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Odisha State Board BSE Odisha 10th Class English Solutions Chapter 8 Air Pollution: A Hidden Menace Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Class 10th English Chapter 8 Air Pollution: A Hidden Menace Question Answers BSE Odisha

Air Pollution: A Hidden Menace Class 10 Questions and Answers

D. Let’S Understand The Text

Question 1.
What accident took place at Bhopal in 1984?
(୧୯୮୪ରେ ଭୋପାଳରେ କେଉଁ ଦୁର୍ଘଟଣା ଘଟିଥିଲା ?)
Answer:
The most tragic industrial accident took place at Bhopal in 1984.

Question 2.
Why is it called an industrial accident?
(ଏହାକୁ କାହିଁକି ଏକ ଔଦ୍ୟୋଗିକ ଦୁର୍ଘଟଣା କୁହାଯାଏ ?)
Answer:
It is called ah industrial accident as it occurred in a chemical plant operated by Union Carbide. Deadly gas from it escaped into the atmosphere for which over 4000 local residents were killed and many others were blind and crippled.

Question 3.
What were the tragic consequences Of it?
(ଏହାର ଦୁଃଖଦ ପରିଣତି କ’ଣ ଥିଲା ?)
Answer:
The tragic consequences of the most tragic industrial accident in Bhopal were heart-rendering. As a result of the escapement of deadly gas from the chemical plant into the atmosphere, more than 4000 local residents were killed and many others were blind and crippled.

Question 4.
How is air important for man?
(ବାୟୁ କିପରି ମନୁଷ୍ୟ ପାଇଁ ଗୁରୁତ୍ଵପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ ?)
Answer:
Air is highly essential for every living being. Because a man can’t live without breathing even for a minute and for breathing air is essential. So air is important for man. It is estimated that an average adult exchanges 15 kg of air a day, in comparison to 1.5 kg of food, and 2.5 kg of water.

Question 5.
What is the major source of contamination of the human body?
(ମନୁଷ୍ୟ ଶରୀର ପ୍ରଦୂଷଣର ମୁଖ୍ୟ ଉତ୍ସ କିଏ ? )
Answer:
Air pollution is a major source of contamination of the human body.

Question 6.
What is the composition of air?
(ବାୟୁର ଗଠନ କ’ଣ ?)
Answer:
Air is composed of 78 per cent nitrogen, 21 per cent oxygen, a little less than 1 per cent argon and 0.03 per cent carbon dioxide. These elements make up 99.9 per cent of dry air.

Question 7.
When is air said to be polluted?
(ବାୟୁ କେତେବେଳେ ପ୍ରଦୂଷିତ ହୋଇଛି ବୋଲି କୁହାଯାଏ ?)
Answer:
Air is a mixture of gases and its different component gases remain in a definite proportion/ratio. The air is pure so long as that definite proportion of component gases is continued to exist. If the oxygen level gets reduced in air, irritating gases enter the atmosphere, air is said to be polluted.

Question 8.
What fuels do the industries use?
(ଶିଳ୍ପଗୁଡ଼ିକ କେଉଁସବୁ ଜାଳେଣି ବ୍ୟବହାର କରନ୍ତି ?)
Answer:
Most industries require steam. In order to produce steam they use fuels like coal, coke or furnace oil.

Question 9.
How does the released smoke affect man?
(ନିର୍ଗତ ବାଷ୍ପ ମନୁଷ୍ୟକୁ କିପରି ପ୍ରଭାବିତ କରିଥାଏ ?)
Answer:
The released smoke of different industries containing obnoxious gases, ash and dust particles mingles with the air and pollutes it. They enter our body through respiration and cause great harm to our lungs without our knowledge.

Question 10.
Why do thermal power stations cause more pollution?
(ତାପଜ ବିଦ୍ୟୁତ୍ କେନ୍ଦ୍ରଗୁଡ଼ିକ କାହିଁକି ଅଧିକ ପ୍ରଦୂଷଣ ଘଟାଇଥାଏ ?)
Answer:
Thermal power stations discharge high amounts of smoke along with ash into the atmospheric air in comparison to other industries. So they cause more pollution than any other industry and chemical plants.

Question 11.
What are the other industries equally harmful to us?
(ଆମ ପାଇଁ ସମପରିମାଣରେ କ୍ଷତିକାର କ ଅନ୍ୟାନ୍ୟ ଶିଳ୍ପଗୁଡ଼ିକ କ’ଣ ?)
Answer:
Other industries like cement industries, steel industries and ore processing industries and chemical plants are equally harmful to us thermal plants.

Question 12.
Why is the number of automobiles increasing on the road?
(ରାସ୍ତା ଉପରେ ମୋଟରଗାଡ଼ି ସଂଖ୍ୟା ବଢ଼ିଚାଲିଛି କାହିଁକି ?)
Answer:
The population is increasing at a very rapid rate. So in order to meet the demand of the exploding population, the automobiles on the road are increasing.

Question 13.
How do automobiles contribute to air pollution?
(ମୋଟରଗାଡ଼ିଗୁଡ଼ିକ ବାୟୁ ପ୍ରଦୂଷଣରେ କିପରି ସହାୟକ ହୋଇଥା’ନ୍ତି ?)
Answer:
Automobiles release maximum carbon monoxide into the atmosphere so that the air is polluted. It is calculated that automobiles are responsible for 60 per cent of air pollution in different parts of the world.

Question 14.
What are the effects of air pollution on vegetable crops and trees?
(ପନିପରିବା ଫସଲ ଓ ବୃକ୍ଷଗୁଡ଼ିକ ଉପରେ ବାୟୁ ପ୍ରଦୂଷଣର କି ପ୍ରଭାବ ପଡ଼ିଥାଏ ?)
Answer:
Car exhaust gases cause a lot of harm to many flower and vegetable crops. They are completely destroyed by air pollution. Trees have been seriously affected and killed by pollution from power plants.

Question 15.
How are buildings affected by polluted air?
(ପ୍ରଦୂଷିତ ବାୟୁଦ୍ଵାରା ଅଟ୍ଟାଳିକାଗୁଡ଼ିକ କିପରି କ୍ଷତିଗ୍ରସ୍ତ ହୁଅନ୍ତି ?)
Answer:
Air pollution causes harm to buildings. Fine buildings become shabby, and their walls get blackened with soot that has settled on them by air pollution. Building surfaces may actually deteriorate because of polluted air.

Question 16.
What health problems are caused by polluted air?
(ପ୍ରଦୂଷିତ ବାୟୁଦ୍ଵାରା କେଉଁ ସ୍ଵାସ୍ଥ୍ୟ ସମସ୍ୟା ସୃଷ୍ଟି ହୁଏ ?)
Answer:
Polluted air causes a lot of health hazards. It causes eye irritations, scratchy throats and respiratory illness.

Question 17.
How is air pollution responsible for increasing the temperature?
(ତାପମାତ୍ରା ବୃଦ୍ଧି ପାଇଁ ବାୟ ପଦଷଣ କିପରି ଦାୟୀ ?)
Answer:
The amounts of air pollutants like carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide in the atmosphere are increasing. These gases tend to trap the radiation that reaches the earth from the sun. As a result of which the atmospheric temperature is continuously increasing. This process would eventually lead to global warming.

Question 18.
What harm can refrigerant do?
(ଶୀତଳକାରକ ପଦାର୍ଥ କି କ୍ଷତି କରିପାରେ ?)
Answer:
A substance that belongs to a group of chemicals and chlorofluorocarbons is used as a refrigerant. The use of this substance may destroy the atmospheric layer that protects us from the harmful rays of the sun.

Question 19.
What is acid rain?
(ଅମ୍ଳବୃଷ୍ଟି କ’ଣ ?)
Answer:
Acid rain is a kind of precipitation which contains a sulphur oxide, nitrogen oxide and other chemicals. And this acid rain affects everything that it falls on.

Question 20.
How is water affected by acid rain?
(ଅମ୍ଳବୃଷ୍ଟିଦ୍ୱାରା ଜଳ କିପରି କ୍ଷତିଗ୍ରସ୍ତ ହୁଏ ?)
Answer:
Acid rain makes the water of rivers and lakes poisonous as it contains oxides of sulphur and nitrogen and other chemicals. The water turns acidic and affects aquatic animals and plants. It also affects crops, buildings and drinking water.

Question 21.
What is the impact of acid rain on soil?
(ମୃତ୍ତିକା ଉପରେ ଅମ୍ଳବୃଷ୍ଟିର ପ୍ରଭାବ କ’ଣ ?)
Answer:
Acid rain changes the soil’s nutrient content. It washes away nutrients like potassium, calcium and magnesium from the upper layer that help trees grow. Acid rain kills large patches of forests leaving behind leafless skeletons of trees.

Question 22.
What are the ways to control air pollution?
(ବାୟୁ ପ୍ରଦୂଷଣ ନିୟନ୍ତ୍ରଣର ଉପାୟଗୁଡ଼ିକ କ’ଣ ?)
Answer:
There are three basic ways to control air pollution preventive measures, dispersal measures and collection measures. Preventive measures can be taken by changing the raw materials used in industry or the ingredients of fuel. Dispersal measures can be taken by raising the heights of tall chimneys of the factories. Collection measures can be taken by designing equipment to trap pollutants before they escape into the atmosphere.

Question 23.
How have different countries tried to check it?
(ବିଭିନ୍ନ ଦେଶଗୁଡ଼ିକ ଏହାକୁ ରୋକିବାକୁ କିପରି ପ୍ରୟାସ କରିଛନ୍ତି ?)
Answer:
Different countries have tried to check air pollution by taking many initiatives such as making laws, setting standards and norms to ensure quality air and burning low-sulphur coal and oil in factories and power plants.

Question 24.
How have the air quality programmes brought us benefits?
(କିପରି ବାୟୁର ଗୁଣାତ୍ମକ ବୃଦ୍ଧି ସମ୍ପର୍କିତ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟକ୍ରମଗୁଡ଼ିକ ଆମର ଉପକାର କରିଛନ୍ତି ?)
Answer:
Air quality programmes have brought us benefits in many areas. For example, burning low-sulphur coal and oil in factories and power plants has lowered pollution in many cities. In order to meet standards, automobile engines are redesigned and new cars have been equipped with devices like catalytic converter which changes pollutants into harmless substances and reduces air pollution.

Question 25.
Why do we still need to find out better ways to control air pollution?
(ତଥାପି ଆମେ କାହିଁକି ବାୟୁ ପ୍ରଦୂଷଣ ନିୟନ୍ତ୍ରଣ ନିମନ୍ତେ ଉନ୍ନତ ଉପାୟମାନ ବାହାର କରିବା ଦରକାର କରୁଛୁ ?)
Answer:
Although the formulation of certain laws and set of standards and norms have checked air pollution up to some extent, it hasn’t been completely checked. So we still need to find out better ways to control air pollution. It is not easy to bring about the new development needed to control it. Now physicians, engineers, botanists and meteorologists are carrying out research, seeking new ways to check it. In the future, we can breathe pure air in the cities where the sunlight is no longer blocked by an umbrella of air pollution.

E. Let’S Go Beyond The Text

Question 1.
Why does the oxygen level in the atmosphere get reduced? What could be its consequences?
(ବାୟୁମଣ୍ଡଳରେ ଅମ୍ଳଜାନ ସ୍ତର କମିଯାଇଛି କାହିଁକି ? ଏହାର ପରିଣାମ କ’ଣ ହୋଇପାରେ ? )
Answer:
The oxygen level in the atmosphere gets reduced for many reasons. Due to deforestation, the photosynthesis process has been reduced and the amount of oxygen gets reduced. Besides burning process also reduces the amount of oxygen in the atmosphere. If it so happens then living beings will be definitely deprived of availing adequate oxygen. Besides, through respiration oxygen gets converted into carbon dioxide which traps radiation that reaches the earth from the sun, as a result, the atmosphere becomes warmer and would eventually lead to global warming.

Question 2.
How do the chemical industries cause dangerous air pollution? What are its far-reaching consequences?
(ରସାୟନ ଶିଳ୍ପଗୁଡ଼ିକ କିପରି ବିପଜନକ ବାୟୁ ପ୍ରଦୂଷଣ ସୃଷ୍ଟି କରୁଛନ୍ତି ? ଏହାର ସୁଦୂରପ୍ରସାରୀ ପରିଣାମ କ’ଣ ?)
Answer:
The chemical industries release certain toxic fumes into the atmosphere, along with smoke. It mingles with the atmospheric air and pollutes it. When people inhale that toxic substance, they suffer from serious diseases.

Question 3.
How is acid rain caused?
(ଅମ୍ଳବୃଷ୍ଟି କିପରି ସୃଷ୍ଟି ହୁଏ ?)
Answer:
Acid rain is a broad term referring to a mixture of wet and dry deposition from the atmosphere containing higher than normal amounts of nitric and sulphuric acid. The chemical forerunners of acid rain formation result from both natural sources such as volcanoes and decaying vegetation and man-made sources primarily emissions of sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides resulting from fossil fuel combustion. Acid rain occurs when these gases react in the atmosphere with water, oxygen and other chemicals to form various acidic compounds.

Question 4.
How does polluted air travel from one country to another?
(ପ୍ରଦୂଷିତ ବାୟୁ କିପରି ଗୋଟିଏ ଦେଶରୁ ଅନ୍ୟ ଦେଶକୁ ଯାଇଥାଏ ?)
Answer:
The polluted air is carried away by the wind from one country to another, often for distances of thousands of miles.

Question 5.
What steps can be taken to reduce the pollution caused by automobiles? Is air pollution a global problem?
(ମୋଟରଗାଡ଼ିଦ୍ଵାରା ସୃଷ୍ଟି ହେଉଥ‌ିବା ପ୍ରଦୂଷଣକୁ କମାଇବାପାଇଁ କି କି ପଦକ୍ଷେପ ନିଆଯାଇପାରେ ? ଏହା ଏକ ଜାଗତିକ ସମସ୍ୟା କି ?)
Answer:
The pollution caused by automobiles can be reduced by taking certain steps. First of all, the ingredients of fuel used in automobiles should be changed. Secondly, automobile engines should be redesigned and equipped with new devices like catalytic converters which can change pollutants into harmless substances. Yes, air pollution is a global problem. It is a problem for the whole world.

(ii) Given below is a table. Read the text and complete the table.

Answer:

F. Let’S Do Some Activities

1. Let’s think together :
The text you have read mentions some steps to reduce air pollution. Now work in groups to suggest more steps for dealing with the problem. You can refer to newspapers, and journals and discuss among yourselves to get more ideas (The teacher divides the class into four or five groups for the purpose)(This activity will be done in the class by the teacher.)

2. Let’s speak and listen :
Each group presents its ideas in class regarding the steps to control air pollution. Other groups listen and react to the ideas. After all the groups have presented ideas, commonly agreed aspects should be finalized. (The teacher acts as the observer and coordinator.) (This activity will be done in the class by the teacher.)

3. Let’s write :
Write a letter to the Editor of a newspaper / the Minister, Department of Environment explaining the importance of clean air and suggesting ways to keep it clean and pure. (ପରିଷ୍କାର ବାୟୁର ଗୁରୁତ୍ଵ ଏବଂ ଏହାକୁ ପରିଷ୍କାର ଓ ବିଶୁଦ୍ଧ ରଖିବାର ଉପାୟମାନ ବୁଝାଇ ସମ୍ବାଦପତ୍ରର ସମ୍ପାଦକ/ପରିବେଶ ବିଭାଗର ମନ୍ତ୍ରୀଙ୍କୁ ଏକ ପତ୍ର ଲେଖ ।)

Pubusahi, Khurda
Date ……………………..

To,
The Editor
The Telegraph
Kolkata
Sub – Importance of clean air.

Dear Sir,

I shall be much obliged if you kindly publish this news item in your widely circulated newspaper.
Everybody needs pure and clean air in order to make his body fit. It is essential for the human body. Man can’t live even a moment without air. But it has become a dream now. Every comer of the world is filled with polluted air because of the growing industries of automobiles. When we respire the polluted air we suffer from many harmful diseases. The polluted air has caused a lot of harm not only to living creatures but also to trees and buildings.

All living creatures need pure and clean air so that they can keep themselves fit both physically and mentally. We all have to do something to keep it clean. A large number of trees should be planted every year to neutralize some pollutants. Some of the industries should be disestablished. The raw materials used in factories or the ingredients of fuel should be changed and equipment should be designed in such a way that can trap the pollutants before they escape into the atmosphere. Automobile engines should be equipped with devices that can change pollutants into harmless substances. Above all the government should pass laws to prevent and control air pollution.

Through your much-esteemed paper, I would like to draw the attention of the public as well as the government to do something to check air pollution and ensure a pure air.

Yours faithfully
Sasmita Praharaj

4. Let’s debate:
Some speak ‘for’ the motion and some ‘against’. The teacher acts as Chairperson.
(କେତେକ ପ୍ରସ୍ତାବ ସପକ୍ଷରେ ଓ କେତେକ ପ୍ରସ୍ତାବ ବିପକ୍ଷରେ କହିବେ, ଶିକ୍ଷକ ସଭାପତିଭାବେ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ କରିବେ ।)
(i) Use of private vehicles should be banned to control air pollution.
(ବେସରକାରୀ ଯାନବାହନ ବ୍ୟବହାର ନିଷିଦ୍ଧ ହେବା ଉଚିତ ।)
Answer:
Group — A (For)
Undoubtedly the number of private vehicles used is more than the number of government vehicles. Their contribution to causing air pollution is more. It causes near about 60 per cent of air pollution. Some people misuse their vehicles. Even they take their vehicles to a very short distances. Some people use it as a luxury item. So private vehicles should be banned so that air pollution can be controlled.

Group – B (Against)
Only private vehicles can meet the demand of the exploding population. Though a number of passenger carriers and goods carriers are run by the government, they can’t meet the rising demand of the people. Government can’t provide adequate service transportation. Of course, vehicles are responsible for air pollution. But all private vehicles shouldn’t be banned. A lot of problems will arise if it is done.

(ii) Industries being the major source of pollution need to be disestablished
(ପ୍ରଦୂଷଣର ମୁଖ୍ୟ ଉତ୍ସ ହୋଇଥିବାରୁ ଶିଳ୍ପଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ବିଲୋପ କରିବା ଆବଶ୍ୟକ ।)
Answer:
Group – A (For)
Most industries spew smoke, ash, dust and other pollutants into the atmospheric air. So the air gets polluted. It affects human beings, aquatic creatures, plants, trees as well as soil. Of course, industries fulfil the demand of the people. But they need to be disestablished to check pollution and save people and others from its ill effects.

Group – B (Against)
Modem society would come to halt without industries. Industrial products fulfil the demand of the people. Everything we use in our day-to-day life is a product of an industry or other. So the industries shouldn’t be disestablished.

G. Lets Enrich Our Vocabulary:

(i) There are some words/phrases in the text used to convey the harmful effects of air pollution on mankind.
(ବାୟୁ ପ୍ରଦୂଷଣର ମଣିଷ ସମାଜ ଉପରେ କ୍ଷତିକାରକ ପ୍ରଭାବ ଜଣାଇବା ନିମନ୍ତେ ପାଠ୍ୟ ବିଷୟରେ କେତେଗୁଡ଼ିଏ ଶବ୍ଦ|ବାକ୍ୟାଶ ଅଛି ।)
A few examples are given : deadly, irritating gases, a
ଅଳ୍ପ କେତୋଟି ଉଦାହରଣ ଦିଆଯାଇଛି: deadly, irritating gases
Pick out other such words/expressions from the text and write in your copy.
(ସେହିଭଳି ଅନ୍ୟାନ୍ୟ ଶବ୍ଦ/ବାକ୍ୟାଶଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ପାଠ୍ୟ ବିଷୟରୁ ବାଛି ତୁମ ଖାତାରେ ଲେଖ ।)

(ii) toxic fumes, toxic substances, respiratory illness, sensitive tissues, polluted air, dense smoke, scratchy throats, serious diseases
(a)The word ‘respiration’ is the noun form of the verb ‘respire’.
(respiration’ଶବ୍ଦଟି କ୍ରିୟାପଦ ‘respire’ର ବିଶେଷ୍ୟ ରୂପ ।)
Now with the help of a dictionary find out verb/noun forms of the following.
(ବର୍ତ୍ତମାନ ଅଭିଧାନର ସାହାଯ୍ୟ ନେଇ ନିମ୍ନଲିଖତଗୁଡ଼ିକର କ୍ରିୟା| ବିଶେଷ୍ୟ ରୂପ ବାହାର କର ।)

Noun	Verb	Verb	Noun
Resident		Consume
Pollution		Alter
Composition		Believe
Inhalation		Reduce
Emission		Produce
Comparison		Operate
Knowledge		Expect
Recovery		Represent
Destruction		Radiate
Contamination		Illustrate
Precipitation		Justify
Deterioration		Prevent

Answer:

Noun	Verb	Verb	Noun
Resident	Reside	Consume	Consumption
Pollution	Pollute	Alter	Alteration
Composition	Compose	Believe	Belief
Inhalation	Inhale	Reduce	Reduction
Emission	Emit	Produce	Production
Comparison	Compare	Operate	Operation
Knowledge	Know	Expect	Expectation
Recovery	Recover	Represent	Representation
Destruction	Destroy	Radiate	Radiation
Contamination	Contaminate	Illustrate	Illustration
Precipitation	Precipitate	Justify	Justification
Deterioration	Deteriorate	Prevent	Prevention

(b) Arrange the words provided under noun and verb in the order in which they should come in a dictionary.
( Noun ଓ verb ତଳେ ଦିଆଯାଇଥିବା ଶବ୍ଦଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ସେମାନେ ଅଭିଧାନରେ ଆସୁଥ‌ିବା କ୍ରମରେ ସଜାଅ । )
Answer:

Noun	Verb	Noun	Verb
Comparison Contamination Deterioration Inhalation Pollution Recovery	Alter Consume Illustrate Operate Produce Reduce	Composition Destruction Emission Knowledge Precipitation Resident	Believe Expect Justify Prevent Radiate Represent

(iii) Read the sentences below :
buildings of Krakow are slowly being destroyed by acidic smog.
Mark the word underlined. Two words, i.e. ‘smoke and fog’ (smoke + fog) have formed the word ‘smog’. Such process of word formation is known as blending. Many new words are being made in this process and are increasingly in use.

Given below is an exercise. Complete it.
Foreign + exchange bank = ………………… bank
………………. + …………….. policy = Exim policy
Slim + tender = ……………..
……………… + …………….. = telecast
Answer:
Foreign + exchange bank = Forex bank
Export + import policy = Exim policy
Slim + tender = slender
Television + broadcast = telecast

(iv) Given below are some expressions. Use a single word for each expression. Go to the text to find the words.
(ନିମ୍ନରେ କେତେକ ଶବ୍ଦପୁଞ୍ଜ ଦିଆଯାଇଛି । ପ୍ରତ୍ୟେକ ଶବ୍ଦପୁଞ୍ଜ ପାଇଁ ଗୋଟିଏ ଶବ୍ଦ ବ୍ୟବହାର କର ଶବ୍ଦଗୁଡ଼ିକ ପାଇବା ପାଇଁ ପାଠ୍ୟବିଷୟ ଦେଖ ।)
a great threat
getting worse day by day
things used to make something
a body of laws
one who studies weather conditions
Answer:
a great threat – menace
getting worse day by day – deteriorating
things used to make something – ingredients
a body of laws – legislation
one who studies weather conditions – meteorologist

H. Let’s Learn Language:

(a) Mark the following sentences used in the text:
(ପାଠ୍ୟ ବିଷୟରେ ବ୍ୟବହୃତ ନିମ୍ନଲିଖୂ ବାକ୍ୟଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ଲକ୍ଷ୍ୟ କର ।)
(i) …………………..  irritating gases enter the atmosphere.
(ii) every day, every moment we breathe polluted air to become a victim of air pollution.

The words underlined above are known as ‘participle adjectives. Here ‘irritating’ is the present participle adjective and ‘polluted’ is the past participle adjective in the above sentences.
(ଉପର ରେଖାଙ୍କିତ ଶବ୍ଦଗୁଡ଼ିକ ‘participle adjectives’ ଭାବେ ପରିଚିତ । ଉପର ବାକ୍ୟଗୁଡ଼ିକରେ ‘irritating’ ହେଉଛି ‘present participle adjective’ ଓ ‘polluted’ ହେଉଛି ‘past participle adjective’ ।)

Find out in the text how many such participles are there and make a list.
(ଏପରି କେତୋଟି participle ପାଠ୍ୟବିଷୟରେ ଅଛି ଖୋଜି ବାହାର କର ଓ ଏକ ତାଲିକା ପ୍ରସ୍ତୁତ କର ।)

Present Participle _______, ________, ________, ________
Past Participle ________, _________, ________, ________
Answer:
Present Participle — surviving, exploding (population), damaging (effects),drinking, designing, expanding (society), processing
Past Participle — contaminated, increased, industrialised, polluted

Complete the following sentences with appropriate participles of the verbs given in brackets.
(ବନ୍ଧନୀ ମଧ୍ୟରେ ପ୍ରଦତ୍ତ କ୍ରିୟାଗୁଡ଼ିକର ଉପଯୁକ୍ତ participleଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ବ୍ୟବହାର କରି ନିମ୍ନଲିଖ ବାକ୍ୟଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ କର ।)

1. The beggar is wearing a _______ shirt. (tear)
2. My father bought me a ______ suit. (swim)
3. My friend wanted a _______ instrument. (clean)
4. 1 never like to take a _______ egg. (boil)
5. Air pollution causes ______ problem. (breath)
6. People get deceased in a _______ atmosphere. (pollute)
7. Air pollution has _______ effect on buildings. (damage)
8. Severity of air pollution is more found in _______ countries. (develop)
Answer:
1. The beggar is wearing a torn shirt. (past participle)
2. My father bought me a swimming suit. (the present participle)
3. My friend wanted a cleaning instrument. (the present participle)
4. 1 never like to take a boiled egg. (past participle)
5. Air pollution causes breathing problems. (the present participle)
6. People get deceased in a polluted atmosphere. (past participle)
7. Air pollution has a damaging effects on buildings. (the present participle)
8. Severity of air pollution is more found in developed countries. (past participle)

(b) Punctuate the following text (ନିମ୍ନଲିଖ୍ ପାଠ୍ୟଟିକୁ ବିରାମ ଚିହ୍ନ ଦେଇ ଲେଖ) :
In the United States, control of air pollution is chiefly the responsibility of the state and local governments all the states have air quality management programmes which are patterned after federal laws the basic federal law dealing with air pollution is the clean air act of 1970 amended in 1990 under this law the federal environment protection again sets standards for air quality what are the standards.
Answer:
In the United States, control of air pollution is chiefly the responsibility of the state and local governments. All the States have air quality management programmes which are patterned after federal laws. The basic federal law dealing with air pollution is the Clean Air Act of 1970 amended in 1990. Under this law, the Federal Environment Protection Agency sets standards for air quality. What are the standards?

I. Let’S Prepare A Project

You live in a locality. You might have experienced some sort of pollution in your locality. It might be pollution of air or water or soil or could be noise pollution. Survey your area with a focus on the nature of pollution, its ill effects, causes of pollution and measures to control the same. Analyse and interpret the data/information collected. Write all these in a project format.
(It could be an individual or group project.)
(ତୁମେ ଏକ ଅଞ୍ଚଳରେ ବାସ କରୁଛ । ତୁମ ଅଞ୍ଚଳରେ କେତେକ ପ୍ରକାର ପ୍ରଦୂଷଣର ଅନୁଭୂତି ତୁମର ଥାଇପାରେ । ଏହା ବାୟୁ ବା ଜଳ ବା ମୃତ୍ତିକା ବା ଶବ୍ଦ ପ୍ରଦୂଷଣର ହୋଇଥାଇପାରେ । ପ୍ରଦୂଷଣର ପ୍ରକୃତି, ଏହାର କୁପ୍ରଭାବ, ପ୍ରଦୂଷଣର କାରଣ, ଏହାର ନିୟନ୍ତ୍ରଣ ଉପାୟ ଆଦି ଉପରେ ନଜର ରଖ୍ ତୁମ ଅଞ୍ଚଳ ସର୍ବେକ୍ଷଣ କର । ସଂଗୃହୀତ ତଥ୍ୟକୁ ବିଶ୍ଳେଷଣ ଓ ବ୍ୟାଖ୍ୟା କର ।) (ଏହା ବ୍ୟକ୍ତିଗତ ବା ଦଳଗତ ଯୋଜନା ହୋଇପାରେ ।)
Answer:
Title of the Project:
Air Pollution in Choudwar – Causes and Impacts on Environment.

Purpose of the study :
To find out the causes and bad effects of air pollution on the human population in Choudwar and to suggest control measures.
1. Air is the life breath of living beings but polluted air stands in the way of life.
2. Growing industrialization and deforestation are the causes of air pollution.

Methodology:
A survey method by sampling was adopted to carry out this study. Data from the field were collected on the following parameters covering a period of the last five years.

• Number of industries
• Running of vehicles/bikes etc., traffic jam
• No. of trees existing, cut down or newly planted trees during the year 2002-2006.
• Use of pesticides in the agricultural fields
• Use of LPG instead of firewood.
• Use of air conditioners, and coolers like electronic machinery.

Findings :
The entire area chosen for the study was surveyed and data were collected by direct observation from Government records, by interviewing senior citizens and local people including farmers. The collected year wise data are presented in the following tables.
Number of industries in Choudwar during the years 2002-2006

Type of industry	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006
Textile industry	01	01	03	05	10
Paper industry	Nil	Nil	Nil	01	02
Scrap Iron industry	02	02	04	04	06
Plastic industry	01	03	03	06	06
Sugar industry	Nil	Nil	Nil	01	01
Cement industry	Nil	Nil	Nil	Nil	01
Total	04	06	10	17	26

Number of vehicles plying on the highway passing through Choudwar at a particular hour during the years 2002-2006

Type of vehicles	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006
Two-wheelers	10	25	48	55	70
Cars, jeeps, etc.	04	07	15	21	35
Three wheelers	07	19	27	35	45
Buses and trucks	05	12	25	30	42

Number of big trees existing, cut down and newly planted in Choudwar during the years 2002-2006 (Collected from records of Office of the Forest Department,
Govt, of Odisha)
Number of Trees

Trees	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006
Existing	700	450	280	200	150
Cut down	50	250	170	80	30
Planted	300	150	90	70	50

Number of farmers using pesticides in their fields during those years Number of farmers in %

	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006
Pesticide users	5%	15%	30%	55%	85%

Number of families using LPG as fuel for cooking during those years Number of LPG user families (in %)

	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006
LPG users	8%	30%	65%	78%	91%

Number of people suffering from health disorders caused by air pollution at Choudwar during years 2002-2006 (Collected from Govt. Hospital records)
Number of people

Name of the disease	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006
Respiratory disorders	15	30	58	156	230
Skin disorders	18	25	37	48	115
Eye disorders	25	36	49	65	130
Cancer	02	10	14	22	36
Blood disorders	03	08	11	18	26

From the above data it becomes apparent that the air of Choudwar has been polluted during those years due to an increase in the load of vehicular traffic (Table 2), a number of different industries (Table 1) and a number of pesticides users, lack of required green cover, cutting down a large number of trees, poor plantation drive and above all due to lack of required awareness among people regarding the cause and effects of air pollution.

As a result, disorders of the respiratory system, skin, eyes, blood etc. are on the rise in this area. The only satisfying development is the rise in the number of families using LPG as fuel for cooking. Though it is not possible to install the industrialisation, use of pesticides and number of vehicles used for transportation, the following remedial measures can be taken to reduce the degree of pollution as well as the extent of pollution-related health disorders.

• Industrialists should be cajoled to use smokeless fuels and develop green covers around the factories.
• Industries should be compelled to use precipitators, scrubbers and filters to check the production of particulate matter.
• Industries should be shifted to places far from human habitation.
• Owners of automobiles should use positive crankcase ventilation and catalytic converter to reduce emissions.
• The use of low-sulphur fuel should be made compulsory.
• Antipollution devices and alternate fuels should be used in automobiles.
• No big tree should be cut down further and steps should be taken for adequate – plantation.
• The public should be made aware of air pollution through electronic media, print media, shows, symposia etc.

Conclusion:
Hence a clear and transparent atmosphere is pleasant for leading a smooth life. The presence of smoke and dust in the air irritates the human mind. High population density and a large number of plying automobiles, industries etc. make the air highly polluted. This polluted air contains carbon monoxide, nitrogen, hydrocarbons, sulphur dioxide, dust, ashes, pesticide granules etc. which are detrimental to human health. Every citizen should come forward to wipe out the pollution so that we can make the world better.

Let’s Know More

A. Related words.

Noun	Verb	Adjective	Adverb
alteration	alter	alterable	alterably
alarm	alarm	alarming	alarmingly
contamination	contaminate	contaminated	–
death	die	dead	deadly
damage	damage	damaging	–
disorder	disorder	disorderly	–
difficulty	–	difficult	–
difference	differ	different	–

 

Noun	Verb	Adjective	Adverb
pollution	pollute	polluted
origin	originate	original	originally
irritation	irritate	irritating	irritatingly
industry	industrialize	industrial	industrially
explosion	explode	explosive	explosively
drama	dramatize	dramatic	dramatically
involvement	involve	involved	–
improvement	improve	–	–
sense	sensitize	sensitive	sensitively
strike	strike	striking	strikingly
event	–	eventful	eventually
prevention	prevent	preventive	–
participation	participate	participative	–
production	Produce	productive	–
acid	acidify	acidic	acidly
danger	endanger	dangerous
surety	ensure	sure	surely
distance	–	distant	–

B. A single word for the group of words:
1. relating to industry – industrial
2. someone who suffers as a result of something – victim
3. of many different kinds – manifold
4. chemically inactive gas – argon
5. having small holes – porous
6. a mixture of smoke and fog – smog
7. things used to make something – ingredient
8. a person who studies weather conditions – meteorologist
9. a system of sending out smoke-emission
10. a body of laws – legislation
11. rain or snow falling to the ground – precipitation
12. a place where waste materials are left – dump
13. easily feeling pain – sensitive
14. inhaling or exhaling air – respiration
15. polluted by the addition of harmful substances – contaminated
16. act of breathing something in – inhalation
17. the waste materials or rubbish – garbage
18. a person who smokes cigarettes – a smoker
19. the seriousness of something unpleasant – severity
20. great threat – menace
21. going out of steam or smoke from an engine – exhaust
22. first step – an initiative
23. substances causing pollution – pollutant
24. cause discomfort – irritate
25. a person who studies plants – a botanist
26. a tall chimney at a factory – smokestacks
27. getting worse day by day – deteriorating

C. Opposite words (antonyms) of the following words.
local – national
survive – crumple, die
victim – attacker .assailant
obvious – obscure, imperceptible
pure – impure
dense – thin, sparse
knowledge – ignorance
high – low
dangerous – safe
disperse – gather
tragic – glorious, successful
damage – repair
inhale – exhale
contaminate – purify
adult – juvenile
pollution – purity
equivalent – different, dissimilar
large – small
crucial – unimportant, complimentary
pollute – purify, clean
enter – exit
urban-rural
disappear – appear
slowly – quickly
significant – insignificant, meaningless
expand – contract
difficulty – easiness
death – birth
different – similar
harmless – harmful
easy – difficult
mingle – separate, part
irritate – appease, pacify

BSE Odisha 10th Class English Air Pollution: A Hidden Menace Important Questions and Answers

Very Short Objective Questions With Answers
Answer The Following Questions In A Word Or A Phrase

Question 1.
When did the industrial accident take place at Bhopal?
Answer:
on 3 December 1984

Question 2.
From where did the deadly gas escape into the atmosphere?
Answer:
a chemical plant operated by Union Carbide

Question 3.
How many local residents were killed due to the industrial accident at Bhopal?
Answer:
over 4000

Question 4.
How much food does an average adult consume a day?
Answer:
1.5 kg

Question 5.
What do you mean by contaminated food?
Answer:
impure food

Question 6.
Which gas is the major constituent of air?
Answer:
nitrogen-78%

Question 7.
What can lead to respiratory disorders?
Answer:
inhalation polluted air

Question 8.
What is new in air pollution?
Answer:
the scope and severity

Question 9.
What do industries spew?
Answer:
dense smoke

Question 10.
Why are fuels burnt in industries?
Answer:
to produce steam

Question 11.
When is smoke produced?
Answer:
during burning process

Question 12.
What does polluted air contain?
Answer:
obnoxious gases, ash and dust particles

Question 13.
Which internal parts of the human body slowly become garbage dumps for pollutants?
Answer:
our lungs

Question 14.
What do you mean by obnoxious gases?
Answer:
unpleasant gases

Question 15.
Which industries discharge high amounts of smoke and ash?
Answer:
Thermal Power Stations

Question 16.
Which industries release toxic fumes into the air?
Answer:
chemical industries

Question 17.
What amount of pollutants do the automobiles in Kolkata spew every day?
Answer:
about 1500 tonnes

Question 18.
What do automobiles release into the atmosphere?
Answer:
carbon monoxide

Question 19.
How have trees been killed?
Answer:
pollution from power plants

Question 20.
What causes rubber tyres on automobiles to crack and become porous?
Answer:
air pollution

Question 21.
Where were the periods of high levels of air pollution liked to an increased number of deaths?
Answer:
in the United States and Europe

Question 22.
Which gases tend to trap the radiation that reaches the earth from the sun?
Answer:
carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide

Question 23.
What may destroy the atmospheric layer?
Answer:
chlorofluorocarbons

Question 24.
What causes the damage to the water in lakes and rivers?
Answer:
acid rain

Question 25.
Where have 4000 lakes been affected due to acid rain?
Answer:
in Sweden

Question 26.
What are the soil’s nutrients?
Answer:
potassium, calcium and magnesium

Question 27.
Which fish has vanished from the river of Central Wales?
Answer:
Dipper fish

Question 28.
From where has the Brown Tout vanished?
Answer:
Norwegian lakes

Question 29.
What harm can acid rain do to the skin?
Answer:
skin lesions

Question 30.
How are the beautiful buildings of Krakow being destroyed?
Answer:
by acidic smog

Question 31.
Where is acid rain eating into the marble of its world-famous monuments?
Answer:
in Athens

Question 32.
How many basic approaches are there to control air pollution?
Answer:
three

Question 33.
What are the basic approaches to control air pollution?
Answer:
preventive measure, dispersal measure and collection measure

Question 34.
What do all the industrialized countries have to prevent and control air pollution?
Answer:
some type of legislation

Question 35.
How are the pollutants carried from one country to another?
Answer:
by the wind

Question 36.
What has caused damage in Sweden?
Answer:
acids produced in Britain and France

Question 37.
What has brought improvements in many areas?
Answer:
air quality programmes

Question 38.
What can change pollutants into harmless substances?
Answer:
catalytic converter

Question 39.
What do you mean by ‘emission system’?
Answer:
a system of sending out smoke

Question 40.
What has been made in different countries to check air pollution and ensure quality air?
Answer:
law, setting standards and norms

Fill In The Blanks With Right Words

1. Air pollution is a hidden __________.
Answer:
menace

2. The most tragic industrial accident occurred at __________ in 1984.
Answer:
Bhopal

3. Union Carbide is a ________ plant.
Answer:
chemical

4. In the most tragic industrial accident __________ people were killed.
Answer:
4000

5. A man can live without food for ___________.
Answer:
a month

6. It is estimated that an average adult exchanges __________ kg of air a day.
Answer:
15

7. A man can intake __________ kg of water in a day.
Answer:
2.5

8. The quantum of pollutants that enter our body through respiration would be _________ in comparison to food and water.
Answer:
manifold

9. Air is a mixture of several _________.
Answer:
gases

10. The percentage of carbon dioxide in the air is __________.
Answer:
0.03

11. If the composition of air is altered, the oxygen level gets __________.
Answer:
reduced

12. Polluted air can lead to __________.
Answer:
respiratory disorders

13. ________ is new in air pollution.
Answer:
Scope and severity

14. Most industries spew _________ from their chimneys.
Answer:
dense smoke

15. Industries require __________ to run on.
Answer:
steam

16. During the burning of the fuels, along with heat, __________ is also produced.
Answer:
smoke

17. We respire polluted air containing, __________ ash and dust particles.
Answer:
obnoxious gases

18. ________ are rated the first among the industries that discharge high amounts of smoke and ash into the atmosphere.
Answer:
Thermal Power Stations

19. All ________ also release toxic fumes into the air, along with the smoke.
Answer:
chemical industries

20. Automobiles in Greater Kolkata alone spew about _________ tonnes of pollutants into the atmosphere every day.
Answer:
1500

21. Automobiles are responsible for __________ per cent of air pollution.
Answer:
60

22. Automobiles release a maximum of _________ into the atmosphere.
Answer:
carbon monoxide

23. Many flower and vegetable crops suffer ill effects from __________ gases.
Answer:
car exhaust

24. Building surfaces may actually be because _________ of air pollution.
Answer:
deteriorate

25. Air pollution causes rubber tyres on automobiles to crack and become __________.
Answer:
porous

26. In both the __________. periods of high levels of air pollution were linked to an increased number of deaths.
Answer:
United States and Europe

27. The synonym of ‘intake’ is __________.
Answer:
consumption

28. The antonym of ‘obnoxious’ is __________.
Answer:
pleasant/agreeable

29. Obnoxious gases tend to _________ the radiation that reaches the earth from the sun.
Answer:
trap

30. ‘Chlorof1urocarbon is used as a and a cleaner _________.
Answer:
refrigerant

31. Acid rain contains oxides of _________ along with other chemicals.
Answer:
sulphur and nitrogen

32. In Sweden __________ lakes have been positioned due to acid rain.
Answer:
400

33. Acid rain leaches away __________ from the upper layer of the soil.
Answer:
nutrients

34. Acid rain poisons __________.
Answer:
aquatic plants and animals

35. The Pied Flycatcher and Apollo Butterfly are threatened by acid rain in ___________.
Answer:
Sweden

36. __________ fish has vanished from the river of Central Wales.
Answer:
The Dipper fish

37. Smoke + fog = __________ (Fill in the blank with a blending word)
Answer:
smog

38. Krakow is a town of __________.
Answer:
Poland

39. Changing of raw materials comes under __________ measures.
Answer:
preventive

40. According to the experts more damage has been done in the past 25 years than in the previous years.
Answer:
200

41. Raising the heights of smokestacks comes under __________ measures.
Answer:
dispersal measures

42. the highly industrialized countries of (he world have some type of ___________ to prevent and control air pollution.
Answer:
legislation

43. Acids produced in Britain and France have caused damage in ___________.
Answer:
Sweden

44. The death of lakes in Eastern Canada has been caused by acid rain that originated in the ___________.
Answer:
United States

45. Air quality programmes have brought _________ in many areas.
Answer:
improvements

46. __________ changes pollutants into harmless substances in new cars.
Answer:
Catalytic converter

47. The synonym of ‘trap’ is ___________.
Answer:
retain

48. The persons who research plants are called __________.
Answer:
Botanists

49. _________ of new cars is a new invention to control air pollution.
Answer:
Emission system

50. Acid rain can also cause skin _________.
Answer:
lesions

51. Perhaps the day will come when the sunlight is no longer blocked by __________.
Answer:
an umbrella of pollution

52. Buildings of Krakow are being destroyed by ___________.
Answer:
acidic smog

53. Pollution control means ________ prices.
Answer:
higher

54. A blend of foreign and exchange banks is ___________.
Answer:
forex bank

55. A blending for export and import policy is __________.
Answer:
Exim policy

56. A blending word for slim and tender is ___________.
Answer:
slender

57. When we mix television with broadcast the blending word will be ___________.
Answer:
telecast

58. Brown trouts have vanished from ___________.
Answer:
the Norwegian lakes

59. Beautiful buildings in Krakow are being destroyed by __________.
Answer:
acidic smog

60. The world-famous marble monuments in Athens are being destroyed by ___________.
Answer:
acid rain

61. It is estimated that an average adult takes ___________. kg air, water and food in a day.
Answer:
19

62. Without our knowledge our lungs are becoming __________.
Answer:
dumps

63. Lorries, trucks and goods carriers are called _______ vehicles.
Answer:
heavy

64. Cars, jeeps and buses are called ________ vehicles.
Answer:
light

65. A two-wheeler that has no gear system is called __________.
Answer:
moped

66. Carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide are inviting ___________.
Answer:
global warming

67. Air pollution represents a loss of billion of __________ every year.
Answer:
dollars

68. Acid rain poisons plants and animals that live in __________.
Answer:
water

69. The levels of air pollution in Kolkata, Delhi, Mumbai and Chennai are ___________.
Answer:
alarming

70. The upper layer of soil contains potassium, magnesium and __________.
Answer:
calcium

Question 71.
A person who studies plants is called ___________.
Answer:
botanist

72. The process of in and exhaling air is called __________.
Answer:
respiration

73. Acid rain washes away __________ from the upper layer of soil.
Answer:
nutrients

74. Air pollution from car exhaust can be controlled by using ___________.
Answer:
catalytic converter

75. Athens is the capital city of ___________.
Answer:
Greece

76. Coal, coke and furnace oil are called __________.
Answer:
fuels

77. Bhopal gas tragedy is an example of __________.
Answer:
industrial accident

78. The byproducts from the smelters are poisoning __________.
Answer:
cattle

79. Acid rain is leaving behind leafless __________.
Answer:
skeleton of trees

80. If the trend of automobile exhausts continues, we have to wear __________ in the future.
Answer:
nasal filters

Multiple Choice Questions With Answers
Pick out the correct alternative.

Question 1.
The capital of Madhya Pradesh is __________?
(A) Jagadalpur
(B) Bhopai
(C) Patna
(D) Simia
Answer:
(B) Bhopal

Question 2.
The industrial accident in Bhopal took place in the year ____________?
(A) 1964
(B) 1974
(C) 1984
(D) 1994
Answer:
(C) 1984

Question 3.
The chemical plant at Bhopal was operated by __________?
(A) Samsung Digital
(B) Union Carbide
(C) Onida Carbide
(D) Maruti Carbide
Answer:
(B) Union Carbide

Question 4.
How many people in Bhopal were killed due to the industrial accident?
(A) 2000
(B) 3000
(C) 4000
(D) 5000
Answer:
(C) 4000

Question 5.
Man can’t live without for a minute?
(A) eating
(B) drinking
(C) breathing
(D) bathing
Answer:
(C) breathing

Question 6.
Every day a large number of pollutants enter our body through __________?
(A) respiration
(B) consumption
(C) operation
(D) legislation
Answer:
(A) respiration

Question 7.
Air which is a mixture of several gases consists of _________ per cent nitrogen?
(A) 28
(B) 78
(C) 88
(D) 98.
Answer:
(B) 78

Question 8.
When _________ level is reduced in the air. Do irritating gases enter the atmosphere?
(A) Oxygen
(B) Nitrogen
(C) Argon
(D) Carbon monoxide
Answer:
(A) Oxygen

Question 9.
If we respire polluted air, it leads us to ___________?
(A) mental disorder
(B) respiratory illness
(C) cardiac disorder
(D) optical disorder
Answer:
(B) respiratory illness

Question 10.
Most of the industries __________ dense smoke from their chimneys?
(A) sew
(B) spew
(C) flew
(D) exhaust
Answer:
(B) spew

Question 11.
Coal. coke and furnace oil are called __________?
(A) fuel
(B) fodder
(C) fire
(D) ore
Answer:
(A) fuel

Question 12.
We respire the air containing obnoxious gases and without our knowledge our lungs become?
(A) garbage carrier
(B) garbage dumps
(C) power stations
(D) spray cans
Answer:
(B) garbage dumps

Question 13.
Which industries are raced the first among industries that discharge high amounts of smoke and ash into the air?
(A) cement, steel and ore processing industries.
(B) herbal medicine industries
(C) automobile industries
(D) telecommunication industries
Answer:
(A) cement, steel and ore processing industries.

Question 14.
Do chemical industries release _____________ and smoke into the air?
(A) acidic fumes
(B) toxic fumes
(C) polluted dust
(D) harmful ash
Answer:
(B) toxic fumes

Question 15.
A person who lives in Kolkata inhales toxic substances equivalent to smoking?
(A) three packets of cigarettes.
(B) two packets of cigarettes
(C) two cups of toxic acid
(D) three bottles of alcohol.
Answer:
(B) two packets of cigarettes

Question 16.
Lorries and goods carriers are called vehicles?
(A) harmless
(B) light
(C) heavy
(D) invalid
Answer:
(C) heavy

Question 17.
Do automobiles contribute _____________ per cent of air pollution?
(A) 40
(B) 50
(C) 60
(D) 70
Answer:
(C) 60

Question 18.
If the trend of automobile exhausts continues, we have to wear _____________ ¡ri future?
(A) ear cover
(B) nasal filters
(C) sunglasses
(D) mouth covers
Answer:
(B) nasal filters

Question 19.
Pollutants may be carried from one country to another?
(A) the water
(B) the wind
(C) the animals
(D) the birds
Answer:
(B) the wind

Question 20.
Which programme has brought improvements in the air?
(A) water purification
(B) soil conservation
(C) deforestation
(D) air quality
Answer:
(D) air quality

Vocabulary
Do As Directed.

Question 1.
Most industries spew dense smoke. the underlined word means ___________?
Answer:
throw out

Question 2.
Air pollution is nothing new but what is new is the scope and severity of air pollution. the underlined word means _________?
Answer:
seriousness

Question 3.
The polluted air contains obnoxious gases. Does the underlined word mean __________?
Answer:
unpleasant

Question 4.
Acid rain leaches away soil nutrients. The underlined phrase means __________?
Answer:
washes away

Question 5.
At first, we didn’t understand the seriousness of her wounds. (Substitute a single word for the underlined part)
Answer:
severity

Question 6.
Nowadays a number of cars are plying on road. The meaning of ‘plying’ is ___________?
Answer:
running

Question 7.
Air pollution is a hidden menace. Here ‘menace’ means __________?
Answer:
threat

Question 8.
A single bomb can __________ a country in a minute. (Fill in the blank with the verb form of ‘destruction’)
Answer:
destroy

Question 9.
The _________ of rice is more in our state than any other state. (Fill in the blank with the noun form of ‘consume’)
Answer:
consumption

Question 10.
Air pollution causes _______ illness. (Fill in the blank with a related word of ‘respire’)
Answer:
respiratory

Question 11.
Contaminated food causes harm to our bodies. The meaning of the underlined word is __________?
Answer:
impure

Question 12.
Some countries have some type of legislation to prevent and control air pollution. The underlined word means __________?
Answer:
a body of law

Question 13.
We respire the polluted air containing obnoxious gases. The underlined word means _________?
Answer:
unpleasant

Question 14.
Acid rain causes skin ‘lesions’. The underlined word means __________?
Answer:
injuries

Question 15.
Another concern is acid rain. Here ‘concern’ means _________?
Answer:
worry

Question 16.
Building surfaces may actually become worse because of air pollution. A single word for the underlined expression will be _________?
Answer:
deteriorate

Subjective Questions With Answers
Answer the following question in about 50 words.

Question 1.
What are the basic approaches to control air pollution?
Answer:
There are three basic approaches to controlling air pollution. Preventive measures can be taken by changing the raw materials used in industry or the ingredients of fuel. Dispersal measures can be taken by raising the heights of smokestacks and collection measures can be taken by designing equipment to trap pollutants before they escape into the atmosphere.

Question 2.
What is acid rain and how does it cause damage in lakes and rivers?
Answer:
Acid rain is rain that contains oxides of sulphur and nitrogen along with other chemicals released into the atmosphere. It is very harmful to the environment. It makes water in rivers and lakes poisonous. The water turns acidic and affects aquatic animals and plants. It affects crops, trees, buildings, soils, drinking water as well as human beings.

Question 3.
What is the composition of air? When is air said to be polluted?
Answer:
Pure air doesn’t contain a single element. It is a mixture of several gases. It comprises 78 per cent nitrogen, 21 per cent oxygen, a little less than 01 per cent argon together with 0.03 per cent carbon dioxide. The air is pure and transparent as long as this composition is maintained. If the oxygen level gets reduced or irritating gases enter the atmosphere, the air is said to be polluted.

Question 4.
What are the basic approaches to control air pollution?
Answer:
There are three basic approaches to controlling air pollution. Preventive measures can be taken by changing the raw materials used in industry or the ingredients of fuel. Dispersal measures can be taken by raising the heights of smokestacks and collection measures can be taken by designing equipment to trap pollutants before they escape into the atmosphere.

Question 5.
What is acid rain and how does it cause damage to lakes and rivers? Or, What are the harmful effects of acid rain?
Answer:
Acid rain is rain that contains oxides of sulphur and nitrogen along with other chemicals released into the atmosphere. It is very harmful to the environment. It makes the water of the rivers and lakes poisonous. The water turns acidic and affects aquatic animals and plants. It affects crops, trees, buildings, soils, drinking water as well as human beings.

Question 6.
Where and when did the tragic Industrial accident take place? What were its consequences? Or, What accident took place at Bhopal in 1984? What were its tragic consequences?
Answer:
The most tragic industrial accident took place in Bhopal on 3 December 1984. A deadly gas from a chemical plant operated by Union Carbide escaped into the atmosphere. As a result of it, 4000 thousand local residents were killed and a large section of the city’s surviving population was rendered blind and crippling.

Question 7.
How is smoke produced? Where does it go?
Answer:
Various industries require steam. In order to produce the steam, they use fuels like coal, coke or furnace oil. These fuels are burnt in industries. During burning, along with heat, smoke is also produced. Of course, it disappears in a short time. But actually, it mingles with the atmospheric air and pollutes it.

Question 8.
How do thermal power stations cause more pollution?
Answer:
Some of the significant industries contributing to air pollution are cement, steel and ore-processing industries. But thermal power stations are rated the first among them as they discharge high amounts of smoke and ash into the atmospheric air. So they cause more pollution.

Question 9.
What are the effects of air pollution on vegetable crops and trees?
Answer:
Automobiles release maximum carbon monoxide into the atmosphere. As a result, the air is polluted. Particularly vegetable crops suffer ill effects from car exhaust gases. Many trees have been killed by the pollution from power plants.

Question 10.
How are buildings affected by polluted air?
Answer:
Polluted air not only affects human beings but also plants as well as buildings. Due to air pollution, fine buildings become shabby, and their walls blackened with soot that has settled on them. Building surfaces may actually deteriorate because of polluted air.

Question 11.
What harm can refrigerant do?
Answer:
Chlorofluorocarbons are a group of chemicals. They are gaseous compounds of chlorine, fluorine and carbon. These substances are used as refrigerants and cleaners. They can cause damage to the atmospheric layer. They may destroy the atmospheric layer (ozone layer) that protects us from harmful kinds of solar energy.

Question 12.
How is acid rain caused?
Answer:
Acid rain is caused due to the presence of sulphur oxide, nitrogen oxide and other chemicals in the atmosphere. It occurs when these gases react in the atmosphere with water, oxygen and other chemicals to form various acidic compounds.

Question 13.
Why do we still need to find out better ways to control air pollution?
Answer:
In spite of the formulation of laws and set of standards and norms, air pollution hasn’t been completely checked. So we still need to find out better ways to control it. Now physicians, engineers, botanists and meteorologists are carrying on research seeking new ways to check it.

Question 14.
What steps can be taken to reduce the air pollution caused by automobiles and factories?
Answer:
To reduce the air pollution caused by automobiles, the engines have been redesigned and new cars have been equipped with devices such as catalytic converters. They convert pollutants into harmless substances. Because of these new devices, air pollution from car exhaust has been reduced. Burning of low-sulphur coal and oil in factories has lowered pollution in many cities.

Question 15.
How do pollutants travel from one country to another?
Answer:
Now industrialised countries have taken steps to prevent and control air pollution. But one difficulty is that pollutants may be carried by the wind from one country to another. They often travel distances of thousand of miles. The death of lakes in eastern Canada has been caused by the acid rain that originated in the United States. Acids produced in Britain and France have caused damage in Sweden.

Question 16.
How is air more important for the man than food and water?
Answer:
A man can live without food for a month, and without water for two or three days. But he cannot live without breathing even for a minute. It is estimated that an average adult exchanges 15 kg of air a day, in comparison to about 1.5 kg of food consumed and 2.5 kg of water intake. So it is clear that air is more important for the man than food and water.

Question 17.
How do automobiles cause air pollution?
Answer:
The number of vehicles plying on the roads is increasing day by day to meet the demand of an exploding population of the world. Equally a greater number of lorries, and goods carriers are on the move. The use of cars, jeeps, and two-wheelers has increased dramatically along with heavy vehicles. Automobiles release Carbon Monoxide into the atmosphere. Thus they are responsible ’ for about 60 per cent of air pollution in various parts of the world.

Question 18.
How is air pollution responsible for increasing the temperature? Or, What is global warming and how is it caused?
Answer:
Global warming is the gradual increase in the earth’s temperature caused by high levels of Carbon Monoxide, Methane and Nitrous Oxide in the atmosphere. These gases tend to trap the radiation that reaches the earth from the sun. This process would eventually lead to global warming.

Question 19.
What health problems are caused by polluted air?
Answer:
The high cost of air pollution is most strikingly illustrated in its damaging effects on the human body. Polluted air causes eye irritations, scratchy throats and respiratory diseases. It also contributes to a number of serious diseases in the human body. The high levels of air pollution were linked to an increased number of deaths in Europe and the United States.

Question 20.
What are the industries that contribute to air pollution?
Answer:
Our air is being polluted with the by-products of industries. Of all the industries thermal power stations are rated the first, that discharge plenty of smoke and ash into the atmosphere. Besides cement, steel and ore processing industries also contribute to air pollution. Some of the chemical industries also release toxic fumes into the air along with the smoke.

Question 21.
Why does the oxygen level in the atmosphere get reduced?
Answer:
Various industries have been set up in modern times to meet the growing demand of the exploding population. They release irritating gases along with smoke into the atmosphere. These harmful irritating gases mingle in the atmosphere and pollute the air. So oxygen level in the atmosphere gets reduced and the air is said to be polluted causing respiratory disorders.

Question 22.
How have air quality programmes brought us benefits? Or, What are the air quality programmes made in different countries?
Answer:
The air quality programmes have brought improvements in several areas. Burning low-sulphur coal and oil in factories and power stations has reduced air pollution in many cities. The automobile engines have been redesigned and new cars are equipped with devices such as catalytic converters, which convert pollutants into harmless substances.

Question 23.
What are the basic approaches to control air pollution?
Answer:
There are three basic approaches to checking air pollution. They are preventive measures, dispersal measures and collection measures. Preventive measures involve changing the raw materials used in the industries or ingredients of fuel. Dispersal measures are raising the heights of smokestacks. Collection measure is designing equipment to trap pollutants before they escape into the atmosphere.

Air Pollution: A Hidden Menace Summary in English

Lead-In

If our surroundings get polluted we suffer from many kinds of diseases and sicknesses. If our surroundings get highly polluted our life gets endangered. Many factors contribute to this air getting polluted. Smoke rises from automobiles, workshops, restaurants and hotels pollute our environment. The harmful gas rises from heaps of filth, from the latrines and urinals and from the uncleaned drains also pollutes our environment. This air pollution is a hidden menace and poses the greatest threat to mankind in future. Let’s read this topic and think of ways in which we can ensure that we breathe clean and pure air.

ଉପକ୍ରମ :

ଆମ ଚତୁଃପାର୍ଶ୍ଵ ଦୂଷିତ ହୋଇଗଲେ ଆମେ ନାନାପ୍ରକାର ରୋଗ ତଥା ଅସୁସ୍ଥତାର ଶିକାର ହେଉ । ଯଦି ଆମ ଚତୁଃପାର୍ଶ୍ଵ ବହୁମାତ୍ରାରେ ଦୂଷିତ ହୋଇଯାଏ ତେବେ ଆମ ଜୀବନ ବିପଦଗ୍ରସ୍ତ ହୋଇପଡ଼େ । ବାୟୁ ଦୂଷିତ ହେବା ନିମନ୍ତେ ଅନେକ ଉପାଦାନ ସହାୟକ ହୋଇଥାଆନ୍ତି । ଯାନବାହନ, କଳକାରଖାନା, ରେଷ୍ଟୁରାଣ୍ଟ ଓ ହୋଟେଲ୍‌ରୁ ବାହାରୁଥିବା ଧୂଆଁ ପରିବେଶକୁ ଦୂଷିତ କରିଥାଏ । ଅଳିଆଗଦା, ପାଇଖାନା ଓ ମୂତ୍ରାଗାର ତଥା ଅପରିଷ୍କୃତ ନର୍ଦ୍ଦମାରୁ ବାହାରୁଥ‌ିବା କ୍ଷତିକାରକ ବାଷ୍ପ ମଧ୍ୟ ପରିବେଶକୁ ଦୂଷିତ କରିଥାଏ । ଏହି ବାୟୁ ପ୍ରଦୂଷଣ ଏକ ଲୁକ୍‌କାୟିତ ବିପଦ ସଦୃଶ ଏବଂ ଭବିଷ୍ୟତରେ ମାନବଜାତି ପାଇଁ ସବୁଠାରୁ ବଡ଼ ଭୟ/ବିପଦ ସୃଷ୍ଟି କରିବ । ଚାଲ ଏହି ବିଷୟଟିକୁ ପଢ଼ିବା ଓ ବିଭିନ୍ନ ଉପାୟ ଚିନ୍ତା କରିବା ଯଦ୍ଦାରା ଆମେ ନିର୍ମଳ ତଥା ଶଦ୍ଧ ବାୟ ସେବନ କରିପାରିବା ବୋଲି ନିଶ୍ଚିତ ହୋଇପାରିବା ।

Paragraphs Explanation

Para: No one can forget one of the most tragic industrial accidents that occurred at Bhopal on 3 December 1984. Deadly gas from a chemical plant operated by Union Carbide escaped into the atmosphere, killing over 4000 local residents and rendering them blind and crippling a large section of the city’s surviving population. Not only Bhopal but now every city, every town, and every corner of the earth is facing such a crucial problem. Every day, every moment we breathe polluted air and may become a victim of air pollution.

ଅନୁବାଦ : ୧୯୮୪ ମସିହା ଡିସେମ୍ବର ୩ ତାରିଖ ଦିନ ଭୋପାଳରେ ଘଟିଥ‌ିବା ସର୍ବାଧ‌ିକ ମର୍ମନ୍ତୁଦ ଔଦ୍ୟୋଗିକ (ଶିଳ୍ପ) ଦୁର୍ଘଟଣାକୁ କେହି ଭୁଲିପାରିବେ ନାହିଁ । ୟୁନିଅନ୍ କାର୍ବାଇଡ୍ଦ୍ୱାରା ପରିଚାଳିତ ଏକ ରାସାୟନିକ ଶିଳ୍ପରୁ ମାରାତ୍ମକ ବାଷ୍ପ ବାୟୁମଣ୍ଡଳକୁ ନିର୍ଗତ ହୋଇ ୪୦୦୦ରୁ ଊର୍ଦ୍ଧ୍ବ ସ୍ଥାନୀୟ ଅଧିବାସୀ ପ୍ରାଣତ୍ୟାଗ କଲେ ଏବଂ ସହରର ବଞ୍ଚିଯାଇଥ‌ି ଲୋକସଂଖ୍ୟାର ଅଧିକାଂଶ ଭାଗକୁ ଅନ୍ଧ ଓ ପଙ୍ଗୁ କରିଦେଇଥିଲା । ବର୍ତ୍ତମାନ କେବଳ ଭୋପାଳ ନୁହେଁ ପୃଥ‌ିବୀର ପ୍ରତ୍ୟେକ ନଗର, ପ୍ରତ୍ୟେକ ସହର, ପୃଥ‌ିବୀର ପ୍ରତ୍ୟେକ କୋଣ ଏହିପରି ଏକ ସଙ୍କଟମୟ ସମସ୍ୟାର ସମ୍ମୁଖୀନ ହେଉଛି । ପ୍ରତିଦିନ, ପ୍ରତି ମୁହୂର୍ତ୍ତରେ ଆମେ ଦୂଷିତ ବାୟୁ ଗ୍ରହଣ କରୁଛ ଓ ବାୟୁ ପ୍ରଦୂଷଣର ଶିକାର ହେଉଛୁ ।

Para: A man can live without food for a month, and without water for two or three days, but he cannot live without breathing even for a minute. It is estimated that an average adult exchanges 15 kg of air a day, in comparison to about 1.5 kg of food consumed and 2.5 kg of water intake. It is obvious that the quantum of pollutants that enter our body through respiration would be manifold in comparison to those taken in through polluted water or contaminated food.

ଅନୁବାଦ : ଜଣେ ଲୋକ ଖାଦ୍ୟ ବିନା ଗୋଟିଏ ମାସ, ପାଣି ବିନା ଦୁଇ କିମ୍ବା ତିନି ଦିନ ବଞ୍ଚିପାରିବ, କିନ୍ତୁ ଶ୍ଵାସକ୍ରିୟା ବିନା ଏପରିକି ଗୋଟିଏ ମିନିଟ୍ ମଧ୍ୟ ବଞ୍ଚୁପାରିବ ନାହିଁ । ଏହା ଆକଳନ କରାଯାଇଛି ଯେ ଜଣେ ସାଧାରଣ ପ୍ରାପ୍ତବୟସ୍କ ବ୍ୟକ୍ତି ଦିନକୁ ପ୍ରାୟ ୧.୫ କି.ଗ୍ରା. ଖାଦ୍ୟ ଓ ୨.୫ କି.ଗ୍ରା. ଜଳ ଗ୍ରହଣ କରୁଥିବାବେଳେ ସେହି ତୁଳନାରେ ୧୫ କି.ଗ୍ରା. ବାୟୁ ବିନିମୟ କରିଥାଏ । ଏହା ସ୍ପଷ୍ଟ ଯେ ଯେତିକି ପରିମାଣର ପ୍ରଦୂଷଣକାରୀ ଆମ ଶରୀର ମଧ୍ୟକୁ ଶ୍ଵାସକ୍ରିୟାଦ୍ଵାରା ପ୍ରବେଶ କରନ୍ତି, ତାହା ଆମେ ଗ୍ରହଣ କରୁଥିବା ଦୂଷିତ ଜଳ ଓ ଖାଦ୍ୟ ତୁଳନାରେ ବହୁଗୁଣ କ୍ଷତିକାରକ ।

Para: Air is a mixture of gases comprising 78 per cent nitrogen, 21 per cent oxygen and a little less than 1 per cent argon, together with 0.03 per cent carbon dioxide. These elements make up 99.9 per cent of dry air. As long as this composition is maintained, the air is pure. If this composition is altered, i.e. the oxygen level gets reduced or irritating gases enter the atmosphere, then the air is said to be polluted and inhalation of this polluted air can lead to respiratory disorders.

ଅନୁବାଦ : ବାୟୁ ହେଉଛି କେତେଗୁଡ଼ିଏ ବାଷ୍ପର ମିଶ୍ରଣ ଯେଉଁଥିରେ ୭୮ ପ୍ରତିଶତ ଯବକ୍ଷାରଜାନ, ୨୧ ପ୍ରତିଶତ ଅମ୍ଳଜାନ ଏବଂ ଏକ ପ୍ରତିଶତରୁ ସାମାନ୍ୟ କମ୍ ଆର୍‌ଗନ୍ ସହିତ ୦.୦୩ ପ୍ରତିଶତ ଅଙ୍ଗାରକାମ୍ଳ ଅନ୍ତର୍ଭୁକ୍ତ । ଏହି ଉପାଦାନଗୁଡ଼ିକ ଶୁଷ୍କ ବାୟୁର ୯୯.୯ ପ୍ରତିଶତ ପୂରଣ କରିଥାଏ । ଯେଉଁ ପର୍ଯ୍ୟନ୍ତ ଏହି ସମାହାର ସ୍ଥିର ଥ‌ିବ, ବାୟୁ ଶୁଦ୍ଧ ରହିବ । ଯଦି ଏହି ସମାହାରରେ ବ୍ୟତିକ୍ରମ ଘଟିବ ଅସନ୍ତୁଳିତ ହୋଇଯିବ, ଉଦାହରଣସ୍ୱରୂପ, ଅମ୍ଳଜାନ ସ୍ତର ହ୍ରାସ ପାଇବ କିମ୍ବା ବାୟୁମଣ୍ଡଳରେ ବିରକ୍ତିକର ବାଷ୍ପସବୁ ପ୍ରବେଶ କରିବ, ତେବେ ବାୟୁ ଦୂଷିତ ହୋଇଛି ବୋଲି କୁହାଯିବ ଏବଂ ଏହି ଦୃଷିତ ବାୟ ସେବନ ଶ୍ଵାସକ୍ରିୟାଜନିତ ସମସ୍ୟା ସୃଷ୍ଟି କରିପାରେ ।

Para: Our air is being poisoned with the by-products of an expanding technological society. Air pollution is nothing new, but what is new is the scope and severity of air pollution.

ଅନୁବାଦ : ପ୍ରସାରଣଶୀଳ ବୈଷୟିକ ବିଦ୍ୟାସମ୍ପନ୍ନ ସମାଜର ଉପଜାତ ଦ୍ରବ୍ୟଗୁଡ଼ିକଦ୍ବାରା ଆମ ଦାୟ ବିଷାକ୍ତ ହୋଇଯାଇଛି । ବାୟୁ ପ୍ରଦୂଷଣ କିଛି ନୂଆ କଥା ନୁହେଁ, ବରଂ ଯାହାକିଛି ନୂଆ ତାହା ହେଉଛି ବାୟୁପ୍ରଦୂଷଣର ପରିସର ଓ କ୍ଷତିକାରିତା ।

Para: In recent times, quite a large number of industries can be seen in urban areas as well as in rural pockets. Most of these industries spew dense smoke from their chimneys. What is this smoke made of and how is it produced? Industries require steam and to produce it various fuels such as coal, coke, and furnace oil are burnt. During burning, along with heat, smoke is produced. Where does this smoke go? Apparently, it disappears in a short time but in reality, it never does so. Instead, it mingles with the atmospheric air and pollutes it. We respire this polluted air containing obnoxious gases, ash and dust particles. Without our knowledge, our lungs slowly become garbage dumps for these pollutants.

ଅନୁବାଦ : ସମ୍ପ୍ରତି ସହରାଞ୍ଚଳ ତଥା ଗ୍ରାମାଞ୍ଚଳରେ ଅନେକ ଶିଳ୍ପାନୁଷ୍ଠାନ ଦେଖିବ । ତନ୍ମଧ୍ୟରୁ ଅଧିକାଂଶ ଶିଳ୍ପ ସେମାନଙ୍କର ଧୂମନଳିକାରୁ ଧୂଆଁ ନିର୍ଗତ କରୁଛନ୍ତି । ଏହି ଧୂଆଁ କେଉଁଥ‌ିରେ ତିଆରି ଓ କିପରି ଉତ୍ପନ୍ନ ହେଉଛି ? ଶିଳ୍ପଗୁଡ଼ିକ ବାଷ୍ପ ଆବଶ୍ୟକ କରନ୍ତି ଏବଂ ଏହା ଉତ୍ପନ୍ନ କରିବାପାଇଁ ବିଭିନ୍ନ ଜାଳେଣି ଯଥା – କୋଇଲା, କୋକ୍, ଉତ୍ତପ୍ତ ତେଲ ଇତ୍ୟାଦି ଦହନ କରାଯାଏ । ଦହନ ସମୟରେ ଉତ୍ତାପ ସହିତ ଧୂଆଁ ମଧ୍ୟ ଉତ୍ପନ୍ନ ହୁଏ । ଏହି ଧୂଆଁସବୁ କୁଆଡ଼େ ଯାଏ ? ଆପାତତଃ ଅଳ୍ପ ସମୟ ମଧ୍ୟରେ ଏହା ଅଦୃଶ୍ୟ ହୋଇଯାଏ; କିନ୍ତୁ ବାସ୍ତବରେ ତାହା ହୁଏ ନାହିଁ । ତା’ ବଦଳରେ ଏହା ବାୟୁମଣ୍ଡଳର ବାୟୁରେ ମିଶିଯାଏ ଓ ଏହାକୁ ଦୂଷିତ କରେ । ଆମେ ଏହି ବିରକ୍ତିକର ବାଷ୍ପ, ପାଉଁଶ ଓ ଧୂଳିକଣା ଥ‌ିବା ପ୍ରଦୂଷିତ ବାୟୁକୁ ନିଃଶ୍ୱାସପ୍ରଶ୍ଵାସରେ ଗ୍ରହଣ କରୁ । ଆମ ଅଜ୍ଞାତରେ ଆମ ଫୁସ୍‌ଫୁସ୍ ଏହି ପ୍ରଦୂଷଣକାରୀ ଉପାଦାନଗୁଡ଼ିକର ଆବର୍ଜନା ଗଦାରେ ପରିଣତ ହୁଏ ।

Para: Thermal power stations are rated the first among the industries that discharge high amounts of smoke and ash. Other significant industries contributing to air pollution are cement, steel and ore processing industries. Some of the chemical industries also release toxic fumes into the air, along with the smoke.

ଅନୁବାଦ : ଅଧ‌ିକ ପରିମାଣର ଧୂଆଁ ଓ ପାଉଁଶ ଛାଡୁଥ‌ିବା ଶିଳ୍ପମାନଙ୍କ ମଧ୍ୟରେ ତାପଜ ବିଦ୍ୟୁତ୍ କେନ୍ଦ୍ରଗୁଡ଼ିକ ପ୍ରଥମଶ୍ରେଣୀ ଅନ୍ତର୍ଭୁକ୍ତ । ଅନ୍ୟାନ୍ୟ ଉଲ୍ଲେଖଯୋଗ୍ୟ ବାୟୁ ପ୍ରଦୂଷଣ କରୁଥିବା ଶିଳ୍ପଗୁଡ଼ିକ ହେଉଛି ସିମେଣ୍ଟ, ଇସ୍ପାତ ଏବଂ ଧାତୁପିଣ୍ଡ ପ୍ରକ୍ରିୟାକରଣ ଶିଳ୍ପ । କେତେକ ରାସାୟନିକ ଶିଳ୍ପ ମଧ ବାୟୁ ଭିତରକୁ ଧୂଆଁ ସହିତ ବିଷାକ୍ତ ବାଷ୍ପ ଛାଡ଼ିଥାଆନ୍ତି ।

Para: Automobile exhausts are in no way less dangerous than industrial smoke. It is reported that automobiles in Greater Kolkata alone spew about 1500 tonnes of pollutants into the atmosphere every day. It is stated that a person living in Kolkata, whether he is a smoker or not, is forced to inhale toxic substances equivalent to smoking two packets of cigarettes a day. The level of pollution in cities like Delhi, Mumbai and Chennai are equally alarming. To meet the demands of an exploding population, the number of buses plying on the roads are being increased. Equally a greater number of lorries and other goods carriers are on the move.

Along with heavy vehicles, the use of cars, jeeps and two-wheelers such as bikes, scooters and mopeds has increased dramatically – all contributing to significant levels of air pollution. Automobiles are responsible for 60 per cent of air pollution in various parts of the world as they release maximum carbon monoxide into the atmosphere. The menace of air pollution attributed to automobile exhausts has now reached the peak level and if this trend continues, we may have to wear nasal filters on our noses in future.

ନୁହନ୍ତି । ସୂଚନା ମିଳେ ଯେ କେବଳ ବୃହତ୍ କୋଲ୍‌କାତା ସହରରେ ଗାଡ଼ିମଟରଗୁଡ଼ିକ ଦୈନିକ ୧୫୦୦ ଟନ୍‌ ପ୍ରଦୂଷଣକାରୀ ପଦାର୍ଥ ବାୟୁମଣ୍ଡଳକୁ ନିର୍ଗତ କରିଥା’ନ୍ତି । । କୋଲକାତାରେ ବାସ କରୁଥିବା ଜଣେ ବ୍ୟକ୍ତି ଧୂମପାନକାରୀ ହୋଇଥାଉ ବା ନ ହୋଇଥାଉ, ସେ ଦୈନିକ ଦୁଇ ପ୍ୟାକେଟ୍ ସିଗାରେଟ୍ ପାନ କରିବା ସହ ସମପରିମାଣର ବିଷାକ୍ତ ବାଷ୍ପ ପ୍ରଶ୍ଵାସରେ ନେବାକୁ ବାଧ୍ୟ ହୋଇଥାଏ ବୋଲି କୁହାଯାଏ । ଦିଲ୍ଲୀ, ମୁମ୍ବାଇ ଓ ଚେନ୍ନାଇ ସହରଗୁଡ଼ିକର ପ୍ରଦୂଷଣ ସ୍ତର ସମାନ ହାରରେ ବିପଜ୍ଜନକ । ବିସ୍ଫୋରିତ ଜନସଂଖ୍ୟାର ଚାହିଦା ପୂରଣ କରିବାକୁ ରାସ୍ତାରେ ଚଳାଚଳ କରୁଥିବା ବସ୍ ସଂଖ୍ୟା ମଧ୍ୟ ବଢୁଛି । ସମ ପରିମାଣର ଟ୍ରକ୍, ଓ ଅନ୍ୟ ଦ୍ରବ୍ୟବାହକ ଗାଡ଼ିଗୁଡ଼ିକ ମଧ୍ୟ ଚଳାଚଳ କରୁଛି । ଭାରୀ ଯାନ ସହିତ କାର୍, ଜିପ୍, ବାଇକ୍ ସ୍ଫୁଟର ଓ ମୋପେଡ୍ ପରି ଦୁଇଚକିଆ ଯାନ ଚଳାଚଳ ଅତି ନାଟକୀୟ ଭାବରେ ବୃଦ୍ଧି ପାଇଛି । ଏସବୁ ବାୟୁ ପ୍ରଦୂଷଣକୁ ଏକ ଗୁରୁତ୍ଵପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ ସ୍ତରରେ ପହଞ୍ଚାଇବାରେ ସହାୟକ ହୋଇଛି । ପୃଥ‌ିବୀର ବିଭିନ୍ନ ପ୍ରାନ୍ତରେ ୬୦ ପ୍ରତିଶତ ବାୟୁ ପ୍ରଦୂଷଣ ପାଇଁ ଯାନବାହନଗୁଡିକ ଦାୟୀ ଯେହେତୁ ସେଗୁଡ଼ିକ ଯଥେଷ୍ଟ ପରିମାଣର କାର୍ବନ ମନୋକ୍ସାଇଡ଼ ବାଷ୍ପ ବାୟୁମଣ୍ଡଳକୁ ନିର୍ଗତ କରିଥା’ନ୍ତି । ଯାନବାହନର ନିଷ୍କାସିତ ଧୂମ ହେତୁ ବାୟୁ ପ୍ରଦୂଷଣର ବିପଦ ଏବେ ଶୀର୍ଷ ସ୍ତରରେ ପହଞ୍ଚିଛି ଏବଂ ଯଦି ଏହି ଗରିମା ରାଇ ରବେ ତେବେ ଆମକ ହୁଏତ ଭବିଷ୍ୟତରେ ଅନନାସିକ ଛଣା ଯନ୍ତ୍ରସବ ନାକରେ ପିନ୍ଧିବାକୁ ପଡ଼ିପାରେ ।

Para: The damage caused by pollution is enormous. In money alone, it represents a loss of billions of dollars each year. Many flower and vegetable crops suffer ill effects from car exhaust gases. Trees have been killed by pollution from power plants. Cattle have been poisoned by the fumes from smelters and recover aluminium from ore. Air pollution causes rubber tyres on automobiles to crack and become porous. Fine buildings become shabby, their walls blackened with soot that has settled on them. Building surfaces may actually deteriorate because of air pollution.

ଅନୁବାଦ : ପ୍ରଦୂଷଣଦ୍ୱାରା ହେଉଥ‌ିବା କ୍ଷତି ଅତି ବ୍ୟାପକ । କେବଳ ଟଙ୍କା ଆକାରରେ ପ୍ରତିବର୍ଷ ନିୟୁତ ନିୟୁତ ସଂଖ୍ୟକ ଡଲାର କ୍ଷତି ହେଉଛି । କାର ନିଃସୃତ ବାଷ୍ପଗୁଡ଼ିକର ଖରାପ ପ୍ରଭାବରେ ଅନେକ ଫୁଲ ଓ ପରିବା ଫସଲ କ୍ଷତିଗ୍ରସ୍ତ ହୁଏ । ବିଦ୍ୟୁତ୍ ଉତ୍ପାଦନ କେନ୍ଦ୍ରରୁ ଉତ୍ପନ୍ନ ପ୍ରଦୂଷଣଦ୍ୱାରା ଗଛଗୁଡ଼ିକ ମରି ଯାଉଛନ୍ତି । ଧାତୁ ଦ୍ରାବକଶାଳାରୁ ଓ ଧାତୁପିଣ୍ଡରୁ ଆଲୁମିନିୟମ୍ ପ୍ରସ୍ତୁତି ସମୟରେ ନିର୍ଗତ ବାଷ୍ପଦ୍ବାରା ଗୋରୁଗାଈଗୁଡ଼ିକ ବିଷକ୍ରିୟାଦ୍ୱାରା କ୍ଷତିଗ୍ରସ୍ତ ହେଉଛନ୍ତି । ବାୟୁ ପ୍ରଦୂଷଣ ମୋଟରଗାଡ଼ିର ରବର ଟାୟାରଗୁଡ଼ିକରେ ସଂକୀର୍ଣ୍ଣ ଫାଟ ସୃଷ୍ଟି କରେ ଓ ସେଗୁଡ଼ିକ ସଚ୍ଛିଦ୍ର ହୋଇଯାଏ । ସୁନ୍ଦର ସୁନ୍ଦର କୋଠାବାଡ଼ିଗୁଡ଼ିକ ଅପରିଷ୍କାର ହୋଇଯାଏ, ସେଗୁଡ଼ିକର କାନ୍ଥ ସେଥ‌ିରେ ବସିଯାଇଥବା ଅଳନ୍ଧୁଦ୍ବାରା କଳା ପଡ଼ିଯାଏ । ବାୟୁ ପ୍ରଦୂଷଣ ହେତୁ କୋଠା ଚଟାଣସବୁ ବାସ୍ତବରେ କ୍ଷତିଗ୍ରସ୍ତ ହୋଇପାରେ ।

Para: But the high cost of air pollution is most strikingly illustrated in its damaging effects on the human body. Air pollution causes eye irritations, scratchy throats, and respiratory illnesses. It also contributes to a number of serious diseases. In both the United States and Europe, periods of high levels of air pollution were linked to an increased number of deaths.

ଅନୁବାଦ : କିନ୍ତୁ ବାୟୁ ପ୍ରଦୂଷଣର ବଡ଼ କ୍ଷତିଭାବେ ମଣିଷ ଶରୀର ଉପରେ ପକାଉଥ‌ିବା ଖରାପ ପ୍ରଭାବକୁ ଅତି ବିସ୍ମୟକର ଭାବରେ ବର୍ଣ୍ଣନା କରାଯାଏ । ବାୟୁ ପ୍ରଦୂଷଣ ଚକ୍ଷୁ ପ୍ରଦାହ, ଗଳା କର୍କଶତା ଓ ଶ୍ଵାସକ୍ରିୟାଜନିତ ଅସୁସ୍ଥତା ସୃଷ୍ଟି କରାଇଥାଏ । ଏହା ମଧ୍ୟ ଅନେକ ପ୍ରକାରର ଗୁରୁତର ରୋଗ ସୃଷ୍ଟି କରାଏ । ଉଭୟ ସଂଯୁକ୍ତ ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ର ଏବଂ ଇଉରୋପରେ ଉଚ୍ଚ ସ୍ତରର ବାୟୁ ପ୍ରଦୂଷଣ ସମୟରେ ମୃତ୍ୟୁସଂଖ୍ୟା ମଧ୍ୟ ବୃଦ୍ଧି ପାଇଥିଲା ।

Para: Much direct harm is done by air pollution. Scientists are alarmed because the amounts of gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide in our atmosphere are increasing. These gases tend to trap the tradition that reaches the earth from the sun and as a consequence of which the atmosphere could become warmer. This process would eventually lead to global warming.

ଅନୁବାଦ : ବାୟୁ ପ୍ରଦୂଷଣଦ୍ୱାରା ବହୁ ପରିମାଣର ପ୍ରତ୍ୟକ୍ଷ କ୍ଷତି ଘଟୁଛି । ବୈଜ୍ଞାନିକମାନେ ସତର୍କ ହୋଇଯାଇଛନ୍ତି କାରଣ ଆମ ବାୟୁମଣ୍ଡଳରେ ଅଙ୍ଗାରକାମ୍ଳ, ମିଥେନ୍ ଏବଂ ନାଇଟ୍ରସ୍ ଅକ୍‌ସାଇଡ୍ ଭଳି ବାଷ୍ପଗୁଡ଼ିକର ପରିମାଣ ବୃଦ୍ଧି ପାଇବାରେ ଲାଗିଛି । ଏହି ବାଷ୍ପଗୁଡ଼ିକ ପୃଥ‌ିବୀରେ ପହଞ୍ଚିଥ‌ିବା ସୂର୍ଯ୍ୟଙ୍କ ବିକିରଣକୁ ଧରି ରଖେ ଏବଂ ଯାହାଫଳରେ କି ବାୟୁମଣ୍ଡଳ ଅଧିକ ଉତ୍ତପ୍ତ ହୋଇଯାଇପାରେ । ଏହି ପ୍ରକ୍ରିୟା ଶେଷ ପରିଣତି ବିଶ୍ବ ତାପନ ଅବସ୍ଥା ଆଡ଼କୁ ନେଇଯିବ ।

Para: Scientists have been concerned, too, about the widespread use of a substance that may destroy the atmospheric layer that protects us from harmful kinds of solar energy. This substance belongs to a group of chemicals and chlorofluorocarbons. It is used as a refrigerant and a cleaner and was once widely used in spray cans.

ଅନୁବାଦ : ବୈଜ୍ଞାନିକମାନେ ମଧ୍ୟ ଗୋଟିଏ ଉପାଦାନର ବ୍ୟାପକ ବ୍ୟବହାର ବିଷୟରେ ଚିନ୍ତା ପ୍ରକଟ କରିଛନ୍ତି ଯାହାକି କ୍ଷତିକାରକ ସୌରଶକ୍ତିଠାରୁ ଆମକୁ ସୁରକ୍ଷା ପ୍ରଦାନ କରୁଥିବା ବାୟୁମଣ୍ଡଳୀୟ ସ୍ତରରୁ ନଷ୍ଟ କରିଦେଇପାରେ । ଏହି ଉପାଦାନ ଏକ ରାସାୟନିକ ଶ୍ରେଣୀ ଓ କ୍ଲୋରୋଙ୍ଗ୍ ରୋକାର୍ବନର ଅନ୍ତର୍ଭୁକ୍ତ । ଏହା ଏକ ଥଣ୍ଡା କରିପାରୁଥିବା ଦ୍ରବ୍ୟ ଓ ସଫା କରିପାରୁଥିବା ଦ୍ରବ୍ୟ ଭଳି ବ୍ୟବହାର କରାଯାଏ ଏବଂ ସିଞ୍ଚନ ପାତ୍ରରେ ବ୍ୟାପକ ଭାବରେ ଏକଦା ଏହାକୁ ବ୍ୟବହାର କରାଯାଉଥିଲା ।

Para: Another concern is acid rain. This is rain or other precipitation that contains oxides of sulphur and nitrogen, along with other chemicals. Acid rain causes damage to lakes and rivers. It poisons the plants and animals that live in the water. It may also affect crops and other plants. Stone buildings and monuments and drinking water.

ଅନୁବାଦ : ଅନ୍ୟ ଏକ ଚିନ୍ତାଜନକ ବିଷୟ ହେଉଛି ଅମ୍ଳ ବୃଷ୍ଟି । ଏହା ଏକ ବୃଷ୍ଟିପାତ କିମ୍ବା ଅନ୍ୟ ଧରଣର ବୃଷ୍ଟି ଯେଉଁଥରେ ସଲଫର୍‌ ଅକ୍‌ସାଇଡ୍ ଓ ଯବକ୍ଷାରଜାନ ଅକ୍‌ସାଇଡ୍ ସହିତ ଅନ୍ୟାନ୍ୟ ରାସାୟନିକ ପଦାର୍ଥ ରହିଥାଏ । ଅମ୍ଳ ବୃଷ୍ଟି ହ୍ରଦ ତଥା ନଦୀଗୁଡ଼ିକର କ୍ଷତି ସାଧନ କରିଥାଏ । ଏହା ଜଳରେ ଥ‌ିବା ଉଭିଦ ଓ ଜୀବମାନଙ୍କୁ ବିଷକ୍ରିୟାଗ୍ରସ୍ତ କରାଏ । ଏହା ମଧ୍ଯ ଫସଲ ତଥା ଅନ୍ୟାନ୍ୟ ଉଦ୍ଭିଦ, ପ୍ରସ୍ତର ସୌଧ, ସ୍ମୃତିସୌଧ ଓ ପାନୀୟ ଜଳକୁ କ୍ଷତିଗ୍ରସ୍ତ କରାଏ ।

Para: Acid rain affects everything it falls on. The water in rivers and lakes turns acidic. For instance, in Sweden, 4000 lakes have been so severely affected that no fish has survived. It also changes the soil’s nutrient content. It washes or leaches away nutrients like potassium, calcium and magnesium from the upper layer that help trees grow. Acid rain kills large stretches of forests, leaving behind leafless skeletons of trees.

ଅନୁବାଦ : ଅମ୍ଳ ବୃଷ୍ଟି ପଡ଼ୁଥ‌ିବା ପ୍ରତ୍ୟେକ ଜିନିଷକୁ କ୍ଷତିଗ୍ରସ୍ତ କରାଏ । ନଦୀ ଓ ହ୍ରଦର ଜଳ ଅମ୍ଳୀୟ ହୋଇଯାଏ । ଉଦାହରଣସ୍ୱରୂପ, ସ୍ବିଡ଼େନରେ ୪୦୦୦ ହ୍ରଦ ଏତେ ପରିମାଣରେ ଗୁରୁତର କ୍ଷତିଗ୍ରସ୍ତ ହୋଇଛି ଯେ ସେଥ‌ିରେ କୌଣସି ମାଛ ବଞ୍ଚାହାନ୍ତି । ଏହା ମଧ୍ୟ ମୃତ୍ତିକାର ପୁଷ୍ଟିକର ଉପାଦାନକୁ ପରିବର୍ତ୍ତନ କରିଦିଏ । ଏହା ଉପର ସ୍ତରରେ ଥ‌ିବା ପୋଟାସିୟମ୍, କ୍ୟାଲସିୟମ୍, ମାଗ୍ନେସିୟମ୍ ଭଳି ପୁଷ୍ଟିକର ଉପାଦାନଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ଧୋଇନିଏ ଯାହାକି ଉଭିଦ ଅଭିବୃଦ୍ଧିରେ ସହାୟକ ହୋଇଥାଏ । ଅମ୍ଳ ବୃଷ୍ଟି ବିସ୍ତୀର୍ଣ୍ଣ ଅଞ୍ଚଳର ଜଙ୍ଗଲକୁ ନଷ୍ଟ କରିଦିଏ, କେବଳ ପଛରେ ଛାଡ଼ିଯାଏ ପତ୍ରଶୂନ୍ୟ ବୃକ୍ଷସମୂହ ।

Para: When forests begin to die, the animals and birds in those forests follow. Among the growing list of species threatened by acid rain are the Pied Flycatcher and Apollo Butterfly in Sweden. The Dipper fish has vanished from the river of Central Wales, and the Brown Trout from Norwegian lakes. The list goes on.

ଅନୁବାଦ : ଜଙ୍ଗଲଗୁଡ଼ିକ ଶେଷ ହେବା ଆରମ୍ଭ କଲେ, ସେହି ଜଙ୍ଗଲଗୁଡ଼ିକର ପଶୁପକ୍ଷୀଙ୍କ ପାଳି ତା’ ପରେ ପରେ ପଡ଼େ । ଅମ୍ଳବୃଷ୍ଟିଦ୍ୱାରା ବିପଦରେ ପଡ଼ୁଥ‌ିବା ବିଭିନ୍ନ ପ୍ରଜାତିଙ୍କର ବର୍ଣିତ ତାଲିକାରେ ଅଛନ୍ତି ସ୍ବିଡ଼େନ୍‌ର ପାଏଡ୍ ଫ୍ଲାଇକ୍ୟାଚର ଓ ଆପୋଲୋ ବଟରଫ୍ଲାଏ । କେନ୍ଦ୍ରୀୟ ୱେଲ୍‌ସ୍‌ର ନଦୀରୁ ଡିପର୍ ମାଛଗୁଡ଼ିକ ଏବଂ ନରୱେ ହ୍ରଦଗୁଡ଼ିକରୁ ସାଲମନ୍‌ଜାତୀୟ ମାଛ ଅନ୍ତର୍ଦ୍ଧାନ ହୋଇଗଲେଣି । ଏହି ତାଲିକା ବଢ଼ି ବଢ଼ି ଚାଲିଛି ।

Para: What about our health? Acid rain irritates the sensitive tissues of our eyes and lungs, particularly in children. It can also cause skin lesions.

ଅନୁବାଦ : ଆମ ସ୍ୱାସ୍ଥ୍ୟ ବିଷୟରେ କ’ଣ କହିବା ? ଅମ୍ଳବୃଷ୍ଟି ଆମ ଆଖୁ ସମ୍ବେଦନଶୀଳ ଟିସୁ ଓ ଫୁସ୍‌ଫୁସ୍‌ ବିଶେଷକରି ଶିଶୁମାନଙ୍କ କ୍ଷେତ୍ରରେ ଅସ୍ବସ୍ଥ କରିପକାଏ । ଏହା ମଧ୍ୟ ଚର୍ମକ୍ଷତ ସୃଷ୍ଟି କରିପାରେ ।

Para: Living being apart, even buildings are not spared. In Poland, the beautiful old buildings of Karkow are slowly being destroyed by acidic smog. In Athens, a city which is highly polluted, acid rain is eating into the marble of its world-famous monuments. Experts say that more damage has been done in the past 25 years than in the previous 2000!

ଅନୁବାଦ : ଜୀବନ୍ତ ପ୍ରାଣୀମାନଙ୍କ ବ୍ୟତୀତ, ଏପରିକି କୋଠାଗୁଡ଼ିକ ବାଦ୍ ପଡ଼ନ୍ତି ନାହିଁ । ପୋଲାଣ୍ଡରେ ଅମ୍ଳଯୁକ୍ତ ଧୂମକୁହୁଡ଼ିଦ୍ୱାରା କ୍ରାକୋର ସୁନ୍ଦର ପୁରାତନ କୋଠାଗୁଡ଼ିକ ଧୀରେ ଧୀରେ ନଷ୍ଟ ହୋଇଯାଉଛି । ଅତ୍ୟ ପ୍ରଦୂଷିତ ଏଥେନ୍ସ ସହରରେ ଏହାର ପୃଥବୀପ୍ରସିଦ୍ଧ ସ୍ମୃତିସୌଧଗୁଡ଼ିକର ମାର୍ବଲ ପଥରକୁ ଅମ୍ଲବୃଷ୍ଟି ନଷ୍ଟ କରିବାରେ ଲାଗିଛି । ବିଶାରଦମାନେ କୁହନ୍ତି ଯେ ବିଗତ ୨୦୦୦ ବର୍ଷ ମଧ୍ୟରେ ହୋଇଥିବା କ୍ଷତିଠାରୁ ଗତ ୨୫ ବର୍ଷ ମଧ୍ୟରେ ଅଧୂକ କ୍ଷତି ଘଟିଛି ।

Para: There are three basic approaches to control air pollution – Preventive measures, such as changing the raw materials used in industry or the ingredients of fuel; dispersal measures such as raising the heights of smokestacks; and collection measures, such as designing equipment to trap pollutants before they escape into the atmosphere.

ଅନୁବାଦ : ବାୟୁ ପ୍ରଦୂଷଣକୁ ନିୟନ୍ତ୍ରଣ କରିବାକୁ ତିନୋଟି ପ୍ରମୁଖ ଉପାୟ ରହିଛି – ପ୍ରତିଷେଧମୂଳକ ପଦକ୍ଷେପ ଯଥା ଶିଳ୍ପରେ ବ୍ୟବହୃତ କଞ୍ଚାମାଲର ପରିବର୍ତ୍ତନ କିମ୍ବା ଜାଳେଣିର ଉପାଦାନଗୁଡ଼ିକର ପରିବର୍ତ୍ତନ କରିବା; ବିକ୍ଷେପଣ ପଦକ୍ଷେପ ଯଥା ଉଚ୍ଚ ଚିମିନିର ଉଚ୍ଚତା ବଢ଼ାଇବା ଏବଂ ସଂଗ୍ରହଣ ପଦକ୍ଷେପ ଯଥା ପ୍ରଦୂଷକଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ବାୟୁମଣ୍ଡଳକୁ ଚାଲିଯିବା ପୂର୍ବରୁ ଧରି ରଖିବା ନିମନ୍ତେ ଯନ୍ତ୍ରପାତି ନିର୍ମାଣ କରିବା ।

Para: Nearly, all the highly industrialized countries of the world have some type of legislation to prevent and control air pollution. One difficulty is that pollutants may be carried by the wind from one country to another, often for distances of thousands of miles. The death of lakes in eastern Canada has been caused by acid rain that originated in the United States. Acids produced in Britain and France have caused damage in Sweden.

ଅନୁବାଦ : ପ୍ରାୟତଃ ସମସ୍ତ ଶିଳ୍ପସମୃଦ୍ଧ ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରଗୁଡ଼ିକ ବାୟୁ ପ୍ରଦୂଷଣର ନିରାକରଣ ଓ ନିୟନ୍ତ୍ରଣ କରିବାକୁ କେତେକ ପ୍ରକାର ଆଇନ ପ୍ରଣୟନ କରିସାରିଛନ୍ତି । ଗୋଟିଏ ଅସୁବିଧା ହେଉଛି ବହୁତ ସମୟରେ ହଜାର ହଜାର ମାଇଲ ଅତିକ୍ରମ କରି ପ୍ରଦୂଷକଗୁଡ଼ିକ ଗୋଟିଏ ଦେଶରୁ ଅନ୍ୟ ଏକ ଦେଶକୁ ପବନଦ୍ଵାରା ପରିବାହିତ ହୋଇଯାଆନ୍ତି । ଯୁକ୍ତରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରରେ “ଉତ୍ପତ୍ତି ହୋଇଥ‌ିବା ଅମ୍ଲବୃଷ୍ଟିଦ୍ୱାରା ପୂର୍ବ କାନାଡ଼ାର ହ୍ରଦଗୁଡ଼ିକର କଂସ ସାଧନ ଘଟିଛି । ବ୍ରିଟେନ୍ ଓ ଫ୍ରାନ୍‌ସ୍‌ରେ ସୃଷ୍ଟି ହେଉଥ‌ିବା ଅମ୍ଳଗୁଡ଼ିକ ସ୍ବିଡ଼େରେ କ୍ଷତି ସାଧନ କରିଛି ।

Para: There have been many initiatives in different countries for making laws, and setting standards and norms to check air pollution and ensure quality air. Air quality programmes have brought improvements in many areas. For example, burning low-sulphur coal and oil in factories and power plants has lowered pollution in many cities. To meet standards, automobile engines have been re-designed and new cars have been equipped with devices such as the catalytic converter which changes pollutants into harmless substances. Because of these new devices, air pollution from car exhaust has also been reduced.

ଅନୁବାଦ : ବାୟୁ ପ୍ରଦୂଷଣ ରୋକିବାକୁ ଓ ଶୁଦ୍ଧ ବାୟୁ ପାଇବାର ନିଶ୍ଚିତତା ବୃଦ୍ଧି କରିବାକୁ ବିଭିନ୍ନ ଦେଶରେ ଆଇନ ପ୍ରଣୟନ, ମାନ ଓ ସାଧାରଣ ଢାଞ୍ଚା ସ୍ଥିର କରିବା ପାଇଁ ପ୍ରାଥମିକ ପଦକ୍ଷେପମାନ ନିଆଯାଇସାରିଛି । ବାୟୁର ଗୁଣବତ୍ତା ବୃଦ୍ଧି ସମ୍ପର୍କିତ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟକ୍ରମଗୁଡ଼ିକ ଅନେକ ଅଞ୍ଚଳରେ ଉନ୍ନତି ଆଣିଛି । ଉଦାହରଣସ୍ୱରୂପ, କାରଖାନାଗୁଡ଼ିକରେ ନିମ୍ନ ସଲ୍ଫର୍‌ଯୁକ୍ତ କୋଇଲା ଓ ତେଲ ଦହନଦ୍ୱାରା ଅନେକ ସହରରେ ପ୍ରଦୂଷଣର ମାତ୍ରା କମିଯାଇଛି । ମାନ ବଜାୟ ରଖିବାପାଇଁ ମଟରଗାଦିର ଇଞ୍ଜିନଗଦିକ ପନଃନିର୍ମାଣ କରାଯାଇଛି ଓ ନୂତନ କାରଗୁଡ଼ିକରେ ପ୍ରତିକ୍ରିୟାହୀନ ରୁପାନ୍ତରକାରୀ ଉପକରଣ ଖଞ୍ଜାଯାଇଛି ଯାହାକି ପ୍ରଦୂଷକଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ କ୍ଷତିବିହୀନ ପଦାର୍ଥକୁ ପରିବର୍ତ୍ତିତ କରିଦେଉଛି । ଏହି ନୂତନ ଉପକରଣଗୁଡ଼ିକ ଯୋଗୁଁ କାର ନିର୍ଗମନଜନିତ ବାୟୁ ପ୍ରଦୂଷଣ ହ୍ରାସ ପାଇଛି ।

Para: It is not easy to bring about the new developments needed to control air pollution. Many – physicians, engineers, meteorologists, botanists, and others are involved in research seeking new ways. Vast sums of money will have to be spent in the future to clean the air and to keep it clean. Often pollution control means higher prices – to cover the cost of control devices in emission systems of new cars, for example. But to most people, the cost is justified. Perhaps the day will come when people everywhere can breathe pure air in cities where the sunlight is no longer blocked by an umbrella of pollution.

ଅନୁବାଦ : ବାୟୁ ପ୍ରଦୂଷଣ ନିୟନ୍ତ୍ରଣ ନିମନ୍ତେ ଆବଶ୍ୟକ ନୂତନ ବିକାଶ ପ୍ରକ୍ରିୟା ଆଣିବା ଏତେ ସହଜ ନୁହେଁ । ଚିକିତ୍ସକ, ଯନ୍ତ୍ରୀ, ପାଣିପାଗ ବିଶାରଦ, ଉଭିଦ ବିଜ୍ଞାନୀ ଓ ଅନ୍ୟାନ୍ୟ ଅନେକ ଲୋକ ନୂତନ ଉପାୟମାନ ଖୋଜି ବାହାର କରିବାକୁ ଗବେଷଣାରତ ରହିଛନ୍ତି । ଭବିଷ୍ୟତରେ ବାୟୁକୁ ପରିଷ୍କାର କରିବାକୁ ଓ ଏହାକୁ ନିର୍ମଳ ରଖୁବାକୁ ପ୍ରଚୁର ଟଙ୍କା ଖର୍ଚ୍ଚ କରିବାକୁ ପଡ଼ିବ । ବହୁ କ୍ଷେତ୍ରରେ ପ୍ରଦୂଷଣ ନିୟନ୍ତ୍ରଣ ଅର୍ଥ ଅଧ‌ିକ ଅର୍ଥ ଖର୍ଚ୍ଚ – ଉଦାହରଣସ୍ୱରୂପ ନୂତନ କାରଗୁଡ଼ିକରେ ନିର୍ଗମନ ପଦ୍ଧତିରେ ସଂଯୁକ୍ତ ନିୟନ୍ତ୍ରକ ଯନ୍ତ୍ରପାତିଗୁଡ଼ିକର ଖର୍ଚ୍ଚ ଭରଣା କରିବା । କିନ୍ତୁ ଅଧିକାଂଶ ଲୋକଙ୍କ ମତ ଅନୁସାରେ ଏହି ଖର୍ଚ୍ଚ ଯୁକ୍ତିସଙ୍ଗତ । ବୋଧହୁଏ ସେହିଦିନ ଆସିବ ଯେଉଁଦିନ ସହରରେ ଲୋକମାନେ ସବୁଆଡ଼େ ଶୁଦ୍ଧ ବାୟୁ ସେବନ କରିପାରିବେ ଏବଂ ସେହି ସ୍ଥାନରେ ପ୍ରଦୂଷଣ ଛତାଦ୍ବାରା ଆଉ ସୂର୍ଯ୍ୟାଲୋକ ବାଧାପ୍ରାପ୍ତ ହେବ ନାହିଁ ।

Word Meaning /Glossary:
occurred -took place
industrial -relating to industry (ଶିଳ୍ପ ସମ୍ବନ୍ଧୀୟ | ) Jagatpur is an industrial town.
tragic – sorrowful I witnessed a tragic accident on the road.
deadly – capable of causing death (ମାରାତ୍ମକ)
Union Carbide – name of an industry in Bhopal (ଭୋପାଳସ୍ଥିତ ଏକ ଶିଳ୍ପର ନାମ )
plant – factory (କାରଖାନା)
escaped – released, slipped
rendering – leaving
crippling – damaging (ପଙ୍ଗୁ କରିଦେବା) The deadly gas made people crippled.
crucial – serious, important, vital (ଗୁରୁତ୍ୱପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ)
victim – someone who suffers as a result of something Thousands of trees have fallen victim to this disease.
surviving – those have survived (ବଞ୍ଚିରନ୍ତିଯାଇଥିବା)
is estimated – is calculated
adult – grown-up (ପ୍ରାପ୍ତବୟସ୍କ)
in comparison to – relatively, comparatively (ତୁଳନାତ୍ମକ ଭାବରେ )
intake – consumption If you want to reduce your weight, you should reduce your intake of fat and alcohol.
quantum – quantity ( ପରମାଣ )
respiration – breathing (ଶ୍ଵାସକ୍ରିୟା )
polluted – Polluted water causes many diseases.
manifold – too many/much ( ଅତ୍ୟଧ୍ବକ)
comprising – act of mixing (ସମାହାର କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ )
composition – mixture of gases (ଗ୍ୟାସ୍‌ଗୁଡ଼ିକର ମିଶ୍ରଣ)
altered – changed (ବଦଳିଲା)
irritating – annoying (ବିରକ୍ତି)
getsreduced – is decreased (ହ୍ରାସପାଏ, କମିଯାଏ )
inhalation – the act of breathing in (ସେବନ )
respiratory disorders – illness caused by breathing (ଶ୍ଵାସକ୍ରି ୟାଜନି ତ ଅସୁସ୍ଥତା )
by-products – a secondary product made in the manufacturing of something else ( ଉପଜାତ ଦ୍ରବ୍ୟ)
Scope – sphere of activity
in recent times – recently (ନିକଟ ଅତୀତରେ)
rural pockets – rural areas (ଗ୍ରାମାଞ୍ଚଳ ସବୁ)
fuel – fire oil (ଜାଳେଣି ତୈଳ)
garbage dump – ଅଳିଆଗଦା
ore processing- (ଧାତୁପିଣ୍ଡ ପ୍ରକ୍ରିୟାକରଣ)
pollutants – ପ୍ରଦୂଷଣକାରୀ
automobile – ମୋଟର ଗାଡ଼ି
consumed – eaten
contaminated – that has been polluted
mixture – an act of getting mixed
severity – seriousness ( ଗମ୍ଭୀରତା)
apparently – clearly ( ସ୍ପଷ୍ଟ ଭାବରେ )
in reality – obviously, truly
mingles – mixes (ମିଶିଯାଏ)
alarming – threatening The forests are disappearing at an alarming rate.
respire – breathe in and out
obnoxious – deadly poisonous (ମାରାତ୍ମକ ଭାବେ ବିଷାକ୍ତ) Our atmosphere contains some useful as well as obnoxious gases.
radiation – ବିକିରଣ
irritation – ରାଗ
concerned – worried (ଉଦ୍‌ବେଗ | ଚିନ୍ତା ପ୍ରକଟ କରିବା)
refrigerant – ଥଣ୍ଡା କରି ପାରୁ ଥ‌ି ଦ୍ରବ୍ୟ
widespread – extensive (ବ୍ୟାପକ)
manifold – of many different kinds Mobile phone has manifold advantages.
contaminated –  impure (ଦୂଷିତ) We shouldn’t eat contaminated food.
argon – chemically inactive gas (ଏକ ନିଷ୍କ୍ରିୟ ବାଷ୍ପ / ଆର୍ଗନ୍)
furnace oil – ଚୁଲି ତେଲ
severity – seriousness Everybody should realise the severity of air pollution. (ଗମ୍ଭୀରତା)
spew – throw out The industries and vehicles that spèw harmful smoke to the atmosphere. (ନିର୍ଗତ କରିବା)
disappears – vanishes (ଅଦୃଶ୍ୟ ହୁଏ)
mingles with – is mixed with (ମିଶିଯାଏ)
garbage dumps – unwanted waste leaving place (ଅଳିଆ ଫିଙ୍ଗାଯାଉଥ‌ିବା ସ୍ଥାନ)
coke – baked coal ( ପୋଡ଼ା କୋଇଲା)
exhausts – the gas or steam out of the engine of a car etc (ବାଷ୍ପ ବା ଜଳୀୟବାଷ୍ପ ). Industrial smoke and automobile exhausts pollute the environment.
plying – running (ଯାତାୟାତ|ଚଳାଚଳ କରୁଛି) Nowadays a lot of vehicles are plying on the road.
menace – threat (ଧମକ/ବିପଦ) The busy road is a menace to the children’s safety.
smelters – furnaces (ଧାତୁ ଦ୍ରାବକଶାଳା )
porous – having small holes This clay pot is porous.
chlorofluorocarbons – chemicals used for cooling in refrigerators
vast stretches of foreSts – a large cover of forests
leafless – without leaf
skeletons of trees – dead leafless trees
vast stretches of forests – a large cover of forests
leafless – without leaf
skeletons of trees – dead leafless trees
precipitation – fall of rain, snow or hail There will be precipitation on hills tonight.
leaches away – washes away The rainwater leaches away the fertilizer from the fields.
upper layer – upper surface
lesions – wounds or injuries Excessive heat of the sun in summer cause skin lesions.
smog – a mixture of smoke and fog We can see sing around the industrial areas. (ସ୍ମଗ୍ – ଧୂଆଁମିଶ୍ରିତ କୁହୁଡ଼ି)
ingredients – things used to make something Imagination and hard work are the ingredients of success.
dispersal measures – ways of scattering things (ବିକ୍ଷେପଣ ପଦକ୍ଷେପ| ବିକ୍ଷେପଣ ପଦ୍ଧତି)
smokestacks – tall chimneys that carry. smoke away from factories
trap – retain Various designed equipment that should be used to trap pollutants.
raising – increasing (ବୃଦ୍ଧି କରିବା)
designing – making especially
peak level – top level
trend – rate
nasal filters – masks that cover nostrils
legislation – a body of laws The government will introduce legislation to restrict the sale of firearms.
equipment – device
trap – catch ( ଧରିବା )
meteorologist – a person who studies weather conditions Meteorologists can forecast weather.
prevent – check (ରୋକିବା)
emission system – a system of sending out smoke (ଧୂଆଁ ନିର୍ଗମନ ପ୍ରଣାଳୀ) New devices in emission system of new cars has checked the air pollution to some extent.
lakes – natural water bodies
are involved – are engaged ( କାର୍ଯ୍ୟବ୍ୟସ୍ତ ଅଛନ୍ତି )
initiative – preliminary steps
device – tool (ଉପକରଣ )
catalytic – ଅନୁଘଟକ
physician – ଚିକିତ୍ସକ
reduce – ହ୍ରାସ କରିବା
global warming – ବିଶ୍ବ ତାପନ/ବିଶ୍ଵ ଉଷ୍ମାୟନ global warming
the vast sum of money – a lot of money
soot – black powder produced from fuels
sensitive – easily feeling pain
thermal – relating to heat Thermal clothes are specially designed to keep the boy warm.
chemical industries – industries concerned with chemistry
toxic fumes – harmful gases (କ୍ଷତି କାରକ ଗ୍ୟାସ୍ )
atmosphere – ବାୟୁମଣ୍ଡଳ
smoker – one who smokes tabacco (ଯେ ଧୂମପାନ କରେ)
forced – bound (ବାଧ୍ୟ ହେବା )
exploding population – growing population
exhaust – going out smoke from an engine (ଇଞ୍ଜିନ୍‌ରୁ ବହିର୍ଗତ ଧୂଆଁ)
processing – taking a series of actions for a result (ପ୍ରକ୍ରିୟାକରଣ )
moped – a two-wheeler having no gear system
botanist – a person who studies the life of plants ( ଉଭିଦବିଜ୍ଞାନୀ)
discharge – release, allow leaving (ତ୍ଯାଗ କରେ)
equivalent – equal to (ସମାନ)
level – rate (ସ୍ତର)
exploding population – steep rise in population (ଜନସଂଖ୍ୟାର ଦ୍ରୁତ)
attributed – held responsible
continues – persists (ଚାଲୁ ରହେ)
nasal – relating to the nose
billions – a thousand millions
shabby – dirty ( ଅପରିଷ୍କାର )
deteriorate – worsen (ଖରାପ କରିବା)
surfaces – upper parts
strikingly illustrated – beautifully explained
damaging effects – ନଷ୍ଟକାରୀ ପ୍ରଭାବସବୁ
eye irritation – pain related to the eyes
scartchy throat – pain related to throat ( ତଣ୍ଟି ଯନ୍ତ୍ରଣା)
linked to – connected to (ସମ୍ପର୍କିତ)
alarmed – terrified (ଆତଙ୍କିତ)
eventually – finally (ଶେଷରେ)
solar energy – the energy of the sun (ସୌରଶକ୍ତି)

BSE Odisha 10th Class English Detailed Text:

• All Things Bright and Beautiful Question Answer
• A letter to God Question Answer
• The Solitary Reaper Question Answer
• At the High School Question Answer
• Village Song Question Answer
• Festivals of North-East India Question Answer
• The Flower-School Question Answer
• Air Pollution: A Hidden Menace Question Answer
• From the Formalin Jar Question Answer
• School’s Goodbye Question Answer

Odisha State Board BSE Odisha 9th Class History Solutions Chapter 11 ସୋଭିଏତ୍ ସଂଘର ବିଖଣ୍ଡୀକରଣ Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

BSE Odisha Class 9 History Solutions Chapter 11 ସୋଭିଏତ୍ ସଂଘର ବିଖଣ୍ଡୀକରଣ

୧। ପ୍ରତ୍ୟେକ ପ୍ରଶ୍ନର ଉତ୍ତର ୬୦ ଗୋଟି ଶବ୍ଦ ମଧ୍ଯରେ ଲେଖ ।

(କ) କାହା ନେତୃତ୍ଵରେ ସୋଭିଏତ୍ ସଂଘ ପୃଥ‌ିବୀରେ ଦ୍ଵିତୀୟ ବୃହତ୍ ଅର୍ଥନୈତିକ ଶକ୍ତିରେ ପରିଣତ ହୋଇଥିଲା ? କେଉଁସବୁ କାରଣରୁ ଏହାର ଅର୍ଥନୀତି ବିପର୍ଯ୍ୟସ୍ତ ହୋଇଥିଲା ?
Answer:

• ଷ୍ଟାଲିନ୍‌ଙ୍କ ନେତୃତ୍ୱରେ ସୋଭିଏତ୍ ସଂଘ ପୃଥ‌ିବୀର ଦ୍ବିତୀୟ ବୃହତ୍ ଅର୍ଥନୈତିକ ଶକ୍ତିରେ ପରିଣତ ହୋଇଥିଲା ।
• ସୋଭିଏତ୍ ସଂଘର ଅର୍ଥନୀତି ବିପର୍ଯ୍ୟସ୍ତ ହେବାର କାରଣ :
  (a) ସୋଭିଏତ୍ ସଂଘ ଏବଂ ସାମ୍ୟବାଦୀ ଚୀନ୍ ମଧ୍ଯରେ ତୀବ୍ର ମତଭେଦ ଘଟି ବିଶ୍ୱରେ ସୋଭିଏତ୍ ସଂଘର ପ୍ରାଧାନ୍ୟ କ୍ଷୁଣ୍ଣ ହୋଇଥିଲା ।
  (b) ଆଲେକ୍ସା କୋସିଜିନ୍ ଓ ଲିଓନିଡ୍ ବ୍ରେଜ୍ନେଭ୍ଙ୍କସମୟରେ ଯୁକ୍ତରାଷ୍ଟ୍ର ଆମେରିକା ସହିତ ସୋଭିଏତ୍ ସଂଘର ଅସ୍ତ୍ରଶସ୍ତ୍ର ପ୍ରତିଯୋଗିତା ଓ ଶୀତଳ ଯୁଦ୍ଧ ଯୋଗୁଁ ଏହାର ସାମରିକ ଖର୍ଚ୍ଚ ଯଥେଷ୍ଟ ବୃଦ୍ଧି ପାଇଥିଲା।
  (c) ଅଶୀ ଦଶକର ଆରମ୍ଭରୁ ମୁଦ୍ରାଷ୍ଟୀତି, ଆବଶ୍ୟକ ସାମଗ୍ରୀର ଅଭାବ, କୃଷି ଉତ୍ପାଦନ ହ୍ରାସ ଏବଂ କଳାବଜାରର ପ୍ରଭାବରୁ ଦେଶର ଅର୍ଥନୀତି ଦୁର୍ବଳ ହୋଇଥିଲା ।
  (d) ସାମ୍ୟବାଦୀ ଲୌହପରଦା ନୀତି ଯୋଗୁଁ ବିଶ୍ବସ୍ତରୀୟ ସୂଚନା ପ୍ରଯୁକ୍ତିବିଦ୍ୟାର ଶିଳ୍ପାୟନ ସୁଫଳରୁ ସୋଭିଏତ୍ ସଂଘ ବଞ୍ଚତ ହୋଇ ଅନଗ୍ରସରତାର ଶିକାର ହୋଇଥିଲା ।
  (e) ଆମେରିକା ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରପତି ରୋନାଲଡ଼ ରିଗାନ୍‌ଙ୍କଦ୍ୱାରା ଘୋଷିତ ତାରକା ଯୁଦ୍ଧ ଯୋଜନା ସୋଭିଏତ୍ ସଂଘର ଦୁର୍ବଳ ଅର୍ଥନୀତି ଉପରେ ଅତ୍ୟଧ୍ଵ ସାମରିକ ଖର୍ଜର ବୋଝ ଲଦି ଦେଇଥିଲା ।

(ଖ) ସୋଭିଏତ୍ ସଂଘର ବିପର୍ଯ୍ୟସ୍ତ ରାଜନୈତିକ ଅବସ୍ଥାକୁ ସୁଧାରିବାପାଇଁ ଗୋର୍ବାଚେଲ୍‌ଙ୍କଦ୍ଵାରା କେଉଁ ନୂତନ ନୀତି ଘୋଷିତ ହୋଇଥିଲା ? ଏହାର ପରିଣତି କ’ଣ ହେଲା?
Answer:

• ସୋଭିଏତ୍ ସଂଘର ବିପର୍ଯ୍ୟସ୍ତ ରାଜନୈତିକ ଅବସ୍ଥାକୁ ସୁଧାରିବାପାଇଁ ଗୋର୍ବାଚେର୍‌ଙ୍କଦ୍ୱାରା ଗ୍ଲାସ୍‌ନସ୍ତ ବା ମୁକ୍ତ ରାଜନୈତିକ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟକଳାପ ନୀତି ଘୋଷିତ ହୋଇଥିଲା ।
• ଗ୍ଲାସ୍‌ନସ୍ତ ନୀତିଦ୍ଵାରା ସୋଭିଏତ୍ ସଂଘରେ ମତବ୍ୟକ୍ତ କରିବାର ସ୍ଵାଧୀନତା ଏବଂ ସମ୍ବାଦପତ୍ରର ସ୍ଵାଧୀନତା
• ସହସ୍ରାଧୂକ ରାଜନୈତିକ ବନ୍ଦୀ ଏବଂ ବିରୋଧୀମାନଙ୍କୁ କାରାମୁକ୍ତ କରାଗଲା ।
• ସୋଭିଏତ୍ ସମାଜ ସମ୍ପର୍କିତ ଅଧ୍ୟୟନ ବ୍ୟାପକ ହେଲା ଏବଂ ବହୁ ଗୋପନୀୟ ତଥ୍ୟ ଲୋକଲୋଚନକୁ ଆସିଲା । ଗଣମାଧ୍ୟମ ଉପରେ ନିୟନ୍ତ୍ରଣ କୋହଳ ହେବା ଫଳରେ ସୋଭିଏତ୍ ସଂଘର ଦୁର୍ବଳତା ପଦାରେ ପଡ଼ିଗଲା ଓ ସରକାର ଜନସାଧାରଣଙ୍କର ଆସ୍ଥା ଓ ବିଶ୍ବାସ ହରାଇଲେ ।
• ପୂର୍ବ ଇଉରୋପୀୟ ୱାରସ୍ ଚୁକ୍ତି ଅନ୍ତର୍ଭୁକ୍ତ ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରସମୂହର ଆଭ୍ୟନ୍ତରୀଣ ବ୍ୟାପାରରେ ସୋଭିଏତ୍ ସଂଘର ହସ୍ତକ୍ଷେପ ବନ୍ଦ କରି ନିୟନ୍ତ୍ରଣ କୋହଳ କରି ଦିଆଯିବାରୁ ସେସବୁ ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରରେ ସାମ୍ୟବାଦୀ ସରକାରଙ୍କର ପତନ ଘଟିଲା ।

(ଗ) ସୋଭିଏତ୍ ସଂଘର ଆର୍ଥନୀତିକ ଅବସ୍ଥାକୁ ସୁଧାରିବାପାଇଁ ଗୋର୍ବାଚେଭ୍ କେଉଁ ଦୁଇଟି ନୀତି ଘୋଷଣା କରିଥିଲେ ? ସୋଭିଏତ୍ ଅର୍ଥନୀତି ସେଗୁଡ଼ିକଦ୍ୱାରା କିପରି ପ୍ରଭାବିତ ହୋଇଥିଲା ?
Answer:

• ସୋଭିଏତ୍ ସଂଘର ଆର୍ଥନୀତିକ ଅବସ୍ଥାକୁ ସୁଧାରିବାପାଇଁ ଗୋର୍ବାଚେଭ୍ ପେରିସ୍ତ୍ରୋଇକା ବା ଆର୍ଥନୀତିକ ପୁନର୍ବିନ୍ୟାସ ଏବଂ ଉସ୍କୋରେନିୟେ ବା ଦ୍ରୁତ ଆର୍ଥନୀତିକ ବିକାଶ ପରି ଦୁଇଟି ନୀତି ଘୋଷଣା କରିଥିଲେ ।
• ଉକ୍ତ ଦୁଇଟି ନୀତି ବହୁ ବର୍ଷ ଧରି ମନ୍ଥର ହୋଇ ପଡ଼ିଥିବା ସୋଭିଏତ୍ ଅର୍ଥନୀତିରେ କୌଣସି ଉନ୍ନତି ଆଣିପାରି ନଥିଲା ।
• ୧୯୯୦ ମସିହା ସୁଦ୍ଧା ସୋଭିଏତ୍ ସରକାର ଦେଶର ଅର୍ଥନୀତି ଉପରେ ସମ୍ପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ ନିୟନ୍ତ୍ରଣ ହରାଇଲେ ।
• ଲାଭ ହେଉନଥ‌ିବା ଉଦ୍ୟୋଗଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ବଞ୍ଚାଇବାକୁ ଯାଇ ସରକାରୀ ଖର୍ଚ୍ଚ ବଢ଼ି ଚାଲିଲା ।
• ସୋଭିଏତ୍ ସଂଘ ଅନ୍ତର୍ଭୁକ୍ତ ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରମାନେ ସଂଘୀୟ ସରକାରକୁ ରାଜସ୍ୱ ଦେବାକୁ ମନା କରିଦେଲେ । ଫଳରେ ସୋଭିଏତ୍ ସଂଘର ଅର୍ଥନୀତି ସମ୍ପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ ବିପର୍ଯ୍ୟସ୍ତ ହୋଇପଡ଼ିଲା ।

(ଘ) ସୋଭିଏତ୍ ସଂଘ ଅନ୍ତର୍ଭୁକ୍ତ ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରଗୁଡ଼ିକରେ ସାମାଜିକ ଓ ସାଂସ୍କୃତିକ ବିଭେଦ ତୀବ୍ରତର ହେବାର ପରିଣତି କ’ଣ ହେଲା ?
Answer:

• ସୋଭିଏତ୍ ସଂଘ ଅନ୍ତର୍ଭୁକ୍ତ ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରଗୁଡ଼ିକରେ ସାମାଜିକ ଓ ସାଂସ୍କୃତିକ ବିଭେଦ ତୀବ୍ରତର ହେବାରୁ ସେହି ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରଗୁଡ଼ିକର ନିର୍ବାଚନରେ ସାମ୍ୟବାଦୀ ଦଳ ପରାଜିତ ହୋଇ ଆଞ୍ଚଳିକ ଦଳମାନେ କ୍ଷମତାକୁ ଆସିଥିଲେ ।
• ଫଳସ୍ବରୂପ ସୋଭିଏତ୍ ସଂଘର କେନ୍ଦ୍ରୀୟ କ୍ଷମତା ଦୁର୍ବଳ ହୋଇଗଲା ।
• ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରମାନେ ବହୁଦଳୀୟ ବ୍ୟବସ୍ଥା ପ୍ରବର୍ତ୍ତନ କରି ସମାଜବାଦୀ ଓ ଗଣତାନ୍ତ୍ରିକ ଦଳ ଗଠନ କଲେ, ଉଦାରୀକରଣ ପ୍ରକ୍ରିୟାର ପ୍ରଭାବରେ ସୋଭିଏତ୍ ସଂଘ ଅନ୍ତର୍ଭୁକ୍ତ ଲିଥୁଆନିଆ, ଇଣ୍ଡୋନିଆ, ଲାଟ୍‌ଭିଆ, ବେଲାରୁସ୍‌, ଇଉକ୍ରେନ୍, ମୋଲଡ଼ାଭିଆ, ଉଦ୍‌ବେକିସ୍ତାନ, ଜର୍ଜିଆ, ଆର୍ମେନିଆ ପ୍ରଭୃତି ରାଜ୍ୟ ସ୍ଵାଧୀନତା ଘୋଷଣା କରିଥିଲେ ।
• ସାମ୍ୟବାଦୀ ଦଳକୁ ବାସନ୍ଦ କରାଗଲା ଓ ୱାରସ୍ ଚୁକ୍ତିକୁ ଭାଙ୍ଗି ଦିଆଗଲା ।
• ୧୯୯୧ ଡିସେମ୍ବର ୨୫ ତାରିଖରେ ଗୋର୍ବାଚେଭ୍ ସୋଭିଏତ୍ ସଂଘର ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରପତି ପଦରୁ ଇସ୍ତଫା ଦେବାର ଗୋଟିଏ ଦିନ ପରେ ସୋଭିଏତ୍ ସଂଘର ବିଲୟ ଘଟିଲା ।

୨। ପ୍ରତ୍ୟେକ ପ୍ରଶ୍ନର ଉତ୍ତର ୨୦ ଗୋଟି ଶବ୍ଦ ମଧ୍ଯରେ ଲେଖ ।

(କ) ଦ୍ଵିତୀୟ ବିଶ୍ୱଯୁଦ୍ଧ ପରେ ସୋଭିଏତ୍ ସଂଘ କିପରି ପୃଥ‌ିବୀର ଦ୍ଵିତୀୟ ବୃହତ୍ ଶକ୍ତି ଭାବରେ ପ୍ରତିଷ୍ଠିତ ହୋଇଥିଲା ?
Answer:

• ୧୯୨୩ ମସିହାରେ ସାମ୍ୟବାଦୀ ସୋଭିଏତ୍ ସଂଘ ଆତ୍ମପ୍ରକାଶ କରିବା ପରେ ଲେନିନ୍‌ଙ୍କର ନୂତନ ଅର୍ଥନୈତିକ ନୀତିଦ୍ୱାରା ୧୯୨୧ ମସିହାରୁ ସୋଭିଏତ୍ ସଂଘରେ ଅର୍ଥନୈତିକ ସଂସ୍କାର ଆରମ୍ଭ ହୋଇଥିଲା ।
• ୧୯୨୮ ମସିହାରେ ଯୋଶେଫ୍ ଷ୍ଟାଲିନ୍‌ଙ୍କଦ୍ଵାରା ପଞ୍ଚବାର୍ଷିକ ଯୋଜନାର ପ୍ରବର୍ତ୍ତନ ଫଳରେ ସୋଭିଏତ୍ ସଂଘ ଖୁବ୍ କମ୍ ସମୟ ମଧ୍ୟରେ ଏକ କୃଷିପ୍ରଧାନ ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରରୁ ଶକ୍ତିଶାଳୀ ଶିଳ୍ପାନ୍ନତ ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରରୂପେ ବିଶ୍ୱରେ ନିଜର ପରିଚୟ ସୃଷ୍ଟି କରି ପୃଥ‌ିବୀର ଦ୍ବିତୀୟ ବୃହତ୍ ଶକ୍ତି ଭାବେ ପ୍ରତିଷ୍ଠିତ ହୋଇଥିଲା ।

(ଖ) ଯୋସେଫ୍ ଷ୍ଟାଲିନ୍ ସୋଭିଏତ୍ ସଂଘକୁ କିପରି ଏକ ଶକ୍ତିଶାଳୀ ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରରେ ପରିଣତ କରିଥିଲେ ?
Answer:

• ଷ୍ଟାଲିନ୍‌ଙ୍କର ବଳିଷ୍ଠ ନେତୃତ୍ୱ ସୋଭିଏତ୍ ସଂଘର ଚତୁଃପାର୍ଶ୍ଵର ସାମ୍ୟବାଦର ଲୌହ ପରଦାକୁ ସୁଦୃଢ଼ କରିବା ସଙ୍ଗେ ସଙ୍ଗେ ଆନ୍ତର୍ଜାତିକ କ୍ଷେତ୍ରରେ ଏହାର ପ୍ରଭାବ ଓ ପ୍ରତିପତ୍ତିକୁ ବୃଦ୍ଧି କରିଥିଲା ।
• ୧୯୪୯ ମସିହା ବେଳକୁ ସୋଭିଏତ୍ ସଂଘ ପୂର୍ବ ଇଉରୋପୀୟ ଦେଶ ଯଥା ପୋଲାଣ୍ଡ, ହଙ୍ଗେରୀ, ରୁମାନିଆ ପ୍ରଭୃତିରେ ସାମ୍ୟବାଦୀ ଶାସନ ପ୍ରତିଷ୍ଠା କରିଥିଲା । ଏହିପରି ଭାବରେ ଷ୍ଟାଲିନ୍ ସୋଭିଏତ୍ ସଂଘକୁ ଏକ ଶକ୍ତିଶାଳୀ ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରରେ ପରିଣତ କରିଥିଲେ ।

(ଗ) କିଏ ତାରକା ଯୁଦ୍ଧ ଯୋଜନା ଘୋଷଣା କରିଥିଲେ ? ସୋଭିଏତ୍ ସଂଘର ଅର୍ଥନୀତି ଉପରେ ଏହାର କି’ ପ୍ରଭାବ ପଡ଼ିଥିଲା ?
Answer:

• ଯୁକ୍ତରାଷ୍ଟ୍ର ଆମେରିକାର ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରପତି ରୋନାଲ୍‌ଡ୍ ରିଗାନ୍ ତାରକା ଯୁଦ୍ଧ ଯୋଜନା ଘୋଷଣା କରିଥିଲେ ।
• ଏହି ଯୋଜନା ସୋଭିଏତ୍ ସଂଘର ଦୁର୍ବଳ ଅର୍ଥନୀତି ଉପରେ ଅତ୍ୟକ ସାମରିକ ଖର୍ଚ୍ଚର ବୋଝ ଲଦି ଦେଇଥିଲା ।

(ଘ) ୧୯୮୬ ମସିହାରେ ମିଖାଇଲ୍ ଗୋର୍ବାଚେଲ୍‌ଙ୍କଦ୍ୱାରା ଘୋଷିତ ନୀତିଗୁଡ଼ିକ ବୁଝାଇ ଲେଖ ।
Answer:

• ୧୯୮୬ ମସିହାରେ ମିଖାଇଲ୍ ଗୋର୍ବାଚେଭ୍ ଗ୍ଲାସ୍‌ନସ୍ତ, ପେରିସ୍ପୋଇକା ଏବଂ ଉସ୍କୋରେନିୟେ ନୀତିଗୁଡ଼ିକ ଘୋଷଣା କରିଥିଲେ ।
• ରାଜନୈତିକ ଅବସ୍ଥାକୁ ସୁଧାରିବାଲାଗି ଗ୍ଲାସସ୍ତ ବା ମୁକ୍ତ ରାଜନୈତିକ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟକଳାପ ନୀତି ଘୋଷଣା କରାଯାଇଥିବାବେଳେ ଆର୍ଥନୀତିକ ପୁନର୍ଗଠନ ଓ ଦ୍ରୁତ ଆର୍ଥନୀତିକ ବିକାଶ ନିମନ୍ତେ ପେରିସ୍ପୋଇକା ଏବଂ ଉସ୍କୋରେନିୟେ ନୀତି ଘୋଷିତ ହୋଇଥିଲା ।

(ଙ) ଗ୍ଲାସ୍‌ନସ୍ତ ନୀତିର ପ୍ରଚଳନ ଫଳରେ ସୋଭିଏତ୍ ସଂଘରେ କି ସୁବିଧା ହେଲା ?
Answer:

• ଗ୍ଲାସସ୍ତ ନୀତିର ପ୍ରଚଳନ ଫଳରେ ସୋଭିଏତ୍ ସଂଘରେ ମତବ୍ୟକ୍ତ କରିବାର ସ୍ବାଧୀନତା ଏବଂ ସମ୍ବାଦପତ୍ରର ସ୍ଵାଧୀନତା ସମ୍ଭବ ହୋଇଥିଲା । ସହସ୍ରାଧିକ ରାଜନୈତିକ ବନ୍ଦୀ ଏବଂ ବିରୋଧୀମାନଙ୍କୁ କାରାମୁକ୍ତ କରାଗଲା
• ସୋଭିଏତ୍ ସମାଜ ସମ୍ପର୍କିତ ଅଧ୍ୟୟନ ବ୍ୟାପକ ହେଲା ଏବଂ ବହୁ ଗୋପନୀୟ ତଥ୍ୟ ଲୋକଲୋଚନକୁ ଆସିଲା ।

(ଚ) ପେରିସ୍ପୋଇକା ଓ ଉସ୍କୋରେନିୟେ ନୀତିର ଲକ୍ଷ୍ୟ କ’ଣ ଥିଲା ?
Answer:

• ପେରିସ୍ତ୍ରୋଇକା ନୀତିର ଲକ୍ଷ୍ୟ ଥିଲା ସୋଭିଏତ୍ ସଂଘର ବିପର୍ଯ୍ୟସ୍ତ ଆର୍ଥନୀତିକ ଅବସ୍ଥାର ପୁନର୍ଗଠନ ।
• ସେହିପରି ଉସ୍କୋରେନିୟେ ନୀତିର ଲକ୍ଷ୍ୟ ଥିଲା ବହୁବର୍ଷଧରି ମନ୍ଥର ହୋଇଯାଇଥିବା ସୋଭିଏତ୍ ସଂଘର ଅର୍ଥନୀତିର ଦ୍ରୁତ ବିକାଶ କରିବା ।

(ଛ) ଗ୍ଳାସ୍‌ନସ୍ତ ନୀତି ପ୍ରଣୟନର କୁପରିଣତିଗୁଡ଼ିକ ଲେଖ ।
Answer:

• ଗ୍ଲାସ୍‌ନସ୍ତ ନୀତି ପ୍ରଣୟନଦ୍ୱାରା ଗଣମାଧ୍ୟମ ଉପରେ ନିୟନ୍ତ୍ରଣ କୋହଳ ହେବାଦ୍ୱାରା ସୋଭିଏତ୍ ସଂଘର ଦୁର୍ବଳତା ଲୋକଲୋଚନକୁ ଆସିଲା ଏବଂ ସରକାର ଜନସାଧାରଣଙ୍କର ଆଶା ଓ ବିଶ୍ଵାସ ହରାଇଲେ ।
• ପୂର୍ବ ଇଉରୋପୀୟ ୱାରସ୍ ଚୁକ୍ତି ଅନ୍ତର୍ଭୁକ୍ତ ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରସମୂହର ଆଭ୍ୟନ୍ତରୀଣ ବ୍ୟାପାରରେ ସୋଭିଏତ୍ ସଂଘର ହସ୍ତକ୍ଷେପ ବନ୍ଦକରି ନିୟନ୍ତ୍ରଣ କୋହଳ କରିଦିଆଯିବାରୁ ସେ ସମସ୍ତ ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରରେ ସାମ୍ୟବାଦୀ ସରକାରଙ୍କର ପତନ ଘଟିଥିଲା ।

(ଜ) କେଉଁସବୁ କାରଣ ଯୋଗୁଁ ୧୯୯୦ ମସିହା ସୁଦ୍ଧା ସୋଭିଏତ୍ ସଂଘର ଅର୍ଥନୀତି ସମ୍ପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ ବିପର୍ଯ୍ୟସ୍ତ ହୋଇପଡ଼ିଥିଲା ?
ନିମ୍ନଲିଖ୍ କାରଣରୁ ୧୯୯୦ ମସିହା ସୁଦ୍ଧା ସୋଭିଏତ୍ ସଂଘର ଅର୍ଥନୀତି ସମ୍ପୂର୍ଣ ବିପର୍ଯ୍ୟସ୍ତ ହୋଇପଡ଼ିଥିଲା ।
Answer:

• ଲାଭ ହେଉନଥ‌ିବା ଉଦ୍ୟୋଗଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ବଞ୍ଚାଇବାକୁ ଯାଇ ସରକାରୀ ଖର୍ଚ୍ଚ ବଢ଼ିଚାଲିଥିଲା ।
• ସୋଭିଏତ୍ ସଂଘ ଅନ୍ତର୍ଭୁକ୍ତ ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରମାନେ ସଂଘୀୟ ସରକାରକୁ ରାଜସ୍ୱ ଦେବାକୁ ମନା କରିଦେବାରୁ ଦେଶର ଅର୍ଥନୀତି ସମ୍ପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ ବିପର୍ଯ୍ୟସ୍ତ ହୋଇପଡ଼ିଲା ।

(ଝ) ଉଦାରୀକରଣ ପ୍ରକ୍ରିୟାର ପ୍ରଭାବରେ ସୋଭିଏତ୍ ସଂଘରେ କି ପରିବର୍ତ୍ତନ ଘଟିଥିଲା ?
Answer:

• ଉଦାରୀକରଣ ପ୍ରକ୍ରିୟାର ପ୍ରଭାବରେ ସୋଭିଏତ୍ ସଂଘ ଅନ୍ତର୍ଭୁକ୍ତ ଲିଥୁଆନିଆ, ଇଣ୍ଡୋନିଆ, ଲାଟ୍‌ଭିଆ ପ୍ରଭୃତି ରାଜ୍ୟଗୁଡ଼ିକ ସ୍ବାଧୀନତା ଘୋଷଣା କରିଥିଲେ ।
• ସାମ୍ୟବାଦୀ ଦଳକୁ ବାସନ୍ଦ କରାଗଲା ଓ ୱାରସ୍ ଚୁକ୍ତିକୁ ଭାଙ୍ଗି ଦିଆଗଲା ।

(ଞ) ରୁଷୀୟ ରାଜ୍ୟଗୁଡ଼ିକ ସ୍ବାଧୀନ ହୋଇଥିଲେ ସୁଦ୍ଧା କେଉଁ ବିଷୟଗୁଡ଼ିକରେ କେନ୍ଦ୍ରୀୟ ରୁଷ୍ ସରକାର ଉପରେ ନିର୍ଭରଶୀଳ ରହିଲେ ?
Answer:
ରୁଷୀୟ ରାଜ୍ୟଗୁଡ଼ିକ ସ୍ୱାଧୀନ ହୋଇଥିଲେ ସୁଦ୍ଧା ପ୍ରତିରକ୍ଷା, ରାଜସ୍ୱ ଆଦାୟ, ଅସ୍ତ୍ରଶସ୍ତ୍ର ଓ ଆଣବିକ ନିୟନ୍ତ୍ରଣ କ୍ଷେତ୍ରରେ କେନ୍ଦ୍ରୀୟ ରୁଷ୍ ସରକାରଙ୍କ ଉପରେ ନିର୍ଭରଶୀଳ ରହିଲେ ।

୩ । ପ୍ରତ୍ୟେକ ପ୍ରଶ୍ନର ଉତ୍ତର ଗୋଟିଏ ବାକ୍ୟରେ ଲେଖ ।

(କ) କେବେ ରୁଷ୍ ଦେଶରେ ଜାର୍ ଶାସନ ବିରୋଧରେ ବୋଲ୍‌ସେଭିକ୍ ଆନ୍ଦୋଳନ ସଂଘଟିତ ହୋଇଥିଲା ?
Answer:
୧୯୧୭ ମସିହାରେ ରୁଷ୍ ଦେଶରେ ଜାର୍ ଶାସନ ବିରୋଧରେ ବୋଲ୍‌ସେଭିକ୍‌ ଆନ୍ଦୋଳନ ସଂଘଟିତ ହୋଇଥିଲା ।

(ଖ) କେବେଠାରୁ ସୋଭିଏତ୍ ସଂଘରେ ଅର୍ଥନୈତିକ ସଂସ୍କାର ଆରମ୍ଭ ହୋଇଥିଲା ?
Answer:
୧୯୨୧ ମସିହାରୁ ସୋଭିଏତ୍ ସଂଘରେ ଅର୍ଥନୈତିକ ସଂସ୍କାର ଆରମ୍ଭ ହୋଇଥିଲା ।

(ଗ) ଯୋସେଫ୍ ଷ୍ଟାଲିନ୍‌ଙ୍କର କେଉଁ ପଦକ୍ଷେପ ଫଳରେ ସୋଭିଏତ୍ ସଂଘ ଏକ ଶକ୍ତିଶାଳୀ ଶିଳ୍ପାନ୍ନତ ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରରେ ପରିଣତ ହୋଇଥିଲା ?
Answer:
ଯୋସେଫ୍ ଷ୍ଟାଲିନ୍‌ଙ୍କର ପଞ୍ଚବାର୍ଷିକ ଯୋଜନା ପ୍ରବର୍ତ୍ତନ ଫଳରେ ସୋଭିଏତ୍ ସଂଘ ଏକ ଶକ୍ତିଶାଳୀ ଶିଜୋନ୍ନତ ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରରେ ପରିଣତ ହୋଇଥିଲା ।

(ଘ) ଷ୍ଟାଲିନ୍‌ଙ୍କର ବଳିଷ୍ଠ ନେତୃତ୍ବର କି’ ପ୍ରଭାବ ସୋଭିଏତ୍ ସଂଘ ଉପରେ ପଡ଼ିଥିଲା ?
Answer:
ଷ୍ଟାଲିନ୍‌ଙ୍କର ବଳିଷ୍ଠ ନେତୃତ୍ୱ ସୋଭିଏତ୍ ସଂଘର ଚତୁଃପାର୍ଶ୍ବରେ ସାମ୍ୟବାଦର ଲୌହ ପରଦାକୁ ସୁଦୃଢ଼ କରିବା ସଙ୍ଗେ ସଙ୍ଗେ ଆନ୍ତର୍ଜାତିକ କ୍ଷେତ୍ରରେ ଏହାର ପ୍ରତିପତ୍ତିକୁ ବୃଦ୍ଧି କରିଥିଲା ।

(ଙ) ସାମ୍ୟବାଦୀ ଲୌହ ପରଦା ନୀତି ଯୋଗୁଁ ସୋଭିଏତ୍ ସଂଘ କିପରି କ୍ଷତିଗ୍ରସ୍ତ ହେଲା ?
Answer:
ସାମ୍ୟବାଦୀ ଲୌହ ପରଦା ନୀତି ଯୋଗୁଁ ବିଶ୍ବସ୍ତରୀୟ ସୂଚନା ପ୍ରଯୁକ୍ତିବିଦ୍ୟାର ଶିଳ୍ପାୟନ ସୁଫଳରୁ ସୋଭିଏତ୍ ସଂଘ ବଞ୍ଚତ ହୋଇ ଅନଗ୍ରସରତାର ଶିକାର ହୋଇଥିଲା ।

(ଚ) ଗୋର୍ବାଚେଭ୍ କେବେ ସୋଭିଏତ୍ ସଂଘର ପ୍ରଥମ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟନିର୍ବାହୀ ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରପତି ରୂପେ ନିର୍ବାଚିତ ହେଲେ ?
Answer:
୧୯୯୦ ମସିହା ମାର୍ଚ୍ଚ ମାସ ୧୫ ତାରିଖରେ ଗୋର୍ବାଚେଭ୍ ସୋଭିଏତ୍ ସଂଘର ପ୍ରଥମ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟନିର୍ବାହୀ ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରପତି ରୂପେ ନିର୍ବାଚିତ ହେଲେ ।

(ଛ) ବୋରିସ୍ ୟେଲସିନ୍‌ କିଏ ?
Answer:
ବୋରିସ୍ ୟେଲସିନ୍ ରୁଷ୍ ସାଧାରଣତନ୍ତ୍ରର ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରପତି ଥିଲେ ।

(ଜ) କେବେ ସୋଭିଏତ୍ ସଂଘର ଅସ୍ତିତ୍ବ ଲୋପ ପାଇଲା ?
Answer:
୧୯୯୧ ମସିହା ଡିସେମ୍ବର ୨୬ ତାରିଖରେ ସୋଭିଏତ୍ ସଂଘର ଅସ୍ଥିତ୍ଵ ଲୋପ ପାଇଲା ।

(ଝ) କୃଶ୍ଚେ ଭ୍ଙ୍କର କେଉଁ ମନୋଭାବ ଯୋଗୁଁ ସେ କଠୋରପନ୍ଥୀଙ୍କଦ୍ୱାରା ନିନ୍ଦିତ ହେଲେ ?
Answer:
କୃଶ୍ଚେଭ୍ ତାଙ୍କର ଉଦାରବାଦୀ ମନୋଭାବ ଯୋଗୁଁ କଠୋରପନ୍ଥୀଙ୍କଦ୍ୱାରା ନିନ୍ଦିତ ହୋଇଥିଲେ ।

(ଞ) କେଉଁ କାରଣ ଯୋଗୁଁ ପୂର୍ବ ଇଉପରୋପୀୟ ୱାରସ୍ ଚୁକ୍ତି ଅନ୍ତର୍ଭୁକ୍ତ ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରସମୂହରେ ସାମ୍ୟବାଦୀ ସରକାରର ପତନ ଘଟିଥିଲା ?
Answer:
ଉଦାରୀକରଣ ପ୍ରକ୍ରିୟାର ପ୍ରଭାବରେ ପୂର୍ବ ଇଉରୋପୀୟ ୱାରସ୍ ଚୁକ୍ତି ଅନ୍ତର୍ଭୁକ୍ତ ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରସମୂହର ଆଭ୍ୟନ୍ତରୀଣ ବ୍ୟାପାରରେ ସୋଭିଏତ୍ ସଂଘ ହସ୍ତକ୍ଷେପ ବନ୍ଦ କରି ନିୟନ୍ତ୍ରଣ କୋହଳ କରିଦେବାରୁ ସେସବୁ ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରରେ ବ୍ୟାପାରରେ ସୋଭିଏତ୍ ସଂଘ ହସ୍ତକ୍ଷେପ ବନ୍ଦ କରି ନିୟନ୍ତ୍ରଣ କୋହଳ କରିଦେବାରୁ ସେସବୁ ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରରେ ସାମ୍ୟବାଦୀ ସରକାରର ପତନ ଘଟିଥିଲା ।

୪। ନିମ୍ନରେ ପ୍ରତ୍ୟେକ ପ୍ରଶ୍ନରେ ଦିଆଯାଇଥ‌ିବା ଚାରିଗୋଟି ବିକଳ୍ପ ମଧ୍ୟରୁ ଠିକ୍ ଉତ୍ତରଟି ସଙ୍ଗେ ତା’ର କ୍ରମିକ ନମ୍ବର ବାଛି ଲେଖ ।

(କ) କେଉଁ ସୋଭିଏତ୍ ପ୍ରଧାନମନ୍ତ୍ରୀଙ୍କ ସମୟରେ ଚୀନ୍‌ର ଶାସକ ମାଓ ସେ-ତୁଙ୍ଗଙ୍କ ସହିତ ସୋଭିଏତ୍ ସଂଘର ସମ୍ପର୍କ ତିକ୍ତ ହୋଇଥିଲା ?
(i) ଲେନିନ୍
(ii) କୃଶ୍ଚେଭ୍
(iii) ଷ୍ଟାଲିନ୍
(iv) ବ୍ରେଜନେଭ୍
Answer:
(ii) କୃଶ୍ଚେଭ୍

(ଖ) ଚେର୍ଣ୍ଣୋବିଲ୍ ଆଣବିକ ଶକ୍ତି କେନ୍ଦ୍ରର ଦୁର୍ଘଟଣା କେଉଁ ମସିହାରେ ଘଟିଥିଲା ?
(i) ୧୯୮୫
(ii) ୧୯୯୦
(iii) ୧୯୮୬
(iv) ୧୯୯୧
Answer:
(iii) ୧୯୮୬

(ଗ) କିଏ ୧୯୮୫ ମସିହା ମାର୍ଚ୍ଚ ମାସରେ ସୋଭିଏତ୍ ପଲିଟିବ୍ୟୁରୋର ସାଧାରଣ ସମ୍ପାଦକ ଭାବରେ ନିର୍ବାଚିତ ହୋଇଥିଲେ ?
(i) ନିକିତା କୃଶ୍ଚେଭ୍
(iii) ଲିଓନିଡ୍ ବ୍ରେଜ୍ନେଭ
(ii) ଆଲେକ୍ସି କୋସିଜିନ୍
(iv) ମିଖାଇଲ୍ ଗୋର୍ବାଚେଭ୍
Answer:
(iv) ମିଖାଇଲ୍ ଗୋର୍ବାଚେଭ୍

(ଘ) କାହାଦ୍ଵାରା ସୋଭିଏତ୍ ସଂଘରେ ପଞ୍ଚବାର୍ଷିକ ଯୋଜନାର ପ୍ରବର୍ତ୍ତନ ହୋଇଥିଲା ?
(i) ଭ୍ଲାଡ଼ିମିର ଲେନିନ୍
(ii) ଯୋସେଫ୍ ଷ୍ଟାଲିନ୍
(iii) ନିକିତା କୃଶ୍ଚେଭ୍
(iv) ଆଲେକ୍ସି କୋସିଜିନ୍
Answer:
(ii) ଯୋସେଫ୍ ଷ୍ଟାଲିନ୍

(ଙ) ଜର୍ଜିଆ କେବେ ସ୍ଵାଧୀନ ରାଜ୍ୟମାନଙ୍କର ରାଜ୍ୟ ଗୋଷ୍ଠୀ ସହିତ ମିଶିଥୁଲା ?
(i) ୧୯୯୦
(ii) ୧୯୯୧
(iii) ୧୯୯୨
(iv) ୧୯୯୩
Answer:
(iv) ୧୯୯୩

Odisha State Board BSE Odisha 9th Class History Solutions Chapter 5 ଫାସୀବାଦ ଓ ନାଜିବାଦର ବିକାଶ Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

BSE Odisha Class 9 History Solutions Chapter 5 ଫାସୀବାଦ ଓ ନାଜିବାଦର ବିକାଶ

୧ । ପ୍ରତ୍ୟେକ ପ୍ରଶ୍ନର ଉତ୍ତର ୬୦ ଗୋଟି ଶବ୍ଦ ମଧ୍ଯରେ ଲେଖ ।

(କ) ୧୯୨୯ ମସିହାରୁ ୧୯୩୩ ମସିହା ପର୍ଯ୍ୟନ୍ତ ପୃଥ‌ିବୀରେ ଦେଖାଦେଇଥ‌ିବା ଅର୍ଥନୈତିକ ସଙ୍କଟର କାରଣ ଓ ଫଳାଫଳ ସଂକ୍ଷେପରେ ବର୍ଣ୍ଣନା କର ।
Answer:
୧୯୨୯ରୁ ୧୯୩୩ ମସିହା ମଧ୍ୟରେ ପୃଥବୀରେ ଦେଖାଦେଇଥ‌ିବା ଅର୍ଥନୈତିକ ସଙ୍କଟର କାରଣ :

• ପ୍ରଥମ ବିଶ୍ୱଯୁଦ୍ଧ ପରେ ଯୁକ୍ତରାଷ୍ଟ୍ର ଆମେରିକା ଓ ଇଉରୋପୀୟ ଦେଶମାନଙ୍କରେ ବାଣିଜ୍ୟ ବ୍ୟବସାୟ ବାଧାପ୍ରାପ୍ତ ହୋଇଥିଲା । ଯୁଦ୍ଧସାମଗ୍ରୀ ଉତ୍ପାଦନ କରୁଥ‌ିବା ଶିଳ୍ପଗୁଡ଼ିକ ବନ୍ଦ ହେବା ଯୋଗୁଁ ଅନେକ ଶ୍ରମିକ ବେକାର
• ହୋଇଗଲେ । ବେସାମରିକ ସାମଗ୍ରୀ ଉତ୍ପାଦନ କରୁଥିବା କଳକାରଖାନାର ଶ୍ରମିକମାନେ ଅଧ୍ଵ ମଜୁରି ଦାବି କରି ଧର୍ମଘଟ କଲେ । ହୋଇ କଳକାରଖାନା ବନ୍ଦ କରିଦେଲେ । ଫଳରେ ଲକ୍ଷ ଲକ୍ଷ ଶ୍ରମିକ ବେକାର ହୋଇଗଲେ ।
• ଶିଳ୍ପଜାତ ଦ୍ରବ୍ୟଗୁଡ଼ିକର ମୂଲ୍ୟବୃଦ୍ଧି ଯୋଗୁଁ ଜନସାଧାରଣ ଅତ୍ୟାବଶ୍ୟକ ସାମଗ୍ରୀ କିଣିପାରିଲେ ନାହିଁ । ଅନେକ ବ୍ୟାଙ୍କ୍ ଅଚଳ ହୋଇଗଲା ଓ ଲୋକମାନେ ସେମାନଙ୍କ ସଞ୍ଚ ଅର୍ଥ ହରାଇଲେ ।

ଫଳାଫଳ :

• ଦାରିଦ୍ର୍ୟ, ବେକାରି ବୃଦ୍ଧି ପାଇ ଶାନ୍ତିଶୃଙ୍ଖଳା କ୍ଷେତ୍ରରେ ସମସ୍ୟା ସୃଷ୍ଟି ହେଲା ଓ ବିଭିନ୍ନ ଦେଶରେ ସମାଜବାଦୀ ଓ ସାମ୍ୟବାଦୀ ଦଳଗୁଡ଼ିକ ନେତୃତ୍ୱରେ ଶ୍ରମିକ ଆନ୍ଦୋଳନ ଆରମ୍ଭ ହେଲା ।
• ଶ୍ରମିକ ଆନ୍ଦୋଳନ ଦମନ ନିମନ୍ତେ ଜମିଦାର, ପୁଞ୍ଜିପତି ଓ ଶିଳ୍ପପତିମାନେ ଉଗ୍ରବାଦୀ ଶକ୍ତିମାନଙ୍କ ସହାୟତା ଫାସୀବାଦୀ ଶକ୍ତି କୁହାଗଲା ।

(ଖ) ଫାସୀବାଦୀମାନେ ଇଟାଲୀ ଇଟାଲୀ ଦେଶରେ କିପରି କ୍ଷମତା ବିସ୍ତାର କରିଥିଲେ ସଂକ୍ଷେପରେ ଲେଖ ।
Answer:

• ପ୍ରଥମ ବିଶ୍ୱଯୁଦ୍ଧ ପରେ ଦେଶରେ ଫାସୀବାଦର ବିକାଶ ଘଟିଥିଲା ଏବଂ ଏହା ଏକ ଉଗ୍ର ଜାତୀୟତାବାଦୀ ଦଳର ନୀତି ଥିଲା । ଇଟାଲୀର ଆଭ୍ୟନ୍ତରୀଣ ପରିସ୍ଥିତି ଫାସୀବାଦର ବିକାଶ ପାଇଁ ମାର୍ଗ ପ୍ରସ୍ତୁତ କରିଥିଲା ।
• ପ୍ୟାରିସ୍ ଶାନ୍ତ ସମ୍ମିଳନୀରେ ସମ୍ମାନହାନି ସାଙ୍ଗକୁ ବିଶ୍ଵଯୁଦ୍ଧ ପରେ ଇଟାଲୀରେ ଆର୍ଥିକ ଅବସ୍ଥାରେ ଘୋର
• କୃଷକ ଓ ଶ୍ରମିକମାନଙ୍କର ଆନ୍ଦୋଳନଦ୍ୱାରା ଶିଳ୍ପପତି, ପୁଞ୍ଜିପତି, ବ୍ୟବସାୟୀ ତଥା ଜମିଦାରମାନେ ଭୟଭୀତ ହୋଇ ଏହାକୁ ଦମନ କରିବାପାଇଁ ଇଟାଲୀରେ ନବଗଠିତ ଫାସୀବାଦୀ ଦଳକୁ ସାହାଯ୍ୟ ଓ ସମର୍ଥନ କରିବାଦ୍ୱାରା ସେଠାରେ ଫାସୀବାଦୀ ଆନ୍ଦୋଳନ ମୁଣ୍ଡ ଟେକିଲା ।
• ଇଟାଲୀର ରାଜା ଭିକ୍ଟର ଇମାନୁଏଲ୍ ତୃତୀୟ ଇଟାଲୀର ଆର୍ଥିକ ସ୍ଵଚ୍ଛଳତା ଓ ଶାନ୍ତିଶୃଙ୍ଖଳା ରକ୍ଷା କରିବାରେ ସମ୍ପୂର୍ଣ ବିଫଳ ହେଲେ । ଅପରପକ୍ଷରେ ମୁସୋଲିନୀଙ୍କ ନେତୃତ୍ୱରେ ଫାସୀବାଦୀ ଦଳ ଜାତୀୟ ଐକ୍ୟ, ସାମ୍ରାଜ୍ୟ ବିସ୍ତାର, ଇଟାଲୀର ଗୌରବ ବୃଦ୍ଧିରେ ବିଶ୍ଵାସ କରେ ବୋଲି ଘୋଷଣା କରିଥିଲା ।
• ୧୯୨୧ ନିର୍ବାଚନରେ ସଂଖ୍ୟାଗରିଷ୍ଠତା ହାସଲ କରିନଥିଲେ ମଧ୍ୟ ୧୯୨୨ ମସିହା ଅକ୍ଟୋବର ୨୮ ତାରିଖ ଦିନ ସେ ନିଜ ଅନୁଗାମୀମାନଙ୍କ ସହ ରୋମ ଅଭିମୁଖେ ଯାତ୍ରା କଲେ । ଏଥିରେ ଭୟଭୀତ ଇଟାଲୀର ରାଜା କର୍ଣ୍ଣଧାର ମୁସୋଲିନୀ ଅକ୍ଟୋବର ୨୯ ତାରିଖରେ ଇଟାଲୀର ପ୍ରଧାନମନ୍ତ୍ରୀ ହେଲେ ।

(ଗ) ଫାସୀବାଦ ପ୍ରତିଷ୍ଠା ଫଳରେ ଇଟାଲୀ ଦେଶର ଶାସନ କ୍ଷେତ୍ରରେ କି ପରିବର୍ତ୍ତନ ଦେଖାଦେଲା ?
Answer:

• ସମାଜବାଦୀ ଓ ସାମ୍ୟବାଦୀ ନେତାମାନଙ୍କ ମଧ୍ୟରୁ ଅନେକଙ୍କୁ ହତ୍ୟା କରାଗଲା । କେତେକଙ୍କୁ ବନ୍ଦୀ କରାଗଲା କିମ୍ବା ନିର୍ବାସନ ଦଣ୍ଡ ଦିଆଗଲା । ଇଟାଲୀର ସଂସଦୀୟ ବ୍ୟବସ୍ଥାକୁ ଅକାମୀ କରି ଦିଆଗଲା ।
• ମହାପରିଷଦ ନାମକ ଏକ ନୀତି ନିର୍ଦ୍ଧାରକ ସଂସ୍ଥା ପ୍ରତିଷ୍ଠା କରି ମନ୍ତ୍ରିମଣ୍ଡଳର ସ୍ଵାଧୀନତା ଉପରେ ଅଙ୍କୁଶ ଲଗାଇ ଦିଆଗଲା ।
• ନିର୍ବାଚନ ଆଇନରେ ବ୍ୟାପକ ପରିବର୍ତ୍ତନ ଦେଖାଦେଲା । ୧୯୨୬ ମସିହାରେ ଫାସୀବାଦୀ ଦଳ ବ୍ୟତୀତ ଅନ୍ୟ ସମସ୍ତ ଦଳକୁ ବେଆଇନ ଘୋଷଣା କରାଗଲା । ଇଟାଲୀରେ ଏକଦଳୀୟ ଶାସନ ପ୍ରତିଷ୍ଠିତ ହେଲା ।
• ସାର୍ବଜନୀନ ଭୋଟପ୍ରଥା ଉଠାଇ ଦିଆଗଲା । ସମ୍ବ ପତ୍ରଗୁଡ଼ିକର ସ୍ଵାଧୀନତା କାଢ଼ି ନିଆଗଲା । ସାମରିକ
• ଦେଶର ସମସ୍ତ ଶାସନ କ୍ଷମତା ଫାସୀବାଦୀ ଦଳର ମୁଖ୍ୟ ମୁସୋଲିନୀଙ୍କ ହାତରେ କେନ୍ଦ୍ରୀଭୂତ ହେଲା ଏବଂ

(ଘ) ହିଟ୍‌ର୍ ସମସ୍ତ କ୍ଷମତା ନିଜ ହାତରେ କେନ୍ଦ୍ରୀଭୂତ କରି ଜର୍ମାନୀରେ ଏକଚ୍ଛତ୍ରବାଦ ଶାସନ ପ୍ରତିଷ୍ଠା
Answer:

• ହିଟ୍‌ଲର୍ ସମସ୍ତ ଶାସନ କ୍ଷମତା ନିଜ ହାତରେ କେନ୍ଦ୍ରୀଭୂତ କରିବାପାଇଁ ସ୍ବତନ୍ତ୍ର ଆଇନମାନ ପ୍ରଣୟନ କରିଥିଲେ । ନାଜିଦଳକୁ ଜର୍ମାନୀର ଏକମାତ୍ର ରାଜନୈତିକ ଦଳ ବୋଲି ସ୍ବୀକୃତି ଦିଆଗଲା ।
• ସମାଜବାଦୀ ଓ ସାମ୍ୟବାଦୀ ଦଳଗୁଡ଼ିକର ସଙ୍ଗଠନଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ଭାଙ୍ଗି ଦିଆଗଲା । ସେମାନଙ୍କର ସମ୍ପତ୍ତିକୁ ବାଜ୍ୟାପ୍ତି କରାଗଲା ।
• ଶ୍ରମିକ ସଙ୍ଗଠନଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ଭାଙ୍ଗି ଦିଆଗଲା । ହଜାର ହଜାର ସମାଜବାଦୀ, ସାମ୍ୟବାଦୀ ଏବଂ ନାଜି ବିରୋଧୀଙ୍କୁ ମୃତ୍ୟୁଦଣ୍ଡ ଦିଆଗଲା ।
• ଲକ୍ଷ ଲକ୍ଷ ଇହୁଦୀମାନଙ୍କୁ ହତ୍ୟା କରାଗଲା । ସମ୍ବାଦପତ୍ର ଓ ବେତାରକୁ ନିୟନ୍ତ୍ରଣ କରାଗଲା । ବ୍ୟକ୍ତିର ସ୍ଵାଧୀନତା ଲୋପ ପାଇଲା ।
• ଭର୍ସାଇ ସନ୍ଧିର ସର୍ଭକୁ ଅବମାନନା କରି ଜର୍ମାନୀର ସାମରିକ ଶକ୍ତି ବୃଦ୍ଧି କରାଗଲା । ଆକାଶବାହିନୀ ଓ ନୌବାହିନୀ ଗଠନ କରି ସେଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ଆଧୁନିକ ଅସ୍ତ୍ରଶସ୍ତ୍ରରେ ସଜ୍ଜିତ କରାଗଲା । ରାଇନ୍ ନଦୀ ଉପତ୍ୟକାରେ ପୁନର୍ବାର ସୈନ୍ୟ ମୁତୟନ କରାଗଲା, ଯାହା ଅନ୍ୟ ଏକ ବିଶ୍ଵଯୁଦ୍ଧ ପାଇଁ ମାର୍ଗ ପ୍ରସ୍ତୁତ କଲା ।

୨। ପ୍ରତ୍ୟେକ ପ୍ରଶ୍ନର ଉତ୍ତର ୨୦ ଗୋଟି ଶବ୍ଦ ମଧ୍ଯରେ ଲେଖ ।

(କ) ପ୍ରଥମ ବିଶ୍ୱଯୁଦ୍ଧର ଫଳସ୍ବରୂପ ପୃଥ‌ିବୀରେ କି କି ସମସ୍ୟା ଦେଖାଦେଇଥିଲା ?
Answer:
ପ୍ରଥମ ବିଶ୍ୱଯୁଦ୍ଧର ଫଳସ୍ଵରୂପ ପୃଥ‌ିବୀରେ ରାଜନୈତିକ ଅସ୍ଥିରତା, ଅର୍ଥନୈତିକ ସଙ୍କଟ, ସମାଜବାଦୀ ଓ ସାମ୍ୟବାଦୀ ଆନ୍ଦୋଳନ, ଜାତୀୟତାବାଦୀ ଜନଜାଗରଣ ଆଦି ବିଭିନ୍ନ ସମସ୍ୟାମାନ ଦେଖା ଦେଇଥିଲା ।

(ଖ) ୧୯୨୯ ମସିହାରୁ ୧୯୩୩ ମସିହା ପର୍ଯ୍ୟନ୍ତ ଦେଖାଦେଇଥ‌ିବା ଆନ୍ତର୍ଜାତିକ ଅର୍ଥନୈତିକ ସଙ୍କଟ ସମୟରେ କୃଷି ଉତ୍ପାଦନ କିପରି ପ୍ରଭାବିତ ହୋଇଥିଲା ?
Answer:

• ୧୯୨୯ ମସିହାରୁ ୧୯୩୩ ମସିହା ମଧ୍ୟରେ ଦେଖା ଦେଇଥ‌ିବା ଆନ୍ତର୍ଜାତିକ ଅର୍ଥନୈତିକ ସଙ୍କଟ ସମୟରେ କୃଷି ଉତ୍ପାଦନ ବହୁ ଭାବରେ ପ୍ରଭାବିତ ହୋଇଥିଲା ।
• କୃଷିକ୍ଷେତ୍ରରେ ଯଦିଓ ଶିଳ୍ପ ବିପ୍ଳବ ଯୋଗୁଁ ଯାନ୍ତ୍ରିକ ପଦ୍ଧତିର ବିନିଯୋଗ ହେତୁ ଉତ୍ପାଦନ ବିଶେଷ ଭାବରେ ବୃଦ୍ଧି ପାଇଥିଲା; କିନ୍ତୁ ଯୁଦ୍ଧ ଯୋଗୁଁ ବାଣିଜ୍ୟ ବ୍ୟବସାୟ ବନ୍ଦ ହୋଇଯିବା ଫଳରେ କୃଷିଜାତ ଦ୍ରବ୍ୟ ବିକ୍ରୟ ହୋଇ ଦୁରବସ୍ଥା ବଢ଼ିଲା ।

(ଗ) ଫାସୀବାଦ କାହାକୁ କୁହାଯାଏ ? ଏହାର ମୂଳ ଲକ୍ଷ୍ୟ କ’ଣ ?
Answer:

• ଫାସୀବାଦୀ ଦଳର ଚିନ୍ତାଧାରାକୁ ଫାସୀବାଦ କୁହାଯାଏ ।
• ହିଂସାତ୍ମକ ପନ୍ଥାଦ୍ଵାରା ଜଣେ କିମ୍ବା ମୁଷ୍ଟିମେୟ ବ୍ୟକ୍ତିଙ୍କ ହାତରେ ସମସ୍ତ ଶାସନ କ୍ଷମତା କେନ୍ଦ୍ରୀଭୂତ କରି ଦେଶରେ ଏକଚ୍ଛତ୍ରବାଦ ଶାସନ ପ୍ରତିଷ୍ଠା କରିବା ଫାସୀବାଦର ମୂଳ ଲକ୍ଷ୍ୟ ଥିଲା !

(ଘ) କେଉଁସବୁ କାରଣ ଯୋଗୁଁ ଇଟାଲୀ ଦେଶରେ ଫାସୀବାଦର ବିକାଶ ହୋଇଥିଲା ?
Answer:

• ପ୍ରଥମତଃ, ପ୍ୟାରିସ୍ ଶାନ୍ତ ସମ୍ମିଳନୀରେ ଇଟାଲୀର ସମ୍ମାନହାନି ସାଙ୍ଗକୁ ବିଶ୍ଵଯୁଦ୍ଧ ପରବର୍ତୀ ଦାରିଦ୍ର୍ୟ, ବେକାରି, ଶ୍ରମିକ ଅଶାନ୍ତି, ଧର୍ମଘଟ ଓ ହିଂସାକାଣ୍ଡଦ୍ଵାରା ଦେଶର ଅବସ୍ଥା ବିପର୍ଯ୍ୟସ୍ତ ହୋଇଥିଲା । ଇଟାଲୀର ରାଜା ଭିକ୍ଟର ଇମାନୁଏଲ ତୃତୀୟ ଏ ପରିସ୍ଥିତିର ମୁକାବିଲା କରିବାରେ ବିଫଳ ହୋଇଥିଲେ ।
• ଦ୍ଵିତୀୟତଃ, ସମାଜବାଦୀ ଓ ସାମ୍ୟବାଦୀ ଦଳଗୁଡ଼ିକ ନେତୃତ୍ୱରେ ପରିଚାଳିତ କୃଷି ଓ ଶିଳ୍ପ ଶ୍ରମିକଙ୍କ ଆନ୍ଦୋଳନ ଦମନ ନିମନ୍ତେ ପୁଞ୍ଜିପତି, ବ୍ୟବସାୟୀ ଓ ଶିଳ୍ପପତିମାନଙ୍କର ଇଟାଲୀରେ ନବଗଠିତ ଫାସୀବାଦୀ ଦଳକୁ ଅକୁଣ୍ଠ ସାହାଯ୍ୟ ଓ ସମର୍ଥନ ଦେଶରେ ଫାସୀବାଦର ବିକାଶ ପାଇଁ ପଥ ପରିଷ୍କାର କରିଥିଲା ।

(ଙ) ‘କଳାକୁର୍ତ୍ତା ବାହିନୀ’ କେଉଁମାନଙ୍କୁ କୁହାଯାଉଥିଲା ? ସେମାନେ ମୁଖ୍ୟତଃ କାହାର ବିରୋଧୀ ଥିଲେ ?
Answer:

• ଫାସୀବାଦୀ ଦଳର ତତ୍ତ୍ଵାବଧାନରେ ତାଲିମପ୍ରାପ୍ତ ସ୍ଵେଚ୍ଛାସେବକମାନଙ୍କୁ ନେଇ ଏକ ସଶସ୍ତ୍ର ବାହିନୀ ଗଠନ କରାଯାଇଥିଲା । କଳା ପୋଷାକ ପରିଧାନ କରୁଥିବାରୁ ସେମାନଙ୍କୁ ‘କଳାକୁର୍ତ୍ତା ବାହିନୀ’ ବୋଲି କୁହାଗଲା ।
• କରାଯାଇଥିଲା । କଳା ପୋଷାକ ପରିଧାନ କରୁଥିବାରୁ ସେମାନଙ୍କୁ ‘କଳାକୁର୍ତ୍ତା ବାହିନୀ’ ବୋଲି କୁହାଗଲା ।

(ଚ) ଫାସୀବାଦୀମାନେ ଇଟାଲୀରେ ଏକଚ୍ଛତ୍ର ଶାସନ ପ୍ରତିଷ୍ଠା ନିମନ୍ତେ କି କି ପଦକ୍ଷେପ ନେଇଥିଲେ ?
Answer:
ଏକଚ୍ଛତ୍ର ଶାସନ ପ୍ରତିଷ୍ଠା ପାଇଁ ଫାସିବାଦୀମାନେ ନେଇଥ‌ିବା ବିଭିନ୍ନ ପଦକ୍ଷେପଗୁଡ଼ିକ ହେଲା –

• ସମାଜବାଦୀ ଓ ସାମ୍ୟବାଦୀ ନେତାମାନଙ୍କୁ ବନ୍ଦୀ ଓ ହତ୍ୟା କରାଗଲା କିମ୍ବା ନିର୍ବାସନ ଦଣ୍ଡ ଦିଆଗଲା ।
• ନିର୍ବାଚନ ଆଇନରେ ବ୍ୟାପକ ପରିବର୍ତ୍ତନ କରାଗଲା ଏବଂ ସଂସଦୀୟ ବ୍ୟବସ୍ଥାକୁ ଅଚଳ କରି ଦିଆଗଲା ।
• ବିଭିନ୍ନ ରାଜନୈତିକ ଦଳକୁ ବେଆଇନ ଘୋଷଣା କରାଗଲା ଏବଂ ସାର୍ବଜନୀନ ଭୋଟପ୍ରଥାକୁ ଉଚ୍ଛେଦ କରାଗଲା ।
• ସମ୍ବାଦପତ୍ରଗୁଡ଼ିକ ଉପରେ କଟକଣା ଜାରି କରାଯିବା ସହ ସାମରିକ ଶିକ୍ଷାକୁ ବାଧ୍ୟତାମୂଳକ କରାଗଲା ।

(ଛ) କେଉଁ କାରଣ ଯୋଗୁଁ ପ୍ରଥମ ବିଶ୍ଵଯୁଦ୍ଧ ପରେ ଜର୍ମାନୀ ଦେଶରେ ନାଜି ବିପ୍ଳବର ଆରମ୍ଭ ହୋଇଥିଲା ?
Answer:

• ପ୍ରଥମ ବିଶ୍ଵଯୁଦ୍ଧ ପରେ ଇଟାଲୀ ଦେଶ ପରି ଜର୍ମାନୀ ଦେଶରେ ମଧ୍ୟ ରାଜନୈତିକ ଅସ୍ଥିରତା, ଅର୍ଥନୈତିକ ସଙ୍କଟ, ଦାରିଦ୍ର୍ୟ, ବେକାରି, ଧର୍ମଘଟ, ହିଂସାକାଣ୍ଡ ଆଦି ଦେଖାଦେଇଥିଲା । ପୁନଶ୍ଚ ଭର୍ସାଇ ସନ୍ଧିରେ ଘୋର ଅପମାନ
• ହିଟ୍‌ଲର୍‌ଙ୍କ ନେତୃତ୍ୱରେ ଏକ ଉଗ୍ର ଜାତୀୟତାବାଦୀ ଆନ୍ଦୋଳନ ଜନ୍ମ ନେଲା, ଯାହା ପରବର୍ତ୍ତୀ ସମୟରେ ନାଜି ବିପ୍ଳବ ନାମରେ ପରିଚିତ ହେଲା ।

(ଜ) ହିଟ୍‌ଲର୍ କେବେ ଓ କେଉଁଠାରେ ଜନ୍ମଗ୍ରହଣ କରିଥିଲେ ? ତାଙ୍କ ନେତୃତ୍ୱରେ କେବେ ନାଜିଦଳ ଗଠିତ ହୋଇଥିଲା ?
Answer:

• ୧୮୮୯ ମସିହା ଅପ୍ରେଲ୍ ମାସ ୨୦ ତାରିଖ ଦିନ ଆଡ଼ଲଫ୍ ହିଟ୍‌ଲର୍ ଅଷ୍ଟ୍ରିଆ ଦେଶରେ ବାସ କରୁଥିବା ଜର୍ମାନ୍ ଅଧ୍ବବାସୀମାନଙ୍କ ମଧ୍ୟରେ ଜନ୍ମଗ୍ରହଣ କରିଥିଲେ ।
• ତାଙ୍କ ନେତୃତ୍ୱରେ ୧୯୨୧ ମସିହାରେ ନାଜିଦଳ ଗଠିତ ହୋଇଥିଲା ।

(ଝ) ‘ମେଁ କାମ୍ପ’ ପୁସ୍ତକ କିଏ ରଚନା କରିଥିଲେ ? ଏହି ପୁସ୍ତକରେ କେଉଁ ବିଷୟରେ ଉଲ୍ଲେଖ ଅଛି ?
Answer:

• ‘ମେଁ କାମ୍ପ’ ପୁସ୍ତକ ଆଡ଼ଲଫ୍ ହିଟ୍‌ଲର୍ ରଚନା କରିଥିଲେ ।
• ଏହି ପୁସ୍ତକରେ ନାଜିଦଳର ଆଦର୍ଶ, ଚିନ୍ତାଧାରା ଓ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟକ୍ରମ ସମ୍ପର୍କରେ ଉଲ୍ଲେଖ ଅଛି ।

(ଞ) ହିଟ୍‌ଲର୍ ଜର୍ମାନୀକୁ ଆଉ ଗୋଟିଏ ବିଶ୍ଵଯୁଦ୍ଧ ପାଇଁ କିପରି ପ୍ରସ୍ତୁତ କରିଥିଲେ ?
Answer:

• ହିଟ୍‌ଲର୍ ଭର୍ସାଇ ସନ୍ଧିର ସଉଁଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ଅବମାନନା କରି ଜର୍ମାନୀର ସାମରିକ ଶକ୍ତି ବୃଦ୍ଧି କରିଥିଲେ ।
• ଆକାଶବାହିନୀ ଓ ନୌବାହିନୀ ଗଠନ କରି ସେଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ଅତ୍ୟାଧୁନିକ ଅସ୍ତ୍ରଶସ୍ତ୍ରରେ ସଜ୍ଜିତ କରିବା ସହିତ ରାଇନ୍ କରିଥିଲେ ।

୩ । ପ୍ରତ୍ୟେକ ପ୍ରଶ୍ନର ଉତ୍ତର ଗୋଟିଏ ବାକ୍ୟରେ ଲେଖ ।

(କ) ପ୍ରଥମ ବିଶ୍ଵଯୁଦ୍ଧ ପରେ ବିଭିନ୍ନ ଦେଶରେ ଦେଖା ଦେଇଥ‌ିବା ଶ୍ରମିକ ଆନ୍ଦୋଳନର ନେତୃତ୍ୱ କେଉଁମାନେ ନେଇଥିଲେ ?
Answer:
ପ୍ରଥମ ବିଶ୍ଵଯୁଦ୍ଧ ପରେ ବିଭିନ୍ନ ଦେଶରେ ଦେଖା ଦେଇଥ‌ିବା ଶ୍ରମିକ ଆନ୍ଦୋଳନରେ ନେତୃତ୍ୱ ସମାଜବାଦୀ ଓ ସାମ୍ୟବାଦୀ ଦଳଗୁଡ଼ିକ ନେଇଥିଲେ ।

(ଖ) ପ୍ରଥମ ବିଶ୍ଵଯୁଦ୍ଧ ପରବର୍ତ୍ତୀ ଶ୍ରମିକ ଆନ୍ଦୋଳନର ଲକ୍ଷ୍ୟ କ’ଣ ଥିଲା ?
Answer:
ପ୍ରଥମ ବିଶ୍ଵଯୁଦ୍ଧ ପରବର୍ତ୍ତୀ ଶ୍ରମିକ ଆନ୍ଦୋଳନର ଲକ୍ଷ୍ୟ ଥିଲା ବିପ୍ଳବଦ୍ଵାରା ରାଜତନ୍ତ୍ର ଲୋପ କରି ପ୍ରଜାତନ୍ତ୍ର ପ୍ରତିଷ୍ଠା କରିବା ।

(ଗ) କେଉଁମାନେ ଶ୍ରମିକ ଆନ୍ଦୋଳନକୁ ଦମନ କରିବାକୁ ଚେଷ୍ଟା କରିଥିଲେ ?
Answer:
ଜମିଦାର, ପୁଞ୍ଜିପତି ଓ ଶିଳ୍ପପତିମାନେ ଶ୍ରମିକ ଆନ୍ଦୋଳନକୁ ଦମନ କରିବାକୁ ଚେଷ୍ଟା କରିଥିଲେ ।

(ଘ) ଶ୍ରମିକ ଆନ୍ଦୋଳନର ଦମନ ପାଇଁ କାହାର ସାହାଯ୍ୟ ନିଆଯାଇଥିଲା ?
Answer:
ଶ୍ରମିକ ଆନ୍ଦୋଳନର ଦମନ ପାଇଁ ସ୍ୱେଚ୍ଛାଚାରୀ ତଥା ଉଗ୍ରବାଦୀ ଶକ୍ତିମାନଙ୍କର ସାହାଯ୍ୟ ନିଆଯାଇଥିଲା ।

(ଙ) ଫାସିସ୍ ଶବ୍ଦର ଅର୍ଥ କ’ଣ ?
Answer:
ଫାସିସ୍ ଶବ୍ଦର ଅର୍ଥ ବିଡ଼ାଏ କାଠି ବା କୁରାଢ଼ି ସହିତ ବିଡ଼ାଏ କାଠି ।

ଚ) ପ୍ରଥମେ କେଉଁ ଦୁଇଟି ଦେଶରେ ଫାସୀବାଦୀ ଆନ୍ଦୋଳନର ସୂତ୍ରପାତ ହୋଇଥିଲା ?
Answer:
ପ୍ରଥମେ ଇଟାଲୀ ଓ ଜର୍ମାନୀ ଦେଶରେ ଫାସିବାଦୀ ଆନ୍ଦୋଳନର ସୂତ୍ରପାତ ହୋଇଥିଲା ।

(ଛ) ମୁସୋଲିନୀ କେବେ ଓ କେଉଁଠାରେ ଜନ୍ମଗ୍ରହଣ କରିଥିଲେ ?
Answer:
୧୮୮୩ ମସିହାରେ ଇଟାଲୀର ରୋମାନାଠାରେ ମୁସୋଲିନୀ ଜନ୍ମଗ୍ରହଣ କରିଥିଲେ ।

(ଜ) ପ୍ରଥମ ବିଶ୍ୱଯୁଦ୍ଧବେଳେ ମୁସୋଲିନୀ କି କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ କରିଥିଲେ ?
Answer:
ପ୍ରଥମ ବିଶ୍ବଯୁଦ୍ଧବେଳେ ମୁସୋଲିନୀ ଜଣେ ସୈନିକ ଭାବରେ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ କରିଥିଲେ ।

(ଝ) କେଉଁମାନଙ୍କୁ ନେଇ ମୁସୋଲିନୀ ଏକ ଦଳ ଗଢ଼ିଥିଲେ ?
Answer:
ଯୁଦ୍ଧଫେରନ୍ତା ବେକାର ସୈନିକ, ଦେଶଭକ୍ତ ନାଗରିକ ଓ ରାଜତନ୍ତ୍ର ବିରୋଧୀ କେତେକ ଲୋକଙ୍କୁ ନେଇ ମୁସୋଲିନୀ ଏକ ଦଳ ଗଢ଼ିଥିଲେ ।

(ଞ) ପ୍ରଥମ ବିଶ୍ଵଯୁଦ୍ଧ ପରେ ଜର୍ମାନୀରେ ପ୍ରତିଷ୍ଠିତ ସାଧାରଣତନ୍ତ୍ରକୁ କ’ଣ କୁହାଯାଏ ?
Answer:
ପ୍ରଥମ ବିଶ୍ଵଯୁଦ୍ଧ ପରେ ଜର୍ମାନୀରେ ପ୍ରତିଷ୍ଠିତ ସାଧାରଣତନ୍ତ୍ରକୁ ‘ୱେମର ସାଧାରଣତନ୍ତ୍ର’ କୁହାଯାଏ । ନିମ୍ନରେ ପ୍ରତ୍ୟେକ ପ୍ରଶ୍ନରେ ଦିଆଯାଇଥ‌ିବା ଚାରିଗୋଟି ବିକଳ୍ପ ମଧ୍ୟରୁ ଠିକ୍ ଉତ୍ତରଟି ସଙ୍ଗେ ତା’ର କ୍ରମିକ ନମ୍ବର ବାଛି ଲେଖ ।

୪ । ପ୍ରତ୍ୟେକ ପ୍ରଶ୍ନରେ ଦିଆଯାଇଥବା ଚାରିଗୋଟି ବିକଳ୍ପ ମଧ୍ୟରୁ ଠିକ୍ ଉତ୍ତରଟି ସଙ୍ଗେ ତା’ର କ୍ରମିକ ନମ୍ବର ବାଛି ଲେଖ ।

(କ) କେଉଁ ଭାଷାରୁ ଫାସିସ୍ ଶବ୍ଦଟି ଆସିଛି ?
(i) ଫ୍ରେଞ୍ଚ
(ii) ଲାଟିନ୍
(iii) ଇଂରାଜୀ
(iv) ଜର୍ମାନୀ
Answer:
(ii) ଲାଟିନ୍

(ଖ) କେଉଁ ଦେଶ ପ୍ୟାରିସ୍ ଶାନ୍ତ ସମ୍ମିଳନୀରୁ ନିରାଶ ହୋଇ ଫେରିଥିଲା ?
(i) ଇଟାଲୀ
(ii) ଯୁକ୍ତରାଷ୍ଟ୍ର ଆମେରିକା
(iii) ଜର୍ମାନୀ
(iv) ଫ୍ରାନ୍ସ
Answer:
(i) ଇଟାଲୀ

(ଗ) ହିଟ୍‌ଲର୍ କେଉଁ ଦେଶରେ ଜନ୍ମଗ୍ରହଣ କରିଥିଲେ ?
(i)ଜର୍ମାନୀ
(iii) ଇଟାଲୀ
(ii) ରୁଷିଆ
(iv) ଅଷ୍ଟ୍ରିଆ
Answer:
(iv) ଅଷ୍ଟ୍ରିଆ

(ଘ) କେଉଁ ମସିହାରେ ହିଟ୍‌ଲର୍ ବଳପୂର୍ବକ ଜର୍ମାନୀର ଶାସନ କ୍ଷମତା ଗ୍ରହଣ କରିବାକୁ ଚେଷ୍ଟା କରି ବିଫଳ
ହୋଇଥିଲେ ?
(i) ୧୯୨୧
(ii) ୧୯୨୨
(iii) ୧୯୨୩
(iv) ୧୯୨୪
Answer:
(iii) ୧୯୨୩

(ଙ) ହିଟ୍‌ଲର୍ ତାଙ୍କର କେଉଁ ନୀତି ଯୋଗୁଁ ପୁଞ୍ଜିପତି ଓ ଗଣତନ୍ତ୍ର ବିରୋଧୀ ଶକ୍ତିମାନଙ୍କର ସମର୍ଥନ ଲାଭ କରିଥିଲେ ?
(i) ସମରବାଦୀ
(ii) ଉଦାରବାଦୀ
(iii) ସମାଜବାଦୀ
(iv) ଉଗ୍ର ଜାତୀୟତାବାଦୀ
Answer:
(iv) ଉଗ୍ର ଜାତୀୟତାବାଦୀ

୫। ପାଠରେ ଦିଆଯାଇଥ‌ିବା ତୁମ ପାଇଁ କାମଗୁଡ଼ିକ ଶିକ୍ଷକଙ୍କ ସହାୟତା ଓ ନିର୍ଦ୍ଦେଶନାରେ ସମ୍ପାଦନ କର ।
Answer:
(ପିଲାମାନେ ଶିକ୍ଷକଙ୍କ ସାହାଯ୍ୟ ନେଇ ପ୍ରଶ୍ନଗୁଡ଼ିକର ଉତ୍ତର ଦେବେ ।)

Odisha State Board BSE Odisha 10th Class Life Science Important Questions Chapter 4 ରେଚନ ସଞ୍ଚାଳନ Important Questions and Answers.

BSE Odisha Class 10 Life Science Important Questions Chapter 4 ରେଚନ

Objective Type Questions with Answers 

A ଗୋଟିଏ ବାକ୍ୟରେ ଉତ୍ତର ଦିଅ ।

1. ଗବିଣୀବସ୍ତି କାହାକୁ କୁହାଯାଏ ?
ଉ-
ବୃକ୍‌କରେ ମୂତ୍ର ସଂଗ୍ରହ ନଳିକାଗୁଡ଼ିକ ଏକାଠି ହୋଇ ବୃକ୍‌କ ଭିତରେ ଥ‌ିବା ଏକ ଗହ୍ଵର ଭିତରକୁ ଖୋଲିଥା’ନ୍ତ ଏବଂ ଏହି ଗହ୍ଵରକୁ ଗବିଣୀ ବସ୍ତି କୁହାଯାଏ ।

2. ମୂତ୍ରାଶୟର ଅବସ୍ଥାନ ଓ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ ସମ୍ବନ୍ଧରେ ଲେଖ ।
ଉ-
ପ୍ରତ୍ୟେକ ବୃକ୍‌କରୁ ଗୋଟିଏ ଲେଖାଏଁ ମୂତ୍ରସାରଣୀ ବାହାରି ତଳିପେଟରେ ଥ‌ିବା ମୂତ୍ରାଶୟ ଭିତରେ ପ୍ରବେଶ କରିଥାଏ । ଏଠାରେ ମୂତ୍ର ସଵତ ହୋଇ ରହେ ଓ ପରିସ୍ରା କଲାବେଳେ ମୂତ୍ର ମାର୍ଗ ଦେଇ ନିଷ୍କାସିତ ହୋଇଥାଏ ।

3.
ମୁଖ୍ୟତଃ ଜଳ ଓ ୟୁରିଆ ଏବଂ ଅଳ୍ପ ପରିମାଣର ୟୁରିକ୍ ଏସିଡ଼, କ୍ରିଏଟିନିନ୍, ବିଭିନ୍ନ ଲବଣ; ଯଥା- ସୋଡ଼ିୟମ କ୍ଲୋରାଇଡ୍, ପୋଟାସିୟମ କ୍ଲୋରାଇଡ୍ ଆଦି ପ୍ରଧାନ ।

4. ମଣିଷ ପରିସ୍ରାର ରଙ୍ଗ ଈଷତ୍ ହଳଦିଆ କାହିଁକି ହୋଇଥାଏ ?
ଉ-
ମୂତ୍ରରେ ରହିଥ‌ିବା ୟୁରୋକ୍ରୋମ ନାମକ ବର୍ଣ୍ଣକଣା ଥ‌ିବା ହେତୁ ଜଣେ ସୁସ୍ଥ ବ୍ୟକ୍ତିର ପରିସ୍ରା ରଙ୍ଗ ଈଷତ୍ ହଳଦିଆ ହୋଇଥାଏ ।

5. ସୁସ୍ଥ ଲୋକର ମୂତ୍ରରେ କେଉଁ ଉପାଦାନ ରହିଲେ ରୋଗର ସୂଚନା ମିଳେ ?
ଉ-
ସୁସ୍ଥ ଲୋକର ମୂତ୍ରରେ ଗ୍ଲୁକୋଜ, ପ୍ରୋଟିନ୍ ବା କୌଣସି ରକ୍ତକଣିକା ନଥାଏ; ମାତ୍ର ମୂତ୍ରରେ ଏଭଳି ପରିବର୍ତ୍ତନ ଦେଖାଗଲେ ତାହା ରୋଗର ସୂଚନା ଦିଏ ।

6. ନିଷ୍କାସନ ବ୍ୟତୀତ ବୃକ୍‌କର ଅନ୍ୟ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ କ’ଣ ?
ଉ-
ବୃକ୍‌କର ଅନ୍ୟ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ ହେଉଛି ଶରୀରର ଜଳ ଓ ଧାତବ ଲବଣ ପରିମାଣର ନିୟନ୍ତ୍ରଣ, ରକ୍ତର ଅମ୍ଳ ଓ କ୍ଷାରୀୟ ସନ୍ତୁଳନ ରକ୍ଷା କରିବା, ଶରୀରର ରକ୍ତଚାପ ନିୟନ୍ତ୍ରଣ ଓ ଏରିଥ୍ରୋପୋଇଏଟିନ୍ ନାମକ ହରମୋନ୍ କ୍ଷରଣ କରି ଲୋହିତ ରକ୍ତ କଣିକା ତିଆରି କରିବାରେ ସାହାଯ୍ୟ କରିବା ।

7. ବୃକ୍‌କ ଶରୀରର ଅନ୍ତଃ ପରିବେଶକୁ କିପରି ସୁରକ୍ଷିତ ରଖେ ?
ଉ-
ପରିସ୍ରବଣ, ପୁନଃଶୋଷଣ, କ୍ଷରଣ ଏବଂ ନିଷ୍କାସନ -ଏହି ଚାରୋଟି ପ୍ରକ୍ରିୟା ମାଧ୍ୟମରେ ବୃକ୍‌କ ଶରୀରର ଅନ୍ତଃପରିବେଶକୁ ସୁରକ୍ଷିତ ରଖୁଥାଏ ।

8.ଯକୃତ କେଉଁ ବର୍ଜ୍ୟବସ୍ତୁ ନିଷ୍କାସନ କରିବାରେ ସାହାଯ୍ୟ କରେ ?
ଉ-
ଚୟାପଚୟରୁ ଉତ୍ପାଦିତ ବର୍ଜ୍ୟ; ଯଥା- ଖାଉଥ‌ିବା ଔଷଧର ଅବଶିଷ୍ଟ୍ୟଶ, ମାତ୍ରାଧ୍ଵ ଭିଟାମିନ୍, ଲୋହିତ ରକ୍ତକଣିକାର ବିଖଣ୍ଡନ ପ୍ରକ୍ରିୟାରେ ଜାତ ହେଉଥ‌ିବା ଭିତରକୁ ଯାଇଥାଏ, ପରେ ସେଠାରୁ ମଳ ସହ ନିଷ୍କାସିତ ହୋଇଥାଏ ।

9 .ଉଦ୍ଭଦରୁ ସୃଷ୍ଟି ହେଉଥ‌ିବା ବିଭିନ୍ନ ଉପଜାତ ପଦାର୍ଥର ନାମ ଲେଖ ।
ଉ-
ଉଦ୍ଭିଦରେ ରେଚନ ପାଇଁ ପ୍ରାଣୀ ପରି ସ୍ବତନ୍ତ୍ର ରେଚନ ଅଙ୍ଗ ନ ଥିବାରୁ ଚୟାପଚୟ ପ୍ରକ୍ରିୟାରେ ଜାତ ବିଭିନ୍ନ ଉପଜାତ ପଦାର୍ଥ ଉଭିଦର କେତେକ ବିଶେଷ ଅଂଶରେ ଗଚ୍ଛିତ ହୋଇ ରହେ ଏବଂ ଖଇର, ଝୁଣା, ଅଠା ଓ କ୍ଷୀର ଇତ୍ୟାଦି ଏହାର ଉଦାହରଣ ଅଟେ ।

B ଗୋଟିଏ ଶବ୍ଦରେ ଉତ୍ତର ଦିଅ ।

1. ମୂତ୍ର ସଂଗ୍ରହ ନଳିକାଗୁଡ଼ିକ ଏକାଠି ହୋଇ ବୃକ୍‌କ ଭିତରେ କାହା ମଧ୍ୟକୁ ଖୋଲିଥା’ନ୍ତି ?
2. ମୂତ୍ରାଶୟରେ ମୂତ୍ର ସଞ୍ଚିତ ହୋଇ ରହେ ଓ ପରିସ୍ରା କଲାବେଳେ କାହାଦେଇ ନିଷ୍କାସିତ ହୁଏ ?
3. ଗ୍ଲୋମେରୁଲସ୍‌ରେ କେଉଁ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ ସମ୍ପାଦିତ ହୁଏ ?
4. ମୂତ୍ରରେ ଥିବା କେଉଁ ବଣ୍ଣକଣା ଯୋଗୁ ପରିସ୍ରାର ରଙ୍ଗ ଈଷତ୍ ହଳଦିଆ ଅଟେ ?
5. ସୁସ୍ଥ ବୟସ୍କ ପ୍ରାପ୍ତ ବ୍ୟକ୍ତିର ବୃକ୍‌କର ପ୍ରସ୍ଥ ପ୍ରାୟ କେତେ ସେ.ମି ?
6. କାହା ମଧ୍ୟଦେଇ ବୃକ୍‌କରୁ ମୂତ୍ର ମୂତ୍ରାଶୟକୁ ଆସେ ?
7. ଶିଖାକୋଷ ରେଚନ ଅଙ୍ଗ କେଉଁ ଜୀବଠାରେ ଦେଖାଯାଏ ?
8.ବୃକ୍‌କର ଭିତର ପାଖରେ ଥ‌ିବା ଖାଲୁଆ ସ୍ଥାନକୁ କ’ଣ କୁହାଯାଏ ?
9. ନେଫ୍ରିଡ଼ିଆ ରେଚନ ଅଙ୍ଗ କେଉଁ ଜୀବଠାରେ ଦେଖାଯାଏ ?
10. ସୁସ୍ଥ ଲୋକର ମୂତ୍ରରେ କ’ଣ ନ ଥାଏ ?
11. ଶରୀରରେ ପୁଷ୍ଟିସାର ଚୟାପଚୟ ଫଳରେ କ’ଣ ସୃଷ୍ଟି ହୁଏ ?
12. ରେଚନ ମାଧ୍ୟମରେ ପତଙ୍ଗମାନେ ଶରୀରରୁ କ’ଣ ନିଷ୍କାସନ କରନ୍ତି ?
13. ମେରୁଦଣ୍ଡୀ ପ୍ରାଣୀମାନଙ୍କର କେଉଁଠାରେ ୟୁରିଆ ଉତ୍ପନ୍ନ ହୁଏ ?
14. ବୃକ୍‌କର ଆକୃତି କେଉଁ ମଞ୍ଜିପରି ଅଟେ ?
15. ସୁସ୍ଥ ବୟଃପ୍ରାପ୍ତ ବ୍ୟକ୍ତିର ବୃକ୍‌କର ଲମ୍ବ ପ୍ରାୟ କେତେ ସେ.ମି ?
16. କାହା ମଧ୍ୟଦେଇ ବୃକ୍‌କୀୟ ଶିର, ଧମନୀ ଓ ମୂତ୍ରସାରଣୀ ବୃକ୍‌କ ସହ ସଂଯୁକ୍ତ ହୋଇଥାଏ ?
17. ସଂକୋଚି କି ଧାନୀ ରେଚନ ଅଙ୍ଗ କେଉଁ ଜୀବରେ ଦେଖାଯାଏ ?
18. ପ୍ରତ୍ୟେକ ବୃକ୍‌କୀୟ ନଳିକାର କପ୍ ପାର୍ଶ୍ଵଟି କେଉଁ ଆଡ଼କୁ ମୁହାଁଇଥାଏ ?
19. ବୃକ୍‌କୀୟ ନଳିକାର କପ୍‌କୁ କେଉଁ ନାମରେ ନାମିତ କରାଯାଇଛି ?
20. କେଉଁ ବ୍ୟବସ୍ଥା ରକ୍ତଛଣା କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ ପାଇଁ ବେଶ୍ ଉପଯୋଗୀ ଅଟେ ?

Anawers
1. ଗବିଣୀବସ୍ତି
2. ମୂତ୍ରମାର୍ଗ
3. ରକ୍ତଛଣା
4. ୟୁରୋକ୍ରୋମ୍
5. 5 – 7
6 . ମୂତ୍ର ସାରଣୀ
7. ଚେପ୍‌ଟା କୃମି
8. ହାଇଲମ୍‌
9. ଜିଆ
11. ଏମୋନିଆ
10. ଗ୍ଲା କୋଜ୍
12. ୟୁରିକ୍ ଅମ୍ଳ
13. ଯକୃତ
14. ଶିମ୍ବ
15. 10 12
16. ହାଇଲମ୍
17. ଏମିବା
18. ବାହାର
19. ବାଓମ୍ୟାନ୍ସ କ୍ୟାପ୍‌ସୁଲ୍
20. ଗ୍ଲୋମେରୁଲସ୍

C ଶୂନ୍ୟସ୍ଥାନ ପୂରଣ କର ।

1. ଶରୀରରେ ପୁଷ୍ଟିସାର ଚୟାପଚୟ ଫଳରେ ………………….. ନିର୍ଗତ ହୋଇଥାଏ ।
2. ଜଳଚର ପ୍ରାଣୀ ଶରୀର ରୁ ଉତ୍ପନ୍ନ ହେଉଥ‌ିବା ଏମୋନି ଆକୁ ……………… ଜଳୀୟ ପରିବେଶକୁ ନିଷ୍କାସିତ କରିଥାନ୍ତି ।
3. ସାର୍କ ଜାତୀୟ ମାଛ ଶରୀରରୁ ………………… ବର୍ଜ୍ୟବସ୍ତୁ ନିଷ୍କାସିତ କରନ୍ତି ।
4. ସରୀସୃପ ଓ ପତଙ୍ଗ ମାନେ ଶରୀର ରୁ ……………………….. ବର୍ଜ୍ୟବସ୍ତୁ ନିଷ୍କାସିତ କରନ୍ତି ।
5. ୟୁରିଆ ……………. ଠାରେ ପ୍ରସ୍ତୁତ ହୁଏ ।
6. ଏମୋନିଆ ସହ CO₂ ର ସଂଯୋଗ ଘଟି ………………… ଉତ୍ପନ୍ନ ହୋଇଥାଏ ।
7. ମଣିଷ ଶରୀରର ………………….. ଅଙ୍ଗରେ ରକ୍ତରୁ ୟୁରିଆ ଅଲଗା ହୁଏ ।
8. ବୃକ୍‌କର ଭିତର ପାଖରେ ଥ‌ିବା ଖାଲୁଆ ସ୍ଥାନକୁ ……………………… କୁହାଯାଏ ।
9. ପ୍ରତ୍ୟେକ ବୃକ୍‌କ ଭିତରେ …………………… ନଳିକା ରହିଥାଏ ।
10. ଗ୍ଲୋମେରୁଲସ୍ ଓ ବାଓମ୍ୟାନ୍ସ କ୍ୟାପସୁଲ୍ ମିଶି …………………… ଗଠନ କରନ୍ତି !
11. ବୃକ୍‌କରେ ମୂତ୍ର ସଂଗ୍ରହ ନଳୀକାଗୁଡ଼ିକ ଏକାଠି ହୋଇ ବୃକ୍‌କ …………………. ଭିତରେ ଥ‌ିବା ଭିତରକୁ ଖୋଲିଥା’ନ୍ତି ।
12. ପ୍ରତ୍ୟେକ ବୃକ୍‌କରୁ ଗୋଟିଏ ଲେଖାଏଁ ………………………… ତଳିପେଟରେ ଥ‌ିବା ମୂତ୍ରାଶୟ ଭିତରେ ପଶିଥାଏ ।
13. ବୃକ୍‌କରୁ ……………… ନାମକ ହରମୋନ୍ କ୍ଷରିତ ହୋଇଥାଏ ।
14. ଝାଳ ତିଆରି କରିବା ………………….. ଅଙ୍ଗର ଅନ୍ୟତମ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ ।
15. ଝାଳ ବାଷ୍ପୀଭୂତ ହେବା ଫଳରେ ଶରୀର ……………….. ହୋଇଥାଏ ।
16. ପାକତନ୍ତ୍ର ସହିତ ଜଡ଼ିତ …………………………. ନିଷ୍କାସନ କରିବାରେ ସହାୟକ ହୋଇଥାଏ ।
17. ନିଃଶ୍ବାସ ଛାଡ଼ିଲାବେଳେ ଫୁସ୍‌ଫୁସ୍‌ରୁ ଶରୀରରେ ଉତ୍ପନ୍ନ CO₂ ଓ ………………….. ବାଷ୍ପ ନିଷ୍କାସିତ ହୋଇଥାଏ ।
18. ତେନ୍ତୁଳିରେ ………………….. ଅମ୍ଳ ଅଛି ।
19. ଲେମ୍ବୁରେ ………………….. ଅମ୍ଳ ଅଛି ।
20. ସିନା ଗଛରୁ ………………….. ଉପକ୍ଷାର ମିଳେ ।
21. ତମାଖୁ ପତ୍ରରେ ………………….. ପରି ଉପକ୍ଷାର ରହିଥାଏ ।
22. ପ୍ରତ୍ୟେକ ବୃକ୍‌କ …………… ରୁ ଅଧିକ ନେଫ୍ରନଦ୍ୱାରା ଗଠିତ ।
23. ଜିଆ ଓ ଜୋକ ……………………… କରନ୍ତି । –
24. ରେଜିନ୍ ଓ ଟାନିନ୍ ପରି ବର୍ଜ୍ୟବସ୍ତୁଗୁଡ଼ିକ ପରିପକ୍ବ …………………….. ରେ ସଂଗୃହୀତ ହୋଇଥାଏ ।
25. ୟୁରିଆର ସଂକେତ ……………………… ।

Anawers
1. ଏମୋନିଆ
4. ୟୁରିକ୍ ଅମ୍ଳ
2. ବିସରଣ
3. ୟୁରିଆ
5. ଯକୃତ
6. ୟୁରିଆ
7. ବୃକକ୍
8. ହାଇଲମ୍
9. 10 ଲକ୍ଷରୁ ଅଧିକ
10. ମାପିଝିଆନ୍ ପିଣ୍ଡ
11. ଗବିଣୀବସ୍ତି
12. ମୂତ୍ରସାରଣୀ
13. ଏରିଥ୍ରୋପୋଇଏଟିନ୍
14. ଚର୍ମ
15. ଶୀତଳ
16. ଯକୃତ
17. ଜଳୀୟ
18. ଟାର୍ଟାରିକ
19. ସାଇଟ୍ରିକ୍
20. କୁଇନାଇନ୍‌
21. ନିକୋଟିନ୍
22. 10 ଜାଷ
23. ନେଫ୍ରିଡ଼ିଆ
24. ଜାଇଲେମ୍
25. NH₂ – CO – NH₂

(D) ଠିକ୍ ଉକ୍ତ ପାଇଁ (✓) ଓ ଭୁଲ୍ ଉକ୍ତ ପାଇଁ (✗) ଚିହ୍ନ ଦିଅ ।

1. ସାର୍କଜାତୀୟ ମାଛ ଶରୀରରୁ ଇଉରିଆ ତ୍ୟାଗ କରେ ।
2. ଗ୍ଲୋମେରୁଲସ୍ ଓ ବାଓମ୍ୟାନ୍‌ କ୍ୟାପ୍‌ସୁଲ୍ ମିଶି ମାଲପିଝିଆନ୍ ପିଣ୍ଡ ଗଠନ କରନ୍ତି ।
3.ମୂତ୍ରରେ ଥ‌ିବା ଗ୍ଲୁକୋଜ୍ ଓ ଏମିନୋ ଏସିଡ଼୍ ଶରୀର ପାଇଁ ଉପଯୋଗୀ ନୁହେଁ ।
4. ଆମ ଶରୀରରେ ଫୁସ୍‌ଫୁସ୍ ଓ ଯକୃତ ରେଚନ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ କରନ୍ତି ନାହିଁ ।
5. ବୃକ୍‌କ ଶରୀର ମଧ୍ୟରେ ରକ୍ତଚାପକୁ ନିୟନ୍ତ୍ରଣ କରେ ଏବଂ ହରମୋନ୍ ମଧ୍ଯ କ୍ଷରଣ କରେ ।
6. RBC ତିଆରିରେ ଏରିଥ୍ରୋପୋଇଏଟିନ୍‌ ହରମୋନ୍ ସହାୟକ ହୋଇଥାଏ ।
7. ଚର୍ମରେ ଥ‌ିବା ସ୍ବେଦଗ୍ରନ୍ଥି ବ୍ୟବସ୍ଥାଦ୍ବାରା ଝାଳ ପ୍ରସ୍ତୁତ ହୁଏ ।
8. ଝାଳର ଘନୀଭବନ ପ୍ରକ୍ରିୟା ହେତୁ ଶରୀର ଶୀତଳ ହୋଇଥାଏ ।
9. ମାଲପିଝିଆନ୍ ନଳିକା ରେଚନ ଅଙ୍ଗ ଝିଣ୍ଟିକାଠାରେ ଦେଖାଯାଏ ।
10. ଶରୀରରୁ ବର୍ଜ୍ୟବସ୍ତୁ କିଛି ପରିମାଣରେ ଝାଳ ଆକାରରେ ଚର୍ମଦେଇ ନିଷ୍କାସିତ ହୁଏ ।
11. ତମାଖୁ ପତ୍ରରେ ଟାର୍ଟାରିକ୍ ଅମ୍ଳ ଉପକ୍ଷାର ଥାଏ ।
12. ଉଦ୍ଭଦରେ ଷ୍ଟୋମାଟା ଶ୍ଵାସକ୍ରିୟା ସମ୍ପାଦନ କରିବା ସହ ଏକ ରେଚନ ଅଙ୍ଗ ଭଳି କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ କରେ ।
13. ବୃକ୍‌କ ଓ ଚର୍ମ ରେଚନ ଅଙ୍ଗ ମଣିଷଠାରେ ଦେଖାଯାଏ ।
14. ସୁସ୍ଥ ବୟଃପ୍ରାପ୍ତ ବ୍ୟକ୍ତିର ବୃକ୍‌କର ମୋଟେଇ ପ୍ରାୟ 4 ସେ.ମି ।
15. ପ୍ରତ୍ୟେକ ବୃକ୍‌କୀୟ ନଳିକାର ଗୋଟିଏ ପାର୍ଶ୍ବ କପ୍ ଆକୃତି ବିଶିଷ୍ଟ ।
16. ସଂକୋଚିକିଧାନୀ ଏମିବାର ରେଚନ ଅଙ୍ଗ ଅଟେ ।
17. ବୃକ୍‌କର ମୋଟେଇ ପ୍ରାୟ 2 ସେ.ମି. ଅଟେ ।
18. ଗ୍ଲୋମେରୁଲସ୍ ଓ ହାଇଲମ୍ ମିଶି ମାଝିଆନ୍ ପିଣ୍ଡ ଗଠନ କରନ୍ତି ।
19. ପରିସ୍ରା ମୂତ୍ରମାର୍ଗ ଦେଇ ନିଷ୍କାସିତ ହୁଏ ।
20. ମୂତ୍ରରେ ୟୁରୋକ୍ରୋମ୍ ନାମକ ବର୍ଣ୍ଣକଣା ଥିବାରୁ ପରିସ୍ରା ହଳଦିଆ ହୁଏ ।
21. ଝାଳ ତିଆରି ପାଇଁ ଚର୍ମରେ ଶିଖାକୋଷ ରହିଥାଏ ।

Anawers
1. (✓)
2. (✓)
3. (✗)
4. (✗)
5. (✓)
6. (✓)
7. (✓)
8.(✗)
9. (✓)
10. (✓)
11. (✗)
12. (✓)
13. (✓)
14. (✗)
15. (✓)
16. (✓)
17. (✗)
18. (✗)
19. (✓)
20. (✓)
21. (✗)

E ‘କ’ ସ୍ତମ୍ଭରେ ପ୍ରଥମ ଯୋଡ଼ାର ସମ୍ପର୍କକୁ ଲକ୍ଷ୍ୟକରି ‘ଖ’ ସ୍ତମ୍ଭରେ ଦ୍ଵିତୀୟଟିରେ ଶୂନ୍ୟସ୍ଥାନ ପୂରଣ କର ।

1. ‘କ’ ସ୍ତମ୍ଭ	‘ଖ’ ସ୍ତମ୍
ବୃକ୍‌କ : ଯକୃତ	ୟୁରିଆ ନିଷ୍କାସନ :
NH3 : ଏମୋନିଆ	NH2-CO-NH2 :
ସ୍ତନ୍ୟପାୟୀ : ପତଙ୍ଗ	ୟୁରିଆ :
ମୂତ୍ରାଶୟ : ମୂତ୍ରାସଞୟ	ମୂତ୍ରମାର୍ଗ :
ମୂତ୍ରସଞ୍ଚୟ ସିନା : କୁଇନାଇନ୍	ତମାଖୁ :

Anawers

‘କ’ ସ୍ତମ୍	‘ଖ’ ସ୍ତମ୍
ବୃକକ୍ : ଯକୃତ	ୟୁରିଆ ନିଷ୍କାସନ : ୟୁରିଆ
NH3 : ଏମୋନିଆ	NH2-CO-NH2 : ୟୁରିଆ
ସ୍ତନ୍ୟପାୟୀ : ପତଙ୍ଗ	ୟୁରିଆ : ୟୁରିକ୍ ଅମ୍ଳ
ମୂତ୍ରାଶୟ : ମୂତ୍ରାସଞୟ	ମୂତ୍ରମାର୍ଗ : ମୂତ୍ର ନିଷ୍କାସନ
ମୂତ୍ରସଞ୍ଚୟ ସିନା : କୁଇନାଇନ୍	ତମାଖୁ : ନିକୋଟିନ

 

2.‘କ’ ସ୍ତମ୍	‘ଖ’ ସ୍ତମ୍
ତେନ୍ତୁଳି : ଟାର୍ଟାରିକ୍ ଅମ୍ଳ	ଲେମ୍ବୁ :
ଯକୃତ କୃମି : ଶିଖାକୋଷ	ନେରିସ୍ :
ପିତାକୃମି : ଶିଖାକୋଷ	ଜିଆ :
ସ୍ବେଦପ୍ରସ୍ତୁତି : ସ୍ବେଦଗ୍ରନ୍ଥି	ରକ୍ତଚାପ ନିୟନ୍ତ୍ରଣ :
ଟେଷ୍ଟିସ୍ : ଟେଷ୍ଟୋଷ୍ଟିରନ୍	ବୃକ୍‌କ :

Anawers

‘କ’ ସ୍ତମ୍	‘ଖ’ ସ୍ତମ୍ଭ
ଟେଷ୍ଟିସ୍ : ଟେଷ୍ଟୋଷ୍ଟିରନ୍	ଲେମ୍ବୁ : ସାଇଟ୍ରିକ୍ ଅମ୍ଳ
ଯକୃତ କୃମି : ଶିଖାକୋଷ	ନେରିସ୍ : ନେପିଡ଼ିଆ
ପିତାକୃମି : ଶିଖାକୋଷ	ଜିଆ : ନେପିଡ଼ିଆ
ସ୍ବେଦପ୍ରସ୍ତୁତି : ସ୍ବେଦଗ୍ରନ୍ଥି	ରକ୍ତଚାପ ନିୟନ୍ତ୍ରଣ : ବୁକ
ଟେଷ୍ଟିସ୍ : ଟେଷ୍ଟୋଷ୍ଟିରନ୍	ବୃକ୍‌କ : ଏରିଥୋପୋଇଏଟିନ୍

 

3.‘କ’ ସ୍ତମ୍	‘ଖ’ ସ୍ତମ୍ଭ
ବଳକାଜଳ : ଷ୍ଟେମାଟା	ରେଜିନ୍ ଓ ଟାମିନ୍ :
ସିନା : କୁଇନାଇନ୍	ଲେମ୍ବୁ :
ସାଇଟ୍ରିକ୍ ଅମ୍ଳ : ଲେ	ଟାଟାରିକ ଅମ୍ଳ :
ଯକୃତ : ମାତ୍ରାଧ୍ଵ ଭିଟାମିନ୍	ଫୁସ୍‌ଫୁସ୍ :
ଚର୍ମ : ଝାଳ	ଯକୃତ :

Anawers

‘କ’ ସ୍ତମ୍	‘ଖ’ ସ୍ତମ୍ଭ
ବଳକାଜଳ : ଷ୍ଟେମାଟା	ରେଜିନ୍ ଓ ଟାନିନ୍ : ପରିପକ୍ବ ଳାଇଲେପ୍
ସିନା : କୁଇନାଇନ୍	ଲେମ୍ବୁ : ସାଇଟ୍ରିକ୍ ଅମ୍ଳ
ସାଇଟ୍ରିକ୍ ଅମ୍ଳ : ଲେ	ଟାର୍ଟାରିକ ଅମ୍ଳ : ତେନ୍ତୁଳି
ଯକୃତ : ମାତ୍ରାଧ୍ଵ ଭିଟାମିନ୍	ଫୁ ସ୍‌ଫୁ ସ୍ CO2+ କଳୀସ୍କକାଷ୍ଠ
ଚର୍ମ : ଝାଳ	ଯକୃତ : ପିତ୍ତରସ

 

Multiple Choice Questions (Mcqs) With Answers

1. କ୍ଷୁଦ୍ରାନ୍ତର କେଉଁ ଅଂଶରେ ଉଭୟ ଅଗ୍ନାଶୟ ରସ ଓ ପିତ୍ତ ମିଶିଥାଏ ?
(A) ଗ୍ରସନୀ
(C) ଯେସୁନମ୍
(B) ଗ୍ରହଣୀ
(D) ଇଲିୟମ୍
Answer
(B) ଗ୍ରହଣୀ

2. ଆମର ବକ୍ଷ ଗହ୍ଵର ଓ ଉଦର ଗହ୍ଵର କେଉଁଟି ଦ୍ଵାରା ପୃଥକ୍ ହୋଇଅଛି ?
(A) ଷ୍ଟରନମ୍
(B) ଅନ୍ତଃ ପଞ୍ଜରା ମାଂସପେଶୀ
(C) ମଧ୍ଯଚ୍ଛଦା
(D) ଗ୍ଲଟିସ୍
Answer
(C) ମଧ୍ଯଚ୍ଛଦା

3. କେଉଁଟି କ୍ଷୁଦ୍ରାନ୍ତର ପ୍ରଥମ ଅଂଶ ?
(A) ଗ୍ରସନୀ
(C) ଯେଯୁନମ୍
(B) ଗ୍ରହଣୀ
(D) ଇଲିୟମ୍
Answer
(B) ଗ୍ରହଣୀ

4. କେଉଁ ବର୍ଜ୍ୟ ଜାଇଲେମ୍ବୂରୁ ସଂଗୃହୀତ ହୋଇଥାଏ ?
(A) ଟାନିନ୍
(B) ଅଠା
(C) ନିକୋଟିନ୍
(D) ସାଇଟ୍ରିକ୍ ଅମ୍ଳ
Answer
(A) ଟାନିନ୍

5. କେଉଁଟି ସୁସ୍ଥଲୋକର ମୂତ୍ରରେ ନ ଥାଏ ?
(A) ୟୁରିଆ
(B) କ୍ଲୋରାଇଡ୍
(C) ଗ୍ଲୁକୋଜ୍
(D) ଜଳ
Answer
(C) ଗ୍ଲୁକୋଜ୍

6. କେଉଁଟି ସିନା ଗଛର ଉପକ୍ଷାର ?
(A) କୁଇନାଇନ୍
(B) ଟାନିନ୍
(C) ନିକୋଟିନ୍
(D) ରେଜିନ୍
Answer
(A) କୁଇନାଇନ୍

7. କେଉଁଟି ପିତ୍ତରସ କ୍ଷରଣ କରେ ?
(A) ଅଗ୍ନ୍ୟାଶୟ
(C) ଗ୍ରହଣୀ
(B) ଯକୃତ୍
(D) ପାକସ୍ଥଳୀ
Answer
(B) ଯକୃତ୍

8.. ପୋଷ ଗ୍ରନ୍ଥିର କ୍ଷରଣ କ୍ଷମତାକୁ କେଉଁଟି ନିୟନ୍ତ୍ରିତ କରିଥାଏ ?
(A) ହାଇପୋଥାଲାମସ୍
(B) ମଧ୍ୟ ମସ୍ତିଷ୍କ
(C) ସୁଷୁମ୍ନା କାଣ୍ଡ
(D) ପଶ୍ଚ ମସ୍ତିଷ୍କ
Answer
(A) ହାଇପୋଥାଲାମସ୍

9. ମୂତ୍ର ସଂଗ୍ରହ ନଳିକାଗୁଡ଼ିକ ଏକାଠି ହୋଇ ବୃକ୍‌କ ଭିତରେ କାହା ମଧ୍ୟକୁ ଖୋଲିଥା’ନ୍ତି ?
(A) ଗବିଣୀବସ୍ତି
(C) ମେଡ୍ୟୁଲା
(B) ହାଇଲମ୍
(D) କର୍ଟେକ୍ସ
Answer
(A) ଗବିଣୀବସ୍ତି

10. ମୂତ୍ରାଶୟରେ ମୂତ୍ର ସଞ୍ଚିତ ହୋଇ ରହେ ଓ ପରିସ୍ରା କଲାବେଳେ କାହାଦେଇ ନିଷ୍କାସିତ ହୁଏ ?
(A) କର୍ଟେକ୍ସ
(B) ମେଡ୍ୟୁଲା
(C) ହାଇଲମ୍
(D) ମୂତ୍ରମାର୍ଗ
Answer
(D) ମୂତ୍ରମାର୍ଗ

11. ଗ୍ଲୋମେରୁଲସ୍‌ରେ କେଉଁ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ ସମ୍ପାଦିତ ହୁଏ ?
(A) ରକ୍ତପ୍ରବାହ
(B) ରକ୍ତ ଜମାଟ ବାନ୍ଧିବା
(C) ରକ୍ତଛଣା
(D) ରକ୍ତ ଶୋଧନ
Answer
(C) ରକ୍ତଛଣା

12. ମୂତ୍ରରେ ଥିବା କେଉଁ ବର୍ଷକଣା ଯୋଗୁ ପରିସ୍ରାର ରଙ୍ଗ ଈଷତ୍ ହଳଦିଆ ଅଟେ ?
(A) କ୍ଲୋରୋଫିଲ୍
(C) ମେଜୋଫିଲ୍
(B) ୟୁରୋକ୍ରୋମ୍
(D) ନିଉଟ୍ରୋଫିଲ୍
Answer
(B) ୟୁରୋକ୍ରୋମ୍

13. ସୁସ୍ଥ ବୟସ୍କ ପ୍ରାପ୍ତ ବ୍ୟକ୍ତିର ବୃକ୍‌କର ପ୍ରସ୍ଥ ପ୍ରାୟ କେତେ ସେ.ମି. ?
(A) 2-3
(C) 4-5
(B) 3-4
(D) 5-7
Answer
(D) 5-7

14. କାହା ଦେଇ ବୃକ୍‌କରୁ ମୂତ୍ର ମୂତ୍ରାଶୟକୁ ଆସେ ?
(A) କର୍ଟେକ୍ସ
(B) ମେଡ୍ୟୁଲା
(D) ମୂତ୍ର ସାରଣୀ
(C) ହାଇଲମ୍
Answer
(D) ମୂତ୍ର ସାରଣୀ

15. ଶିଖାକୋଷ ରେ ଚନ ଅଙ୍ଗ କେଉଁ ଜୀବ ଠାରେ ଦେଖାଯାଏ ?
(A) ଏମିବା
(B) ସଞ୍ଜ
(C) ଚେପ୍‌ଟା କୃମି
(D) ଜିଆ
Answer
(C) ଚେପ୍‌ଟା କୃମି

16. ବୃକ୍‌କର ଭିତର ପାଖରେ ଥିବା ଖାଲୁଆ ସ୍ଥାନକୁ କ’ଣ କୁହାଯାଏ ?
(A) ମୂତ୍ର ସାରଣୀ
(B) ଗବିଣୀବସ୍ତି
(C) ହାଇଲମ୍
(D) ମେଡ୍ୟୁଲା
Answer
(C) ହାଇଲମ୍

17. ନେଫ୍ରିଡ଼ିଆ ରେଚନ ଅଙ୍ଗ କେଉଁ ଜୀବଠାରେ ଦେଖାଯାଏ ?
(A) ଜିଆ
(C) ହାଇଡ୍ରା
(B) ଏମିବା
(D) ଚେପ୍‌ଟା କୃମି
Answer
(A) ଜିଆ

18. ସୁସ୍ଥ ଲୋକର ମୂତ୍ରରେ କ’ଣ ନ ଥାଏ ?
(A) ୟୁରିକ୍ ଅମ୍ଳ
(B) କ୍ରିଏଟିନିନ୍
(C) ୟୁରୋକ୍ରୋମ୍
(D) ପ୍ଲା କୋଜ୍
Answer
(D) ପ୍ଲା କୋଜ୍

19. ଶରୀରରେ ପୁଷ୍ଟିସାର ଚୟାପଚୟ ଫଳରେ କ’ଣ ସୃଷ୍ଟି ହୁଏ ?
(A) ୟୁରିଆ
(B) ୟୁରିକ୍ ଅମ୍ଳ
(C) ଆମୋନିଆ
(D) ଗ୍ଲୋ କୋଜ୍
Answer
(C) ଆମୋନିଆ

20.
(A) ଏମୋନିଆ
(B) ୟୁରିଆ
(C) ୟୁରିକ୍ ଅମ୍ଳ
(D) ଅଙ୍ଗାରକାମ୍ଳ
Answer
(C) ୟୁରିକ୍ ଅମ୍ଳ

21. ମେରୁଦଣ୍ଡୀ ପ୍ରାଣୀମାନଙ୍କର କେଉଁଠାରେ ୟୁରିଆ ଉତ୍ପନ୍ନ ହୁଏ ?
(A) ଫୁସ୍‌ଫୁସ୍
(C) ଅଗ୍ନାଶୟ
(B) ବୃକ୍‌କ
(D) ଯକୃତ
Answer
(D) ଯକୃତ

1. ରେଚନ କ’ଣ ? ଏହାର ଆବଶ୍ୟକତା କ’ଣ ? ବିଭିନ୍ନ ଜଳଚର ଓ ସ୍ଥଳଚର ପ୍ରାଣୀମାନେ ରେଚନ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ କିପରି ସମ୍ପାଦନ କରନ୍ତି ବୁଝାଅ ।
ଊ-

• ଶରୀରରେ ହେଉଥ‌ିବା ବିଭିନ୍ନ ଚୟାପଚୟ ପ୍ରକ୍ରିୟାରୁ ସୃଷ୍ଟି ହେଉଥ‌ିବା ବର୍ଜ୍ୟବସ୍ତୁ ଶରୀର ପାଇଁ କ୍ଷତିକାରକ ଓ ଅଦରକାରୀ ଅଟେ । ଏଣୁ ପରିବେଶକୁ ପ୍ରଦୂଷଣମୁକ୍ତ ରଖେ ଓ ବିଭିନ୍ନ ଜୈବ ରହେ ଓ ଶରୀର ସୁସ୍ଥ ରହେ । ଏହି ପ୍ରକ୍ରିୟାକୁ ରେଚନ କହନ୍ତି ।
• ରେଚନ ତନ୍ତ୍ର ମାଧ୍ୟମରେ ଶରୀରରୁ ଏମୋନିଆ, ୟୁରିଆ, ୟୁରିକ୍ ଏସିଡ୍ ଜାତୀୟ ବର୍ଜ୍ୟବସ୍ତୁର୍ ନିଷ୍କାସନ ହୁଏ ଏବଂ ଶରୀରରେ ଜଳ ଓ ଧାତବ ଲବଣ ଆଦି ପଦାର୍ଥ ସନ୍ତୁଳନ ବଜାୟ ରହେ ।
• ଶରୀରରେ ପୁଷ୍ଟିସାର ଚୟାପଚୟ ଫଳରେ ଏମୋନିଆ ନିର୍ଗତ ହୋଇଥାଏ । ଏମୋନିଆ ଏକ ଗ୍ୟାସୀୟ ପଦାର୍ଥ ଏବଂ ଜଳରେ ଏମୋନିଆ ଶରୀର ପାଇଁ କ୍ଷତିକାରକ ଅଟେ ।
• ଜଳଚର ପ୍ରାଣୀମାନେ ଶରୀର ରୁ ଉତ୍ପନ୍ନ ଏମୋନି ଆକୁ ବି ସରଣ ପ୍ରକ୍ରିୟାଦ୍ଵାରା ସିଧାସଳଖ ଜଳୀୟ ପରିବେଶକୁ ନିଷ୍କାସିତ କରିଥା’ନ୍ତି ।
• ସ୍ଥଳଚର ପ୍ରାଣୀମାନେ ଶରୀରରେ ଜାତ ହେଉଥ‌ିବା ଏମୋନିଆକୁ ୟୁରିଆ ବା କରିଥା’ନ୍ତି । ଯଥା – ସ୍ତନ୍ୟପାୟୀ ପ୍ରାଣୀ ଇତ୍ୟାଦି ୟୁରିକ୍ ୟୁରିଆ ତ୍ୟାଗ କରୁଥିବାବେଳେ ପକ୍ଷୀ, ସରୀସୃପ ଓ ପତଙ୍ଗମାନେ ୟୁରିକ୍ ଏସିଡ୍ ନିଷ୍କାସନ କରିଥା’ନ୍ତି

2. ବୃକ୍‌କର ଅନ୍ତଃଗଠନ ଓ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ ସମ୍ବନ୍ଧରେ ବିବରଣୀ ପ୍ରଦାନ କର ।
ଉ-

• ପ୍ରତ୍ୟେକ ବୃକ୍‌କ ଭିତରେ 10 ଲକ୍ଷରୁ ଅଧିକ ସୂକ୍ଷ୍ମ ବୃକ୍‌କୀୟ ନଳିକା ରହିଥାଏ ।
• ପ୍ରତି ବୃକ୍‌କୀୟ ନଳିକାର ଗୋଟିଏ ପାର୍ଶ୍ଵ ‘କପ୍’ ବା ଗିନା ଆକୃତିର । କପ୍ ଆକୃତିର ପାର୍ଶ୍ୱଟି ବୃକ୍‌କର ବାହାର ପଟକୁ ମୁହେଁଇଥାଏ । ଏହି କପ୍‌କୁ ବାଓମ୍ୟାନ୍ସ କ୍ୟାପ୍‌ସୁଲ କୁହାଯାଏ ।
• ପ୍ରତି ନେଫ୍ରନ୍ ସହ ବୃକ୍‌କୀୟ ଧମନୀର ଗୋଟିଏ ଲେଖାଏଁ ସୂକ୍ଷ୍ମ ଶାଖା (ଏଫରେଣ୍ଟ ଅନ୍ତର୍ବାହୀ ଉପଧମନୀ) ସଂଯୁକ୍ତ ହୋଇଥାଏ ।
• ଏହା ନେଫ୍ରନ୍ ଭିତରେ ପ୍ରବେଶ କରି ଅନେକ ଅତି ସୂକ୍ଷ୍ମ ଶାଖାପ୍ରଶାଖା ବା କୈଶିକନଳୀରେ ପରିଣତ ହୋଇଥାଏ । ଏସବୁ କୈଶିକନଳୀ ବହିର୍ବାହୀ ଉପଧମନୀ ସୃଷ୍ଟି ହୁଏ ।
• କୈଶିକନଳୀଗୁଡ଼ିକର ପ୍ରାଚୀର ଖୁବ୍ ପତଳା । ଏ ଦୁଇଟି ଉପଧମନୀ ସହ ସଂଶ୍ଳିଷ୍ଟ କୈଶିକନଳୀର ଏହି ଗୁଚ୍ଛକୁ କୈଶିକାଗୁଚ୍ଛ ବା ଗ୍ଲୋମେରୁଲସ୍ କୁହାଯାଏ ।
• ବାଓମ୍ୟାନ୍ସ କ୍ୟାପସୁଲର ‘କପ୍’ରେ ଏହା ଯୋହୋଇ ରହିଥାଏ । ରକ୍ତ, ଅନ୍ତର୍ବାହୀ ବାହାରକୁ ଯାଇଥାଏ ।
• ରକ୍ତଛଣା’ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ ପାଇଁ ଏହି ବ୍ୟବସ୍ଥା ବେଶ୍ କରନ୍ତି ।
• ବୃକ୍‌କୀୟ ନଳିକାର କେତେକ ଅଂଶ ବୃକ୍‌କ ଭିତରେ ଗୁଡ଼େଇ ରହି ଶେଷ ମୁଣ୍ଡଟି ମୂତ୍ର ସଂଗ୍ରହନଳିକା ମଧ୍ଯରେ ପଶିଥାଏ ।
• ମୂତ୍ର ସଂଗ୍ରହ ନଳିକାଗୁଡ଼ିକ ଏକାଠି ହୋଇ ବୃକ୍‌କ ଭିତରେ ଥ‌ିବା ଏକ ଗହ୍ଵର ଭିତରକୁ ଖୋଲିଥା’ନ୍ତ ଓ ଏହି ଗହ୍ଵରଟିକୁ ଗବିଣୀ ବସ୍ତି କୁହାଯାଏ ।
• ପ୍ରତ୍ୟେକ ବୃକ୍‌ କରୁ ଗୋଟିଏ ଲେଖାଏଁ ମୂତ୍ରସାରଣୀ ବାହାରି ତଳିପେଟରେ ଥ‌ିବା ମୂତ୍ରାଶୟ ଭିତରେ ପଶିଥାଏ ।
• ମୂତ୍ରାଶୟରେ ମୂତ୍ର ସଞ୍ଜୁ ହୋଇ ରହେ ଓ ପରିସ୍ରା କଲାବେଳେ ତାହା ମୂତ୍ରମାର୍ଗ ଦେଇ ନିଷ୍କାସିତ ହୋଇଥାଏ ।

1. ବିଭିନ୍ନ ପ୍ରକାର ପ୍ରାଣୀମାନଙ୍କର ବର୍ଜ୍ୟବସ୍ତୁର ନାମ ଲେଖ । ମେରୁଦଣ୍ଡୀ ପ୍ରାଣୀମାନଙ୍କ ୟୁରିଆ କିପରି ଉତ୍ପନ୍ନ ହୁଏ ?
ଉ-

• ଶରୀରରେ ହେଉଥ‌ିବା ଚୟାପଚୟ ପ୍ରକ୍ରିୟାରୁ ଏମୋନିଆ, ୟୁରିଆ, ୟୁରିକ୍ ଏସିଡ୍ ଭଳି ବର୍ଜ୍ୟ ପଦାର୍ଥ ଉତ୍ପନ୍ନ ହୁଏ ।
• ଶରୀରରେ ପୁଷ୍ଟିସାରର ଚୟାପଚୟରୁ ଜାତ ହେଉଥ‌ିବା ଏମୋନିଆ ଜଳରେ ଅତିମାତ୍ରାରେ ଦ୍ରବଣୀୟ । ଦ୍ରବୀଭୂତ ଏମୋନିଆ ଶରୀର ପାଇଁ କ୍ଷତିକାରକ ।
• ଜଳଚର ପ୍ରାଣୀ ଏମୋନିଆ ବିସରଣ ପ୍ରକ୍ରିୟାରେ ପ୍ରାଣୀଙ୍କ କ୍ଷେତ୍ରରେ ଏମୋନିଆ ୟୁରିଆ କିମ୍ବା ହୋଇଥାଏ । ମେରୁଦଣ୍ଡୀ ପ୍ରାଣୀମାନଙ୍କର ଯକୃତରେ ଏମୋନିଆ ସହ ଅଙ୍ଗାରକାମ୍ଳ ସଂଯୋଗ ଘଟି ୟୁରିଆ ସୃଷ୍ଟି ହୁଏ ।

2.
ଉ-

• ପତଙ୍ଗ ଓ ସରୀସୃପମାନଙ୍କଠାରେ ଏମୋନିଆରୁ ୟୁରିକ୍ ଏସିଡ୍ ତିଆରି ହୋଇଥାଏ । ୟୁରିକ୍ ଏସିଡ୍ ଜଳରେ ପ୍ରାୟ ଅଦ୍ରବଣୀୟ ତେଣୁ ମୂତ୍ର ତିଆରି ପରେ ଏହା ଦ୍ରବଣରୁ ସହଜରେ ବାହାରି ଯାଇଥାଏ ।
• ଦ୍ରବଣରେ ଥିବା ଜଳ ରକ୍ତ ଭିତରକୁ ପୁନର୍ବାର ଶୋଷିତ ହୋଇ ଚାଲିଯାଏ ।
• ଏଣୁ ପତଙ୍ଗ, ବିହଙ୍ଗ ଓ ସରୀସୃପ ଆଦି ପ୍ରାଣୀ ରେଚନ ପ୍ରକ୍ରିୟାରେ ଅଧ‌ିକ ଜଳକ୍ଷୟ କରନ୍ତି ନାହିଁ । ୟୁରିକ୍ ଏସିଡ୍ ମଳ ସହିତ ନିଷ୍କାସିତ ହୋଇଥାଏ ।

3. ବୃକ୍‌କ ବ୍ୟତୀତ ଶରୀରର ଅନ୍ୟ ରେଚନ ଅଙ୍ଗଗୁଡ଼ିକ କିପରି କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ କରନ୍ତି ଉଦାହରଣ ସହ ଲେଖ ।
ଉ-

• ଶରୀରରୁ ବର୍ଜ୍ୟବସ୍ତୁ କିଛି ପରିମାଣରେ ଝାଳଆକାରରେ ଚର୍ମଦେଇ ନିଷ୍କାସିତ ହୁଏ । ଝାଳ ତିଆରି ଚର୍ମର ଅନ୍ୟ ଏକ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ । ଏଥ‌ିପାଇଁ ଝାଳ ଆକାରରେ ଶରୀର ରୁ ନିଷ୍କାସିତ ହୋଇଥାଏ । ଝାଳ ବାଷ୍ପୀଭୂତ ହେବାଫଳରେ ଶରୀର ଶୀତଳ ରହେ ।
• ପାକତନ୍ତ୍ର ସହ ଜଡ଼ିତ ଯକୃତ କିଛି ବର୍ଜ୍ୟବସ୍ତୁ ଶରୀର ଶୀତଳ ରହେ । ଖାଇଥ‌ିବା ଔଷଧର ଅବଶିଷ୍ଟ୍ୟଶ ମାତ୍ରାତ୍ମ ପ୍ରକ୍ରିୟାରୁ ଜାତ ହେଉଥ‌ିବା ବର୍ଷକଣା ପିତ୍ତରସ ସହ ମିଶି ଖାଦ୍ୟନଳୀ ଭିତରକୁ ଯାଇଥାଏ । ସେଠାରେ ମଳଦ୍ଵାରା ନିଷ୍କାସିତ ହୋଇଥାଏ ।
• ନିଃଶ୍ଵାସ ଛାଡ଼ିଲେ ଫୁସ୍‌ଫୁସ୍‌ ଶରୀରରେ ଉତ୍ପନ୍ନ ଅଙ୍ଗାରକାମ୍ଳ ଓ ଜଳୀୟବାଷ୍ପ ନିଷ୍କାସି ତ ହୋଇଥାଏ ।

1. ରେଚନ ବ୍ୟତୀତ ବୃକ୍‌କର ଅନ୍ୟ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ ସମ୍ବନ୍ଧରେ ଲେଖ ।
ଉ-

• ଶରୀରର ଜଳ ଓ ଧାତବଲବଣ ପରିମାଣ ନିୟନ୍ତ୍ରଣ କରେ ।
• ରକ୍ତରେ ଅମ୍ଳ ଓ କ୍ଷାରୀୟ ମାତ୍ରା ନିୟନ୍ତ୍ରଣ କରୁଥିବା ପଦାର୍ଥମାନଙ୍କ ସନ୍ତୁଳନ ରକ୍ଷାକରେ ।
• ଶରୀରରେ ଉଚ୍ଚରକ୍ତଚାପ ନିୟନ୍ତ୍ରଣ କରେ ।
• ଏରି ଥ୍ରୋପୋଇଏଟିନ୍ ନାମକ ହରମୋନ୍ କ୍ଷରଣକରି ଲୋହିତ ରକ୍ତକଣିକା ତିଆରିରେ ସାହାଯ୍ୟ କରେ ।

2. ରସଧାନୀ ଓ ପତ୍ରଦ୍ଵାରା ଉଭିଦର ରେଚନ କିପରି ସମ୍ପାଦିତ ହୋଇଥାଏ ବୁଝାଅ ।
ଉ-

• ଅନେକ ଉଦ୍ଭଦର ବର୍ଜ୍ୟବସ୍ତୁଗୁଡ଼ିକ କୋଷମଧ୍ୟସ୍ଥ ରସଧାନୀରେ ସଂଗୃହୀତ ହୋଇଥାଏ ।
• ସ୍ଥଳବିଶେଷରେ ପତ୍ରରେ ସଂଗୃହୀତ ହେଲାପରେ ପତ୍ର ଶୁଖ୍ ଝଡ଼ିପଡ଼େ ।

3. ଏମୋନିଆ କ’ଣ ଓ ଏହା ଜୀବ ଶରୀରରେ କିପରି ସୃଷ୍ଟି ହୁଏ ?
ଉ-

• ଏମୋନିଆ ଗ୍ୟାସୀୟ ପଦାର୍ଥ । ଏହା ଜଳରେ ଅତି ମାତ୍ରାରେ ଦ୍ରବଣୀୟ । ଦ୍ରବୀଭୂତ ଏମୋନିଆ ଶରୀର ପାଇଁ କ୍ଷତିକାରକ ।
• ଶରୀରରେ ପୁଷ୍ଟିସାରର ଚୟାପଚୟ ଫଳରେ ଏମୋନିଆ ନିର୍ଗତ ହୋଇଥାଏ ।

4. ବୃକ୍‌କର ଅବସ୍ଥାନ ଓ ବାହ୍ୟ ଗଠନ କିପରି ?
ଉ-

• ମଣିଷର ମଧ୍ୟଚ୍ଛଦାର ଠିକ୍ ତଳକୁ ଉଦର ଦୁଇଟି ବୃକ୍‌କ ଅଛି । ବୃକ୍‌କର ଆକାର ପ୍ରାୟ ଶିମ୍ବ ମଞ୍ଜିପରି, ଲମ୍ବ ପ୍ରାୟ 10 ରୁ 12 ସେ.ମି. ପ୍ରସ୍ଥ ପ୍ରାୟ 5 ରୁ 7 ସେ.ମି. ଓ ମୋଟେଇ ପ୍ରାୟ 3 ସେ.ମି.।
• ବୃକ୍‌କର ଖାଲୁଆ ଅଂଶକୁ ହାଇଲମ୍ କହନ୍ତି । ହାଇଲମ୍‌ରେ ବୃକ୍‌କୀୟ ଶିରା, ବୃକ୍‌କୀୟ ଧମନୀ ଓ ମୂତ୍ର ସାରଣୀ ସଂଯୁକ୍ତ ହୋଇଥାଏ। ମୂତ୍ରାଶୟ ସହ ସଂଯୁକ୍ତ ହୋଇଥାଏ ।

5. ବାଓମ୍ୟାନ୍ସ କ୍ୟାପସୁଲ କ’ଣ ? ଏଥିରେ ନେଫ୍ରନ୍ ସଂଖ୍ୟା କେତେ ?
ଊ-

• ପ୍ରତ୍ୟେକ ବୃକ୍‌କର ଭିତରେ 10 ଲକ୍ଷରୁ ଅଧି ସୂକ୍ଷ୍ମ ବୃକ୍‌କୀୟ ନଳିକା ବା ନେଫ୍ରନ୍ ଥାଏ ।
• ପ୍ରତି ବୃକ୍‌କୀୟ ନଳିକାର ଗୋଟିଏ ପାର୍ଶ୍ଵ ଗିନା ବା କପ୍ ଆକୃତିର ଓ କପ୍ ଆକୃତିର ମୁହଁ ବୃକ୍‌କର ବାହାରପଟକୁ ମୁହାଁଇ ଥାଏ । ଏହି କପ୍କୁ ବାଓମ୍ୟାନ୍ସ କ୍ୟାପସୁଲ୍ କୁହାଯାଏ ।

6. ଗ୍ଲୋମେରୁଲସ୍ କିପରି ଗଠିତ ହୋଇଥାଏ ?
ଉ-

• ନେଫ୍ରାନ୍ ସହ ସଂଯୁକ୍ତ ଏଫରେଣ୍ଟ ଉପଧମନୀ କୈଶିକନଳୀରେ ପରିଣତ ହୋଇଥାଏ । ଏହି କୈଶିକ ନଳୀ ପରସ୍ପର ସହ ମିଶି ଯାଇ ଇଫରେଣ୍ଟ ଉପଧମନୀ ଜାତ ହୁଏ ।
• ଏହି ଦୁଇ ଉପଧମନୀ ସହ ସଂଶ୍ଳିଷ୍ଟ କୈଶିକନଳୀର ଏହି ଗୁଚ୍ଛକୁ କୈଶିକ ଗୁଚ୍ଛ ବା ଗ୍ଲୋମେରୁଲସ୍ କହନ୍ତି ।

7. ଗ୍ଲୋମେରୁ ଲ ସ୍କୋରେ କେଉଁ କେଉଁ ପଦାର୍ଥ ଛାଣିହୋଇ ବୃକ୍‌କୀୟ ନଳିକା ମଧ୍ଯରେ ଆସେ ଓ କେଉଁ ପଦାର୍ଥ ପୁନଃ ଶୋଷିତ ହୋଇଥାଏ ?
ଉ-

• ବୃକ୍‌ କୀୟ ନଳିକା ମଧ୍ୟକୁ ଆସୁଥ୍, ଏମିନୋ ଏସିଡ୍, ୟୁରିଆ, ୟୁରିକ୍ ଏସିଡ୍, କ୍ରି ଏଟନି ନ୍, ସୋଡ଼ିୟମ୍, ପୋଟାସିୟମ୍ ଇତ୍ୟାଦି ।
• ରୁ କୋଜ ଓ ଏମୋନିଆ ଏସିଡ୍, ଜଳ ଭଳି ଉପାଦାନ ଆମ ଶରୀର ପାଇଁ ଅଧ୍ୟା ନ ହୋଇ କୈଶିକ ରକ୍ତନଳୀ ଭିତରକୁ ପୁନଃ ଶୋଷିତ ହୋଇଥାଏ ।

8. ୟୁରିଆ କେଉଁଠାରେ ଓ କିପରି ପ୍ରସ୍ତୁତ ହୁଏ ? ଏହା କିପରି ନିଷ୍କାସିତ ହୁଏ ?

• ୟୁରିଆ ଯକୃତଠାରେ ତିଆରି ହୁଏ ।
• ଏମୋନିଆ ଓ ଅଙ୍ଗାରକାମ୍ଳର ରାସାୟନିକ ସଂଯୋଗ ଘଟିଲେ ୟୁରିଆ ତିଆରି ହୁଏ ।
• ବୃକ୍‌କଦ୍ଵାରା ୟୁରିଆ ନିଷ୍କାସିତ ହୁଏ ।

9. ଶିଖାକୋଷ, ନେଫ୍ରିଡ଼ିଆ ଓ ମାଲପିଝି ଆନ୍ ନଳିକାର କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ କ’ଣ ?
ଉ

• ଚେପ୍‌ଟା କୃମି, ଫିତାକୃମି, ଯକୃତ କୃମି ଶିଖାକୋଷଦ୍ଵାର। ଏମୋନି ଆ ତ୍ୟାଗ କରିଥା’ନ୍ତି ।
• ଜିଆ, ଜୋକ, ନେରିସ୍ ନେଫ୍ରିଡ଼ିଆ ଦ୍ଵାରା ଏମୋନିଆ କିମ୍ବା ୟୁରିଆ ତ୍ୟାଗ କରିଥାନ୍ତି । ଝିଣ୍ଟିକା ମାଝିଆନ୍ ନଳିକା ଦ୍ଵାରା ୟୁରିକ୍

10. ସ୍ବେଦଗ୍ରନ୍ଥିର କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ ଲେଖ ।
ଉ-

•  ଝାଳ ତିଆରି କରିବାପାଇଁ ଚର୍ମରେ ସ୍ବେଦଗ୍ରନ୍ଥି ରହିଛି ।
• ଏହି ଗ୍ରନ୍ଥିଦ୍ୱାରା ରକ୍ତରୁ ଧାତବ ଲବଣ, ସାମାନ୍ୟ ୟୁରିଆ ଶୋଷିତ ହୋଇ ପରେ ଝାଳ ଆକାରରେ ଶରୀରରୁ ନିଷ୍କାସିତ ହୋଇଥାଏ ।

11. ରେଚନ ତନ୍ତ୍ର କାହାକୁ କୁହାଯାଏ ?
ଉ

• ପାଇଁ ଅଦରକାରୀ ଓ ହାନିକାରକ ଅଟେ ।
• ଶରୀରରେ ଧ୍ଵଂ ବିଶେଷ ବ୍ୟବସ୍ଥାଦ୍ୱାରା
• ଯେଉଁ ଅଙ୍ଗମାନଙ୍କ ସହାୟତାରେ ଏହି କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ ସମ୍ପାଦିତ ହୁଏ, ତାହାକୁ ରେଚନ ତନ୍ତ୍ର କୁହାଯାଏ । ମନୁଷ୍ୟର ରେଚନ ତନ୍ତ୍ର ବୃକ୍‌କ, ମୂତ୍ରସାରଣୀ ଓ ମୂତ୍ରାଶୟ ଇତ୍ୟାଦିକୁ ନେଇ ଗଠିତ ।

12. ସୁସ୍ଥ ବ୍ୟକ୍ତିର ମୂତ୍ର ଈଷଦ୍ ହଳଦିଆ କାହିଁକି ? ମୂତ୍ରରେ କେଉଁ ଉପାଦାନ ଥିଲେ ବ୍ୟକ୍ତି ଅସୁସ୍ଥ ବୋଲି ଜଣାପଡ଼େ ।
ଊ-

• ମୂତ୍ରରେ ୟୁରୋକ୍ରୋମ୍ ନାମକ ବର୍ଷକଣା ଥିବା ହେତୁ ଜଣେ ସୁସ୍ଥ ବ୍ୟକ୍ତିର ପରିସ୍ରା ରଙ୍ଗ ଈଷତ୍ ହଳଦିଆ ହୋଇଥାଏ ।
• ମୂତ୍ରରେ ନିମ୍ନଲିଖ୍ ଉପାଦାନ ରହିଲେ ବ୍ୟକ୍ତି ଅସୁସ୍ଥ ବୋଲି ଜଣାପଡ଼େ; ଯଥା- ଗ୍ଲୁକୋଜ୍, ପ୍ରୋଟିନ୍, ରକ୍ତକଣିକା ।

13. ଏଫରେଣ୍ଟ (ଅନ୍ତର୍ବାହୀ) ଓ ଇଫରେ ଣ୍ଟ (ବର୍ହିବାହୀ) ଉପଧମନୀ କିପରି ସୃଷ୍ଟିହୁଏ ?
ଉ-

• ପ୍ରତି ନେଫ୍ରନ୍ ସହ ସଂଯୁକ୍ତ ହୋଇ ରହିଛି ଶାଖା ଯାହାକୁ ଏଫରେଣ୍ଟ (ଅନ୍ତର୍ବାହୀ)
• ଏହା ନେଫ୍ରନ୍ ଭିତରେ ପ୍ରବେଶ କରି ଅନେକ ଅତି ସୂକ୍ଷ୍ମ ଶାଖାପ୍ରଶାଖା ବା କୈଶିକନଳୀରେ ପରିଣତ ହୋଇଥାଏ । ଏସବୁ କୈଶିକନଳୀ ପରସ୍ପର ସହ ପୁଣି ମିଶିଯିବାଦ୍ଵାରା ଇଫରେଣ୍ଟ ବା ବହିର୍ବାହୀ ଉପଧମନୀ ଜାତ ହୁଏ ।

Odisha State Board CHSE Odisha Class 12 Math Notes Chapter 5 Determinants will enable students to study smartly.

CHSE Odisha 12th Class Math Notes Chapter 5 Determinants

Evaluation of determinants:

Note: We can evaluate a determinant along any row or column.

Minors and cofactors:
Minor of an element a_ij is the determinant obtained by deleting ith row and jth column denoted by M_ij.
Example.

Properties of determinant:
(a) The value of a determinant remains unchanged by changing rows to columns and columns to rows.
(b) The interchange of two adjacent rows or columns of determinant changes the sign of a determinant without changing its numerical value

(c) If two rows or columns of a determinant are identical then the value of determinant is zero.
(d) If every element of any row or column is multiplied by a factor, then the determinant is multiplied by that factor.
(e) If every element of any row (or column) of a determinant is expressed as sum of two or more numbers, then the determinant can be expressed as the sum of two or more determinants.

(f) A determinant remains unchanged by adding k times the elements of any row (or column) to corresponding elements of any other row (or column) where k is any number or function.

Cramer’s rule to solve a system of linear equations:
Let
a₁x + b₁y + c₁z = d₁
a₂x + b₂y + c₂z = d₂
a₃x + b₃y + c₃z = d₃
is system of linear equations

Note:
(i) If D₁ = D₂ = D₃ = D = 0 then the system has infinitely many solutions.
(ii) If D = 0 and atleast one of D₁, D₂ or D₃ is not zero then the system has no solution.

Odisha State Board BSE Odisha 10th Class Political Science Solutions Chapter 2 ସାମ୍ବିଧାନିକ ବ୍ୟବସ୍ଥା Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

BSE Odisha Class 10 Political Science Solutions Chapter 2 ସାମ୍ବିଧାନିକ ବ୍ୟବସ୍ଥା

Subjective Type Questions With Answers

ଦୀର୍ଘ ଉତ୍ତରମୂଳକ ପ୍ରଶ୍ନୋତ୍ତର
ପ୍ରତ୍ୟେକ ପ୍ରଶ୍ନର ଉତ୍ତର ପ୍ରାୟ ୩୦ ଗୋଟି ଶବ୍ଦରେ ଲେଖ ।

୧।. ଆମ ସମ୍ବିଧାନରେ ନିର୍ବାଚନଭିଭିକ ସ୍ଥାନୀୟ ସ୍ୱାୟତ୍ତ ଶାସନ ବ୍ୟବସ୍ଥା କେଉଁ ଧାରାରେ ଓ କିପରି ସୂଚିତ ହୋଇଛି ?
Answer:

• ସମ୍ବିଧାନରେ ୭୩ ତମ ଓ ୭୪ ତମ ସମ୍ବିଧାନ ସଂଶୋଧନ ଆଇନ ଜରିଆରେ ଆମ ସମ୍ବିଧାନରେ ନିର୍ବାଚନଭିଭିକ ସ୍ଥାନୀୟ ସ୍ୱାୟତ୍ତ ଶାସନ ବ୍ୟବସ୍ଥା ସୂଚିତ ହୋଇଛି ।
• ଦେଶର ସହରାଞ୍ଚଳରେ ପୌର ନିଗମ, ପୌରପାଳିକା ଓ ବିଜ୍ଞାପିତ ଅଞ୍ଚଳ ପରିଷଦ ଗଠନର ବ୍ୟବସ୍ଥା ରହିଛି ।
• ସେହିପରି ଗ୍ରାମାଞ୍ଚଳରେ ଜିଲ୍ଲା ପରିଷଦ, ପଞ୍ଚାୟତ ସମିତି ଓ ଗ୍ରାମ ପଞ୍ଚାୟତର ବ୍ୟବସ୍ଥା ରହିଛି ।
• ଏହି ସ୍ୱାୟତ୍ତ ଶାସନ ବ୍ୟବସ୍ଥାଦ୍ୱାରା ତୃଣମୂଳ ସ୍ତରରେ ଗଣତନ୍ତ୍ର ପ୍ରତିଷ୍ଠିତ ହୋଇପାରିଛି ଓ ଏହା ଫଳରେ ତୃଣମୂଳ ସ୍ତର ପର୍ଯ୍ୟନ୍ତ ଗଣତାନ୍ତ୍ରିକ ବିକେନ୍ଦ୍ରୀକରଣ ସମ୍ଭବ ହୋଇପାରିଛି ।

ସଂଷିପ୍ତ ଉତ୍ତରମୂଳକ ପ୍ରଶ୍ନୋତ୍ତର
ପ୍ରତ୍ୟେକ ପ୍ରଶ୍ନର ଉତ୍ତର ପ୍ରାୟ ୨୦ ଗୋଟି ଶବ୍ଦରେ ଲେଖ ।

୧।. ସମ୍ବିଧାନ ପ୍ରଣୟନ ସଭାର ପ୍ରଥମ ବୈଠକ କେବେ ବସିଥିଲା ଓ କେବେ ନୂତନ ସମ୍ବିଧାନ ପ୍ରଣୟନ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ ଶେଷ ହେଲା ?
Answer:

• ସମ୍ବିଧାନ ପ୍ରଣୟନ ସଭାର ପ୍ରଥମ ବୈଠକ ୧୯୪୬ ମସିହା ଡିସେମ୍ବର ମାସ ୯ ତାରିଖରେ ବସିଥିଲା ।
• ୧୯୪୯ ମସିହା ନଭେମ୍ବର ମାସ ୨୬ ତାରିଖ ଦିନ ନୂତନ ସମ୍ବିଧାନ ପ୍ରଣୟନ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ ଶେଷ ହେଲା ।

୨।. କେଉଁ କେଉଁ ରାଜ୍ୟ ବିଧାନମଣ୍ଡଳରେ ବିଧାନ ପରିଷଦ ରହିଛି ?
Answer:

• ଭାରତରେ ୫ଟି ରାଜ୍ୟର ବିଧାନମଣ୍ଡଳରେ ବିଧାନ ପରିଷଦ ରହିଛି ।
• ସେହି ରାଜ୍ୟଗୁଡ଼ିକ ହେଉଛି – ବିହାର, ମହାରାଷ୍ଟ୍ର, କର୍ଣ୍ଣାଟକ, ଉତ୍ତର ପ୍ରଦେଶ ଏବଂ ଆନ୍ଧ୍ରପ୍ରଦେଶ ।

୩।. ୭୩ ତମ ଓ ୭୪ତମ ସମ୍ବିଧାନ ସଂଶୋଧନ ଆଇନ ସମ୍ପର୍କରେ ଲେଖ ।
Answer:

• ୭୩ତମ ସମ୍ବିଧାନ ସଂଶୋଧନ ଆଇନ ଜରିଆରେ ଗ୍ରାମାଞ୍ଚଳରେ ଜିଲ୍ଲା ପରିଷଦ, ପଞ୍ଚାୟତ ସମିତି ଓ ଗ୍ରାମ
• ୭୪ତମ ସମ୍ବିଧାନ ସଂଶୋଧନ ଆଇନ ଜରିଆରେ ଦେଶର ସହରାଞ୍ଚଳରେ ପୌର ନିଗମ, ପୌରପାଳିକା

Objective Type Questions With Answers

A. ଗୋଟିଏ ବାକ୍ୟରେ ଉତ୍ତର ଲେଖ ।

1. ଭାରତରେ ଏକ ପରୋକ୍ଷ ବା ପ୍ରତିନିଧୂମୂଳକ ଗଣତନ୍ତ୍ର କିପରି ପ୍ରତିଷ୍ଠିତ ହୋଇପାରିଛି ?
Answer:
ଆମ ଭାରତର ବହୁଳ ଜନସଂଖ୍ୟା ଓ ଆୟତନର ବିଶାଳତା ଦୃଷ୍ଟିରୁ ଆମ ଦେଶରେ ଏକ ପରୋକ୍ଷ ବା ପ୍ରତିନିଧୂମୂଳକ ଗଣତନ୍ତ୍ର ପ୍ରତିଷ୍ଠି କରାଯାଇପାରିଛି ।

2. ସମ୍ବିଧାନ ପ୍ରଣୟନ ସଭାର ପ୍ରଥମ ବୈଠକ କେବେ ବସିଥିଲା ?
Answer:
୧୯୪୬ ମସିହା ଡିସେମ୍ବର ମାସ ୯ ତାରିଖରେ ସମ୍ବିଧାନ ପ୍ରଣୟନ ସଭାର ପ୍ରଥମ ବୈଠକ ବସିଥିଲା ।

3. ଆମ ଦେଶର ବୃହତ୍ ସମ୍ବିଧାନ ତିଆରି କରିବାପାଇଁ କେତେ ଦିନ ସମୟ ଲାଗିଥିଲା ?
Answer:
ଦୀର୍ଘ ୨ ବର୍ଷ ୧୧ ମାସ ଓ ୧୮ ଦିନ ପରେ ଆମ ଦେଶ ପାଇଁ ଏକ ସମ୍ବିଧାନ ତିଆରି ହୋଇଥିଲା ।

4. ଆମ ସମ୍ବିଧାନରେ ଅଧ୍ଵ ସୁରକ୍ଷା କାହାକୁ ଦିଆଯାଇଛି ?
Answer:
ଭାରତର ନାଗରିକମାନଙ୍କର ମୌଳିକ ଅଧିକାରକୁ ଅଧ୍ଵକ ସୁରକ୍ଷା ପ୍ରଦାନ କରିଥାଏ ।

5. ଭାରତର ସଂସଦ କେଉଁମାନଙ୍କୁ ନେଇ ଗଠିତ ?
Answer:
ଲୋକସଭା, ରାଜ୍ୟସଭା ଓ ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରପତିଙ୍କୁ ନେଇ ସଂସଦ ଗଠିତ ହୋଇଛି ।

6. ରାଜ୍ୟର ମୁଖ୍ୟମନ୍ତ୍ରୀମାନେ କାହା ନିକଟରେ ଉତ୍ତରଦାୟୀ ?
Answer:
ମୁଖ୍ୟମନ୍ତ୍ରୀଙ୍କ ନେତୃତ୍ୱାଧୀନ ରାଜ୍ୟ ମନ୍ତ୍ରିମଣ୍ଡଳ ରାଜ୍ୟ ବିଧାନସଭା ନିକଟରେ ଏହାର ସମସ୍ତ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟକଳାପ ପାଇଁ ସାମୂହିକ ଭାବରେ ଉତ୍ତରଦାୟୀ ।

7. ଭାରତର ଜନସାଧାରଣ ଦେଶର ଆଇନ ପ୍ରଣୟନ କ୍ଷେତ୍ରରେ କିପରି ଅଂଶଗ୍ରହଣ କରିଥା’ନ୍ତି ?
Answer:
ପ୍ରତ୍ୟକ୍ଷ ନିର୍ବାଚନ ମାଧ୍ୟମରେ କେନ୍ଦ୍ରରେ ଲୋକସଭା ଓ ରାଜ୍ୟରେ ବିଧାନସଭାକୁ ସଦସ୍ୟ ନିର୍ବାଚିତ କରାଇ ଭାରତର ଜନସାଧାରଣ ଆଇନ ପ୍ରଣୟନ କ୍ଷେତ୍ରରେ ପରୋକ୍ଷ ଭାବରେ ଅଂଶଗ୍ରହଣ କରିଥା’ନ୍ତି ।

8. ଆମ ସମ୍ବିଧାନରେ କେଉଁ ପ୍ରକାର ସ୍ଥାନୀୟ ସ୍ୱାୟତ୍ତ ଶାସନ ସୂଚିତ ହୋଇଛି ?
Answer:
୭୩ ଓ ୭୪ ତମ ସମ୍ବିଧାନ ସଂଶୋଧନ ଆଇନ ବଳରେ ଆମ ସମ୍ବିଧାନରେ ନିର୍ବାଚନଭିଭିକ ସ୍ଥାନୀୟ ସ୍ୱାୟତ୍ତ ଶାସନ

9. କେଉଁମାନଙ୍କ ପାଇଁ ଭାରତରେ ‘ସାର୍ବଜନୀନ ସାବାଳକ ମତଦାନ ବ୍ୟବସ୍ଥା’ ପ୍ରଚଳିତ ହେଉଛି ?
Answer:
ଭାରତରେ ଲୋକସଭା, ରାଜ୍ୟ ବିଧାନସଭା ଓ ସ୍ୱାୟତ୍ତ ଶାସନ ସଂସ୍ଥାଗୁଡ଼ିକର ପ୍ରତିନିଧିମାନଙ୍କୁ ନିର୍ବାଚିତ କରିବାପାଇଁ ବ୍ୟବସ୍ଥା ପ୍ରଚଳନ କରାଯାଇଛି ।

10. ସମ୍ବିଧାନର ୩୨୬ ଧାରାରେ କ’ଣ ଉଲ୍ଲେଖ କରାଯାଇଛି ?
Answer:
ଆମ ସମ୍ବିଧାନର ୩୨୬ ଧାରାରେ ‘ସାର୍ବଜନୀନ ସାବାଳକ ମତଦାନ ପ୍ରଥା’ ବିଷୟରେ ଉଲ୍ଲେଖ କରାଯାଇଛି ।

B. ଗୋଟିଏ ଶବ୍ଦରେ ଉତ୍ତର ଲେଖ ।

1. ସାର୍ବଜନୀନ ସାବାଳକ ମତଦାନ ଅଧିକାର ସମ୍ପର୍କିତ ସୂଚନା ସମ୍ବିଧାନର କେଉଁ ଧାରାରେ ଉଲ୍ଲେଖ ଅଛି ?
2. କିଏ କହିଥିଲେ ‘ଗଣତନ୍ତ୍ର ହେଉଛି ଲୋକମାନଙ୍କର, ଲୋକମାନଙ୍କଦ୍ୱାରା, ଲୋକମାନଙ୍କ ପାଇଁ ସରକାର’’ ।
3. ସମ୍ବିଧାନ ପ୍ରଣୟନ ସଭା ଗଠନ କରିବାପାଇଁ କିଏ ପ୍ରସ୍ତାବ ଦେଇଥିଲା ?
4. ଭାରତକୁ କେବେଠାରୁ ଏକ ସର୍ବଭୌମ ଗଣତାନ୍ତ୍ରିକ ସାଧାରଣତନ୍ତ୍ର ଭାବେ ଘୋଷଣା କରାଯାଇଥିଲା ?
5. କେବେ ସମ୍ବିଧାନ ପ୍ରଣୟନ ସଭାରେ ନୂତନ ସମ୍ବିଧାନ ଗୃହୀତ ହେଲା ?

Answer:
1. ଧାରା – ୩୨୬
2. ଆବ୍ରାହମ୍ ଲିଙ୍କନ୍
3. କ୍ୟାବିନେଟ୍ ମିଶନ
4. ୧୯୫୦
5. ୧୯୪୯ ନଭେମ୍ବର ୨୬

C. ଶୂନ୍ୟସ୍ଥାନ ପୂରଣ କର ।

1. ଗଶତନ୍ତ୍ରରେ _______________ ହେଉଛନ୍ତି ସାର୍ବଭୌମ କ୍ଷମତାର ଅଧିକାରୀ ।
2. କ୍ୟାବିନେଟ୍ ମିଶନ ପ୍ରସ୍ତାବ ଅନୁସାରେ ଆମ ଦେଶରେ _________________ ପ୍ରସ୍ତୁତ କରାଯାଇଥିଲା ।
3. କେଦ୍ରମନ୍ତ୍ରମଶ୍ତଳ _________________ ନିକଟରେ ସାମୂହିକଭାବେ ଉତ୍ତରଦାୟୀ ଅଟନ୍ତି ।
4. ବିଧାନ ପରିଷଦର ସଦସ୍ୟମାନେ ଲୋ _________________ ଭାବରେ ନିର୍ବାଚିତ ହୁଅନ୍ତି ।
5. ବର୍ତ୍ତମାନ ମାତ୍ର _________________ ଟି ରାଜ୍ୟରେ ବିଧାନ ପରିଷଦ ରହିଅଛି ।
6. ଭାବରେ _____________ ବର୍ଷରୁ ଊର୍ଦ୍ଧ୍ବ ବୟସ୍କ ବ୍ୟକ୍ତିମାନେ ମତଦାନ ଅଧିକାର ଉପଭୋଗ କରୁଛନ୍ତି ।
7. ରାଜ୍ୟ ମନ୍ତ୍ରିମଣ୍ଡଳର ନେତୃତ୍ୱ ______________ ନେଇଥା’ନୁ ।
8. ୭୩ ଓ ୭୪ତମ ସମ୍ବିଧାନ ସଂଶୋଧନ ___________________ ଶାସନ ପାଇଁ ଉଦ୍ଦିଷ୍ଟ ଥିଲା ।

Answer:
1. ଜନସାଧାରଣ
2. ସମ୍ବିଧାନ
3. ଲୋକସଭା
4. ପରୋକ୍ଷ
5. ୫
6. ୧୮
7. ମୁଖ୍ୟମନ୍ତ୍ର।
8. ସ୍ୱାୟତ୍ତ

D. ଠିକ୍ ଉକ୍ତି ପାଇଁ (✓ ) ଚିହ୍ନ ଓ ଭୁଲ୍ ଉକ୍ତି ପାଇଁ (x) ଚିହ୍ନ ଦିଅ ।

1. ୧୯୪୭ ଅଗଷ୍ଟ ୧୫ ତାରିଖ ଦିନ ଭାରତକୁ ଏକ ସାର୍ବଭୌମ ଗଣତାନ୍ତ୍ରିକ ସାଧାରଣତନ୍ତ୍ର ଭାବେ ଘୋଷଣା କରାଯାଇଥିଲା ।
2. ଏବେ ବିଶ୍ୱରେ ପ୍ରାୟତଃ ୧୨୦ଟି ଦେଶରେ ଗଣତାନ୍ତ୍ରିକ ଶାସନ ବ୍ୟବସ୍ଥା ରହିଛି ।
3. ଗଣତନ୍ତ୍ର ଶାସନରେ ପ୍ରଧାନମନ୍ତ୍ରୀ ହେଉଛନ୍ତି ସାର୍ବଭୌମ କ୍ଷମତାର ଅଧିକାରୀ ।
4. ଯେଉଁ ସରକାରରେ ପ୍ରତ୍ୟେକ ବ୍ୟକ୍ତି ଅଂଶଗ୍ରହଣ କରିଥା’ନ୍ତି, ତାହାକୁ ରାଜତନ୍ତ୍ର କୁହାଯାଏ ।
5. ଆମ ଭାରତର ବହୁଳ ଜନସଂଖ୍ୟା ଓ ଆୟତନର ବିଶାଳତା ଦୃଷ୍ଟିରୁ ଏଠାରେ ଏକ ପ୍ରତ୍ୟକ୍ଷ ଗଣତନ୍ତ୍ର ପ୍ରତିଷ୍ଠିତ ହୋଇଛି ।
6. ସମ୍ବିଧାନ ପ୍ରଣୟନ ସଭାର ପ୍ରଥମ ବୈଠକ ୧୯୪୫ ଡିସେମ୍ବର ୯ ତାରିଖରେ ବସିଥିଲା ।
7. ସମ୍ବିଧାନ ପ୍ରଣୟନ ହେବାପାଇଁ ୨ ବର୍ଷ ୧୧ ମାସ ୧୮ ଦିନ ଲାଗିଥିଲା ।
8. ଭାରତର ଜନସାଧାରଣ ହେଉଛନ୍ତି ସାର୍ବଭୌମ କ୍ଷମତାର ଅଧିକାରୀ ।
9. ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରପତି ହେଉଛନ୍ତି ସଂସଦର ଏକ ଅବିଚ୍ଛେଦ୍ୟ ଅଙ୍ଗ ।
10. ରାଜ୍ୟସଭାର ସଦସ୍ୟମାନେ ପରୋକ୍ଷ ଭାବେ ନିର୍ବାଚିତ ହୁଅନ୍ତି ।
11, ଆମ ଦେଶରେ ଲୋକସଭା ଓ ରାଜ୍ୟ ବିଧାନସଭା ପାଇଁ ପ୍ରତିନିଧୂ ଚୟନ ପରୋକ୍ଷ ନିର୍ବାଚନ ମାଧ୍ୟମରେ କରାଯାଇଥାଏ ।
12. ଭାରତରେ ଜଣେ ମତଦାତାଙ୍କର ସର୍ବନିମ୍ନ ବୟସସୀମା ୨୧ ବର୍ଷ ରଖାଯାଇଛି ।
13. ଦେଶର ରାଜ୍ୟ ସ୍ତରରେ ଥ‌ିବା ବିଧାନସଭାର ନିର୍ବାଚିତ ସଦସ୍ୟମାନେ ଲୋକସଭାର ସଦସ୍ୟମାନଙ୍କୁ ନିର୍ବାଚିତ କରନ୍ତି ।
14. ବିଧାନ ପରିଷଦର ସଦସ୍ୟମାନେ ଲୋକମାନଙ୍କଦ୍ୱାରା ପ୍ରତ୍ୟକ୍ଷ ଭାବରେ ନିର୍ବାଚିତ ହୁଅନ୍ତି ।
15. ଆମ ସମ୍ବିଧାନର ୩୨୪ ଧାରାରେ ସାର୍ବଜନୀନ ସାବାଳକ ମତଦାନ ପ୍ରଥା ବିଷୟରେ ଉଲ୍ଲେଖ କରାଯାଇଛି ।
16. ଗଣତନ୍ତ୍ର ଶାସନରେ କ୍ଷମତାର ବିକେନ୍ଦ୍ରୀକରଣ ପାଇଁ ନିର୍ଦ୍ଦିଷ୍ଟ ବ୍ୟବସ୍ଥା ରହିଛି ।
17. ଭାରତରେ ନାଗରିକମାନଙ୍କର ମୌଳିକ ଅଧିକାରକୁ ସୁରକ୍ଷିତ ରଖାଯାଇଅଛି ।
18. ୧୯୪୬ ମସିହା ଡିସେମ୍ବର ମାସ ୯ ତାରିଖରେ ସମ୍ବିଧାନ ପ୍ରଣୟନ ସଭାର ଦ୍ବିତୀୟ ବୈଠକ ବସିଥିଲା ।

Answer:
1. x
2. x
3. x
4. x
5. x
6. x
7. ✓
8. ✓
9. ✓
10. ✓
11. x
12. x
13. x
14. x
15. x
16. ✓
17. ✓
18. x

E. ‘କ ‘ସ୍ତମ୍ଭ ସହିତ ‘ଖ’ ସ୍ତମ୍ଭର ମିଳନ କର ।

Answer:

2.

Answer:

Odisha State Board CHSE Odisha Class 12 Math Notes Chapter 11 Differential Equations will enable students to study smartly.

CHSE Odisha 12th Class Math Notes Chapter 11 Differential Equations

(a) Differential equation:
It is an equation involving independent variables, dependent variables and their derivatives.

(b) Ordinary D.E:
Differential equation that contains derivatives with respect to a single independent variable.

(c) Partial D.E:
Differential equation that contains derivatives with respect to more than one independent variable.

(d) Order of a D.E:
Order of a differential equation is the order of the highest order derivative occurs in the equation.
eg. \(\frac{d^3 y}{d x^3}+\left(\frac{d y}{d x}\right)^5\)+ y = 0 is of order – 3.

(e) Degree of D.E:
Degree of a differential equation is the power of the highest order derivative occurs in the equation after changing to integral powers.
In the above example the degree is ‘1’.

(f) Formation of a D.E:
(i) Differential equation for f(x, y, a) = 0 … (1)
can be obtained by eliminating a from (1) and
\(\frac{d}{d x}\)f(x, y, a) = 0 … (2)
(ii) Differential equation for
f(x, y, a, b) = 0 … (1)
can be obtained by eliminating a, b from (1),
\(\frac{d}{d x}\)f(x, y, a, b) = 0 … (2)
and \(\frac{{d}^2}{{dx}^2}\)f(x, y, a, b) = 0 … (3)

(g) Solution of a D.E:
A solution of a differential equation is a function which satisfies the given equation.
General Solution: A solution is a general solution if it contains as many arbitrary constants as the order of the differential equation.
Particular Solution: It is a solution that can be obtained by giving particular values to the arbitrary constants.
Singular Solution: The solutions which can not be obtained from the general solution are singular solution.

(h) First order and first degree differential equation:
Definition:
A first order first degree differential equation takes the form
\(\frac{d y}{d x}\) = f(x, y)

Standard types and methods of solution:
(i) Variable separable:
If we can express \(\frac{d y}{d x}\) = f(x, y) in the form N(y) dy = M(x) dx
then we can get a solution by direct integration. The reduced equation is called equation with separable variables.

(ii) Equations reducible to variables separable form:
If the equation is in the form
\(\frac{d y}{d x}\) = f(ax + by + c) then pur z = ax + by + c to reduce the equation to variable separable form.
The equations of the form \(\frac{d y}{d x}=\frac{a_1 x+b_1 y+c_1}{a_2 x+b_2 y+c_2}\) where \(\frac{a_1}{a_2}=\frac{b_1}{b_2}\) can be reduced to variable separable form by putting z = a₁x + b₂y.

(iii) Homogeneous differential equation:
A differential equation of the form \(\frac{d y}{d x}=\frac{f(x, y)}{g(x, y)}\) where f(x, y) and g(x, y) are homogeneous function of x, y and of same degree is a homogeneous differential equation.
Solution process:
Put y = vx, \(\frac{d y}{d x}=v+x \frac{d v}{d x}\) to reduce the equation to variable separable form. Then solve

(iv) Equations reduciable to homogeneous form:
Form of the equation:

Homogeneous equations:
Let f(x,y) and g(x, y) be homogeneous functions of x and y of same degree.
Then \(\frac{d y}{d x}=\frac{f(x, y)}{g(x, y)}\) is called a homogeneous differential equation.
For homogeneous differential equation put y = vx and the proceed.

Odisha State Board BSE Odisha 10th Class Political Science Solutions Chapter 1 ନୂତନ ରାଜ୍ୟଗୁଡ଼ିକର ଗଠନ Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

BSE Odisha Class 10 Political Science Solutions Chapter 1 ନୂତନ ରାଜ୍ୟଗୁଡ଼ିକର ଗଠନ

୧. ପ୍ରତ୍ୟେକ ପ୍ରଶ୍ନର ଉତ୍ତର ପ୍ରାୟ ୬୦ ଗୋଟି ଶବ୍ଦରେ ଲେଖ ।

(କ) ଗୋଆ ରାଜ୍ୟ ଗଠନ ସମ୍ପର୍କରେ ଆଲୋଚନା କର ।
Answer:

• ୧୯୬୧ ମସିହା ଡିସେମ୍ବର ମାସ ୧୯ ତାରିଖ ଦିନ ଗୋଆ, ଡାମନ ଓ ଡିଉ ଭାରତରେ ମିଶିଲା ।
• ଏହା ପୂର୍ବରୁ ଦୀର୍ଘ ୪୫୦ ବର୍ଷ ଧରି ଏହି ଅଞ୍ଚଳ ପର୍ତ୍ତୁଗାଲ ଅଧୀନରେ ଥିଲା ।
• ଭାରତ ସହିତ ମିଶିବା ପରେ ସମ୍ବିଧାନ ସଂଶୋଧନ ଆଇନ ବଳରେ ଏହି ଅଞ୍ଚଳ ପ୍ରଥମେ ଏକ କେନ୍ଦ୍ରଶାସିତ ଅଞ୍ଚଳର ମାନ୍ୟତା ପାଇଥିଲା ।
• ୧୯୮୭ ମସିହାର ଗୋଆ ରାଜ୍ୟ ପୁନର୍ଗଠନ ଆଇନ ବଳରେ ୧୯୮୭ ମସିହା ମେ ମାସ ୩୦ ତାରିଖରେଏକ ରାଜ୍ୟର ମାନ୍ୟତା ପାଇଥିଲା ।

(ଖ) ‘କ’ ଶ୍ରେଣୀର ରାଜ୍ୟଗୁଡ଼ିକର ନାମ ଲେଖ ।
Answer:

• ନୂତନ ସମ୍ବିଧାନର ପ୍ରଥମ ପରିଶିଷ୍ଟରେ ସୂଚିତ ତାଲିକା ଅନୁସାରେ ନଅଗୋଟି ରାଜ୍ୟକୁ ‘କ’ ଶ୍ରେଣୀଭୁକ୍ତ କରାଯାଇଥିଲା । ସେହିସବୁ ରାଜ୍ୟର ଶାସନ ମୁଖ୍ୟଭାବେ ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରପତିଙ୍କ ଦ୍ବାରା ନିଯୁକ୍ତ ଜଣେ ଜଣେ ରାଜ୍ୟପାଳ ରହିଲେ ।
• ଏହି ନଅ ଗୋଟି ପ୍ରଦେଶ ପ୍ରାକ୍ତନ ବ୍ରିଟିଶ୍ ଶାସନାଧୀନ ଭାରତୀୟ ପ୍ରଦେଶ ଥିଲା ।
• ୧୯୫୦ ମସିହାର ନୂତନ ସମ୍ବିଧାନ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟକାରୀ ହେବାପରେ ଏହି ରାଜ୍ୟଗୁଡ଼ିକ ‘କ’ ଶ୍ରେଣୀଭୁକ୍ତ ରାଜ୍ୟଭାବେ ଗ୍ରହଣ କରାଗଲା ।
• ସେହି ‘କ’ ଶ୍ରେଣୀଭୁକ୍ତ ରାଜ୍ୟଗୁଡ଼ିକ ହେଲା – ଆସାମ, ବିହାର, ବମ୍ବେ, ମଧ୍ୟପ୍ରଦେଶ, ମାଡ୍ରାସ, ଓଡ଼ିଶା, ପଞ୍ଜାବ, ସଂଯୁକ୍ତ ପ୍ରଦେଶ ଓ ପଶ୍ଚିମବଙ୍ଗ ।

(ଗ) ଦିଲ୍ଲୀ ଶାସନ ବ୍ୟବସ୍ଥା ଆଲୋଚନା କର ।
Answer:

• ୧୯୮୭ ମସିହାଠାରୁ ଦିଲ୍ଲୀକୁ ଏକ କେନ୍ଦ୍ରଶାସିତ ଅଞ୍ଚଳ ଭାବେ ଘୋଷଣା କରାଯାଇଥିଲା । କିନ୍ତୁ ୧୯୯୨ ମସିହାଠାରୁ ଏହାକୁ ଏକ ସ୍ଵତନ୍ତ୍ର ରାଜ୍ୟର ମାନ୍ୟତା ମିଳିଛି ।
• ୧୯୯୨ ମସିହା ଫେବୃୟାରୀ ୧ ତାରିଖ ଦିନଠାରୁ ସମ୍ବିଧାନର ଧାରା ୨୩୯(କ) (କ) ଓ ୨୩୯(କ) (ଖ), ଏବଂ ୬୯ ତମ ସମ୍ବିଧାନ ସଂଶୋଧନ ଆଇନ ବଳରେ ସମ୍ବିଧାନରେ ଏହି ନୂତନ ବ୍ୟବସ୍ଥା ଯୋଗ କରାଯାଇ ଦିଲ୍ଲୀକୁ ‘‘ଜାତୀୟ ରାଜଧାନୀ ଅଞ୍ଚଳ’’ର ମାନ୍ୟତା ମିଳିଛି ।
• ୧୯୯୩ ମସିହା ପରଠାରୁ ଦିଲ୍ଲୀପାଇଁ ଗୋଟିଏ ବିଧାନସଭା ଓ ଗୋଟିଏ ମନ୍ତ୍ରିପରିଷଦର ବ୍ୟବସ୍ଥା କରାଯାଇଛି ।
• କେବଳ ରାଜ୍ୟ ତାଲିକାଭୁକ୍ତ ତିନୋଟି ବିଷୟ; ଯଥା – ଆଇନ ଓ ଶାନ୍ତିଶୃଙ୍ଖଳାରକ୍ଷା, ପୋଲିସ୍ ଓ ଜମିଜମା ବିଷୟ ବ୍ୟତୀତ ଅନ୍ୟ ସମସ୍ତ ବିଷୟରେ ଆଇନ ପ୍ରଣୟନ କ୍ଷମତା ଦିଲ୍ଲୀ ବିଧାନସଭାର ଅଛି ।
• ଦିଲ୍ଲୀର ଶାସନମୁଖ୍ୟ ହେଉଛନ୍ତି ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରପତିଙ୍କଦ୍ୱାରା ନିଯୁକ୍ତ ଜଣେ ଉପରାଜ୍ୟପାଳ ବା ଲେଫ୍‌ଟନନାଣ୍ଡ ଗଭର୍ଣ୍ଣର

(ଘ) ଭାଷାଭିତ୍ୟିକ ପ୍ରଦେଶ ଆୟୋଗର କେଉଁମାନେ ସଦସ୍ୟ ଥିଲେ ଏବଂ ଏହି ଆୟୋଗର ସୁପାରିସ କ’ଣ ଥିଲା ?
Answer:

• ୧୯୪୮ ମସିହାରେ ‘ଭାଷାଭିଭିକ ପ୍ରଦେଶ ଆୟୋଗ’ ଗଠନ କରାଯାଇଥିଲା ।
• ଏହି ଆୟୋଗ ଗଠନ ପାଇଁ ସମ୍ବିଧାନ ପ୍ରଣୟନ ସଭା ସୁପାରିସ କରିଥିଲା ।
• ଏଥରେ ଯେଉଁ ତିନିଜଣ ସଦସ୍ୟ ରହିଲେ, ସେମାନେ ହେଲେ ପଣ୍ଡିତ ଜବାହରଲାଲ ନେହେରୁ, ସର୍ଦାର ବଲ୍ଲଭ ଭାଇ ପଟେଲ ଓ ପଟ୍ଟାଭି ସୀତାରାମାୟା ।
• ଏହି ଆୟୋଗ ଭାଷାଭିଭିକ ରାଜ୍ୟ ଗଠନର ବିରୋଧୀ ଥିଲା ସତ, ମାତ୍ର ଆନ୍ଧ୍ରପ୍ରଦେଶ ଗଠନ ଦିଗରେ ଆୟୋଗର

୨. ପ୍ରତ୍ୟେକ ପ୍ରଶ୍ନର ଉତ୍ତର ପ୍ରାୟ ୨୦ ଗୋଟି ଶବ୍ଦରେ ଲେଖ ।

(କ) ପଣ୍ଡିଚେରୀ / ପୁଡୁଚେରୀର ସାମ୍ବିଧାନିକ ବ୍ୟବସ୍ଥା ।
Answer:

• ୧୯୬୨ ମସିହା ଡିସେମ୍ବର ମାସର ଚତୁର୍ଦ୍ଦଶ ସମ୍ବିଧାନ ସଂଶୋଧନ ଆଇନ ଅନୁସାରେ ପଣ୍ଡିଚେରୀ ଏକ କେନ୍ଦ୍ରଶାସିତ ଅଞ୍ଚଳର ମାନ୍ୟତା ପାଇଥିଲା ।
• ୧୯୭୪ ମସିହାଠାରୁ ଏଠାରେ ଏକ ବିଧାନସଭା ଓ ମନ୍ତ୍ରିପରିଷଦର ବ୍ୟବସ୍ଥା ରଖାଯାଇଛି । ଏହାର ଶାସନମୁଖ୍ୟ ହେଉଛନ୍ତି ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରପତିଙ୍କଦ୍ୱାରା ନିଯୁକ୍ତ ଜଣେ ଉପରାଜ୍ୟପାଳ ବା ଲେଫ୍‌ଟନନାଣ୍ଡ ଗଭର୍ଣ୍ଣର ।

(ଖ) ‘ଖ’ ଶ୍ରେଣୀଭୁକ୍ତ ରାଜ୍ୟମାନଙ୍କର ମୁଖ୍ୟଙ୍କୁ କ’ଣ କୁହାଯାଏ ?
Answer:

• ‘ଖ’ ଶ୍ରେଣୀରେ ପାଞ୍ଚଗୋଟି ରାଜ୍ୟ ଥିଲା ।
• ‘ଖ’ ଶ୍ରେଣୀଭୁକ୍ତ ରାଜ୍ୟମାନଙ୍କର ଶାସନମୁଖ୍ୟଙ୍କୁ ‘ରାଜ୍ୟ ପ୍ରମୁଖ’ କୁହାଯାଉଥିଲା ।

(ଗ) ଜାମ୍ମୁ ଓ କାଶ୍ମୀରକୁ ବର୍ତ୍ତମାନ କେଉଁ ଶ୍ରେଣୀଭୁକ୍ତ କରାଯାଇଛି ?
Answer:

• ୨୦୧୯ ମସିହା ଅକ୍ଟୋବର ୩୧ ତାରିଖରେ ଜାମ୍ମୁ ଓ କାଶ୍ମୀର ରାଜ୍ୟ ପୁନର୍ଗଠନ ଆଇନ ୨୦୧୯ ଅନୁସାରେ ଜାମ୍ମୁ ଓ କାଶ୍ମୀରକୁ ବିଭାଜନ କରାଯାଇଥିଲା ।
• ଜାମ୍ମୁ ଓ କାଶ୍ମୀର ଏବଂ ଲଦାଖ ନାମକ ଦୁଇଟି କେନ୍ଦ୍ରଶାସିତ ଅଞ୍ଚଳ ଭାବେ ଗଠିତ ହୋଇଛି । ଫଳରେ ଆମ ଦେଶରେ କେନ୍ଦ୍ରଶାସିତ ଅଞ୍ଚଳ ସଂଖ୍ୟା ୭ରୁ ୯ କୁ ବୃଦ୍ଧିପାଇଛି ।

Odisha State Board CHSE Odisha Class 12 Math Notes Chapter 8 Application of Derivatives will enable students to study smartly.

CHSE Odisha 12th Class Math Notes Chapter 8 Application of Derivatives

Tangents and normals:
(a) If y = f(x) is the equation of any curve then = The slope of the tangent at P(x₁, y₁).
(b) Slope of the normal at (x₁, y₁)
(c) Equation of tangent at P(x₁, y₁) is y – y₁ =
(d) Equation of normal at P(x₁, y₁) is y – y₁ =
(e) Angle between two curves is the angle between two tangents at the point of contact.

Increasing and decreasing functions:
If y = f(x) is defined in [a, b] then
(i) f'(x) > 0, x ∈ (a, b)
⇒ f is strictly increasing on (a, b).
(ii) f'(x) > 0, x ∈ (a, b)
⇒ f is monotonic increasing on (a, b).
(iii) f'(x) < 0, x ∈ (a, b)
⇒ f is strictly decreasing on (a, b).
(iv) f'(x) < 0, x ∈ (a, b)
⇒ f is monotonic decreasing on (a, b).
(v) f'(x) = 0, x ∈ (a, b)
⇒ f is a constant function on (a, b).

Approximation:
(a) If y = f(x) is a function and δx is a very small change in x then the respective change in y is δy given by
δy = f'(x) δx => dy = f'(x) δx.
∴ The approximate value of y = f(x) at
x = a + δx is f(a + δx)
= f(a) + f(a) δx

Maxima and minima:
(a) First derivative criteria to find max/min of y = f(x)
Algorithm:
Step-1 : Put and solve for x.
Let x = a, b, c ……
Step-2 : If changes sign from (+ve) to (-ve) in then at x = a, ‘f’ has a local maximum. If changes sign from (-ve) to (+ve) in then at x = a, f has a local minimum. If in thenat x = a ‘f’ has neither maxima nor a minima (it may be a point of inflexion).

(b) Second derivative criteria
Algorithm:
Step-1 : Find the roots of f'(x) = 0.
Let they are a, b, c ……
Step-2 : Find f”(x) and put x = a, b, c ……
(i) If f”(a) > 0 then at x = a, f has a local minimum.
(ii) If f”(a) < 0 then at x = a, f has a local maximum.
(iii) If f”(a) = 0 and f”(x) changes sign in (a – δ, a + δ) then x = a is a point of inflexion.
(iv) If f”(a) = 0 and f”(x) does not change sign in then use first derivative criteria to check for maxima/minima.

Mean Value Theorems:
(a) Rolle’s theorem:
If a function f is
(i) continuous on the closed interval [a, b]
(ii) differentiable on the open interval (a, b) and
(iii) f(a) = f(b) then there exists a point c ∈ (a, b) such that f(c) = 0.
Geometrical interpretation:
If f is continuous on [a, b], differentiable on (a, b) and f(a) = f(b) then there exists atleast one point c ∈ (a, b) such that at x = c the tangent is parallel to x-axis.
Algebraic interpretation:
Between two roots ‘a’ and ‘b’ of f(x) there exists atleast one root of f'(x).

(b) Cauchy’s Mean Value theorem:
If ‘f’ and ‘g’ are two functions such that
(i) both are continuous on [a, b]
(ii) both are differentiable on (a, b) and
(iii) g'(x) ≠ 0 for any x ∈ (a, b) then there exists atleast one point c ∈ (a, b) such that
Geometrical interpretation:
The conclusion of Cauchy’s theorem can be written as i.e. the ratio of the mean rate of increase of two functions in an interval equals to the ratio of actual rate of increase at some point of the interval.

(c) Lagrange’s Mean Value theorem:
If a function f is
(i) continuous on the closed interval [a, b]
(ii) differentiable on the open interval(a, b) then there exists atleast one c ∈ (a, b), such that.
Geometrical interpretation:
Between two points A and B of the graph of y = f(x) there exists atleast one point c such that the tangent is parallel to the chord AB.

Indeterminate forms & L’Hospitals rule:
A limit is said to be in indeterminate form if it takes any of the forms.
Note:
If a limit is in indeterminate form then it can be evaluated using the following methods.
(i) Change the function to determinate form (by rationalisation, expansion or any other means) then find the limit.
Or, (ii) Bring to form then use L’Hospitals rule.
L’Hospitals rule:
Let f and g are two functions differentiable on some open interval containing ‘a’ such that g'(x) ≠ 0 for x ≠ a and g(a) = f(a) = 0, then provided the latter limit exists.

Odisha State Board BSE Odisha 9th Class English Solutions Chapter 4 The Missile Man of India Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Class 9th English Chapter 4 The Missile Man of India Question Answers BSE Odisha

The Missile Man of India Class 9 Questions and Answers

Let’s Understand The Text:

Read the text silently and understand. While reading, some new words may stand in your way. Don’t worry. Refer to the ‘Notes and Glossary’ provided at the end of the text. You may also consult a dictionary or your teacher. After you have read, your teacher asks you some questions. Answer them orally.

Question 1.
Who was Dr APJ Abdul Kalam?
(ଡ. ଏପିଜେ ଅବଦୁଲ୍ କଲାମ୍ କିଏ ?)
Answer:
Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam was a celebrated scientist and the 11th President of India. He was popularly known as “The Missile Man of India”.

Question 2.
Why is Dr Kalam known as “The Missile Man of India”?
(ଡ. କଲାମ୍ ‘ଭାରତର କ୍ଷେପଣାସ୍ତ୍ର ମାନବ’ ଭାବେ କାହିଁକି ପରିଚିତ ?)
Answer:
Dr. Kalam was closely involved in India’s civilian space programme and military missile development efforts. So he is known as “The Missile Man of India”.

Question 3.
Where was he born? When?
(ସେ କେଉଁଠାରେ ଜନ୍ମଗ୍ରହଣ କରିଥିଲେ ? କେବେ ?)
Answer:
Dr. Kalam was born in a Tamil Muslim family at Rameswaram in Tamil Nadu on 15 October 1931.

Question 4.
Who were his family members?
(କେଉଁମାନେ ତାଙ୍କର ପାରିବାରିକ ସଦସ୍ୟ ଥିଲେ ?)
Answer:
His family members were his father Jainulabdeen, mother Ashima, three elder brothers and an elder sister.

Question 5.
Who were his father and mother?
(ତାଙ୍କର ପିତା ଓ ମାତା କିଏ ଥିଲେ ?)
Answer:
His father Jainulabdeen was a boat owner and the Imam of a local mosque. His mother Ashiamma was an ordinary housewife.

Question 6.
What was his mother?
(ତାଙ୍କର ମାତା କ’ଣ ଥିଲେ ?)
Answer:
His mother Ashiamma was simply a house-wife and a devotional lady.

Question 7.
How did his father earn his living?
(ତାଙ୍କର ପିତା କିଭଳି ଜୀବିକାର୍ଜନ କରୁଥିଲେ ?)
Answer:
His father owned a ferry that took Hindu pilgrims from Rameswaram to Dhanushkodi and back. He earned his living by this small business.

Question 8.
Were Kalam’s ancestors rich or poor? How do you know it?
(କଲାମ୍ଙ୍କର ପୂର୍ବପୁରୁଷ ଧନୀ ଅଥବା ଗରିବ ଥିଲେ ? ତୁମେ କିପରି ଏହା ଜାଣୁଛ?)
Answer:
Dr. Kalam’s ancestors were rich traders and land owners. Unluckily in course of time they lost their vast properties even their ancestral house and fell on hard times.

Question 9.
How did he add to his family?
(ସେ କିପରି ତାଙ୍କର ପରିବାରକୁ ସହଯୋଗ କରୁଥିଲେ?)
Answer:
In his childhood days he faced misery of life. He had to sell newspapers to supplement his family’s income.

Question 10.
What is the third paragraph about?
(ତୃତୀୟ ପାରାଗ୍ରାଫ୍ କେଉଁଥିପାଇଁ ଉଦ୍ଦିଷ୍ଟ?)
Answer:
The third paragraph is about Kalam’s education in his childhood days. It was also dealt with his loving and affectionate science teacher Sivasubramania Iyer.

Question 11.
Where did he get his primary education?
(ତାଙ୍କର ପ୍ରାରମ୍ଭିକ ଶିକ୍ଷା କେଉଁଠାରେ ପ୍ରାପ୍ତ ହୋଇଥିଲେ?)
Answer:
Dr. Kalam got his primary education at Ramanathpuram.

Question 12.
Who was his science teacher?
(ତାଙ୍କର ବିଜ୍ଞାନ ଶିକ୍ଷକ କିଏ ଥିଲେ ?)
Answer:
Mr. Sivasubramania Iyer was his science teacher when Kalam was in the primary school.

Question 13.
What was he like?
(ସେ କିଭଳି ଥିଲେ ?)
Answer:
The science teacher of the school was loving and affectionate to Kalam. As he was a committed teacher, his inspiration made him great.

Question 14.
What did he invite Kalam for?
(ସେ କଲାମ୍‌ଙ୍କୁ କେଉଁଥିପାଇଁ ନିମନ୍ତ୍ରଣ କରିଥିଲେ?)
Answer:
Once he invited Kalam for a meal in his house.

Question 15.
How did his wife react to it?
(ଏଥପ୍ରତି ତାଙ୍କ ପତ୍ନୀ କିଭଳି ପ୍ରତିକ୍ରିୟା ପ୍ରକାଶ କରିଥିଲେ?)
Answer:
His wife disliked it and denied serving a Muslim boy like Kalam.

Question 16.
What changed her attitude?
(କ’ଣ ତାଙ୍କର ମନୋବୃତ୍ତିରେ ପରିବର୍ତ୍ତନ ଆଣିଥିଲା ?)
Answer:
When the teacher himself served Kalam, his wife was watching behind the kitchen door. But Kalam’s behaviour, way of taking the meal and cleaning the floor changed her attitude.

Question 17.
How did she behave him later?
(ପରବର୍ତ୍ତୀ ସମୟରେ ସେ ତାଙ୍କୁ କିଭଳି ବ୍ୟବହାର ଦେଖାଇଥିଲେ?)
Answer:
When the teacher invited Kalam next time, she welcomed him and served him food herself.

Question 18.
Who does ‘He’ in the third sentence of para-3 refer to?
(ତୃତୀୟ ଅନୁଚ୍ଛେଦର ତୃତୀୟ ବାକ୍ୟରେ ‘He’ (ସେ) କାହାକୁ ବୁଝାଉଛି ? )
Answer:
‘He’ in third sentence of para-3 refers to Sivasubramania Iyer, Kalam’s science teacher.

Question 19.
The fourth paragraph is about his ________.
(ଚତୁର୍ଥ ଅନୁଚ୍ଛେଦଟି ତାଙ୍କ_________ ବିଷୟରେ ।)
A. elementary education
B. higher education
C. secondary education
D. family
(Say the correct answer.)
Answer:
The fourth paragraph is about his secondary education and higher education.

Question 20.
Was he good at studies at the high school? Read out the sentence in support of your answer.
(ସେ ଉଚ୍ଚ ବିଦ୍ୟାଳୟରେ ପାଠପଢ଼ାରେ ପାରଦର୍ଶୀ ଥିଲେ କି ? ତୁମ ଉତ୍ତର ସମର୍ଥନରେ ଗୋଟିଏ ବାକ୍ୟ କୁହ ।)
Answer:
Yes, in the line “but was considerd a bright and hard working student” shows that he was good at studies at the high school.

Question 21.
What was Kalam’s dream in life?
(ଜୀବନରେ କଲାମଙ୍କର ସ୍ୱପ୍ନ କ’ଣ ଥିଲା)
Answer:
Kalam’s dream in life was to become a pilot.

Question 22.
What did he do to fulfil his dream in life?
(ସେ ତାଙ୍କ ଜୀବନର ସ୍ଵପ୍ନକୁ ପୂରଣ କରିବା ପାଇଁ କ’ଣ କଲେ?)
Answer:
In order to fulfill his dream that to become a pilot, he applied for studying engineering at the Madras Institute of Technology.

Question 23.
Do you have any dream? How can you fulfil your dream in your life?
(ତୁମ ମନରେ କିଛି ସ୍ବପ୍ନ ଅଛି କି ? ତୁମେ ତାକୁ କିଭଳି ପୂରଣ କରିପାରିବ ?)
Answer:
Yes, like others, I have a dream to become an engineer. I am studying hard to fulfil my dream in life.

Question 24.
What problem did he face for his admission into engineering?
(ଇଞ୍ଜିନିୟରିଂ ପଢ଼ିବ ପାଇଁ ସେ କେଉଁ ସମସ୍ୟାର ସମ୍ମୁଖୀନ ହୋଇଥିଲେ ?)
Answer:
It was not so easy to take admission at such a prestigious institution like Madras Institute of Technology. It was an expensive affair. The problem that he faced for his admission into engineering was that he didn’t have one thousand rupees to pay towards his course fee.

Question 25.
Who came to his help? How?
(କିଏ ତାଙ୍କୁ ସାହାଯ୍ୟ କଲା? କିପରି?)
Answer:
Asim Zohra, his loving elder sister came to his help. She mortgaged her gold ornaments for his admission fee.

Question 26.
When did he complete his aerospace engineering?
(ସେ କେବେ ଅନ୍ତରୀକ୍ଷ ଇଞ୍ଜିନିୟରିଂ ପଢ଼ା ଶେଷ କଲେ ?)
Answer:
He completed his aerospace engineering in 1960.

Question 27.
Name the institution where he got –
(ଶିକ୍ଷାନୁଷ୍ଠାନର ନାମ ଲେଖ ଯେଉଁଠାରେ ସେ -)
(a) Secondary Education:
(b) Graduation in Physics:
(c) Aerospace Engineering:
Answer:
(a) He got secondary education at the Schwartz Higher Secondary School.
(b) He got graduation in Physics at, Saint Joseph’s College, Tiruchirapalli.
(c) He got Aerospace Engineering at the Madras Institute of Technology.

Question 28.
The pragraphs- 5 and 6 describe Dr. Kalam’s career as ________.
(ପଞ୍ଚମ ଓ ଷଷ୍ଠ ଅନୁଚ୍ଛେଦରେ କଲାମଙ୍କର ବୃତ୍ତି ଜଣେ __________ ଭାବରେ ବର୍ଣ୍ଣନା କରାଯାଇଛି ।)

• a marine engineer
• an aerospace scientist
• a plant scientist
• a software engineer

Answer:
The paragraph 5 and 6 describe Dr. Kalam’s career as an aerospace scientist.

Question 29.
How did he begin his career?
(ସେ ତାଙ୍କର ବୃତ୍ତି କିଭଳି ସେ ଆରମ୍ଭ କଲେ ?)
Answer:
Kalam began his career as a trainee at Hindustan Aeronautics Limited in Bangalore.

Question 30.
Where was he appointed as a scientist first?
(ଜଣେ ବୈଜ୍ଞାନିକ ଭାବରେ କେଉଁଠାରେ ସେ ପ୍ରଥମେ ନିଯୁକ୍ତି ପାଇଲେ?)
Answer:
He was appointed as a scientist first at the Defence Research Development Organisation (DRDO).

Question 31.
When did he start his work in the Indian Space Research Organisation?
(ଭାରତୀୟ ଅନ୍ତରୀକ୍ଷ ଗବେଷଣା ପ୍ରତିଷ୍ଠାନରେ ସେ କେବେ ତାଙ୍କର କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ ଆରମ୍ଭ କଲେ?)
Answer:
He started his work in the Indian Space Research Organisation in 1969.

Question 32.
What was the purpose of the satellite?
(ଉପଗ୍ରହର ଉଦ୍ଦେଶ୍ୟ କ’ଣ ଥିଲା?)
Answer:
The purpose of satellite was to develop the technology to launch the satellite into the orbit.

Question 33.
When was the first Rohini satellite launched into the orbit?
(ପ୍ରଥମ ରୋହିଣୀ ଉପଗ୍ରହକୁ କେବେ କକ୍ଷପଥରେ ଅବସ୍ଥାପିତ କରାଗଲା?)
Answer:
The first Rohini satellite launched into the orbit in 1980.

Question 34.
How many years did Kalam spend in the ISRO?
(ଇସ୍ରୋରେ କଲାମ୍ କେତେ ବର୍ଷ ବିତାଇଥିଲେ?)
Answer:
Kalam spent nineteen years in the ISRO.

Question 35.
Where did he take the leading role in the development of India’s missiles and nuclear weapons programme?
(ସେ କେଉଁଠାରେ ଭାରତର କ୍ଷେପଣାସ୍ତ୍ର ଓ ପରମାଣୁ ଅସ୍ତ୍ରଶସ୍ତ୍ର କାର୍ଯ୍ୟକ୍ରମର ବିକାଶ ନିମନ୍ତେ ମୁଖ୍ୟ ଭୂମିକା ନିର୍ବାହ କରିଥିଲେ?)
Answer:
Kalam took the leading role in the development of India’s missiles and nuclear weapons programme at the DRDO.

Question 36.
What made him extremely popular in the country?
(ସେ କେଉଁଥପାଇଁ ଦେଶର ଅତୀବ ଲୋକପ୍ରିୟ ହୋଇଥିଲେ?)
Answer:
Under his guidance and supervision the development of India’s missiles and nuclear
weapons programme became very successful and led to the development of four missiles namely Prithi, Trishul, Akash and Nag. This made him extremely popular in the country.

Question 37.
What was he called after the success of the four missiles- Prithvi, Trishul, Akash and Nag?
(ପୃଥବୀ, ତ୍ରିଶୂଳ, ଆକାଶ ଓ ନାଗ୍ – ଏହି ଚାରୋଟି କ୍ଷେପଣାସ୍ତ୍ର ସଫଳତା ପରେ, ତାଙ୍କୁ କ’ଣ କୁହାଗଲା?)
Answer:
After the success of the four missiles- Prithvi, Trishul, Akash and Nag, he was popularly called as “The Missile Man of India”

Question 38.
Why did he camp in Rajasthan’s Thar Desert?
(ରାଜସ୍ଥାନର ଥର୍ ମରୁଭୂମିରେ ସେ କାହିଁକି ଅସ୍ଥାୟୀ ଭାବେ ରହିଥିଲେ ?)
Answer:
Kalam camped in Rajasthan’s Thar Desert to supervise the Pokhran-II, nuclear tests.

Question 39.
What, according to Dr Kalam, was the “defining moment” in the history of our country?
(ଡ. କଲାମ୍‌ଙ୍କ ଅନୁସାରେ, ଭାରତ ଇତିହାସରେ ଘଡ଼ିସନ୍ଧି ମୁହୂର୍ଭ କେଉଁଟି ଥିଲା ?)
Answer:
According to Dr Kalam, his stay in Rajasthan’s Thar Desert for a fortnight to supervise the Pokharan-II nuclear tests was the defining moment in the history of our country.

Question 40.
Why was it very hard to camp in Rajasthan’s Thar Desert?
(ରାଜସ୍ଥାନର ଥର୍ ମରୁଭୂମିରେ ଅସ୍ଥାୟୀ ଭାବେ ଅବସ୍ଥାନ କରିବା କାହିଁକି କଠିନ ଥୁଲା ?)
Answer:
It was very hard to camp in Rajasthan’s Thar Desert because these were the hot days of 1998 at Pokhran. On a particular day the temperature there rose to 53° C.

Question 41.
What are Kalam’s contributions for India’s defence programme?
(ଭାରତର ପ୍ରତିରକ୍ଷା କାର୍ଯ୍ୟକ୍ରମକୁ କଲାମ୍‌ର ଦାନ କ’ଣ ଥିଲା ?)
Answer:
Kalam’s contribution for India’s defence programme is great. He had developed a number of missiles and nuclear weapons for the sake of country’s defence.

Question 42.
Dr. Kalam was the Chief Scientific Advisor to _______ of India.
(ଡ. କଲାମ୍ ଭାରତର ___________ ଙ୍କ ମୁଖ୍ୟ ବିଜ୍ଞାନ ବିଷୟକ ପରାମର୍ଶଦାତା ଥିଲେ ।)
i. the President
iii. the Field Marshal
ii. the Prime Minister
iv. the Secretary of Defence
(Choose the correct answer.)
Answer:
Dr. Kalam was the Chief Scientific Advisor to the Prime Minister of India.

Question 43.
What awards and honours was Kalam honoured with?
(କଲାମ୍‌ଙ୍କୁ କେଉଁ ସମ୍ମାନଗୁଡ଼ିକରେ ସମ୍ମାନିତ ହୋଇଥିଲେ ?)
Answer:
Dr. Kalam was honoured with the Padma Bhushan in 1981, the Padma Vibhusan in 1990 and the nation’s highest civilian honour, The Bharat Ratna in 1997.

Question 44.
What is the highest civilian award of our country?
(ଭାରତର ସର୍ବଶ୍ରେଷ୍ଠ ବେସାମରିକ ସମ୍ମାନ କ’ଣ ଅଟେ?)
Answer:
The highest civilian award of our country is ‘the Bharat Ratna’.

Question 45.
How did Kalam pass away?
(କଲାମ୍ କିପରି ଶେଷ ନିଶ୍ଵାସ ତ୍ୟାଗ କଲେ?)
Answer:
On 27th July 2015 Dr. Kalam was delivering a lecture in Shillong. During the course of his lecture, he collapsed and was immediately taken to the hospital. There he passed away from us in a massive cardiac arrest.

Question 46.
Why will people of our country remember Kalam forever?
(ଆମ ଦେଶର ଲୋକମାନେ କଲାମ୍‌ଙ୍କୁ କାହିଁକି ମନେ ରଖୁବେ?)
Answer:
The people of our country will remember Kalam for his dedication, devotion and selfless service to the nation, particularly as ‘The Missile Man of India’.

Question 47.
What qualities of Dr Kalam do you like very much?
(କଲାମ୍‌ଙ୍କର କେଉଁ ଗୁଣଗୁଡ଼ିକ ତୁମକୁ ବେଶି ଭଲ ଲାଗୁଛି ?)
Answer:
Dr. Kalam was qualitative man. His simple living, ideal life, great devotion and dedication and service to the nation make him popular in the country.

Question 48.
Can you say the names of some eminent scientists who have contributed a lot to our country?
(ଯେଉଁ ପ୍ରଖ୍ୟାତ ବୈଜ୍ଞାନିକମାନେ ଦେଶ ପାଇଁ ଅନେକ ଅବଦାନ ଦେଇଯାଇଛି ତୁମେ ସେମାନଙ୍କ ମଧ୍ୟରୁ କେତେକଙ୍କ ନାମ କହିପାରିବ କି?)
Answer:
C.V. Raman, Homi J. Bhabha, Visvesvaraya and Vikram Sarabhai are some of the eminent great scientists of our country. They have contributed a lot for our country.

Let’s Understand The Text: (ଆସନ୍ତୁ ପାଠ୍ୟକୁ ବୁଝିବା:)

(a) Match the paragraph numbers under column- ‘A’ with their main ideas given under column-‘B\ Write the paragraph number in the box given against each idea. (Question with Answer)
(‘A’ ସ୍ତମ୍ଭ ତଳେ ଥିବା ଅନୁଚ୍ଛେଦ କ୍ରମ ସଂଖ୍ୟା ସହ ‘B’ ସ୍ତମ୍ଭ ତଳେ ଥିବା ମୁଖ୍ୟ ବିଷୟବସ୍ତୁ ମିଳାଅ । ଅନୁଚ୍ଛେଦ କ୍ରମ ସଂଖ୍ୟାକୁ ପ୍ରଦତ୍ତ ବାକ୍ସ ଭିତରେ ଲେଖ । ଗୋଟିଏ ତୁମ ପାଇଁ କରିଦିଆଯାଇଛି ।)

A (Paragraph Numbers)	B Main Ideas
1	[ ] Elementary education
2	[ ] Death of Kalam
3	[ ] Awards and honours
4	[ ] Introducing Dr APJ Abdul Kalam
5, 6 and 7	[ ] Secondary and higher education
8	[ ] Kalam’s childhood
9	[ ] Career and contribution

Answer:

A (Paragraph Numbers)	B Main Ideas
1	3 Elementary education
2	9 Death of Kalam
3	8 Awards and honours
4	1 Introducing Dr APJ Abdul Kalam
5, 6 and 7	4 Secondary and higher education
8	2  Kalam’s childhood
9	5, 6 and 7 Career and contribution

(b) Fill in the blanks choosing the right answers from brackets.
(ବନ୍ଧନୀ ମଧ୍ଯରେ ସଠିକ୍ ଉତ୍ତର ବାଛି ଶୂନ୍ୟସ୍ଥାନ ପୂରଣ କର ।)
[elementary education, his science teacher, the People’s President, his family income, Chief Scientific Advisor, The Bharat Ratna, development of four missiles, Integrated Missile Development Programme]

(i) Dr APJ Abdul Kalam is popularly known as ________.
(ii) Kalam has to sell newspapers to supplement ________.
(iii) Kalam started his ______ at Ramanathapuram.
(iv) Kalam’s most favourite teacher was ________.
(v) Dr Kalam was popularly called ‘The Missile Man of India’ after the success of the _________.
(vi) The successful launch of the missiles was possible when Kalam was heading the ________.
(vii) Dr APJ Abdul Kalam was honoured the nation’s highest honour ________ in 1997.
(viii) Dr Kalam was the________ to the Prime Minister and the Secretary of Defence Research and Development Organisation.
Answer:
(i) Dr APJ Abdul Kalam is popularly known as people’s President.
(ii) Kalam has to sell newspapers to supplement his family income.
(iii) Kalam started his elementary education at Ramanathapuram.
(iv) Kalam’s most favourite teacher was his science teacher.
(v) Dr Kalam was popularly called ‘The Missile Man of India’ after the success of the development of four missiles.
(vi) The successful launch of the missiles was possible when Kalam was heading the Integrated Missile Development Programme.
(vii) Dr APJ Abdul Kalam was honoured the nation’s highest honour the Bharat Ratna in 1997.
(viii) Dr Kalam was the Chief Scientific Advisor to the Prime Minister and the Secretary of Defence Research and Development Organisation.

(c) Read the text and find out the situations :
(ପାଠ୍ୟବିଷୟକୁ ପଢ଼ ଏବଂ ପରିସ୍ଥିତିକୁ ଖୋଜି ବାହାର କର ।)
(i) when Kalam faced challenges on his way to achievements
Answer:
Kalam faced challenges on his way to achievements at the time of taking admission in the Madras Institute of Technology.

(ii) when Kalam felt happy –
Answer:
Kalam faced challenges on his way to achievements at the time of taking admission in the Madras Institute of Technology.

Let’s Talk : ଆସନ୍ତୁ ଆଲୋଚନା କରିବା

(a) Listen to each of the following expressions and say the line(s) and paragraph number in which it occurs. (Question with Answer)
(ତଳଲିଖ ଉକ୍ତିଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ଶୁଣ ଏବଂ ଧାଡ଼ି ଏବଂ ଅନୁଚ୍ଛେଦ କ୍ରମ ସଂଖ୍ୟା କୁହ ।)

Question 1.
Kalam as the 11th President of India
Answer:
In 2002, he was elected as the 11th President of India, and was widely referred to as the “People’s President”. (Line – 3, Paragraph – 1)

Question 2.
Date and place of birth of Kalam
Answer:
Dr. Abdul Kalam was born on 15th October 1931 in a Tamil Muslim family at Rameswaram in the state of Tamil Nadu. (Line – 1, Paragraph – 2)

Question 3.
Kalam’s elementary education
Answer:
Kalam started his elementary education at Ramanathapuram. (Line – 3, Paragraph – 3)

Question 4.
The Schwartz Higher Secondary School
Answer:
Kalam then moved to the Schwartz Higher Secondary School for his secondary education. (Line – 1, Paragraph – 4)

Question 5.
He graduated in Physics
Answer:
After completing his studies here, Kalam was admitted to Saint Joseph’s College, Tiruchirappalli where he graduated in Physics in 1954. (Line – 4, Paragraph – 4)

Question 6.
Zohra, his sister helped Kalam for his education
Answer:
Asim Zohra, his compassionate elder sister, came to his help. (Line – 10, Paragraph – 4)

Question 7.
He completed aerospace engineering in 1960.
Answer:
And he completed his aerospace engineering in 1960. (Line – 12, Paragraph – 4)

Question 8.
Joined DRDO
Answer:
Then he joined the Defence Research Development Organisation (DRDO) as a scientist. (Line – 2, Paragraph – 5)

Question 9.
Kalam succeeded in launching the first satellite, Rohini.
Answer:
It was under Dr Kalam’s direct guidance and supervision that the first Rohini satellite was successfully launched into the orbit in 1980. (Line – 5, Paragraph – 5)

(b) Say the full forms of the following acronyms/abbreviations in a chain-drill, (one after another)
(ନିମ୍ନଲିଖ ସଂକ୍ଷିପ୍ତ ରୂପଗୁଡ଼ିକର ପୂର୍ବରୂପ କ୍ରମାନୁସାରେ କୁହ ।) (ଗୋଟିକ ପରେ ଗୋଟିଏ)

(i) HAL: Hindustan Aeronautics Limited
(ii) DRDO: Defence Research Development Orgnisation.
(iii) ISRO: Indian Space Research Organisation
(iv) SLV: Satellite Launch Vehicle
(v) IGMDP: Integrated Missile Development Programme

Let’s Learn Words: ଆସନ୍ତୁ ଶବ୍ଦ ଶିଖିବା:

(a) Match the words under ‘A’ with their opposite meanings under ‘B’. One is done for you.
(ସ୍ତମ୍ଭ ‘A’ ତଳେ ଥିବା ଶବ୍ଦଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ସ୍ତମ୍ଭ ‘B’ ତଳେ ଥିବା ଶବ୍ଦ ସହ ମିଳାଅ । ଗୋଟିଏ ତୁମ ପାଇଁ କରି ଦିଆଯାଇଛି ।)

A Words	B Opposite Meanings
complete	unpopular
educated	inexpensive
expensive	unsuccessful
successful	insufficient
popular	incomplete
sufficient	uneducated

Answer:

A Words	B Opposite Meanings
complete	unpopular
educated	inexpensive
expensive	unsuccessful
successful	insufficient
popular	incomplete
sufficient	uneducated

(b) Match the words/phrases under ‘A’ with their meanings tinder ‘B\ Write the number of the word in the box for each. (Question with Answer)
(‘A’ ତଳେ ଥିବା ଶବ୍ଦଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ‘B’ ତଳେ ଥିବା ସେଗୁଡ଼ିକର ଅର୍ଥ ସହ ମିଳାଅ । ପ୍ରତ୍ୟେକ ଶବ୍ଦର କ୍ରମ ସଂଖ୍ୟା ବାକ୍ସ ମଧ୍ୟରେ ଲେଖ ।)

A Words	B Meanings
1 distinguished	[ ] important time
2 referred to	[ ] kindhearted
3 supplement	[ ]became senseless because of illness
4 compassionate	[ ]to start an activity
5 launch	[ ] an weapon sent through the air that explodes when it hits a target
6 defining moment	[ ] most popular (known as)
7 collapsed	[ ] very successful and admired by people
8 missile	[ ] 3 to add to something to improve it

A Words	B Meanings
1 distinguished	6 important time
2 referred to	4 kindhearted
3 supplement	7 became senseless because of illness
4 compassionate	5 to start an activity
5 launch	8 an weapon sent through the air that explodes when it hits a target
6 defining moment	2 most popular (known as)
7 collapsed	1 very successful and admired by people
8 missile	3 to add to something to improve it

(c) Read the following sentence and mark the word in bold letters.
His mother, Ashiamma was a housewife.
Here the word- housewife in the above sentence is built with two words: house + wife.
This is a compound word.
(i) Given below are some compound words. Break them as done above. (Question with answer)
(ତଳେ କେତେକ ଯୌଗିକ ଶବ୍ଦ ଦିଆଯାଇଛି । ଉପରେ କରାଯାଇଥିବା ଭଳି ସେଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ଅଲଗା ଅଲଗା କର ।)

landowner	=	land	+	owner
weekend	=	week	+	end
milestone	=	mile	+	stone
headline	=	head	+	line
newspaper	=	news	+	paper
overtime	=	over	+	time
childhood	=	child	+	hood

(ii) Will you write ten more compound words on your own?
(ତୁମେ ନିଜେ ଆଉ ଦଶଟି ଶବ୍ଦ ଲେଖୁରିବ କି ?)

Answer:

airbase	=	air	+	base
shorthand	=	short	+	hand
lowland	=	low	+	land
headword	=	head	+	word
washerman	=	washer	+	man
heatwave	=	heat	+	wave
downstream	=	down	+	stream
airbag	=	air	+	bag
wasteland	=	waste	+	land
grandparents	=	grand	+	parents

Let’s Learn Language: ଆସନ୍ତୁ ଶିଖିବା ଭାଷା:

(a) Study the following sentence and mark the words in bold letters.
Dr APJ Abdul Kalam was bom on 15 October 1931.
We use the past form of the ‘be’ verb – was/were + born (the third form of the verb ‘bear’) to talk about the event of birth of a person.
Work in pairs, discuss and fill in the blanks in the table. Then write the sentence below the table. One is done for you. (Question with Answer)
(ଯୋଡ଼ି ହୋଇ ଆଲୋଚନା କର ଏବଂ ସାରଣୀରେ ଥିବା ଶୂନ୍ୟସ୍ଥାନ ପୂରଣ କର । ତା’ପରେ ବାକ୍ୟଟିକୁ ସାରଣୀ ତଳେ ଲେଖ । ଗୋଟିଏ ତୁମ ପାଇଁ କରି ଦିଆଯାଇଛି ।)

Name of the person	Place of Birth	Date of Birth
Mahatma Gandhi	Porbandar, Gujrat	2nd October 1869
Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan	Tiruttani, Madras	5th September 1888
Gopabandhu Dash	Suando, Puri, Odisha	9th October 1877
Madhusudan Das	Satyabhamapur, Cuttack Odisha,	28th April 1848
Biju Patnaik	G.Nuagan, Bellaguntha, Ganjam, Odisha	5th March 1916
Jagadish Chandra Bose	Memvnesinsh in Bengal	30 November 1858

1. Jagadish Chandra Bose was born at Memynesingh in Bengal on 30 November 1858.
2. Mahatma Gandhi was bom at Porbandar, Gujrat on 2nd October 1869
3. Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan was born at Tiruttani, Madras on 5th September 1888
4. Gopabandhu Dash was bom at Suando, Puri, Odisha on 9th October 1877
5. Madhusudan Das was bom at Satyabhamapur, Cuttack, Odisha on 28th April, 1848 . 6. Biju Pattanik was bom at G. Nuagan, Bellaguntha, Ganjam, Odisha on 5th March 1916.

(b) Read the following sentences carefully and mark the verbs in bold letters.
1. Kalam was the youngest of four brothers and one sister in his family.
2. Mathematics was his favourite subject.
3. Around a thousand rupees was required to pay towards the course fee.
4. Bundles of newspapers were distributed by Kalam.

Here the verb ‘was’ agrees with the subjects of the sentence from l to 3; Kalam, Mathematics, a thousand rupees, and the verb ‘were’ in the sentence – 4 agrees with the subject ‘Bundles of newspapers’.

Let us now know more about ‘Subject and Verb Agreement’.

• Nouns like news, physics, mathematics, measles and ethics look like plural in form but they are singular and take singular verbs.
• Uncountable nouns like furniture, equipment, stationery, luggage, weather, advice and information are singular and used with singular verbs.
• Nouns like compasses, glasses, goods, trousers, police, people, etc. take plural verbs

Fill in the blanks with the correct verb choosing from brackets given against each.
(ପ୍ରତ୍ୟେକର ପାର୍ଶ୍ଵରେ ଥିବା ବନ୍ଧନୀ ମଧ୍ଯରୁ ସଠିକ୍ କ୍ରିୟାପଦ ବାଛି ଶୂନ୍ୟସ୍ଥାନ ପୂରଣ କର ।)

(i) Gymnastics ______ sport, (is/are)
Answer:
is

(ii) Social Studies _______ my favourite subject, (is/are)
Answer:
is

(iii) Politics ______here and now. (is/are)
Answer:
is

(iv) The news _______been published in the local daily. (has/have)
Answer:
has

(v) The police ________ the traffic. (control/controls)
Answer:
control

(vi) A hundred kilometres ________ a long distance. (is/are)
Answer:
is

(vii) Measles ______ fever. (cause/causes)
Answer:
causes

Let’s Write:

(a) Given below are some important events from the text. They are not in order. Arrange them in order and put the serial number in the box for each. Write the sentences.
( ନିମ୍ନରେ ପାଠ୍ୟବିଷୟର କେତେକ ପ୍ରଧାନ ଘଟଣା ଦିଆଯାଇଛି । ସେଗୁଡ଼ିକ କ୍ରମରେ ନାହାନ୍ତି । ସେଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ କ୍ରମାନୁସାରେ ସଜାଅ ଓ ପ୍ରତ୍ୟେକଟି ପାଇଁ ବାକ୍ସ ମଧ୍ୟରେ କ୍ରମସଂଖ୍ୟା ଲେଖ । ବାକ୍ୟଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ଲେଖ ।)

(i) He graduated in Physics from Saint Joseph’s College, Tiruchirappalli. [4]
(ii) He played a pivotal role in the Pokhran-II nuclear test project. [5]
(iii) Abdul Kalam was born to a Tamil Muslim family in the pilgrimage centre of Rameswaram. [1]
(iv) He got his elementary education at Ramanathapuram. [2]
(v) He went to Schwartz Higher Secondary School for his secondary education. [3]
(vi) He became the Head of the Integrated Missile Development Programme and succeeded in launching Prithvi missile. [5]
(vii) He breathed his last on July, 27, 201 5. [8]
(viii) He became the Chief Scientific Advisor to the Prime Minister of India in 1992. [7]

Answer:
(iii) Abdul Kalam was born to a Tamil Muslim family in the pilgrimage centre of Rameswaram. [1]
(iv) He got his elementary education at Ramanathapuram. [2]
(v) He went to Schwartz Higher Secondary School for his secondary education. [3]
(i) He graduated in Physics from Saint Joseph’s College, Tiruchirappalli. [4]
(vi) He became the Head of the Integrated Missile Development Programme and succeeded in launching Prithvi missile. [5]
(ii) He played a pivotal role in the Pokhran-II nuclear test project. [6]
(viii) He became the Chief Scientific Advisor to the Prime Minister of India in 1992. [7]
(vii) He breathed his last on July 27, 2015. [8]

(b) Read the text and fill in the bio-data of Dr Kalam given below.
(ପାଠ୍ୟବିଷୟକୁ ପଢ଼ ଓ ନିମ୍ନରେ ଥିବା କଲାମ୍‌ଙ୍କ ଆତ୍ମ ବିବରଣୀ ପତ୍ରର ଶୂନ୍ୟସ୍ଥାନ ପୂରଣ କର ।)

		Bio-Data
Name in full	:
Father’s name	:
Mother’s name	:
Place of birth	:
Date of birth	:
Brothers and sister	:
Nationality	:
Religion	:
Education	:
Profession	:
Important post held	:
Achievements	:
Awards/honours	:
Life style	:
Date of passing away	:

Answer:

		Bio-Data
Name in full	:	Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam
Father’s name	:	Jainulabdeen
Mother’s name	:	Ashiamma
Place of birth	:	Rameswaram in the state of Tamil Nadu
Date of birth	:	15th October 1931
Brothers and sister	:	They are four brothers and one sister
Nationality	:	Indian
Religion	:	Muslim
Education	:	graduate in Physics, aerospace engineering etc.
Profession	:	Aerospace scientist
Important post held	:	Chief Scientific Advisor to the Prime Minister and the Secretary of DRDO
Achievements	:	Successfully develop four missiles as the head of IGMDP
Awards/honours	:	the Padma Bhushan in 1981, the Padma Vibhushan in 1990 and the Bharat Ratna in 1997.
Life style	:	very simple, dedicated and devotional
Date of passing away	:	27th Ju1y 20l5

(c) Use the facts/information you gathered in the Bio-data Form above and write a composition on Dr Kalam.
(ଉପରିସ୍ଥ କଲାମ୍‌ଙ୍କ ଆତ୍ମ ବିବରଣୀପତ୍ରରେ ତୁମେ ଏକତ୍ର କରିଥିବା ତଥ୍ୟଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ବ୍ୟବହାର କରି ଏକ ଅନୁଚ୍ଛେଦ ଲେଖ ।)
Answer:
Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam was a celebrated scientist of India. His father was Jainulabdeen and mother was Ashiamma. He was born on 15th October 1931 at Rameswaram in the state of Tamil Nadu. He had three brothers and one sister. He was Muslim in religion and he was an Indian. He was graduated in Physics and completed aerospace engineering. He worked as a scientist in DRDO and ISRO. He was appointed as the Chief Scientific Adviser to the Prime Minister and the Secretary of DRDO. He was awarded with the Padma Bhusan in 1981, the Padma Vibhusan in 1990 and the Bharat Ratna in 1997. This missile man departed from us on 27th July 2015.

(d) Refer to the text and fill in the blanks in the following table with correct information wherever possible. Then write a paragraph about the events/achievements of Dr APJ Abdul Kalam. (Question with Answer)
(ପାଠ୍ୟବିଷୟକୁ ଆଧାର କରି ଯଥାସମ୍ଭବ ସଠିକ୍ ତଥ୍ୟଦ୍ୱାରା ଶୂନ୍ୟସ୍ଥାନ ପୂରଣ କର । ତା’ପରେ ଡ. ଏପିଜେ ଅବ୍‌ଦୁଲ୍ କଲାମ୍‌ଙ୍କ ସମ୍ପର୍କିତ ଘଟଣା/କୃତି ବିଷୟରେ ଏକ ପ୍ରବନ୍ଧ ଲେଖ ।)

Events/activities	Place	Year of happening
Birth	Rameswaram in the state of Tamil Nadu	15th October 1931
Completed aerospace engineering	Madras Institute of Technology	1960
Began career as a trainee	Hindustan Aeronautics Limited
Joined as a scientist	Defence Research Development Organisation
Project Director, ISRO	ISRO	1969
Launching of Rohini satellite	ISRO	1980
Headed the IGMDP	DRDO
Supervised Pokhran-II nuclear tests	Rajasthan’s Thar Desert	1998
Scientist of DRDO	DRDO	1998
President	India	2002
Death	Shillong	27th July 2015

Paragraph :
Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam was born at Rameswaram in the state of Tamil Nadu. He studies at the Madras Institute of Technology and completed aerospace engineering in 1960. He began his career as a trainee at Hindustan Aeronautics Limited. Then he joined the Defence Research Development Organisation as a scientist. In 1969, he was transferred to ISRO, where he worked as the Project Director of SLV-III.

There under his direct guidance and supervision the first Rohini satellite was successfully launched into the orbit in 1980. Then he returned to the DRDO and headed the IGMDR. In 1998, he supervised the Pokhran-H nuclear test in Rajasthan’s Thar Desert. He was a scientist at the DRDO in 1998. He was elected as the President of India in 2002. On 27th July 2015, while he was delivering a lecture at Shillong suffered a massive cardiac arrest and was taken to the hospital and passed away there.

BSE Odisha 9th Class English The Missile Man of India Important Questions and Answers

Very Short & Objective Questions With Answers
Answer The Following In A Sentence

Question 1.
Who was APJ Abdul Kalam?
Answer:
APJ Abdul Kalam was one of the most distinguished scientists and the 11th President of India.

Question 2.
What was Dr Abdul Kalam involved?
Answer:
Dr Abdul Kalam was involved in India’s civilian space programme and military development efforts.

Question 3.
Where was Dr Abdul Kalam born?
Answer:
Dr Abdul Kalam was born in Tamil Muslim family at Rameswaram in Tamilnadu

Question 4.
What was Dr Abdul Kalam’s father?
Answer:
Dr Abdul Kalam’s father, Jainulabdeen was a boat owner and the Imam of a local mosque.

Question 5.
What was Dr Kalam’ mother?
Answer:
Dr Kalam’ mother Ashimma was a housewife.

Question 6.
How did Dr Kalam’s father earn his living?
Answer:
Dr Kalam’s father earned his living by taking Hindu pilgrims back and forth between Rameswaram and Dhanushkodi.

Question 7.
What were Dr Kalam’s ancestors like?
Answer:
Dr Kalam’s ancestors were very rich because they were wealthy traders and land owners.

Question 8.
How did Kalam add to his family?
Answer:
Kalam added to his family by selling newspapers.

Question 9.
Where did Abdul Kalam receive his primary education?
Answer:
Abdul Kalam received his primary education at Ramanathapuram.

Question 10.
Who was Abdul Kalam’ science teacher when he was in primary school?
Answer:
Mr Sivasubramania Iyer was Kalam’s science teacher when he was in the priamary school.

Question 11.
What was Kalam’s science teacher like?
Answer:
Kalam’s science teacher was a very loving and affectionate person.

Question 12.
How did Kalam’s science teacher inspire him?
Answer:
Kalam’s science teacher Sivasubramania inspired him to develop his skills in different subjects at school.

Question 13.
What did Kalam’s science teacher invite him for?
Answer:
Kalam’s science teacher invited him for a meal in his house.

Question 14.
How did his teacher’s wife react to it?
Answer:
His teacher’s wife disliked Kalam and refused to serve a Muslim child like him.

Question 15.
How was her attitude changed?
Answer:
Kalam’s behaviour, way of taking meal and cleaning the floor changed her attitude.

Question 16.
How did the science teacher’s wife behave him later?
Answer:
In his second visit his teacher’s wife welcomed him and served him food herself.

Question 17.
How was Kalam getting on his studies at the High School?
Answer:
Kalam was of average grades in his school years but was considered a bright and hardworking student.

Question 18.
What was Kalam’s dream in life?
Answer:
Kalam’s dream in life was to be a pilot.

Question 19.
What college did he go to fulfil his dream?
Answer:
He applied for studying at the Madras Institute of Technology to fulfil his dream.

Question 20.
What problems did he face for his admission into engineering?
Answer:
The problem that he faced for his admission into engineering was that he did not have one thousand rupees to pay towards his course fee.

Question 21.
Who came to help Kalam for admission into the engineering?
Answer:
His elder sister Ashima Zohra came to help him for his admission into the engineering college.

Question 22.
In which year did he complete his aerospace engineering course?
Answer:
He completed his aerospace engineering course in 1960.

Question 23.
Where did he graduate in physics?
Answer:
He graduated in physics at Saint Joseph’s College in Tiruchirapalli.

Question 24.
At what college did Kalam complete his graduation in physics?
Answer:
Kalam completed his graduation in physics at Saint Joseph’s College in Tiruchirapalli.

Question 25.
How did Kalam’s elder sister manage to arrange money for his admission into the engineering college?
Answer:
Kalam’s elder sister mortgaged her gold ornaments and managed to arrange his admission fee.

Answer The Followings In A Word Or A Phrase.

Question 1.
When was Dr Abdul Kalam elected as the President of India?
Answer:
in 2002

Question 2.
When was Dr Abdul Kalam born?
Answer:
on 15 October 1931

Question 3.
In which state was Dr Abdul Kalam born?
Answer:
in Tamilnadu

Question 4.
What is the weapon that explodes in the air when it hits the thing that is aimed at?
Answer:
missile

Question 5.
Who is the religious person who leads the prayer in the mosque?
Answer:
Imam

Question 6.
What do we call a building where Muslims worship?
Answer:
mosque

Question 7.
What do we call a man who travels a holy place for religious purpose?
Answer:
pilgrim

Question 8.
What do we call a man who lived in the family a long time ago?
Answer:
ancestor

Question 9.
What do we call a person whose job is to buy and sell things?
Answer:
trader

Question 10.
What did Kalam have to do to supplement his family’s income?
Answer:
to sell newspapers

Question 11.
Who was Kalam’s favourite teacher?
Answer:
his science teacher

Question 12.
Who inspired Kalam to develop his skills in education?
Answer:
Sivasubramania Iyer

Question 13.
Where did Kalam’s teacher’s wife watch them eat?
Answer:
behind the kitchen door

Question 14.
What was Dr Kalam good at?
Answer:
Mathematics

Question 15.
Which college, according to the writer, is prestigious and expensive?
Answer:
the Madras Institute of Technology

Question 16.
What was Dr Kalam’s dream?
Answer:
to become a pilot

Question 17.
When was Dr Kalam transferred to ISRO?
Answer:
in 1969

Question 18.
What is Dr Kalam popularly called?
Answer:
the Missile Man of India

Question 19.
How did Dr Kalam begin his career?
Answer:
as a trainee

Question 20.
Where did Dr Kalam join as a scientist?
Answer:
at the Defence Research Development Organisation (DRDO)

Question 21.
When was the first Rohini satellite successfully launched into the orbit?
Answer:
in 1980

Question 22.
How long had Kalam camped at the Thar Desert?
Answer:
a fortnight

Question 23.
What is the empty area in the sky called?
Answer:
space

Question 24.
Where is the Thar Desert?
Answer:
in Rajasthan

Question 25.
What was the temperature in the desert at Pokhran on the day of nuclear test?
Answer:
53 degree centigrade

Fill In The Blanks

1._________ was the Imam of the local mosque.
Answer:
Jainulabdeen

2. Kalam’s father owned a _______.
Answer:
ferry

3. Kalam’s science teacher invited him home for _______.
Answer:
a meal

4. Dr Kalam graduated in ________.
Answer:
physics

5. A boat that carries people is called ________.
Answer:
ferry

6. A man whose job is to lead the prayer in a mosque is called as __________.
Answer:
Imam

7. Dr Kalam was popularly called __________.
Answer:
the Missile Man of India

8. _________ is well-known for Ramanathswamy Temple.
Answer:
Rameswaram

9. Prithvi is the name of a __________
Answer:
missile

10. Dr Kalam passed away while he was delivering his speech at _________
Answer:
Shillong

11. Dr Kalam died because he suffered a massive _________.
Answer:
cardiac arrest

12. Rameswaram is located in __________.
Answer:
Tamilnadu

13. Dr Kalam was awarded the honour the Padma Vibhushan in_________.
Answer:
1990

14. The town in Tamilnadu which was destroyed in 1964 cyclone is__________.
Answer:
Dhanushkodi

15. An object in space used for communication is called_________.
Answer:
satellite

Multiple Choice Questions With Answers

Question 1.
When was Dr Abdul Kalam elected as the President of India?
(A) in 2002
(B) in 2007
(C) in 1997
(D) in 2005
Answer:
(A) in 2002

Question 2.
In which state was Dr Abdul Kalam born?
(A) Kerala
(B) Karnataka
(C) Tamil Nadu
(D) Andhra Pradesh
Answer:
(C) Tamil Nadu

Question 3.
What is the weapon that explodes in the air when it hits the thing that is aimed at?
(A) air bomb
(B) nuclear weapon
(C) air blaster
(D) missile
Answer:
(D) missile

Question 4.
What do we call a person whose job is to buy and sell things?
(A) trader
(B) hawker
(C) dealer
(D) businessman
Answer:
(A) trader

Question 5.
What was Dr Kalam good at?
(A) Science
(B) English
(C) Mathematics
(D) Geography
Answer:
(C) Mathematics

Question 6.
When was Dr Kalam transferred to ISRO?
(A) in 1969
(B) in 1966
(C) in 1971
(D) in 1973
Answer:
(A) in 1969

Question 7.
When was the first Rohini satellite successfully launched into the orbit?
(A) in 1977
(B) in 1978
(C) in 1979
(D) in 1980
Answer:
(D) in 1980

Question 8.
How long had Kalam camped at the Thar Desert?
(A) a week
(B) a day
(C) a fortnight
(D) a month
Answer:
(C) a fortnight

Question 9.
____________ was the Imam of the local mosque.
(A) Nasirudeen
(B) Jainulabdeen
(C) Sirajudeen
(D) Fakarudeen
Answer:
(B) Jainulabdeen

Question 10.
Kalam’s father owned a ___________.
(A) launch
(B) ship
(C) ferry
(D) bus
Answer:
(C) ferry

Question 11.
Kalam’s science teacher invited him home for __________.
(A) a discussion
(B) a talk
(C) a meeting
(D) a meal
Answer:
(D) a meal

Question 12.
Dr Kalam graduated in _________.
(A) Chemistry
(B) Botany
(C) Zoology
(D) Physics
Answer:
(D) Physics

Question 13.
A man whose job is to lead the prayer in a mosque is called as___________ .
(A) Sahi
(B) Imam
(C) Mazhab
(D) Shaikh
Answer:
(B) Imam

Question 14.
Prithvi is the name of a ________.
(A) satellite
(B) missile
(C) tank
(D) rocket launcher
Answer:
(B) missile

Question 15.
Dr Kalam passed away while he was delivering his speech at ________.
(A) Kohima
(B) Gangtok
(C) Shillong
(D) Chennai
Answer:
(C) Shillong

Subjective Questions With Answers

Question 1.
Who was Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam?
Answer:
Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam was one of the most distinguished scientists of India. As he was closely involved in India’s civilian space programme and military missile development efforts, he is popularly known as ‘ The Missile Man of India ’ .

Question 2.
Why is Dr Kalam known as ‘ The Missile Man of India?
Answer:
Dr Kalam was intimately involved in Inida’s civilian space programme and military missile developememt efforts.He took a leading role in the development of india’s missile and nuclear weapons programme.The programme led to the development of four missiles namely Prithivi, Trishul, Akash and Nag. The success of the programme made him extremely popular and he is lovingly called ‘ The Missile Man of India ’.

Question 3.
What impression of Dr Kalam’s family do you get from the text?
Answer:
Dr Abdul Kalam was bom on 15 October 1931 in a Tamil Muslim family at Rameswaram.His father was a boat owner and Imam of a local mosque.His mother, Ashiamma was housewife. Dr Kalam was the youngest of four brothers and one sister in his family.By his childhood, Kalam’s family had already become poor.

Question 4.
How did Dr Kalam’s father make his living?
Answer:
Dr Kalam’s father, Jainulabdeen was a boat owner and Imam of a local mosque.ln course of time he fell on hard times and lost his properties along with his ancestral home. He owned a boat that carried Hindu pilgrims back and forth between Rameswaram and Dhanushkodi. He was well able to support his family by his little earning.

Question 5.
What impression of Dr Kalam’s ancestors do you get from the text?
Answer:
Dr Kalam’s ancestors had been wealthy traders and land owners. But in course of time his family fell on hard times and lost their properties.They also lost their ancestral home.By his childhood, the family had already become poor. Kalam had to sell newspapers to supplement his family’s income.

Question 6.
How did Kalam start his primary education?
Answer:
Kalam started his primary education at Ramanathpuram.He had a science teacher named Sivasubramania Iyer. He was very kind, loving and affectionate. He always inspired Kalam to develop his skills in different subjects so that he could compete with highly educated people in big cities.

Question 7.
What happened to Kalam when he was invited for a meal in his science teacher’s house?
Answer:
Once Kalam was invited by his science teacher for a meal in his house. His wife disliked and refused to serve a Muslim boy like him. His teacher served Kalam while she watched them eat from behind the kitchen door. But Kalam’s behaviour, way of taking the meal and cleaning the floor changed her attitude. So, she changed her attitude when he was invited for second time. She welcomed him and served him food herself.

Question 8.
What does the writer say about Kalam’s secondary education?
Answer:
Kalam moved to Schwartz Higher Secondary’ School for his secondary education. In his school days he had average grades, but was considered a bright and hardworking student who had a strong desire to learn. He spent hours on studies and especially mathematics.

Question 9.
What did Dr Kalam do to fulfil his dream in life?
Answer:
Kalam’s dream in life was to become a pilot. In order to fulfil his deram, he applied for studying engineering at the prestigious and expensive college, Madras Institute of Technology. His kind-hearted elder sister mortgaged her gold ornaments for his admission fee and he managed to complete his aerospace engineering there in 1960.

Question 10.
Name the institutions where Dr Kalam got his education.
Answer:
Kalam completed his primary education at Ramanathapuram. Then he moved to Schwartz Higher Secondary School for his secondary education. After completing his studies there, he was admitted to Saint Joseph’s College where he graduated in physics. He studied aerospace engineering at the Madras Institute of Technology in 1960.

Question 11.
How did Kalam begin his career?
Answer:
Kalam began his career as trainee at the Hindustan Aeronautics Limited in Bangalore. Then he was appointed as a scientist at DRDO, the Defence Research Development Organisation. He also started his work in the Indian Space Research Organisation(ISRO) in 1969.He worked as the Project Director of India’s first Satellite Launch Vehicle(SLV-III) to develop the technology to launch satellites.

Question 12.
What made Kalam extremely popular in India?
Answer:
Kalam started his work in the Indian Space Research Organisation and the first Rohini satellite was launched into its orbit in 198Q. He took a leading role in the progress of India’s missiles and nuclear weapons programme.The success of India’s missile and nuclear weapons programme led to the development of Prithvi,Trishul,Akash and Nag missiles.The success of the programme made him extermely popular in the country.

Question 13.
What according to Dr Kalam, was ‘the defining moment’ in the history of India?
Answer:
Dr Kalam camped in Rajashan’s Thar Desert to supervise the Pokhran-II nuclear tests as the chief of DRDO. It was very hard to camp in the desert because the temperature was nearly 53 degree centrigrade. According to Dr kalam, the success of Pokhran-II nuclear tests was the defining moment or a very important point in time in the history of India.

Question 14.
What are Kalam’s contributions for India’s defence programme?
Answer:
Dr Kalam’s contributions for India’s defence programme are countless. He was the project director of India’s first Satellite Launch Vehicle and the first Rohini satellite was successfully launched into its orbit under his guidance. He was the chief of the Integrated Missile Development Programme of India. He took the leading role in missiles and nuclear weapons development programme of our country. He developed Prithvi, Trishul, Aksah and Nag missiles and also supervised the Pokhran-II nuclear tests.

The Missile Man of India Summary in English

Lead-In :
Goodness never goes unrewarded. Dr. Abdul Kalam was such a eminent and celebrated figure of India. His contribution, great devotion and achievements towards the country is ever memorized and we are proud for him. His dedicated activities in science made India supreme among all developing countries. So out of gratitude we call him “The Missile Man of India”. Although he is a lotus in the deep mud of poverty but made our country rich in science.

ନେତୃତ୍ୱ ନେବା :
ସୁଗୁଣ ସବୁବେଳେ ସମ୍ମାନିତ ହୁଏ ଏବଂ ଦେଶକୁ ଗର୍ବ ଆଣିଦିଏ । ଠିକ୍ ସେହିପରି, ଡ. ଅବଦୁଲ୍ କଲାମ୍ ଜଣେ ପ୍ରତିଭାସମ୍ପନ୍ନ ଏବଂ ସ୍ମରଣୀୟ ବ୍ୟକ୍ତିତ୍ଵ । ତାଙ୍କର ଦେଶପ୍ରୀତି ଏବଂ ବିଜ୍ଞାନକୁ ଦାନ, ଆମେ କେବେହେଲେ ଭୁଲିପାରିବୁ ନାହିଁ । ସେ ଦେଶର ଜଣେ ଅମର ସନ୍ତାନ । ସେ ଦେଶକୁ ଗର୍ବ ଆଣି ଦେଇଛନ୍ତି ଏବଂ ବିଜ୍ଞାନ କ୍ଷେତ୍ରରେ ସବୁ ଦେଶ ମଧ୍ୟରେ ପରିଚିତ କରାଇ ପାରିଛନ୍ତି । ସବୁବେଳେ ହୃଦୟରେ ସାଇତି ରହିଥ‌ିବୁ ।

The Text : (ଏହି ପାଠ୍ୟ:)
Paragraph – 1
Avul Fakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam, better known as Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam, was one of the most distinguished scientists ofIndia. As he was intimately involved in India’s civilian space programme and military missile development efforts, he came to be known as “The Missile Man of India”. In 2002, he was elected as the 11th President ofIndia, and was widely referred to as the “People’s President.”

ଅନୁବାଦ :
ଅଭୁଲ ପକୀର ଜୈନୁଲାବ୍ଦିନ୍ ଅବୁଲ କଲାମ୍ ଯିଏକି ଏପିଜେ ଅବ୍‌ଦୁଲ୍ କଲାମ୍ ରୂପେ ବେଶୀ ପରିଚିତ, ଭାରତର ଖ୍ୟାତିସମ୍ପନ୍ନ ବୈଜ୍ଞାନିକମାନଙ୍କ ମଧ୍ୟରେ ଅନ୍ୟତମ ଥିଲେ । ଯେହେତୁ ସେ ଭାରତର ବେସାମରିକ ଅନ୍ତରୀକ୍ଷ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟକ୍ରମ ଓ ସାମରିକ କ୍ଷେପଣାସ୍ତ୍ର ବିକାଶ ଉଦ୍ୟମ ସହ ନିବିଡ଼ ଭାବେ ସମ୍ପର୍କିତ ଥିଲେ, ତେଣୁ ସେ ‘ଭାରତର କ୍ଷେପଣାସ୍ତ୍ର ମାନବ’ ରୂପେ ପରିଚିତ ହେଲେ । ୨୦୦୨ ମସିହାରେ ସେ ଭାରତର ଏକାଦଶ ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରପତି ରୂପେ ନିର୍ବାଚିତ ହୋଇଥିଲେ ଓ ‘ଲୋକମାନଙ୍କ ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରପତି’ ରୂପେ ବେଶ୍ ଜନପ୍ରିୟ ଥିଲେ ।

Paragraph – 2
Dr Abdul Kalam was bom on 15th October 1931 in a Tamil Muslimfamily at Rameswaram in the state of Tamil Nadu. His father, Jainulabdeen was a boat owner and the Imam ofa local mosque. His motherAshiamma was a housewife. Hisfather ownedaferry that took Hindu pilgrims back andforth between Rameswaram and Dhanushkodi. Kalam was the youngest offour brothers and one sister in his family. His ancestors had been wealthy traders and land owners. But in course oftime thefamilyfell on hard times and lost theirproperties, even their ancestral home. By his early childhood, the family had already become poor; Kalam had to sell newspapers to supplement hisfamily’s income.

ଅନୁବାଦ :
ଡ. ଏପିଜେ ଅବ୍‌ଦୁଲ୍ କଲାମ୍ ୧୯୩୧ ମସିହା ଅକ୍ଟୋବର ମାସ ୧୫ ତାରିଖରେ ତାମିଲନାଡୁ ରାଜ୍ୟର ରାମେଶ୍ୱରମ୍ରେ ଏକ ତାମିଲ୍ ମୁସ୍‌ଲିମ୍ ପରିବାରରେ ଜନ୍ମଗ୍ରହଣ କରିଥିଲେ । ତାଙ୍କର ପିତା ଜୈନୁଲାବ୍ଦିନ୍ ଜଣେ ଡଙ୍ଗାର ମାଲିକ ଏବଂ ସ୍ଥାନୀୟ ମସ୍‌ଜିଦ୍‌ର ଇମାମ୍ ଥିଲେ । ତାଙ୍କ ମାତା ଆଶିଆମ୍ମା ଜଣେ ଗୃହିଣୀ ଥିଲେ । ତାଙ୍କ ପିତାଙ୍କର ଏକ ଯାତ୍ରାବାହୀ ଡଙ୍ଗା ଥିଲା ଯାହାକି ହିନ୍ଦୁ ତୀର୍ଥଯାତ୍ରୀମାନଙ୍କୁ ରାମେଶ୍ଵରମ୍ ଏବଂ ଧନୁଷୋଡ଼ି ମଧ୍ଯରେ ନେବାଆଣିବା କରୁଥିଲା । କଲାମ୍ ଚାରି ଭାଇ ଓ ଗୋଟିଏ ଭଉଣୀ ମଧ୍ୟରେ ସର୍ବକନିଷ୍ଠ ଥିଲେ । ତାଙ୍କ ପୂର୍ବଜମାନେ ଧନୀ ବ୍ୟବସାୟୀ ଓ ଜମିମାଲିକ ଥିଲେ । କିନ୍ତୁ ସମୟକ୍ରମେ ପରିବାର ଦୁର୍ଦ୍ଦିନ ମଧ୍ୟରେ ଗତିକଲା ଏବଂ ସେମାନଙ୍କର ସମସ୍ତ ସମ୍ପତ୍ତି ଏପରିକି ପୈତୃକ ଘର ମଧ୍ୟ ହରାଇ ବସିଲା । ତାଙ୍କ ଆଦ୍ୟ ବାଲ୍ୟାବସ୍ଥାବେଳକୁ ପରିବାର ଗରିବ ହୋଇ ଯାଇଥିଲା । କଲାମ୍‌ଙ୍କୁ ପାରିବାରିକ ରୋଜଗାରରେ ସହଯୋଗ ନିମନ୍ତେ ଖବରକାଗଜ ବିକ୍ରୟ କରିବାକୁ ପଡ଼ିଥିଲା ।

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Kalam started his elementary education at Ramanathpuram. He had a science teacher named Sivasubramania Iyer who was very loving and affectionate. He always inspired Kalam to develop his skills so that he could compete with highly educated people in big cities. Once he invited the boy home for a meal, which his wife disliked and refused to serve a Muslim child like him. His teacher himselfserved Kalam while she watched them eatfrom behind the kitchen door. But his behaviour, way of taking the meal and cleaning thefloor changed her attitude. When the teacher invited Kalamfor the second time, his wife welcomed him and served himfood herself

ଅନୁବାଦ :
କଲାମ୍ ତାଙ୍କର ବାଲ୍ୟଶିକ୍ଷା ରମାନାଥପୁରମ୍ଭରେ ଆରମ୍ଭ କରିଥିଲେ । କଲାମ୍‌ଙ୍କର ଶିବସୁବ୍ରମଣ୍ୟ ଆୟାର ନାମକ ଜଣେ ବିଜ୍ଞାନ ଶିକ୍ଷକ ଥିଲେ ଯିଏକି ଖୁବ୍ ଶ୍ରଦ୍ଧାଶୀଳ ଓ ସ୍ନେହୀ ଥିଲେ । କଲାମଙ୍କ ଦକ୍ଷତାର ବିକାଶ ପାଇଁ ସେ ସର୍ବଦା ପ୍ରେରଣା ଦେଉଥିଲେ ଯେପରିକି ସେ ବଡ଼ ବଡ଼ ସହରର ଉଚ୍ଚ ଶିକ୍ଷିତ ଲୋକମାନଙ୍କ ସହ ପ୍ରତିଯୋଗିତା କରିପାରିବେ । ଥରେ ସେ ତାଙ୍କୁ ତାଙ୍କ ଘରକୁ ଭୋଜନ କରିବାକୁ ନିମନ୍ତ୍ରଣ କରିଥିଲେ, ଯାହାକୁ ତାଙ୍କ ପତ୍ନୀ ନାପସନ୍ଦ କରିଥିଲେ ଏବଂ ତାଙ୍କ ଭଳି ଜଣେ ମୁସଲମାନ୍ ପିଲାକୁ ଖାଦ୍ୟ ପରିବେଷଣ କରିବାକୁ ମନା କରି ଦେଇଥିଲେ । ତାଙ୍କ ଶିକ୍ଷକ କଲାଙ୍କୁ ଖାଦ୍ୟ ପରଷି ଦେଲେ ଯେତେବେଳେ କି ସେ (ଶିକ୍ଷକଙ୍କ ପତ୍ନୀ) ରୋଷେଇ ଘର ଦ୍ଵାର ପଛପଟୁ ସେମାନଙ୍କ ଖାଇବା ଦେଖୁଥିଲେ । କିନ୍ତୁ ତାଙ୍କ (କଲାମ୍‌ଙ୍କ) ବ୍ୟବହାର, ଖାଦ୍ୟ ଖାଇବା ଓ ଚଟାଣକୁ ପରିଷ୍କାର କରିବା ଢଙ୍ଗ ତାଙ୍କ ମନୋବୃତ୍ତିକୁ ବଦଳାଇ ଦେଲା । ଯେତେବେଳେ ଶିକ୍ଷକ କଲାମଙ୍କୁ ଦ୍ୱିତୀୟ ବାର ନିମନ୍ତ୍ରଣ କଲେ ସେ (ତାଙ୍କ ପତ୍ନୀ) ତାଙ୍କୁ (କଲାମ୍‌ଙ୍କୁ) ସ୍ବାଗତ କଲେ ଏବଂ ନିଜେ ଖାଦ୍ୟ ପରଷି ଦେଲେ ।

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Kalam then moved to the Schwartz Higher Secondary Schoolfor his secondary education.In his school years, he had average grades but was considered a bright and hardworking student, who had a strong desire to learn. He spent hours on his studies, especially mathematics. After completing his studies here, Kalam was admitted to Saint Joseph’s College. Tiruchirappalli where he graduated in physics in 1954. His dream in life was to become a pilot. So he applied for studying engineering at the Madras Institute of Technology. He was selected, but education at such a prestigious institution was not so easy. It was an expensive affair. Around a thousand rupees was required to pay towards the coursefee. Asim Zohra, his compassionate eleder sister, came to his help. She mortgaged her gold ornamentsfor his admission fee. And he completed his aerospace engineering in 1960.

ଅନୁବାଦ :
ପରେ କଲାମ୍ ତାଙ୍କ ମାଧ୍ୟମିକ ଶିକ୍ଷା ପାଇଁ ସ୍ପାର୍କ ମାଧ୍ୟମିକ ବିଦ୍ୟାଳୟକୁ କଲେ । ତାଙ୍କ ବିଦ୍ୟାଳୟ ବର୍ଷଗୁଡ଼ିକରେ, ସେ ସାଧାରଣ ଗ୍ରେଡ଼ର ଥିଲେ, କିନ୍ତୁ ଜଣେ ଉଜ୍ଜ୍ଵଳ ଭବିଷ୍ୟତସମ୍ପନ୍ନ କଠିନ ପରିଶ୍ରମୀ ଛାତ୍ର ଭାବେ ବିବେଚିତ ହେଉଥିଲେ ଯାହାଙ୍କର କି ଶିଖୁବା ପାଇଁ ପ୍ରବଳ ଇଚ୍ଛା ଥିଲା । ସେ ପଢ଼ାପଢ଼ିରେ ବିଶେଷ ଭାବେ ଗଣିତ ପଢ଼ାରେ ଘଣ୍ଟା ଘଣ୍ଟା ବିତାଉଥିଲେ । ସେଠାରେ ଶିକ୍ଷା ସମାପ୍ତି ପରେ କଲାମ୍ ସେଣ୍ଟ ଜେସେଫ୍ କଲେଜ, ତିରୁଚିରାପଲ୍ଲୀରେ ନାମ ଲେଖାଇଲେ ଯେଉଁଠାରେ କି ସେ ୧୯୫୪ ମସିହାରେ ପଦାର୍ଥ ବିଦ୍ୟାନରେ ସ୍ନାତକ ଡିଗ୍ରୀ ପ୍ରାପ୍ତ ହୋଇଥିଲେ । ଜଣେ ନାବିକ ହେବା ତାଙ୍କ ଜୀବନର ସ୍ଵପ୍ନ ଥିଲା, ତେଣୁ ସେ ମାଡ୍ରାସ୍ ଇନ୍‌ଷ୍ଟିଚ୍ୟୁଟ୍ ଅଫ୍ ଟେକ୍ନୋଲୋଜିରେ ପଢ଼ିବାପାଇଁ ଆବଦେନ କଲେ । ସେ ଯୋଗ୍ୟ ବିବେଚିତ ହେଲେ, ମାତ୍ର ଏପରି ମର୍ଯ୍ୟାଦାସମ୍ପନ୍ନ ଅନୁଷ୍ଠାନରେ ଅଧ୍ୟୟନ ଏତେ ସହଜ ବ୍ୟାପାର ନ ଥିଲା । ଏହା ଏକ ବ୍ୟୟବହୁଳ ବ୍ୟାପାର ଥିଲା । ପାଠ୍ୟକ୍ରମ ପାଉଣା ବାବଦରେ ହାରାହାରି ଏକ ହଜାର ଟଙ୍କା ପୈଠ କରିବା ଆବଶ୍ୟକ ଥିଲା । ତାଙ୍କର ସହୃଦୟା ବଡ଼ ଭଉଣୀ ଅସୀମ୍ ଜୋହରା ତାଙ୍କୁ ସାହାଯ୍ୟ କଲେ । ତାଙ୍କ (କଲାମ୍‌ଙ୍କ) ନାମଲେଖା ପାଇଁ ସେ (ତାଙ୍କ ଭଉଣୀ) ନିଜର ସ୍ବର୍ଣ୍ଣ ଅଳଙ୍କାରଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ବନ୍ଧକ ରଖିଲେ । ସେ ୧୯୬୦ରେ ତାଙ୍କର ଏରୋସ୍ପେସ୍ ଇଞ୍ଜିନିୟରିଂ ଶିକ୍ଷା ସମାପ୍ତ କଲେ ।

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Kalam began his careeras a trainee at the Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) in Bangalore (now called Bengaluru). Then he joined the Defence Research Development Organisation (DRDO) as a scientist. In 1969, he was transferred to the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), where he worked as the Project Director ofIndia’s first Satellite Launch Vehicle (SLV-III). The purpose of the SLV was to develop the technology to launch satellites. It was under Dr. Kalam’s direct guidance and supervision that thefirst Rohini satellite was successfully launched into the orbit in 1980.

ଅନୁବାଦ :
କଲାମ୍ ବାଙ୍ଗାଲୋର (ଏବେ ବେଙ୍ଗାଲୁରୁ)ର ହିନ୍ଦୁସ୍ଥାନ ଏରୋନଟିକ୍ସ ଲିମିଟେଡ଼ (ହାଲ)ରେ ଜଣେ ଶିକ୍ଷା ନବୀଶ ଭାବେ
(ଡି.ଆର୍.ଡି.ଓ.)ରେ ଯୋଗ ଦେଲେ । ୧୯୬୯ ମସିହାରେ ସେ ଇଣ୍ଡିଆନ୍ ସ୍ପେସ୍ ରିସର୍ଚ୍ଚ ଅର୍ଗାନାଇଜେସନ୍ (ଇସ୍ରୋ)କୁ ବଦଳି ହୋଇଗଲେ, ଯେଉଁଠାରେ କି ଭାରତର ପ୍ରଥମ ଉପଗ୍ରହ ଉଦକ୍ଷେପଣ ଯାନ (ଏସ୍ଏଲ୍‌ଭି-୩ୟ)ର ପ୍ରୋଜେକ୍ଟ ଡାଇରେକ୍ଟର ଭାବେ କାମ କଲେ । ଉପଗ୍ରହ ଉତ୍‌କ୍ଷେପଣ ଯାନର ଉଦ୍ଦେଶ୍ୟ ଥିଲା ଉପଗ୍ରହ ଉତକ୍ଷେପଣ କୌଶଳ ବିକାଶିତ କରିବା । ୧୯୮୦ ମସିହାରେ କଲାମ୍ଙ୍କର ପ୍ରତ୍ୟକ୍ଷ ତତ୍ତ୍ୱାବଧାନ ଓ ପରିଚାଳନାରେ ପ୍ରଥମ ରୋହିଣୀ ଉପଗ୍ରହ ନିଜର କକ୍ଷପଥରେ ସଫଳ ଭାବେ ଅବସ୍ଥାପିତ ହୋଇପାରିଥିଲା ।

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After spending nineteen fruitful years in the ISRO, Kalam returned to the DRDO to head the country’s Integrated Missile Development Programme (IGMDP). Here he took a leading role in the development of India’s missiles and nuclear weapons programme. The programme was very successful; it led to the development offour missiles namely Prithvi, Trishul, Akash and Nag. The success ofthe programme made him extremely popular in the country. Hereafter, he was popularly called “The Missile Man of India. ”

ଅନୁବାଦ :
ଇସ୍ରୋରେ ସଫଳତାପୂର୍ବକ ୯ ବର୍ଷ ବିତାଇବା ପରେ କଲାମ୍ ଡି.ଆର୍.ଡି.ଓ.କୁ ଦେଶର ସମନ୍ବିତ କ୍ଷେପଣାସ୍ତ୍ର ବିକାଶ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟକ୍ରମ
ସେ ମୁଖ୍ୟ ଭୂମିକା ନିର୍ବାହ କରିଥିଲେ । କାର୍ଯ୍ୟକ୍ରମଟି ଖୁବ୍ ସଫଳତା ଲାଭ କଲା : ଏହା ଚାରିଗୋଟି କ୍ଷେପଣାସ୍ତ୍ର ଯଥା – ପୃଥ୍ବୀ, ତ୍ରିଶୂଳ, ଆକାଶ ଓ ନାଗକୁ ବିକଶିତ କରିଥିଲା । ଏହି କାର୍ଯ୍ୟକ୍ରମର ସଫଳତା ତାଙ୍କୁ ସମଗ୍ର ଦେଶରେ ଅତୀବ ଜନପ୍ରିୟ କରିଥିଲା । ଏହା ପରଠାରୁ ସେ ‘ଭାରତର କ୍ଷେପଣାସ୍ତ୍ର ମାନବ’ ନାମରେ ପରିଚିତ ହେଲେ ।

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In 1998, as the chiefof the DRDO, Dr Kalam supervised the Pokhran-II nuclear testsfor yvhich he had camped in Rajasthan’s TharDesertforoverafortnight. The test was hugely successful. According to Dr Kalam, it was a “defining moment” in the history ofour country. Some years after the test “The Missile Man of India” recollected: “Today, I remember the hot day of 1998 at Pokhran: 53°C. When most ofthe world was sleeping, India’s nuclear era emerged. ”

ଅନୁବାଦ :
୧୯୯୮ ମସିହାରେ ଡି.ଆର୍.ଡି.ଓ.ର ମୁଖ୍ୟ ଭାବେ ଡ. କଲାମ୍ ପୋଖରାନ୍-୨ୟ ପରମାଣୁ ପରୀକ୍ଷଣର ତତ୍ତ୍ଵାବଧାନ କରିଥିଲେ ଯେଉଁଥିପାଇଁ ତାଙ୍କୁ ରାଜସ୍ଥାନର ଥର୍ ମରୁଭୂମିରେ ଗୋଟିଏ ପକ୍ଷ (୧୫ ଦିନ) ଅସ୍ଥାୟୀ ଭାବେ ରହିବାକୁ ପଡ଼ିଥିଲା । ଡ. କଲାମ୍‌ଙ୍କ ମତରେ ସେହି ସମୟ ଦେଶର ଇତିହାସରେ ଏକ ଘଡ଼ିସନ୍ଧି ମୁହୂର୍ତ୍ତ ଥିଲା । ପରୀକ୍ଷଣର କେତେ ବର୍ଷ ପରେ ଭାରତର କ୍ଷେପଣାସ୍ତ୍ର ମାନବ ସ୍ମରଣ କରିଥିଲେ – ‘ପୋଖରାନ୍‌ରେ ୧୯୯୮ ମସିହାର ଗରମ ଦିନ, ୫୩° ସେ. ତାପମାତ୍ରା କଥା ଆଜି ମୁଁ ମନେ ପକାଉଛି । ଯେତେବେଳେ ବିଶ୍ବର ଅଧିକାଂଶ ଭାଗ ତନ୍ଦ୍ରାଗ୍ରସ୍ତ ଥିଲା, ଭାରତର ପାରମାଣବିକ ଯୁଗ ଆରମ୍ଭ ହେଲା ।’’

Paragraph – 8
Dr Kalam was appointed as the Chief Scientific Adviser to the Prime Minister and the Secretary of Defence Research and Development Organisation from July 1992 to December 1999. For his greatest contribution to the field of space, defence and nuclear technology, this eminent scientist was honoured with the Padma Bhusan in 1981, the Padma Vibhushan in 1990 and the nation’s highest civilian honour, the Bharat Ratna in 1997 by the Government of India.

ଅନୁବାଦ :
କଲାମ୍ ୧୯୯୨ ମସିହା ଜୁଲାଇରୁ ୧୯୯୯ ମସିହା ଡିସେମ୍ବର ପର୍ଯ୍ୟନ୍ତ ପ୍ରଧାନମନ୍ତ୍ରୀଙ୍କର ବିଜ୍ଞାନ ବିଷୟକ ମୁଖ୍ୟ ଉପଦେଷ୍ଟା ଓ ଡି.ଆର୍.ଡି.ଓ.ର ସମ୍ପାଦକ ଭାବେ ନିଯୁକ୍ତି ପାଇଥିଲେ । ଅନ୍ତରୀକ୍ଷ, ପ୍ରତିରକ୍ଷା, ପାରମାଣବିକ ବୈଷୟିକ ବିଦ୍ୟା କ୍ଷେତ୍ରରେ ତାଙ୍କର ପ୍ରମୁଖ ଅବଦାନ ପାଇଁ ସେ ଭାରତ ସରକାରଙ୍କଦ୍ଵାରା ୧୯୮୧ ମସିହାରେ ପଦ୍ମଭୂଷଣ, ୧୯୯୦ ମସିହାରେ ପଦ୍ମବିଭୂଷଣ ଓ ୧୯୯୦ ମସିହାରେ ଦେଶର ସର୍ବୋଚ୍ଚ ବେସାମରିକ ସମ୍ମାନ ଭାରତ ରତ୍ନରେ ସମ୍ମାନିତ ହୋଇଥିଲେ ।

Paragraph – 9
It was 27th July 2015. Dr Kalam was delivering a lecture in Shillong. During the course of his lecture, he collapsed. He was immediately taken to a hospital. He had suffered a massive cardiac arrest. His death was a great loss for our country. Dr APJ Abdul Kalam will be ever remembered for his dedication, devotion and selfless service to the nation, particularly as “The Missile Man of India. ”

ଅନୁବାଦ :
୨୦୧୫ ମସିହା ଜୁଲାଇ ୨୭ ତାରିଖ ଦିନ ଡକ୍ଟର କଲାମ୍ ଶିଲଂଠାରେ ଅଭିଭାଷଣ ଦେଉଥିଲେ । ଅଭିଭାଷଣ ଦେବା ସମୟରେ ସେ ଚେତାଶୂନ୍ୟ ହୋଇଗଲେ । ତୁରନ୍ତ ତାଙ୍କୁ ଚିକିତ୍ସାଳୟକୁ ନିଆଗଲା । ସେ ଗୁରୁତର ହୃଦଯନ୍ତ୍ର ଅଚଳାବସ୍ଥାରେ ପୀଡ଼ିତ ହୋଇଥିଲେ । ତାଙ୍କର ମୃତ୍ୟୁ ଆମ ଦେଶ ପାଇଁ ଅପୂରଣୀୟ କ୍ଷତି ଥିଲା । ତାଙ୍କର ତ୍ୟାଗ, ନିଷ୍ଠା ଏବଂ ଦେଶ ନିମନ୍ତେ ନିସ୍ୱାର୍ଥ ସେବା ବିଶେଷ ଭାବେ ଭାରତର କ୍ଷେପଣାସ୍ତ୍ର ମାନବ ରୂପେ ଡକ୍ଟର ଏପିଜେ ଅବଦୁଲ୍ କଲାମ୍ ଚିରସ୍ମରଣୀୟ ହୋଇ ରହିବେ ।

Notes And Glossary:

scientist – an expert in science – ବୈଜ୍ଞାନିକ
distinguished – admired by people – ଭିନ୍ନ ପ୍ରଶଂସିତ They are rushing to meet the distinguished tourists.
intimately – closely – ଅନ୍ତରଙ୍ଗ ଭାବରେ
involved – concerned – ଚିନ୍ତିତ
civilian – not related to arm force – ସାଧାରଣ ନାଗରିକ The soldiers are trying to avoid bombing civilians
space – empty area in the sky – ଆକାଶରେ ଖାଲି ସ୍ଥାନ
missile – a weapon that sent through air – କ୍ଷେପଣାସ୍ତ୍ର
Imam – a religious man who leads the prayer in a mosque – ଜଣେ ଧାର୍ମିକ ବ୍ୟକ୍ତି ଯିଏ ମସଜିଦରେ ପ୍ରାର୍ଥନା କରନ୍ତି
mosque – a building where Muslims worship – ମସଜିଦ
ferry – a boat that carries people – ଲୋକମାନଙ୍କୁ ନେଇ ଯାଉଥିବା ଏକ ଡଙ୍ଗା
pilgrim – who travels to a holy place – ତୀର୍ଥଯାତ୍ରୀ
ancestor – who lived in the family a long time ago – ପୂର୍ବଜ
trader – a person who buys and sells – ବ୍ୟବସାୟୀ
supplement – to add something to something to improve – ସପ୍ଲିମେଣ୍ଟ
elementary education – primary education – ପ୍ରାଥମିକ ଶିକ୍ଷା
affectionate – loving – ସ୍ନେହୀ My mother is very affectionate
inspire – encourage – ଉତ୍ସାହିତ କର Our teachers inspire confidence in students.
dedication – the hard work for a definite purpose – ନିଶ୍ଚିତ ଉଦ୍ଦେଶ୍ୟ
devotion – great love and care –
skill – ability – ଦକ୍ଷତା
refuse – deny – ମନା
attitude – the way you think and feel – ମନୋଭାବ
prestigious – admired – ସମ୍ମାନଜନକ
expensive affair – causes of a lot of money to be spent – ମହଙ୍ଗା ବ୍ୟାପାର
compassionate – kind hearted – ଦୟାଳୁ
mortgage – to give some goods to someone for lending money – ବନ୍ଧକ
launch – to start an activity – ଉନ୍ମୋଚନ
camped – to stay in a camp or a temporary building – ଛାଉଣି
desert – a large landmass having very little water or plants – ମରୁଭୂମି
hugel – very much – ହୁଗେଲ୍
defining moment – at exact time at which something happened – ମୁହୂର୍ତ୍ତକୁ ବ୍ୟାଖ୍ୟା କରେ
recollected – remembered – ସ୍ମରଣ
era – an important period of time in history- ଯୁଗ Her candidacy marked a new era for the party.
emerged – came out – ଉଭା ହେଲା
eminent – very famous- ବହୁତ ପ୍ରସିଦ୍ଧ Eminent students are important and respected.
collapsed – became senseless – ଭୁଶୁଡି ପଡିଲା
massive – very serious – ବହୁତ ଗମ୍ଭୀର
cardiac arrest – stopping of heart – ହୃଦୟ ବନ୍ଦ
average – a usual level – ହାରାହାରି
supervised – observed a task – ତଦାରଖ
defining – giving the exact meaning – ପରିଭାଷା

BSE Odisha 9th Class English:

• The Priceless Gift Question Answer
• The Swimmer Who Does Not Need Her Legs! Question Answer
• Road Safety Week Question Answer
• The Missile Man of India Question Answer
• A Hero Question Answer
• Home and Love Question Answer
• Nine Gold Medals Question Answer
• The Noble Nature Question Answer
• No Men are Foreign Question Answer
• Alexander Selkirk Question Answer

Odisha State Board CHSE Odisha Class 11 Alternative English Solutions Grammar Non-finite Verb forms Exercise Questions and Answers.

CHSE Odisha Class 11 Alternative English Grammar Non-finite Verb forms

Verbs can be classified into the following classes, such as:
i) Auxiliary Verbs,
ii) Ordinary Verbs,
iii) Verbs of Incomplete Prediction.

We have already discussed Auxiliary verbs.
ii) Ordinary Verbs :
Ordinary verbs are of the following two types, such as
a) Finite Verbs,
b) Non-finite verbs.

We have to discuss, here non-finite verbs
(b) Non-finite Verbs:
These verbs do not change according’ to the number, person or tense of the subjects.
Kinds of Non-finite verbs:
Non-finite verbs can be classified as the following types, such as
1) Infinitive,
2) Gerund,
3) Participle.

1) Infinitive :
These verbs do not have application in any sentence; They are simply mentioned. Actually, an infinitive is formed by adding ‘to’ to the first form of the verb. (V+to)
Examples:
1. They wish to go.
2. She began to weep.
3. My ambition is to become a teacher.
4. We eat to live.
5. Have you a pen to spare?
6. I expect her to solve the problem.

Of course, an infinitive can sometimes be used without ‘to’, such as
1. Please let her speak.
2. We saw the actress dance.
3. You need not come here.
4. I made him sing.

To has not been used with the verbs, speak, dance came and sing in the above sentences.
However, note that ‘to’ is normally used with the following verbs, such as- bid, behold, dare, feel, hear, help, know, let, like, make, need, observe, please, watch etc.
Of course, ‘to’ is not used with/after but meaning except.
Examples :
1. She did nothing but cry.
2. We would do nothing but gossip.

Again ‘to’ is not used with/after ‘had better’, ‘had rather’, ‘had sooner’, ‘rather, than’, ‘sooner than’ and would rather’ etc.
Examples :
1. You had better wash your face.
2. You had rather done your homework.
3. I would rather quit the job than apologies.
4. I would sooner die than drink.

Some other uses of Infinitives (Use of ‘to’)
i) It is used after ‘too+adjective’, as Examples:
1. She is too weak, to walk.
2. He is too bulky to run.

ii) It is used after ‘enough’, as-
1. She is strong enough to defend herself.
2. He is wise enough to solve this problem.

iii) By using ‘to’ on removing the Relative clauses, as-
Examples:
1. My mother give me a coffee which I could eat. or My mother gave me a coffee to eat.
2. No one is here who will help you or No one is here to help you.

iv) It is used to show disappointment/despair, as-
Example:
1. She opened the box and found it empty or She opened the box to find it empty. Actually, infinitives are , normally used as objects of the verbs given below
Agree, arrange, attempt, consent, care, cease, choose, claim, decide, determine, expect, endeavor, forget, fail, hope, hesitate, learn, long, manage, neglect, offer, propose, promise, prepare, pretend, remember, regret, refuse, swear, seem, try, threaten, undertake, want, wish, etc!

Examples :
1. I wish to tell you a secret.
2. I have decided to attend the meeting.
3. He “wants to help you.
4. She expects you to do her work.
5. She stood from the chair to welcome me.
6. It is kind of her to help you.
7. Give me a book to read.
8. He was made to run a mile.
9. He failed to obtain first class.
10. I remember to bring your book.

ii) Gerund:

The nouns .working as ion-finite verbs are called ‘Gerunds’. The Gerund’ is used to show an action.
Examples :
1. Smoking is a bad habit.
2. Her favourite hobby is dancing.
3. He likes drinking.
4. I am sick of waiting.
5. It is no use crying over spilt milk.

A Gerund may be used at the beginning, in the middle (interior) or at the end of a sentence.
On reading the above sentences, we can safely say that Gerunds can be used in the following manners.
1) As subject of the sentence.(see sentence No.1)
2) As subject complement of the verbs (sentence No.2)
3) As object to the verb. (sentence No.3)
4) As object to the preposition. (sentence No.4)
5) As case in Apposition of ‘it’ pronoun,

Other Information About The Use Of Gerund:

i) As full Gerunds; as- Ex. Reading the religious books being his habit, we like him.
ii) The use of Gerund as perfect form (having + 3rd form of verb): as Ex. He will never admit having broken the glass.
iii) A ‘Gerund’ is used in place of an ‘Infinitive’ after the prepositions: as Ex. She is good at singing songs.
iv) Possessive pronouns can also be used with ‘Gerunds’: as Ex. I know Hari’s visiting her frequently.

Note that Infinitives and Gerunds are called Verbal Nouns. We can apply both Infinitive and Gerunds as objects of the following verbs:
Advice, allow, attempt, begin, be afraid (of), continue, can’t bear, go, hate, intend, love,, like, mean, need, prefer, permit, propose, recommend, require, remember, request, start, stop, try, used to, wants etc.

Examples :
He began to go to school or
He began going to school.
We normally us Genmds as objects of the following verbs:
Avoid, admit, anticipate, complete, consider, can’t stand (endure), detest, deny, delay, defer, enjoy, excuse, fancy, finish, forgive, give up, involve, imagine, keep, miss, mind, prevent, postpone, pardon, put off, practice, risk, resent, recollect, resist, suggest, save etc.
Example: He can’t give up smoking.

iii) Participle:

These non-finite verbs can be used both as adjectives and as adverbs. Therefore, they are called verbal adjectives.

Kinds Of Participles:
1. Present Participle : (Vi+ing), (first form of the verb+ing)
Ex. Flowing water is pure. Here, the verb flowing shows the continuity of the action.
2. I have a complaining child. Here, the word complaining has been used as an adjective to qualify the noun ‘Child’.
3. The sight was charming. Here, the word charming being the complement the verb ‘was’ as also the complement of the subject, ‘The sight’.
4. I saw her smoking. Here, the word smoking is the comple-ment of the object her’.
5. Nina came to me crying. Here, two
actions (came and cry) have taken place at the same time (simultaneously). Therefore, the more significant out of the two actions ‘cry’. has been shown by present participle.
6. Seeing the police, the thief hid behind the wall. Here, the same object (thief) performs two actions, (see and hide). The former action takes the present participle under such situation.
7. He took up the bag, he ran away. Here, both actions take place simultaneously or Taking up his bag, he ran away. Here, present Participle has been used to connect two sentences. ‘Taking up his bag’ is a ‘participle phrase’.
8. God willing, I shall get first division. Here, present principle has been used in ‘God willing’ because of it. (which) is an Absolute Phrase.

2. Past Participle : (VIII) Third form of the Verb.
Ex. This is a spoilt child. Here, the use of the word ‘spoil’ shows the completion of the action ‘spoilt’.
1. The tired traveller fell asleep. Here, the word ‘tired’ functions as the adjective of the noun ‘traveller’.
2. She looks worried and dejected. Here, the words ‘worried and dejected’ are functioning as adjectives. Being the complement of the verb ‘looks’. They are also the complements of the subject ‘she’.
3. He got his hair cut. Here, the word ‘cut’ is the complement of the subject ‘hair’.
4. The decision taken at the right time is always rewarding. Here, the word ‘taken’ as a past participle. While qualifying the Noun adjectival phrase.
Note that such Adjectival Phrases are often used after the noun, they qualify. ‘decision’, it also helps in the formation of an
5. The Chairman left the meeting fully, the word ‘satisfied’ is a participle which is modifying the verb ‘left’. Hence, it is functioning as adverb.

3. Perfect Participle : (having +VIII).
Ex. Mita has taken a breakfast. She is getting ready for school or Having taken her breakfast, Mita is getting ready for school. Here, two such sentences which lack quickness in action have been combined by using a/he perfect participle:
Note that the second action ‘got’ ready came into force on the completion of the first action (taken her breakfast). There can be a little or more duration of time between both actions.
1. School over, the students came out Here, school over school having been over perfect participle ‘having been’ can be inferred or school having been over, the students came out.
2. The Sun rose and we returned home,(As soph as the Sun rose, we returned home) or No sooner did the Sun rose, than we returned home.
The above sentence is a compound structure. The second action has been completed, immediately after the completion of the first action. The sentence can also be written as: The Sun having risen, we returned home by using the Perfect Participle.
3. (i) The order has been placed, and (ii) No change is possible now. Here, sentence No.4 (i) is a Passive- 5. Voice sentence and sentence No.4 (ii) is an Active-Voice sentence. We can also use perfect participle and write the two sentences as The order having been placed, no change
is possible now.

Exercise For Practice :
Fill in the blanks with, suitable Non-finite verb forms (In-finitive/Gerund/Participles).
1. _________ (drink) in the open is prohibited.
2. A _________(drown) man catches at a straw.
3. _________ (bark) dog seldom bite.
4. The _________ (lose) child was restored.
5. _________ (dance) is an art.
6. The arrangements _________(make), no change is possible now.
7. My mother looked _________ (frighten)
8. He is fond of I found her _________ (read).
9. I found her _________ (weep)
10. _________ (finish) my work, I went out to play.
11. _________ (spill) sold is thought to, bring, ill luck
12. _________ (come) events cost their shadows before.
13. _________ (smoke) is a bad habit.
14.The girls are feeling _________(bore).
15. A _________ (roll) stone gathers no moss.
16. She found her mirror _________ (break).
17. _________(thunder) clouds seldom rain.
18. He wants _________(take) tea.
19. _________(take) her breakfast, Sushma is getting ready for college.
20._________(see) the tiger, she fainted.

Answer:
1. Drinking in the open is prohibited.
2. A drowning man catches at a straw.
3. Barking dogs seldom bite.
4. The lost child was restored.
5, Dancing is an art.
6. The arrangements having been made, no change is possible now.
7. My mother looked frightened.
8. He is fond of reading.
9. I found her weeping.
10. Having finished ray work, 1 went out to play.
11. Spilling salt is thought to bring ill luck.
12. Coming events cast their shadows, before!
13. Smoking is a bad habit.
14. The girls are feeling bored:
15. A rolling stone gathers no moss.
16. She found her mirror broken.
17. Thundering clouds seldom rain.
18. He wants to take tea.
19. Having taken her breakfast Sushma is getting ready for college.
20. Having seen the tiger, she fainted.