
Answer:
Sovereignty is the supreme unrestrained power of the state.

Question 16.
What is internal sovereignty?
Answer:
Internal sovereignty is that power of the state through which the state enact laws and run administration.

Question 17.
What is external sovereignty?
Answer:
External sovereignty refers to the freedom of the state from outside control and influence.

Question 18.
What is individualism?
Answer:
Individulism is a political philosophy of 19th century which pleads for maximum liberty for the individual.

Question 19.
What is a police state?
Answer:
Police state is an individualist state where the state behaves as a police man.

Question 20.
What is modern Individualism?
Answer:
Modem individualism is the individualism of 20th century that gives more importance to state and groups over individuals.

Question 21.
What is welfare state?
Answer:
A welfare state is a public service agency which always works for the well being of the people.

Question 22.
What is globalization?
Answer:
Globalisation is a policy of economic reforms which seeks to integrate world economics through exchange of ideas, information, labour and capital.

Question 23.
What is laissez fair?
Answer:
Laissez fair is a French term which pleads for giving complete freedom to the individual in economic sphere.

Question 24.
What is the need of political theory?
Answer:
The main purpose of political theory is to evaluate political facts and events and to make people conscious.

Question 25.
What is the subject matter of politics?
Answer:
The study of society, social conflicts, the struggle for power, accumulation, and use of power in society are the subject matter of politics.

Question 26.
What is the difference between politics and political science?
Answer:
Politics is concerned with the day-to-day activities of government while political science deals with the origin, nature, and functions of the state and government.

Odisha State Board CHSE Odisha Class 11 Political Science Solutions Unit 2 Basic Concept Long Answer Questions Part 2.

CHSE Odisha 11th Class Political Science Unit 2 Basic Concept Long Answer Questions Part-2

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Give a detail discussion of the various political rights guaranteed to individuals.
Answer:
Political right is one of the important rights of citizen without which human beings cannot manage to lead a civil life. Political rights are essential for the management of government. Various political rights of the citizens are discussed below.

Right to vote:
In a democratic government, normally free option is provided to share in the selection of the political party in whose hand the power of administration would be vested. It implies that every adult citizen should be provided the right of casting vote at the time of election which is restricted for aliens or the culprits. In modem days, democracy, right to vote is the only important way for the working of democracy. The right to vote of citizens provides the means and ways to be an active participant of the citizens.

Right to be Elected:
Right to be elected is the next important stage of popular participation in politics. The right to be elected refers that the law should not forbid any citizen from holding any public office, of course, there might be some sort of legal provisions for holding such public office on the basis of popular election. .

Right to Criticise the Government :
The dialogue was the basis of the ancient democracy existing in Greek city-states Accordingly, the present nation says that every policy and formulation of government should be subject to public scrutiny and criticism. Without right of criticizing the government, there must be an authoritarian trend in politics.

Right to Public Officers :
No citizen should be prohibited from holding public offices on the ground of religion, caste or color. Democracy believes that every human should be provided equal opportunities, None should be neglected on the discriminatory ground which would destroy the very principles of humanity and moral order.

Right to Petition :
Democratic legislature constituted on the basis of popular will is the best illustration of the forum for the ventilation of public grievances. So in a democracy, it has been provided constitutionally that every individual has free option to send a petition individually or collectively to the competent authority.

Right to Residence :
The Individual also enjoys the political right or the right to a residence which in other words would be termed as a permanent member of the state. This permanent membership or residence of an individual is exclusively reserved for citizens and is restricted for aliens who do not enjoy any political rights.

Right to Protection while Staying Abroad:
A citizen can seek the protection of his own life from the home state while staying abroad. Here the case of the repatriation of Indians. The Gulf countries during the tenure of V.P. Singh is a glaring example of the political staying abroad.

Right to Public Meeting:
Every citizen also possesses the right to public meetings and to form associations. A citizen should have a free option to express his opinion freely either may be through public meetings or by forming an association. Normally, the above-mentioned political rights are used to the best possible extent in a democratic setup of government. But in authoritarian states, those political rights are being misused and confused with duties and the collective interest of the society.

Question 2.
Define Human Rights and discuss the various kinds of human rights.
Answer:
Human rights are today considered to be a symbol of a civilized community. These are natural rights, inherent in every individual. These rights are essential for human welfare and prosperity. These rights help man to meet his basic needs of life and to lead a dignified life. They enhance the status of individuals in society and provide him with safeguards that are necessary for the protection of individuals against the arbitrary authority of state.
Every individual, irrespective of social discrimination, enjoys this right. It is a moral right that belongs to individuals, not to any country. Therefore, after the establishment of the UN, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights was adopted and it requested all the nations to secure the guarantee of these rights.
Characteristics :

• These rights are universal in character and valuable for all nations, communities and cultural groups.
• The individual is the centre of human rights.
• Human rights are safer in a democracy
• These are related to development and welfare.

Kinds of Human Rights :
The human rights mentioned in the Universal Declaration can be classified into, civil political, economic and cultural human rights.

Civil Human Rights: Civil human rights include

• the rights to life, liberty and personal security.
• the rights to freedom from slavery and servitude.
• the right to freedom from torture and cruel; inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment.
• the right to equality before law.
• the rights to an effective judicial remedy.
• the right to a fair trial and public hearing by an independent and impartial tribunal.
• the rights to be treated as innocent until proven guilty.
• the right to freedom from arbitrary interference with one’s privacy, family, home 6r correspondence.
• the rights to free movement, and
• the right to property and family etc.

Political Human Rights: These political rights are available only in a democracy. These rights are

• the right to asylum and nationality.
• the right to freedom of speech and expression
• the right to form associations and peaceful assembly
• the right to take part in Govt, and
• the rights to vote and equal access to public service etc.

Economic Hump Rights: Economic human rights include

• the rights to work and reasonable payment.
• the right to rest and leisure,
• the right to a standard of living adequate for health and well-being and
• the right to social security etc.

Cultural Human Rights: Cultural human rights help an individual to preserve and conserve his culture amidst cultural diversities. These rights include.

• the rights to education and cultural protection,
• the rights to participate in the cultural life of the community.
• the right to enjoy the arts and share in scientific advancement and its benefits.
• the right to protection of moral and material interests resulting from scientific literacy or artistic production and
• the right to a social and inter-nation order in which these freedoms can be enjoyed. All these rights are to be enjoyed in conformity with the principles and purposes of the United Nations.

Question 3.
Describe the modes of violation and redressal of human rights.
Or, How human rights are violated? Suggest remedies.
Answer:
There is no one to enforce or safeguard these rights which are useful not only for individuals but also for society as a whole. Human rights are natural in origin, but it was only after the establishment of the United Nations that efforts are made to protect and safeguard them against violation.

Modes of Violation :
Violations of human rights are frequent in various parts of the world. No society or state can claim to be free from such a violation. The various modes of violation of human rights can be discussed below.

• When one nation attacks another or invades another nation and forcefully occupies the territory of the other human rights are violated. The recent military action of the USA on Iraq is a bright example of human rights violation.
• It can be violated by terrorism, aggressive nationalism and regionalism when people of one region or country try to disrupt normal life and peace in another. Pakistan supported terrorism in Kashmir, Al-Quai-da’s activities in Europe and USA, etc. are examples of human rights violations.
• Establishment of military rule.
• Colonial and imperial domination over backward people
• Racial determinations practiced in South Africa
• Conflicts between religious groups, racial groups and communal factions, tribal conflict and ethnic violence, etc. also lead to violation of human rights.
• Slavery arid forced labor, inhuman treatment to women and backward classes
• Child labor
• Ill-treatment of prisoners of war and criminals in jail.
• War, military expeditions, and use of atomic and chemic weapons, and
•  Social evils, customs, and orthodoxy also lead to human rights violations.

Remedial Measures:
These are two different modes of remedies for the violation of human rights.

Punitive Remedy:
Those violating human rights must be punished severely and this fear of punishment will act as a safeguard to human rights.

Preventive Remedy :

• A worldwide awareness program may be launched to generate consciousness among ordinary people about human rights, their value and the dangers of violation. The mass media, educational institutions and non Government organizations may be engaged in this type of activity.
• There is a need of a law to make it obligatory on the part of individuals and institutions not to violate human rights.
• The woman, children and backward classes must be given moral strength and encouragement to face the situation.
• The Govt, officials responsible for such violations may be severely punished and the Govt must be accountable for such acts.
• The human rights commission set up at different levels must work sincerely in that direction. These are Useful arid valuable both for individuals and society so they must be protected with care.

Question 4.
Define citizens and discuss the methods of Acquisition of citizenship.
Answer:
Citizens are the residents of democracy. They are permanent residents of a state and they discharge their responsibilities properly. They enjoy all rights and privileges granted by the state and discharge obligations towards the state and other associations.
‘Citizenships’ refers to the qualities of citizens in a democratic society. A citizen is a person who resides in a state owes allegiance to the state and is protected by the state. He discharges his duties to the state and society and always gives priority to common internals over personal ones. All civil, political, and economic rights are available to a citizen.

Acquisition of Citizenship:
Citizenship can be acquired in two ways

1. Natural Process and
2. Naturalization

Natural process:
In the natural process, citizenship is acquired by birth. It is governed by two principles. Jus Soli and Jus Sanguinis.

Jus Soli (Rule of Place of Birth):
According to this principle, citizenship can be acquired as per one’s place of birth. That means a child born in a state becomes a citizen of that state, if he or she is born in a foreign country he or she will become a citizen of that country irrespective of his or her parental citizenship. This principle is followed in Japan and Argentina.

Jus Sanguinis (Rule of Blood Relationship):
As per this principle, the citizenship of a child is determined on the basis of the citizenship of his parents irrespective of the place of birth. France, Italy, Germany and India follow this principle.

Naturalization:
Naturalization means a formal process of bestowing citizenship on noncitizens. In this process, one has to apply to the Head of State on certain specific grounds and with the approval of the government, he or she can be conferred with citizenship. This process differs from state to state. In naturalization, there are certain conditions and an alien applying for citizenship must satisfy at least one such condition or else he will not be granted with citizenship. These conditions are as follows.

According to Plato “Justice consists in allocating to each individual functions for which he is best fitted in accordance with his natural fitness and training”. Aristotle interpreted justice in the sense of fairness and equality. According to Benn and Peters, “Justice is to treat all men alike except where there are relevant differences between them. Charles Merriam defines justice as, “Consisting of a system of understanding and procedures through which each is accorded what is agreed upon as fair. Barker treats justice as the synthesis of Political values.”

Thus, justice can be explained from a broad and narrow point of view, Broadly, speaking justice is eternal and absolute which is infallible and unchangeable. It is determined according to social needs and circumstances. But from a narrow point of view justice is associated with the legal system and legal process in society. It is concerned with the protection and maintenance of the rights and obligations of individuals by an independent and impartial juridical system.

Types of justice: Justice can be classified into legal, social, economic and political, etc.
Legal justice :
Legal justice means lawyers’ conception of justice. It is associated with the legal system and the judicial process. This type of justice can be realized through the instrumentality of laws. Justice of this nature demands that, the laws of the state should be reasonably fair and proper and every individual should get justice according to the rule of law as opposed to the arbitrary will of men, legal justice stressed upon independent and impartial judiciary and equality before law. Legal justice demands that the laws, the judges and the judiciary must be free from corruption and outside pressures.

Social Justice :
Social justice implies the absence of discrimination among individuals on artificial grounds social justice is related to the general welfare of the community and the state should take steps to promote the interests of the weaker sections of society. Social justice is a balance between individual rights and social control ensuring the fulfillment of the legitimate expectations of the individual under the existing laws and assuring benefits consistent with the unity of the nation and the needs of the society. Again social justice implies that, in case of conflict between social and individual interests, the common interest must prevail. Allen criticized social justice as vague and confusing. Sometimes, it implies the distribution of wealth and equality of opportunity.

Political justice :
Political justice implies that, the people should be given a chance of fair and free participation in the political life of the country. By the provision of universal adult franchise, people are able to participate in the election of their representatives. Grant of equal Political rights and opportunities to influence the policies of the government is a condition of Political justice.

Political Justice further demands that :

• Elections must be free, fair, and regular
• There must be a rule of law as opposed to the rule of men.
• Freedom of speech, expression, assembly, petition, and criticism must be given to all.
• The judiciary must be independent and deliver impartial justice guaranteeing individual rights.
• The press must be free to organize public opinion.
• And the state of Govt must be free from the external pressures of foreign countries.

Economic justice :
Economic justice is the foundation of all other kinds of justice. It seeks to eliminate economic exploitation of the rich to tire poor by providing the basic minimum needs of every individual in society. National every one is treated equally the economy should be so shaped that the benefits are shared by the maximum number of people. Lask defining economic justice has said, no ma I can be entitled to a house of twenty-one rooms until all people are adequately housed. One man even in that environment is not entitled, to a house of twenty rooms because his father is an advocate or an industrial. Economic justice aims at the reduction of the gap between rich and poor and the principle of equal pay for equal work must prevail.
Economic justice further demands that :

• Every citizen shall get a right to adequate means of livelihood.
• Distribution of ownership and control of wealth to achieve the common good.
• The state shall take steps toward social security.
• The state must take care to promote the socio-economic and educational interests of the weaker sections.
• And equality in matters of employment, etc.
• Thus justice can prevail in a society where there is social, economic, political, and legal justice.

Question 5.
Write an essay on Social Justice.
Answer:
The concept of social justice is an essential element of the welfare state. The term is used to denote the organization of society on the basis of ideas of equality and fairness. Social justice seeks to erect a social order in which Social justice is closely related to social equality. It believes in the elimination of inequality and privileges based on birth, wealth, status, religion, sex or color. According to G.D. H. cole, social justice is a way of life ensuring equality in status and opportunities in all aspects of the social life of individuals.
Social justice is related to social equality and social rights. In a liberal democracy, social justice seeks to remove exploitation, oppression, and discrimination.

Nature:

• Social justice reduces inequality and removes special privileges by positive state action.
• It creates a just and fair social order.
• It gives special protection to the weaker sections and backward classes like, scheduled castes and scheduled tribes women and children.
• It makes a balance between individual rights and social control.
• Social justice enjoins upon the state to undertake far-reaching welfare measures to improve a lot of the lower classes.

A welfare state in order to maintain social justice introduces social security measures providing unemployment & sickness allowance- old age pensions, maternity benefits, and accident insurance etc. It allowances equitable distribution of goods and commodities and equal opportunity is given for all aspects of life irrespective of social classes or distinctions.

Social justice in India:
The Indian constitution has introduced a series of measures to ensure social justice.

• The Fundamental Rights and the Directives seek to ensure social justice.
• The Constitution has abolished discrimination on grounds of religion caste, sex or place of birth.
• Untouchability is abolished under Art 14.
• Art 23 prohibits forced labor. The exploitation of backward classes illegal use of women and child labor.
• The interests of minorities are protected under Art. 29.
•  Art. 42 directs the state to provide just and humane conditions of work and . maternity relief. The Govt takes special care for the education and economic interests of the children of the backward classes, and to save them from exploitation and justice.
• The Govt provides for the reservation of seats for S.C. and S.T. in order to promote social justice.
• The Govt has introduced economic planning and given the backward classes social status economic security, and a share in political power.

Question 6.
Define secularism and discuss the western and Indian approaches to secularism
Or, Distinguish between western and Indian aspects of secularism.
Answer:
The term secularism was used for the first time in 185.1 by Holyoke in its Latin
form speculum, this means that the activities of the state must be free from the influence of religion. In the ordinary sense, secularism implies equal treatment to religion and being tolerant towards any religion. As far as the interpretation of the term is concerned the word secularism is interpreted in the west in a different way from that of India. The difference in this approach may be explained below.

Secularism in India:
Indian secularism contains the following features:

• Secularism in India is commonly used to mean equal treatment to religions.
• It believes in the coexistence Of all religions and tolerance towards all religious faith.
• In India the” majority religious communities exercise their superiority over minority communities.
• It does not give scope for religious discrimination, or inequality of exploitation. The exploitation of women & backward classes is strongly resented by secular forces.
• Secularism allows everybody to accept any religion of his own choice and to reject it at will. Every religious community is given full freedom to practice and propagate its religious values and ideas, and to perform religious rights and ceremonies.
• The state has no religion of its own, but it can initiate religious reforms for the abolition of child marriage or untouchability.
• The state never tolerates religious atrocities. Every religious community shall have the liberty in India to preserve its culture by establishing its own educational institution. But, the state is nor completely from religious pulls and pressures.

Western Secularism:
The basic features of western secularism may be discussed below:

• In the western world, there is no state religion nor the state patronize any religion.
• The state remains completely free from religious influence. It neither interferes in the freedom of religion of the people nor allows religious principles to guide state activities.
• No state policy or program violates the religious freedom of the people.
• The state does not provide any grant to any religious institution nor does it obstruct the activities of any religious institutions.
• Religion is considered purely a private affair. No religious community enjoys special status in the west. The state does not tolerate religious exploitation or oppression. However, the basic difference between the two approaches is that while in the western state and religion remain completely detached in our country it is only in pen and paper. In India, there are enough examples of appeasement to religious communities by the government for securing political support. Further, in our country, secularism is used mostly as a vote-catching slogan but that never happens in the west.

Question 7.
Define development and discuss the various models of development.
Or, Write an essay on the models of development.
Answer:
Development is a continuous process of growth. It is a progression from a simpler to a more advanced or complex form of society. It includes all aspects of human growth like, including physical, mental, intellectual, social, and economic development.

Origin :
The process of development started in the post world war era. It was first of set in Europe and western countries and the process thereafter followed in other parts of the world. Depending on the process of development the western states were called developed nations and the states of Asia and Africa developed.

Models of development :
There are three models 6f development, such as

• Capitalist model
• Socialist model and
• A sustainable model of development

Capitalist model of development:
This model of development is working today in the USA, UK, Australia, Canada, and other European countries. It is otherwise known as individual-centric or market-based development.

• In this model economic development is considered to be a condition for political development.
• The capitalist model pleads for the round development of individuals.
• Rapid industrialization, technological development, modernization, employment generation, etc. are the ingredients of the capitalist model of development.
• It further believes in the Liberalisation of the social, political, and economic systems.
• The capitalist model further relies on free market economy and economic competition for growth.

Criticism:
This capitalist model widens the gap between rich and poor countries and here the underdeveloped states are the worst sufferers.

Socialist model of development:
The Socialist model is also known as the Marxist model of development. It is just the opposite of the capitalist model. It is now found in China. Bulgaria, Poland, Romania, Cuba and North Korea.

• It believes in a state-controlled economy, production and means of distribution.
• This model emphasizes on socioeconomic rights Of individuals, equality and social justice.
• It looks after the well-being of the poor working class and depressed classes.
• The state here, exercises control over industry, health, education, communication and transport and distribution system.
• The state can sacrifice the interests of an individual or a group for the greater interests of society. This model was popular from 1920 to1980 but with the downfall of the Soviet Union, this model is losing ground.

Sustainable model of development:
In view of the rapid growth of population, industrialization, urbanization and modern lifestyle energy and natural resources are depleting first. Unplanned social and economic development has led to increasing in environmental pollution. Therefore, a new model of sustainable development has been introduced in place of the capitalist and socialist models.

• The sustainable model believes in socio-economic development with due concern for environmental safety.
•  It insists on the limited use of natural resources like water, air, soil and mineral resources and fossil fuels. Resources must be used with utmost care so that the future generation will not be deprived of those resources.
• It focuses on ensuring a healthy and enduring balance between human needs natural resources and the economic system.
• The development shall meet the needs of the present without keeping the future generation of risk.
• There must be plans to ensure population control. Poverty alleviation, socio-economic justice protection of the environment, biodiversity, and conservation of natural resources.
• This model emphasizes more on creating awareness among people for a secured future life with due importance toward environmental safety.

Odisha State Board CHSE Odisha Class 11 Political Science Solutions Unit 2 Basic Concept Long Answer Questions Part 1.

CHSE Odisha 11th Class Political Science Unit 2 Basic Concept Long Answer Questions Part 1

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Define liberty and discuss various kinds of liberty. Or
Make a classification of liberty.
Answer:
Liberty is a democratic concept that has been existing since the state of nature. Liberty is essential for the development of individual personality. An individual cannot lead a restricted life. Liberty is abstract and hypothetical in nature. It is difficult to give a comprehensive definition of liberty.

The word ‘Liberty’ has been derived from the Latin word ‘Liber’ which means ‘freedom’ But, liberty does not mean the absence of restraint. No individual in the modem society can be given the freedom to do whatever he likes. This is regarded as negative liberty. J.S. Mill, Locke, Spencer, and Friedman, etc.

supported this view of liberty. But negative liberty is founded on the postulate for an atomized and unsocial individual. So, Laski, Barker and Macpherson, etc. have talked of the positive aspects of liberty. Laski says, “Liberty is the eager maintenance of an atmosphere in which mean have the opportunity to be their best selves.” This means that individuals should be at free to avail opportunities to develop his personality but such freedom cannot be enjoyed in the absence of restraints.

Liberty is a product of rights. The. state through a grant of rights creates an atmosphere of self-realization. Thus, positive liberty looks upon the state as a positive agency to promote social welfare. Liberty in this sense means the removal of hindrances from the path of the good life and the creation of opportunity for all.

Classification of Liberty:
Liberty can be classified into natural, civil, political, economic, national and international liberty. It can be classified in the following manner.

Natural Liberty :
The idea of natural liberty has its origin from the state of nature and Rousseau is the principal exponent of this liberty. He said men in the state of nature enjoyed natural liberty or unrestricted freedom. But, with the emergence of civil society, the concept has lost its significance. Modern political thinkers consider natural liberty as vague and abstract. They say, there can be no liberty in the absence of the state.

Civil Liberty :
It is the liberty that man enjoys in a civil society. Civil liberty is considered useful, as it provides facilities of good life to the citizen. Civil liberty is available to an individual in the capacity of a person and it consists of the rights and privileges that the state creates and enforces such as freedom of thought and expression, freedom of religion, freedom of life, liberty and property, equality before law etc. It enables an individual the opportunity of self-expression and self-expansion.

Political Liberty :
Every democratic country grants political liberty to its citizens. It refers to the right to take part in the management of the state. Political liberty constitutes the right of the citizen to form and exercise control over the government. It includes the right to vote, the right to contest an election, to hold public office, to criticize Govt, or to form a political party etc. It can be enjoyed by educated citizens with adequate means of information.

Economic Liberty:
This kind of liberty enables an individual to earn his livelihood. It is available in the capacity of the worker. This means freedom of profession, occupation, trade or business. Economic liberty lies in the absence of exploitation, unemployment inequality, unfair wage and substandard living and it grants each person the security and opportunity to earn his daily bread. Economic liberty consists of the right to work, the right to a decent wage, right to leisure. It is the foundation of civil and political liberty.

National Liberty :
National liberty envisages that every nation must be free from foreign domination. It implies the right of the people to rule over themselves. It is opposed to colonialism and imperialism. National liberty means that the nation is free to exercise control over citizens and subjects residing within the territory of the state.

International liberty :
International liberty is a modem concept that means the renounciation of war, limitations on production and use of ornaments, giving up of the use of force, peaceful settlement of disputes etc. In the co-existence of nation-states, international cooperation and creation of a peaceful world order.

Moral Liberty:
It means the freedom of the person to act according to one’s conscience to sense of justice.lt refers to the freedom to act according to one’s real self. Moral liberty has meaning only in the context of the common good and it gives every individual the scope to develop his personality.

Question 2.
Describe the safeguard, of liberty. Or
Examine the various safeguards of liberty. Or
How liberty of an individual can be safeguard?
Answer:
Liberty is the product of rights available to the citizen in a democracy. Every democratic country grants certain rights to individuals and thereby enables him to seek the best possible development of his personality. Thus, there can be no liberty without rights and as the stage grants rights, without the state there can be no liberty for individuals.

Safeguards of Liberty: Liberty is a socially useful concept that every individual requires in his social life. It is guaranteed by a democratic state through the constitutional character of liberty. It is to be safeguarded from possible encroachments of the state and the legal system. The conditions essential for safeguarding liberty can be discussed below.

Rule of Law:
Law is the best safeguard of liberty. The state creates conditions of liberty through laws. Law treats each person equally and prevents discrimination on artificial grounds. Thus, law safeguards liberty from the arbitrary interference of the state.

Fundamental Rights :
The Constitutional guarantee of fundamental right also act as a safeguard of liberty. These rights restrict the scope of government activity and neither the legislature nor the executive can interfere in the affairs of the liberty of the individual.

Democratic System :
A democratic form of government is the best safeguard of liberty. Because in a democracy the people have ample opportunity to protect their right from all types of threats.

Separation of Powers :
It is another safeguard of liberty Concentration of powers in few hands endangers the liberty of the people. Unless the three branches, the executive, the legislature and the judiciary are separated from each other. There will be no mis-utilisation of public authority and the liberty of every individual shall be safeguarded. The separation will check every branch of government from encroaching upon individual liberty.

Independent Judiciary :
Individual liberty and rights cannot be safeguarded unless the judiciary is impartial and independent. If the Judges remain sub-servant to the executive or legislature, individual liberty is threatened. If the Judges remain free from the undue influences of the executive and legislature they can maintain the integrity of the Judiciary and the liberty of the citizens.

Absence of Special Privileges:
Liberty is the possession of every individual and it must be enjoyed by all equally. A society where special privileges are given to any class or group individual liberty and freedom s threatened.

Decentralization of Power:
It is another safeguard of liberty. The concentration of power in a few hands is inimical to liberty for which every democratic system, functional and territorial decentralization of authority is made. Devolution of powers to the democratic local bodies is considered to be a safeguard of individual liberty.

Eternal Vigilance:
It is said that, eternal vigilance is the price of liberty. This statement of Laski suggests that unless the people of a country are vigilant and conscious of their liberty and rights cannot be safeguarded. The people themselves must be conscious of defending their liberty against all sorts of encroachments. Laski says, “Liberty is never real unless the government is called to account when it invades the rights of the people”.

Organized Public Opinion:
Strong and effective public opinion is another safeguard of individual liberty. Where-the public opinion is vigorous and organized the Govt, cannot venture to invade individual rights, has the liberty of the individual remains safe.

Free Press and Well-organised Party-System:
Freedom of the press is another essential condition for the safeguarding of individual liberty. Press supplies useful information to the people and helps in the organization of public opinion. Free press criticizes the loops of the ruling party and opposition and that prevents the Govt, from endangering individual liberty. An organized party system and the presence of an organized opposition is other safeguards of individual liberty. Whether the people are courageous to oppose and resist the tyranny of the government they can enjoy liberty safely in that country.

Question 3.
Describe the relationship between law and liberty. Or
Explain how law is related to liberty. Or
Law is a Condition of liberty. Comment.
Answer:
The relationship between law and liberty is controversial. One cannot exactly point out what is the point of the relationship between law and liberty in concrete terms. A few political philosophers hold that law is detrimental for the realization of liberty. Law hinders the enjoyment of liberty. But there are others who point out that law does not go against liberty rather law creates conditions for the realization of liberty and without law there would be no liberty. It is law alone that safeguards and protects liberty from encroachments.

Whatever may be the differences among political scientists with regard to the exact relationship between law and liberty, whether law creates conditions for liberty or law destroys liberty can be discussed below.

• First view :
  According to some people, the law is the very opposite of liberty. The more there is law, the less there would be liberty. The Sophists in ancient Greece on the basis of the principles of laissez fairs theory advocated that the enactment of laws means the curtailment of liberty. The anarchists even went to the extent of advocating for the abolition of the state in order to ensure complete liberty for all individuals.
• Second view:
  But on the order hand, some people advocated that law is regarded as a condition of liberty. One must not consider liberty as a license. One should obey the laws of the state to enjoy liberty. From the above description of the two antagonistic views, it is very much clear that both schools have sufficient grounds for their argument. So what is the actual relationship between law and liberty? The true answer to this question lies in the reconciliation of the two views.

One can definitely say that a law supported by public opinion is undoubtedly a condition of liberty. Such type of law does not necessarily encroach upon liberty but such a law paves the way for the successful realization of liberty. In welfare countries where various welfare laws are passed by the state, i.e., fixation of wages for laborers, prohibition of child labor, legislation to stop economic exploitation etc. must be regarded as the conditions of liberty. The fixation of such laws guarantees the liberty of the workers against encroachment by selfish employers. But all laws are not welfare in nature. There are also laws that are passed with a view to meeting the callous and self-interest of the ruler. When such laws are passed in complete disregard of public opinion.

Liberty is being hampered and the disregard of such law does not go against the justice or the interest of the state. In conclusion, it can be told that all laws supported by public opinion are the conditions of liberty. Because good laws impose restrictions on individuals retaining them from doing harm to others. Laws which are protected and supported by public opinion are not detrimental to liberty. Thus, laws and liberty are both complementary and supplementary to each other and there is no contradiction between them.

Question 4.
Define equality and discuss various kinds of equality.
Answer:
In common parlance, equality refers to giving equal opportunities to all and the elimination of privileges for any particular section of society or the group of people living in the society. Equality implies a leveling process in which chances are given to all for the development of their potentialities. There should be no discrimination on the ground of sex, caste, color or creed and the state should provide equal and adequate opportunities to all for developing their abilities to their full stature. arouse out of two main incidents like the French and American Revolutions.

The American Declaration of Independence proclaims that, all men are created equal and the French Declaration proclaims that men are born and always continue free and equal in respect of their rights.” Whatever may be the opinions about the conception of equality but the term equality has no definite meaning. Perfect equality is an impossible task. When nature has created inequality among men, it is different to have perfect equality in society.

Equality is a leveling process that insists that all men are politically equal and entitled to take part in political life equally. According to Professor Laski, “Equality means that no man shall be placed in the society that he can overreach his neighbor to the extent which constitutes a denial of the latter’s citizenship. Another political philosopher Lipson defines, “Equality as the absence of man-made and socially fostered discriminations in the avenues of advancement.

So, from the above viewpoints, it is very much clear that equality has been derived from the supreme value of the development of personality in each alike and equally. Equally implies that all persons should be treated under any circumstances. It amounts to equal distribution of rights by the state.

Various kinds of Equality: There are various kinds of equality found in different societies and political systems which are discussed below.

Civil Equality:
Civil equality implies that all citizens be treated equally and alike in the matter of possession of their rights other than political rights. Civil equality in a slate refers to that all persons are subject to the same law in enjoyment of their various rights and duties, Particularly, in the context of the democratic setup of government, civil equality is highly honored.

Political Equality :
Political equality implies that all men should have an equal right to select their representatives for the management of the State or the opportunity to be elected to any public office without any discrimination Political right further spells that everybody should have equal access to all public offices of authority. Political equality refers to that everybody should have the right top form political parties, to contest the election and to form the government and for that there should not be any discrimination. All the above-mentioned political rights are normally seen in a democratic form of government.

Economic Equality:
Economic equality refers to the wealth that should be enjoyed by all. According to Lord Bryce, economic equality “is an attempt to expunge all differences in wealth allotting to every man and woman an equal share in worldly goods,” Economic equality in welfare states further implies that poverty should be abolished and basic amenities should be provided to all. Political equality or political democracy is meaningless without economic equality. The importance on economic equality is immense in all the communist countries which oppose the accumulation of wealth in the hands of a few people. But perfect economic equality seems to be an impossible phenomenon in complex economic situations.

Social Equality :
Social equality refers to that each and every member of society should be treated alike and there should be no such social barriers like caste, color or untouchability etc. Every member of society must enjoy equal opportunity and there should be the absence of privileges. So equality condemns any sort of inequality to the enjoyment of privileges by a particular caste or class of people in the social setup. It is not possible to do away with the social loopholes existing in society. Though there are legal provisions in India against social inequality, it has not been completely eliminated from society.

Natural Equality:
Natural equality means that all men are born free and equal and they are gifted with equal talents and abilities. It is a primitive notion that demands that the state should always try to reduce inequality or man¬made discrimination based on race, sex, color or caste. It is based On the feeling that

• all men are ruled by the law of nature.
• all men are the children of God, and
• the desires of all men are identical But, the idea of natural equality is an unattainable phenomenon.

International Equality:
It refers to the equality prevailing among sovereign nation-states. It means equality among the nation-states in the international community of nations. It prevents interference in the internal affairs of a nation. It believes in the settlement of inter-nation disputes through peaceful means, abandonment of use of force, eradication of distribution of scientific and technological knowledge among nations etc. Thus, equality can be classified into different forms, but perfect equality is an impossible disposition.

Question 5.
Examine the relationship between liberty and Equality. Or
“Liberty and Equality are antithetic,” Comment. Or
“Equality and Liberty are complementary to each other” Discuss. Or
“Both Liberty and Equality matter, but equality matters more than Liberty.” Discuss
Answer :
Liberty and equality are two different democratic concepts that an ordinary individual cannot understand. Both of them are not contradictory but related to each other in such a way that, one while enjoying liberty must be conscious of the liberty of others as it is the equal possession of all. Absolute liberty is inimical to the enjoyment of equality hence liberty is to be enjoyed under restraint. So far as, the relationship between liberty and equality is concerned two opposite views have been expressed.

• Liberty and equality are antithetical and
• Liberty and equality are complementary to each other.

Liberty and equality are antithetical:

1. Lord Action, Alex De Tocqueville, Lecky, Bagehot Hume, May, Cartland etc. hold that liberty and equality are opposed to each other. Lord Acton regards equality as opposed to being endowed with unequal capacities and powers, freedom of action would enable those with better talents to make better use of their opportunities and rise higher than the rest. Thus, equality destroys individual liberty. Absolute equality is neither possible nor desirable because man by birth is unequal. Some are physically strong while others are weak. Some are intelligent, and sharply minded while others are dull. Therefore, liberty gives rise to inequality. If an attempt is made to ensure equality then liberty is to be retained.
2. De Tocqueville says, the rise of equality implies the decline of liberty. Liberty believes in the absence of restraints while equality presupposes some restraints. Thus, the desire for equality1 results in limitations of liberty.
3. Equality is unfair to the honest and intelligent but liberty has no, meaning for the poor and distressed.
4. Equality demands positive state action which curtails individual liberty.

Liberty and equality are complementary to each other:

The second proposition is given by scholars like Harrington, Maitland, Laski, Barker, Pollard, etc. who say that liberty far from inimical to equality is necessary for it. Liberty would be hollow without equality and equality will be meaningless without liberty. Equality in no way hampers liberty.

• They say that the first group of thinkers: have defined liberty in the negative sense, as the absence of restraints, such a conception of liberty would amount to liberty for the privileged few and the absence of liberty for the vast majority. Liberty in order to be enjoyed by all should be qualified by equality.
• Equality does not mean mechanical uniformity in society and liberty is to be interpreted in a positive sense. Equality by securing legal capacity to all leads to the university of liberty.
• Democracy is meaningless without equality and liberty cannot be enjoyed outside a democratic policy. Hence, Liberty is related to equality.
• According to Pollard, liberty lies in inequality. Liberty without equality degenerates into license and equality in the absence of liberty lapses into uniformity.
• Liberty and equality both have a common goal, i.e, the development of human personality. A large measure of liberty is essential for equality. Thus, liberty and equality are complementary. Equality is the true basis of liberty. But, liberty is more useful for equality and equality serves the requirement of liberty.

Question 7.
Discuss, the detail about various civil rights of a citizen.
Answer:
The following are some of the civil rights of an individual.

Right of life:
The right of life is one of the be£ important civil rights of an individual. The individual must have after all the security to life and the state must provide adequate provision for the personal safety of an individual. The right to life may otherwise the termed as the right to self-defense and the prevention of suicide.

Right to Liberty :
The right to liberty would otherwise be termed as the right, to free movement in his own country. According to this right, the individual might tint he is detained ordinarily and if he happens to be detained there must be an adequate reason behind his detention. There must be adequate constitutional provisions for the right to liberty constitutionally.

Right to Property :
The right to property in almost all democratic countries has been guaranteed either in the form of a fundamental right or a legal right. Right to property is regarded as one of the best conditions for the enhancement of individual initiative. In socialistic countries there is provision for the abolition of the private property yet without the right to the property there is a very poor possibility of profit and adequate production.

Freedom of Press :
In a democratic country, the press has been democratically accepted as the fourth estate of democracy. The right to press ordinarily refers to the right of the individual to public opinion which is done lawfully. Freedom of the press in an essential requirement to moral public opinion and which is also necessary top have a check and balance on the working to democracy.

Right to Freedom of Speech :
Right to speech refers to the free expression of an individual to express his views without any restraint. Citizens must have a free opinion to raise their voice against injustice and unlawful acts of authority. So in the modern age right to freedom strives for the development of the individual.

Right to Contract :
Right to contract is one of the important civil rights of the life of the modem age in numerous manage to maintain his life. The individual must freely for work life, work and earn. The contract is the mutual agreement among the parties imposing some obligations on each other. The contract is also the basis of society.

Right to Association :
The civil right, the right to an association means to provide a free Option to the individual to act freely for the development of his inner dignity. Unlike the best, the human being cannot manage to live in isolation and he must collaborate with others for the satisfaction of his multifarious needs culminating in the formation of associations. It is only through mutual cooperation and association that human being would be able to develop his individuality.

Right to Religion and Conscience :
Man cannot manage to refrain from his inner urge to think about the ethical and spiritual aspects of life. The man’s salvation its inheritance, the migration of some, etc. for which there are different ways and means for the choice of which should n6t be any external barrier of a hindrance. Accordingly, it has been guaranteed through various civil laws of the land.

Right to Language and Culture :
Unlike beasts or any other creatures, human being cannot remain indifferent towards the long-established and long-existing values, beliefs, customs, traditions, etc. which are different to different sections of people. So the law provides that no culture should be hindered which does not go against the principles of humanity. Other than, the above-mentioned civil rights there are also other civil rights. The right to equality and the right to family are of such standard.

Odisha State Board CHSE Odisha Class 11 Political Science Solutions Unit 3 Indian Constitution Long Answer Questions.

CHSE Odisha 11th Class Political Science Unit 3 Understanding Political Theory Long Answer Questions

Long Type Questions With Answers

Question 1.
Discuss the composition and functions of the constituent assembly of India. Or, Narrate the organization and role of the Indian Constituent Assembly?
Answer :
The constitution of free India was framed by a constituent assembly. The assembly was a representative body that was organized on the recommendation of the Cabinet mission and with the purpose of formulating a new constitution.

Composition :
The assembly comprised members elected from provincial legislatures. As per the recommendation, members were chosen in the ratio of one in every one million (10 lakh) population. Members were elected on the basis of propositional representation through a single transferable vote. There was a special provision for the election of members on communal lines. The total strength of the Assembly was 389, out of which 210 seats were reserved for general candidates. 78 for Muslims for sixth and the rest four for chief commissioner provinces. 93 seats out of 389 were reserved for the representatives of princely states.

Election to the Assembly was held in November 1946 in which the Congress was 211 seats out of 296, Muslim league won 73 and the rest 12 went to Sikhs, independents, and others. Princely states did not participate in the election to the constituent assembly. The dominance of the congress was unbearable for Muslim League for which it did not participate in tire assembly, The very first meeting of the constituent assembly was held in the central hall of Parliament under the presidentship of Dr. S.N. Sinha, Later Dr. Rajendra Prasad was elected as Chairman and Dr. H.C. Mukherji as vice chairman.

The first meeting was held on 9th December 1946. The assembly was represented by eminent lawyers. Statesmen said activists intellectuals and other luminaries of India. Status of the Assembly: The constituent Assembly was never a sovereign body and all its powers were derived from the authority of the British parliament. But, after formation, a resolution was passed to strengthen its states so that the British parliament could not dissolve it at will. After independence, the Assembly became fully sovereign and continued up to 25th January 1950.

Role and Functions:
The Assembly had to perform two major functions The making of the new constitution and Acting as the parliament of India till a new parliament is elected. The constituent assembly adopted the objective resolution on 22nd January 1947 and thereby specified its goal. On the 15th of August 1947, when India became free the assembly enjoyed sovereign states as the most powerful legislature of new India.
The Constituent Assembly was divided into several committees and sub-committees to expedite the process. These committees discharged.

their responsibility and committees discharged their responsibility and submitted the final proposal to the Assembly for approval. The Assembly tried to take all decisions by unanimity, not by majority. The Drafting committee played a very. crucial role in the making of the constitution of India. It was formed on 29th August 1947 with Dr. B.R. Ambedkar as its Chairman and seven other outstanding legal seminaries and its members.

The entire constitution was drafted by this committee after thorough examination, review, and discussion on all major issues.
The final draft was approved on 25th November 1949 by the constituent assembly. The constitution came into force on 26th January 1950.

Question 2.
Discuss the organization of the constituent assembly and its objective resolution. Or,’ Explain the composition and objective resolution of the constituent assembly?
Answer :
The Indian constitution is a hand made of constituent assembly. It was a representative body that took 2 years, 11 months, and 18 days to prepare the constitution of India. The Assembly was established under the provisions of the cabinet mission plan. The idea of the Constituent, Assembly, as a representative body, was framed specifically for the purpose of formulating the fundamental law of the nation.

Composition:
The Constituent Assembly consisted of the representatives of the principal communities in India. Seats were distributed roughly among the different provinces in the ratio of one member for every one million population. The legislative Assembly of each province elected this representative on the basis of proportional representation by means of a single transferable vote.

The total strength of the constituent assembly was fixed at 389, out of which 210 seats were reserved for the general candidates. 78 for the Muslims, four for the Sikhs, and the rest for the Chief Commissioners’ provinces, and 93 seats were reserved for the representatives of the princely states.

After the election to the Assembly Congress won 211 seats out of 296, Muslim League won 73, and the rest 12 went to the independents and other parties. The princely states did not join the Assembly for which its membership came down to 296. The dominance of the congress party was unbearable to the Muslim League which remain absent.

The Constituent Assembly for the first time met on 9th December 1946 with Dr. Rajendra Prasad as the Chairman and Dr. H.K. Mukherjee as Vice-Chairman. It was mostly represented by eminent lawyers, politicians, and statesmen. Dr. B.R. Ambedkar was the chairman of the Drafting Committee and for his contribution, he is regarded as the father of Indian constitution. The Assembly took a period of 2 years II months and 18 days to frame the new constitution.

Objective resolution :
The Constituent Assembly met in its second plenary session from January 20 to 309 in the year 1947 Pandit Nehru adopted an objective resolution in this session. The resolution declared that India must be a Sovereign Democratic Republic and the Programmes of the constitution were outlined thereon. The principles of the resolution may be discussed below.

The territories that now comprise British India, the territories that now form the Indian state, and such other parts of India as the outside. British India and the states as well as such other territories as they willing to be constituted into independent sovereign India shall be a union of them also.

The territories with their present boundaries and with such others as may be determined by the Constituent Assembly and thereafter according to the law of the constitution shall possess and retain the status of automatic units together with residuary powers and exercise all powers and functions of government and administration, except such powers and functions as are as assigned to the union or a’s are implied in the union or other form.

All powers and authority of sovereign India, its constituent parts, and organs of government are derived from the people.
The constitution shall guarantee and secure to the people of India, social, economic and political equality of status and opportunity and before the law freedom of thought, expression, faith, belief worship, vocation, association, and action subject to the law and public morality.

Adequate safeguards are provided for minorities of backward and tribal areas and other backward classes. The integrity and sovereignty shall be maintained on land, sea, and air according to the law of the nation. India will attain its honorable place in the world and make its constitution towards peace and welfare of mankind.

Question 3.
Explain the preamble to the Indian Constitution. Discuss the basic principles of the Preamble to the Indian Constitution. Or, Write an essay on the Preamble to the Indian Constitution?
Answer :
The Indian Constitution starts with the Preamble which outlines the aims, objectives, and ideals of the Constitution. It is the soul of the Constitution and an introduction to the political setup. The preamble reads “WE THE PEOPLE OF INDIA having solemnly resolved to constitute India into a SOVEREIGN SOCIALIST SECULAR DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC and to secure to all its citizens. JUSTICE, social, economic, and political LIBERTY of thought expression, faith, belief, and worship.

EQUALITY of status and opportunity and to promote among them all. FRATERNITY assuring the dignity of the individual and die unity and integrity of die nation IN OUR CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY this twenty-sixth day of November; 1949 do hereby ADOPT ENACT AND GIVE TO OURSELVES THIS CONSTITUTION. The 42nd Constitutional Amendment has introduced the words, SOCIALIST and SECULAR, in place of SOVEREIGN DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC, and in plae of unity of the nation, the word ‘integrity’ has been added.

Significance :
The Preamble is considered to be the soul of the Constitution and it explains about the aims and objectives in a nutshell. The preamble speaks of four things.

• the source of the constitution.
• the aims and objectives of the constitution.
• the ideas and philosophy of the Constitution.
• and the data of its approval. The Preamble contains the fundamental principles of the Constitution and the words used in it make it sublime.

The Supreme Court has said that the preamble indicates the general purposes for which the people have ordained and established the Constitution. It explains about the nature and spirit of the Indian Policy.

Basic Principles:
The basic principles of the Preamble can be discussed below:
We the People of India :
The Preamble starts with the phrase we the people of India which boldly declares about popular sovereignty. The constitution is considered to be framed by the representatives of the Indian citizens and not an Imposition from above. The Constitution is made by the people and it embodies popular ideals and aspirations.

Sovereign, Socialist, Secular, and Democratic Republic:
The Preamble depicts India as a Sovereign Socialist Secular Democratic Republic.  India is a sovereign independent entity. It is externally free from the control and influence of others and internally, it is a component to adopt principles of governance. None can interfere in its domestic matters.

The term Socialist indicates the country’s determination to follow the principles of socialism like the nationalization of industries, protection of the interests of the economically backward sections of the society, etc. The term ‘secular’ represents tolerance towards minority groups and equality of opportunity and protection to all religious groups. Indian Political System is organized on the basis of democratic principles.

The Parliament and state legislatures are elective bodies. A franchise is extended universally to all adults above 18 years of age. The citizens are granted with rights and freedom and the Govt is responsible to the people, hence it is a democratic country. Republic represents the elective office of the President and the representative character of the Head of State.

Justice:
The Preamble also clarifies the intention of the Govt, to ensure justice in the social, economic, and political spheres. The Constitution has abolished untouchability and offered equal opportunity to all in matters of public employment to ensure social justice. Equitable distribution of national resources is meant to ensure economic justice and universal suffrage is guaranteed as a mark of political justice.

Liberty :
The preamble also emphasizes on grant of liberty to the Indian citizens, such as liberty of thought, freedom of expression, faith, belief, and worship. These are provided under the Fundamental Rights.

Equality :
Equality is an essential attribute of the state in India. The Constitution has assured equality of status and opportunity to all irrespective of discrimination. The enjoyment of equal rights and political equality are significant aspects of the principle of equality.

Fraternity :
The constitution has sought to maintain universal brotherhood among its citizens so as to maintain the unity and integrity of the nation in the face of disintegrating forces.

Date of adaptation :
The Preamble states that the Constitution has been adopted by the Constituent Assembly on 26th November 1949. The Preamble of the Constitution thus reflects the soul and substances of the Constitution in brief.

Question 4.
Discuss the salient features of the Indian Constitution, Or, Analyse the basic principles of Indian Constitution. Or, Brief the unique features of Indian Constitutional system?
Answer :
The Constitution is the basic law of the land or the principles of governance. Every democratic country today possesses a written Constitution of its own. Similarly, in India – there is a written Constitution which is prepared after going through some useful democratic constitutions of the world. The framers incorporated those principles which they felt suitable for our nation and the people. The basic feature of our Constitution can be discussed below.

Sovereign Socialist Secular Democratic and Republic :
Indian Constitution declares it to be Sovereign, the master of its’ own destiny. India is internally free to control it’s subjects and externally independent of all other sovereign states. The Constitution provides for a democratic election where people enjoy adequate rights and liberties.

Constitution clearly mentions about the republican aspect of the Constitution The head of the state, the President is indirectly elected by the people. Indian Constitution also provides for a secular state where everybody enjoys an opportunity to profess any religion, any belief or worship any God for his salvation. The minority community is not left unsafe.

There is tolerance of the minority. The state does not follow any particular religion and does not assign any privilege to any particular religion. All are equal before and must enjoy freedom equally. Liberty is guaranteed to every kind of religious person. Constitution provides for the socio-economic and political right of the individual.

The largest Constitution in the world :
At present, the constitution of India is the largest constitution in the world. It consists of 395 Articles and 12 Schedules with the inclusion of Panchayat Raj, the seventy-third Constitutional amendment of 1992.

Every possibility of efforts have been taken to reflect the will and opinion of the people in the Consti tution of India. The Constitutional fathers, considering the heterogeneity aspect of the Constitution, and the experiences of communalism, have taken all sorts of initiative to have a balanced and effective Constitution.

Again in other federal Constitutions like U.S.A. and Switzrland where lies a separate Constitution for the state, the same does not exist in India. The power and authority of state have been enumerated in the same Constitution. Various provisions have been made to meet the different needs of the people and there are also special provisions to safeguard the interests of the minority.

The Schedule Caste and Schedule Tribes have been accorded special benefits under the constitution. The detailed chapters on fundamental rights and directive principles of the state policy, emergency, provisions, fundamental duties have caused for large size of constitution.

Parliamentary form of Government :
The Constitution of India proposes a Parliamentary form of Government where there is daily and periodic assessment of responsibility of government. The Parliamentary form of Government was adopted in the Constitution of India because of our long association with British Government.

Federal in form but unitary in spirit:
Although there is no mention of the term federation yet the Constitution of India in its Article – 1 declares that India is a Union of States. In India there are the features of a federal like he dual polity, written constitutional government, independent judiciary etc. are reflected in the constitutional of India. Though there are, federal features in the Constitution of India but there is also strong unitary spirit in the Constitution. The central Government bears preferential treatment over the Stats Government.

The emergency provisions, the appointment of the Govemer by the Central Government, the provisions of all India services, the integrated judiciary, single citizenship etc. are clear illustrations of all those things. Often the Constitution of India has been criticized by critics as Quasi federal, federal in form but unitary in spirit etc.

Balance between rigidity and flexibility:
The constitution of India is a happy blending of both rigidity and flexibility. So far as the amendment of the Constitution is concerned a balanced is struck between rigidity and flexibility. A flexible constitution is one which can be easily amended without having any rigid procedure.

India is partly flexible because certain provisions of the Constitution can be simply amended by the simple majority of the Parliament but on the other hand a rigid Constitution is one whose amendment procedure is very much difficult. In India there are certain provisions which can not ordinarily be amended by the simple majority of the parliament and it requires ratification by the states.

In India the provisions like the creation of new states, abolition of the second chamber of the states, changes in citizenship requires simple majority. But other requires the two-third majority of the House. The presidential power, mode of election, the executive and legislative powers of the state provisions regarding the supreme court and high courts, etc.

a Majority of the total membership of the House of Parliament Not less than 2/3rds members of each House present and voting. Rectification by one-half of the states. The above analysis clearly shows how the Constitution of India, is a happy blending of both rigidity and flexibility.

Fundamental Rights :
Unlike the bill of rights of the American Constitution, the Constitution of India provides a scheme of fundamental rights which has been incorporated and discussed in the III part of our Constitution. The Constitution in its Articles 12 to 35 deals with the scheme of fundamental rights. There are six categories of fundamental rights. Those are

• Right to equality,
• Right to freedom,
• Right against exploitation,
• Right to freedom or religion,
• Cultural and educational rights
• Right to constitutional remedies.

Fundamental duties :
Rights without duty is meaningless which was realized in the 42nd constitutional amendment in 1976. A scheme of fundamental duties waš incorporated into the Constitution of India in Article 51A. The Constitution of India provides for 10 categories of fundamental duties.

Directive Principles of State Policy :
Following the Spanish and Irish Constitution, the Constitution of India have incorporated a scheme of Directive Principle of State Policy which are fundamental principles for the governance of the country. The Directive Principles óf State Policy contains the socialist Gandhian and the liberal ideals.

Single CitizenshIp :
Though there are federal principles in the Constitution of India yet it has not opted for double citizenship. In India, there is provision of single citizenship which implies that irrespective of birth or residence all are citizenship which implies that irrespective of birth or residence all are citizens of India are entitled to enjoy all civil and political rights. They are free to purchase land and to settle anywhere in the country. Single citizenship is a great step forward in the creation of an integrated Indian society.

Secular State :
The constitution of India in its preamble contains the secular conception of the state. The secular state assigns no special privilege or patronage to any particular kind of religion and the state has no religion. Article -16 of the Constitution provides for equal opportunity for employment under the stale without discrimination against any religious community. The state also does not possess any power for the imposition of any religious taxes.

Thus, an all-around attempt has been made by our Constitution makers to embody secularism in our Constitution and absolute freedom is given to the citizens to profess or practice and worship any kind of religion they prefer.

Integrated and Independent Judiciary :
Normally a federal state has a dual form of the judiciary at one the federal level the other in the states. But in India, there is the provision for an independent and integrìted Judiciary for the country. The judiciary is organized on a hierarchical basis which begins from the Supre Court to the level of Naya Panchayats.

The judiciary in India also remains independent from the legislature and executive. Originally the judiciary enjoys the powers of judicial review and it can declare any law as ultra vires or void if the law does not conform to the values and beliefs of the constitution.

Universal Adult Franchise :
The Constitution of India in its Article 326 provides a universal adult franchise which reads The election to the House of the People and the House of the State, Legislative Assembly shall be in the basis of Universal adult suffrage. In other words, it can be told that any person who is a òitìzen of India and have attained the age of eighteen will be entitled to cast his right to vote for the purpose of selection of representatives.

Parliamentary Form of Government and Judicial Supremacy:
Normally in all Parliamentary forms of government, the Parliament enjoys comparatively a high degree of power because there is no strict separation of power and the judiciary in the Parliamentary form of Government does not enjoy that much power by which it can declare any law of the state as ultra vires or void.

Though our Constitution is silent with regard to the power of the Supreme Court to declare any Act of Parliament as ultra vires but in practice, it is observed that the Supreme Court of India has got a limited judicial review. Again Parliament and amend the Constitution with the prescribed majority. Once the Constitution is amended the Supreme Court will accept it. Thus, the powers of the Parliament and judiciary are balanced.

Welfare State :
The Indian Constitution under Art. 38 does ordain to establish a welfare state. The directives inserted into the Constitution are intended to transform the policy into a welfare state. The Govt pledges to provide basic minimum needs to every Indian. It has undertaken a variety of steps to maintain social security, justice, and equality reducing the gap between rich and poor. Thus, the Indian Constitution is considered to be a model Constitution for new, independent backward nations.

Question 5.
Write an essay on Art. 368 of the Indian Constitution. Or, Discuss the procedure of Constitutional Amendment in India. Or, Is the Indian Constitution rigid?
Answer :
No democratic Constitution can be static. It must be dynamic and in course of time, it must be amended in response to the needs of society. Therefore, the framers of the Indian Constitution have adopted a flexible procedure of amendment with rigidity on federal matters to make the constitution a dynamic one.

The procedure of Amendment: The Indian Constitution under Art. 368 has Procedure of Amendment The Indian Constitution under Art. 368 has empowered the Parliament to make necessary alternations, revisions, addition, repeal, variation, or detection of any provision of the Constitution. Such a proposal can be introduced into either House of Parliament and after approval, in both Houses, the President can make necessary changes in the Constitution. Art. 368 prescribes three different procedures for amendment of the Constitution.

Flexible Procedure :
The first procedure is a flexible one and the provisions like

• Creation of a new state;
• Creation on the abolition of the second chamber of the states;
• Change in citizenship;
• Changes or alternations of the boundary of states; can be amended if the proposal is approved in both the Houses of Parliament by a simple majority of votes.

Neither rigid nor flexible :
The second procedure is a combination or rigidity and flexibility. In this procedure, most of the provisions of the Constitution can be amended such as; fundamental rights, directive principles, emergency provisions, etc. such a proposal of an amendment requires a special majority in both the Houses of Parliament, viz.

By 2/3rd majority of members present and voting in both houses and By majority membership in each house. Such a proposal shall be effective only after receiving President’s assent. The president can’t withhold assent to an amendment bill.

Rigid Process :
This is the most difficult process in which the federal provisions, mode of appointment and election of president his powers and procedure of removal, the appointment of High Court, Supreme Court judges center state relations, etc. can be amended. Any such proposal of amendment must e passed in both the Houses of Parliament by a special majority and must be ratified by at least half of the state legislature. Thereafter with presidential consent, the constitution stands amended.

Thus from the above description, it is clear that the procedure of amendment strikes a balance between rigidity and flexibility. In case of disagreement, the proposal is killed and a joint sitting can not be convened in matters of the amendment. However, due to party Govt, the procedure is more flexible than rigid.

Question 6.
“India is a Sovereign Socialist Secular Democratic Republic.” Justify?
Answer :
The Constitution of India in its Preamble states that we the people have solemnly resolved to constitute India into a sovereign socialist, secular, democratic, republic, lire following discussion illustrates the justification of the embodiment of above conception.

Sovereign :
The Constitution of India declares India to be a sovereign state. It is the sole proprietor of its own destiny. The supreme power of India is exercised that used not by any outside power but rather by its own authority. Internally it possesses the power to control and regulate the citizens and subjects residing within the territory of India. India possesses absolute jurisdiction over them. Viewed from an external point of view it is also independent of all other external or outside powers.

It possesses the right to maintain an independent and equal relationship in relation to foreign powers. Socialist: The Constitution of India also declares it to be a socialist state. It does not prefer the concentration of wealth in the hands of a few persons leading to a monopoly of production and exploitation. The state also endeavors to ensure the upliftment of the standards of the poor and downtrodden through its Directive principles of state policy.

Secular :
The socialist and secular conception of the Constitution of India was incorporated in the 42nd constitutional amendment. By which the state must honor all religions equally and internally. The state has no religion and the state will not hinder in the spread of any religion and the individual must not be compelled to accept or renounce any particular religion.

Rather maximum authority and independence is provided to every individual to profess and worship any kind of religion according to their sweet will. Article 16 provides for equal opportunity for employment under state government without any religious discrimination. The state-managed educational institutions are debarred from imparting any kind of religious instruction in the educational institutions. The Constitution also prohibits any kind of religious taxes etc.

Democratic :
Liberty, equality and fraternity, rule of law limited constitutional government, representative form of democracy, free press and public opinion and popular sovereignty, etc. are commonly accepted as the pillars of democracy. The Constitution of India has taken the best possible steps to owe and observe all those above-mentioned principles to materialize.

Maximum efforts has been taken to enhance the common good welfare conception of the state has been accepted. So India can be regarded as a democratic form of state when people by their franchise select the representatives and governs the state through their representatives.

Republic:
Finally, India is also a republic state. A republic state is one where the head of state must be directly or indirectly elected by the people. The constitution provides that with regard to the election of President of India who is the head of state is elected by an indirect election by an electoral college which is formed on behalf of the people.

Question 7.
Discuss the basic features of Indian Fundamental Rights?
Answer :
The Indian Constitution in Part – III under Art. 12-35 has provided six fundamental rights to Indian citizens. These rights are borrowed from the democratic constitutions of the USA, France, and Japan and they provide adequate opportunities to the people for self-development.

Features:
The basic features of Indian fundamental rights can be discussed below.

• The fundamental rights in India are elaborate and comprehensive in character. These are discussed in 24 articles. Initially, there were seven rights but after the 44th Amendment Act, of 1978 the people today enjoy only six rights.
• The fundamental rights do not contain any natural rights.
• The constitution has guaranteed certain special rights for the protection of minorities. It has been abolished untouchably and granted special rights for women and children.
• The Fundamental Rights contain both negative and positive rights. The negative rights impose restrictions on state activity
  while positive rights grant certain freedom to the citizen.
• No social and economic rights are included in the list of Fundamental Rights
• All the fundamental rights are guaranteed to the citizens but there are some rights available to the aliens, such as the right to equality before the law & freedom of religion, etc.
• The fundamental rights in India are not absolute in character. The parliament is empowered to impose reasonable restrictions on the enjoyment of these rights. The Supreme Court is there to find out whether parliamentary restrictions are reasonable or not.
• These rights are binding equally upon the Union, the State, and other state authorities.
• The constitution not only guarantees fundamental rights but also provides legal sanctions for the enforcement of these rights. The Supreme Court and High Courts can issue writs for protecting the rights of the people.
• Parliament of India can amend the fundamental rights excluding the basic structure.
• During an emergency under Art. 352 the rights guaranteed under Act. 19 and 3 / cease to have any value.
• The constitution under Art. 21-A has guaranteed the Right to Education to children belonging to the age group of 6 to 14 years.
• These rights are enjoyed by the citizens of India when they live in India and abroad.
• Parliament can modify by law as to the application of fundamental rights to the members of armed forces or to any other persons.
• These rights are superior to ordinary laws of the land and directive principles. If any law of the Union or state goes against any right it is declared void.

Question 8.
Describe the fundamental rights of the Indian citizens?
Answer :
a democratic constitutional Indian constitution has incorporated a list of fundamental rights for the citizens. These rights are mostly political in character and they are essential For the development of individual personality. Some of these rights are meant for aliens, but all them are useful for citizens. These fundamental rights are constitutional in character and justifiable in nature. In case of violation, the courts can enforce them by the issue of writs.

The original constitution prescribed for seven fundamental rights-, but the 44th Amendment Act of 1979 has deleted the right to property from fundamental rights, so we now enjoy only six fundamental rights which can be discussed below.

Right to Equality :
The constitution under Art. 14 to 18 has discussed about right to equality. Art. 14; guarantees equality before the law and equal protection of laws to all citizens within India. Art. 15 prohibits discrimination on grounds, of religion, race, caste, sex or place of birth, etc. in regard to access to shops, public restaurants, hotels and places of public entertainment, or the use of roads and place of public resorts ‘ maintained wholly or partly out of state funds.

But, the state can make special provisions for women and children, (c) Art. 16 grants of opportunity to all citizens in matters of employment under the state. But, reservations for backward classes does not hinder this equality, (d) Under Art. 17 untouchability is abolished and its practice in any form is forbidden, (e) Art. 18, denies conferment of titles and honors except that of military or academic in character.

Right to Freedom:
This right is mentioned from Arts. 19 to 22. As per Art. 19. All citizens of India shall have the right.

• to freedom of speech and expression;
• to assemble peacefully without arms;
• to form associations or unions;
• to move freely throughout India;
• to reside and settle in any part of India, and
• to practice any profession, trade, or business.

Article 19 (2) provides that the right to freedom is not absolute in nature, and the state can. impose reasonable restrictions on those rights in the interest of the state, and friendly relations with the foreign state. public order or in matters of Article – 20 provides that no person shall be deprived of his life or personal liberty except according to procedure established by law. Article – 22 deals with protection against arbitrary arrest and detention.

Right against Exploitation :
Article 23 of the constitution prohibits all forms of forced labor, unpaid labor, and traffic in human beings. It frees the poor, downtrodden, and dumb people of the Indian states from the curse of beggars. Further Article – 24 provides that no child below the age of 14 years shall be made to work in any factory or mines or engaged in any other hazardous work. Thus it gives security to the weaker sections.

Right to Freedom of Religion:
Article 25 provides that all persons are equally entitled to freedom of conscience and the right to profess, organize and propagate religion subject to public order, morality and health.

Article 26 provides, that subject to the moral order, public order health, every religion, denomination or any section thereof shall have the right to establish and maintain institutions for religious and charitable purposes, to manage its own affairs in matters of religions to owe and acquire movable and immovable property and to administer such property in accordance with the law.

Article-27 provides that no person shall ‘ be compelled to pay any tax which are expended for the purpose of promotion of any particular religion. Article 28 provides that no religious instruction shall be provided in any educational institution with entirely managed funds. But it is not applicable to institutions which have been established under an endowment or trust.

Cultural and Educational Rights:
Cultural and educational rights have been guaranteed from Article-29 to 30. Article 29 provides that any citizen residing in any part of the territory of India having a distinct language, script, or culture of its own, shall have the right to conserve the same. No citizen shall be prohibited to take admission into any educational institution maintained by the state or receiving aid from out-of-state funds.

According to Article 30, all minorities are guaranteed cultural freedom too. preserve its language, script and culture. All minorities possess right to establish and manage educational institutions at their own. The cultural and educational rights of minorities are constitutionally protected. 6. Right to Constitutional

Remedies:
The right to constitutional remedies refers to the enforcement of the rights mentioned in the Constitution. Article 32 provided that the Supreme Court shall uphold the fundamental rights and entitles the citizens to go to such court by appropriate proceedings for the enforcement of fundamental rights.

According to Article 32 the Supreme Court is the protector of fundamental rights. The Supreme Court can accept direct complaints for the violation of the fundamental right and may also hear appeals against the decision of the High Court. But in case of emergency, some of the fundamental rights can be suspended.

Question 9.
Discuss various writs issued by the judiciary for the protection of Fundamental Rights?
Answer :
The constitution has empowered the Supreme Court to act as the guardian of fundamental rights. The Supreme Court can protect it on the basis of issuing various writs which are five in number. These are Habeas Corpus, Mandamus, Prohibition, Quo-warranto, and Certiorari which are discussed below in detail.

Habeas Corpus :
Habeas Corpus is a Latin term which means to have the body. This is the power of the Supreme Court to ask the Government or the executive authority about the allegation against the person, whether the ‘person has been lawfully ‘detained or not.

If a person is found to have been arrested without having any valid reason, the court orders for his release. The sole purpose behind issuing the writ of Habeas Corpus is to ensure the liberty of a person who has been confined without any legal justification. This writ is issued by the Supreme Court and the High Court.

Mandamus :
Mandamus is a Latin word that refers to “We order”. Mandamus is an order which commands a person or to authority to do a certain thing that falls under his jurisdiction. Normally in India, this type of. writs are issued to. public officers. It is used for public purposes to ensure the performance of public duties.

Prohibition:
Usually, this type of write is issued to lower Courts prohibiting the lower court to, r Train from usurping a jurisdiction in which it is not legally competent. In other words, it is the authority of the Supreme Court and High Court in India to direct the lower court to keep itself within the jurisdiction what is assigned to lower court.

Certiorari:
Certiorari is the writ by which higher court can direct the lower court to transfer the case from lower court to higher court. It can be done before the trial or during a trial to quash an order which has been made without jurisdiction.

Quo-warranto:
The writ of Quo- warranto is issued by Supreme Court or High Court to prevent an illegal assumption to any public office. Quo-warranto means by what authority. Suppose a person who is contesting in the election is below 25 years of age and if he is elected the court can declare him unfit and the post vacant as he is under aged.

Before the enactment of the present constitution this type of writ was particularly exercised and issued by the High Court of Bombay, Madras, and Calcutta High Court but now it is being enjoyed by both Supreme Court and High Court.

Question 10.
Fundamental rights are neither fundamental nor right. Discuss?
Answer :
Though the Constitution of India has boldly declared about the fundamental rights in the Constitution, the heterogeneity and mutual opposition of certain articles of the Constitution has been subjected to scathing criticism. Many other critics are of the view that there are so many limitations on the working of the fundamental rights that practically the citizens do not enjoy much substantial rights, the fundamental rights have been described as neither fundamental nor rights because of the following reasons.

The provisions of preventive detentions suspension of Article-19 to 32 during emergency causes for direct encroach upon the fundamental rights of the people. What are given in the form of fundamental rights that are taken away on the assumption of national security and declaration of emergency by the Government of India

Further fundamental rights have left a number of important categories of rights such as the right to work, the right to rest and leisure, right to education and right to social security, So there is a vast gap between the fundamental rights guaranteed in the constitution and the limited reality of those rights in India nowadays.

Further, the frequent constitutional amendments have restricted the exercise of fundamental rights. The right to freedom which has been amended for so many times out of which the right to freedom has lost its concrete shape. Though Article 17 of the Constitution prohibits the systems of untouchability. evil still exists in various parts of the country. The frequent misuse of preventive detention has subordinated and decayed the sanctity of fundamental rights.

Though there are historic judicial interpretations in favor of the protection of fundamental rights like the judgment in 1967 in favor of the Right to property, there is no strict judicial review. Unlike the Constitution of America, the Supreme Court of India does not possess the power of judicial review which became clear in the 42nd Constitutional Amendment of 1976. In India, there is a parliamentary democracy where popular sovereignty resides in the Parliament and the Supreme Court processes no power to override the intention of the Parliament.

Further presence of Directive Principles of State Policy has caused a point of limitation over fundamental rights. In the 42nd constitutional the union legislature was of the opinion that Directive Principles of State Policy seek to promote and the interest of the community as a whole which intends to promote justice in the society but fundamental rights are concerned with the interest of the individual alone.

So the Directive Principles of State Policy should prevail over fundamental rights. From the above-mentioned reason, it is
clear that though constitutionally the fundamental rights have been guaranteed to citizens in India yet there are several loopholes that restrict the operation of fundamental rights. Various political philosophers criticize them as un fundamentalistic.

Question 11.
Make a brief statement of the Directive Principles of State policy as embodied in the constitutions?
Answer :
The Directive Principles of State Policy are the feature of the socialism, and liberalism. and Gandhism which has been discussed in Part. IV of the Constitution of India. India being a poor country where there is .uneven distribution of resources the economic fundamental rights is not possible for realization. Considering the lack of finance and backwardness of the nation the Constituent; Assembly made a special provision which are known as the Directives in order to protect the interest of all but not a few.

There are sixteen directives enumerated in the Constitution of India which extends from Articles 36 to 51 of the Constitution. The Directive Principles of State Policy are often considered guidelines to central government and the state governments. The state and central government at the time of formulation of laws should keep in mind the instructions contained in the Directive Principles of State Policy.

Those Directive Principles of State Policy are often considered as the fundamental principles for the governance of a state. Those principles are welfarist in nature and intend to promote the socio-political and economic well-being of the people. Unlike fundamental rights, the Directive Principles of State Policy are not enforceable in a court of law. But the working of the constitution since 1950 has proved that; Directive Principles of State Policy are superior in comparison to fundamental rights. Jha Directive Principles of State Policy can be broadly divided into three categories, viz.

the Gandhian Principles, the Marxian Principles, and the Liberal Principles which are discussed below:
Gandhian Principle:
Gandhian Principles are based on the ideology and principles of MK Gandhi. Those are the Revival and organization of Village Panchayats which will work as self-governing autonomous units. Promotion of village or cottage industries in rural areas. The state should take special initiative for an educational and economical promoters and progress of the backward and weaker section in society. Prevention of slaughter of cows, calves, and other milchy cattle. Prohibition of drugs and intoxicants, except for medical use.

Marxian or Socialist Principles:
Socialistic principles refer to abolition of the economic exploitation in society and the establishment of economic democracy on the basis of the socialistic pattern of society. The state should follow and implement the following principles in order to establish Marxian or socialistic principles in society. The state should endeavor to provide v adequate means of livelihood to all citizens. The state should ensure the equitable distribution of material resources of the country so as to prevent the concentration of wealth from leading to exploitation.

To ensure equal pay for equal work both for men and women. Promotion of the standards of the working class. To make provision for securing the right to work to education and to public assistance in case of unemployment, old age pension, sickness, and other similar cases.
To ensure a decent standard of living and facilities of leisure for all workers.

(3)Liberal Principles:
The third category of Directive Principles of State Policy contains some general principles which can be branded as liberal’ principles which are considered for the general well-being of the people. They are the following category. The state shall take steps to separate the judiciary from the executive in the public services of the state. Article-44provides that the state should provide for its citizens a uniform civil and criminal code throughout the territory of the country.

Article-49 provides that it shall be the obligation of the state to protect eve monuments of late or objects of historic interest. Article 51 states that the state shall endeavor to promote national peace and security, and will maintain just and honorable relations between nations in order to foster respect for international law and peace obligations, should encourage the settlement of an international dispute by peaceful arbitration.

Other than the above-mentioned principles the 42nd constitutions amendment of 1976 inserted new Jiree kinds of Directive Principle of State Policy as 39-A, 43-A & 48-A. Article-3 9-A reads that the state shall secure the operation of the legal system for the promotion of justice on the basis, of equal opportunity and shall provide free legal aid by suitable legislation or in any other way to ensure that the operation of justice is not, denied to anyone on the ground of economic or any other disabilities.

Article-43-(A) provides for the participation of workers in industries, undertakings or in any other organizations. Article-48-(A) reads that the state shall endeavor to protect and improve the environment and to safeguard the forest and will live off the country. The sole purpose behind the creation of Directive Principles State Policy is to have social and economic democracy in order to sustain the political democratic government in the interest of the state is gradually implementing the Directive Principles of State Policy.

Question 12.
Analyze the importance of Directive Principles of State Policy in the Constitutional setup of India?
Answer :
Directive Principles of State Policy is considered as the fundamental basis for the governance of India. It is a bunch of directions or principles, which are enlisted in the Constitution of India which the Central and the State Governments shall gradually implement in the administration of the state.

Originally those directive principles of state policy has been inherited Com the Irish and Spanish Constitution. The Directive Principles of State Policy are socioeconomic instructions to the government which guide the government in the affairs of formulation and execution of certain socioeconomic principles for the management of the affairs of the state.

These principles provide a criterion or standard to adjudge the performance of the ruling party. The Directive Principles of State Policy are positive in nature because it provides a wider scope to the government to enact them as the laws of the state. Unlike the fundamental rights, the Directive Principles of State Policy are not enforceable in a court of law but the Directive Principles of State Policy occupy a significant position in the administration of the state and the government should consider them with utmost importance and implement them gradually.

Significance:
The Directive Principles of State Policy are the directive or creative part of the Constitution of India. They are considered as the ideals of the Indian Constitution which seek, to promote the socioeconomic justice of the citizens of India.

The Directive Principles of State Policy are induced in the Constitution with a view to providing opportunities for state initiation in the socio-economic life of Indians. There was no legal basis behind the operation of Directive Principles of State Policy but the 42 Constitutional amendments of 1976 assigned a comparatively comfortable position to it.

Though it may not have the desired level basis yet it would be self-sufficient to say that the voice of people of public opinion is the real support in a democratic setup. If the government will display an apathetic posture toward the execution of Directive Principles of State Policy then it would likely to lose the support of the people.

The Directive Principles of State Policy act as a guideline for the legislators of the rulers in India in order to promote the welfare of the nation as a whole. The importance of Directive Principles of State Policy lies for the successful working of democracy. There is only a legal basis with regard to political democracy but it is well known and commonly accepted that political democracy without having a sound socio and economic basis would turn into a fiasco considering the socio-economic backwardness and lack of resources in India.

The Directive Principles of State Policy does riot provide an) legal basis but at the same time, it provides that the state must look after the Directive Principles of State Policy and, implement it gradually ir the interest of the community. The Directive Principles of State Policy is regarded as the foundation stone o socio-economic democracy in India. The Indian Constitution will be meaningless without Directive Principles of State Policy.

Thus, it is a matter of compulsion on the part of the particular political party not to exhibit any sign of indifferent attitude toward the execution .of tries principles because India essentially believes in socialism, and any political party may remain power but it should be instrumental for the execution of those principles.

The Constitution has specially given importance to fundamental rights and accorded it their legal status and any person or institution who violates those principles will be penalized by the legal procedure. But during the working of the Constitution since the 1950’s the Directive Principles of State Policy has enjoyed a preferential position over fundamental rights. Even the judiciary has recognized and upheld the importance of Directive Principles of State Policy.

Chief Justice Kania once remarked that Directive Principles of State Policy do not represent the will of the majority temporarily but it possesses the wisdom of the nation. Because the court was of the opinion that the fundamental rights are directed to remote political democracy and a safeguard for the protection of the individual interest but the Directive Principles of State Policy paves the way for socio and economic democracy without which no political democracy would be workable and which seeks to promote and protect the interest of all i.e.

the interest of the community. For the above reasons, Directive Principles of State Policy has been declared by the Constitution as the fundamental principles in the governance of the country. These are an asset to the progressive forces in the country which lays down the foundation stone of democracy.

Question 13.
Differentiate and distinguish between Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles of State Policy?
Answer :
The following points of distinction can be asserted between fundamental rights and Directive Principles of State Policy. The first point of difference between fundamental rights and Directive Principles of State Policy is that fundamental rights are justifiable but the Directive Principles of State Policy are not justifiable in a court of law.

If the fundamental rights are violated by any particular person or institution the aggrieved party may move to Supreme Court or High Court to get the right re¬enforced and his suffering might be redressed but if a Directive Principle is violated in cannot be re-forced in the court of law. The fundamental rights are considered as the foundation stone of the political democracy in India whereas the aim of the Directive Principles of State Policy is to ensure and achieve socioeconomic democracy in India.

Directive Principles of State Policy constitute very comprehensive political social and economic programs for the successful working, of a modem democratic state. The fundamental rights are prohibitory in nature and instruct the central and the state Government to refrain from doing certain things which would encroach upon the rights and liberties of the individual.

They are negative in character. But oft the other hand Directive Principles of State Policy are positive in nature. The Directive Principles, of State Policy, are a bunch of obligations of the state towards the citizens and the subjects which intend for the improvement or upliftment of the socio-economic conditions of the citizens.

These directives are affirmative instructions to the government to do certain things. The Directives are non-justifiable and in case of conflict between fundamental rights and directive principles these principles run subsidiary to the fundamental rights. The directives are to ‘ be implemented carefully so that fundamental rights are not infringed. In case of conflict, the rights prevail upon the directives.

Question 14.
Discuss the Fundamental Duties of the Indian Citizens?
Answer :
The Indian Constitution on the lines of the Japanese, Chinese and Soviet constitutions has mentioned about fundamental duties under Art. 51-(A) in Part IV-A. These duties were inserted. into the constitution after the 42nd Amendment Act of 1976. Initially, there were ten fundamental duties but after 86th Amendment Act, of 2002 one more duty was added making it eleven. The duties are the responsibilities of the I citizens and with their inclusion into the constitution it was expected that all Indians The duties are enumerated below:
would be playing their part in the die nation-building process.

• To abide by the constitution and respect its ideals and institutions, the National Flag and National Anthem.
• To Cherish and follow the noble ideals which inspired our national struggle for freedom.
• To uphold and protect sovereignty. Unity and integrity of India.
• To defend the country and render national service whenever called upon to do so.
• To promote harmony and spirit of common brotherhood among all the people of India and to renounce practices derogatory to the dignity of women.
• To value and preserve the rich heritage of Our composite culture.
• To protect and improve the natural environment including lakes, rivers, and wildlife, and to have compassion for living creatures.
• To develop scientific temper, humanism, and the spirit of inquiry arid reform.
• To safeguard public property and to abjure violence.
• To strive towards excellence in all spheres of individual collective activity so that the nation constantly rises to higher levels of endeavor and achievement.
• All Indian parents to send their children to school between the age of 6 to 14 years.

Question 15.
Narrate the Socialistic Principles of the Directives?
Answer :
The socialistic principles of the directives underline the goal of a welfare state. These principles are meant for the poor backward people, women children, and the working class. These principles can be enumerated below.

• The state shall strive to promote the welfare of the people by securing a social order in which social, economic and political justice will prevail. (Art. 38)
• The state shall provide adequate means of livelihood to all citizens, men, and women. (Art. 39)
• The state shall secure the equitable distribution of material resources of the community to ensure common good. (Art. 39-(b)
• The state shall regulate the economy. system in such a way as to prevent the concentration of wealth and means of production in a few hands. (Art. 39-(c))
• The state shall try to provide equal pay for equal work for both men and women. (Art. 39-(d))
• The state shall try to protect the health and strength of workers, men, and women, to protect the children from entering vocations. Unsuited to their age and strength. (Art. 39-(e))
• The state shall try to protect children and youth from exploitation, and moral and material abandonment. (Art. 39-(f))
• Art. 39-(A) has been added after the 42nd Amendment Act, 1976 which states that: the state shall provide free legal aid to people, to economically disabled persons to secure social justice; and to secure participation of works in the management of industries.
• The state shall try to secure right to work, to education, and to public assistance in cases of unemployment, old age, sickness, and disablement and in other cases of undeserved want. (Art. 41)
• The state shall try to make provisions for securing just and humane conditions of work and for maternity relief. (Art. 42)
• The state shall try to secure to all workers’ right to work, a living wage, conditions of work, a decent standard of life, and full enjoyment of leisure and socio-cultural opportunities. (Art. 43)
• The state shall try to promote the educational and economic interests of the weaker sections of the society and to protect them from injustice and all forms of exploitation. (Art. 46)
• The state shall try to raise the (eve: of nutrition and the living standards of the people and improve public health.

Odisha State Board CHSE Odisha Class 11 Political Science Solutions Unit 2 Basic Concept Objective Questions and Answers.

CHSE Odisha 11th Class Political Science Unit 2 Basic Concept Objective Questions

Objective Questions With Answers

Question 1.
From which term the word liberty has been derived?
(a) Greek word liber
(b) Latin word liber
(c) French word liber
(d) English word liber
Answer:
(b) Latin word liber

Question 2.
Who says liberty means absence of law.
(a) Ilobbes
(b) Locke
(c) Rousseau
(d) Montesquieu
Answer:
(a) Ilobbes

Question 3.
Which of the following is a safeguard of liberty?
(a) Rule of law
(b) Democratic setup
(c) Constitutional govt.
(d) All of these
Answer:
(d)All of these

Question 4.
What does liberty mean?
(a) Absence of restraints
(b) Unrestrained freedom
(c) Freedom under legal system
(d) None of these
Answer:
(c)Freedom under legal system

Question 5.
Who says liberty and equality are antithetic?
(a) Laski
(b) Pollard
(c) Barker
(d) Lord Acton
Answer:
(d) Lord Acton

Question 6.
Economic equality pre supposes?
(a) Equalisation of income
(b) Adequate opportunity to earn livelihood
(c) Reduction of gap between rich and poor
(d) Equal income for all
Answer:
(b) Adequate opportunity to earn livelihood

Question 7.
What does social equality imply?
(a) Absence of special privilege
(b) Prohibition of discrimination
(c) Equal opportunity to men and women
(d) All the above
Answer:
(d) All the above

Question 8.
Liberty is the product of_________?
(a) Rights
(b) Freedom
(c) Law
(d) Equality
Answer:
(a) Rights

Question 9.
Who enjoy rights in a state?
(a) Citizens
(b) Nationals
(c) Subjects
(d) Leaders
Answer:
(a) Citizens

Question 10.
which of the following is not a political right?
(a) Right to vote
(b) Right to contesting election
(c) Right to form political parties
(d) Right to form association
Answer:
(d) Right to form association

Question 11.
Which of the following is not a legal right?
(a) Civil right
(b) Political right
(c) Moral right
(d) Right to contract
Answer:
(c) Moral right

Question 12.
Which of the following is not a civil right?
(a) Right to property
(b) Right to contract
(c) Right to life
(d) Right to residence
Answer:
(d) Right to residence

Question 13.
Which day is observed every year as world Human Rights Day?
(a) January 8
(b) March 15
(c) November 10
(d) December 10
Answer:
(d) December 10

Question 14.
In which year National Human Right Commission was set up?
(a) 1950
(b) 1951
(c) 1981
(d) 1993
Answer:
(d)1993

Question 15.
What does religious liberty mean?
(a) Equality of all religions
(b) Freedom from Religion
(c) Absence of state religion
(d) All of these
Answer:
(d) All of these

Question 16.
Law is opposed to liberty, who says it?
(a) Hobbes
(b) Rousseau
(c) Locke
(d) Laski
Answer:
(b)Rousseau

Question 17.
Who says “Man is born free but everywhere in chains.
(a) Aristotle
(b) Gandhiji
(c) Rousseau
(d) J.S.Mill
Answer:
(c) Rousseau

Question 18.
Which theory regards liberty as absence of restraint?
(a) Individualism
(b) Socialism
(c) Welfare state
(d) Imperialism
Answer:
(a)Individualism

Question 19.
Which liberty believes in maintenance of world peace and brotherhood?
(a) National liberty
(b) Political liberty
(c) International liberty
(d) Natural liberty
Answer:
(b) Political liberty

Question 20.
Which of the following is not a safeguard of liberty?
(a) Rule of law
(b) Constitutional guarantee of rights
(c) Independentjudiciary
(d) Morality
Answer:
(d)Morality

Question 21.
What does liberty imply?
(a) Absence of restraint
(b) Righttowork
(c) Natural freedom
(d) Reasonable restraints on individual freedom
Answer:
(d) Reasonable restraints on individual freedom

Question 22.
What does liberty mean in a secular state?
(a) Equality to all religions
(b) Absence of state religion
(c) Religious freedom
(d) All of these
Answer:
(d) All of these

Question 23.
Which of the following is the most important safeguard of liberty?
(a) Equality of rights
(b) Interest for rights
(c) Educated citizens
(d) Eternal vigilance
Answer:
(d) Eternal vigilance

Question 24.
Who says ‘Liberty and equality are complementary’?
(a) I.aski
(b) Lord Acton
(c) A.de Tocqueville
(d) Plato
Answer:
(a) I.aski

Question 25.
What is equality?
(a) Absolute equality
(b) Elimination of gap between rich and poor
(c) Equal right to all
(d) Equal rights and liberty to all
Answer:
(d)Equal rights and liberty to all

Question 26.
Who was the advocate of natural liberty?
(a) Hobbes
(b) Locke
(c) Rousseau
(d) J.S.Mill
Answer:
(c) Rousseau

Question 27.
Which of the following is not a safeguard of liberty?
(a) Organised public opinion
(b) Local government
(c) Fundamental rights
(d) Independent judiciary
Answer:
(b) Local government

Question 28.
Which of the following is not a political right?
(a) Right to public meeting
(b) Right to petition the government
(c) Right to form political party
(d) Right to freedom of speech & expression
Answer:
(d) Right to freedom of speech & expression

29. Which is not a nature of right?
(a) Rights are available in society
(b) Rights are absolute
(c) Rights are recognized by society
(d) Rights change with change in time
Answer:
(b) Rights are absolute

Question 30.
What is the nature of human rights?
(a) Social
(b) Political
(c) Economic
(d) Moral
Answer:
(d) Moral

Question 31.
Who is responsible for defending human rights?
(a) state
(b) society
(c) judiciary
(d) All of these
Answer:
(d) All of these

Question 32.
In which year Universal Declaration of Human Rights was approved?
(a) 1945
(b) 1948
(c) 1950
(d) 1952
Answer:
(b) 1948

Question 33.
What is the value of liberty?
(a) Public opinion
(b) Eternal vigilance
(c) Legal Consciousness
(d) Economic equality
Answer:
(b) Eternal vigilance

Question 34.
Who says liberty is the opposite of over-government?
(a) H.J. Laski
(b) P.B. Seeley
(c) J.S.Mill
(d) Johnlocke
Answer:
(b) P.B. Seeley

Question 35.
Which of the following is not a safeguard of liberty?
(a) Rule of law
(b) Free media
(c) Alert public opinion
(d) Social equality
Answer:
(d) Social equality

Question 36.
Which type of equality is established by abolition of untouchability?
(a) Social equality
(b) Political equality
(c) Economic equality
(d) Caste equality
Answer:
(a)Social equality

Question 37.
Which of the following revaluations was the first of its kind against inequality?
(a) American war of Independence
(b) France Revolution
(c) Glorious Revolution
(d) Russian Revolution
Answer:
(b) France Revolution

Question 38.
In which century the concept of equality developed first?
(a) 16th century
(b) 17th century
(c) 18th century
(d) 19th century
Answer:
(c) 18th century

Question 39.
By entry into public service which type of justice prevails?
(a) Legal justice
(b) Political justice
(c) Social justice
(d) Economic justice
Answer:
(b) Political justice

Question 40.
Who was the advocate of distributive justice?
(a) Plato
(b) Aristotle
(c) Milton
(d) Socrates
Answer:
(b) Aristotle

Question 41.
What type of right is Right to Residence?
(a) Civil right
(b) Political right
(c) Economic right
(d) Natural right
Answer:
(b) Political right

Question 42.
The western model of development is otherwise known as _________?
(a) Socialist development
(b) Capitalist development
(c) Material development
(d) Liberal development
Answer:
(b) Capitalist development

Question 43.
What is sustainable development?
(a) Present oriented development
(b) Future oriented development
(c) Balanced development with hope for future
(d) Slow and steady development
Answer:
(c) Balanced development with hope for future

Question 44.
What is development?
(a) Individual developments
(b) Social development
(c) Sustainable development
(d) Industrial development
Answer:
(c) Sustainable development

Question 45.
From which Latin term secular has come from?
(a) secular
(b) saicular
(c) saculum
(d) saecutam
Answer:
(c) saculum

Question 46.
what is Indian concept of secularism?
(a) Equal treatment to all religions
(b) Freedom from religious discrimination
(c) Religious tolerance and freedom
(d) All of these
Answer:
(d) All of these

Question 47.
What is western conception of secularism?
(a) Religious freedom
(b) Religious tolerance
(c) Non interference in religious sphere
(d) Unity of all religions
Answer:
(c) Non interference in religious sphere

Question 48.
Which of the following is a principle of capitalist model of development?
(a) Centrally controlled economy
(b) Abolition of economic inequality
(c) Welfare state
(d) Liberal society economy and administration
Answer:
(d) Liberal society economy and administration

Question 49.
What is sustainable development?
(a) Development of society
(b) Development of individual
(c) Modernisation
(d) Development of society, economic and environment
Answer:
(d) Development of society, economic and environment

Question 50.
Which model of development believes in free market economy?
(a) Capitalist development
(b) Socialist development
(c) Sustainable development
(d) None of these
Answer:
(a) Capitalist development

Question 51.
Which development model believes in environmental safety?
(a) Socialist development
(b) Capitalist development
(c) Sustainable development
(d) None of these
Answer:
(c) Sustainable development

Answer The Following Questions 

Question 1.
From which word the term liberty derived?
Answer:
Latin word liber

Question 2.
What is negative liberty?
Answer:
Absence of restraint

Question 3.
The freedom which gives an individual the opportunity to participate actively in the affairs of state is _________?
Answer:
Political liberty

Question 4.
What is the other name of legal equality?
Answer:
Civil equality

Question 5.
What is the essence one man one vote?
Answer:
Political equality

Question 6.
What is the motto of justice?
Answer:
Let right be done

Question 7.
Which type of justice eliminates the gap between rich and poor?
Answer:
Economic justice

Question 8.
Which type justice can be maintained by abolition of untouchability?
Answer: Social justice

Question 9.
Reservation of scheduled caste, and scheduled tribes, is meant to ensure which form of justice?
Answer:
Social justice

Question 10.
What emerges from the product of rights?
Answer:
Liberty

Question 11.
who says ’man is born free but everywhere in chains?
Answer:
Rousseau

Question 12.
‘Might is right’ symbolizes which type of liberty?
Answer:
Natural liberty

Question 13.
What does national liberty imply?
Answer:
Independence of the state

Question 14.
Absence of special privilege implies which type of equality?
Answer:
Negative equality

Question 15.
Discrimination based on sex and color prohibits which type of equality.
Answer:
Social equality

Question 16.
Who says ‘Liberty and equality are opposed to each other.
Answer:
Lord Acton and A. De Tocqueville

Question 17.
Who says ‘Liberty and equality are complementary.
Answer:
Laski and Barker.

Question 18.
Which body approved the universal declaration of human rights?
Answer:
UN General Assembly

Question 19.
Which type of justice can be realized by universal suffrage?
Answer:
Political justice

Question 20.
John Austin and Thomas Hobbes were the exponents of which form of justice?
Answer:
Legal justice

Question 21.
Who says ’Rights are the conditions of social life?
Answer:
Laski

Question 22.
A socialist state opposes which right?
Answer:
Right to property

Question 23.
Which was the first written document on Human Rights?
Answer:
Magnacarta of 1215 AD

Question 24.
Which day is observed as World Human Rights Day?
Answer:
December, 10

Question 25.
Which type of right gives you the opportunity to ask for something from your friend?
Answer:
Moral right

Question 26.
Rights are valueless without which right?
Answer:
Right to life

Question 27.
Which model of development gives priority to market based development?
Answer:
Capitalist model

Question 28.
Which model of development thinks of the present as well as future?
Answer:
Sustainable development

Question 29.
Which secularism approach pleads for separation of Religion from politics?
Answer:
Western Secularism

Question 30.
In which country secularism is considered a slogan for vote bank politics?
Answer:
India

Fill in the blanks

1. Liberty is derived from the___________word liber.
Answer: Latin

2. National liberty means ___________.
Answer: Independence

3. Liberty is the product of___________.
Answer: Rights

4. Liberty means absence of ___________.
Answer: Restraints

5. __________ is not license.
Answer: Liberty

6. Absence of restraint means ___________ liberty.
Answer: Negative

7. Reasonable restraint on the liberty of individual is, __________ liberty.
Answer: Positive

8. Liberty and __________ are complementary.
Answer: Equality

9. Eternal vigilance is the price of ___________.
Answer: Liberty

10. Equality means absence of ___________.
Answer: Special privilege

11. one man one vote is a principle of equality, ___________.
Answer: Political

12. __________ equality is necessary for the successful working of democracy.
Answer: Political

13. The state grants __________for the development of individual personality.
Answer: Rights

14. Right to property is a __________ right.
Answer: Civil

15. Right to vote is a __________ right.
Answer: Political

16. In a __________ state economic rights are secured.
Answer: Socialist

17. Human Rights are __________ rights.
Answer: Moral

18. Political rights are enjoyed only by __________ in a state.
Answer: Citizens

19. The term justice has been derived from the Latin word __________.
Answer: equality

20. _________ was the advocate of natural liberty.
Answer: Rousseau

21. Political liberty is valueless without __________.
Answer: Economic

22. Right to freedom of religion seeks to make India a __________ state.
Answer: Secular

23. Rule of law is a condition of __________.
Answer: Safeguard of Liberty

24. Law is a condition of __________.
Answer: Liberty

25. __________ eliminates all discriminations based on caste, religion and regionalism.
Answer: Social equality

26. Sex discrimination violates ___________ equality.
Answer: Social

27. The state by providing basic minimum needs for all establishes __________ justice.
Answer: Economic

28. The eliminates social discriminations to ___________ ensure justice.
Answer: Social

29. Right to life is a __________ right.
Answer: Civil

30. Right to residence is a __________ right.
Answer: Political

31. Right to property is a _________ right.
Answer: Civil

32. Right to freedom of speech and expression is a _________ right.
Answer: Civil

33. Right to rest and leisure is a _________ right.
Answer: Economic

34. _________ model of development believes in free economic competition.
Answer: Capitalist

35. Economic inequality considers in a _________ model of development.
Answer: Capitalist

36. _________ development model gives protection to the working class.
Answer: Socialist

37. __________ development model ensures due regard to environmental safety.
Answer: Sustainable

38. Protection of minorities is the catchword of __________ secularism.
Answer: Indian

39. __________ secularism rejects violence and bloodshed in the name of religion.
Answer: Indian

40. The National Human Rights Commission was set up in the year __________.
Answer: 1993

Answer In One Sentence

Question 1.
What is liberty?
Answer:
Liberty means freedom enjoyed by the people under the law of state.

Question 2.
What is equality?
Answer:
Equality means absence of special privilege and equal opportunity to all.

Question 3.
what is negative liberty?
Answer:
Negative liberty means absence of restraint on individual freedom.

Question 4.
What is positive liberty?
Answer:
The rights and freedom guaranteed by the state to the individuals for their development is known as positive liberty.

Question 5.
What is political liberty?
Answer:
Political liberty consists of those political rights through which an individual takes active part in the affairs of state.

Question 6.
What is economic liberty?
Answer:
Economic liberty means the freedom of an individual from economic exploitation and insecurity.

Question 7.
What is civil liberty?
Answer:
Civil liberty consists of those rights which an individual enjoys as a member of civil society.

Question 8.
What is moral liberty?
Answer:
Moral liberty means respect for moral values and principles and the freedom to act as per the instruction of conscience,

Question 9.
What is natural liberty?
Answer:
Natural liberty is an abstract idea which people enjoyed in the imaginary state of nature.

Question 10.
What is National liberty?
Answer:
National liberty means freedom from foreign control or independence of the state.

Question 11.
What is rule of law?
Answer:
Rule of law means law is sovereign and all individuals are equally subjected to it.

Question 12.
What is separation of power?
Answer:
Separation of power means distribution of powers between executive, legislation and judiciary in a state.

Question 13.
What is decentralization of power?
Answer:
Decentralization of power means division of responsibility between Union Government, State and local bodies.

Question 14.
What is natural equality?
Answer:
Natural equality implies that God has gives all individuals with equal psychological traints mental ability and capacity.

Question 15.
What is legal equality?
Answer:
Legal equality means equality before law and equal protection of law to one and all.

Question 16.
What is social equality?
Answer:
Social equality means giving equal social opportunities and privileges to all.

Question 17.
What is political equality?
Answer:
Political equality means equal opportunity to all citizens to participate in the affairs of state.

Question 18.
What is economic equality?
Answer:
Economic equality means to give fair and adequate opportunity to an for work and to earn their livelihood.

Question 19.
What is international equality?
Answer:
International equality means grant of equal status to each state in the international sphere irrespective of its physical and maternal strength.

Question 20.
What is justice?
Answer:
Justice implies rituality, fair treatment to all and maintenance of social discipline.

Question 21.
What is legal justice?
Answer:
The justice maintained by the legal system is called legal justice.

Question 22.
What is social justice?
Answer:
Social justice believes in an ideal social order in which social equality and rights are enjoyed by all.

Question 23.
what is political justice?
Answer:
Political justice refers to the freedom and opportunity provided to each individual to participate in the political life of the community.

Question 24.
What is economic justice?
Answer:
Economic justice means freedom from economic Exploitation inequality and die opportunity to earn one’s livelihood.

Question 25.
What is distributive justice?
Answer:
Distributive justice means to give every individual his due on the basis of his caliber and efficiency.

Question 26.
What is corrective justice?
Answer:
Corrective justice means to give compensation to a sufferer and to rectify the wrong done to an individual.

Question 27.
What is right?
Answer:
Rights are the conditions of social life which the state guarantees to all individuals.

Question 28.
What is moral right?
Answer:
The rights which are based on the moral values and conscience of an individual are called moral right.

Question 29.
What is a legal rights?
Answer:
The rights which are guaranteed through the law of state are called legal rights.

Question 30.
What is civil right?
Answer:
Civil right comprises of those rights which enable an individual to lead a decent social life.

Question 31.
What is political right?
Answer:
Political rights are those rights which enable an individual to participate actively in the affairs of state.

Question 32.
What is economic right?
Answer:
The economic rights are those opportunities which provide economic security and necessity to an individual.

Question 33.
What is human right?
Answer:
Human rights are those universal natural rights which enable an individual to lead a dignified life in society.

Question 34.
What is universal declaration of Human Rights?
Answer:
Universal declaration of human rights is a solemn affirmation by the world community about the value and importance of human rights.

Question 35.
What is development?
Answer:
Development is an indication of social political, economic and cultural progress of a nation.

Question 36.
What is sustainable development?
Answer:
Sustainable development refers to a process of development ensuring socio economic progress of the nation along with protection of environment.

Question 37.
What is socialist model of development?
Answer:
Socialist model of development refers to socio economic progress of the nation with state control over production and distribution.

Question 38.
What is capitalist development model?
Answer:
Capitalist model of development believes in industrial technological development of the nation under a liberal free market economy.

Question 39.
What is secularism?
Answer:
Secularism is a policy of keeping die state administration and policy-making process free from religious influence.

Odisha State Board CHSE Odisha Class 11 Political Science Solutions Unit 4 Constitution at Work-I Long Answer Questions Part-1.

CHSE Odisha 11th Class Political Science Unit 4 Constitution at Work-I Long Answer Questions Part-1

Long Questions With Answers

Question 1.
Describe the importance of election in a democracy.
(Or)
Examine the role and significance of elections in a democratic country.
Answer:
An independent and efficient election system is essential for the success of democracy. It is through election people exercise their-sovereign power and decide the future of government the electoral process determines the future of a country. Free and fair elections elect competent representatives who can take the nation forward. Defective electoral machinery may invite the downfall of democracy.

Importance of Elections :

Election gives an opportunity to the votes to serve the nation. The voters discharge their duty by exercising voting rights and they elect those representatives who can change government policies and programs. This election helps in organizing public opinion. It is through an election that parties capture ruling power. Through elections, people get an opportunity either to support or oppose, the government.

It offers an opportunity to the votes to dethrone a ruling party out of office peacefully. Thus, an ideal electoral system strengthens the nation-building process. Election brings political stability, economic progress, and social integrity. It brings the ruler’s arid rule closer. The representatives are convinced about the problems facing the people. Election develops public trust on the government and defends the interests of citizens.

In order to win in elections the representatives do everything to satisfy the voters. Participation of voters in the electoral process promotes their political consciousness and they come to realize problems facing the state and other contemporary crises. The election also enhances the rate of political participation. During elections in a democracy a large number of people become active participants they either contest for political office or cry on a campaign for candidates or exercise, voting right.

Thus, the election as a whole makes people politically conscious and responsible. It makes citizens active and develops in them a spirit of service and sacrifice- The more the rate of participation the more success for the political system. It makes people repose their faith on the democratic process.

Question 2.
Narrate the Challenges to free and fair elections in India.
(Or)
Describe the deficiencies facing the Indian election System.
(Or)
Examine the problems facing the Indian electoral process.
Answer:
The new constitution of India has set up an independent and impartial election commission under Art. 324 of the constitution. The commission was set up in 1950 and the first general election was held in 1952. Since then 15 general elections have been conducted successfully under, the guidance and supervision of the election commission The Commission during the last 66 years has proved its efficiency, impartiality, and fairness. But still, the same obstacles are there which affect the integrity of the system.

These challenges and issues need to be discussed below. Challenges or threats to Indian Election System :
Use of Black money:
Election in India has become too costly because most of the political parties and candidates are making use of black money to win o the voters. The situation has become so acute that no ordinary citizen can venture to contest in ckcPwTha money power has affected the success of democracy.

Violence and muscle power :
The second major challenge is the use of muscle power and electoral violence to win elections. Most of the political parties today do not hesitate to give tickets to mafia dons and local goons to contest for the party. All moral ‘slogans of pacifying politics. Mabon, the World safe for women and children are more election slogans.

But no party sincerely contests election on moral grounds. The influx of criminals and anti-socials has increased so much that the election commission has come forward with proposals not to give party tickets to persons having criminal backgrounds.

Caste, Religion, Communal and Regional feelings:
Political parties in India are either based on caste religion community or regional feelings or extend favor, to such narrow feelings to win elections. Parties in the name of 3yizJjng elections create discord and disintegration within the state. The current problems j.tsanj out in k4be4 University ¡NU and NIT in Janimu and Kashmir and bright examples of Political parties encouraging divisive politics. This is not a good sign for the future of Indian democracy.

Defects in the electoral process:
Free and fair election in India is affected badly due to rigging and booth Capturing in various pooling stations. Despite police protection, such practices occur regularly putting a question – mark on the efficiency of the Election Commission.

Abuse of power by the ruling party :
During elections the party in power to center and states tend to abuse power for their political galaxy This poses a challenge to the fairness of the election commission Besides, political parties in India try to win over voters by influencing the poor, illiterate, and women voters So in order to increase the efficiency of election commission all these issues must be resolved by legal and other means.

Question 3.
Define universal suffrage and discuss its merits and demerits.
Answer:
Universal suffrage is a basis for the grant of voting right. When voting right is extended to all adults irrespective of their caste, religion, sex, discrimination, and educational or property qualifications it is called universal suffrage. It is found today in almost every democracy. However, it never gives voting rights to lunatics criminals, aliens, and others.

Merits:
The merits of universal suffrage may be discussed below:
Universal suffrage is in tune with the tune meaning of democracy. It believes in the principle of one man one vote. Universal suffrage establishes political equality. It demands that the right to vote should be equally distributed among all. It is not right to exclude some class or group from exercising franchise on the ground that they are poor, illiterate, or weaker.

The end of the state is common welfare. It is the common people that should determine the content of welfare, Because what touches all should also be decided by all. If one class is given the power to rule then it will always one class given the power to rule then it will always define general good in terms of its own. So if the universal voting right is given then all can have a share in the government.

It enables the minorities to protect their rights by electing their representatives for the national legislature; their feelings are voiced and their grievances are explained on the floor of chambers of parliament. Adult suffrage adds to the dignity and a sense of responsibility and political and civic education. A vote will give them an opportunity to understand the politics of the country and compute the political problems.

Universal franchise helps in bringing national units. and solidarity. Adult suffrage is the means through which people are bound together into a whole
The government as is backed by the majority feels strong which makes the administration stronger.

Demerits:
Universal suffrage is condemned for the following reason by Sidgwick, Mill, Maine, and others.

Universal adult suffrage may impede the scientific progress of the nation. Because the general people cannot make the best choice of candidate and those who shall be elected will be conservative enough to stand in the way of the progress and prosperity of the nation. Sir Henry Maine giving the argument said that universal suffrage would be in vogue in the UK during the scientific inventions and discoveries England could not have advanced so far.

He said universal suffrage could have prohibited the spinning jenny and the power loom. The right to vote for the uneducated ones is meaningless. Because the masses do not have the capacity to understand political problems and they can not elect the right type of representatives. So it should be given to those having the knowledge to make the best use of it. Universal voting right it is hoped, may lead to the loss of individual liberty, order, and civilization.

J.S. Mill argued for education and property qualification of votes. He said, education would make them conscious and property would make them responsible Mill said, no taxation without representation. That means those who do not pay taxes to the state should not vote taxes if they are given the voting right then public property and funds are likely to be spent lavishly.

If all are given the right to vote, then they shall be exploited by selfish individuals and political parties. They will be motivated by emotion and passion and it will be suicidal for democracy. The universal franchise may lead to the rule of ignorance. As the majority are illiterate they will represent an ignorant fellow and the government would be of the ignorant.

An audit franchise will lead to political corruption. Because the poor and the ignorant ones will sell their favor at the cost of tea or meal.
But, in spite of the drawbacks, this has been the order of the day. And ordinary people in poor underdeveloped countries have justified themselves as judicious voters and they have contributed to the success of democracy.

Question 4.
Give your arguments against women’s suffrage.
(Or)
What Is women’s suffrage? Discuss its merits
and demerits.
Answer:
When voting right is granted to all adult women irrespective of any discrimination, it is called women surface, Generally, it was a feeling with the men that women as are weaker to men in physical capacity they should not be given the right to vote. But gradually, women became educated, and they no more remained bound within the four walls, they entered into public service and at present being treated as equals.

Thus, the political emancipation of women was achieved in the first quarter of the 20th century in England and USA and gradually it spread to other states. The women in England got the right to vote in 1918, those above 30 years of age, but in 1928 the age limit was reduced. In USA voting right was conferred upon women in 1920, in France in 1946, and in Switzerland in 1970. However, scholars differ as to the contention about whether women’s franchise is just or not.

Arment of Favour :

First of all, it is argued that women should be given the right to vote to exercise their civil rights. If they will be denied the right to vote then they could not be good citizens and cannot be treated at poor as men. So to protect them from men’s subjugation voting right is necessary. As women today are equal to men in every respect, they are joining the armed forces, and police, they are intelligent and clever, and it is illegal to deny them voting right.

The right to vote does not require physical strength but moral and mental fitness to decide whether an individual is capable or not so it is wrong to deprive women of voting right on the ground of their physical weakness. The right to vote for women will enable them to defend themselves and their civil rights. Voting right for women is useful for them as it will save them from the exploitation of men. Women in politics will definitely purify the system. Corruption, favoritism, and illegal activities will be reduced.

Demerits :
The drawbacks of women’s suffrage are as fiction:

Women’s suffrage disturbs the peace of family life. Women are homemakers, if they will join politics then their household activitie&wiil be neglected. Women’s suffrage will also deprive children of their care and protection. If women join politics then their feminine qualities like tolerance, simplicity, love, and affection will give way to rude behavior, and stress. It will completely disturb the trust and relationship between husband – wife.

Women always remain dependent on men for most of their necessities so if they join politics what can they do for others. Women are conservative and emotional. So they will not handle the stress and strains of a political leader throughout the year. However, women’s suffrage has been in tune with democracy. As they constitute almost half of the population it will be an injustice to deny voting rights to adult women.

Question 5.
What is proportional representation? Examine its merits and demerits.
Answer:
Proportional representation is a form of minority representation. In this system, all groups, factions, and sections of the population are given representation in proportion to the votes secured by them during the election. It is a model of the indirect election that seeks to rectify the defects of the majority vote system.
Proportional representation can be of two types:

• The hare system or single transferable vote system.
• the list system.

The Hare System (single transferable vote system):
This model was developed in 1857 by Thomas Hare of England and it is known as the Hare System of representation. This is useful only for the multi-member constituency where each candidate needs to secure a fixed quota of votes. In this system, each voter has only one vote but exercises this vote in order of preference. The number of preferences is equal to the number of candidates.

Way:-The Quota is determined in the following way:

\(\text { Quota }=\frac{\text { Total number of valid votes }}{\text { Number of state }+1}+1\)

At the time of counting the 1st preference votes are counted first and those who reach the quota are declared elected. If some seats remain vacant then the 2nd choice of those voters who voted for successful candidates are transferred to others. Then counting starts and those who reach the quota are declared elected. Due to this transfer of preferences, it is called a single transferable vote system. The President and vice President arid Rajya Sabha members are elected in this method.

(b) List system:
The list system is useful only for multi-member constituencies. Here every party has to prepare a list Of candidates to be elected. The voters vote for the party without knowing the candidates. After the election seats are divided among the parties in proportion to votes secured by each party. For example, if the total number of valid votes is a hundred and the number of seats is 5 then the quota is \(\frac{100}{5}=20\).

If a party has secured forty votes it will get two seats. If all the seats are not filled up then the party that has the largest fractional surplus gets the remaining seat. This list system is followed in US Presidential elections in Belgium, France, Sweden, and Switzerland.

Merits :
In this system, the defects of the single-member constituency model is rectified. It makes the legislature a true mirror of the nation because all groups and parties are duly represented. It provides an opportunity to minorities to represent in the legislature. In this system, no vote is wasted. It develops a civil interest in the people.

Demerits :
Proportional representation encourages: smaller parties and thus leads to political stability. No party secures a majority in the legislature giving way to coalition ministries. Here the voters elect candidates, whom they do not know. It encourages factionalism and disintegration. It is not suitable for federations. The system of proportional representation enhances the power of party leaders.

They prepare a list of candidates, so the representatives are more loyal to the party bosses than to voters. It breeds corruption. The vested interests can easily control party high commands. In proportional representation, it is not possible to hold by-elections as it requires a multi-member constituency. It encourages divisive forces in society and contributes to the aggravation of successful sectionalism.

Question 6.
What is geographical or territorial representation? Discuss its merits and demerits.
Answer:
Territorial representation is otherwise known as geographic representation and it is found prevailing in most countries having representative governments. In this model, the whole country is divided into geographical areas or constituencies having approximately equal populations. From each constituency a single representative is elected by majority vote, The constituency may be single-member or multi-member, The territorial limits of the constituencies are fixed from time to time with the growth in population and voters.

Merits of Territorial Representation:
Territorial representation is simple and convenient. As the area of the constituency is limited it facilitates intimate contact between the voters and the representative. It is economical as much less amount is required for the restricted area. It ensures a stable majority in the legislature which is conducive to a strong and stable government.

Demerits:
The territorial representation is defective on the following grounds:
It narrows down the list of candidates available to the voter. In this method, no outsider can contest an election even if he or is experienced. Gerry’s meandering is the greatest defect of territorial representation. In this system boundary of the constituencies is manipulated by the ruling party for its advantage. It encourages parochialism in the representatives. They try to secure the local interests of their constituency and neglect national interests.

In this system professions and occupations are not represented. In this system a candidate requires a relative majority to win a seat, thus it leads to the permanent voicelessness of a perpetual minority.

Question 7.
What is functional representation? Examine its advantages and disadvantages.
(Or)
Give your views for and against functional representation.
Answer:
Functional representation is another type of minority representation which is a protest against territorial representation. Proportional representation represents only political minorities, hence, a functional representation that accords with the representation of all Occupation are- expected to be a better alternative to territorial representation.

Functional representation was advocated by Wallas, Webbs, Duguit and G.D.H. Cole, etc. According to them, the Parliament is elected by various professional vocational and functional groups like industry trading corporations, medical associations and lawyers associations, etc. This system was adopted by the Russian leaders after the Bolshevik Revolution.

Mussolini in Italy organized the Italian senate, on these lines. The German constitution of 1919 established an Economic council representing the special interests of labor, capital, and consumers. The Vidhan Parishads in Indian states are also organized on the basis of functional representation.

Advantages of Functional Representation:
The system of functional representation is advantageous on the following grounds:

In modem democracies, vocational groups play an important role so these groups should have representatives in the parliament. Most of the laws that parliament pass deal with industry, agriculture, trade, commerce, and other vocational interests. But these interests find no representation in parliament even though they are affected by the legislation. As the economic sector is playing an important role today functional representation should be adopted as the ideal basis of representation.

Disadvantages:
The system has been popular owing to its glaring detects as discussed below :

Functional representation is found to be inconsistent with national sovereignty. Esme says a legislative assembly elected on the basis of functional representation is expected to represent the interests of a particular group’s profession or interest but not of the nation. These groups within parliament fight for their sectional interests rather than adopt a national outlook.

If functional representation is followed, the then-the legislature shall turn into an area of conflict and every representative will blow his own trumpet and talk of his own group. It can serve no purpose. This system is based on unsound principles. One representative can not represent all shades or opinions. Laski says, how can a doctor talk of foreign policy since there is no medical view of foreign policy. Each representative shall be parochial in outlook and cannot serve the country at all.

There can be no adequate basis to provide adequate representation to various interests and vocations should the medical profession be placed on equal footing with the steel industry, agriculture, or otherwise. This system limits the choice of voters to professionals. Functional representation undermines the unity of the community.

Every voter is first of all a citizen of the country then he is a lawyer, a teacher or a farmer, but if his profession counts first then he will forget about the goal of the nation. On account of the following defects, functional representation is rarely followed. This system can only be supplemented with any other method.

Question 8.
What is direct Election? Discuss its merits and demerits.
Answer:
An election can be of two types. Direct and indirect election. In a direct election, the voters directly cast their votes in favor of the candidate. It is a simple process where the votes go to the pooling booth and press the button on the EVM against their candidate of choice. The candidate who secures the maximum vote is declared elected. Direct election is found in most of countries of the world today. The members of Lok Sabha and Vidhan Sabha in India, the members of the British House commons and US senate, and the House of Representatives are elected in this process.

Merits :

• In a direct elections, people participate in politics directly and become politically conscious.
• It establishes direct contact between the voters and the candidates. The representatives remain answerable to the people and work for their interests.
• It generates public opinion, interest, and initiative among voters.
• The voters remain more responsible.

Demerits :
The drawbacks of the indirect election are as follows:

• Direct election is not useful for poor, ignorant voters as they fail to choose proper candidates.
• It confuses voters as different parties talk differently to influence votes. Here parties divide voters on caste, religion, and communal lines to seek their favor.
• It tends to be influenced by falsehood & corruption parties go on condemning the character of opposition candidates. It pollutes the entire electoral atmosphere.
• Direct election is costly and more prone to violence. However, this is the best available option in a democracy.

Question 9.
What is an indirect election? Discuss its merits and demerits.
Answer:
The indirect election is a process where the voters do not directly elect the real representatives. It involves two elections. First, the voter elects an intermediary group and then this group elects the real representatives. The President and Vice President and the members of Rajya Sabha are elected in this method.

Merits :
The indirect election is peaceful for which more educated and learned persons participate in the process as candidates. In this method, the voters who vote for the real candidates are conscious, clever and literate so they can not be influenced by false propaganda or lured by money or muscle power. It is suitable for poor, backward, and underdeveloped countries. It is less expensive. It is suitable for electing top political offices.

Demerits :
The indirect election also suffers from the following defects.

The indirect election is less democratic as it never involves more people. In this process, no political awareness is created. It makes voters indolent and inactive. In this method, party decisions prevail over individual preferences. The voters do not have contact with the representatives. In this method, parties try to influence the group through money and power. So it is prone to corruption and bribery. However, this method has limited utility and can be used for the same posts.

Question 10.
Distinguish between direct and indirect elections.
Answer:
Elections in general can be direct or indirect. In the direct election, the voters participate directly and cast their votes in polling stations in favor of their liking; candidates. Those who secure the maximum votes in a constituency are declared elected. But, indirect election involves two elections. First people elect an intermediate body, which by the second election elects the real representatives.

Direct election establishes close contact between voters and representatives. But in an indirect election, no such contact can be established. Direct election promotes the political consciousness of voters and makes them responsible and conscious. But, the indirect election does not stimulate public interest. Direct election is suitable for educated and advanced countries, but the indirect election is useful for backward countries with ignorant and illiterate voters.

Direct election is expensive but indirect elections are less expensive. Direct election involves violence, corruption, booth capturing, rigging, and the use of illegal means to win elections. But in the indirect election, these things do not occur. In a direct election, the voters are free to make choices but in an indirect election, they have no choice but to act on party instructions. Direct election is more democratic than indirect elections. However, we find both practices in almost every state.

Question 11.
Discuss the electoral reforms which are yet to be introduced.
(Or)
Suggest reforms to rectify the Indian election system.
Answer:
The Indian election system is suffering from a member of defects, some of which are structural and others are operational. The election commission in concurrence with the union government has already introduced some reforms and some more are yet to be introduced. So, the proposed reforms should be enumerated below: Reforms suggested not introduced :

In order to reduce the vote-seat gap alternative systems must be followed like, the second ballot system or alternate vote system. To increase voter turnout during elections voting must be compulsory and voters must be encouraged to participate in voting. To eliminate the use of black money a poll fund should be created and donations to political parties must be open to all.

Special courts must be set up to speed up settling election disputes. Steps are taken to reduce the scope of defections. To enhance women’s representation, 33% reservation of seats for women must be introduced. Those violating the election code of conduct must be punished. Election campaigns should be monitored closely to keep it healthy. All these reforms will definitely improve the election system in India.

Question 12.
Discuss the Organisation of the Central Election Commission.
Answer:
For every democratic polity like India, a free and independent electoral machinery is indispensable. The constitution, therefore, provides for an independent Election Commission Under Art. 324 and incorporated several steps for keeping it free from political and executive influences.

Composition:
The constitution under Art. 324 (2) states that the Election Commission of India shall consist of a Chief Election Commissioner and such other commissioners as the president may from time to time determine.

Membership:
Initially, the election commission was a one-man commission and it was only after 1989 its membership increased to three. Besides the chief election commissioner, there are two election commissioners and all of them enjoy equal authority.

Mode of appointment and removal:
The chief election commissioner and other members of the election commission are appointed- by the president as per the rules framed by the parliament. The constitution was silent about the qualification of the members and their terms of office. They hold office at the pleasure of the president. However, once appointed the members of the election commission to continue in office till they attain the age of 65 years or complete 6 years in office, whichever is earlier

They can resign from office at any time or can be removed by the president only on grounds of ‘proved misbehavior and incapacity. The president can’t on his own remove any member unless a proposal to that effect is passed in both houses, of parliament by 2/3rds majority of members present and voting. Thus, the election commission acts as an independent and autonomous body. Which ensures free and fair elections.

Odisha State Board CHSE Odisha Class 11 Political Science Solutions Unit 1 Understanding Political Theory Short Answer Questions.

CHSE Odisha 11th Class Political Science Unit 1 Understanding Political Theory Short Answer Questions

Very Short-Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is politics?
Answer:
Politics refers to a social, political process which resolves social issues and maintain social orders. It believes in using power for the promotion of self interest.

Question 2.
What are the objectives of politics?
Answer:
Politics seeks to resolve socio-political conflicts. It tries, to bring order out of disorder and restores social integration.

Question 3.
What is the Marxian view of Politics?
Answer:
According to Marx politics is an instrument of class conflict. The rich and powerful make use of it for their self interest.

Question 4.
What is political science?
Answer:
Political science is a social science which studies about state, government and the constitutional system. It also deals with the origin and development of state and its structure and functions.

Question 5.
What is political philosophy?
Answer:
Political philosophy is the abstract of speculative ideas about any political concept or event. It is value oriented study which seeks to explain the ultimate reality.

Question 6.
What is a political system?
Answer:
Political system is a set of arrangement of political actors and institutions in such a way that policy decisions are easily taken. Modern state is a political system as it adjusts itself to the changing environmental stress.

Question 7.
What do you mean by political dynamics?
Answer:
Political dynamics include those external forces and influences that affect the political process. Political parties pressure groups, interest groups and lobbyists are known as political dynamics.

Question 8.
What is the nature of politics?
Answer:
Politics is involved with the totality of interests in our social life. Politics believes in resolution of conflict and controversy by use of power.

Question 9.
What is political theory?
Answer:
Political theory constitute of those ideas, concepts and principles that influence the constitution, government and social life in a systematic manner. It stands for the history of political ideas and it is based on reality.

Question 10.
What is the need of studying political theory?
Answer:
The study of political theory makes people think rationally about political issues and to assess the political events of our time. It informs us about the basic knowledge of political ideas institutions and concepts that shape our day to day life.

Question 11.
What is the scope of politics?
Answer:
Scope means the subject matter and politics is concerned with the study of state, government, social, political process. Polity making, power structure and administrative process. It also deals with the shaping and sharing of power in society and politics.

Question 12.
What is formal politics?
Answer:
Formal politics refers to the cooperation of a constitutional system of government and publicity defined institutions and procedures. It encompasses the study of political parties, public policy, war and peace, foreign policy etc.

Question 13.
What is informal politices?
Answer:
Informal politics refers to alliance formation, group structure, exercise of power to protect and promote our goals or interests. It is understood as day to day politics that affect our lifestyle.

Question 14.
How politics differs from political science?
Answer:
Political science is the theory whose application is called politics. Political science deals with the origin, nature, working and future of state or a government but politics is concerned with the real issues affecting the system and their solution.

Question 15.
What is state?
Answer:
State is a sovereign political entity. It is the most powerful and universal of all social institutions.

Question 16.
What is Government?
Answer:
Government is the working element of state. It consists of three organs, such as executive, legislature and judiciary.

Question 17.
What is sovereignty?
Answer:
Sovereignty is the most important element of state. It is the supreme and unlimited power of the state over citizens.

Question 18.
Why man is called a social animal?
Answer:
Man is called a social animal because he lives in society and it is society that creates condition for the moral and material development of individual. Man can not live outside society.

Question 19.
What is individualism?
Answer:
Individualism is a political philosophy of 1 9th century. It pleads for maximum liberty to the individual and minimum role to the state. It believes in the economic theory of laissez flare.

Question 20.
What are the functions of a police state?
Answer:
A police state has to defend the state from external aggression. It also maintains law and order and ensures safety and security to the individuals living in the state.

Question 21.
What is modern individualism?
Answer:
Modern individualism is the individualism of19th century. It gives the state of positive role. It raises its voice against excessive state regulation and control.

Question 22.
What is globalization?
Answer:
Globalization is a policy of economic reforms which aims at reducing trade barriers between the developed and developing countries. It seeks the integration of economies through exchange of ideas, information, technology, labour and capital.

Question 23.
What arc the two main goals of Globalization?
Answer:
The two main goals of Globalization are

• To secure the benefits of free trade open access to markets and equal participation in securing sustainable development for all the people, and
• To reduce trade barriers ensuring free flow of capital labour from one Country to the other.

Question 24.
What do you mean by a welfare state?
Answer:
Welfare state is a social service agency which gurantees basic minimum substance to all. It undertakes volumes of social security measures for the poor and backward people.

Question 25.
Why the individualists regard the state as a necessary evil?
Answer:
The state is regarded as a necessary evil because, It interferes in individual liberty and Curtails individual freedom.

Question 26.
What are the two main drawbacks of a welfare state?
Answer:
A welfare state suffers from bureaucratic despotism. It is too much expensive.

Question 27.
What are the two main utilities of Globalization?
Answer:
Globalization accelerates the pace of economic growth. It helps in dissemination of technological knowledge among nations.

Question 28.
Laissez faires
Answer:
The theory of laissez faire is related to individualism. As an economic theory it seeks to give unrestricted freedom to an individual in the economic sphere

Question 29.
Police state
Answer:
Police state concept is developed out of individualism. The individualists consider the state as a police man and argue for giving it only police functions, hence the states is called a police state.

Question 30.
Globalization
Answer:
Globalization is a process of increasing socio-economic industrial and trade relations among the nations all over the world. It seeks to make the whole world a global village. The main trust of globalization is to give the developed nations a free access into the markets of developing nations.

Question 31.
International Recognition
Answer:
International recognition means the recognition of the international society of nations. It is a formal process by which the existing members of the family of nations accord statehood to a newly born state.

Question 32.
External sovereignty
Answer:
External sovereignty means freedom from outside control or influence. By this aspect of sovereignty a state designs its foreign policy.

Question 33.
Internal sovereignty
Answer:
Internal sovereignty is enforced within the territory of a state. It enables the state to make law for the state administration.

Question 34.
Why state is called a necessary evil?
Answer:
Individualists consider the state as a necessary evil. To them state is necessary for maintenance of law and order and to defend it from aggression. It is an end as it interferes with the liberty of individuals.

Question 35.
What are the two major drawbacks of welfare state?
Answer:
In a welfare state the bureaucracy becomes autocratic and oppressive. It is too costly for a poor and backward country.

Question 36.
Utility of globalization?
Answer:
Globalization accelerates the pace of economic growth. It makes exchange of ideas, capital, raw materials, labour and technology between rich and poor countries easier.

Question 37.
Two major defects of globalization
Answer:
Globalization increases industrialization leading to environmental pollution. It increases unemployment and intervens in the autonomy of states.

Question 38.
What is mixed economy?
Answer:
Mixed economy refers to the coexistence of public and private sector for economic development. This type of economy is found in welfare states.

Question 39.
What is New Deal?
Answer:
New “deal refers to a new programmes of action pursued by USA and other western countries to get rid of economic recession. President Franklin D. Roosevelt of USA was the advocate of this reform programme.

Question 40.
What is Beverage Report?
Answer:
Beverage Report was issued in England in 1942 by William Beverage on social insurance. It envisaged a scheme of social security to fight the evils of want, diseases, ignorance, squalor and idleness.

Question 41.
Negative functions of welfare state
Answer:
A welfare state gives protection against unemployment, poverty and disease. It fights against natural calamities and safeguards children, women and weaker sections of society.

Question 42.
Positive functions of welfare state
Answer:
A welfare state provides the people a wide range of health service and education to the people. It generates employment opportunity and provides social security to old aged and economically disadvantaged sections of society.

Question 43.
What is modern individualism?
Answer:
Modern individualism is 20th century individualism. It regards the state as a positive and useful institution.

Question 44.
What for state is necessary?
Answer:
State exists for the sake of good life of individuals. It maintains order and helps the individual in realization of his potential.

Question 45.
Theoretical Politics and Applied Politics.
Answer:
Scholars like, Sir Frederich Pollock, Jellinek and Willoughby have distinguished between theoretical and applied politics. Theoretical politics deals with the theory of state, but applied politics deal with structure and working of state. The artificial politics deals with law and administration of state but applied politics with the application of law. Theoretical politics is a science but applied politics is an art.

Question 46.
Politics and Political science
Answer:
The two terms ‘Politics’ and ‘Political Science’ are often used interchangeable, but they differ on the following grounds.

• Politics is the practical aspect of Political science
• Political science is the theory which in practice is known as politics.
• Political science is normative but politics deals with operational aspect.
• Political science is an academic discipline and its principles are universal, but politics differs from state to state.
• Politics is an art, but political science is a science,
• The term politics is much broader a concept than that of political science. In the modern age politics is concerned with the study of conflict and cooperation is society with the help of power.

Question 47.
Political science and Political Philosophy
Answer:
Political science differs from political philosophy on the following ways.
Political science is a science of state and government but political philosophy is a science political values and beliefs. Political science is more empirical than normative, but political philosophy is theory oriented. Political science is more concerned with what is and what ought to be but political philosophy prescribes what is good, just and proper. Political science seeks to analyze political phenomena to frame general laws but, political philosophy is value oriented and normative. Political philosophy is a part and parcel of Political science.

Question 48.
State and Government
Answer:
State is a sovereign political entity, but government is an element of state and it fulfills the purpose of state. State is sovereign, but, government exercises sovereign power. State is permanent but government is temporary. State has a definite territory and population but government consists of a few senior citizens and it works within the state. State is abstract but government is concrete. Membership of state is compulsory but not of government.

Question 49.
Individualism and socialism
Answer:

• Under individualism individual is the centre of society but under socialism state is central. Individualism pleads for maximum liberty to the individual but socialism pleads for maximum power to the state. Individualism regards the state as a necessary evil, but socialism holds the state a positive good.
• Individualism gives the state only police functions but socialism gives the state both social economic political and welfare functions. Individualism regards the state as a means, but socialism regards it as an end. Individualism pleads for private property but socialism opposes it.

Question 50.
Traditional and modern individualism
Answer:
Traditional individualism was a philosophy of 17th to 19th century, but modern individualism was a philosophy of 20th century. Traditional individualism was exported by Adamsmith, Herebet Spencer and J.S. Mill, but modern individualism was exposed by Laski, M.P. Follett and Norman Angell.

Traditional individualism regards the state as a necessary evil, but modern individualism regards the state, as a useful institution. Traditional individualism regards the state as a perpetrator of individual liberty, but modern individualism regards it as a coordinator, a facilitator. Traditional individualism insists on individual identity and progress but modern individualism on group identity of individuals. Traditional individualism accords police functions to the state but modern individualism accords welfare functions to the state.

Question 51.
Globalization and internationalism
Answer:
Internationalism stands for increasing cooperation and peaceful co-existence among nations. But, globalization is a process of economic integration of the whole world. Internationalism pleads for avoidance of war and restoration of peace, But, globalization seeks to increase economic and trade relations among nations. Globalization seeks to secure the socio-economic integration and development of all people, but internationalism stands for safety and cooperation of nations. Globalization is an aspect of internationalism.

Question 52.
State and Civil policy
Answer:
State is a sovereign political unit, but civil society is a non governmental voluntary movement for the sake of people. State is sovereign but civil society is not sovereign. State enjoys coercive authority but civil society does not. Civil society exists within the state. State has a territory and population, but civil society has no definite territory nor any fixed population. State can be autocratic but civil society can’t.

Short Questions With Answers 

Question 1.
What is political Science?
Answer:
Political science is a social science deals with the study of state and government. It investigates about the origin and evolution of state, the nature and working of political institutions, processes and principles of conduct. It also analyses about the power structure. It is a science of society and civilization. It is the study of political behaviour and political systems In the modern age it studies about the environment.

Question 2.
Nature of Political Science
Answer:
Political science is a social science. Political science comes closer to a science as it follows scientific method of study. It is an art as it applies the knowledge of science for state administration. It has no agreed principles. It is unpredictable andIts decisions are inexact.

Question 3.
Political Science is a science
Answer:
Political science is considered to be a subject of science because It believes in scientific method. There is systematic study undertaken on the subject. It studies about individual behaviour, institutions and processes It undertakes experimentation and observation of facts; and To a great extent its decisions are exact. So it may not be a science like physics or chemistry but a science like meteorology or astronomy which can’t make accurate predictions.

Question 4.
Scope of Political Science
Answer:
The scope of political science is vast and expending. It covers the study of state government and legal system. It involves the study of various political systems. Political science also deals with political ideas and ideologies. It encompasses the study, of political parties, pressure groups and other non political institutions. It studies about local and municipal bodies, elections, voting behaviour, inter state relations and about war and peace.

Question 5.
Political science begins and ends with state
Answer:
This statement of Gamer confines the study of political science to state. State is the be all and end all of political science. It investigates about the origin and evolution of state nature of state and working of different states. It also deals with the manifestation and development of state. It covers the study of past, present and future of state.

Question 6.
Political Science is a power science
Answer:
Lasswell and Kaplan along with other modern scholars regard political science as a power science. It deals with power relationship of states. Power is the fundamental principles of every conflict and the ultimate means to any solution. Political science seeks to explain the modes of acquisition of power, exercise of power and sharing of power with others.

Question 7.
Political science is an art
Answer:
Political science is by nature an art, because It applies the knowledge of science in day to day political process. The knowledge of political science is essential for politicians, leaders, diplomats, bureaucrats and for a common man. The knowledge of political science is necessary for begin success in real politics. If not only broadens our knowledge but also helps in the development of state.

Question 8.
Significance of Political Science
Answer:
The knowledge of political science is essential for every individual to know about the state government and other political institutions. It broadens our knowledge of politics to understand the complexities of modern state. It promotes political consciousness and awakens people about their rights and duties. It increases the rate of political participation. Political science teaches us about cooperation, tolerance and national integration. It creates ideal citizens.

Question 9.
Political Science is not a science
Answer:
Political science is not a science because, There is no agreement among scholars as to its meaning methods of study, principles and conclusions. Its principles are not universally valid. It studies human behaviour which is unpredictable. It can’t make objective study of political phenomena. Fully scientific method of investigation is impossible in political science. Its predictions are not exact.

Question 10.
Political Science and Philosophy
Answer:
Political science and Philosophy go hand in hand. Political science is a part and parcel of Philosophy. Philosophy is based on certain ideal doctrines and values which the political leaders and policymakers should practice. Philosophy is a science of knowledge and wisdom which make political thinkers and leaders think about the betterment of society. Both Political science and Philosophy cover some common ground, and both seek to promote good life of the citizens. The laws and policies of the government should be philosophically-sound.

Question 11.
Elements of State
Answer:
State is a sovereign political with four basic elements. Population is essential for a state, because it is a community of persons.State is a territorial unit and without a definite territory no state can exist. Government is the most vital element of state which enacts and enforces laws. Sovereignty is the most essential attribute of state which distinguishes it from other organizations. All these elements vest a state with real statehood.

Question 12.
Why the State is necessary? Or Need of the State
Answer:
State is a natural institution which protects the people and tries to ensure conditions for their happiness prosperity and development. It protects the people from internal disorder and external threat. It regulates economy and formulate and implements all financial policies for the well being of citizens. It undertakes steps for the socio economic, political and cultural development of the people. It ensures safety and security to the life liberty and property ofthe citizens. State creates a moral political order where citizens grow and prosper.

Question 13.
State is superior to all associations
Answer:
As a sovereign political unit state is considered superior to all other associations. It regulates and controls the activities of all other organizations. All associations exist and work on the basis of the laws of the state. State has the power to Compel all other associations to do as the state demands.

Question 14.
What is Government?
Answer:
Government is an element of state. It is the political organization of the state. The state has no life but the govt gives life to the state. The state acts through the government. The government fulfills the mission of the state. It may come and go but it gives life to the state.

Question 15.
What is sovereignty?
Answer:
Sovereignty is the supreme power of the state over citizens. Using this power the state enacts laws and runs the administration. It resides only with the state and no other association or organization enjoy it. Sovereignty can be internal or external. Internal sovereignty is exercised upon citizens, nationals and organizations. External sovereignty makes the state take final decisions in the outside world.

Question 16.
Internal and External Sovereignty
Answer:
Sovereignty has two aspects, internal and eternal. Internal sovereignty is exercised within the territorial limits of state. But external sovereignty, is exercised in the international sphere. By means of internal sovereignty the state makes law, but by external sovereignty if formulated foreign policy. It is for internal sovereignty people pay allegiance to state, and for external sovereignty no other state can dictate terms to the other. Due to internal sovereignty no other association or organization can disobey the state. But, due to external sovereignty no foreign state can interfere in the internal affairs of state.

Question 17.
What is a political system?
Answer:
The term political system corresponds to the word state. It includes the working elements of state along with other political forces that influence the state. A political system is a set of inter relationship through which policy decisions are made. It is concerned with power, rule and authority. It includes all governmental and non-governmental organizations, caste groups political parties, pressure groups and the people. Executive, Legislature and Judiciary are the working units of political system.

Question 18.
International Recognition
Answer:
International recognition means the acceptance by the family of nations. It is a formal process of according statehood to a newly born state. It gives a formal recognition to a state to be involved in relationship with other state. It is not an indispensable condition of statehood because, a state can exist even without international recognition. But, it is required for active participation in the field of international cooperation. It is supporting element of state.

Question 19.
State is a called an association of associations
Answer:
State is sovereign political association There are many more associations within the state. As a sovereign and powerful association it coordinates, controls and regulates the activities of other associations. All other associations are subordinated to the sovereign power of the state State is therefore, called an association of associations.

Question 20.
What are the factors responsible for the rise of modern individualism?
Answer:
The factors responsible for the rise of modern individualism are given below The complexities of modern society. The discontentment that developed after the world war. Loss of faith upon parliamentary democracy. Increasing role of bureaucracy. Inability of the individual to face the challenges of modern society.

Question 21.
What are the hindrances before the welfare state?
Answer:
The hindrances faced by a welfare state are Scarcity of production Rapid growth of population Fear of high taxation Increasing corruption Development of narrow loyalties and Environment pollution

Question 22.
What is individualism?
Answer:
Individualism is a political doctrine which grants maximum liberty to the individual against state interference It protects the rights of individuals. Under the system, the state performs only negative functions regulating the activities of individuals. Individualism pleads for free market economy. As a socio political theory it is based on the value of human personality. It believes in the laissez faire theory.

Question 23.
What are the merits of Individualism?
Answer:
Individualism grants maximum liberty to the individual for his self development. It gives economic freedom to the individual to maximize profit. It gives more opportunity to the talented ones. It helps in increasing production ensuring economic progress. This theory creates condition for the survival of the strong and efficient persons. It expresses full faith upon individual ability and character and therefore grants maximum freedom to the individual to mobilize his resources for himself and society.

Question 24.
What are the demerits on Individualism?
Answer:
State is a welfare agency but the individualists regard it as an evil which is wrong. Individualism considers the individual as the best judge, but actually, individual is swayed by emotion and passion. Individualism wrongly holds that individual and society are antithetic. But in practice individual good and social welfare are not contradictory. Individualism pleads for free competition which will result in the exploitation of the poor by the rich, wastage and unemployment. Its biological argument of survival of the fittest is in human.

Question 25.
What are the functions of an individualist state?
Answer:
The individualists give the state only negative functions such as Protection of the individual against external enemies. Maintenance of law and order within the state. And the enforcement of contracts lawfully made. The state protects the life, liberty and property of individuals and safeguards against them from personal injury and slander.

Question 26.
What is modern individualism?
Answer:
The individualism of the 20th century is called modern individualism of the 20th century is called modern individualism. It believes in the increasing role and functions of the state but protects against excessive state regulation and control. Instead of autonomy of individuals, it gives the groups a separate identity. Modern individualists give the state role of a coordination agency.

Question 27.
Why the individualists consider the state as a necessary evil? Or, State is a necessary evil why?
Answer:
The individualists look upon the state as a necessary evil because of the following reasons. The state is necessary for regulating the activities of selfish and egoistic individuals. It must protect the individual from personal harm, injury and slander. It is an evil, as it interferes in individual liberty and curtails individual freedom. It curtails general interest for individual interest.

Question 28.
What is the meaning of a welfare state?
Answer:
Welfare state is a 20th century phenomenon which is the product a compromise between communism and individualism. It guarantees a minimum standard of subsistence without removing incentives to private enterprise. It is a social service agency which undertakes developmental activities relating to social welfare and security. It puts equal emphasis on the individual and society. It regulates national economy through planning.

Question 29.
Write down the features of welfare state.
Answer:
A welfare state is a social service agency which ensures common good. It always seeks to promote people’s welfare. It is a compromise between extremes of individualism and socialism. It believes in democratic procedure principles. It regulates national economy through planning. The state protects the rights of all equally without discrimination. It guarantees the basic minimum needs to every individual.

Question 30.
What are the demerits of Welfare state?
Answer:
Welfare state is an expensive system for which a huge amount of funds are required. It leads to bureaucratic despotism. It magnifies the state at the expenses of respect for the individual. As the state undertakes all types of activities the role of voluntary associations decline.

Question 31.
What are the obligatory functions of a state?
Answer:
To protect the life, liberty and property of the people. To maintain law and order, peace and security. To protect the country from external attack. To administer free and fair justice to all

Question 32.
What are the voluntary functions of a state?
Answer:
The state provides medical help and hygienic conditions to the people. It seeks to spread education all over the countries. The state regulates trade, industry and development of agriculture. It provides for a variety of social security functions such as insurance old age pension, employment generation and sickness and physically disabled allowance etc. The state regulates public utility services like transport, electricity, postal, and air services.

Question 33.
What are the political functions of a Welfare State?
Answer:
A welfare state performs the following political functions It safeguards individual rights. It maintains free, fair and periodic elections. It makes provision for the participation of the masses in public affairs. It coordinates the interests and activities of various groups, associations and parties. It eradicates corruption, nepotism and dishonesty. It generates political awareness.

Question 34.
What is the meaning of Globalization?
Answer:
Globalization is the name for the integration of economics through exchange of ideas, information, technologies, goods, and services. It is a policy of economic reforms which aims at reducing trade barriers between the developed and developing countries. It believes in the integration of nation states within the framework of WTO.

Question 35.
What are the objectives of Globalisation?
Answer:
The objectives of globalization are Socio-economic integration of the whole world. Interesting industrial trade cultural relations among the people all over the world. Securing the benefits of free trade, open access to markets and equal participation in securing sustainable development for all the people. Reduction of trade barriers, to ensure free flow of capital and labour from one country to the other. Exchange of goods and services.

Question 36.
What are the features of Globalization?
Answer:
Globalization stands for liberalization of economy. It stands for free flow of trade relations. Globalization of economic activity. Liberalization of import export system. Privatization of means of production and distribution. Economic reforms and increasing collaborations among nations.

Question 37.
What are the social functions of welfare state?
Answer:
The social functions of welfare state are Establishment of social equality among people. Securing social justice. To make provision for social security and welfare of the poor and backward people. Fighting social evils. Rendering social utility services. Spread of education and protection of public health etc.

Question 38.
What are the economic functions of Welfare state?
Answer:
The economic functions undertaken by a welfare state are Improvement in the economic condition of the people. To draw plans for balanced economic development. Development of agriculture and industry Regulation of trade and commerce. Etc

Question 39.
What a modern state can’t do?
Answer:
A modern welfare state can’t interfere in the following spheres of individual. It can’t curtail religious freedom of the people. It can’t suppress public opinion It can’t interfere in the social customs and fashions of the people. It can’t interfere in personal life of the people, and It can’t interfere in cultural and literacy matters of the people.

Question 40.
What role does the state play in an era of Globalization?
Answer:
The role of modern state has changed in an era of globalization. The state continues to be a Welfare State. It acts as a facilitator and co-ordinator economy and it tries to secure stability in the market through macro economic policies. It provides social services like education health and other welfare activities.

Question 41.
What are the evil impacts of globalization?
Answer:
Globalization gives more importance to corporate business capitalists and multi national corporations. It helps the developed nations to control the world economy. It creates difficulty for the developing countries to complete with developed countries. It leads to increase in the gap between rich and poor. Small and medium range industries will suffer a loss. It will lead to neglect of working class.

Question 42.
What are the merits of globalization.
Answer:
Globalization has accelerated the pace of economic integration of the world. It strengthens international peace and stability. It is the best possible means to secure sustainable development of the world. It enhances socio-economic linkages among nations. It helps in dissemination of technical know how among nations. It seeks to encourage interdependence among nations.

Question 43.
What are the impacts of globalization on Indian Economy?
Answer:
Globalization in India has given rise to export of goods. There are greater flow of foreign investment. Increase in GDP. Neglect of poverty eradication programme. There is sharp decline in employment growth. It resulted in a set back to industry and agriculture.

Question 44.
Good effect of globalization
Answer:
The good effects of globalization on Indian economy are Increase in export of Indian goods and services. Increase in foreign investment coming to India. Consistency in GDP growth. Sharp rise in communication and healthy social order. It is a necessity of modern times.

Question 45
Evil impacts of Globalization and developed nations are exploiting the underdeveloped nations.
Answer:
As a result of globalization the rich and developed nations are exploiting the underdeveloped nations. The foreign countries have entered into Indian markets. The poor people are facing poverty and exploitation. Unemployment has risen. It has badly affected Indian Industry and agriculture. It has given rise to global economic recession.

Question 46.
Nature of politics
Answer:
Politics is concerned with the day to day organized political activities in society. It seeks to resolve the conflicts and controversies arising between two groups or individuals. Power is the be all and end all of politics. Politics is the process of realization of interests or goals by using power. It is found every where in society. In family political parties, religious institutions educational institutions and in all human association. From the point of view of science or art it is by nature an art.

Question 47.
Liberal view of politics
Answer:
The liberals define politics taking the relationship of individual and society into account. Individual is the centre of politics. In society individuals and groups fight with each other for their goals and politics seeks to resolve these conflicts. It brings order out of disorder and promotes the social well being. Politics seeks to bring unity, peace and stability in society.

Question 48.
Marxian view of politics
Answer:
Marxists rejects the liberal view of politics and state that politics results in class struggle. It creates division between rich and poor educated and uneducated and various social grounds. The rich make use of politics to exploit the poor.

Question 49.
Politics is a struggle for power
Answer:
The modern scholars like, Lasswell, Robert Dahl etc. regard politics as a struggle for power. The ongoing conflict between individuals & groups in society for accumulation and use of power is known as politics Politics gives top priority to power & It is concerned with the political process.

Question 50.
What is the scope of politics?
Answer:
Scope implies the subject matter of study of politics and it includes The study of state government, society, socio-political system, policy making etc. The study of conflict, rivatry between individuals and groups. The study of shaping and sharing of power. The study of political process, election, government formation, eradication of poverty corruption, illiteracy, legislation and adjudication etc. Politics also studies about local government, public administration, international policies, war and peace, united nations, foreign policy and relations of national interest.

Question 51.
What is political theory?
Answer:
Political theory refers to the empirical study of political concepts events and issues. It comprises of philosophy, psychology, economics and history within itself. It is factual and based on reality. Political theory is moral reasonable and universal in character. Any systematic statement of political thinkers on any political social issue or event is called political theory.

Question 52.
The usefulness of studying political theory: Or, Significance of studying political theory.
Answer:
The study of political theory is necessary for the study of political events. Issues and conflicts and for their solution. By study of political theory we derive knowledge about political ideals, ideologies and institutions. It also deals with the behaviour of individuals and institutions. It gives us a clear picture of political issues and events where by valid decisions can be made. Political theorem provides stability to the political system and influences politics and society.

Question 53.
What is modern political theory?
Answer:
Modern political theory refers to the theoretical development in the post world war era. It is scientific in nature and based on reality. It believes in modern techniques like, observation, data collection, analysis objective study of politics and empirical study. It is inter disciplinary in character. Modern political theory seeks to make political research based on facts and evidence so that reasonable decisions can be made.

Question 54.
What is classical political theory?
Answer:
Classical political theory is value oriented and moral in character. The uniting of scholars like, Plato, Aristotle, Machiavelli, Hobbes, Hegel, Rousseau, etc. are all classical in character. It gives priority to ethical politics. It seeks to strike a balance between individual liberty and state control individual state relationship & goals of the state.

Question 55.
Elements of politics
Answer:
Politics is the behavioural dimension of political science. Realisation of interest, conflict over interest and using power for realization of interests are the three basic elements of politics In society people fight for their self interest and whenever they use power and influence for the purpose it is called politics. When power is used for socio political and economic purpose it is called politics.

Question 56.
Evolution of Individualism
Answer:
Individualism developed as a practical theory during 19th century. It emerged from the mercantile individualism of18th and 19th century in Britain, France and Germany. The industrial revolution in Britain in 18th century gave rise to free economic competition and gradually individualism emerged. The French physiocrats were the initial exponents of individualism but it was Adamsmith who gave it the shape of a political theory. Besides Smith, Hobbes, J.S. Mill, Spencer, Hayek, Milton, Nozik, etc. developed it into a full fledged philosophy.

Question 57.
Individual is not the best judge
Answer:
According to individualists indivual is the best judge of his ability, power and self interest. But, it is not always correct state is more matured and capable to judge the self interest of individual. Individual is emotional and he may commit any mistake out of emotion but state is conscious and all actions of state are based on reason and free from passion. The state uses its resources for the well being of individuals.

Question 58.
Individual and state are complementary.
Answer:
Individualism find antipathy between individual interest and states interest but actually, the interests of the state and individual is complementary. State has no interests of its own. Its interest is the sum of individual interest. State resolves all conflicts arising among individuals. The state promotes the interests, security and progress of every individual.

Question 59.
What does survival of the fittest mean?
Answer:
Individualism believes in the principle of survival of the fittest. It means that every time there is a competition among individuals and those who are capable, talented and efficient only survive and the rest perish. There is no scope for the weak, indolent and ignorant people in a state. Charles Darwin and Herbert Spencer were the protagonists of this view. It is scientific and justified also

Question 60.
Laissez fair
Answer:
Laissez fair is a French word which means, let the individual free to take economic or financial decisions. From economic point of view, every individual is conscious of his self interest best. When the individual works for his profit he works with all sincerity and commitment. For the development of agriculture industry and business the individual must be given full freedom.

Question 61.
Features of modern individualism
Answer:
Modern individualism is the 20th century individualism. It gives priority to groups than individuals and recognizes the positive role of state. Graham Walls, Normal Angel, Miss Folel were modern individualists. Modern individualism gives more importance to social welfare than individual good. It pleads that the state can eradicate the obstacles facing individuals.

Question 62.
What is New Deal programme?
Answer:
New Deal was the brain child of former US president F.D. Roosevelt. It was a programme for reform which made the state interfere in the economic sphere creating opportunities for employment and ensure greater social security. During the great economic recession in USA in 1930s, President Roosevelt initiated these reforms to enhance the financial condition of individuals. It generated employment opportunities and provided assistance to the diseased, physically challenged and poor people. This new deal plan created condition for a welfare state.

Question 63.
Beverage Report
Answer:
When during the second world war there was world wide recession thousands of people become homeless, unemployed underfed and discussed. In the mean time, William Beverage, a Brithsh national, provided a report in 1942 for introduction of social insurance and national health mission to save the people. As per the report the state shall provide basic minimum health service, insurance and opportunities for income to all. This beverage report led to nationalization of Banks, railways, mines, steel and means of transport etc. It laid the foundation of welfare state.

Question 64.
India is a welfare state.
Answer:
Indian constitution, under Act 38 envisages the goal of a welfare state. The government of India provides basic minimum needs to every individual. Act 39 provides right to work and the right to a decent wage. The state through abolition of poverty, unemployment health service, insurance, social security and spread of education seeks to realize the goal of welfare state. The state also looks after the protection and security of women, children and backward classes.

Question 65.
What were the factors responsible for the evolution of modern Individualism?
Answer:
The following factors led to the evolution of modern Individualism. Problem ridden modern society Public displeasure over the first world war Distruct of parliamentary democracy. Growing importance of Bureaucracy. And the helplessness of the people to face these challenges led to the emergence of modern individualism

Question 66.
Challenges to welfare state
Answer:
The following factors pase a threat to welfare state today Scarcity of production of goods and food grains Population explosion. Increase in rate of taxes. Environmental pollution and Narrow-mindedness of the people

Question 67.
What are the positive impacts of globalization on Indian economy?
Answer:
Globalisation has strengthened Indian economy in the following manner, It has led to the growing demand for Indian goods and services all over the world. Foreign direct investment has increased. Domestic production has increased. There is spread of transport and communication, information and technology. There is growing awareness about human rights and environmental safety.

Odisha State Board Elements of Mathematics Class 11 CHSE Odisha Solutions Chapter 1 Mathematical Reasoning Ex 1(a) Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

CHSE Odisha Class 11 Math Solutions Chapter 1 Mathematical Reasoning Exercise 1(a)

Question 1.
Choose the correct answer from the given choices:

(i) Negation of ‘Paris is in France and London is in England’ is :
(A) Paris is in England and London is in France.
(B) Paris is not in France or Landon is not in England.
(C) Paris is in England or London is in France.
(D) Paris is not in France and London is not in England.
Solution:
(A) Paris is in England and London is in France.

(ii) The conditional (p ∧ q) → p is :
(A) a tautology
(B) a contradiction
(C) neither a tautology nor a contradiction
(D) none of these
Solution:
(A) a tautology

(iii) Which of the following is a contradiction?
(A) (p ∧ q) ∧ ~ (p ∧ q)
(B) p ∨ (~ p ∧ q)
(C) (p → q) → p
(D) None of these
Solution:
(A) (p ∧ q) ∧ ~ (p ∧ q)

(iv) Which of the following is logically equivalent to ~ (~ p → q)?
(A) p ∧ q
(B) p ∧ ~ q
(C) ~ p ∧ q
(D) ~ p ∧ ~ q
Solution:
(D) ~ p ∧ ~ q

(v) (~(~p) ∧ q) is equivalent to
(A) ~ p ∧ q
(B) p ∧ q
(C) p ∧ ~ q
(D) ~ p ∧ ~ q
Solution:
(B) p ∧ q

(vi) If p: It rains today, q: I go to school, r: I shall meet any friend, and s’: I shall go to a movie, then which of the following is the proposition.
If it does not rain or if I do not go to school, then I shall meet a friend and go to a movie.
(A) ∼ (p ∧ q) → (r ∧ s)
(B) ~ (p ∧ q) → (r ∧ s)
(C) ~ (p ∧ q) → (r ∨ s)
(D) None of these
Solution:
(A) ~ (p ∧ q) → (r ∧ s)

(vii) Which of the following is true?
(A) p → q ≡ (~p → ~q)
(B) ~ (p → ~ q) ≡ (~ p ∧ q)
(C) ~ (~p ~ q) ≡ (~ p ∧ q)
(D) ~ (p ↔ q) ≡ [~(p → q)∧~(q → p)]
Solution:
(C) ~ (~p ~ q) ≡ (~ p ∧ q)

(viii)The Inverse of the proposition p ∧ ~ q) → r is:
(A) ~ r (~ p ∨ q)
(B) ~ p ∨ q → ~ r
(C) r → (p ∧ ~q)
(D) None of these
Solution:
(B) ~p ∨ q → ~ r

(ix) The contrapositive of (p ∨ q) → r is
(A) r → (p ∨ q)
(B ) ~r → (p ∨ q)
(C) ~ r → (~p ∧ ~q)
(D) p → (q ∨ r)
Solution:
(C) ~ r → (~p ∧ ~q)

(x) Which of the following is inverse of the proposition: “If a number is a prime, then it is odd.
(A) if a number is not prime, then it is odd.
(B) if a number is not a prime, then it is not odd.
(C) if a number is not odd then it is not a prime.
(D) if a number is not odd, then it is a prime.
Solution:
(B) if a number is not a prime, then it is not odd.

Question 2.
Give examples, five in each case, of , sentences that are
(i) propositions
Solution :
Examples of a proposition:
(a) Rama is a boy.
(b) He is ten years old.
(c) He is reading in class six.
(d) He has 2 brothers and 3 sisters.
(e) 2 + 3 ≥ 5

(ii) not-propositions
Solution:
Examples of not-proposition:
(a) How old are you?
(b) What is he to you?
(c) Read mindfully.
(d) What a beautiful girl!
(e) May God offer you long life.

Question 3.
Illustrate the use of all connectives and the modified ‘not’ in five separate examples of propositions.
Solution:
Conjunction: Hari and Madhu are two friends.
Disjunction: Hari or Madhu stand first in their class.
Implication: If I will be the king, then I will make you my queen.
Double Implication: I will love you if you will love me.
Negation: I don’t like her.

Question 4.
Try to construct an example of a proposition involving all connectives and also the modifier ‘not’.
Solutions:
If she do not come and take my help, then she neither understands the problem nor solves them but she can create other problems.

Question 5.
Which of the following sentences are propositions and which are not? Write with reasons :
(i) 2 < 5.
(ii) Is 9 < 3?
(iii) x is greater than 100.
(iv) Why are you crying?
(v) May God grant you long life.
(vi) Cuttack is a big city.
(vii) It is possible that there is life on Mars.
(viii)Ram is a friend of Hari.
(ix) x² –  x + 1=0
(x) Oh! What scenery!
(xi) You must go to school every day.
(xii) It was raining yesterday.
Solution:
(i) 2 < 5 is a proposition, as it is true.

(ii) Is 9 < 3? Is not a proposition, as it is neither true nor false.

(iii) “x is greater than 100” is not a statement as x is not defined.

(iv) Why are you crying? Is not a statement as it is neither true nor false.

(v) “May God grant you long life” is not a statement as it is neither true nor false.

(vi) “Cuttack is a big city” is not a statement, as it contains the word ‘big’ (not defined).

(vii) “It is possible that there is life on Mars” is not a proposition. (To date it is not confirmed)

(viii)Ram is a friend of Hari. It is a statement as it is true or false.

(ix) “x² – x + 1 = 0” is not a statement as ‘x’ is not defined.

(x) Oh! What scenery! It is not a statement as it is neither true nor false.

(xi) You must go to school every day. It is not a statement as it is neither true nor false.

(xii) It was raining yesterday. It is not a proposition as it is not known to which day yesterday means.

Question 6.
Write down negations of each of the following.
(i) If you read, you will pass.
(ii) John is a friend of Thomas.
(iii) Fifteen is greater than five.
(iv) Either Pramod is clever or he is laborious.
(v) Money is necessary for happiness.
(vi) It is raining and Mahanadi is flooded.
(vii) Pen is might than a sword.
(viii) |x| is equal to either x or – x.
(ix) It is raining and it is cool.
(x) 3 + 6 > 8 and 2 + 3 < 6.
Solution:
(i) It is not true that if you read, you will pass.
(ii) John is not a friend of Thomas.
(iii) Fifteen is not greater than five.
(iv) Pramod is not clever and also not laborious.
(v) Money is not necessary for happiness.
(vi) It is neither raining nor Mahanadi is flooded.
(vii) Pen is not more mighty than a sword.
(viii) |x| is neither x nor – x
(ix) It is not raining or it is not cool.
(x) 3 + 6 ≤ 8 or 2+ 3 ≥ 6.

Question 7.
Translate the following propositions into symbolic form, stating the prime components in each case.
(i) If you do not work hard, you will repent.
(ii) Jamini will be rewarded if and only if he is punctual.
(iii) If there is a will, there is a way.
(iv) Time and tide wait for none.
(v) 29 is a prime number which is a sum of two squares.
(vi) Life is short, but virtue is lasting.
(vii) If the boy is poor, then he will be hungry and if he is hungry, then he cannot be honest.
(viii) A year consists of twelve months while a month does not consist of more than thirty-one days.
(ix) If the government cannot solve the unemployment problem, then public opinion will rise against it which will lead to a strengthening
of opposition.
(x) Chinu and Minu went to Calcutta, but Minu came back earlier since she lost all her money
Solution:
(i) Let p: You work hard, q: you will repent. Then the given statement is ~ p → q.
(ii) Let p: Jamini will be rewarded, q: He is punctual. The given statement is p ↔ q.
(iii) Let p: There is a will, q: There is a way.
∴ The given statement is p → q.
(iv) Let p: Time waits for none. q: Tide waits for none.
∴  Solution is p ∧ q.
(v) Let p: 29 be a prime number. q: It is a sum erf two squares
∴  Solution is p ∧ q.
(vi) Let p: Life is short. q: Virtue is lasting.
Solution is q ∧ q.
(vii) Let p: The boy is poor. q: He will be hungry. r: He can be honest.
Solution is (p → q) ∧ (q → ~r)
(viii) Let p: A year consists of twelve 9. months. q: A month consists of more than 31 days.
∴ Solution is p ∧ ~ q.
(ix) Let p: The Government can solve the unemployment problem. q: Public opinion will rise against it. r: It will lead to a strengthening
of opposition.
∴  Solution is (p → q) → r.
(x) Let p: Chinu went to Calcutta. q: Minu went to Calcutta. r: Minu came back earlier. s: She lost all her money.
Solution is (p ∧ q) ∧ (s → r).

Question 8.
Let p, q, and r denote respectively the statements: “you are honest”, “you are laborious” and “you will receive a promotion”, Translate the following statements into English language :
(i) (p ∨ q) → r
(ii) ~ r → ~ p
(iii) ~ (p ∨ q) → ~ r
(iv) |r ∨ (~ p)| → ~ q
(v) p ∧ q ∧ r
Solution:
Let p: You are honest. q: You are laborious. r: You will receive a promotion.
(i) (p ∨ q) → r. It’s the English language is “If you are honest or laborious then you will receive a promotion.”
(ii) If you will not receive a promotion, then you are not honest.
(iii) If you are neither honest nor laborious then you will not receive a promotion.
(iv) If you will receive a promotion or you are not honest then you are not, laborious.
(v) You are honest and laborious and you will receive a promotion.

Question 9.
Construct truth tables for the following and indicate which of these are tautologies :
Solution:
(i) p ∧ q → p ∨ q

p	q	p ∧ q	p ∨ q	p ∧ q ∧ p ∨ q
T	T	T	T	T
T	F	F	T	T
F	T	F	T	T
F	F	F	F	T

∴ It is a tautology.

(ii) p ∧ q → p
Solution:

p	q	p ∧ q	p ∧ q → p
T	T	T	T
T	F	F	T
F	T	F	T
F	F	F	T

∴ It is a tautology.

(iii) p ∧ (p → q) → q
Solution:

p	q	p → q	p ∧ (p → q)	p ∧ (p → q) → q
T	T	T	T	T
F	T	T	F	T
T	F	F	F	T
F	F	T	F	T

∴ It is a tautology.

(iv) p → p ∧ q
Solution:

p	q	p ∧ q	p → (p ∧ q)
T	T	T	T
T	F	F	F
F	T	F	T
F	F	F	T

∴ It is a not tautology.

(v) p → (~p → q)
Solution:

p	q	~p	~p → q	p → (~p → q)
T	T	F	T	T
T	F	F	T	T
F	T	T	T	T
F	F	T	F	T

∴ It is a tautology.

(vi) ~p ∧ (p ∧ q) → q
Solution:

∴ It is a tautology.

(vii) (p ∨ ~q) ∧ (q ∨ ~p)
Solution:

∴ It is a not tautology.

(viii) p → (~ q ∧ r)
Solution:

∴ It is a not tautology.

(ix) (p → q) → [(q → r) → (p → r)]
Solution:

∴ It is a tautology.

(x) p ∨ → ~(p ∧ q)
Solution:

∴ It is a not tautology.

(xi) (p → ~p) → ~p
Solution:

P	~p	p → ~p	(p → ~p) → ~p
T	F	F	T
F	T	T	T

∴ It is a tautology.

(xii) (~ p ∨ p) → (~ q ∨ q)
Solution:

∴ It is a tautology.

(xiii) (p ∧ q) → p) → q
Solution:

p	q	p ∧ q	(p ∧ q) → p	((p → q) → p) → q
T	T	T	T	T
T	F	F	T	F
F	T	F	T	T
F	F	F	T	F

∴ It is a not tautology.

(xiv) (p ↔ q) ∧ (q ↔ r) → (p ↔ r)
Solution:

∴ It is a tautology.

(xv) [p → (p ∨ q)] → [q → (p ∧ q)]
Solution:

Question 10.
If p has truth value T, what can be said about the truth values of
(i) ~p ∧ q → p ∨ q
Solution:

∴ ~p ∧ q → p v q is always true if p is true.

(ii) p ∨ q → ~p ∧ q
Solution:

∴ p ∨ q → ~ p ∧ q is always false it is true.

Question 11.
Determine the truth values of p ↔  ~ q when the biconditional p ↔ q has truth value (i) F, (ii) T.
Solution:

p	q	-q	p ↔ q	p ↔ ~q
T	T	F	T	F
T	F	T	F	T
F	T	F	F	T
F	F	T	T	F

(i) When p ↔ q is False, p ↔ ~ q is True.
(ii) ∴ When p ↔ q is True, p ↔ ~q is False.

Question 12.
State the converse, inverse and contra-positive of each of the following propositions. Stating it as a conditional, wherever necessary.

(i) If A ABC is equilateral, then its three angles are congruent.
Solution:
If A ABC is equilateral, then its three angles are congruent.
Converse: If the three angles of the A ABC are congruent, then it is equilateral.
Inverse: If A ABC is not equilateral, then its three angles are not congruent.
Contrapositive: If the three angles of the A ABC are not congruent, then it is not equilateral.

(ii) If Gopal is clever, then he is rich.
Solution:
Con: If Gopal is rich, then he is clever.
Inv.: If Gopal is not clever, then he is not rich.
Cont: If Gopal is not rich, then he is not clever.

(iii) p → ~ q
Solution:
p → ~ q
Con: ~ q → p
Inv: ~ p → q
Cont: q → ~ p

(iv) Sum of two odd integers is even.
Solution:
If two integers are odd, then their sum is even.
Con: If the sum of two integers is even, then they are odd.
Inv: If two integers are not odd, then their sum is not even.
Cont: If the sum of two integers is not even then they are not odd.

(v) The square of an integer is a natural number.
Solution:
If a number is an integer, then its square is a natural number.
Con: If the square of a number is a natural number, then it is an integer.
Inv: If a number is not an integer, then its square is not a natural number.
Cont: If the square of a number is not a natural number then it is not an integer.

(vi) A parallelogram that is inscribed in a circle is a rectangle.
Solution:
If a parallelogram is inscribed in a circle, then it is a rectangle.
Con: If a parallelogram is a rectangle, then it is inscribed in a circle.
Inv: If a parallelogram is not inscribed in a circle then it is not a rectangle.
Cont: If a parallelogram is not a rectangle, then it is not inscribed in a circle.

(vii) The ground being wet, there has been rainfall at night.
Solution:
If the ground being wet then there has been rainfall at night.
Con: If there has been rainfall at night then the ground being wet,
Inv: If the ground is not wet then there has been no rainfall at night.
Con: If there has been no rainfall at night then the ground is not wet.

Question 13.
Are the following pair of statements negation of each other?
(i) The number π is not a rational number.
(ii) The number π is not an irrational number.
(iii) The number π is a rational number. The number π is an rational number.
Solution:
(i) No (ii) Yes

Question 14.
Write the component statement of the following compound statements and check whether the compound statement is true or false.
(i) 24 is a multiple of 4 and 6
(ii) The school is closed if there is a holiday or a Sunday.
(iii) 7 is a rational number or an irrational number.
(iv) 57 is divisible by 2 or 3.
(v) All things have two eyes and two legs.
(vi) 2 is an even number and a prime number.
(vii) Every parallelogram is a trapezium or a rhombus.
Solution:

(i) The component statement is
p: 24 is a multiple of 4
q: 24 is a multiple of 6
The truth value of the statement is ‘True’

(ii) The component statements are :
p: There is a holiday or a Sunday
q: The School is closed
The truth value of the compound statement is ‘True’.

(iii) The component statements are
p: 7 is a rational number
q: 7 is an irrational number
The truth value of the compound statement is ‘True’.

(iv) The component statements are
p: 57 is divisible by 2
q: 57 is divisible by 3
The truth value of the compound statement is ‘True’.

(v) The component statements are
p: All things have two eyes.
q: All things have two eyes
The truth value of the compound statement is ‘false’

(vi) The component statements are
p: 2 is an even number
q: 2 is a prime number
The truth value of the compound statement is ‘ True.

(vii) The component statements are
p: Every parallelogram is a trapezium
q: Every parallelogram is a rhombus.
The truth value of the compound statement is “false”.

Question 15.
Identify the Quantifiers of the following statements.
(i) There exists a number that is equal to its square.
(ii) For every real number x, x is less than x + 1.
(iii) There exists a capital for every state of India.
(iv) For all x ∈ R , sin² x + cos² x = 1
(v) There exists an even prime number other than 2.
(vi) For every negative integer x, x³ is also a negative integer.
(vii) For every real number x, x² ≠ x.
Solution:
(i) There exists
(ii) for every
(iii) There exists
(iv) for all
(v) There exists
(vi) for every
(vii) for every

Question 16.
Write the negation of the following statement.
(i) Every living person is not 150 years old.
(ii) There exists x∈ N, x + 3 ≠ 10
(iii) All the students completed their homework.
(iv) There exists a number that is equal to its square.
(v) For every real number x, x + 4 is greater than x.
(vi) Everyone who lives in India is an Indian.
Solution:
(i) There exists a living person who is 150 years old.
(ii) for all x ∈ N, x + 3 ≠ 10
(iii) There exists a student who has not completed his homework.
(iv) Each number is not equal to its square.
(v) There exists a real number x, x + 4 is not greater than x.
(vi) There exists a person who lives in India but is not an Indian.

Odisha State Board Elements of Mathematics Class 11 Solutions CHSE Odisha Chapter 2 Sets Ex 2(a) Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

CHSE Odisha Class 11 Math Solutions Chapter 2 Sets Exercise 2(a)

Question 1.
Construct five different examples of sets. Describe each with the help of a proposition.
Solution:
(i) Collection of all the days of a week.
i.e., D = {Sunday, Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, Saturday}
= {x: x is a day of a week}

(ii) Collection of writing instruments
i.e., A = {pen, pencil, paper, ink}
= {x: x is a writing instrument}

(iii) Collection of all kings having more than one queen.
i.e., B = {x: x is a king having more than one queen.}

(iv) Collection of all nationalized political parties i.e., C = {BJP, Congress, CPI, CPI(M), JD(U), JD(S), JP}
= {x: x is a set of nationalized political parties}

(v) Collection of all integers of multiples of 3.
i.e., D = {0, ± 3, ± 6}
= {x: x is a set of all integers of multiples of 3}

(vi) Collection of all fingers of a hand
i.e., E = {x: x is a finger of hand}

Question 2.
Give an example of a set that has exactly 10 elements and express it through a defining property.
Solution:
Collection of all positive prime numbers less than 30 i.e„ A = {2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29} = {x: x is a prime number less than 30}

Question 3.
It is possible to express every set through a defining property? Justify your answer.
Solution:
Yes, it is possible to express every set through a defining property, as every set can be written in the set builder form.

Question 4.
If {x: p₁ (x)} = {x: p₂ (x)}, show for each x, p₁ (x) and p₂ (x) have the same truth value.
Solution:
Given that {x : p₁ (x)} = {x : p₂ (x)}
∴ The two sets have the same element.
So p₁ (x) ≠ p₂ (x) i.e., they have the same truth value.

Question 5.
For each of the following words, write down the set of letters forming that word :
(i) Administration,
(ii) Misrepresentation,
(iii) Mathematics,
(iv) Concurrence,
(v) Demonstration
Solution:
(i) {a, d, i, m, n, o, r, s, t }
(ii) {a, e, i, m, n,o,p, r, s, t }
(iii) {a, c, e, h, i, m, s, t }
(iv) {c, e, n, n, o, r, u }
(v) {a, d, e, i, m, n, o, r, s, t }

Question 6.
State with reason, which of the following are sets and which are not :
(i) All big rivers of India.
(ii) All natural numbers having at least one prime factor.
(iii) All sincere students of Ravenshaw college during the academic year 1998 -99.
(iv) All real numbers with negative squares.
(v) All citizens of India earning more than Rs. 10,000/- per month.
(vi) All college teachers who are citizens of India.
(vii) All finite subsets of the set Z of integers.
(viii)Collection of all possible sets.
(ix) Collection of all winged horses.
(x) Collection of all residents of Odisha who will live for more than 100 years.
Solution:
(i) It is not a set, as the word ‘big’ is not properly defined.
(ii) It is a set, as it is properly defined.
(iii) It is not a set, as the word ‘sincere’ is not properly defined.
(iv) It is a set, as it is well-defined.
(v) It is a set, as it is well-defined.
(vi) It is a set, as it is well-defined.
(vii) It is a set, as it is well-defined.
(viii)It is a set, as it is well-defined.
(ix) It is a set, as is it properly defined.
(x) It is not a set, as we do not know, who will live for more than 100 years.

Question 7.
Write the following sets in the form of lists:
(i) {x: x is a prime number and 1 ≤ x ≤ 100}
(ii) {x: x = is an odd integer}
(iii) {x: x = 1 or x = 2 or x = 3 }
(iv) {x: x = can be written as a sum of two odd integers}
(v) Set of all natural numbers that are divisible by 5.
Solution:
(i) {2, 3, 5, 7, …….. 97}
(ii) {± 1, ± 3, ± 5, ……..}
(iii) {1, 2, 3}
(iv) {2, 4, 6, 8, 10, ………}
(v) {5, 10, 15, 20, ……..}

Question 8.
Write the following sets in the intention (or specification form)
(i) {a}
(ii) Φ
(iii) {1, 2}
(iv) {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
(v) P (Φ)
(vi) {1, 3, 9, 27}
Solution:
(i) {x: x = a}
(ii) {x: x ≠ x}
(iii) {x: x = 1 or x = 2}
(iv) {x: x ∈ N, 1 ≤ x ≤ 5}
(v) {x: x = Φ}
(vi) {x: x =3ⁿ n ∈ Z, 0 ≤ n ≤ 3 }

Question 9.
Determine if set A is a proper subset of the set B where A and B are as given below:

(i) A = { 1, 2, 3, …….}
B = {x: x is a rational number}
Solution:
A is a proper subset of B as all the elements of A are in B.

(ii) A = {x: x is a prime number}
B = {2n – 1: n = 1, 2, 3, …… }
Solution:
A = {x : x is a prime number}
= {2, 3, 5, 7, 11, ……}
B = {2n – 1: n = 1, 2, 3, …. }
= {1, 3, 5, 7, ….}
∴ A ⊄ B, because of 2 ∈ A but 2 ∉.

(iii) A = {-l, 1, 3}
B = {x: x ∈ R and x³ – 2x³ -x + 2 = 0}
Solution:
Solving x³ – 2x² – x + 2 = 0
we have x² (x – 2) – 1 (x – 2) = 0
or, (x – 2) (x²– 1) = 0
∴ x = 1, -1, 2
∴ B ={ -1, 1, 2}
∴ A is not a subset of B.

(iv) A= {1, 2, 3, 4}
B = [n ∈ N, n is a divisor of 60}
Solution:
B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 10, 12, 15, 20, 30, 60}
∴ A ⊂ B

Question 10.
For each of the following pairs of sets A and B, determine if A ⊂ B or A ⊄ B:
Solution:
(i) A = Φ, B = {Φ}
Here A ⊂ B, as Φ is the subset of every set

(ii) A = {x : x is an integer}
= 0, ± 1, ± 2……..
B = {3x : x is an integer}
= {0, ± 3, ± 6,……} A ⊄ B.

(iii) A = {x: x is an odd integer}
B = {x: x is real and not an even integer}
∴ A = {± 1, ± 3, ± 5, …….} and B is the set containing all the real numbers except for even integers.
∴ A ⊂ B

(iv) A = {x : x is an integer which is both even and odd}
B = {x: x is an integer, x ≠ x}
∴ A ⊂ B, … A = Φ and B = Φ)

(v) A = |a, b, c|, B = {|a|, |b|,  |c|}
∴ A ⊄ B

Question 11.
Determine the truth of the falsity of the following propositions with reasons.
(a) {1, 2} € {1,2,3}
(b) A ⊂ A for any set A.
(c) Every set has a proper subset.
(d) Every set in a proper subset of the same set
(e) For any object x, there is a set A such that, x ∈ A.
(f) For any object x, there is a set A such that, x ∉ A.
(g) If A, B, C sets, then either A = B or A ⊂ B or B ⊂ A.
(h) a ∈ {(a)}
(i) a ∈ {(a, b), b}, a ≠ b.
(j) If A is a proper subset of B and B is a subset of C, then A is a proper subset of C.
(k) A ⊂ Φ if and only if A = Φ.
Solution:
(a) {1,2} ∈ {1,2,3} is false, as {1, 2} is not an element of { 1, 2, 3} but it is a subset.
(B) A ⊂ A is false, as A is an improper subset of itself, not a proper subset.
(C) ‘Every set has a proper subset is false as Φ has no proper subset.
(d) Every set is a proper subset of the same set is false.
(e) For any object x, there is a set A such that, x ∈ A. It is true.
(f) For every object x, there is a set A such that, x ∉ A. It is true.
(g) If A, B, C sets, then either A = B or A ⊂ B or B ⊂ A. It is false, as there is a possibility for A ≠ B.
e.g. a = {1, 2}, b = {a, b}
(h) a ∈ {{a}}. It is false as ‘a’ is not an element of the set {(a)}.
(i) as ∈ {{a, b}, b}, a ≠ b It is false, as ‘a’ is not an element of the set {{a, b}, b}
(j) If A is a proper subset of B and B is a subset of C, then A is a proper subset of C.
It is true, as
x ∈ A ⇒ x ∈ B ∴ (A ⊂ B)
and x ∈ B ⇒ x ∈ C ∴ (B ⊂ A)
∴ x ∈ A ⇒ x ∈ C means A ⊂ C.
(k) A ⊂ Φ if and only if A = Φ is true.
Proof:
Necessary part: Given A ⊂ Φ and prove A = Φ.
Now A ⊂ Φ       ….(1)
And Φ is the subset of every set.
So Φ ⊂ A           ….(2)
Combining (1) and (2) we get A = Φ.
Sufficient part: Given A = Φ and to prove A ⊂ C.
A = Φ ⇒ A ⊂ Φ and Φ ⊂ A
Thus A ⊂ Φ.

Question 12.
Write down the power set of
(i) {a, b, c}
(ii) {a, {a}}
(iii) Φ
(iv) {Φ}
(v) {a, {a}, {a,b}}
(vi) {{Φ}}
Solution:
(i) Let A = {a, b, c}
P(A) = {{a}, {b}, {c}, {a, b}, {a, c}, {b, c}, A, Φ}

(ii) Let A = {a, {a}} then P(A) = {{a}, {{a}}, Φ, A}

(iii) P (Φ) = {Φ}

(iv) P({Φ})-= {{Φ}, Φ}

(v) Let A = {a, {a}, {a, b}}
∴ P(A) = {{a}, {{a}}, {{a, b}}, {a}, {a}
{{a}, {a,b}}, {a, {a,b}, A, Φ)}

(vi) Let A = {{Φ}}
∴ P(A) = {A, Φ}

Question 13.
Prove that P(A) ⊂ P(B) if and only if A ⊂ B. When is the inclusion P(A) ⊂ P(B) proper?
Solution:
Necessary Part :
Let P(A) ⊂ P(B),
we shall prove that A ⊂ B.
∴ Let x ∈ A
⇒ {x} ∈ P(A)
⇒ {x} ∈ P(B)  (∴ P(A) ⊂P(B)
⇒ x ∈ B
Sufficient Part:
Let A ⊂ B
Let x ∈ P(A)
⇒ x ⊂ A
⇒x ⊂ B (∴ A ⊂ B)
⇒ x ∈ P(B)
Thus P(A) ⊂ P(B)
The inclusion P(A) ⊂ P(B) is proper when A is a proper subset of B.

Question 14.
A set can be finite or infinite (as understood in an informal way). For instance, {1, 2, 3, 4} is a finite set whereas Z is an infinite set. The number of elements of a set A, denoted by |A|, is called its cardinal number. Without going into the necessary technicalities, we may just observe that
|Φ|  = 0, |{x_1, x_2………,x_n }| = n
Two sets A and B are called similar if they have the same cardinal number. Thus, the sets {1, 2, 3} and {2, 4, 6} are similar. We write A ~ B to express the fact that A and B are similar. Now, answer the following questions.
(i) What are the cardinal numbers of the following sets?
{Φ}, {a, {a, b}}, {Z} {0.5}, {0, {5}}, {a, b, {a, b} }, {{Φ}}, {Φ, {Φ}}
(ii) For any natural number n, give an example of a set A such that |A = n|.
(iii) Determine the cardinal number of the set {x: x is real and x³ – x² + x- 1 = 0 }
Solution:
(i) Cardinal number of the set {Φ} is 1.
Cardinal number of the set {a, {a, b} } is 2.
Cardinal number of the set {z} is 1.
Cardinal number of the set {0,5} is 2.
Cardinal number of {0, {5 } } is 2.
Cardinal number of the set {a, b {a, b}) is 3.
Cardinal number of the set {{Φ}} is 1.
Cardinal number of {Φ, {Φ}} is 2.

(ii) Let A = {1, 2, 3}
∴ | A | = 4 where 4 ∈ N for n = 4.

(iii) Let A = {x : x is real and
x³ – x² + x – 1 = 0 }
Solving, x³ – x² + x – 1 = 0
or, x² ( x – 1) + 1 (x – 1 ) = 0
or, (x- 1) (x² + 1) = 0
x – 1 = 0, x² + 1 = 0
x = 1, ± i
As x is real, we have A = {1}
| A | = 1

Question 15.
Which sets are finite and which are infinite?
(i) The set N of positive natural numbers.
(ii) The set Z of integers.
(iii) The set Q of rational numbers.
(iv) The set R of real numbers.
(v) The set of prime numbers.
(vi) The set of even integers.
(vii) The set of human beings.
(viii)The set of integers less than 10.
Solution:
(i) “The set N of positive natural numbers” is an infinite set.
(ii) “The set Z of integers” is an infinite set.
(iii) “The set Q of rational numbers” is an infinite set.
(iv) “The set R of real numbers” is an infinite set.
(v) “The set of prime numbers” is an infinite set.
(vi) “The set of even integers” is an infinite set.
(vii) “The set of human beings” is a finite set.
(viii)“The set of integers less than 10” is an infinite set.

Question 16.
Verify that
| P (Φ) | = 2⁰
| P ({a}) | = 2¹
| P ({a, b}) | = 2²
| P({a, b, c}) | = 2³
Solution:
(i) Let A = Φ, then P(A) = {Φ}
∴ P(A) = 1 = 2⁰

(ii) Let A = {a} then P(A) = {{a}, Φ}
∴ P(A) = 2 = 2¹

(iii) Let A = {a, b)
then P(A) = {{a}, {b}, {a, b}, Φ}
∴ P(A) = 4 = 2²

(iv) Let A = {a, b, c}
P(A) = {{a}, {b}, {c}, {a, b}, {b, c}, A, Φ}
∴ P(A) = 8 = 2³

Question 17.
Find the number of elements of
(i) P(P(Φ))
(ii) P(P(P(Φ)))
(iii) P(P(P(P(Φ))))
Solution:
(i) We have | P (Φ) | = 2⁰ = 1
∴ | P(P(Φ)) | = 2¹ = 2
(ii) | P(P(P(Φ))) | = 2² = 4
(iii) | P(P(P(P(Φ))) | =2⁴ = 16

Question 18.
Prove by the method of induction that if A has n number of elements, then | P (A) | = 2ⁿ.
Solution:
When n = 1, we have, let A = {a₁}
P (A) = {{ a₁ }, Φ} ⇒ | P(A) | = 2 = 2¹
∴ p₁ is true.
Let p_k be true i.e., if A = {a_1, a_{2, ………..} a_k }
then | A | = k and | P(A) | = 2^k
Now let B = {a_1, a_{2, ………..} a_k, a_k+1  }
∴ | B | =k + 1.
Here A has 2^k subsets. These 2^k subsets are also in B. Which includes the additional elements a_k+1 ∈ B.
So there are 2^k. 2 = 2^k+1 subsets in B.
∴ | P(B) | = 2^k+1
i.e., if | A| = k +1 then | P(A) | = 2^k+1
∴ p_k+1 is true.
∴ p_n is true for all values of n ∈ N.
∴ | P(A) | =2ⁿ if | A | = n.

Question 19.
Can you say how many elements P(P(A)) if A has n elements?
Solution:
If | A | = n then | p(A) | =2ⁿ
and | P(P(A)) | = 2⁽²ⁿ⁾ .

Odisha State Board Elements of Mathematics Class 11 CHSE Odisha Solutions Chapter 1 Mathematical Reasoning Ex 1(b) Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

CHSE Odisha Class 11 Math Solutions Chapter 1 Mathematical Reasoning Exercise 1(b)

Question 1.
Check the validity of the following statements.

(i) p: 100 is a multiple of 5 and 4.
(ii) q: 125 is multiple of 5 and 7.
(iii) r: 60 is a multiple of 3 or 5.
Solution:
(i) Here the connective is ‘and’
Step -1: 100 is a multiple of 5 (True)
Step -2: 100 is a multiple of 4 (True)
∴ 100 is a multiple of 5 and 4 is true, i.e. the statement ‘p’ is valid.

(ii) Here the connective is ‘and’
Step – 1: 125 is a multiple of 5 (True)
Step – 2: 125 is a multiple of 7 (false)
∴ The statement ‘q’ is (false), i.e. the statement ‘q’ is not a valid statement

(iii) Here the connective is ‘or’
60 is a multiple of 3 (True)
60 is a multiple of 5 (True)
Thus the component statements are both true.
∴ The statement ‘r’: 60 is a multiple of 3 or is true, i.e. ‘r’ is a valid statement.

Question 2.
Check the validity of the statements given below by the method given against each.
(i) “The sum of an irrational number and a rational number is irrational’’ (by contradiction method).
(ii) “If n is a real number with n > 3, then n² > 9 (by the method of contradiction).
(iii) ‘‘If x, y are integers such that xy is odd then both x and y are odd” (by the method of contrapositive)
(iv) “If x is an integer and x² is even then x is also even” (method of contrapositive).
Solution:
(i) Let the given statement is false.
i.e. the sum of an irrational number and a rational number is rational.
⇒ An irrational number + a rational number = a rational number
⇒ An irrational number = A rational number + rational number = A rational number
Which is absurd.
We arrive at a contradiction.
This is due to our false assumption. Thus, the given statement is true.

(ii) Let the given statement is false.
i.e. for a natural number n > 3 n² > 9
⇒ n² ≤ 3 ⇒ n ≤ 3
(.’. n is a natural number which contradicts the fact that n > 3)
This contradiction is due to our false assumption.
Thus for any natural number
n > 3, n² > 9.

(iii) Let p: x and y are integers such that xy is odd. and q: both x and y are odd. We shall prove the validity of p → q by using the method of contrapositive.
Now ~ q: It is not true that both x and y are odd, i.e. at least one of x (or y) is even.
Let ~ q is true.
Let x is even and x = 2n for some integer n.
⇒ xy = 2ny for some integer n.
⇒ xy is even (not odd)
⇒ ~ p is true.
Thus by the method of contrapositive, we proved ~ q ⇒ ~ p, i.e. p → q is true.

(iv) Let p: x is an integer and x² is even
q : x is even.
Let ~ q is true
⇒ x is not an even integer
⇒ x is an odd integer
Let x = 2n + 1 for some integer ‘n ’
⇒ x² = (2n + 1)² = 4n² + 4n + 1
= 2 (2n² + 2n) + 1
which is odd.
⇒ p is false ⇒ ~ p is true
Thus ~ q ⇒ ~ p
∴ Thus the statement is true.
i.e x is even ⇒x is also even

Question 3.
By giving counter-examples, show that the following statements are not true:
(i) If measures of all the angles of a triangle are equal, then the triangle is an obtuse angled triangle.
(ii) For every real number x and y, x² = y² ⇒ x = y.
(iii) The equation x² – 1 = 0 does not have any root lying between 0 and 2.
Solution:
(i) Let in ΔABC
∠A = ∠B = ∠C = 60°
Clearly, no angle is obtuse.
∴ The triangle is not obtuse-angled.
(ii) for x = – 2, y = 2
x² = y² = 4 but x ≠ y
∴ x² = y² ⇒ x = y
(iii) x = 1 is a root of x² – 1=0
that lies between 0 and 2.
∴ The given statement is false.

Question 4.
Check the validity of “If I do not work, I sleep.
If I am worried, I will not sleep. Therefore, if I am worried, I will work”.
Solution:
Method-1:
Let p: I work
q: I sleep
r: I am worried
“If I do not work, I sleep” can be written as ~ p → q
“If I am worried, I will not sleep” can be written as r → ~ q
‘If I am worried, I will work’’ can be written as r → p
The given statement can be written as [(~ p → q) ∧ (r → ~ q)] → ( r → p)
Let us draw the truth table

As [(~ p → q) ∧ (r → q)] → (r → p)
is a tautology the given statement is logically valid.
Method – 2:
Let p: I do work
q: I sleep
r: I am worried
“If I do not work, I sleep ” can be represented as ~ p → q
“If I am worried, I will not sleep” can be written as r → ~ q
Thus we can write the given statement as
[(~ p → q) ∧ (r → q)] → (r → p)
But a statement and its contrapositive are equivalent.
Thus this can be written as
[(r  → ~ q) ∧  (~ q → p)] → (r → p)
By the principle of syllogism, the given statement is logically valid.

Question 5.
Let a and b be integers. By the law of contrapositive prove that if ab is even then either a is even or b is even:
Solution:
Let p: For integers ‘a and b’ ab is even q: a is even or b is even
we shall check the validity of p → q by the method of contrapositive Let ~ q is true.
⇒ Both a and b are odd
Let a = 2m + 1, b = 2n + 1
for some integers m and n
⇒ ab = (2m + 1) (2n + 1)
= 4mn + 2 (m + n ) + 1
= 2 [2mn + m + n) + 1
Which is odd
⇒  p is false
⇒  ~ p is true
Thus the method of contrapositive p → q is true.
i.e. The given statement is logically valid.