Bhagya

Odisha State Board CHSE Odisha Class 12 Math Notes Chapter 8 Application of Derivatives will enable students to study smartly.

CHSE Odisha 12th Class Math Notes Chapter 8 Application of Derivatives

Tangents and normals:
(a) If y = f(x) is the equation of any curve then = The slope of the tangent at P(x₁, y₁).
(b) Slope of the normal at (x₁, y₁)
(c) Equation of tangent at P(x₁, y₁) is y – y₁ =
(d) Equation of normal at P(x₁, y₁) is y – y₁ =
(e) Angle between two curves is the angle between two tangents at the point of contact.

Increasing and decreasing functions:
If y = f(x) is defined in [a, b] then
(i) f'(x) > 0, x ∈ (a, b)
⇒ f is strictly increasing on (a, b).
(ii) f'(x) > 0, x ∈ (a, b)
⇒ f is monotonic increasing on (a, b).
(iii) f'(x) < 0, x ∈ (a, b)
⇒ f is strictly decreasing on (a, b).
(iv) f'(x) < 0, x ∈ (a, b)
⇒ f is monotonic decreasing on (a, b).
(v) f'(x) = 0, x ∈ (a, b)
⇒ f is a constant function on (a, b).

Approximation:
(a) If y = f(x) is a function and δx is a very small change in x then the respective change in y is δy given by
δy = f'(x) δx => dy = f'(x) δx.
∴ The approximate value of y = f(x) at
x = a + δx is f(a + δx)
= f(a) + f(a) δx

Maxima and minima:
(a) First derivative criteria to find max/min of y = f(x)
Algorithm:
Step-1 : Put and solve for x.
Let x = a, b, c ……
Step-2 : If changes sign from (+ve) to (-ve) in then at x = a, ‘f’ has a local maximum. If changes sign from (-ve) to (+ve) in then at x = a, f has a local minimum. If in thenat x = a ‘f’ has neither maxima nor a minima (it may be a point of inflexion).

(b) Second derivative criteria
Algorithm:
Step-1 : Find the roots of f'(x) = 0.
Let they are a, b, c ……
Step-2 : Find f”(x) and put x = a, b, c ……
(i) If f”(a) > 0 then at x = a, f has a local minimum.
(ii) If f”(a) < 0 then at x = a, f has a local maximum.
(iii) If f”(a) = 0 and f”(x) changes sign in (a – δ, a + δ) then x = a is a point of inflexion.
(iv) If f”(a) = 0 and f”(x) does not change sign in then use first derivative criteria to check for maxima/minima.

Mean Value Theorems:
(a) Rolle’s theorem:
If a function f is
(i) continuous on the closed interval [a, b]
(ii) differentiable on the open interval (a, b) and
(iii) f(a) = f(b) then there exists a point c ∈ (a, b) such that f(c) = 0.
Geometrical interpretation:
If f is continuous on [a, b], differentiable on (a, b) and f(a) = f(b) then there exists atleast one point c ∈ (a, b) such that at x = c the tangent is parallel to x-axis.
Algebraic interpretation:
Between two roots ‘a’ and ‘b’ of f(x) there exists atleast one root of f'(x).

(b) Cauchy’s Mean Value theorem:
If ‘f’ and ‘g’ are two functions such that
(i) both are continuous on [a, b]
(ii) both are differentiable on (a, b) and
(iii) g'(x) ≠ 0 for any x ∈ (a, b) then there exists atleast one point c ∈ (a, b) such that
Geometrical interpretation:
The conclusion of Cauchy’s theorem can be written as i.e. the ratio of the mean rate of increase of two functions in an interval equals to the ratio of actual rate of increase at some point of the interval.

(c) Lagrange’s Mean Value theorem:
If a function f is
(i) continuous on the closed interval [a, b]
(ii) differentiable on the open interval(a, b) then there exists atleast one c ∈ (a, b), such that.
Geometrical interpretation:
Between two points A and B of the graph of y = f(x) there exists atleast one point c such that the tangent is parallel to the chord AB.

Indeterminate forms & L’Hospitals rule:
A limit is said to be in indeterminate form if it takes any of the forms.
Note:
If a limit is in indeterminate form then it can be evaluated using the following methods.
(i) Change the function to determinate form (by rationalisation, expansion or any other means) then find the limit.
Or, (ii) Bring to form then use L’Hospitals rule.
L’Hospitals rule:
Let f and g are two functions differentiable on some open interval containing ‘a’ such that g'(x) ≠ 0 for x ≠ a and g(a) = f(a) = 0, then provided the latter limit exists.

Odisha State Board BSE Odisha 9th Class English Solutions Chapter 4 The Missile Man of India Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Class 9th English Chapter 4 The Missile Man of India Question Answers BSE Odisha

The Missile Man of India Class 9 Questions and Answers

Let’s Understand The Text:

Read the text silently and understand. While reading, some new words may stand in your way. Don’t worry. Refer to the ‘Notes and Glossary’ provided at the end of the text. You may also consult a dictionary or your teacher. After you have read, your teacher asks you some questions. Answer them orally.

Question 1.
Who was Dr APJ Abdul Kalam?
(ଡ. ଏପିଜେ ଅବଦୁଲ୍ କଲାମ୍ କିଏ ?)
Answer:
Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam was a celebrated scientist and the 11th President of India. He was popularly known as “The Missile Man of India”.

Question 2.
Why is Dr Kalam known as “The Missile Man of India”?
(ଡ. କଲାମ୍ ‘ଭାରତର କ୍ଷେପଣାସ୍ତ୍ର ମାନବ’ ଭାବେ କାହିଁକି ପରିଚିତ ?)
Answer:
Dr. Kalam was closely involved in India’s civilian space programme and military missile development efforts. So he is known as “The Missile Man of India”.

Question 3.
Where was he born? When?
(ସେ କେଉଁଠାରେ ଜନ୍ମଗ୍ରହଣ କରିଥିଲେ ? କେବେ ?)
Answer:
Dr. Kalam was born in a Tamil Muslim family at Rameswaram in Tamil Nadu on 15 October 1931.

Question 4.
Who were his family members?
(କେଉଁମାନେ ତାଙ୍କର ପାରିବାରିକ ସଦସ୍ୟ ଥିଲେ ?)
Answer:
His family members were his father Jainulabdeen, mother Ashima, three elder brothers and an elder sister.

Question 5.
Who were his father and mother?
(ତାଙ୍କର ପିତା ଓ ମାତା କିଏ ଥିଲେ ?)
Answer:
His father Jainulabdeen was a boat owner and the Imam of a local mosque. His mother Ashiamma was an ordinary housewife.

Question 6.
What was his mother?
(ତାଙ୍କର ମାତା କ’ଣ ଥିଲେ ?)
Answer:
His mother Ashiamma was simply a house-wife and a devotional lady.

Question 7.
How did his father earn his living?
(ତାଙ୍କର ପିତା କିଭଳି ଜୀବିକାର୍ଜନ କରୁଥିଲେ ?)
Answer:
His father owned a ferry that took Hindu pilgrims from Rameswaram to Dhanushkodi and back. He earned his living by this small business.

Question 8.
Were Kalam’s ancestors rich or poor? How do you know it?
(କଲାମ୍ଙ୍କର ପୂର୍ବପୁରୁଷ ଧନୀ ଅଥବା ଗରିବ ଥିଲେ ? ତୁମେ କିପରି ଏହା ଜାଣୁଛ?)
Answer:
Dr. Kalam’s ancestors were rich traders and land owners. Unluckily in course of time they lost their vast properties even their ancestral house and fell on hard times.

Question 9.
How did he add to his family?
(ସେ କିପରି ତାଙ୍କର ପରିବାରକୁ ସହଯୋଗ କରୁଥିଲେ?)
Answer:
In his childhood days he faced misery of life. He had to sell newspapers to supplement his family’s income.

Question 10.
What is the third paragraph about?
(ତୃତୀୟ ପାରାଗ୍ରାଫ୍ କେଉଁଥିପାଇଁ ଉଦ୍ଦିଷ୍ଟ?)
Answer:
The third paragraph is about Kalam’s education in his childhood days. It was also dealt with his loving and affectionate science teacher Sivasubramania Iyer.

Question 11.
Where did he get his primary education?
(ତାଙ୍କର ପ୍ରାରମ୍ଭିକ ଶିକ୍ଷା କେଉଁଠାରେ ପ୍ରାପ୍ତ ହୋଇଥିଲେ?)
Answer:
Dr. Kalam got his primary education at Ramanathpuram.

Question 12.
Who was his science teacher?
(ତାଙ୍କର ବିଜ୍ଞାନ ଶିକ୍ଷକ କିଏ ଥିଲେ ?)
Answer:
Mr. Sivasubramania Iyer was his science teacher when Kalam was in the primary school.

Question 13.
What was he like?
(ସେ କିଭଳି ଥିଲେ ?)
Answer:
The science teacher of the school was loving and affectionate to Kalam. As he was a committed teacher, his inspiration made him great.

Question 14.
What did he invite Kalam for?
(ସେ କଲାମ୍‌ଙ୍କୁ କେଉଁଥିପାଇଁ ନିମନ୍ତ୍ରଣ କରିଥିଲେ?)
Answer:
Once he invited Kalam for a meal in his house.

Question 15.
How did his wife react to it?
(ଏଥପ୍ରତି ତାଙ୍କ ପତ୍ନୀ କିଭଳି ପ୍ରତିକ୍ରିୟା ପ୍ରକାଶ କରିଥିଲେ?)
Answer:
His wife disliked it and denied serving a Muslim boy like Kalam.

Question 16.
What changed her attitude?
(କ’ଣ ତାଙ୍କର ମନୋବୃତ୍ତିରେ ପରିବର୍ତ୍ତନ ଆଣିଥିଲା ?)
Answer:
When the teacher himself served Kalam, his wife was watching behind the kitchen door. But Kalam’s behaviour, way of taking the meal and cleaning the floor changed her attitude.

Question 17.
How did she behave him later?
(ପରବର୍ତ୍ତୀ ସମୟରେ ସେ ତାଙ୍କୁ କିଭଳି ବ୍ୟବହାର ଦେଖାଇଥିଲେ?)
Answer:
When the teacher invited Kalam next time, she welcomed him and served him food herself.

Question 18.
Who does ‘He’ in the third sentence of para-3 refer to?
(ତୃତୀୟ ଅନୁଚ୍ଛେଦର ତୃତୀୟ ବାକ୍ୟରେ ‘He’ (ସେ) କାହାକୁ ବୁଝାଉଛି ? )
Answer:
‘He’ in third sentence of para-3 refers to Sivasubramania Iyer, Kalam’s science teacher.

Question 19.
The fourth paragraph is about his ________.
(ଚତୁର୍ଥ ଅନୁଚ୍ଛେଦଟି ତାଙ୍କ_________ ବିଷୟରେ ।)
A. elementary education
B. higher education
C. secondary education
D. family
(Say the correct answer.)
Answer:
The fourth paragraph is about his secondary education and higher education.

Question 20.
Was he good at studies at the high school? Read out the sentence in support of your answer.
(ସେ ଉଚ୍ଚ ବିଦ୍ୟାଳୟରେ ପାଠପଢ଼ାରେ ପାରଦର୍ଶୀ ଥିଲେ କି ? ତୁମ ଉତ୍ତର ସମର୍ଥନରେ ଗୋଟିଏ ବାକ୍ୟ କୁହ ।)
Answer:
Yes, in the line “but was considerd a bright and hard working student” shows that he was good at studies at the high school.

Question 21.
What was Kalam’s dream in life?
(ଜୀବନରେ କଲାମଙ୍କର ସ୍ୱପ୍ନ କ’ଣ ଥିଲା)
Answer:
Kalam’s dream in life was to become a pilot.

Question 22.
What did he do to fulfil his dream in life?
(ସେ ତାଙ୍କ ଜୀବନର ସ୍ଵପ୍ନକୁ ପୂରଣ କରିବା ପାଇଁ କ’ଣ କଲେ?)
Answer:
In order to fulfill his dream that to become a pilot, he applied for studying engineering at the Madras Institute of Technology.

Question 23.
Do you have any dream? How can you fulfil your dream in your life?
(ତୁମ ମନରେ କିଛି ସ୍ବପ୍ନ ଅଛି କି ? ତୁମେ ତାକୁ କିଭଳି ପୂରଣ କରିପାରିବ ?)
Answer:
Yes, like others, I have a dream to become an engineer. I am studying hard to fulfil my dream in life.

Question 24.
What problem did he face for his admission into engineering?
(ଇଞ୍ଜିନିୟରିଂ ପଢ଼ିବ ପାଇଁ ସେ କେଉଁ ସମସ୍ୟାର ସମ୍ମୁଖୀନ ହୋଇଥିଲେ ?)
Answer:
It was not so easy to take admission at such a prestigious institution like Madras Institute of Technology. It was an expensive affair. The problem that he faced for his admission into engineering was that he didn’t have one thousand rupees to pay towards his course fee.

Question 25.
Who came to his help? How?
(କିଏ ତାଙ୍କୁ ସାହାଯ୍ୟ କଲା? କିପରି?)
Answer:
Asim Zohra, his loving elder sister came to his help. She mortgaged her gold ornaments for his admission fee.

Question 26.
When did he complete his aerospace engineering?
(ସେ କେବେ ଅନ୍ତରୀକ୍ଷ ଇଞ୍ଜିନିୟରିଂ ପଢ଼ା ଶେଷ କଲେ ?)
Answer:
He completed his aerospace engineering in 1960.

Question 27.
Name the institution where he got –
(ଶିକ୍ଷାନୁଷ୍ଠାନର ନାମ ଲେଖ ଯେଉଁଠାରେ ସେ -)
(a) Secondary Education:
(b) Graduation in Physics:
(c) Aerospace Engineering:
Answer:
(a) He got secondary education at the Schwartz Higher Secondary School.
(b) He got graduation in Physics at, Saint Joseph’s College, Tiruchirapalli.
(c) He got Aerospace Engineering at the Madras Institute of Technology.

Question 28.
The pragraphs- 5 and 6 describe Dr. Kalam’s career as ________.
(ପଞ୍ଚମ ଓ ଷଷ୍ଠ ଅନୁଚ୍ଛେଦରେ କଲାମଙ୍କର ବୃତ୍ତି ଜଣେ __________ ଭାବରେ ବର୍ଣ୍ଣନା କରାଯାଇଛି ।)

• a marine engineer
• an aerospace scientist
• a plant scientist
• a software engineer

Answer:
The paragraph 5 and 6 describe Dr. Kalam’s career as an aerospace scientist.

Question 29.
How did he begin his career?
(ସେ ତାଙ୍କର ବୃତ୍ତି କିଭଳି ସେ ଆରମ୍ଭ କଲେ ?)
Answer:
Kalam began his career as a trainee at Hindustan Aeronautics Limited in Bangalore.

Question 30.
Where was he appointed as a scientist first?
(ଜଣେ ବୈଜ୍ଞାନିକ ଭାବରେ କେଉଁଠାରେ ସେ ପ୍ରଥମେ ନିଯୁକ୍ତି ପାଇଲେ?)
Answer:
He was appointed as a scientist first at the Defence Research Development Organisation (DRDO).

Question 31.
When did he start his work in the Indian Space Research Organisation?
(ଭାରତୀୟ ଅନ୍ତରୀକ୍ଷ ଗବେଷଣା ପ୍ରତିଷ୍ଠାନରେ ସେ କେବେ ତାଙ୍କର କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ ଆରମ୍ଭ କଲେ?)
Answer:
He started his work in the Indian Space Research Organisation in 1969.

Question 32.
What was the purpose of the satellite?
(ଉପଗ୍ରହର ଉଦ୍ଦେଶ୍ୟ କ’ଣ ଥିଲା?)
Answer:
The purpose of satellite was to develop the technology to launch the satellite into the orbit.

Question 33.
When was the first Rohini satellite launched into the orbit?
(ପ୍ରଥମ ରୋହିଣୀ ଉପଗ୍ରହକୁ କେବେ କକ୍ଷପଥରେ ଅବସ୍ଥାପିତ କରାଗଲା?)
Answer:
The first Rohini satellite launched into the orbit in 1980.

Question 34.
How many years did Kalam spend in the ISRO?
(ଇସ୍ରୋରେ କଲାମ୍ କେତେ ବର୍ଷ ବିତାଇଥିଲେ?)
Answer:
Kalam spent nineteen years in the ISRO.

Question 35.
Where did he take the leading role in the development of India’s missiles and nuclear weapons programme?
(ସେ କେଉଁଠାରେ ଭାରତର କ୍ଷେପଣାସ୍ତ୍ର ଓ ପରମାଣୁ ଅସ୍ତ୍ରଶସ୍ତ୍ର କାର୍ଯ୍ୟକ୍ରମର ବିକାଶ ନିମନ୍ତେ ମୁଖ୍ୟ ଭୂମିକା ନିର୍ବାହ କରିଥିଲେ?)
Answer:
Kalam took the leading role in the development of India’s missiles and nuclear weapons programme at the DRDO.

Question 36.
What made him extremely popular in the country?
(ସେ କେଉଁଥପାଇଁ ଦେଶର ଅତୀବ ଲୋକପ୍ରିୟ ହୋଇଥିଲେ?)
Answer:
Under his guidance and supervision the development of India’s missiles and nuclear
weapons programme became very successful and led to the development of four missiles namely Prithi, Trishul, Akash and Nag. This made him extremely popular in the country.

Question 37.
What was he called after the success of the four missiles- Prithvi, Trishul, Akash and Nag?
(ପୃଥବୀ, ତ୍ରିଶୂଳ, ଆକାଶ ଓ ନାଗ୍ – ଏହି ଚାରୋଟି କ୍ଷେପଣାସ୍ତ୍ର ସଫଳତା ପରେ, ତାଙ୍କୁ କ’ଣ କୁହାଗଲା?)
Answer:
After the success of the four missiles- Prithvi, Trishul, Akash and Nag, he was popularly called as “The Missile Man of India”

Question 38.
Why did he camp in Rajasthan’s Thar Desert?
(ରାଜସ୍ଥାନର ଥର୍ ମରୁଭୂମିରେ ସେ କାହିଁକି ଅସ୍ଥାୟୀ ଭାବେ ରହିଥିଲେ ?)
Answer:
Kalam camped in Rajasthan’s Thar Desert to supervise the Pokhran-II, nuclear tests.

Question 39.
What, according to Dr Kalam, was the “defining moment” in the history of our country?
(ଡ. କଲାମ୍‌ଙ୍କ ଅନୁସାରେ, ଭାରତ ଇତିହାସରେ ଘଡ଼ିସନ୍ଧି ମୁହୂର୍ଭ କେଉଁଟି ଥିଲା ?)
Answer:
According to Dr Kalam, his stay in Rajasthan’s Thar Desert for a fortnight to supervise the Pokharan-II nuclear tests was the defining moment in the history of our country.

Question 40.
Why was it very hard to camp in Rajasthan’s Thar Desert?
(ରାଜସ୍ଥାନର ଥର୍ ମରୁଭୂମିରେ ଅସ୍ଥାୟୀ ଭାବେ ଅବସ୍ଥାନ କରିବା କାହିଁକି କଠିନ ଥୁଲା ?)
Answer:
It was very hard to camp in Rajasthan’s Thar Desert because these were the hot days of 1998 at Pokhran. On a particular day the temperature there rose to 53° C.

Question 41.
What are Kalam’s contributions for India’s defence programme?
(ଭାରତର ପ୍ରତିରକ୍ଷା କାର୍ଯ୍ୟକ୍ରମକୁ କଲାମ୍‌ର ଦାନ କ’ଣ ଥିଲା ?)
Answer:
Kalam’s contribution for India’s defence programme is great. He had developed a number of missiles and nuclear weapons for the sake of country’s defence.

Question 42.
Dr. Kalam was the Chief Scientific Advisor to _______ of India.
(ଡ. କଲାମ୍ ଭାରତର ___________ ଙ୍କ ମୁଖ୍ୟ ବିଜ୍ଞାନ ବିଷୟକ ପରାମର୍ଶଦାତା ଥିଲେ ।)
i. the President
iii. the Field Marshal
ii. the Prime Minister
iv. the Secretary of Defence
(Choose the correct answer.)
Answer:
Dr. Kalam was the Chief Scientific Advisor to the Prime Minister of India.

Question 43.
What awards and honours was Kalam honoured with?
(କଲାମ୍‌ଙ୍କୁ କେଉଁ ସମ୍ମାନଗୁଡ଼ିକରେ ସମ୍ମାନିତ ହୋଇଥିଲେ ?)
Answer:
Dr. Kalam was honoured with the Padma Bhushan in 1981, the Padma Vibhusan in 1990 and the nation’s highest civilian honour, The Bharat Ratna in 1997.

Question 44.
What is the highest civilian award of our country?
(ଭାରତର ସର୍ବଶ୍ରେଷ୍ଠ ବେସାମରିକ ସମ୍ମାନ କ’ଣ ଅଟେ?)
Answer:
The highest civilian award of our country is ‘the Bharat Ratna’.

Question 45.
How did Kalam pass away?
(କଲାମ୍ କିପରି ଶେଷ ନିଶ୍ଵାସ ତ୍ୟାଗ କଲେ?)
Answer:
On 27th July 2015 Dr. Kalam was delivering a lecture in Shillong. During the course of his lecture, he collapsed and was immediately taken to the hospital. There he passed away from us in a massive cardiac arrest.

Question 46.
Why will people of our country remember Kalam forever?
(ଆମ ଦେଶର ଲୋକମାନେ କଲାମ୍‌ଙ୍କୁ କାହିଁକି ମନେ ରଖୁବେ?)
Answer:
The people of our country will remember Kalam for his dedication, devotion and selfless service to the nation, particularly as ‘The Missile Man of India’.

Question 47.
What qualities of Dr Kalam do you like very much?
(କଲାମ୍‌ଙ୍କର କେଉଁ ଗୁଣଗୁଡ଼ିକ ତୁମକୁ ବେଶି ଭଲ ଲାଗୁଛି ?)
Answer:
Dr. Kalam was qualitative man. His simple living, ideal life, great devotion and dedication and service to the nation make him popular in the country.

Question 48.
Can you say the names of some eminent scientists who have contributed a lot to our country?
(ଯେଉଁ ପ୍ରଖ୍ୟାତ ବୈଜ୍ଞାନିକମାନେ ଦେଶ ପାଇଁ ଅନେକ ଅବଦାନ ଦେଇଯାଇଛି ତୁମେ ସେମାନଙ୍କ ମଧ୍ୟରୁ କେତେକଙ୍କ ନାମ କହିପାରିବ କି?)
Answer:
C.V. Raman, Homi J. Bhabha, Visvesvaraya and Vikram Sarabhai are some of the eminent great scientists of our country. They have contributed a lot for our country.

Let’s Understand The Text: (ଆସନ୍ତୁ ପାଠ୍ୟକୁ ବୁଝିବା:)

(a) Match the paragraph numbers under column- ‘A’ with their main ideas given under column-‘B\ Write the paragraph number in the box given against each idea. (Question with Answer)
(‘A’ ସ୍ତମ୍ଭ ତଳେ ଥିବା ଅନୁଚ୍ଛେଦ କ୍ରମ ସଂଖ୍ୟା ସହ ‘B’ ସ୍ତମ୍ଭ ତଳେ ଥିବା ମୁଖ୍ୟ ବିଷୟବସ୍ତୁ ମିଳାଅ । ଅନୁଚ୍ଛେଦ କ୍ରମ ସଂଖ୍ୟାକୁ ପ୍ରଦତ୍ତ ବାକ୍ସ ଭିତରେ ଲେଖ । ଗୋଟିଏ ତୁମ ପାଇଁ କରିଦିଆଯାଇଛି ।)

A (Paragraph Numbers)	B Main Ideas
1	[ ] Elementary education
2	[ ] Death of Kalam
3	[ ] Awards and honours
4	[ ] Introducing Dr APJ Abdul Kalam
5, 6 and 7	[ ] Secondary and higher education
8	[ ] Kalam’s childhood
9	[ ] Career and contribution

Answer:

A (Paragraph Numbers)	B Main Ideas
1	3 Elementary education
2	9 Death of Kalam
3	8 Awards and honours
4	1 Introducing Dr APJ Abdul Kalam
5, 6 and 7	4 Secondary and higher education
8	2  Kalam’s childhood
9	5, 6 and 7 Career and contribution

(b) Fill in the blanks choosing the right answers from brackets.
(ବନ୍ଧନୀ ମଧ୍ଯରେ ସଠିକ୍ ଉତ୍ତର ବାଛି ଶୂନ୍ୟସ୍ଥାନ ପୂରଣ କର ।)
[elementary education, his science teacher, the People’s President, his family income, Chief Scientific Advisor, The Bharat Ratna, development of four missiles, Integrated Missile Development Programme]

(i) Dr APJ Abdul Kalam is popularly known as ________.
(ii) Kalam has to sell newspapers to supplement ________.
(iii) Kalam started his ______ at Ramanathapuram.
(iv) Kalam’s most favourite teacher was ________.
(v) Dr Kalam was popularly called ‘The Missile Man of India’ after the success of the _________.
(vi) The successful launch of the missiles was possible when Kalam was heading the ________.
(vii) Dr APJ Abdul Kalam was honoured the nation’s highest honour ________ in 1997.
(viii) Dr Kalam was the________ to the Prime Minister and the Secretary of Defence Research and Development Organisation.
Answer:
(i) Dr APJ Abdul Kalam is popularly known as people’s President.
(ii) Kalam has to sell newspapers to supplement his family income.
(iii) Kalam started his elementary education at Ramanathapuram.
(iv) Kalam’s most favourite teacher was his science teacher.
(v) Dr Kalam was popularly called ‘The Missile Man of India’ after the success of the development of four missiles.
(vi) The successful launch of the missiles was possible when Kalam was heading the Integrated Missile Development Programme.
(vii) Dr APJ Abdul Kalam was honoured the nation’s highest honour the Bharat Ratna in 1997.
(viii) Dr Kalam was the Chief Scientific Advisor to the Prime Minister and the Secretary of Defence Research and Development Organisation.

(c) Read the text and find out the situations :
(ପାଠ୍ୟବିଷୟକୁ ପଢ଼ ଏବଂ ପରିସ୍ଥିତିକୁ ଖୋଜି ବାହାର କର ।)
(i) when Kalam faced challenges on his way to achievements
Answer:
Kalam faced challenges on his way to achievements at the time of taking admission in the Madras Institute of Technology.

(ii) when Kalam felt happy –
Answer:
Kalam faced challenges on his way to achievements at the time of taking admission in the Madras Institute of Technology.

Let’s Talk : ଆସନ୍ତୁ ଆଲୋଚନା କରିବା

(a) Listen to each of the following expressions and say the line(s) and paragraph number in which it occurs. (Question with Answer)
(ତଳଲିଖ ଉକ୍ତିଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ଶୁଣ ଏବଂ ଧାଡ଼ି ଏବଂ ଅନୁଚ୍ଛେଦ କ୍ରମ ସଂଖ୍ୟା କୁହ ।)

Question 1.
Kalam as the 11th President of India
Answer:
In 2002, he was elected as the 11th President of India, and was widely referred to as the “People’s President”. (Line – 3, Paragraph – 1)

Question 2.
Date and place of birth of Kalam
Answer:
Dr. Abdul Kalam was born on 15th October 1931 in a Tamil Muslim family at Rameswaram in the state of Tamil Nadu. (Line – 1, Paragraph – 2)

Question 3.
Kalam’s elementary education
Answer:
Kalam started his elementary education at Ramanathapuram. (Line – 3, Paragraph – 3)

Question 4.
The Schwartz Higher Secondary School
Answer:
Kalam then moved to the Schwartz Higher Secondary School for his secondary education. (Line – 1, Paragraph – 4)

Question 5.
He graduated in Physics
Answer:
After completing his studies here, Kalam was admitted to Saint Joseph’s College, Tiruchirappalli where he graduated in Physics in 1954. (Line – 4, Paragraph – 4)

Question 6.
Zohra, his sister helped Kalam for his education
Answer:
Asim Zohra, his compassionate elder sister, came to his help. (Line – 10, Paragraph – 4)

Question 7.
He completed aerospace engineering in 1960.
Answer:
And he completed his aerospace engineering in 1960. (Line – 12, Paragraph – 4)

Question 8.
Joined DRDO
Answer:
Then he joined the Defence Research Development Organisation (DRDO) as a scientist. (Line – 2, Paragraph – 5)

Question 9.
Kalam succeeded in launching the first satellite, Rohini.
Answer:
It was under Dr Kalam’s direct guidance and supervision that the first Rohini satellite was successfully launched into the orbit in 1980. (Line – 5, Paragraph – 5)

(b) Say the full forms of the following acronyms/abbreviations in a chain-drill, (one after another)
(ନିମ୍ନଲିଖ ସଂକ୍ଷିପ୍ତ ରୂପଗୁଡ଼ିକର ପୂର୍ବରୂପ କ୍ରମାନୁସାରେ କୁହ ।) (ଗୋଟିକ ପରେ ଗୋଟିଏ)

(i) HAL: Hindustan Aeronautics Limited
(ii) DRDO: Defence Research Development Orgnisation.
(iii) ISRO: Indian Space Research Organisation
(iv) SLV: Satellite Launch Vehicle
(v) IGMDP: Integrated Missile Development Programme

Let’s Learn Words: ଆସନ୍ତୁ ଶବ୍ଦ ଶିଖିବା:

(a) Match the words under ‘A’ with their opposite meanings under ‘B’. One is done for you.
(ସ୍ତମ୍ଭ ‘A’ ତଳେ ଥିବା ଶବ୍ଦଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ସ୍ତମ୍ଭ ‘B’ ତଳେ ଥିବା ଶବ୍ଦ ସହ ମିଳାଅ । ଗୋଟିଏ ତୁମ ପାଇଁ କରି ଦିଆଯାଇଛି ।)

A Words	B Opposite Meanings
complete	unpopular
educated	inexpensive
expensive	unsuccessful
successful	insufficient
popular	incomplete
sufficient	uneducated

Answer:

A Words	B Opposite Meanings
complete	unpopular
educated	inexpensive
expensive	unsuccessful
successful	insufficient
popular	incomplete
sufficient	uneducated

(b) Match the words/phrases under ‘A’ with their meanings tinder ‘B\ Write the number of the word in the box for each. (Question with Answer)
(‘A’ ତଳେ ଥିବା ଶବ୍ଦଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ‘B’ ତଳେ ଥିବା ସେଗୁଡ଼ିକର ଅର୍ଥ ସହ ମିଳାଅ । ପ୍ରତ୍ୟେକ ଶବ୍ଦର କ୍ରମ ସଂଖ୍ୟା ବାକ୍ସ ମଧ୍ୟରେ ଲେଖ ।)

A Words	B Meanings
1 distinguished	[ ] important time
2 referred to	[ ] kindhearted
3 supplement	[ ]became senseless because of illness
4 compassionate	[ ]to start an activity
5 launch	[ ] an weapon sent through the air that explodes when it hits a target
6 defining moment	[ ] most popular (known as)
7 collapsed	[ ] very successful and admired by people
8 missile	[ ] 3 to add to something to improve it

A Words	B Meanings
1 distinguished	6 important time
2 referred to	4 kindhearted
3 supplement	7 became senseless because of illness
4 compassionate	5 to start an activity
5 launch	8 an weapon sent through the air that explodes when it hits a target
6 defining moment	2 most popular (known as)
7 collapsed	1 very successful and admired by people
8 missile	3 to add to something to improve it

(c) Read the following sentence and mark the word in bold letters.
His mother, Ashiamma was a housewife.
Here the word- housewife in the above sentence is built with two words: house + wife.
This is a compound word.
(i) Given below are some compound words. Break them as done above. (Question with answer)
(ତଳେ କେତେକ ଯୌଗିକ ଶବ୍ଦ ଦିଆଯାଇଛି । ଉପରେ କରାଯାଇଥିବା ଭଳି ସେଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ଅଲଗା ଅଲଗା କର ।)

landowner	=	land	+	owner
weekend	=	week	+	end
milestone	=	mile	+	stone
headline	=	head	+	line
newspaper	=	news	+	paper
overtime	=	over	+	time
childhood	=	child	+	hood

(ii) Will you write ten more compound words on your own?
(ତୁମେ ନିଜେ ଆଉ ଦଶଟି ଶବ୍ଦ ଲେଖୁରିବ କି ?)

Answer:

airbase	=	air	+	base
shorthand	=	short	+	hand
lowland	=	low	+	land
headword	=	head	+	word
washerman	=	washer	+	man
heatwave	=	heat	+	wave
downstream	=	down	+	stream
airbag	=	air	+	bag
wasteland	=	waste	+	land
grandparents	=	grand	+	parents

Let’s Learn Language: ଆସନ୍ତୁ ଶିଖିବା ଭାଷା:

(a) Study the following sentence and mark the words in bold letters.
Dr APJ Abdul Kalam was bom on 15 October 1931.
We use the past form of the ‘be’ verb – was/were + born (the third form of the verb ‘bear’) to talk about the event of birth of a person.
Work in pairs, discuss and fill in the blanks in the table. Then write the sentence below the table. One is done for you. (Question with Answer)
(ଯୋଡ଼ି ହୋଇ ଆଲୋଚନା କର ଏବଂ ସାରଣୀରେ ଥିବା ଶୂନ୍ୟସ୍ଥାନ ପୂରଣ କର । ତା’ପରେ ବାକ୍ୟଟିକୁ ସାରଣୀ ତଳେ ଲେଖ । ଗୋଟିଏ ତୁମ ପାଇଁ କରି ଦିଆଯାଇଛି ।)

Name of the person	Place of Birth	Date of Birth
Mahatma Gandhi	Porbandar, Gujrat	2nd October 1869
Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan	Tiruttani, Madras	5th September 1888
Gopabandhu Dash	Suando, Puri, Odisha	9th October 1877
Madhusudan Das	Satyabhamapur, Cuttack Odisha,	28th April 1848
Biju Patnaik	G.Nuagan, Bellaguntha, Ganjam, Odisha	5th March 1916
Jagadish Chandra Bose	Memvnesinsh in Bengal	30 November 1858

1. Jagadish Chandra Bose was born at Memynesingh in Bengal on 30 November 1858.
2. Mahatma Gandhi was bom at Porbandar, Gujrat on 2nd October 1869
3. Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan was born at Tiruttani, Madras on 5th September 1888
4. Gopabandhu Dash was bom at Suando, Puri, Odisha on 9th October 1877
5. Madhusudan Das was bom at Satyabhamapur, Cuttack, Odisha on 28th April, 1848 . 6. Biju Pattanik was bom at G. Nuagan, Bellaguntha, Ganjam, Odisha on 5th March 1916.

(b) Read the following sentences carefully and mark the verbs in bold letters.
1. Kalam was the youngest of four brothers and one sister in his family.
2. Mathematics was his favourite subject.
3. Around a thousand rupees was required to pay towards the course fee.
4. Bundles of newspapers were distributed by Kalam.

Here the verb ‘was’ agrees with the subjects of the sentence from l to 3; Kalam, Mathematics, a thousand rupees, and the verb ‘were’ in the sentence – 4 agrees with the subject ‘Bundles of newspapers’.

Let us now know more about ‘Subject and Verb Agreement’.

• Nouns like news, physics, mathematics, measles and ethics look like plural in form but they are singular and take singular verbs.
• Uncountable nouns like furniture, equipment, stationery, luggage, weather, advice and information are singular and used with singular verbs.
• Nouns like compasses, glasses, goods, trousers, police, people, etc. take plural verbs

Fill in the blanks with the correct verb choosing from brackets given against each.
(ପ୍ରତ୍ୟେକର ପାର୍ଶ୍ଵରେ ଥିବା ବନ୍ଧନୀ ମଧ୍ଯରୁ ସଠିକ୍ କ୍ରିୟାପଦ ବାଛି ଶୂନ୍ୟସ୍ଥାନ ପୂରଣ କର ।)

(i) Gymnastics ______ sport, (is/are)
Answer:
is

(ii) Social Studies _______ my favourite subject, (is/are)
Answer:
is

(iii) Politics ______here and now. (is/are)
Answer:
is

(iv) The news _______been published in the local daily. (has/have)
Answer:
has

(v) The police ________ the traffic. (control/controls)
Answer:
control

(vi) A hundred kilometres ________ a long distance. (is/are)
Answer:
is

(vii) Measles ______ fever. (cause/causes)
Answer:
causes

Let’s Write:

(a) Given below are some important events from the text. They are not in order. Arrange them in order and put the serial number in the box for each. Write the sentences.
( ନିମ୍ନରେ ପାଠ୍ୟବିଷୟର କେତେକ ପ୍ରଧାନ ଘଟଣା ଦିଆଯାଇଛି । ସେଗୁଡ଼ିକ କ୍ରମରେ ନାହାନ୍ତି । ସେଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ କ୍ରମାନୁସାରେ ସଜାଅ ଓ ପ୍ରତ୍ୟେକଟି ପାଇଁ ବାକ୍ସ ମଧ୍ୟରେ କ୍ରମସଂଖ୍ୟା ଲେଖ । ବାକ୍ୟଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ଲେଖ ।)

(i) He graduated in Physics from Saint Joseph’s College, Tiruchirappalli. [4]
(ii) He played a pivotal role in the Pokhran-II nuclear test project. [5]
(iii) Abdul Kalam was born to a Tamil Muslim family in the pilgrimage centre of Rameswaram. [1]
(iv) He got his elementary education at Ramanathapuram. [2]
(v) He went to Schwartz Higher Secondary School for his secondary education. [3]
(vi) He became the Head of the Integrated Missile Development Programme and succeeded in launching Prithvi missile. [5]
(vii) He breathed his last on July, 27, 201 5. [8]
(viii) He became the Chief Scientific Advisor to the Prime Minister of India in 1992. [7]

Answer:
(iii) Abdul Kalam was born to a Tamil Muslim family in the pilgrimage centre of Rameswaram. [1]
(iv) He got his elementary education at Ramanathapuram. [2]
(v) He went to Schwartz Higher Secondary School for his secondary education. [3]
(i) He graduated in Physics from Saint Joseph’s College, Tiruchirappalli. [4]
(vi) He became the Head of the Integrated Missile Development Programme and succeeded in launching Prithvi missile. [5]
(ii) He played a pivotal role in the Pokhran-II nuclear test project. [6]
(viii) He became the Chief Scientific Advisor to the Prime Minister of India in 1992. [7]
(vii) He breathed his last on July 27, 2015. [8]

(b) Read the text and fill in the bio-data of Dr Kalam given below.
(ପାଠ୍ୟବିଷୟକୁ ପଢ଼ ଓ ନିମ୍ନରେ ଥିବା କଲାମ୍‌ଙ୍କ ଆତ୍ମ ବିବରଣୀ ପତ୍ରର ଶୂନ୍ୟସ୍ଥାନ ପୂରଣ କର ।)

		Bio-Data
Name in full	:
Father’s name	:
Mother’s name	:
Place of birth	:
Date of birth	:
Brothers and sister	:
Nationality	:
Religion	:
Education	:
Profession	:
Important post held	:
Achievements	:
Awards/honours	:
Life style	:
Date of passing away	:

Answer:

		Bio-Data
Name in full	:	Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam
Father’s name	:	Jainulabdeen
Mother’s name	:	Ashiamma
Place of birth	:	Rameswaram in the state of Tamil Nadu
Date of birth	:	15th October 1931
Brothers and sister	:	They are four brothers and one sister
Nationality	:	Indian
Religion	:	Muslim
Education	:	graduate in Physics, aerospace engineering etc.
Profession	:	Aerospace scientist
Important post held	:	Chief Scientific Advisor to the Prime Minister and the Secretary of DRDO
Achievements	:	Successfully develop four missiles as the head of IGMDP
Awards/honours	:	the Padma Bhushan in 1981, the Padma Vibhushan in 1990 and the Bharat Ratna in 1997.
Life style	:	very simple, dedicated and devotional
Date of passing away	:	27th Ju1y 20l5

(c) Use the facts/information you gathered in the Bio-data Form above and write a composition on Dr Kalam.
(ଉପରିସ୍ଥ କଲାମ୍‌ଙ୍କ ଆତ୍ମ ବିବରଣୀପତ୍ରରେ ତୁମେ ଏକତ୍ର କରିଥିବା ତଥ୍ୟଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ବ୍ୟବହାର କରି ଏକ ଅନୁଚ୍ଛେଦ ଲେଖ ।)
Answer:
Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam was a celebrated scientist of India. His father was Jainulabdeen and mother was Ashiamma. He was born on 15th October 1931 at Rameswaram in the state of Tamil Nadu. He had three brothers and one sister. He was Muslim in religion and he was an Indian. He was graduated in Physics and completed aerospace engineering. He worked as a scientist in DRDO and ISRO. He was appointed as the Chief Scientific Adviser to the Prime Minister and the Secretary of DRDO. He was awarded with the Padma Bhusan in 1981, the Padma Vibhusan in 1990 and the Bharat Ratna in 1997. This missile man departed from us on 27th July 2015.

(d) Refer to the text and fill in the blanks in the following table with correct information wherever possible. Then write a paragraph about the events/achievements of Dr APJ Abdul Kalam. (Question with Answer)
(ପାଠ୍ୟବିଷୟକୁ ଆଧାର କରି ଯଥାସମ୍ଭବ ସଠିକ୍ ତଥ୍ୟଦ୍ୱାରା ଶୂନ୍ୟସ୍ଥାନ ପୂରଣ କର । ତା’ପରେ ଡ. ଏପିଜେ ଅବ୍‌ଦୁଲ୍ କଲାମ୍‌ଙ୍କ ସମ୍ପର୍କିତ ଘଟଣା/କୃତି ବିଷୟରେ ଏକ ପ୍ରବନ୍ଧ ଲେଖ ।)

Events/activities	Place	Year of happening
Birth	Rameswaram in the state of Tamil Nadu	15th October 1931
Completed aerospace engineering	Madras Institute of Technology	1960
Began career as a trainee	Hindustan Aeronautics Limited
Joined as a scientist	Defence Research Development Organisation
Project Director, ISRO	ISRO	1969
Launching of Rohini satellite	ISRO	1980
Headed the IGMDP	DRDO
Supervised Pokhran-II nuclear tests	Rajasthan’s Thar Desert	1998
Scientist of DRDO	DRDO	1998
President	India	2002
Death	Shillong	27th July 2015

Paragraph :
Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam was born at Rameswaram in the state of Tamil Nadu. He studies at the Madras Institute of Technology and completed aerospace engineering in 1960. He began his career as a trainee at Hindustan Aeronautics Limited. Then he joined the Defence Research Development Organisation as a scientist. In 1969, he was transferred to ISRO, where he worked as the Project Director of SLV-III.

There under his direct guidance and supervision the first Rohini satellite was successfully launched into the orbit in 1980. Then he returned to the DRDO and headed the IGMDR. In 1998, he supervised the Pokhran-H nuclear test in Rajasthan’s Thar Desert. He was a scientist at the DRDO in 1998. He was elected as the President of India in 2002. On 27th July 2015, while he was delivering a lecture at Shillong suffered a massive cardiac arrest and was taken to the hospital and passed away there.

BSE Odisha 9th Class English The Missile Man of India Important Questions and Answers

Very Short & Objective Questions With Answers
Answer The Following In A Sentence

Question 1.
Who was APJ Abdul Kalam?
Answer:
APJ Abdul Kalam was one of the most distinguished scientists and the 11th President of India.

Question 2.
What was Dr Abdul Kalam involved?
Answer:
Dr Abdul Kalam was involved in India’s civilian space programme and military development efforts.

Question 3.
Where was Dr Abdul Kalam born?
Answer:
Dr Abdul Kalam was born in Tamil Muslim family at Rameswaram in Tamilnadu

Question 4.
What was Dr Abdul Kalam’s father?
Answer:
Dr Abdul Kalam’s father, Jainulabdeen was a boat owner and the Imam of a local mosque.

Question 5.
What was Dr Kalam’ mother?
Answer:
Dr Kalam’ mother Ashimma was a housewife.

Question 6.
How did Dr Kalam’s father earn his living?
Answer:
Dr Kalam’s father earned his living by taking Hindu pilgrims back and forth between Rameswaram and Dhanushkodi.

Question 7.
What were Dr Kalam’s ancestors like?
Answer:
Dr Kalam’s ancestors were very rich because they were wealthy traders and land owners.

Question 8.
How did Kalam add to his family?
Answer:
Kalam added to his family by selling newspapers.

Question 9.
Where did Abdul Kalam receive his primary education?
Answer:
Abdul Kalam received his primary education at Ramanathapuram.

Question 10.
Who was Abdul Kalam’ science teacher when he was in primary school?
Answer:
Mr Sivasubramania Iyer was Kalam’s science teacher when he was in the priamary school.

Question 11.
What was Kalam’s science teacher like?
Answer:
Kalam’s science teacher was a very loving and affectionate person.

Question 12.
How did Kalam’s science teacher inspire him?
Answer:
Kalam’s science teacher Sivasubramania inspired him to develop his skills in different subjects at school.

Question 13.
What did Kalam’s science teacher invite him for?
Answer:
Kalam’s science teacher invited him for a meal in his house.

Question 14.
How did his teacher’s wife react to it?
Answer:
His teacher’s wife disliked Kalam and refused to serve a Muslim child like him.

Question 15.
How was her attitude changed?
Answer:
Kalam’s behaviour, way of taking meal and cleaning the floor changed her attitude.

Question 16.
How did the science teacher’s wife behave him later?
Answer:
In his second visit his teacher’s wife welcomed him and served him food herself.

Question 17.
How was Kalam getting on his studies at the High School?
Answer:
Kalam was of average grades in his school years but was considered a bright and hardworking student.

Question 18.
What was Kalam’s dream in life?
Answer:
Kalam’s dream in life was to be a pilot.

Question 19.
What college did he go to fulfil his dream?
Answer:
He applied for studying at the Madras Institute of Technology to fulfil his dream.

Question 20.
What problems did he face for his admission into engineering?
Answer:
The problem that he faced for his admission into engineering was that he did not have one thousand rupees to pay towards his course fee.

Question 21.
Who came to help Kalam for admission into the engineering?
Answer:
His elder sister Ashima Zohra came to help him for his admission into the engineering college.

Question 22.
In which year did he complete his aerospace engineering course?
Answer:
He completed his aerospace engineering course in 1960.

Question 23.
Where did he graduate in physics?
Answer:
He graduated in physics at Saint Joseph’s College in Tiruchirapalli.

Question 24.
At what college did Kalam complete his graduation in physics?
Answer:
Kalam completed his graduation in physics at Saint Joseph’s College in Tiruchirapalli.

Question 25.
How did Kalam’s elder sister manage to arrange money for his admission into the engineering college?
Answer:
Kalam’s elder sister mortgaged her gold ornaments and managed to arrange his admission fee.

Answer The Followings In A Word Or A Phrase.

Question 1.
When was Dr Abdul Kalam elected as the President of India?
Answer:
in 2002

Question 2.
When was Dr Abdul Kalam born?
Answer:
on 15 October 1931

Question 3.
In which state was Dr Abdul Kalam born?
Answer:
in Tamilnadu

Question 4.
What is the weapon that explodes in the air when it hits the thing that is aimed at?
Answer:
missile

Question 5.
Who is the religious person who leads the prayer in the mosque?
Answer:
Imam

Question 6.
What do we call a building where Muslims worship?
Answer:
mosque

Question 7.
What do we call a man who travels a holy place for religious purpose?
Answer:
pilgrim

Question 8.
What do we call a man who lived in the family a long time ago?
Answer:
ancestor

Question 9.
What do we call a person whose job is to buy and sell things?
Answer:
trader

Question 10.
What did Kalam have to do to supplement his family’s income?
Answer:
to sell newspapers

Question 11.
Who was Kalam’s favourite teacher?
Answer:
his science teacher

Question 12.
Who inspired Kalam to develop his skills in education?
Answer:
Sivasubramania Iyer

Question 13.
Where did Kalam’s teacher’s wife watch them eat?
Answer:
behind the kitchen door

Question 14.
What was Dr Kalam good at?
Answer:
Mathematics

Question 15.
Which college, according to the writer, is prestigious and expensive?
Answer:
the Madras Institute of Technology

Question 16.
What was Dr Kalam’s dream?
Answer:
to become a pilot

Question 17.
When was Dr Kalam transferred to ISRO?
Answer:
in 1969

Question 18.
What is Dr Kalam popularly called?
Answer:
the Missile Man of India

Question 19.
How did Dr Kalam begin his career?
Answer:
as a trainee

Question 20.
Where did Dr Kalam join as a scientist?
Answer:
at the Defence Research Development Organisation (DRDO)

Question 21.
When was the first Rohini satellite successfully launched into the orbit?
Answer:
in 1980

Question 22.
How long had Kalam camped at the Thar Desert?
Answer:
a fortnight

Question 23.
What is the empty area in the sky called?
Answer:
space

Question 24.
Where is the Thar Desert?
Answer:
in Rajasthan

Question 25.
What was the temperature in the desert at Pokhran on the day of nuclear test?
Answer:
53 degree centigrade

Fill In The Blanks

1._________ was the Imam of the local mosque.
Answer:
Jainulabdeen

2. Kalam’s father owned a _______.
Answer:
ferry

3. Kalam’s science teacher invited him home for _______.
Answer:
a meal

4. Dr Kalam graduated in ________.
Answer:
physics

5. A boat that carries people is called ________.
Answer:
ferry

6. A man whose job is to lead the prayer in a mosque is called as __________.
Answer:
Imam

7. Dr Kalam was popularly called __________.
Answer:
the Missile Man of India

8. _________ is well-known for Ramanathswamy Temple.
Answer:
Rameswaram

9. Prithvi is the name of a __________
Answer:
missile

10. Dr Kalam passed away while he was delivering his speech at _________
Answer:
Shillong

11. Dr Kalam died because he suffered a massive _________.
Answer:
cardiac arrest

12. Rameswaram is located in __________.
Answer:
Tamilnadu

13. Dr Kalam was awarded the honour the Padma Vibhushan in_________.
Answer:
1990

14. The town in Tamilnadu which was destroyed in 1964 cyclone is__________.
Answer:
Dhanushkodi

15. An object in space used for communication is called_________.
Answer:
satellite

Multiple Choice Questions With Answers

Question 1.
When was Dr Abdul Kalam elected as the President of India?
(A) in 2002
(B) in 2007
(C) in 1997
(D) in 2005
Answer:
(A) in 2002

Question 2.
In which state was Dr Abdul Kalam born?
(A) Kerala
(B) Karnataka
(C) Tamil Nadu
(D) Andhra Pradesh
Answer:
(C) Tamil Nadu

Question 3.
What is the weapon that explodes in the air when it hits the thing that is aimed at?
(A) air bomb
(B) nuclear weapon
(C) air blaster
(D) missile
Answer:
(D) missile

Question 4.
What do we call a person whose job is to buy and sell things?
(A) trader
(B) hawker
(C) dealer
(D) businessman
Answer:
(A) trader

Question 5.
What was Dr Kalam good at?
(A) Science
(B) English
(C) Mathematics
(D) Geography
Answer:
(C) Mathematics

Question 6.
When was Dr Kalam transferred to ISRO?
(A) in 1969
(B) in 1966
(C) in 1971
(D) in 1973
Answer:
(A) in 1969

Question 7.
When was the first Rohini satellite successfully launched into the orbit?
(A) in 1977
(B) in 1978
(C) in 1979
(D) in 1980
Answer:
(D) in 1980

Question 8.
How long had Kalam camped at the Thar Desert?
(A) a week
(B) a day
(C) a fortnight
(D) a month
Answer:
(C) a fortnight

Question 9.
____________ was the Imam of the local mosque.
(A) Nasirudeen
(B) Jainulabdeen
(C) Sirajudeen
(D) Fakarudeen
Answer:
(B) Jainulabdeen

Question 10.
Kalam’s father owned a ___________.
(A) launch
(B) ship
(C) ferry
(D) bus
Answer:
(C) ferry

Question 11.
Kalam’s science teacher invited him home for __________.
(A) a discussion
(B) a talk
(C) a meeting
(D) a meal
Answer:
(D) a meal

Question 12.
Dr Kalam graduated in _________.
(A) Chemistry
(B) Botany
(C) Zoology
(D) Physics
Answer:
(D) Physics

Question 13.
A man whose job is to lead the prayer in a mosque is called as___________ .
(A) Sahi
(B) Imam
(C) Mazhab
(D) Shaikh
Answer:
(B) Imam

Question 14.
Prithvi is the name of a ________.
(A) satellite
(B) missile
(C) tank
(D) rocket launcher
Answer:
(B) missile

Question 15.
Dr Kalam passed away while he was delivering his speech at ________.
(A) Kohima
(B) Gangtok
(C) Shillong
(D) Chennai
Answer:
(C) Shillong

Subjective Questions With Answers

Question 1.
Who was Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam?
Answer:
Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam was one of the most distinguished scientists of India. As he was closely involved in India’s civilian space programme and military missile development efforts, he is popularly known as ‘ The Missile Man of India ’ .

Question 2.
Why is Dr Kalam known as ‘ The Missile Man of India?
Answer:
Dr Kalam was intimately involved in Inida’s civilian space programme and military missile developememt efforts.He took a leading role in the development of india’s missile and nuclear weapons programme.The programme led to the development of four missiles namely Prithivi, Trishul, Akash and Nag. The success of the programme made him extremely popular and he is lovingly called ‘ The Missile Man of India ’.

Question 3.
What impression of Dr Kalam’s family do you get from the text?
Answer:
Dr Abdul Kalam was bom on 15 October 1931 in a Tamil Muslim family at Rameswaram.His father was a boat owner and Imam of a local mosque.His mother, Ashiamma was housewife. Dr Kalam was the youngest of four brothers and one sister in his family.By his childhood, Kalam’s family had already become poor.

Question 4.
How did Dr Kalam’s father make his living?
Answer:
Dr Kalam’s father, Jainulabdeen was a boat owner and Imam of a local mosque.ln course of time he fell on hard times and lost his properties along with his ancestral home. He owned a boat that carried Hindu pilgrims back and forth between Rameswaram and Dhanushkodi. He was well able to support his family by his little earning.

Question 5.
What impression of Dr Kalam’s ancestors do you get from the text?
Answer:
Dr Kalam’s ancestors had been wealthy traders and land owners. But in course of time his family fell on hard times and lost their properties.They also lost their ancestral home.By his childhood, the family had already become poor. Kalam had to sell newspapers to supplement his family’s income.

Question 6.
How did Kalam start his primary education?
Answer:
Kalam started his primary education at Ramanathpuram.He had a science teacher named Sivasubramania Iyer. He was very kind, loving and affectionate. He always inspired Kalam to develop his skills in different subjects so that he could compete with highly educated people in big cities.

Question 7.
What happened to Kalam when he was invited for a meal in his science teacher’s house?
Answer:
Once Kalam was invited by his science teacher for a meal in his house. His wife disliked and refused to serve a Muslim boy like him. His teacher served Kalam while she watched them eat from behind the kitchen door. But Kalam’s behaviour, way of taking the meal and cleaning the floor changed her attitude. So, she changed her attitude when he was invited for second time. She welcomed him and served him food herself.

Question 8.
What does the writer say about Kalam’s secondary education?
Answer:
Kalam moved to Schwartz Higher Secondary’ School for his secondary education. In his school days he had average grades, but was considered a bright and hardworking student who had a strong desire to learn. He spent hours on studies and especially mathematics.

Question 9.
What did Dr Kalam do to fulfil his dream in life?
Answer:
Kalam’s dream in life was to become a pilot. In order to fulfil his deram, he applied for studying engineering at the prestigious and expensive college, Madras Institute of Technology. His kind-hearted elder sister mortgaged her gold ornaments for his admission fee and he managed to complete his aerospace engineering there in 1960.

Question 10.
Name the institutions where Dr Kalam got his education.
Answer:
Kalam completed his primary education at Ramanathapuram. Then he moved to Schwartz Higher Secondary School for his secondary education. After completing his studies there, he was admitted to Saint Joseph’s College where he graduated in physics. He studied aerospace engineering at the Madras Institute of Technology in 1960.

Question 11.
How did Kalam begin his career?
Answer:
Kalam began his career as trainee at the Hindustan Aeronautics Limited in Bangalore. Then he was appointed as a scientist at DRDO, the Defence Research Development Organisation. He also started his work in the Indian Space Research Organisation(ISRO) in 1969.He worked as the Project Director of India’s first Satellite Launch Vehicle(SLV-III) to develop the technology to launch satellites.

Question 12.
What made Kalam extremely popular in India?
Answer:
Kalam started his work in the Indian Space Research Organisation and the first Rohini satellite was launched into its orbit in 198Q. He took a leading role in the progress of India’s missiles and nuclear weapons programme.The success of India’s missile and nuclear weapons programme led to the development of Prithvi,Trishul,Akash and Nag missiles.The success of the programme made him extermely popular in the country.

Question 13.
What according to Dr Kalam, was ‘the defining moment’ in the history of India?
Answer:
Dr Kalam camped in Rajashan’s Thar Desert to supervise the Pokhran-II nuclear tests as the chief of DRDO. It was very hard to camp in the desert because the temperature was nearly 53 degree centrigrade. According to Dr kalam, the success of Pokhran-II nuclear tests was the defining moment or a very important point in time in the history of India.

Question 14.
What are Kalam’s contributions for India’s defence programme?
Answer:
Dr Kalam’s contributions for India’s defence programme are countless. He was the project director of India’s first Satellite Launch Vehicle and the first Rohini satellite was successfully launched into its orbit under his guidance. He was the chief of the Integrated Missile Development Programme of India. He took the leading role in missiles and nuclear weapons development programme of our country. He developed Prithvi, Trishul, Aksah and Nag missiles and also supervised the Pokhran-II nuclear tests.

The Missile Man of India Summary in English

Lead-In :
Goodness never goes unrewarded. Dr. Abdul Kalam was such a eminent and celebrated figure of India. His contribution, great devotion and achievements towards the country is ever memorized and we are proud for him. His dedicated activities in science made India supreme among all developing countries. So out of gratitude we call him “The Missile Man of India”. Although he is a lotus in the deep mud of poverty but made our country rich in science.

ନେତୃତ୍ୱ ନେବା :
ସୁଗୁଣ ସବୁବେଳେ ସମ୍ମାନିତ ହୁଏ ଏବଂ ଦେଶକୁ ଗର୍ବ ଆଣିଦିଏ । ଠିକ୍ ସେହିପରି, ଡ. ଅବଦୁଲ୍ କଲାମ୍ ଜଣେ ପ୍ରତିଭାସମ୍ପନ୍ନ ଏବଂ ସ୍ମରଣୀୟ ବ୍ୟକ୍ତିତ୍ଵ । ତାଙ୍କର ଦେଶପ୍ରୀତି ଏବଂ ବିଜ୍ଞାନକୁ ଦାନ, ଆମେ କେବେହେଲେ ଭୁଲିପାରିବୁ ନାହିଁ । ସେ ଦେଶର ଜଣେ ଅମର ସନ୍ତାନ । ସେ ଦେଶକୁ ଗର୍ବ ଆଣି ଦେଇଛନ୍ତି ଏବଂ ବିଜ୍ଞାନ କ୍ଷେତ୍ରରେ ସବୁ ଦେଶ ମଧ୍ୟରେ ପରିଚିତ କରାଇ ପାରିଛନ୍ତି । ସବୁବେଳେ ହୃଦୟରେ ସାଇତି ରହିଥ‌ିବୁ ।

The Text : (ଏହି ପାଠ୍ୟ:)
Paragraph – 1
Avul Fakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam, better known as Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam, was one of the most distinguished scientists ofIndia. As he was intimately involved in India’s civilian space programme and military missile development efforts, he came to be known as “The Missile Man of India”. In 2002, he was elected as the 11th President ofIndia, and was widely referred to as the “People’s President.”

ଅନୁବାଦ :
ଅଭୁଲ ପକୀର ଜୈନୁଲାବ୍ଦିନ୍ ଅବୁଲ କଲାମ୍ ଯିଏକି ଏପିଜେ ଅବ୍‌ଦୁଲ୍ କଲାମ୍ ରୂପେ ବେଶୀ ପରିଚିତ, ଭାରତର ଖ୍ୟାତିସମ୍ପନ୍ନ ବୈଜ୍ଞାନିକମାନଙ୍କ ମଧ୍ୟରେ ଅନ୍ୟତମ ଥିଲେ । ଯେହେତୁ ସେ ଭାରତର ବେସାମରିକ ଅନ୍ତରୀକ୍ଷ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟକ୍ରମ ଓ ସାମରିକ କ୍ଷେପଣାସ୍ତ୍ର ବିକାଶ ଉଦ୍ୟମ ସହ ନିବିଡ଼ ଭାବେ ସମ୍ପର୍କିତ ଥିଲେ, ତେଣୁ ସେ ‘ଭାରତର କ୍ଷେପଣାସ୍ତ୍ର ମାନବ’ ରୂପେ ପରିଚିତ ହେଲେ । ୨୦୦୨ ମସିହାରେ ସେ ଭାରତର ଏକାଦଶ ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରପତି ରୂପେ ନିର୍ବାଚିତ ହୋଇଥିଲେ ଓ ‘ଲୋକମାନଙ୍କ ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରପତି’ ରୂପେ ବେଶ୍ ଜନପ୍ରିୟ ଥିଲେ ।

Paragraph – 2
Dr Abdul Kalam was bom on 15th October 1931 in a Tamil Muslimfamily at Rameswaram in the state of Tamil Nadu. His father, Jainulabdeen was a boat owner and the Imam ofa local mosque. His motherAshiamma was a housewife. Hisfather ownedaferry that took Hindu pilgrims back andforth between Rameswaram and Dhanushkodi. Kalam was the youngest offour brothers and one sister in his family. His ancestors had been wealthy traders and land owners. But in course oftime thefamilyfell on hard times and lost theirproperties, even their ancestral home. By his early childhood, the family had already become poor; Kalam had to sell newspapers to supplement hisfamily’s income.

ଅନୁବାଦ :
ଡ. ଏପିଜେ ଅବ୍‌ଦୁଲ୍ କଲାମ୍ ୧୯୩୧ ମସିହା ଅକ୍ଟୋବର ମାସ ୧୫ ତାରିଖରେ ତାମିଲନାଡୁ ରାଜ୍ୟର ରାମେଶ୍ୱରମ୍ରେ ଏକ ତାମିଲ୍ ମୁସ୍‌ଲିମ୍ ପରିବାରରେ ଜନ୍ମଗ୍ରହଣ କରିଥିଲେ । ତାଙ୍କର ପିତା ଜୈନୁଲାବ୍ଦିନ୍ ଜଣେ ଡଙ୍ଗାର ମାଲିକ ଏବଂ ସ୍ଥାନୀୟ ମସ୍‌ଜିଦ୍‌ର ଇମାମ୍ ଥିଲେ । ତାଙ୍କ ମାତା ଆଶିଆମ୍ମା ଜଣେ ଗୃହିଣୀ ଥିଲେ । ତାଙ୍କ ପିତାଙ୍କର ଏକ ଯାତ୍ରାବାହୀ ଡଙ୍ଗା ଥିଲା ଯାହାକି ହିନ୍ଦୁ ତୀର୍ଥଯାତ୍ରୀମାନଙ୍କୁ ରାମେଶ୍ଵରମ୍ ଏବଂ ଧନୁଷୋଡ଼ି ମଧ୍ଯରେ ନେବାଆଣିବା କରୁଥିଲା । କଲାମ୍ ଚାରି ଭାଇ ଓ ଗୋଟିଏ ଭଉଣୀ ମଧ୍ୟରେ ସର୍ବକନିଷ୍ଠ ଥିଲେ । ତାଙ୍କ ପୂର୍ବଜମାନେ ଧନୀ ବ୍ୟବସାୟୀ ଓ ଜମିମାଲିକ ଥିଲେ । କିନ୍ତୁ ସମୟକ୍ରମେ ପରିବାର ଦୁର୍ଦ୍ଦିନ ମଧ୍ୟରେ ଗତିକଲା ଏବଂ ସେମାନଙ୍କର ସମସ୍ତ ସମ୍ପତ୍ତି ଏପରିକି ପୈତୃକ ଘର ମଧ୍ୟ ହରାଇ ବସିଲା । ତାଙ୍କ ଆଦ୍ୟ ବାଲ୍ୟାବସ୍ଥାବେଳକୁ ପରିବାର ଗରିବ ହୋଇ ଯାଇଥିଲା । କଲାମ୍‌ଙ୍କୁ ପାରିବାରିକ ରୋଜଗାରରେ ସହଯୋଗ ନିମନ୍ତେ ଖବରକାଗଜ ବିକ୍ରୟ କରିବାକୁ ପଡ଼ିଥିଲା ।

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Kalam started his elementary education at Ramanathpuram. He had a science teacher named Sivasubramania Iyer who was very loving and affectionate. He always inspired Kalam to develop his skills so that he could compete with highly educated people in big cities. Once he invited the boy home for a meal, which his wife disliked and refused to serve a Muslim child like him. His teacher himselfserved Kalam while she watched them eatfrom behind the kitchen door. But his behaviour, way of taking the meal and cleaning thefloor changed her attitude. When the teacher invited Kalamfor the second time, his wife welcomed him and served himfood herself

ଅନୁବାଦ :
କଲାମ୍ ତାଙ୍କର ବାଲ୍ୟଶିକ୍ଷା ରମାନାଥପୁରମ୍ଭରେ ଆରମ୍ଭ କରିଥିଲେ । କଲାମ୍‌ଙ୍କର ଶିବସୁବ୍ରମଣ୍ୟ ଆୟାର ନାମକ ଜଣେ ବିଜ୍ଞାନ ଶିକ୍ଷକ ଥିଲେ ଯିଏକି ଖୁବ୍ ଶ୍ରଦ୍ଧାଶୀଳ ଓ ସ୍ନେହୀ ଥିଲେ । କଲାମଙ୍କ ଦକ୍ଷତାର ବିକାଶ ପାଇଁ ସେ ସର୍ବଦା ପ୍ରେରଣା ଦେଉଥିଲେ ଯେପରିକି ସେ ବଡ଼ ବଡ଼ ସହରର ଉଚ୍ଚ ଶିକ୍ଷିତ ଲୋକମାନଙ୍କ ସହ ପ୍ରତିଯୋଗିତା କରିପାରିବେ । ଥରେ ସେ ତାଙ୍କୁ ତାଙ୍କ ଘରକୁ ଭୋଜନ କରିବାକୁ ନିମନ୍ତ୍ରଣ କରିଥିଲେ, ଯାହାକୁ ତାଙ୍କ ପତ୍ନୀ ନାପସନ୍ଦ କରିଥିଲେ ଏବଂ ତାଙ୍କ ଭଳି ଜଣେ ମୁସଲମାନ୍ ପିଲାକୁ ଖାଦ୍ୟ ପରିବେଷଣ କରିବାକୁ ମନା କରି ଦେଇଥିଲେ । ତାଙ୍କ ଶିକ୍ଷକ କଲାଙ୍କୁ ଖାଦ୍ୟ ପରଷି ଦେଲେ ଯେତେବେଳେ କି ସେ (ଶିକ୍ଷକଙ୍କ ପତ୍ନୀ) ରୋଷେଇ ଘର ଦ୍ଵାର ପଛପଟୁ ସେମାନଙ୍କ ଖାଇବା ଦେଖୁଥିଲେ । କିନ୍ତୁ ତାଙ୍କ (କଲାମ୍‌ଙ୍କ) ବ୍ୟବହାର, ଖାଦ୍ୟ ଖାଇବା ଓ ଚଟାଣକୁ ପରିଷ୍କାର କରିବା ଢଙ୍ଗ ତାଙ୍କ ମନୋବୃତ୍ତିକୁ ବଦଳାଇ ଦେଲା । ଯେତେବେଳେ ଶିକ୍ଷକ କଲାମଙ୍କୁ ଦ୍ୱିତୀୟ ବାର ନିମନ୍ତ୍ରଣ କଲେ ସେ (ତାଙ୍କ ପତ୍ନୀ) ତାଙ୍କୁ (କଲାମ୍‌ଙ୍କୁ) ସ୍ବାଗତ କଲେ ଏବଂ ନିଜେ ଖାଦ୍ୟ ପରଷି ଦେଲେ ।

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Kalam then moved to the Schwartz Higher Secondary Schoolfor his secondary education.In his school years, he had average grades but was considered a bright and hardworking student, who had a strong desire to learn. He spent hours on his studies, especially mathematics. After completing his studies here, Kalam was admitted to Saint Joseph’s College. Tiruchirappalli where he graduated in physics in 1954. His dream in life was to become a pilot. So he applied for studying engineering at the Madras Institute of Technology. He was selected, but education at such a prestigious institution was not so easy. It was an expensive affair. Around a thousand rupees was required to pay towards the coursefee. Asim Zohra, his compassionate eleder sister, came to his help. She mortgaged her gold ornamentsfor his admission fee. And he completed his aerospace engineering in 1960.

ଅନୁବାଦ :
ପରେ କଲାମ୍ ତାଙ୍କ ମାଧ୍ୟମିକ ଶିକ୍ଷା ପାଇଁ ସ୍ପାର୍କ ମାଧ୍ୟମିକ ବିଦ୍ୟାଳୟକୁ କଲେ । ତାଙ୍କ ବିଦ୍ୟାଳୟ ବର୍ଷଗୁଡ଼ିକରେ, ସେ ସାଧାରଣ ଗ୍ରେଡ଼ର ଥିଲେ, କିନ୍ତୁ ଜଣେ ଉଜ୍ଜ୍ଵଳ ଭବିଷ୍ୟତସମ୍ପନ୍ନ କଠିନ ପରିଶ୍ରମୀ ଛାତ୍ର ଭାବେ ବିବେଚିତ ହେଉଥିଲେ ଯାହାଙ୍କର କି ଶିଖୁବା ପାଇଁ ପ୍ରବଳ ଇଚ୍ଛା ଥିଲା । ସେ ପଢ଼ାପଢ଼ିରେ ବିଶେଷ ଭାବେ ଗଣିତ ପଢ଼ାରେ ଘଣ୍ଟା ଘଣ୍ଟା ବିତାଉଥିଲେ । ସେଠାରେ ଶିକ୍ଷା ସମାପ୍ତି ପରେ କଲାମ୍ ସେଣ୍ଟ ଜେସେଫ୍ କଲେଜ, ତିରୁଚିରାପଲ୍ଲୀରେ ନାମ ଲେଖାଇଲେ ଯେଉଁଠାରେ କି ସେ ୧୯୫୪ ମସିହାରେ ପଦାର୍ଥ ବିଦ୍ୟାନରେ ସ୍ନାତକ ଡିଗ୍ରୀ ପ୍ରାପ୍ତ ହୋଇଥିଲେ । ଜଣେ ନାବିକ ହେବା ତାଙ୍କ ଜୀବନର ସ୍ଵପ୍ନ ଥିଲା, ତେଣୁ ସେ ମାଡ୍ରାସ୍ ଇନ୍‌ଷ୍ଟିଚ୍ୟୁଟ୍ ଅଫ୍ ଟେକ୍ନୋଲୋଜିରେ ପଢ଼ିବାପାଇଁ ଆବଦେନ କଲେ । ସେ ଯୋଗ୍ୟ ବିବେଚିତ ହେଲେ, ମାତ୍ର ଏପରି ମର୍ଯ୍ୟାଦାସମ୍ପନ୍ନ ଅନୁଷ୍ଠାନରେ ଅଧ୍ୟୟନ ଏତେ ସହଜ ବ୍ୟାପାର ନ ଥିଲା । ଏହା ଏକ ବ୍ୟୟବହୁଳ ବ୍ୟାପାର ଥିଲା । ପାଠ୍ୟକ୍ରମ ପାଉଣା ବାବଦରେ ହାରାହାରି ଏକ ହଜାର ଟଙ୍କା ପୈଠ କରିବା ଆବଶ୍ୟକ ଥିଲା । ତାଙ୍କର ସହୃଦୟା ବଡ଼ ଭଉଣୀ ଅସୀମ୍ ଜୋହରା ତାଙ୍କୁ ସାହାଯ୍ୟ କଲେ । ତାଙ୍କ (କଲାମ୍‌ଙ୍କ) ନାମଲେଖା ପାଇଁ ସେ (ତାଙ୍କ ଭଉଣୀ) ନିଜର ସ୍ବର୍ଣ୍ଣ ଅଳଙ୍କାରଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ବନ୍ଧକ ରଖିଲେ । ସେ ୧୯୬୦ରେ ତାଙ୍କର ଏରୋସ୍ପେସ୍ ଇଞ୍ଜିନିୟରିଂ ଶିକ୍ଷା ସମାପ୍ତ କଲେ ।

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Kalam began his careeras a trainee at the Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) in Bangalore (now called Bengaluru). Then he joined the Defence Research Development Organisation (DRDO) as a scientist. In 1969, he was transferred to the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), where he worked as the Project Director ofIndia’s first Satellite Launch Vehicle (SLV-III). The purpose of the SLV was to develop the technology to launch satellites. It was under Dr. Kalam’s direct guidance and supervision that thefirst Rohini satellite was successfully launched into the orbit in 1980.

ଅନୁବାଦ :
କଲାମ୍ ବାଙ୍ଗାଲୋର (ଏବେ ବେଙ୍ଗାଲୁରୁ)ର ହିନ୍ଦୁସ୍ଥାନ ଏରୋନଟିକ୍ସ ଲିମିଟେଡ଼ (ହାଲ)ରେ ଜଣେ ଶିକ୍ଷା ନବୀଶ ଭାବେ
(ଡି.ଆର୍.ଡି.ଓ.)ରେ ଯୋଗ ଦେଲେ । ୧୯୬୯ ମସିହାରେ ସେ ଇଣ୍ଡିଆନ୍ ସ୍ପେସ୍ ରିସର୍ଚ୍ଚ ଅର୍ଗାନାଇଜେସନ୍ (ଇସ୍ରୋ)କୁ ବଦଳି ହୋଇଗଲେ, ଯେଉଁଠାରେ କି ଭାରତର ପ୍ରଥମ ଉପଗ୍ରହ ଉଦକ୍ଷେପଣ ଯାନ (ଏସ୍ଏଲ୍‌ଭି-୩ୟ)ର ପ୍ରୋଜେକ୍ଟ ଡାଇରେକ୍ଟର ଭାବେ କାମ କଲେ । ଉପଗ୍ରହ ଉତ୍‌କ୍ଷେପଣ ଯାନର ଉଦ୍ଦେଶ୍ୟ ଥିଲା ଉପଗ୍ରହ ଉତକ୍ଷେପଣ କୌଶଳ ବିକାଶିତ କରିବା । ୧୯୮୦ ମସିହାରେ କଲାମ୍ଙ୍କର ପ୍ରତ୍ୟକ୍ଷ ତତ୍ତ୍ୱାବଧାନ ଓ ପରିଚାଳନାରେ ପ୍ରଥମ ରୋହିଣୀ ଉପଗ୍ରହ ନିଜର କକ୍ଷପଥରେ ସଫଳ ଭାବେ ଅବସ୍ଥାପିତ ହୋଇପାରିଥିଲା ।

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After spending nineteen fruitful years in the ISRO, Kalam returned to the DRDO to head the country’s Integrated Missile Development Programme (IGMDP). Here he took a leading role in the development of India’s missiles and nuclear weapons programme. The programme was very successful; it led to the development offour missiles namely Prithvi, Trishul, Akash and Nag. The success ofthe programme made him extremely popular in the country. Hereafter, he was popularly called “The Missile Man of India. ”

ଅନୁବାଦ :
ଇସ୍ରୋରେ ସଫଳତାପୂର୍ବକ ୯ ବର୍ଷ ବିତାଇବା ପରେ କଲାମ୍ ଡି.ଆର୍.ଡି.ଓ.କୁ ଦେଶର ସମନ୍ବିତ କ୍ଷେପଣାସ୍ତ୍ର ବିକାଶ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟକ୍ରମ
ସେ ମୁଖ୍ୟ ଭୂମିକା ନିର୍ବାହ କରିଥିଲେ । କାର୍ଯ୍ୟକ୍ରମଟି ଖୁବ୍ ସଫଳତା ଲାଭ କଲା : ଏହା ଚାରିଗୋଟି କ୍ଷେପଣାସ୍ତ୍ର ଯଥା – ପୃଥ୍ବୀ, ତ୍ରିଶୂଳ, ଆକାଶ ଓ ନାଗକୁ ବିକଶିତ କରିଥିଲା । ଏହି କାର୍ଯ୍ୟକ୍ରମର ସଫଳତା ତାଙ୍କୁ ସମଗ୍ର ଦେଶରେ ଅତୀବ ଜନପ୍ରିୟ କରିଥିଲା । ଏହା ପରଠାରୁ ସେ ‘ଭାରତର କ୍ଷେପଣାସ୍ତ୍ର ମାନବ’ ନାମରେ ପରିଚିତ ହେଲେ ।

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In 1998, as the chiefof the DRDO, Dr Kalam supervised the Pokhran-II nuclear testsfor yvhich he had camped in Rajasthan’s TharDesertforoverafortnight. The test was hugely successful. According to Dr Kalam, it was a “defining moment” in the history ofour country. Some years after the test “The Missile Man of India” recollected: “Today, I remember the hot day of 1998 at Pokhran: 53°C. When most ofthe world was sleeping, India’s nuclear era emerged. ”

ଅନୁବାଦ :
୧୯୯୮ ମସିହାରେ ଡି.ଆର୍.ଡି.ଓ.ର ମୁଖ୍ୟ ଭାବେ ଡ. କଲାମ୍ ପୋଖରାନ୍-୨ୟ ପରମାଣୁ ପରୀକ୍ଷଣର ତତ୍ତ୍ଵାବଧାନ କରିଥିଲେ ଯେଉଁଥିପାଇଁ ତାଙ୍କୁ ରାଜସ୍ଥାନର ଥର୍ ମରୁଭୂମିରେ ଗୋଟିଏ ପକ୍ଷ (୧୫ ଦିନ) ଅସ୍ଥାୟୀ ଭାବେ ରହିବାକୁ ପଡ଼ିଥିଲା । ଡ. କଲାମ୍‌ଙ୍କ ମତରେ ସେହି ସମୟ ଦେଶର ଇତିହାସରେ ଏକ ଘଡ଼ିସନ୍ଧି ମୁହୂର୍ତ୍ତ ଥିଲା । ପରୀକ୍ଷଣର କେତେ ବର୍ଷ ପରେ ଭାରତର କ୍ଷେପଣାସ୍ତ୍ର ମାନବ ସ୍ମରଣ କରିଥିଲେ – ‘ପୋଖରାନ୍‌ରେ ୧୯୯୮ ମସିହାର ଗରମ ଦିନ, ୫୩° ସେ. ତାପମାତ୍ରା କଥା ଆଜି ମୁଁ ମନେ ପକାଉଛି । ଯେତେବେଳେ ବିଶ୍ବର ଅଧିକାଂଶ ଭାଗ ତନ୍ଦ୍ରାଗ୍ରସ୍ତ ଥିଲା, ଭାରତର ପାରମାଣବିକ ଯୁଗ ଆରମ୍ଭ ହେଲା ।’’

Paragraph – 8
Dr Kalam was appointed as the Chief Scientific Adviser to the Prime Minister and the Secretary of Defence Research and Development Organisation from July 1992 to December 1999. For his greatest contribution to the field of space, defence and nuclear technology, this eminent scientist was honoured with the Padma Bhusan in 1981, the Padma Vibhushan in 1990 and the nation’s highest civilian honour, the Bharat Ratna in 1997 by the Government of India.

ଅନୁବାଦ :
କଲାମ୍ ୧୯୯୨ ମସିହା ଜୁଲାଇରୁ ୧୯୯୯ ମସିହା ଡିସେମ୍ବର ପର୍ଯ୍ୟନ୍ତ ପ୍ରଧାନମନ୍ତ୍ରୀଙ୍କର ବିଜ୍ଞାନ ବିଷୟକ ମୁଖ୍ୟ ଉପଦେଷ୍ଟା ଓ ଡି.ଆର୍.ଡି.ଓ.ର ସମ୍ପାଦକ ଭାବେ ନିଯୁକ୍ତି ପାଇଥିଲେ । ଅନ୍ତରୀକ୍ଷ, ପ୍ରତିରକ୍ଷା, ପାରମାଣବିକ ବୈଷୟିକ ବିଦ୍ୟା କ୍ଷେତ୍ରରେ ତାଙ୍କର ପ୍ରମୁଖ ଅବଦାନ ପାଇଁ ସେ ଭାରତ ସରକାରଙ୍କଦ୍ଵାରା ୧୯୮୧ ମସିହାରେ ପଦ୍ମଭୂଷଣ, ୧୯୯୦ ମସିହାରେ ପଦ୍ମବିଭୂଷଣ ଓ ୧୯୯୦ ମସିହାରେ ଦେଶର ସର୍ବୋଚ୍ଚ ବେସାମରିକ ସମ୍ମାନ ଭାରତ ରତ୍ନରେ ସମ୍ମାନିତ ହୋଇଥିଲେ ।

Paragraph – 9
It was 27th July 2015. Dr Kalam was delivering a lecture in Shillong. During the course of his lecture, he collapsed. He was immediately taken to a hospital. He had suffered a massive cardiac arrest. His death was a great loss for our country. Dr APJ Abdul Kalam will be ever remembered for his dedication, devotion and selfless service to the nation, particularly as “The Missile Man of India. ”

ଅନୁବାଦ :
୨୦୧୫ ମସିହା ଜୁଲାଇ ୨୭ ତାରିଖ ଦିନ ଡକ୍ଟର କଲାମ୍ ଶିଲଂଠାରେ ଅଭିଭାଷଣ ଦେଉଥିଲେ । ଅଭିଭାଷଣ ଦେବା ସମୟରେ ସେ ଚେତାଶୂନ୍ୟ ହୋଇଗଲେ । ତୁରନ୍ତ ତାଙ୍କୁ ଚିକିତ୍ସାଳୟକୁ ନିଆଗଲା । ସେ ଗୁରୁତର ହୃଦଯନ୍ତ୍ର ଅଚଳାବସ୍ଥାରେ ପୀଡ଼ିତ ହୋଇଥିଲେ । ତାଙ୍କର ମୃତ୍ୟୁ ଆମ ଦେଶ ପାଇଁ ଅପୂରଣୀୟ କ୍ଷତି ଥିଲା । ତାଙ୍କର ତ୍ୟାଗ, ନିଷ୍ଠା ଏବଂ ଦେଶ ନିମନ୍ତେ ନିସ୍ୱାର୍ଥ ସେବା ବିଶେଷ ଭାବେ ଭାରତର କ୍ଷେପଣାସ୍ତ୍ର ମାନବ ରୂପେ ଡକ୍ଟର ଏପିଜେ ଅବଦୁଲ୍ କଲାମ୍ ଚିରସ୍ମରଣୀୟ ହୋଇ ରହିବେ ।

Notes And Glossary:

scientist – an expert in science – ବୈଜ୍ଞାନିକ
distinguished – admired by people – ଭିନ୍ନ ପ୍ରଶଂସିତ They are rushing to meet the distinguished tourists.
intimately – closely – ଅନ୍ତରଙ୍ଗ ଭାବରେ
involved – concerned – ଚିନ୍ତିତ
civilian – not related to arm force – ସାଧାରଣ ନାଗରିକ The soldiers are trying to avoid bombing civilians
space – empty area in the sky – ଆକାଶରେ ଖାଲି ସ୍ଥାନ
missile – a weapon that sent through air – କ୍ଷେପଣାସ୍ତ୍ର
Imam – a religious man who leads the prayer in a mosque – ଜଣେ ଧାର୍ମିକ ବ୍ୟକ୍ତି ଯିଏ ମସଜିଦରେ ପ୍ରାର୍ଥନା କରନ୍ତି
mosque – a building where Muslims worship – ମସଜିଦ
ferry – a boat that carries people – ଲୋକମାନଙ୍କୁ ନେଇ ଯାଉଥିବା ଏକ ଡଙ୍ଗା
pilgrim – who travels to a holy place – ତୀର୍ଥଯାତ୍ରୀ
ancestor – who lived in the family a long time ago – ପୂର୍ବଜ
trader – a person who buys and sells – ବ୍ୟବସାୟୀ
supplement – to add something to something to improve – ସପ୍ଲିମେଣ୍ଟ
elementary education – primary education – ପ୍ରାଥମିକ ଶିକ୍ଷା
affectionate – loving – ସ୍ନେହୀ My mother is very affectionate
inspire – encourage – ଉତ୍ସାହିତ କର Our teachers inspire confidence in students.
dedication – the hard work for a definite purpose – ନିଶ୍ଚିତ ଉଦ୍ଦେଶ୍ୟ
devotion – great love and care –
skill – ability – ଦକ୍ଷତା
refuse – deny – ମନା
attitude – the way you think and feel – ମନୋଭାବ
prestigious – admired – ସମ୍ମାନଜନକ
expensive affair – causes of a lot of money to be spent – ମହଙ୍ଗା ବ୍ୟାପାର
compassionate – kind hearted – ଦୟାଳୁ
mortgage – to give some goods to someone for lending money – ବନ୍ଧକ
launch – to start an activity – ଉନ୍ମୋଚନ
camped – to stay in a camp or a temporary building – ଛାଉଣି
desert – a large landmass having very little water or plants – ମରୁଭୂମି
hugel – very much – ହୁଗେଲ୍
defining moment – at exact time at which something happened – ମୁହୂର୍ତ୍ତକୁ ବ୍ୟାଖ୍ୟା କରେ
recollected – remembered – ସ୍ମରଣ
era – an important period of time in history- ଯୁଗ Her candidacy marked a new era for the party.
emerged – came out – ଉଭା ହେଲା
eminent – very famous- ବହୁତ ପ୍ରସିଦ୍ଧ Eminent students are important and respected.
collapsed – became senseless – ଭୁଶୁଡି ପଡିଲା
massive – very serious – ବହୁତ ଗମ୍ଭୀର
cardiac arrest – stopping of heart – ହୃଦୟ ବନ୍ଦ
average – a usual level – ହାରାହାରି
supervised – observed a task – ତଦାରଖ
defining – giving the exact meaning – ପରିଭାଷା

BSE Odisha 9th Class English:

• The Priceless Gift Question Answer
• The Swimmer Who Does Not Need Her Legs! Question Answer
• Road Safety Week Question Answer
• The Missile Man of India Question Answer
• A Hero Question Answer
• Home and Love Question Answer
• Nine Gold Medals Question Answer
• The Noble Nature Question Answer
• No Men are Foreign Question Answer
• Alexander Selkirk Question Answer

Odisha State Board CHSE Odisha Class 11 Alternative English Solutions Grammar Non-finite Verb forms Exercise Questions and Answers.

CHSE Odisha Class 11 Alternative English Grammar Non-finite Verb forms

Verbs can be classified into the following classes, such as:
i) Auxiliary Verbs,
ii) Ordinary Verbs,
iii) Verbs of Incomplete Prediction.

We have already discussed Auxiliary verbs.
ii) Ordinary Verbs :
Ordinary verbs are of the following two types, such as
a) Finite Verbs,
b) Non-finite verbs.

We have to discuss, here non-finite verbs
(b) Non-finite Verbs:
These verbs do not change according’ to the number, person or tense of the subjects.
Kinds of Non-finite verbs:
Non-finite verbs can be classified as the following types, such as
1) Infinitive,
2) Gerund,
3) Participle.

1) Infinitive :
These verbs do not have application in any sentence; They are simply mentioned. Actually, an infinitive is formed by adding ‘to’ to the first form of the verb. (V+to)
Examples:
1. They wish to go.
2. She began to weep.
3. My ambition is to become a teacher.
4. We eat to live.
5. Have you a pen to spare?
6. I expect her to solve the problem.

Of course, an infinitive can sometimes be used without ‘to’, such as
1. Please let her speak.
2. We saw the actress dance.
3. You need not come here.
4. I made him sing.

To has not been used with the verbs, speak, dance came and sing in the above sentences.
However, note that ‘to’ is normally used with the following verbs, such as- bid, behold, dare, feel, hear, help, know, let, like, make, need, observe, please, watch etc.
Of course, ‘to’ is not used with/after but meaning except.
Examples :
1. She did nothing but cry.
2. We would do nothing but gossip.

Again ‘to’ is not used with/after ‘had better’, ‘had rather’, ‘had sooner’, ‘rather, than’, ‘sooner than’ and would rather’ etc.
Examples :
1. You had better wash your face.
2. You had rather done your homework.
3. I would rather quit the job than apologies.
4. I would sooner die than drink.

Some other uses of Infinitives (Use of ‘to’)
i) It is used after ‘too+adjective’, as Examples:
1. She is too weak, to walk.
2. He is too bulky to run.

ii) It is used after ‘enough’, as-
1. She is strong enough to defend herself.
2. He is wise enough to solve this problem.

iii) By using ‘to’ on removing the Relative clauses, as-
Examples:
1. My mother give me a coffee which I could eat. or My mother gave me a coffee to eat.
2. No one is here who will help you or No one is here to help you.

iv) It is used to show disappointment/despair, as-
Example:
1. She opened the box and found it empty or She opened the box to find it empty. Actually, infinitives are , normally used as objects of the verbs given below
Agree, arrange, attempt, consent, care, cease, choose, claim, decide, determine, expect, endeavor, forget, fail, hope, hesitate, learn, long, manage, neglect, offer, propose, promise, prepare, pretend, remember, regret, refuse, swear, seem, try, threaten, undertake, want, wish, etc!

Examples :
1. I wish to tell you a secret.
2. I have decided to attend the meeting.
3. He “wants to help you.
4. She expects you to do her work.
5. She stood from the chair to welcome me.
6. It is kind of her to help you.
7. Give me a book to read.
8. He was made to run a mile.
9. He failed to obtain first class.
10. I remember to bring your book.

ii) Gerund:

The nouns .working as ion-finite verbs are called ‘Gerunds’. The Gerund’ is used to show an action.
Examples :
1. Smoking is a bad habit.
2. Her favourite hobby is dancing.
3. He likes drinking.
4. I am sick of waiting.
5. It is no use crying over spilt milk.

A Gerund may be used at the beginning, in the middle (interior) or at the end of a sentence.
On reading the above sentences, we can safely say that Gerunds can be used in the following manners.
1) As subject of the sentence.(see sentence No.1)
2) As subject complement of the verbs (sentence No.2)
3) As object to the verb. (sentence No.3)
4) As object to the preposition. (sentence No.4)
5) As case in Apposition of ‘it’ pronoun,

Other Information About The Use Of Gerund:

i) As full Gerunds; as- Ex. Reading the religious books being his habit, we like him.
ii) The use of Gerund as perfect form (having + 3rd form of verb): as Ex. He will never admit having broken the glass.
iii) A ‘Gerund’ is used in place of an ‘Infinitive’ after the prepositions: as Ex. She is good at singing songs.
iv) Possessive pronouns can also be used with ‘Gerunds’: as Ex. I know Hari’s visiting her frequently.

Note that Infinitives and Gerunds are called Verbal Nouns. We can apply both Infinitive and Gerunds as objects of the following verbs:
Advice, allow, attempt, begin, be afraid (of), continue, can’t bear, go, hate, intend, love,, like, mean, need, prefer, permit, propose, recommend, require, remember, request, start, stop, try, used to, wants etc.

Examples :
He began to go to school or
He began going to school.
We normally us Genmds as objects of the following verbs:
Avoid, admit, anticipate, complete, consider, can’t stand (endure), detest, deny, delay, defer, enjoy, excuse, fancy, finish, forgive, give up, involve, imagine, keep, miss, mind, prevent, postpone, pardon, put off, practice, risk, resent, recollect, resist, suggest, save etc.
Example: He can’t give up smoking.

iii) Participle:

These non-finite verbs can be used both as adjectives and as adverbs. Therefore, they are called verbal adjectives.

Kinds Of Participles:
1. Present Participle : (Vi+ing), (first form of the verb+ing)
Ex. Flowing water is pure. Here, the verb flowing shows the continuity of the action.
2. I have a complaining child. Here, the word complaining has been used as an adjective to qualify the noun ‘Child’.
3. The sight was charming. Here, the word charming being the complement the verb ‘was’ as also the complement of the subject, ‘The sight’.
4. I saw her smoking. Here, the word smoking is the comple-ment of the object her’.
5. Nina came to me crying. Here, two
actions (came and cry) have taken place at the same time (simultaneously). Therefore, the more significant out of the two actions ‘cry’. has been shown by present participle.
6. Seeing the police, the thief hid behind the wall. Here, the same object (thief) performs two actions, (see and hide). The former action takes the present participle under such situation.
7. He took up the bag, he ran away. Here, both actions take place simultaneously or Taking up his bag, he ran away. Here, present Participle has been used to connect two sentences. ‘Taking up his bag’ is a ‘participle phrase’.
8. God willing, I shall get first division. Here, present principle has been used in ‘God willing’ because of it. (which) is an Absolute Phrase.

2. Past Participle : (VIII) Third form of the Verb.
Ex. This is a spoilt child. Here, the use of the word ‘spoil’ shows the completion of the action ‘spoilt’.
1. The tired traveller fell asleep. Here, the word ‘tired’ functions as the adjective of the noun ‘traveller’.
2. She looks worried and dejected. Here, the words ‘worried and dejected’ are functioning as adjectives. Being the complement of the verb ‘looks’. They are also the complements of the subject ‘she’.
3. He got his hair cut. Here, the word ‘cut’ is the complement of the subject ‘hair’.
4. The decision taken at the right time is always rewarding. Here, the word ‘taken’ as a past participle. While qualifying the Noun adjectival phrase.
Note that such Adjectival Phrases are often used after the noun, they qualify. ‘decision’, it also helps in the formation of an
5. The Chairman left the meeting fully, the word ‘satisfied’ is a participle which is modifying the verb ‘left’. Hence, it is functioning as adverb.

3. Perfect Participle : (having +VIII).
Ex. Mita has taken a breakfast. She is getting ready for school or Having taken her breakfast, Mita is getting ready for school. Here, two such sentences which lack quickness in action have been combined by using a/he perfect participle:
Note that the second action ‘got’ ready came into force on the completion of the first action (taken her breakfast). There can be a little or more duration of time between both actions.
1. School over, the students came out Here, school over school having been over perfect participle ‘having been’ can be inferred or school having been over, the students came out.
2. The Sun rose and we returned home,(As soph as the Sun rose, we returned home) or No sooner did the Sun rose, than we returned home.
The above sentence is a compound structure. The second action has been completed, immediately after the completion of the first action. The sentence can also be written as: The Sun having risen, we returned home by using the Perfect Participle.
3. (i) The order has been placed, and (ii) No change is possible now. Here, sentence No.4 (i) is a Passive- 5. Voice sentence and sentence No.4 (ii) is an Active-Voice sentence. We can also use perfect participle and write the two sentences as The order having been placed, no change
is possible now.

Exercise For Practice :
Fill in the blanks with, suitable Non-finite verb forms (In-finitive/Gerund/Participles).
1. _________ (drink) in the open is prohibited.
2. A _________(drown) man catches at a straw.
3. _________ (bark) dog seldom bite.
4. The _________ (lose) child was restored.
5. _________ (dance) is an art.
6. The arrangements _________(make), no change is possible now.
7. My mother looked _________ (frighten)
8. He is fond of I found her _________ (read).
9. I found her _________ (weep)
10. _________ (finish) my work, I went out to play.
11. _________ (spill) sold is thought to, bring, ill luck
12. _________ (come) events cost their shadows before.
13. _________ (smoke) is a bad habit.
14.The girls are feeling _________(bore).
15. A _________ (roll) stone gathers no moss.
16. She found her mirror _________ (break).
17. _________(thunder) clouds seldom rain.
18. He wants _________(take) tea.
19. _________(take) her breakfast, Sushma is getting ready for college.
20._________(see) the tiger, she fainted.

Answer:
1. Drinking in the open is prohibited.
2. A drowning man catches at a straw.
3. Barking dogs seldom bite.
4. The lost child was restored.
5, Dancing is an art.
6. The arrangements having been made, no change is possible now.
7. My mother looked frightened.
8. He is fond of reading.
9. I found her weeping.
10. Having finished ray work, 1 went out to play.
11. Spilling salt is thought to bring ill luck.
12. Coming events cast their shadows, before!
13. Smoking is a bad habit.
14. The girls are feeling bored:
15. A rolling stone gathers no moss.
16. She found her mirror broken.
17. Thundering clouds seldom rain.
18. He wants to take tea.
19. Having taken her breakfast Sushma is getting ready for college.
20. Having seen the tiger, she fainted.

Odisha State Board CHSE Odisha Class 12 Math Notes Chapter 9 Integration will enable students to study smartly.

CHSE Odisha 12th Class Math Notes Chapter 9 Integration

Indefinite integral:
If \(\frac{d}{d x}\)F(x) = f(x) then the indefinite integral of f(x) w.r.t x is
∫f(x)dx = F(x) + C
which represents the entire class of anti-derivatives.

(a) Algebra of integrals:
(i) ∫[f(x) ± g(x)] dx = ∫f(x) dx ± ∫g(x) dx
(ii) ∫af(x) dx = α ∫f(x) dx
(iii) ∫f(x) g(x) dx = f(x) ∫g(x) dx – ∫\(\left[(\frac{d}{d x} f(x)\right) \cdot \int g(x) d x]\) dx (Integration by parts)

(b) Some standard indefinite integrations:
(1) ∫x_n dx = \(\frac{x^{n+1}}{n+1}\) + C, n ≠ (-1)
(2) ∫\(\frac{d x}{x}\) = log_e|x| + C.
(3) ∫sin x dx = -cos x + C
(4) ∫cos x dx = sin x + C
(5) ∫tan x dx = -log |cos x| + C or log |(sec x)| + C
(6) ∫cot x dx = log |(sin x)| + C or -log |(cosec x)| + C
(7) ∫sec x dx = log |sec x + tan x| + C
(8) ∫cosec x dx = log |cosec x – cot x| + C
(9) ∫sec² x dx = tan x +C
(10) ∫cosec² x dx = -cot x + C
(11) ∫sec x tan x dx = sec x + C
(12) ∫cosec x cot x dx = -cosec x + C

[Note: To integrate by parts choose 1st function according to I LATE]
Where I → Inverse trigonometric functions.
L → Logarithmic function
A → Algebraic function
T → Trigonometric function
E → Exponential function

(c) Techniques of integration:

Definite integration:

Odisha State Board BSE Odisha 10th Class Physical Science Notes Chapter 4 କାର୍ବନ ଓ ଏହାର ଯୌଗିକ will enable students to study smartly.

BSE Odisha Class 10 Physical Science Notes Chapter 4 କାର୍ବନ ଓ ଏହାର ଯୌଗିକ

→ ଉପକ୍ରମ (Introduction) :

• ଅଧୂକ । ଖାଦ୍ୟ, ବସ୍ତ୍ର, ବିଭିନ୍ନ ଔଷଧ, ଆସବାବପତ୍ର, କୋଇଲା, ପେଟ୍ରୋଲିୟମ୍, ପଲିମର ଇତ୍ୟାଦିରେ କାର୍ବନ ଅନ୍ୟ ମୌଳିକ ସହିତ ମିଶି ରହିଥାଏ ।
• ସମସ୍ତ ଜୀବନ୍ତ ପଦାର୍ଥରେ କାର୍ବନ ଏକ ମୁଖ୍ୟ ଉପାଦାନ ।
• କାର୍ବନ ଏକ ଅଧାତୁ ମୌଳିକ ଓ ଏହାର ପ୍ରତୀକ C ।
• ପର୍ଯ୍ୟାୟ ସାରଣୀର ଦ୍ୱିତୀୟ ପର୍ଯ୍ୟାୟ ଓ ଗ୍ରୁପ୍ 14 ରେ କାର୍ବନ ଅବସ୍ଥିତ ।
• କାର୍ବନ ଚତୁଃ ସଂଯୋଜୀ ।
• ଭୂପୃଷ୍ଠରେ ଏବଂ ବାୟୁମଣ୍ଡଳରେ କାର୍ବନର ପରିମାଣ ଅତି ଅଳ୍ପ ।
• ଖଣିଜ ରୂପରେ (କାର୍ବୋନେଟ୍, ହାଇଡ୍ରୋଜେନ କାର୍ବୋନେଟ୍, କୋଇଲା ଏବଂ ପେଟ୍ରୋଲିମରୂପେ) ଭୂପୃଷ୍ଠରେ କାର୍ବନର ପରିମାଣ ହେଉଛି ମାତ୍ର 0.02% ଏବଂ ବାୟୁମଣ୍ଡଳରେ କାର୍ବନ ଡାଇଅକ୍‌ସାଇଡ଼ର ପରିମାଣ 0.03% |

→ କାର୍ବନରେ ବନ୍ଧ – ସହସଂଯୋଗ୍ୟ ବନ୍ଧ (Bonding in Carbon – The Covalent Bond) :
ବିଦ୍ୟୁତ୍ ସଂଯୋଜ୍ୟ ବନ୍ଧ (Electrovalent Bond) :

• ବିଦ୍ୟୁତ୍ ସଂଯୋଜ୍ୟ ଯୌଗିକ ବା ଆୟନିକ ଯୌଗିକ ଗଠନ ସମୟରେ ଗୋଟିଏ ପରମାଣୁରୁ ଅନ୍ୟ ଏକ ପରମାଣୁକୁ ଏକ ବା ଏକାଧ୍ଵ ଇଲେକ୍‌ଟ୍ରନ୍‌ର ସ୍ଥାନାନ୍ତରଣ ଫଳରେ ବନ୍ଧ ସୃଷ୍ଟି ହୋଇଥାଏ ।
• ଏ ପ୍ରକାର ସ୍ଥାନାନ୍ତରଣରେ ଗୋଟିଏ ପରମାଣୁ ଇଲେକ୍‌ଟ୍ରନ୍ ତ୍ୟାଗ କରି ଏବଂ ଅନ୍ୟ ପରମାଣୁ ଇଲେକ୍‌ଟ୍ରନ୍‌ ଗ୍ରହଣ କରି ନିଜର ଅଷ୍ଟକ ସୂତ୍ର ସଂପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ କରିଥାନ୍ତି ।
• ଫଳରେ ଯୁକ୍ତ ଚାର୍ଜିତ କାଟାୟନ ଓ ବିଯୁକ୍ତ ଏନାୟନ ସୃଷ୍ଟି ହୋଇ ଦୃଢ଼ ବୈଦ୍ୟୁତିକ ଆକର୍ଷଣ ଦ୍ବାରା ସନ୍ଧି ଉପରେ ବିଦ୍ୟୁତ୍ ସଂଯୋଗ୍ୟ ବନ୍ଧ ବା ଆୟନିକ୍ ବନ୍ଧ ଗଠନ କରନ୍ତି ।
• ଏହି ବନ୍ଧଦ୍ବାରା ଉତ୍ପନ୍ନ ଯୌଗିକକୁ ବିଦ୍ୟୁତ୍ ସଂଯୋଜ୍ୟ ଯୌଗିକ ବା ଆୟନିକ୍ ଯୌଗିକ କହନ୍ତି ।
  • ଆୟନିକ ଯୌଗିକଗୁଡ଼ିକର ଗଳନାଙ୍କ ଓ ସ୍ଫୁଟନାଙ୍କ ଅତି ଉଚ୍ଚ ହୋଇଥାଏ ।
  • ଏଗୁଡ଼ିକ ଦ୍ରବଣରେ କିମ୍ବା ତରଳ ଅବସ୍ଥାରେ ବିଦ୍ୟୁତ୍ ପରିବହନ କରନ୍ତି ।
  • ବିଦ୍ୟୁତ ସଂଯୋଗ୍ୟ ଯୌଗିକଗୁଡ଼ିକ ସାଧାରଣତଃ ଜଳରେ ଦ୍ରବଣୀୟ ଏବଂ କିରୋସିନି, ପେଟ୍ରୋଲ ଆଦି ଦ୍ରାବକରେ ଅଦ୍ରବଣୀୟ ଅଟନ୍ତି ।
    କାର୍ବନର କେତୋଟି ଯୌଗିକର ଗଳନାଙ୍କ ଓ ସ୍ଫୁଟନାଙ୍କ
    
• (iv) ସାରଣୀରେ ଦିଆଯାଇଥିବା କାର୍ବନ ଯୌଗିକଗୁଡ଼ିକର ଗଳନାଙ୍କ ଓ ସ୍ଫୁଟନାଙ୍କ ବହୁତ୍ କମ୍ କାରଣ ଅଣୁଗୁଡ଼ିକ ମଧ୍ୟରେ ଆକର୍ଷଣ ବଳ ବେଶୀ ଦୃଢ଼ ନୁହେଁ ।
• (v) କାର୍ବନ ଯୌଗିକଗୁଡ଼ିକ ବିଶେଷଭାବରେ ବିଦ୍ୟୁତ୍ କୁପରିବାହୀ । କାରଣ ଏହି ଯୌଗିକଗୁଡ଼ିକର ବନ୍ଧ କୌଣସି ଆୟନ ସୃଷ୍ଟିକରେ ନାହିଁ ।

→ କାର୍ବନ ସର୍ବଦା ସହସଂଯୋଜ୍ୟ ବନ୍ଧ ଗଠନ କରେ :

• କାର୍ବନର ପରମାଣୁ କ୍ରମାଙ୍କ 6 ଓ ଇଲେକ୍‌ଟ୍ରନ ସଂରଚନା K(2) ଓ L(4) ।
• ମୌଳିକଗୁଡ଼ିକର ପ୍ରତିକ୍ରିୟାଣାଲଗା ବୁଝାଇବାକ୍ତ ପେଗୁଡ଼ିକର ବାହ୍ୟତମ କକ୍ଷରେ ସମ୍ପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ ମାତ୍ରାରେ ଇଲେକ୍‌ଟ୍ରନ ରହିବାପାଇଁ ଚେଷ୍ଟା ଅର୍ଥାତ୍ ନିକଟତମ ନିଷ୍କ୍ରିୟଗ୍ୟାସର ସଂରଚନା ଲାଭ କରିବାର ପ୍ରୟାସ କରେ ।
• ନିଷ୍କ୍ରିୟ ଗ୍ୟାସ୍ ହିଲିୟମ୍‌ର K କକ୍ଷରେ 2ଟି ଇଲେକ୍‌ଟ୍ରନ ଓ ଅନ୍ୟ ଇଲେକଟ୍ରନ୍ ଅଛି । ନିଷ୍କ୍ରିୟ ଗ୍ୟାସ୍‌ର ବହିଃସ୍ଥ କକ୍ଷରେ 8ଟି
• ବାହ୍ୟତମ ଇଲେକ୍‌ଟ୍ରନ ଗ୍ରହଣ ବା ତ୍ୟାଗକରି ମୌଳିକ ଗୁଡ଼ିକ ଆୟନିକ ଯୌଗିକ ସୃଷ୍ଟିକରେ ।
• କାର୍ବନର ବହିଃସ୍ଥ କକ୍ଷରେ 4ଟି ଇଲେକ୍‌ଟ୍ରନ ଅଛି । ନିଷ୍କ୍ରିୟ ଗ୍ୟାସ୍‌ର ଇଲେକ୍‌ଟ୍ରନ ସଂରଚନା ଧାରଣ କରିବାପାଇଁ ଚାରୋଟି ଇଲେକ୍‌ଟ୍ରନ ଗ୍ରହଣ କରିବା କିମ୍ବା ତ୍ୟାଗକରିବା ଆବଶ୍ୟକ । ପ୍ରୋଟନ ଥିବା ନ୍ୟୁକ୍ଲିୟସ କଷ୍ଟକର ।
• ଯଦି କାର୍ବନ ଏତେ ସଂଖ୍ୟକ ଇଲେକ୍‌ଟ୍ରନ୍‌ ଗ୍ରହଣ କିମ୍ବା ତ୍ୟାଗ କରନ୍ତା ତେବେ ନିମ୍ନଲିଖ୍ ସମସ୍ୟା ହୁଅନ୍ତା ।
  • C ଏନାୟନ ସୃଷ୍ଟି କରିବାପାଇଁ 4ଟି ଇଲେକ୍‌ଟ୍ରନ ଆବଶ୍ୟକ । କିନ୍ତୁ ଟି ପାଇଁ 10ଟି ଇଲେକ୍‌ଟ୍ରନ ଅର୍ଥାତ୍ 4ଟି ଅଧ‌ିକ ଇଲେକ୍‌ଟ୍ରନ୍ ଆୟତ୍ତରେ ରଖ୍
  • C+ କାଟାୟନ ସୃଷ୍ଟିକରିବାକୁ ହେଲେ 4ଟି ଇଲେକ୍‌ଟ୍ରନ ତ୍ୟାଗକରିବା ଆବଶ୍ୟକ କାର୍ବନ ନ୍ୟୁକ୍ଲିୟସରୁ 4ଟି ଇଲେକ୍‌ଟ୍ରନକୁ ଅପସାରଣ କରିବାପାଇଁ ବହୁତ ଅଧିକ ଶକ୍ତି ଦରକାର ହେବ କାରଣ କାର୍ବନ କାଟାୟନ ଗଠନ ହେବାପାଇଁ କେବଳ 2ଟି ଇଲେକ୍‌ଟ୍ରନକୁ ଧରି ରଖୁବ । ଏହାର ନ୍ୟୁକ୍ଲିୟସରେ ଟି ପ୍ରୋଟନ ଥ‌ିବାରୁ ତାଠାରୁ 4ଟି ଇଲେକ୍‌ଟ୍ରନ ଦୂରେଇ ନେବା ପାଇଁ ଅଧିକ ଶକ୍ତି ଦରକାର ।
• ତେଣୁ କାର୍ବନ ଏହାର ସଂଯୋଜକ ଇଲେକ୍‌ଟ୍ରନଗୁଡ଼ିକ ଅନ୍ୟ କାର୍ବନର ପରମାଣୁ ସହ କିମ୍ବା ଅନ୍ୟ ମୌଳିକର ପରମାଣୁ ସହ ସହଭାଜନ (sharing) ଦ୍ଵାରା ଅଣୁ ସୃଷ୍ଟି କରେ ଏବଂ ଉଭୟଙ୍କର ପରମାଣୁକୁ ନିଷ୍କ୍ରିୟ ଗ୍ୟାସ୍ ସଂରଚନା ପ୍ରଦାନ କରେ । ଦୁଇ ପରମାଣୁ ମଧ୍ଯରେ ଇଲେକ୍‌ଟ୍ରନ ସହଭାଜନ ଦ୍ୱାରା ଗଠିତ ବନ୍ଧକୁ ସହ ସଂଯୋଜ୍ୟ ବନ୍ଧ କୁହାଯାଏ ।

→ ସହସଂଯୋଜ୍ୟ ବନ୍ଧର ପ୍ରକାରଭେଦ :
ସହ ସଂଯୋଗ୍ୟ ବନ୍ଧ ତିନି ପ୍ରକାରର ।

• ଏକ ବନ୍ଧ: ପ୍ରତ୍ୟେକ ପରମାଣୁ ଗୋଟିଏ ଲେଖାଏଁ ଇଲେକ୍‌ଟ୍ରନ ସହ ପରସ୍ପର ଭାଗକରିଥାନ୍ତି, ଫଳରେ ଗୋଟିଏ ବନ୍ଧ ଗଠିତ ହୁଏ । ଉଦାହରଣ : ହାଇଡ୍ରୋଜେନ ଅଣୁ (H₂) ।
• ଦ୍ଵିବନ୍ଧ: ପ୍ରତ୍ୟେକ ପରମାଣୁ ଦୁଇଟି ଲେଖାଏଁ ଇଲେକ୍‌ଟ୍ରନ୍ ଭାଗକରି ଦୁଇଟି ବନ୍ଧ ଗଠନ କରନ୍ତି । ଉଦାହରଣ : ଅକ୍‌ସିଜେନ ଅଣୁ (O₂ ) ।
• ତ୍ରିବନ୍ଧ : ପ୍ରତ୍ୟେକ ପରମାଣୁ ତିନୋଟି ଲେଖାଏଁ ଇଲେକଟ୍ରନ୍ ଭାଗ କରିବାଦ୍ଵାରା ତ୍ରି-ବନ୍ଧ ଗଠିତ ହୁଏ । (N₂) ।

→ (a) ଏକ ବନ୍ଧଥ‌ିବା ଅଣୁ :
ହାଇଡ୍ରୋଜେନ୍ ଅଣୁ :

• ହାଇଡ୍ରୋଜେନର ପରମାଣୁ କ୍ରମାଙ୍କ 1 ।
• ଏହାର K – କକ୍ଷରେ ଗୋଟିଏ ଇଲେକ୍‌ ଟ୍ରନ ରହିଛି ।
• K-କକ୍ଷ ପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ ହେବାପାଇଁ ଆଉ ଗୋଟିଏ ଇଲେକ୍‌ଟ୍ରନ ଦରକାର ।
• ଗୋଟିଏ ହାଇଡ୍ରୋଜେନ ଅଣୁ ସୃଷ୍ଟିପାଇଁ ଦୁଇଟି ହାଇଡ୍ରୋଜେନ ପରମାଣୁ ସେମାନଙ୍କର ଇଲେକ୍‌ଟ୍ରନ ଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ପରସ୍ପର ମଧ୍ୟରେ ଭାଗ କରନ୍ତି ।
  
• ଫଳରେ ପ୍ରତ୍ୟେକ ହାଇଡ୍ରୋଜେନ ପରମାଣୁ ଏହାଦ୍ୱାରା ନିକଟତମ ନିଷ୍କ୍ରିୟ ଗ୍ୟାସ୍ ପରମାଣୁ ହିଲିୟମ୍‌ର ଇଲେକ୍‌ଟ୍ରନ ସଂରଚନା ଧାରଣ କରେ ।
• ସଂଯୋଜକ ଇଲେକ୍‌ଟ୍ରନ୍ ପାଇଁ ଡଟ୍ ( · ) କିମ୍ବା ଛକି (x) ବ୍ୟବହାର କରାଯାଇଛି ।
• ସହଭାଜିତ ଇଲେକ୍‌ଟ୍ରନ ଯୁଗଳ (shared pair of electrons) ଦୁଇଟି ହାଇଡ୍ରୋଜେନ ପରମାଣୁ ମଧ୍ୟରେ ଏକ ବନ୍ଧ ଗଠନ କରିଛି ବୋଲି କୁହାଯାଏ।
• ଗୋଟିଏ ଏକ ବନ୍ଧକୁ ଦୁଇଟି ପରମାଣୁ ମଧ୍ୟରେ ଏକ ରେଖାଖଣ୍ଡ (– ) ଦ୍ବାରା ଦର୍ଶାଯାଇଛି ।
  

→ କ୍ଲୋରିନ୍ ଅଣୁ:

• କ୍ଲୋରିନ୍‌ର ପରମାଣୁ କ୍ରମାଙ୍କ 17 ଅଟେ ।
• ଏହାର ଇଲେକ୍‌ଟ୍ରନ ସଂରଚନା 2, 8, 7 1
• ପ୍ରତି କ୍ଲୋରିନ୍‌ ପରମାଣୁର ବାହ୍ୟତମ କକ୍ଷରେ 7ଟି ଇଲେକ୍‌ଟ୍ରନ୍ ଥିବାରୁ ଯେତେବେଳେ ଦୁଇଟି କ୍ଲୋରିନ୍ ପରମାଣୁ ପରସ୍ପର ନିକଟତର ହୁଅନ୍ତି ।
• ଉଭୟଙ୍କର ଗୋଟିଏ ଲେଖାଏଁ ଇଲେକ୍‌ଟ୍ରନ୍ ସେମାନଙ୍କ ମଧ୍ୟରେ ସହଭାଜିତ ହୁଅନ୍ତି ।
• ସହଭାଜିତ ଇଲେକ୍‌ଟ୍ରନ୍‌ ଯୁଗଳରେ ଉଭୟ କ୍ଲୋରିନ୍ ପରମାଣୁ ନ୍ୟୁକ୍ଲିୟସ୍‌ ସମ୍ମିଳିତ ପ୍ରଭାବରେ ରହିଥାଏ ।
• ଏହି ସମ୍ମିଳିତ ପ୍ରଭାବରୁ ଉତ୍ପନ୍ନ ଆକର୍ଷଣ ବଳଦ୍ୱାରା ପ୍ରତ୍ୟେକ କ୍ଲୋରିନ୍ ପରମାଣୁ ସହଭାଜନ ଫଳରେ ନିକଟତମ ନିଷ୍କ୍ରିୟ ଗ୍ୟାସ୍ରର ସଂରଚନା ପ୍ରାପ୍ତ ହୁଏ।

→ (b) ଦ୍ଵିବନ୍ଧ ଥ‌ିବା ଅଣୁ:

• ଅକସିଜେନ୍‌ର ପରମାଣୁ କ୍ରମାଙ୍କ 8 ଓ ଏହାର ଇଲେକ୍‌ଟ୍ରନ୍‌ ସଂରଚନା 2, 6 1
• ଗୋଟିଏ ଅକ୍‌ସିଜେନ ପରମାଣୁର L କକ୍ଷରେ ଚୈ ଇଲେକ୍‌ଟ୍ରନ ଅଛି ।
• ଏହା ଅକ୍ଳେଟ୍ ପୂରଣ କରିବାପାଇଁ ଆଉ 2ଟି ଇଲେକ୍‌ଟ୍ରନ୍‌ ଆବଶ୍ୟକ କରେ ।
• ତେଣୁ ପ୍ରତି ଅକ୍ସିଜେନ୍ ର ପରମାଣୁ ଅନ୍ୟ ଏକ ଅକ୍‌ସିଜେନର ପରମାଣୁସହିତ ଦୁଇଟି ଇଲେକ୍‌ଟ୍ରନ ଭାଗ (share) କରିଥାଏ ।
• ପ୍ରତ୍ୟେକ ଅକ୍‌ସିଜେନ ପରମାଣୁଦ୍ଵାରା ମିଳୁଥ‌ିବା ଇଲେକ୍‌ ଟ୍ରନ ଦୁଇଟି ସହଭାଜିତ ଇଲେକ୍‌ ଟ୍ରନ ଯୁଗଳ ହେଇଥାଏ
• ଏହାକୁ ଦୁଇଟି ପରମାଣୁ ମଧ୍ୟରେ ଦ୍ବିବନ୍ଧ ଗଠନହେଲା ବୋଲି କୁହାଯାଏ

→ (c) ତ୍ରିବନ୍ଧ ଥ‌ିବା ବନ୍ଧ :
ନାଇଟ୍ରୋଜେନ୍ :

• ନାଇଟ୍ରୋଜେନର ପରମାଣୁ କ୍ରମାଙ୍କ 7 ଓ ଏହାର ଇଲେକ୍‌ଟ୍ରନ୍‌ ସଂରଚନା 2, 5 1
• ଅକ୍ଟୋଟ୍ ଲାଭ କରିବା ପାଇଁ ଗୋଟିଏ ନାଇଟ୍ରୋଜେନ ପରମାଣୁ ତିନୋଟି ଇଲେକ୍‌ଟ୍ରନ ଦେଇଥାଏ ।
• ସହଭାଗୀ ଇଲେକ୍‌ଟ୍ରନ ଯୁଗଳ ପାଇଁ ପ୍ରତି ନାଇଟ୍ରୋଜେନ ଅଣୁରେ ତିନୋଟି ସହଭାଗୀ ଇଲେକ୍‌ଟ୍ରନ ଯୁଗଳପାଇଁ ପ୍ରତି ନାଇଟ୍ରୋଜେନ୍ ପରମାଣୁ ତିନୋଟି ଇଲେକଟ୍ରନ ଦେଇଥାଏ ।
• ଏହାକୁ ଦୁଇଟି ପରମାଣୁ ମଧ୍ଯରେ ତ୍ରିବନ୍ଧ ଗଠନ ହେଲା ବୋଲି କୁହାଯାଏ ।

→ ଏମୋନିଆ ଅଣୁବ ଗଠନ :

• ନାଇଟ୍ରୋଜେନ୍‌ର ପରମାଣୁ କ୍ରମାଙ୍କ 7 ଓ ଏହାର ଇଲେକ୍‌ଟ୍ରନ ସଂରଚନା 2, 5 |
• ନାଇଟ୍ରୋଜେନର ବହିଃସ୍ଥ କକ୍ଷରେ 5 ଟି ଇଲେକ୍‌ଟ୍ରନ ଅଛି । ଏହା ଅକ୍ଳେଟ୍ ପୂରଣ ପାଇଁ ଆହୁରି 3ଟି ଇଲେକ୍‌ଟ୍ରନ୍ ଆବଶ୍ୟକ କରୁଛି । ଯାହାଫଳରେ ନିକଟତମ ନିଷ୍କ୍ରିୟ ଗ୍ୟାସ୍ Neର ସଂରଚନା ଧାରଣ କରିପାରିବ ।
• ହାଇଡ୍ରୋଜେନର ପରମାଣୁ କ୍ରମାଙ୍କ 1 ଓ ଏହାର ଇଲେକ୍‌ଟ୍ରନ ସଂରଚନା K(1) । ଆଉ ଗୋଟିଏ ଇଲେକ୍‌ଟ୍ରନ ହେଲେ ତାହା ନିକଟତମ ନିଷ୍କ୍ରିୟ ଗ୍ୟାସ୍ He ର ସଂରଚନା ଧାରଣ କରିବ ।
• ଅକ୍ଳେଟ୍ ପୂରଣ ପାଇଁ ନାଇଟ୍ରୋଜେନ୍ ତାହାର ବହିଃସ୍ଥ କକ୍ଷରେ 3ଟି ଇଲେକ୍‌ଟ୍ରନ ସହିତ ହାଇଡ୍ରୋଜେନ୍ ତିନୋଟିର ପ୍ରତ୍ୟେକ ଇଲେକ୍‌ଟ୍ରନ ସହଭାଗିତାରେ N – H ଏକ ବନ୍ଧ ଗଠନ କରନ୍ତି ।
• ନୀଇଟ୍ରୋଜେନ୍‌ର ଅନ୍ୟ ଦୁଇଟି ଇଲେକ୍‌ଟ୍ରନ କୌଣସି ବନ୍ଧ ଗଠନରେ ଭାଗ ନ ନେଇ ସେହିପରି ରହିଥାଏ ।

→ ମିଥେନ୍‌ ଅସୁର ଗଠନ :

• ମିଥେନ କାର୍ବନର ଏକ ଯୌଗିକ ଓ ଏହାର ସଂକେତ CH₄ ।
• ଏହା ଇନ୍ଧନରୂପେ ବହୁଳ ଭାବରେ ବ୍ୟବହୃତ ହୁଏ । ଏହା ଏକ ଜୈବ ଗ୍ୟାସ (Biogas) ଓ ସଂଚାପିତ ପ୍ରାକୃତିକ ଗ୍ୟାସ୍ (Compressed Natural Gas ବା CNG)ର ମୁଖ୍ୟ ଉପାଦାନ ।
• କାର୍ବନର ପରମାଣୁ କ୍ରମାଙ୍କ 6 ଓ ଏହାର ଇଲେକ୍‌ଟ୍ରନ ସଂରଚନା K(2), L(4) ।
• ହାଇଡ୍ରୋଜେନର ପରମାଣୁ କ୍ରମାଙ୍କ । ଏବଂ ଇଲେକ୍‌ଟ୍ରନ୍‌ ସଂରଚନା K(1) । ଏହା ନିକଟତମ ନିଷ୍କ୍ରିୟ ଗ୍ୟାସ୍‌ର ସଂରଚନା ଲାଭ କରିବାପାଇଁ ଆଉ ଗୋଟିଏ ଇଲେକ୍‌ଟ୍ରନ୍‌ ଆବଶ୍ୟକ କରିଥାଏ ।
• କାର୍ବନର ଚାରୋଟି ସଂଯୋଜକ ଇଲେକ୍‌ଟ୍ରନ ରହିଛି । ନିକଟତମ ନିଷ୍କ୍ରିୟ ଗ୍ୟାସ୍‌ ସଂରଚନା ଲାଭ କରିବା ପାଇଁ କାର୍ବନ ଏହି ଇଲେକ୍‌ଟ୍ରନ ଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ 4ଟି ହାଇଡ୍ରୋଜେନ ପରମାଣୁ ସହିତ ଭାଗ କରିଥାଏ ।
• ଅକ୍ଟୋଟ୍ ପୂରଣ କରିବା ପାଇଁ କାର୍ବନ ଏହି ଇଲେକ୍‌ଟ୍ରନ ଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ଚାରୋଟି ହାଇଡ୍ରୋଜେନ ପରମାଣୁ ସହିତ ଭାଗ କରିଥାଏ ଫଳରେ C – Hର ଏକ ସହସଂଯୋଜ୍ୟ ବନ୍ଧ ଗଠିତ ହୁଏ ।
  
• C – H ବନ୍ଧ ଏକ ସମତଳରେ ରହନ୍ତି ନାହିଁ । ଏହା ଟେଟ୍ରାହେନ୍ଦ୍ରର ଚାରିକୋଣ ଆଡ଼କୁ ମୁହାଁଇଥାନ୍ତି । ସହସଂଯୋଜ୍ୟ ଅଣୁଗୁଡ଼ିକର ଗୁଣ:

→ ସତଫପୋଇ ଅଣୁଗୁଡ଼ିକର ଖୁଣ :

• ସହ ସଂଯୋଗ୍ୟ ବନ୍ଧଦ୍ବାରା ଗଠିତ ଅଣୁଗୁଡ଼ିକର ଅଣୁର ଅଭ୍ୟନ୍ତରରେ ଶକ୍ତ ବନ୍ଧ ରହିଥିବା ଦେଖାଯାଏ, କିନ୍ତୁ ଆନ୍ତଃଅଣୁକ (Intermolecular) ବଳ କମ୍ ଥାଏ ।
• ସହସଂଯୋଜ୍ୟ ଯୌଗିକଗୁଡ଼କର ଗଳନାଙ୍କ ଓ ସ୍ଫୁଟନାଙ୍କ କମ୍ ହୋଇଥାଏ ।
• ଏହି ଯୌଗିକଗୁଡ଼ିକ ସାଧାରଣତଃ ବିଦ୍ୟୁତ୍‌ କୁପରିବାହୀ । କାରଣ ଯୌଗିକଗୁଡ଼ିକର ଦୁଇ ପରମାଣୁ ମଧ୍ୟରେ ମିଳିତ ଭାବେ ଇଲେକ୍‌ଟ୍ରନ ଭାଗ ହୋଇଥାଏ ଏବଂ ଚାର୍ଜଯୁକ୍ତ କଣିକାମାନ ସୃଷ୍ଟି ହୋଇନଥାଏ ।

→ ଜାଇଁ ନବ ବିଭିନ୍ ରୂପ (Allotropes of Carbon):

• ପ୍ରକୃତିରେ କାର୍ବନ ମୌଳିକ ବିଭିନ୍ନ ରୂପରେ ମିଳିଥାଏ । ବିଭିନ୍ନ ରୂପଗୁଡ଼ିକର ରାସାୟନିକ ପ୍ରକୃତି ସମାନ , ହେଲେ ମଧ୍ୟ ଭୌତିକ ପ୍ରକୃତି ପୃଥକ୍ ଅଟେ ।
• ଉଭୟ ହୀରା ଓ ଗ୍ରାଫାଇଟ୍ କାର୍ବନ ପରମାଣୁ ଦ୍ଵାରା ଗଠିତ ହୋଇଥାଏ, କିନ୍ତୁ ଏ ଦୁଇଟିରେ କାର୍ବନ-କାର୍ବନ
• ହୀରାରେ ପ୍ରତ୍ୟେକ କାର୍ବନ ପରମାଣୁ ଅନ୍ୟ ଚାରୋଟି କାର୍ବନ ପରମାଣୁ ସହିତ ସଂଯୁକ୍ତ ହୋଇଥାଏ ଏବଂ ଏକ ଦୃଢ଼ ତ୍ରିବିମୀୟ (three-dimensional) ସଂରଚନା ଗଠନ କରେ ।
• ଗ୍ରାଫାଇଟ୍‌ରେ ପ୍ରତ୍ୟେକ କାର୍ବନ ପରମାଣୁ ଅନ୍ୟ ତିନୋଟି କାର୍ବନ ପରମାଣୁ ସହିତ ଏକ ସମତଳରେ ବନ୍ଧ ଗଠନ କରିଥାଏ ଏବଂ ଏକ ଷଡ଼ଭୁଜୀୟ ବିନ୍ୟାସ (Hexagonal array) ଦେଇଥାଏ । ଏହି ବନ୍ଧଗୁଡ଼ିକ ମଧ୍ୟରୁ ଗୋଟିଏ ହେଉଛି ଦ୍ଵିବନ୍ଧ । ତେଣୁ କାର୍ବନର ଯୋଗ୍ୟତା ସନ୍ତୁଷ୍ଟ ହୋଇଥାଏ ।
• ଷଡ଼ଭୁଜୀୟ ବିନ୍ୟାସଗୁଡ଼ିକ ଗୋଟିଏ ସ୍ତର ଉପରେ ଆଉ ଏକ ସ୍ତର ଏହିପରି ଅନେକ ସ୍ତର ରହିବାଦ୍ଵାରା ଗ୍ରାଫାଇଟ୍ ସଂରଚନା ସୃଷ୍ଟି ହୋଇଥାଏ ।
  
• ଏହି ଦୁଇ ଭିନ୍ନ ଭିନ୍ନ ସଂରଚନା ଫଳରେ ହୀରା ଓ ଗ୍ରାଫାଇଟ୍‌ର ଭୌତିକ ଧର୍ମ ଭିନ୍ନ ହୋଇଥାଏ ଯଦିଓ ସେ ଦୁଇଟିର ରାସାୟନିକ ଧର୍ମ ସମାନ ।
• ପଦାର୍ଥଗୁଡ଼ିକ ମଧ୍ୟରେ ହୀରା ସବୁଠାରୁ ବେଶି ଶକ୍ତ । ଗ୍ରାଫାଇଟ୍ ହେଉଛି କୋମଳ (Smooth) ଏବଂ ହାତରେ ଧରିଲେ ଚିକ୍କଣ ବା ତେଲିଆ ଜଣାପଡ଼େ।
• ଗ୍ରାଫାଇଟ୍ ଅଧାତୁ ହେଲେ ମଧ୍ୟ ବିଦ୍ୟୁତ୍ ପରିବହନ କରେ ।
• ଅତି ଉଚ୍ଚ ଚାପ ଓ ତାପମାତ୍ରା ପ୍ରୟୋଗ କରି ବିଶୁଦ୍ଧ କାର୍ବନରୁ ହୀରା ସଂଶ୍ଳେଷଣ କରାଯାଇପାରିବ । ଏହି ସଂଶ୍ଲେଷିତ ହୀରାଗୁଡ଼ିକ ଛୋଟ, ଅନ୍ୟଥା ପ୍ରାକୃତିକ ହୀରାଠାରୁ କୌଣସି ଗୁଣରେ ଭିନ୍ନ ନୁହେଁ ।
• କାର୍ବନର ଆଉ ଏକ ରୂପ ହେଉଛି ଫୁଲେରିନ୍‌ । ପ୍ରଥମେ ଚିହ୍ନିତ ହୋଇଥିବା କାର୍ବନର ଏହି ରୂପଟି ହେଲା, C-60, ଯେଉଁଥରେ କାର୍ବନ ପରମାଣୁଗୁଡ଼ିକ ଫୁଟ୍‌ବଲ ଆକାରରେ ସଜ୍ଜିତ ହୋଇ ରହିଥାଏ । ଏହା ଯୁକ୍ତରାଷ୍ଟ୍ର ଆମେରିକାର ସ୍ଥପତି ବକ୍‌ମିନ୍‌ଷ୍ଟର ଫୁଲର୍ (Buckminster Fuller)ଙ୍କ ଦ୍ବାରା ପରିକଳ୍ପନା କରାଯାଇଥିବା ଭୂପରିମାଣ ବିଦ୍ୟା ସମ୍ବନ୍ଧୀୟ ଗମ୍ବୁଜ (Geodesic dome) ପରି ଦେଖାଯାଉଥ‌ିବାରୁ ଏହି ଅଣୁକୁ ଫୁଲେରିନ୍‌ ନାମ ଦିଆଯାଇଥିଲା ।

→ କାର୍ବନର ସଂବଂ ଗୁଣଧାର1 ପ୍ରକୃତି (Versatile Nature of Carbon) :

• ଆମେ ବ୍ୟବହାର କରୁଥିବା ଅନେକ ଜିନିଷରେ କାର୍ବନ ଅଛି ।
• ଆମେ ନିଜେ କାର୍ବନ ଯୌଗିକରେ ଗଠିତ ହୋଇଛୁ ।
• କାର୍ବନ ଯୌଗିକର ସଂଖ୍ୟା ହେଉଛି ତିନି ନିୟୁତ (million)ରୁ ଅଧ୍ଵ ।
• ସହ ସଂଯୋଗ୍ୟ ବନ୍ଧର ପ୍ରକୃତି କାର୍ବନକୁ ବହୁସଂଖ୍ୟାର ଯୌଗିକ ସୃଷ୍ଟି କରିବାକୁ ସମର୍ଥ ହୋଇଥାଏ ।
• କାର୍ବନ ବହୁ ସଂଖ୍ୟକ ଯୌଗିକ ସୃଷ୍ଟି କରିବାର କାରଣ ଗୁଡ଼ିକ ହେଲା

→ କାଟିନେସନ :

• କାର୍ବନ ଅନ୍ୟ କାର୍ବନ ପରମାଣୁ ସହିତ ବନ୍ଧ ଗଠନ କରି ବୃହତ୍ ଅଣୁ ସୃଷ୍ଟିକରିବା ପାଇଁ ଅନନ୍ୟ ସାମର୍ଥ୍ୟ ରହିଛି । ଏହି ଗୁଣକୁ କାଟିନେସ୍‌ କୁହାଯାଏ ।
• ଏହି ଯୌଗିକଗୁଡ଼ିକ କାର୍ବନର ଦୀର୍ଘ ଶୃଙ୍ଖଳ (Long chain), କାର୍ଟନର ଶାଖାଯୁକ୍ତ ଶୃଙ୍ଖଳ କିମ୍ବା କାର୍ବନ ପରମାଣୁଗୁଡ଼ିକର ଚକ୍ରୀୟ ସଜ୍ଜା ହୋଇପାରେ।
• କାର୍ବନ ପରମାଣୁ ଗୁଡ଼ିକ ଏକ-ବନ୍ଧ, ଦ୍ୱି-ବନ୍ଧ ବା ତ୍ରି-ବନ୍ଧ ଦ୍ଵାରା ସଂଯୁକ୍ତ ହୋଇପାରେ । ବନ୍ଧ ଗଠନକୁ ନେଇ କାର୍ବନ ଯୌଗିକକୁ ଦୁଇଭାଗରେ ବିଭକ୍ତ
• କରାଯାଏ; ଯଥା— ପୃକ୍ତ ଯୌଗିକ ଓ ଅପୃକ୍ତ ଯୌଗିକ । କାର୍ବନ ଯୌଗିକରେ ପ୍ରତ୍ୟେକ କାର୍ବନ ପରମାଣୁ କେବଳ ଏକ-ବନ୍ଧ ଦ୍ଵାରା ଅନ୍ୟ ପରମାଣୁ ସହିତ ସଂଯୁକ୍ତ ହେଲେ ତାହାକୁ ପୃକ୍ତ ଯୌଗିକ କୁହାଯାଏ ।
• ଯେଉଁ ଯୌଗିକଗୁଡ଼ିକରେ କାର୍ବନ-କାର୍ବନ ମଧ୍ୟରେ ଦ୍‌ବନ୍ଧ କିମ୍ବା ତ୍ରିବନ୍ଧ ଥାଏ, ସେଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ଅପୃକ୍ତ ଯୌଗିକ କୁହାଯାଏ । ଉଭୟ କାର୍ବନ ଓ ସିଲିକନ୍‌ର ବହିଃସ୍ଥ କକ୍ଷରେ 4ଟି ଇଲେକ୍‌ଟ୍ରନ ଥାଏ । କିନ୍ତୁ କାର୍ବନର କାଟିନେସନ୍ ଗୁଣ ଅଧ୍ୟା ଦେଖାଯାଏ ।
• କାର୍ବନ ଶହ ଶହ ହାଇଡ୍ରୋଜେନ ସହିତ ସଂଯୁକ୍ତ ହୋଇ ଯୌଗିକ ସୃଷ୍ଟିକରେ । କିନ୍ତୁ ସିଲିକନ୍‌ ହାଇଡ୍ରୋଜେନ ସହ ମିଶି ଯେଉଁ ଯୌଗିକ ଗଠନ କରେ ତାହା କେବଳ ସାତ କିମ୍ବା ଆଠଟି ସିଲିକନ୍ ପରମାଣୁ ପର୍ଯ୍ୟନ୍ତ ଥାଏ, କିନ୍ତୁ ଏହି ଯୌଗିକଗୁଡ଼ିକ ଖୁବ୍ ପ୍ରତିକ୍ରିୟାଶୀଳ ।
• କାର୍ବନ-କାର୍ବନ ବନ୍ଧ ଖୁବ୍ ଶକ୍ତ, ତେଣୁ ତାହା ସ୍ଥାୟୀ ( stable)

→ (i) ଚତୁଃସଂଯୋଜୀ:
କାର୍ବନର ଯୋଗ୍ୟତା ଚାରି ହୋଇଥିବାରୁ ଏହା କାର୍ବନର ଅନ୍ୟ ଚାରୋଟି ପରମାଣୁ କିମ୍ବା ଏକ ଯୋଗ୍ୟତା ବିଶିଷ୍ଟ ଅନ୍ୟ ମୌଳିକର ପରମାଣୁ ସହ ବନ୍ଧ ଗଠନ କରିବା ପାଇଁ ସମର୍ଥ ହୋଇଥାଏ ।
ଅନ୍ୟ ମୌଳିକ ଯଥା – ଅକ୍‌ସିଜେନ୍, ହାଇଡ୍ରୋଜେନ୍, ନାଇଟ୍ରୋଜେନ୍, ସଲଫର୍‌, କ୍ଲୋରିନ୍ ଇତ୍ୟାଦି ସହ କାର୍ବନ୍‌ର ଯୌଗିକ ସୃଷ୍ଟି ହୋଇଥାଏ ।
ଏହି ଯୌଗିକଗୁଡ଼ିକର ସୁନିର୍ଦ୍ଦିଷ୍ଟ (specific) ଧର୍ମ ରହିଥାଏ । ଏହି ଧର୍ମଗୁଡ଼ିକ ଅଣୁରେ ଥ‌ିବା କାର୍ବନ ଛଡ଼ା ଅନ୍ୟ ମୌଳିକଗୁଡ଼ିକ ଉପରେ ନିର୍ଭର କରେ ।

→ (iii) ବିଭିନ୍ନ ପ୍ରକାରର ସହସଂଯୋଜ୍ୟ ବନ୍ଧ ଗଠନ କରିବା ପ୍ରୟାସ:
କାର୍ବନର ପରମାଣୁର ଆକାର ଛୋଟ ହେତୁ ବିଭିନ୍ନ ପ୍ରକାର ଶକ୍ତ ବନ୍ଧ ଗଠନ କରେ ।
ସହଭାଜିତ ଇଲେକ୍‌ଟ୍ରନ ଯୁଗଳକୁ ଶକ୍ତଭାବରେ ଧରି ରଖୁବା ପାଇଁ ଏହା ନ୍ୟୁକ୍ଲିୟସ୍‌ ସମର୍ଥ କରିଥାଏ ।

→ (iv) ଆଇସୋମେରିଜିମ୍ :
ଯେଉଁ ଯୌଗିକଗୁଡ଼ିକର ଏକା ଅଣୁ ସଙ୍କେତ ଥାଏ କିନ୍ତୁ ଅଣୁ ଭିତରେ ପରମାଣୁ ସଜ୍ଜା ପୃଥକ୍ ପୃଥକ୍ ହୋଇଥାଏ ସେହି ଯୌଗିକଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ସଂରଚନାତ୍ମକ ଆଇସୋମର କୁହାଯାଏ ।

→ ଉଦାହରଣ :

ଅନେକ ଯୌଗିକରେ ସମାନ ଅଣକାର୍ବନ କିମ୍ବା ପରମାଣୁପୁଞ୍ଜ ବିଭିନ୍ନ କାର୍ବନ ଶୃଙ୍ଖଳ ସହିତ ସଂଯୁକ୍ତ ହୋଇରହିଥାଏ । ଆରମ୍ଭରେ ଏହିସବୁ ଯୌଗିକରେ ସମାନ ଅଣକାର୍ବନ କିମ୍ବା ପରମାଣୁ ପୁଞ୍ଜ ବିଭିନ୍ନ କାର୍ବନ ଶୃଙ୍ଖଳ ସହିତ ସଂଯୁକ୍ତ ହୋଇରହିଥାଏ, ଆରମ୍ଭରେ ଏହିସବୁ ଯୌଗିକ ପ୍ରାକୃତିକ ପଦାର୍ଥରୁ ନିଷ୍କାସିତ ହେଉଥିଲେ ଏବଂ ଧାରଣାଥିଲା ଯେ ଏଗୁଡ଼ିକ କେବଳ ଜୀବନ୍ତ ପଦାର୍ଥ ମଧ୍ୟରେ ପ୍ରସ୍ତୁତ ହୋଇପାରେ । ଫ୍ରେଡ୍ରିକ୍ ଭୋଲର୍ (Friedrich Wohler) 1828 ମସିହାରେ ଏମୋନିୟମ୍ ସିଆନେଟ୍‌ରୁ ୟୁରିଆ ପ୍ରସ୍ତୁତ କରି ଏହାକୁ ଖଣ୍ଡନ (disprove) କରିଥିଲେ ।

→ ହାଇଡ୍ରୋକାର୍ବନ (Hydrocarbon):

• ଯେଉଁ ସବୁ କାର୍ବନ ଯୌଗିକରେ କେବଳ କାର୍ବନ ଓ ହାଇଡ୍ରୋଜେନ୍ ରହିଛି ସେଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ହାଇଡ୍ରୋକାର୍ବନ କୁହାଯାଏ । ଏହା ଦୁଇ ପ୍ରକାର; ଯଥା – ପୃକ୍ତ ଓ ଅପୃକ୍ତ ହାଇଡ୍ରୋକାର୍ବନ ଯୌଗିକ ।
• ପୃକ୍ତ ହାଇଡ୍ରୋକାର୍ବନକୁ ଆଲ୍‌କେନ୍ (Alkane) କୁହାଯାଏ ।
• ଯେଉଁ ଅପୃକ୍ତ ହାଇଡ୍ରୋକାର୍ବନରେ ଏକ ବା ଅଧିକ ଦ୍ବି-ବନ୍ଧ ଥାଏ ତାକୁ ଆଲ୍‌କିନ୍ (Alkene) କୁହାଯାଏ ।
• ଏକା ବା ଅଧୂକ ତ୍ରିବନ୍ଧ ଥ‌ିବା ହାଇଡ୍ରୋକାର୍ବନକୁ ଆଲକାଇନ୍ (Alkyne) କୁହାଯାଏ ।

→ ପୃକ୍ତ କାର୍ବନ ଯୌଗିକ :

• ଯେଉଁ ହାଇଡ୍ରୋକାର୍ବନ ଯୌଗିକଗୁଡ଼ିକରେ କାର୍ବନ କାର୍ବନ ମଧ୍ୟରେ ଗୋଟିଏ ଲେଖାଏଁ
• ସହସଂଯୋଜ୍ୟ ବନ୍ଧ ଥାଏ, ସେଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ପୃକ୍ତ ହାଇଡ୍ରୋକାର୍ବନ ଯୌଗିକ କୁହାଯାଏ ।
• ଏହି ଯୌଗିକଗୁଡ଼ିକରେ ପ୍ରତ୍ୟେକ କାର୍ବନ ପରମାଣୁ ଅନ୍ୟ ଚାରୋଟି ପରମାଣୁସହ ବନ୍ଧ ଗଠନ କରିଥାଏ ।
• ସରଳତର ପୃକ୍ତ ହାଇଡ୍ରୋକାର୍ବନ ହେଉଛି, ମିଥେନ୍ (CH₄), ଇଥେନ୍ (C₂H₆) |
• କାର୍ବନ ପରମାଣୁଗୁଡ଼ିକ ଏକ ବନ୍ଧ ସହ ଏକା ସଙ୍ଗରେ ସଂଯୁକ୍ତ କରାଯାଉ । C – C
• ପ୍ରତି କାର୍ବନ ପରମାଣୁର ବାକି ତିନୋଟି ଯୋଗ୍ୟତା ଅସଂପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ ରହିଛି । ତେଣୁ ପ୍ରତି କାର୍ବନକୁ ତିନୋଟି ହାଇଡ୍ରୋଜେନ୍ ପରମାଣୁ ସହ ବନ୍ଧ କରାଯାଉ ।

→ ଇଥେନ୍ (CH )ର ଗଠନ :

ଯୌଗିକଗୁଡ଼ିକ ସାଧାରଣତଃ ବେଶି ପ୍ରତିକ୍ରିୟାଶୀଳ ନୁହେଁ । ପୃକ୍ତ ଯୌଗିକଗୁଡ଼ିକର ସାଧାରଣ ଅଣୁ ସଙ୍କେତ C_nH_2n+2

→ ଅପୃକ୍ତ କାର୍ବନ ଯୌଗିକ :
ଯେଉଁ ହାଇଡ୍ରୋକାର୍ବନ ଯୌଗିକରେ କାର୍ବନ-କାର୍ବନ ମଧ୍ୟରେ ଦ୍ବି-ବନ୍ଧ କିମ୍ବା ତ୍ରି-ବନ୍ଧ ଥାଏ, ସେଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ଅପୃକ୍ତ କାର୍ବନ ଯୌଗିକ କୁହାଯାଏ । ଏହି ଯୌଗକଗୁଡ଼ିକରେ କାର୍ବନ ପରମାଣୁଗୁଡ଼ିକ ଗୋଟିଏ ଲେଖାଏଁ ସହସଂଯୋଜ୍ୟ ବନ୍ଧ ଗଠନ କରି ସେମାନଙ୍କ ସମ୍ପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ ସଂଯୋଜନ କ୍ଷମତା ଉପଯୋଗ କରୁ ନ ଥିବାରୁ ସେଗୁଡ଼ିକ ଅପୃକ୍ତ ହୋଇଥା’ନ୍ତି ।

(i) ଆଲ୍‌କିନ୍ : ଯେଉଁ ହାଇଡ୍ରୋକାର୍ବନ ଯୌଗିକଗୁଡ଼ିକର କାର୍ବନ କାର୍ବନ ମଧ୍ୟରେ ଦୁଇଟି ଲେଖାଏଁ ବନ୍ଧ ଥାଏ । ସେଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ଆଲ୍‌କିନ୍ କୁହାଯାଏ ।

ଉଦାହରଣ :
ଏଥୁନ୍ (C₂H₄), ପ୍ରୋପିନ୍ (C₃H₅), ବ୍ୟୁଟିନ୍ (C₄H₈) ଇତ୍ୟାଦି ।

(ii) ଆଲ୍‌କାଇନ୍ :
ଯେଉଁ ହାଇଡ୍ରୋକାର୍ବନ୍‌ଗୁଡ଼ିକରେ କାର୍ବନ କାର୍ବନ ମଧ୍ୟରେ ତିନୋଟି ଲେଖାଏଁ ବନ୍ଧ ଥାଏ, ସେଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ଆଲ୍‌କାଇନ୍ କୁହାଯାଏ ।
( – C = C -)

→ ଉଦାହରଣ :

• ଇଥାଇନ୍ (C₂H₂), ପ୍ରୋପାଇନ୍ (C₃H₄), ବ୍ୟୁଟାଇନ୍ (C₄H₈) ଇତ୍ୟାଦି ।
  
• ଅପୃକ୍ତ କାର୍ବନ ଯୌଗିକ ଗୁଡ଼ିକ ପୃକ୍ତ କାର୍ବନ ଯୌଗିକଠାରୁ ଅଧ‌ିକ ପ୍ରତିକ୍ରିୟାଶୀଳ ।
• ଦ୍ବି-ବନ୍ଧଥ‌ିବା ଅପୃକ୍ତ କାର୍ବନ ଯୌଗିକର ସାଧାରଣ ଅଣୁ ସଂକେତ : C_nH_2n
• ଯେଉଁ ଅପୃକ୍ତ ହାଇଡ୍ରୋକାର୍ବନରେ ଏକ ବା ଅଧୂକ ତ୍ରିବନ୍ଧ ଥବ ସେହି ହାଇଡ୍ରୋକାର୍ବନକୁ ଆଲକାଇନ୍ କୁହାଯାଏ । ଏହାର ସାଧାରଣ ଅଣୁ ସଙ୍କେତ : C_nH_2n-2

(i) ଇଥାଇନ୍ (C₂H₂)ର ଗଠନ :

(ii)
ପ୍ରୋପାଇନ୍ (C₃H₄)ର ଗଠନ :

→ ଶୃଙ୍ଖଳ, ଶାଖା ଏବଂ ଚକ୍ରାକାର (Chains, Branches & Rings) :

→ (a) ସଳଖ ଚେନ୍ ବା ଶୃଙ୍ଖଳ ଯୁକ୍ତ ଯୌଗିକ :
ଯେଉଁ ଆଲକେନ୍‌ଗୁଡ଼ିକରେ ତିନୋଟି କିମ୍ବା କମ୍ କାର୍ବନ ପରମାଣୁ ଥାଏ, ସେଗୁଡ଼ିକ ଶାଖା ଗଠନ କରନ୍ତି ନାହିଁ ।
(i) ମିଥେନ୍ , ଇଥେନ୍ ଓ ପ୍ରୋପେନ୍ ଯଥାକ୍ରମେ 1, 2 ଓ 3 କାର୍ବନ ପରମାଣୁ ରହିଥ‌ିବା କାର୍ବନ ଯୌଗିକ । କାର୍ବନ ପରମାଣୁର ଏହିଭଳି ଚେନ୍ ବା ଶୃଙ୍ଖଳ ଚେନ୍‌ରେ ବହୁସଂଖ୍ୟକ କାର୍ବନ ପରମାଣୁ ରହିପାରିବ ।
କାର୍ବନ ଓ ହାଇଡ୍ରୋଜେନର ପୃକ୍ତ ଯୌଗିକର ସଙ୍କେତ ଓ ସଂରଚନା

→ (b) ଶାଖାଯୁକ୍ତ ପୌଟିଜ :
ବ୍ଲ୍ୟୁଟେନ୍ (C₄H₁₀ ) ର ସଂରଚନା:

ଯେଉଁ ଯୌଗିକଗୁଡ଼ିକର ଏକା ଅଣୁ ସଙ୍କେତ ସମାନ ଥାଏ, କିନ୍ତୁ ଅଣୁଭିତରେ ପରମାଣୁ ସଜ୍ଜା ପୃଥକ୍ ହୋଇଥାଏ ସେହି ଯୌଗିକଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ସଂରଚନାତ୍ମକ ଆଇସୋମର (structural isomer) କହନ୍ତି ।

→ (C) ଚକ୍ରୀୟ କାର୍ବନ ଯୌଗିକ :
ଯେଉଁ କାର୍ବନ ଯୌଗିକରେ କାର୍ବନ ପରମାଣୁ ଗୁଡ଼ିକ ରିଙ୍ଗପରି ବା ଚକ୍ରାକାରରେ ସଜ୍ଜିତ ହୋଇଥାଏ, ତାହାକୁ ଚକ୍ରୀୟ କାର୍ବନ ଯୌଗିକ କହନ୍ତି । ହାଇଡ୍ରୋକାର୍ବନଗୁଡ଼ିକରେ ତିନୋଟି କିମ୍ବା ତହିଁରୁ ଅଧ୍ବକ କାର୍ବନ ପରମାଣୁ ଉପରେ ଚକ୍ରାକାର ଚେନ୍ ସମ୍ଭବ ହୋଇଥାଏ ।

(i) ସାଇକ୍ଲୋହେକ୍ସନ୍ (C₆H₁₂) ର ସଂରଚନା:

(ii) ବେଞ୍ଜିନ୍ (C₆H₆) ରେ ସଂରଚନା:

→ କାର୍ବନ ସହିତ ବହୁତ| (Will you be my friends):

• କାର୍ବନ ଏକ ଖୁବ୍ ବନ୍ଧୁତ୍ଵପୂର୍ଣ ମୌଳିକ । ଏହା ହାଇଡ୍ରୋଜେନ୍ ବ୍ୟତୀତ ଅନ୍ୟ ମୌଳିକ ଯଥା – ହାଲୋଜେନ୍, ଅକ୍‌ସିଜେନ୍, ନାଇଟ୍ରୋଜେନ୍ ଏବଂ ସଲଫର୍ ସହିତ ମଧ୍ୟ ବନ୍ଧ ଗଠନ କରେ ।
• ଏକ ହାଇଡ୍ରୋକାର୍ବନ ଶୃଙ୍ଖଳରେ ଏକ ବା ଅଧିକ ହାଇଡ୍ରୋଜେନ୍‌ର ସ୍ଥାନ ଏହି ମୌଳିକଦ୍ଵାରା ପୂରଣ ହୁଏ ଏବଂ କର୍ଜନର ଯୋଗ୍ୟତା ସମ୍ପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ ହୋଇଥାଏ ।
  ଏହି ଭଳି ଯୌଗିକଟୁଡ଼ିକରେ ହାଲଡ୍ରୋଜେନ୍ ବଦଳରେ ଅନ୍ୟ ଯେଉଁ ମୌଳିକର ପରମାଣୁ ସ୍ଥାନ ନିଏ ତାହାକୁ ଅସମ ପରମାଣୁ (Heteroatom) କୁହାଯାଏ ।
• ଅସମ ପରମାଣୁ ଏବଂ ଅସମ ପରମାଣୁ ରହିଥ‌ିବା ଗ୍ରୁପ ଯୌଗିକକୁ ସ୍ୱତନ୍ତ୍ର ଧର୍ମ ପ୍ରଦାନ କରେ । ଏଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ସକ୍ରିୟ ଗ୍ରୁପ୍ (Functional Group) କୁହାଯାଏ ।
• ଗୋଟିଏ କାର୍ବନ ଯୌଗିକର ଧର୍ମ ତାହାର ସକ୍ରିୟ ଗ୍ରୁପ୍ ଉପରେ ନିର୍ଭର କରେ, କାର୍ବନଶୃଙ୍ଖଳର ଦୀର୍ଘତା ଓ ପ୍ରକୃତି ଉପରେ ନୁହେଁ ।
  ଏକ ବା ଅଧ‌ିକ ହାଇଡ୍ରୋଜେନ ପରମାଣୁର ସ୍ଥାନ ସକ୍ରିୟ ଗ୍ରୁପ ଦ୍ୱାରା ପ୍ରତିସ୍ଥାପିତ ହୋଇ ଏହି ଯୋଗ୍ଯତା ମଧ୍ୟଦେଇ କାର୍ବନ ଶୃଙ୍ଖଳ ସହିତ ସଂଯୋଗ୍ୟ ହୋଇଥାଏ ।
  

କାର୍ବନ ଯୋଗିକରେ କେତୋଟି ସକ୍ରିୟ ଗ୍ରୁପ :

→ ହୋମୋଲୋଗସ୍ ଶ୍ରେଣୀ (Homologous Series):
ସକ୍ରିୟ ଗ୍ରୁପର ଉପସ୍ଥିତି କାର୍ବନ ଯୌଗିକର ଧର୍ମଗୁଡ଼ିକ ଜାହିର କରିଥାଏ ।

→ ଉଦାହରଣ:

• CH₃OH, C₂H₅OH, C₃H₇OH ଓ C₄H₉OH ଇତ୍ୟାଦି ଗୁଡ଼ିକର ରାସାୟନିକ ଧର୍ମ ସମାନ କାରଣ ଏଗୁଡ଼ିକର ସକ୍ରିୟ ଗ୍ରୁପ୍ ସମାନ ।
  ଯୌଗିକ ଶ୍ରେଣୀର ଯେଉଁଥରେ ଏକା ସକ୍ରିୟ ଗ୍ରୁପ କାର୍ବନ ଶୃଙ୍ଖଳର ହାଇଡ୍ରୋଜେନ ପାଇଁ ପ୍ରତିସ୍ଥାପିତ ହୋଇଥାଏ ତାକୁ ସଜାତୀୟ ବା ହୋମୋଲଗସ୍ ଶ୍ରେଣୀ କୁହାଯାଏ । ପ୍ରତ୍ୟେକ ଯୌଗିକକୁ ହୋମଲୋଗ୍ କହନ୍ତି ।
• ସମାନ ସଂରଚନା ଓ ସମାନ ରାସାୟନିକ ଧର୍ମବିଶିଷ୍ଟ ଗୋଟିଏ ଜୈବ ଯୌଗିକ ଶ୍ରେଣୀରେ ଗୋଟିଏ ଯୌଗିକ ତା’ର ପୂର୍ବବର୍ତ୍ତୀ ପରବର୍ତ୍ତୀ ଓ ଯୌଗିକ ଠାରୁ ତା’ର ଆଣବିକ ସଂକେତରେ – CH₂ ଗ୍ରୁପ୍ ଦ୍ଵାରା ପୃଥକ୍ ହୋଇଥିଲେ, ସେହି ଶ୍ରେଣୀକୁ ହୋମୋଲଗସ୍ ଶ୍ରେଣୀ କୁହାଯାଏ ।

→ ହୋମୋଲୋଗ୍ ଶ୍ରେଣୀର ଗୁଣ (ପ୍ରକୃତି) :
(i) ହୋମୋଲଗ୍ନ ଶ୍ରେଣୀର ପ୍ରତ୍ୟେକ ହୋମୋଲଗ୍‌ର ସାଧାରଣ ଅଣୁ ସଂକେତ ଅଛି । ସଂରଚନା ମଧ୍ୟ ସମାନ । ଉଦାହରଣ ମିଥେନ୍ – CH₄, ଇଥେନ୍ – C₂H₆, ପ୍ରୋପେନ୍ – C₃H₈ , ବ୍ୟୁଟେନ – C₄H₁₀ ଇତ୍ୟାଦି ।
ଆଲକେନ୍‌ର ସାଧାରଣ ଅଣୁ ସଙ୍କେତ C_nH_2n+2
ଆଲ୍‌କିନ୍‌ର ସାଧାରଣ ଅଣୁ ସଙ୍କେତ C_nH_2n |
ଆଲକାଇନ୍‌ର ସାଧାରଣ ଅଣୁ ସଙ୍କେତ C_nH_2n-2 |

(ii) ଉପରୋକ୍ତ ଉଦାହରଣରେ କ୍ରମାନ୍ୱୟରେ ଥିବା ଯୌଗିକ ଗୁଡ଼ିକ –CH₂ ଏକକ ଦ୍ଵାରା ପୃଥକ୍ । CH₄ ଓ C₂H₆ ଇତ୍ୟାଦି ।

(iii) କ୍ରମାନ୍ୱୟରେ ଥିବା ଯୌଗିକ ଗୁଡ଼ିକର ଆଣବିକ ବସ୍ତୁତ୍ଵ ମଧ୍ଯରେ 14u ପାର୍ଥକ୍ୟ ଥାଏ ।

CH₄ ର ଆଣବିକ ବସ୍ତୁତ୍ଵ = 12 x 1 + 4 × 1 = 16u
C₂H₆ ର ଆଣବିକ ବସ୍ତୁତ୍ଵ = 12 × 2 + 6 × 1 = 30 u
CH₄ ଓ C₂H₆ ର ଆଣବିକ ବସ୍ତୁତ୍ୱ ମଧ୍ଯରେ ପାର୍ଥକ୍ୟ 14 u
(iv) କୌଣସି ହୋମୋଲୋଗସ୍ ଶ୍ରେଣୀରେ ଆଣବିକ ବସ୍ତୁତ୍ଵ ବୃଦ୍ଧି ଘଟିବା ସହ ଭୌତିକ ପ୍ରକୃତିରେ ଏକ କ୍ରମ ବିନ୍ୟାସ (Gradation) ଦେଖାଯାଏ ।

(v) ଗଳନାଙ୍କ ଓ ସ୍ଫୁଟନାଙ୍କ ବୃଦ୍ଧି ଘଟେ ।

(vi) ନିର୍ଦ୍ଦିଷ୍ଟ ଦ୍ରାବକରେ ଦ୍ରବଣୀୟ ହୋଇଥାଏ ।

(vii) ରାସାୟନିକ ଧର୍ମ ସମାନ ରହେ ।

→ କାର୍ବନ ଯୌଗିକଗୁଡ଼ିକର ନାମକରଣ ପଦ୍ଧତି (Nomenclature of carbon compounds):

• ହୋମୋଲଗସ୍ ଶ୍ରେଣୀରେ ଯୌଗିକଗୁଡ଼ିକର ନାମ ମୂଳ କାର୍ବନ ଶୃଙ୍ଖଳ ଉପରେ ନିର୍ଭର କରେ ।
• ଶୃଙ୍ଖଳର ନାମ ପୂର୍ବରେ କିମ୍ବା ଶେଷରେ ସକ୍ରିୟ ଗ୍ରୁପର ପ୍ରକୃତି ସୂଚାଉଥିବା ଏକ ଶତାଂଶ ଯୋଗ କରି ଏବଂ ଶୃଙ୍ଖଳର ନାମକୁ ସାମାନ୍ୟ ପରିବର୍ତ୍ତନ କରି ଯୌଗିକର ନାମକରଣ କରାଯାଏ ।

→ ନିମ୍ନଲିଖୂତ ପଦ୍ଧତି ଦ୍ଵାରା କାର୍ବନ ଯୌଗିକର ନାମକରଣ କରାଯାଇପାରିବ ।

• ଯୌଗିକଟିରେ କାର୍ବନ ସଂଖ୍ୟା ଚିହ୍ନଟ କର । ତିନୋଟି କାର୍ବନ ପରମାଣୁ ରହିଥ‌ିବା ଯୌଗିକର ନାମ ପ୍ରୋପେନ୍‌ ହୋଇଥା’ନ୍ତା ।
• ସକ୍ରିୟ ଗ୍ରୁପ୍ ଥିଲେ ଯୌଗିକର ନାମର ପୂର୍ବରେ କିମ୍ବା ନାମର ଶେଷ ଭାଗରେ ଏକ ଶତାଂଶ ଯୋଗକରି ସକ୍ରିୟ ଗ୍ରୁପ୍‌କୁ ସୂଚାଯାଏ ।
• ସକ୍ରିୟ ଗ୍ରୁପର ନାମକୁ ଯଦି ଶେଷଭାଗରେ ସୂଚାଇବାକୁ ହେବ ଇଂରାଜୀ ନାମର ଶେଷଭାଗରେ ଥ‌ିବା ‘e’ କୁ ବାଦଦେଇ ଏବଂ ସେହିସ୍ଥାନରେ ଉପଯୁକ୍ତ ଶତାଂଶଟି ଶେଷଭାଗରେ ଯୋଗକରି କାର୍ବନଶୃଙ୍ଖଳର ନାମକୁ ସାମାନ୍ୟ ପରିବର୍ତ୍ତନ କରାଯାଏ । ଉଦାହରଣସ୍ୱରୂପ, ଗୋଟିଏ କିଟୋଗ୍ରୁପ ସହ ଏକ ତିନି କାର୍ବନ ବିଶିଷ୍ଟ ଶୃଙ୍ଖଳକୁ ନିମ୍ନ ପ୍ରକାରରେ ନାମିତ କରାଯିବ ।
  ପ୍ରୋପେନ୍ – ‘e’ = ପ୍ରୋପାନ୍ + ‘ଓନ୍’ = ପ୍ରୋପାନୋନ୍
  (Propane – ‘e’ = Propan + ‘one’ = Propanone)
• କାର୍ବନ ଶୃଙ୍ଖଳଟି ଯଦି ଅପୃକ୍ତ, ତେବେ କାର୍ବନ ଶୃଙ୍ଖଳ ନାମର ଶେଷଭାଗରେ ଥ‌ିବା ଇଂରାଜୀ ଶବ୍ଦାଶ ‘ane’ସ୍ଥାନରେ ‘ene’ କିମ୍ବା ‘yne’ ପ୍ରତିସ୍ଥାପନ କରାଯାଏ । ଉଦାହରଣସ୍ୱରୂପ, ଗୋଟିଏ ଦ୍ଵିବନ୍ଧ ସହ ତିନି କାର୍ବନ ବିଶିଷ୍ଟ ଶୃଙ୍ଖଳକୁ ପ୍ରୋପିନ୍ (Propene) କୁହାଯିବ । ଯଦି ଏହି ଶୃଙ୍ଖଳରେ ତ୍ରିବନ୍ଧ ରହେ, ଏହାକୁ ପ୍ରୋପାଇନ୍ (Propyne) କୁହାଯିବ ।

→ କାର୍ବନ ଯୌଗିକର ରାସାୟନିକ ଧର୍ମ (Chemical Properties of Carbon Compounds):
→ (a) ଦହନ (Combustion):

• କାର୍ବନର ଯେକୌଣସି ରୂପ ଅକ୍‌ସିଜେନରେ ଜଳିଲେ କାର୍ବନ ଡାଇଅକ୍‌ସାଇଡ୍ ସୃଷ୍ଟି ହେବା ସହିତ ତାପ ଓ ଆଲୋକ ନିର୍ଗତ ହୋଇଥାଏ ।
• ଅଧିକାଂଶ କାର୍ବନ ଯୌଗିକ ଦହନ ପ୍ରତିକ୍ରିୟାରେ ବହୁପରିମାଣର ତାପଶକ୍ତି ଓ ଆଲୋକଶକ୍ତି ସୃଷ୍ଟି କରିଥାନ୍ତି । ଏହାକୁ ଜାରଣ ପ୍ରତିକ୍ରିୟା କହନ୍ତି ।

→ ଉଦାହରଣ :

• C + O₂ → CO₂ + ତାପ ଏବଂ ଆଲୋକ
• CH₄ + O₂ → CO₂ + H₂O + ଚାପ ଓ ଆଲୋକ
• CH₃CH₂OH + O₂ → CO₂ + H₂O + ଚାପ ଓ ଆଲୋକ

→ ଶେଷ ଦୁଇଟି ପ୍ରତିକ୍ରିୟାକୁ ସମତୁଲ କର ।
ଉ :
CH₄ + 2O₂ → CO₂ + 2H₂O + ଚାପ ଓ ଆଲୋକ
CH₃CH₂OH + 3O₂ → 2CO₂ + 3H₂O + ଚାପ ଓ ଆଲୋକ

• ପୃକ୍ତ ହାଇଡ୍ରୋକାର୍ବନ ଯୌଗିକ; ଯଥା – ମିଥେନ୍, ଇଥେନ୍, ପ୍ରାକୃତିକ ଗ୍ୟାସ୍, LPG, କର୍ପୂର, ଆଲକହଲ ବାୟୁରେ ଜଳିଲେ ସ୍ଵଚ୍ଛଶିଖା (Clean Flame) ଦେଇଥାଏ ।
• ଅପୃକ୍ତ ହାଇଡ୍ରୋକାର୍ବନ ଯୌଗିକ; ଯଥା— ଇଥ, ଗନ୍ଧକର୍ପୂର, ବେଞ୍ଜିନ୍ ଇତ୍ୟାଦି ଜଳିଲେ କଳା ଧୂଆଁ ସହିତ ହଳଦିଆ ରଙ୍ଗର ଶିଖା ହେବ ।
• ଗୋଟିଏ ଧାତବ ଥାଳି ରଖୁ କଳା କଣିକା ଥାଳି ଉପରେ ଜମିଯିବ । ବାୟୁର ଯୋଗାଣକୁ ସୀମିତ କରିଦେଲେ
• ଘରଗୁଡ଼ିକରେ ବ୍ୟବହୃତ ହେଉଥ‌ିବା ଗ୍ୟାସ୍, କିରୋସିନ୍ ଷ୍ଟୋଭରେ ବାୟୁ ପାଇଁ ପ୍ରବେଶ ପଥ (Inlet) ଥାଏ, ଫଳରେ ଯଥେଷ୍ଟ ପରିମାଣର ଅକ୍‌ସିଜେନଯୁକ୍ତ (Oxygen rich) ମିଶ୍ରଣ ଏକ ସ୍ବଚ୍ଛ ନୀଳ ଶିଖା ଦେଇଥାଏ ।
• ଯଦି ରନ୍ଧାପାତ୍ର କଳା ହୋଇଥାଏ ତେବେ ବାୟୁଛିଦ୍ର (airholes) ଗୁଡ଼ିକର ପଥ ଅବରୁଦ୍ଧ ହୋଇଯାଉଛି ଓ ଜାଳେଣୀ ନଷ୍ଟ ହେଉଛି ।

→ ତୁମେ ଜାଣିଛ କି ?
ଶିଖା କିମ୍ବା ବିନାଶିଖା ସହ ପଦାର୍ଥଗୁଡ଼ିକ କାହିଁକି ଜଳେ ?

• ଗୋଟିଏ ମହମବତୀ କିମ୍ବା ଗ୍ୟାସ୍ଟ୍ରୋଭରେ ଏଲ୍‌ପିଜି (LPG) ଏକ ଶିଖାସହ ଜଳେ । ଚୁଲିରେ କୋଇଲା କିମ୍ବା ଅଙ୍ଗାର (Charcoal) କେବଳ ନାଲିରଙ୍ଗରେ ଉଜ୍ଜ୍ବଳ ହୋଇ ଏବଂ ବିନାଶିଖାରେ ତାପ ନିର୍ଗତ କରିଥାଏ । ଏହାର କାରଣ ହେଲା, କେବଳ ଗ୍ୟାସୀୟ ପଦାର୍ଥ ଜଳିଲେ ଶିଖା ସୃଷ୍ଟି ହୋଇଥାଏ । କିନ୍ତୁ କାଠ କିମ୍ବା ଅଙ୍ଗାରକୁ ଜାଳିଲେ, ଏଥ‌ିରେ ଥ‌ିବା ଉଦ୍‌ୟୀ ପଦାର୍ଥଗୁଡ଼ିକ ବାଷ୍ପରେ ପରିଣତ ହୁଏ ଏବଂ ପ୍ରଥମେ ଶିଖାସହ ଜଳେ ।
• ଗ୍ୟାସୀୟ ପଦାର୍ଥର ପରମାଣୁଗୁଡ଼ିକ ଉତ୍ତପ୍ତ ହେଲେ ଆଲୋକ ଓ ତାପ ବିକିରଣ କରିବାକୁ ଆରମ୍ଭ କରେ ଓ ପ୍ରଦୀପ୍ତ ଶିଖା (Luminous) ଦେଖାଯାଏ । ପ୍ରତି ମୌଳିକଦ୍ୱାରା ସୃଷ୍ଟ ବର୍ଣ୍ଣ ସେହି ମୌଳିକର ସ୍ବଭାବସିଦ୍ଧ (Characteristic) ଗୁଣ ।

→ କୋଇଲା ଏବଂ ପେଟ୍ରୋଲିୟମର ସୃଷ୍ଟି :
(i) ବିଭିନ୍ନ ପ୍ରକାର ଜୈବିକ ଏବଂ ଭୂତାନ୍ତ୍ରିକ (Biological and Geological ) ପ୍ରକ୍ରିୟା ଯୋଗୁଁ ଜୈବ ବସ୍ତୁତ୍ଵରୁ କୋଇଲା ଏବଂ ପେଟ୍ରୋଲିୟମ ସୃଷ୍ଟି ହୋଇଛି । ନିୟୁତ ନିୟୁତ ବର୍ଷପୂର୍ବେ ଜୀବିତ ଥିବା ଗଛ, ଫର୍ଶ ଏବଂ ଅନ୍ୟ ଉଦ୍ଭଦଗୁଡ଼ିକର ମୃତ ଦେହାବଶେଷ ହେଉଛି କୋଇଲା । ସମ୍ଭବତଃ ଭୂମିକମ୍ପ କିମ୍ବା ଆଗ୍ନେୟଗିରି ଉଦ୍‌ଗୀରଣ ଦ୍ଵାରା ଏଗୁଡ଼ିକ ପୋତି ହୋଇଗଲା । ମାଟି ଓ ପଥରର ସ୍ତରଗୁଡ଼ିକ ତଳେ ଚାପି ହୋଇ ରହିଲା । ଆସ୍ତେ ଆସ୍ତେ କ୍ଷୟପ୍ରାପ୍ତ ହୋଇ ସେଗୁଡ଼ିକ କୋଇଲାରେ ପରିଣତ ହେଲା ।

(ii) ସମୁଦ୍ରରେ ଥ‌ିବା ନିୟୁତ ନିୟୁତ କ୍ଷୁଦ୍ର ଉଭିଦ ଏବଂ ପ୍ରାଣୀର ମୃତ ଦେହାବଶେଷରୁ ତୈଳ ଏବଂ ଗ୍ୟାସ୍‌ର ସୃଷ୍ଟି । ମୃତ୍ୟୁପରେ ସେଗୁଡ଼ିକର ଦେହାବଶେଷ ସମୁଦ୍ର ଶଯ୍ୟା ତଳକୁ ବୁଡ଼ିଗଲା ଏବଂ ପଟୁଦ୍ୱାରା ଆଚ୍ଛାଦିତ ହୋଇଗଲା । ଉଚ୍ଚ ଚାପରେ ଥିବା ମୃତ ଅବଶେଷକୁ ବୀଜାଣୁ ଆକ୍ରମଣ କରି ସେଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ତୈଳ ଓ ଗ୍ୟାସ୍‌ରେ ପରିଣତ କରିଦେଲା । ଏହି ସମୟ ମଧ୍ୟରେ ଚାପଦ୍ଵାରା ପଟୁ ଆସ୍ତେ ଆସ୍ତେ ଶିଳାରେ ପରିଣତ ହେଲା । ଶିଳାରେ ଥୁବା ଛିଦ୍ରଅଂଶଗୁଡ଼ିକ ମଧ୍ୟକୁ ତୈଳ ଓ ଗ୍ୟାସ୍ ବହିଗଲା ଏବଂ ସଞ୍ଚିତ ହୋଇ ରହିଲା ।

→ (b) ଜାଗଣ (Oxidation) :
କାର୍ବନ ଯୌଗିକଗୁଡ଼ିକ ଦହନଦ୍ୱାରା ସହଜରେ ଜାରିତ ହୋଇଥାନ୍ତି । ଏହି ସମ୍ପୂର୍ଣ ଜାରଣ ଛଡ଼ା ଅନେକ ପ୍ରତିକ୍ରିୟା ଅଛି ଯେଉଁଥରେ ଆଲ୍‌କହଲ ଗୁଡ଼ିକ କାର୍ବୋକ୍‌ଲିକ୍ ଏସିଡ୍ରେ ପରିଣତ ହୁଏ ।

→ (c) ପୋଖ ପ୍ରତିକ୍ରିୟା (Addition reaction):
ଅପୃକ୍ତ ହାଇଡ୍ରୋକାର୍ବନ ଉତ୍ପ୍ରେରକ ଉପସ୍ଥିତିରେ ହାଇଡ୍ରୋଜେନ ସହ ଯୋଗ ପ୍ରତିକ୍ରିୟା କରି ପୃକ୍ତ ହାଇଡ୍ରୋକାର୍ବନ ଦେଇଥାଏ ।

ଦନସ୍ପତି ତେଲଗୁଡ଼ିକରେ ସାଧାରଣତଃ ଅପୃକ୍ତ କାର୍ବନ ଶୃଙ୍ଖଳ ଥିବା ବେଳେ ପଶୁ ଚର୍ବିରେ ପୃକ୍ତ କାର୍ବନ ଶୃଙ୍ଖଳ ରହିଥାଏ ।

→ (d) ପ୍ରତିସ୍ଥାପିତ ପ୍ରତିକ୍ରିୟା (Substitution reaction)
ସୂର୍ଯ୍ୟାଲୋକ ଉପସ୍ଥିତିରେ କ୍ଲୋରିନ୍ ଅତି ଦୃତ ପ୍ରତିକ୍ରିୟା କରି ହାଇଡ୍ରୋକାର୍ବନ ସହ ସଂଯୋଗ କରିଥାଏ । ଏହି ପ୍ରତିକ୍ରିୟାରେ ପୃକ୍ତ ହାଇଡ୍ରୋକାର୍ବନର ହାଇଡ୍ରୋଜେନ ପରମାଣୁ ସ୍ଥାନରେ କ୍ଲୋରିନ୍ ପରମାଣୁ ଗୋଟି ଗୋଟି ହୋଇ ପ୍ରତିସ୍ଥାପିତ ହୋଇଥାଏ । ଏହାକୁ ପ୍ରତିସ୍ଥାପନ ପ୍ରତିକ୍ରିୟା କୁହାଯାଏ ।

CH₃CI + Cl₂ → CH₂Cl₂ + HCl
CH₂Cl₂ + Cl₂ → CHCl₃ + HCl
CHCl₃ + Cl₂ → CCl₄ + HCl

→ କେତୋଟି ପ୍ରଧାନ କାର୍ବନ ଯୌଗିକ-ଇଥାନଲ୍ ଏବଂ ଇଥାନୋଇକ୍ ଏସିଡ୍ (Some Important Carbon Compounds-Ethanol and Ethanoic acid) :
ଇଥାନଲାଭ ଧର୍ମ (Properties of Ethanol) :

• ପ୍ରକୋଷ୍ଠ ତାପମାତ୍ରାରେ ଇଥାନଲ ଏକ ତରଳ ଅଟେ ।
• ଏହାର ଗଳନାଙ୍କ 156K ଓ ସ୍ଫୁଟନାଙ୍କ 351K ।
• ଇଥାନଲ୍‌କୁ ସାଧାରଣତଃ ଆଲକହଲ କହନ୍ତି ଏବଂ ଏହା ସମସ୍ତ ଆଲ୍‌କୋହଲିକ୍ ପାନୀୟର ସକ୍ରିୟ ଉପାଦାନ (Active ingredient) ।
• ଏହା ଏକ ଉତ୍ତମ ଦ୍ରାବକ ହୋଇଥିବାରୁ ଏହାକୁ ଅନେକ ଔଷଧ (ଟିଙ୍କଚର ଆୟୋଡ଼ିନ୍, କାଶର ଔଷଧ (cough syrup) ଓ ଅନେକ ଟନିକ୍)ରେ ବ୍ୟବହାର କରାଯାଏ । ଏହା ମଧ୍ୟ ଜଳରେ ସବୁ ଅନୁପାତରେ ଦ୍ରବଣୀୟ ।

→ ରାସାୟନିକ ଧର୍ମ:

• ସୋଡ଼ିୟମ ସହ ପ୍ରତିକ୍ରିୟା:
• ସୋଡ଼ିୟମ୍ ଧାତୁ ଇଥାନଲ ସହିତ ପ୍ରତିକ୍ରିୟା କରି ହାଇଡ୍ରୋଜେନ ଗ୍ୟାସ୍ ନିର୍ଗତ କରେ ।
  
• ଇଥାନଲ ଅଧ୍ଵ ପରିମାଣ ଗାଢ଼ ସଲଫ୍ୟୁରିକ୍ ଏସିଡ୍ ସହ 443K ରେ ଉତ୍ତପ୍ତ କଲେ ଇଥାନଲ ଅଣୁରୁ ଗୋଟିଏ ଜଳ ଅଣୁ ବାହାରିଯାଇ ଏଥୁନ୍ ସୃଷ୍ଟି ହୁଏ ।
  

Odisha State Board BSE Odisha 9th Class History Solutions Chapter 10 ଗୋଷ୍ଠୀ ନିରପେକ୍ଷ ଆନ୍ଦୋଳନ Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

BSE Odisha Class 9 History Solutions Chapter 10 ଗୋଷ୍ଠୀ ନିରପେକ୍ଷ ଆନ୍ଦୋଳନ

୧। ପ୍ରତ୍ୟେକ ପ୍ରଶ୍ନର ଉତ୍ତର ୬୦ ଗୋଟି ଶବ୍ଦ ମଧ୍ଯରେ ଲେଖ ।

(କ) ଗୋଷ୍ଠୀ ନିରପେକ୍ଷ ଆନ୍ଦୋଳନ କିପରି ଆରମ୍ଭ ହୋଇଥିଲା ?
Answer:

• ଦ୍ଵିତୀୟ ବିଶ୍ୱଯୁଦ୍ଧ ପରେ ନୂତନ ଭାବରେ ସ୍ବାଧୀନତା ହାସଲ କରିଥିବା ଅଧିକାଂଶ ଏସୀୟ ଓ ଆଫ୍ରିକୀୟ ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ର ତତ୍କାଳୀନ
• ସେହି ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରଗୁଡ଼ିକ କୌଣସି ଗୋଟିଏ ଗୋଷ୍ଠୀରେ ସାମିଲ ନ ହୋଇ ନିରପେକ୍ଷ ରହି ଗୋଷ୍ଠୀ ନିରପେକ୍ଷ ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରଭାବେ ପରିଚିତ ଥିଲେ ।
• ଏହି ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରମାନେ ସେମାନଙ୍କର ଜାତୀୟ ପୁନର୍ଗଠନ ଓ ଅର୍ଥନୈତିକ ଉନ୍ନତି ନିମନ୍ତେ ପରସ୍ପର ସହ ସହଯୋଗ ସ୍ଥାପନ କରିଥିଲେ ।
• ସେମାନଙ୍କ ମଧ୍ୟରେ ଉତ୍ତମ ବୁଝାମଣା ଓ ସହଯୋଗ ବୃଦ୍ଧି ପାଇ ଗୋଷ୍ଠୀ ନିରପେକ୍ଷ ଆନ୍ଦୋଳନ ଆରମ୍ଭ ହୋଇଥିଲା ।
• ଗୋଷ୍ଠୀ ନିରପେକ୍ଷ ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରମାନଙ୍କୁ ନେଇ ତୃତୀୟ ବିଶ୍ୱ ସୃଷ୍ଟି ହୋଇଥିଲା ।

(ଖ) ଗୋଷ୍ଠୀ ନିରପେକ୍ଷତା କାହାକୁ କୁହାଯାଏ ? ଗୋଷ୍ଠୀ ନିରପେକ୍ଷ ଆନ୍ଦୋଳନର ଲକ୍ଷ୍ୟ କ’ଣ ? ଏହି ଆନ୍ଦୋଳନର ପ୍ରସାରରେ ମୁଖ୍ୟ ଭୂମିକା ଗ୍ରହଣ କରିଥିବା ବିଶିଷ୍ଟ ବ୍ୟକ୍ତିମାନେ କିଏ ?
Answer:

• ସାମ୍ୟବାଦୀ ବା ପୁଞ୍ଜିବାଦୀ ଗୋଷ୍ଠୀ ମଧ୍ୟରୁ କୌଣସି ଗୋଷ୍ଠୀରେ ଯୋଗ ନଦେଇ ନିରପେକ୍ଷ ଭାବରେ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ କରିବାକୁ ଗୋଷ୍ଠୀ ନିରପେକ୍ଷତା କୁହାଯାଏ ।
• ସ୍ଵାଧୀନତାର ସୁରକ୍ଷା, ସାମ୍ରାଜ୍ୟବାଦ ଓ ଉପନିବେଶବାଦର ବିଲୋପ, ଶାନ୍ତିପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ ସହାବସ୍ଥାନ ଓ ବିଶ୍ୱଶାନ୍ତି ପ୍ରତିଷ୍ଠା ଗୋଷ୍ଠୀ ନିରପେକ୍ଷ ଆନ୍ଦୋଳନରେ ଲକ୍ଷ୍ୟ ଅଟେ ।
• ଭାରତର ପ୍ରଥମ ପ୍ରଧାନମନ୍ତ୍ରୀ ପଣ୍ଡିତ ଜବାହାରଲାଲ ନେହେରୁଙ୍କର ନେତୃତ୍ୱରେ ଗୋଷ୍ଠୀ ନିରପେକ୍ଷ ଆନ୍ଦୋଳନ ସୁଦୃଢ଼ ହୋଇଥିଲା ।
• ସେ ଗୋଷ୍ଠୀ ନିରପେକ୍ଷ ଆନ୍ଦୋଳନର ରୂପରେଖ ପ୍ରସ୍ତୁତକାରୀ ବାନ୍ଦୁଙ୍ଗ୍ ସମ୍ମିଳନୀର ଆତ୍ମା ଥିଲେ । ତାଙ୍କର ପଞ୍ଚଶୀଳ ବା ସମସ୍ତ ଜାତିର ଶାନ୍ତିପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ ସହାବସ୍ଥାନ ନୀତି ସେଠାରେ ଉପସ୍ଥାପିତ ହୋଇ ଗୃହୀତ ହୋଇଥିଲା ।
• ଇଣ୍ଡୋନେସିଆର ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରପତି ସୁକର୍ଣ୍ଣୋ, ଯୁଗୋସ୍ଲୋଭିଆର ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରପତି ମାର୍ଶାଲ ଟିଟୋ ଓ ଇଜିପ୍ଟର ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରପତି ଅବଦୁଲ୍ ନାସେର୍‌ଙ୍କ ସହଯୋଗ ଏହାକୁ ପରିପୁଷ୍ଟ କରିଥିଲା ।

(ଗ) ଗୋଷ୍ଠୀ ନିରପେକ୍ଷ ଆନ୍ଦୋଳନର ରୂପରେଖ କେବେ ଓ କେଉଁଠାରେ ପ୍ରସ୍ତୁତ କରାଯାଇଥିଲା ? ସେଠାରେ କେତୋଟି ଏସୀୟ ଓ ଆଫ୍ରିକୀୟ ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରର ପ୍ରତିନିଧ୍ ଯୋଗ ଦେଇଥିଲେ ଓ ସେମାନେ କେଉଁସବୁ ବିଷୟରେ ଆଲୋଚନା କରିଥିଲେ ?
Answer:

• ୧୯୫୫ ମସିହା ଏପ୍ରିଲ୍ ମାସରେ ଇଣ୍ଡୋନେସିଆର ପଶ୍ଚିମ ଜାଭାର ବାନ୍ଦୁଙ୍ଗ୍ରାଠାରେ ଅନୁଷ୍ଠିତ ‘ଆଫ୍ରୋ-ଏସୀୟ’ ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରମାନଙ୍କର ଏକ ସମ୍ମିଳନୀରେ ଗୋଷ୍ଠୀ ନିରପେକ୍ଷ ଆନ୍ଦୋଳନରେ ରୂପରେଖ ପ୍ରସ୍ତୁତ କରାଯାଇଥିଲା ।
• ଏଥ‌ିରେ ୨୩ଟି ଏସୀୟ ଓ ୬ଟି ଆଫ୍ରିକୀୟ ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ର ଯୋଗ ଦେଇଥିଲେ ।
• ସେମାନେ ଗୋଷ୍ଠୀ ନିରପେକ୍ଷ ଆନ୍ଦୋଳନର କାର୍ଯ୍ୟକାରିତା ବିଷୟରେ ବିସ୍ତାରିତ ରୂପେ ଆଲୋଚନା କରିଥିଲେ ।
• ଏଠାରେ ସ୍ପଷ୍ଟ କରି ଦିଆଯାଇଥିଲା ଯେ ଗୋଷ୍ଠୀ ନିରପେକ୍ଷ ନୀତି ଅବଲମ୍ବନ କରୁଥିବା ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରମାନେ ଶକ୍ତି ପ୍ରଦର୍ଶନକାରୀ ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରମାନଙ୍କର ଅନୁଗାମୀ ନୁହଁନ୍ତି ।
• ଏହି ସମ୍ମିଳନୀରେ ଭାରତର ପ୍ରଧାନମନ୍ତ୍ରୀ ପଣ୍ଡିତ ଜବାହାରଲାଲ୍ ନେହେରୁଙ୍କର ପଞ୍ଚଶୀଳ ନୀତି ବା ସମସ୍ତ ଜାତିର ଶାନ୍ତିପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ ସହାବସ୍ଥାନ ନୀତି ଉପସ୍ଥାପିତ ହୋଇ ଗୃହୀତ ହୋଇଥିଲା ।

(ଘ) ବିଶ୍ୱଶାନ୍ତି ପ୍ରତିଷ୍ଠା ଦିଗରେ ଗୋଷ୍ଠୀ ନିରପେକ୍ଷ ଆନ୍ଦୋଳନରେ ଅବଦାନ ଆଲୋଚନା କର ।
Answer:

• ଶୀତଳ ଯୁଦ୍ଧ, ମହାଶକ୍ତି ମେଣ୍ଟ ଓ ସାମରିକ ଗୋଷ୍ଠୀ ଗଠନ ଯୁଗରେ ବିଶ୍ୱଶାନ୍ତି ପ୍ରତିଷ୍ଠା ପାଇଁ ଗୋଷ୍ଠୀ ନିରପେକ୍ଷ ଆନ୍ଦୋଳନ ଏକ ମୁଖ୍ୟ ଭୂମିକା ଗ୍ରହଣ କରିଛି ।
• ଶୀତଳ ଯୁଦ୍ଧର ଅନ୍ତ ଦିଗରେ ଏକ ସଫଳ ପଦକ୍ଷେପ ନେବା ସହ ବିଶ୍ବର ଉପନିବେଶବାଦର ବିଲୟକୁ ଏହି ଆନ୍ଦୋଳନ
• ଏହି ଆନ୍ଦୋଳନ ମାଧ୍ୟମରେ ନୂତନ ଭାବରେ ସ୍ଵାଧୀନ ହୋଇଥିବା ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରଗୁଡ଼ିକ ଏକତ୍ରିତ ହେବାଦ୍ୱାରା ଗୋଟିଏ
• ଦକ୍ଷିଣ-ପୂର୍ବ ଏସିଆ ଚୁକ୍ତି ସଙ୍ଗଠନ, କେନ୍ଦ୍ରୀୟ ଚୁକ୍ତି ସଙ୍ଗଠନ ଓ ୱାରସ୍ ଚୁକ୍ତି ଆଦିର ବିଫଳତା ଗୋଷ୍ଠୀ ନିରପେକ୍ଷ ଆନ୍ଦୋଳନର କାର୍ଯ୍ୟଦକ୍ଷତାର ପ୍ରମାଣ ଦିଏ ।
• ଏହାର ପ୍ରଚେଷ୍ଟା ଯୋଗୁଁ ପାରମ୍ପରିକ ଓ ଅଣପାରମ୍ପରିକ ଅସ୍ତ୍ରଶସ୍ତ୍ର ପ୍ରତିଯୋଗିତା ସଙ୍କୁଚିତ ହୋଇପାରିଛି ଏବଂ ସଂଯୁକ୍ତ ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରସଂଘର କାର୍ଯ୍ୟକ୍ରମ ଅଧ୍ଯକ ଗଣତାନ୍ତ୍ରିକ ହୋଇପାରିଛି ।
• ଏହି ଆନ୍ଦୋଳନ ଯୋଗୁଁ ଦୁର୍ବଳ ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରମାନେ ସ୍ଵତନ୍ତ୍ର ପରିଚୟ ଲାଭ କରିଛନ୍ତି ଏବଂ ତୃତୀୟ ବିଶ୍ଵର ଶକ୍ତିମାନେ ବିଶ୍ୱଶାନ୍ତି ଓ ମାନବୀୟ ଭ୍ରାତୃତ୍ଵର ସଫଳ ପ୍ରସାର କରିପାରିଛନ୍ତି ।

୨। ପ୍ରତ୍ୟେକ ପ୍ରଶ୍ନର ଉତ୍ତର ୨୦ ଗୋଟି ଶବ୍ଦ ମଧ୍ଯରେ ଲେଖ ।

(କ) ପ୍ରଥମ ଗୋଷ୍ଠୀ ନିରପେକ୍ଷ ସମ୍ମିଳନୀରେ ଯୋଗଦେଇଥିବା ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରମାନଙ୍କର ପ୍ରତିନିଧିମାନେ କି’ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ ସମ୍ପାଦନ କରିଥିଲେ ?
Answer:

• ପ୍ରଥମ ଗୋଷ୍ଠୀ ନିରପେକ୍ଷ ସମ୍ମିଳନୀରେ ଯୋଗ ଦେଇଥ‌ିବା ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରମାନଙ୍କର ପ୍ରତିନିଧୁମାନେ ବିଶ୍ୱଶାନ୍ତି ଓ ନିରପେକ୍ଷ ନୀତି ପାଳନ ଉପରେ ଗୁରୁତ୍ଵ ଦେଇଥିଲେ ।
• ସମଗ୍ର ବିଶ୍ଵରେ ଅଣୁଅସ୍ତ୍ର ପ୍ରସ୍ତୁତି ଓ ପ୍ରୟୋଗକୁ ସେମାନେ ବିରୋଧ କରିଥିଲେ ଓ ନିରସ୍ତ୍ରୀକରଣ ସପକ୍ଷରେ ମତପ୍ରକାଶ କରିବା ସହିତ ପରମାଣୁ ଅସ୍ତ୍ର ପରୀକ୍ଷଣକୁ ସମ୍ପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ ରୂପେ ନିଷେଧ କରିବାକୁ ସୁପାରିସ କରିଥିଲେ ।

(ଖ) ପଞ୍ଚମ ଗୋଷ୍ଠୀ ନିରପେକ୍ଷ ସମ୍ମିଳନୀ କେବେ ଓ କେଉଁଠାରେ ଅନୁଷ୍ଠିତ ହୋଇଥିଲା ? ଏହି ସମ୍ମିଳନୀରେ କେଉଁ
Answer:

• ୧୯୭୬ ମସିହା ଅଗଷ୍ଟ ମାସରେ ୮୬ଟି ଦେଶର ପ୍ରତିନିଧିଙ୍କୁ ନେଇ କଲମ୍ବୋଠାରେ ପଞ୍ଚମ ଗୋଷ୍ଠୀ ନିରପେକ୍ଷ
• ଆନ୍ତର୍ଜାତିକ କାରବାରରେ ବିକାଶୋନ୍ମୁଖୀ ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରମାନେ ନ୍ୟାୟୋଚିତ ଆର୍ଥନୀତିକ ଅଧ‌ିକାର ପାଇବା ଉପରେ ଏହି ସମ୍ମିଳନୀରେ ଗୁରୁତ୍ୱ ଆରୋପ କରାଯାଇଥିଲା ।

(ଗ) ନୂଆଦିଲ୍ଲୀଠାରେ ଗୋଷ୍ଠୀ ନିରପେକ୍ଷ ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରମାନଙ୍କର ଏକ ଶିଖର ବୈଠକ କେବେ ଅନୁଷ୍ଠିତ ହୋଇଥିଲା ? ଏଠାରେ କି’ ପଦକ୍ଷେପ ନିଆଯାଇଥିଲା ?
Answer:

• ୧୯୮୩ ମସିହା ମାର୍ଚ୍ଚ ମାସରେ ନୂଆଦିଲ୍ଲୀଠାରେ ଗୋଷ୍ଠୀ ନିରପେକ୍ଷ ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରମାନଙ୍କର ଏକ ଶିଖର ବୈଠକ ଅନୁଷ୍ଠିତ
  ହୋଇଥିଲା ।
• ଏଠାରେ ଅସ୍ତ୍ରଶସ୍ତ୍ର ପ୍ରତିଯୋଗିତା ଏବଂ ଆଣବିକ ଯୁଦ୍ଧରୁ ନିବୃତ୍ତ ରହିବାକୁ ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରମାନଙ୍କୁ ନିବେଦନ କରାଯିବା ସହିତ ଏକ ଆନ୍ତର୍ଜାତିକ ଅର୍ଥବ୍ୟବସ୍ଥା ପ୍ରଚଳନ ପାଇଁ ପଦକ୍ଷେପ ନେବାକୁ ସୁପାରିସ କରାଯାଇଥିଲା ।

(ଘ) ଲୁସାକା ଗୋଷ୍ଠୀ ନିରପେକ୍ଷ ସମ୍ମିଳନୀରେ କି କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ ସମ୍ପାଦିତ ହୋଇଥିଲା ?
Answer:

• ଲୁସାକା ଗୋଷ୍ଠୀ ନିରପେକ୍ଷ ସମ୍ମିଳନୀରେ ଶାନ୍ତି ଓ ଆନ୍ତର୍ଜାତିକ ସହଯୋଗ ଉପରେ ଗୁରୁତ୍ୱାରୋପ କରାଯିବା ସହ ବିଶ୍ଵ ଉତ୍ତେଜନା ଦୂର କରିବାକୁ ସାମରିକ ମେଣ୍ଟଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ନଷ୍ଟ କରିଦେବାପାଇଁ ଦୃଢ଼ ମତ ପ୍ରକାଶ ପାଇଥିଲା ।
• ଏଥରେ ଉପନିବେଶବାଦକୁ ନିନ୍ଦା କରାଯାଇଥିଲା ଏବଂ ସମସ୍ତ ସଭ୍ୟ ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରମାନଙ୍କ ମଧ୍ୟରେ ଆର୍ଥନୀତିକ ସହଯୋଗ କାମନା କରାଯାଇଥିଲା ।

(ଙ) ବାନ୍ଦୁଙ୍ଗ୍ ସମ୍ମିଳନୀର ଆତ୍ମା କିଏ ଥିଲେ ? ତାଙ୍କର କେଉଁ ନୀତି ସେଠାରେ ଗୃହୀତ ହୋଇଥିଲା ?
Answer:

• ବାନ୍ଦୁଙ୍ଗ୍ ସମ୍ମିଳନୀର ଆତ୍ମା ଥିଲେ ଭାରତର ପ୍ରଥମ ପ୍ରଧାନମନ୍ତ୍ରୀ ପଣ୍ଡିତ ଜବାହାରଲାଲ ନେହେରୁ ।
• ତାଙ୍କର ପଞ୍ଚଶୀଳ ବା ସମସ୍ତ ଜାତିର ଶାନ୍ତିପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ ସହାବସ୍ଥାନ ନୀତି ସେଠାରେ ଗୃହୀତ ହୋଇଥିଲା ।

(ଚ) ହାରାରେ ଗୋଷ୍ଠୀ ନିରପେକ୍ଷ ସମ୍ମିଳନୀରେ କେତୋଟି ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରର ପ୍ରତିନିଧୂ ଯୋଗ ଦେଇଥିଲେ ? ସେଠାରେ କେଉଁ ଦୁଇଟି କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ ସମ୍ପାଦିତ ହୋଇଥିଲା ?
Answer:

• ହାରାରେ ଗୋଷ୍ଠୀ ନିରପେକ୍ଷ ସମ୍ମିଳନୀରେ ୧୦୧ଟି ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରର ପ୍ରତିନିଧ୍ ଯୋଗ ଦେଇଥିଲେ ।
• ସେଠାରେ ଦକ୍ଷିଣ ଆଫ୍ରିକାର ବର୍ଣ୍ଣବୈଷମ୍ୟ ନୀତିର ସମ୍ପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ ବିଲୋପ ପାଇଁ ପ୍ରସ୍ତାବ ଗୃହୀତ ହୋଇଥିଲା ଏବଂ ବିଶ୍ଵ ଅର୍ଥନୀତି ବ୍ୟବସ୍ଥା ପରିପ୍ରେକ୍ଷୀରେ ଆନ୍ତର୍ଜାତିକ ଅର୍ଥନୈତିକ ସହଯୋଗ ପାଇଁ ଆହ୍ବାନ ଦିଆଯାଇଥିଲା ।

(ଛ) ୧୯୮୯ ମସିହା ସେପ୍ଟେମ୍ବର ମାସରେ କେଉଁଠାରେ ଗୋଷ୍ଠୀ ନିରପେକ୍ଷ ସମ୍ମିଳନୀ ଅନୁଷ୍ଠିତ ହୋଇଥିଲା ? ସମ୍ମିଳନୀରେ କେଉଁ ବିଷୟରେ ପ୍ରସ୍ତାବ ଆସିଥିଲା ?
Answer:

• ୧୯୮୯ ମସିହା ସେପ୍ଟେମ୍ବର ମାସରେ ଇଉରୋପର ୟୁଗୋସ୍ଲୋଭିଆର ରାଜଧାନୀ ବେଲ୍‌ଟ୍ରେଡ୍ରେ ନବମ ଗୋଷ୍ଠୀ ନିରପେକ୍ଷ ସମ୍ମିଳନୀ ଅନୁଷ୍ଠିତ ହୋଇଥିଲା ।
• ସମ୍ମିଳନୀରେ ଉତ୍ତର ଓ ଦକ୍ଷିଣର ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରମାନଙ୍କ ମଧ୍ୟରେ ଥ‌ିବା ଅର୍ଥନୈତିକ ସମ୍ପର୍କ ଏବଂ ନୂତନ ବିଶ୍ଵ ଅର୍ଥନୀତି ବ୍ୟବସ୍ଥା ସମ୍ପର୍କରେ ଆଲୋଚନା ଓ ସହଯୋଗ ପାଇଁ ପ୍ରସ୍ତାବ ଆସିଥିଲା ।

(କ) ତ୍ରୟୋଦଶ ଗୋଷ୍ଠୀ ନିରପେକ୍ଷ ସମ୍ମିଳନୀରେ ମୁଖ୍ୟତଃ କ’ଣ ଆଲୋଚିତ ହୋଇଥିଲା ?
Answer:

• ତ୍ରୟୋଦଶ ଗୋଷ୍ଠୀ ନିରପେକ୍ଷ ସମ୍ମିଳନୀରେ ଗୋଷ୍ଠୀ ନିରପେକ୍ଷ ଆନ୍ଦୋଳନକୁ ଅଧିକ ଶକ୍ତିଶାଳୀ କରିବା ଓ
• ଏତଦ୍‌ବ୍ୟତୀତ ଇରାକ୍ ଓ ଦକ୍ଷିଣ କୋରିଆ ସମସ୍ୟା ଏବଂ ବିଶ୍ଵ ସନ୍ତ୍ରାସବାଦର ମୂଳୋତ୍ପାଟନ ଉପରେ ଆଲୋଚନା ହୋଇଥିଲା ।

(ଝ) ଚତୁର୍ଦ୍ଦଶ ଗୋଷ୍ଠୀ ନିରପେକ୍ଷ ସମ୍ମିଳନୀ କେବେ ଓ କେଉଁ ସ୍ଥାନରେ ଅନୁଷ୍ଠିତ ହୋଇଥୁଲା ?
Answer:

• ଚତୁର୍ଦ୍ଦଶ ଗୋଷ୍ଠୀ ନିରପେକ୍ଷ ସମ୍ମିଳନୀ ୨୦୦୬ ମସିହା ସେପ୍ଟେମ୍ବର ମାସରେ ଅନୁଷ୍ଠିତ ହୋଇଥିଲା ।
• ଏହା କ୍ୟୁବାର ରାଜଧାନୀ ହାଭାନାଠାରେ ଅନୁଷ୍ଠିତ ହୋଇଥିଲା ।

(ଞ) ପଞ୍ଚଦଶ ଗୋଷ୍ଠୀ ନିରପେକ୍ଷ ସମ୍ମିଳନୀ କେଉଁଠାରେ ଅନୁଷ୍ଠିତ ହୋଇଥଲା ? ଏଥରେ କେତୋଟି ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରର ପ୍ରତିନିଧ୍ ଯୋଗ ଦେଇଥିଲେ ?
Answer:

• ପଞ୍ଚଦଶ ଗୋଷ୍ଠୀ ନିରପେକ୍ଷ ସମ୍ମିଳନୀ ଇଜିପ୍ଟର ଶାର୍ମଏଲ୍‌ ଶେଖାଠାରେ ଅନୁଷ୍ଠିତ ହୋଇଥିଲା ।
• ଏଥୁରେ ୧୧୮ଟି ଗୋଷ୍ଠୀ ନିରପେକ୍ଷ ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରର ପ୍ରତିନିଧ୍ ଯୋଗ ଦେଇଥିଲେ ।

୩। ପ୍ରତ୍ୟେକ ପ୍ରଶ୍ନର ଉତ୍ତର ଗୋଟିଏ ବାକ୍ୟରେ ଲେଖ ।

(କ) କାହା ନେତୃତ୍ଵରେ ଗୋଷ୍ଠୀ ନିରପେକ୍ଷ ଆନ୍ଦୋଳନ ସୁଦୃଢ଼ ହୋଇଥିଲା ?
Answer:
ଭାରତର ପ୍ରଥମ ପ୍ରଧାନମନ୍ତ୍ରୀ ପଣ୍ଡିତ ଜବାହାରଲାଲ ନେହେରୁଙ୍କ ନେତୃତ୍ୱରେ ଗୋଷ୍ଠୀ ନିରପେକ୍ଷ ଆନ୍ଦୋଳନ ସୁଦୃଢ଼ ହୋଇଥିଲା ।

(ଖ) କେଉଁମାନଙ୍କ ସହଯୋଗ ଗୋଷ୍ଠୀ ନିରପେକ୍ଷ ଆନ୍ଦୋଳନକୁ ପରିପୁଷ୍ଟ କରିଥିଲା ?
ଉ- ଇଣ୍ଡୋନେସିଆର ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରପତି ସୁକର୍ଣ୍ଣୋ, ଯୁଗୋସ୍ଲୋଭିଆର ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରପତି ମାର୍ଶାଲ୍ ଟିଟୋ ଓ ଇଜିପ୍ଟର ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରପତି ଅବଦୁଲ୍ ନାସେର୍‌ଙ୍କ ସହଯୋଗ ଗୋଷ୍ଠୀ ନିରପେକ୍ଷ ଆନ୍ଦୋଳନକୁ ପରିପୁଷ୍ଟ କରିଥିଲା ।
Answer:
ଗୋଷ୍ଠୀ ନିରପେକ୍ଷ ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରମାନଙ୍କୁ ନେଇ ତୃତୀୟ ବିଶ୍ଵର ସୃଷ୍ଟି ହୋଇଥିଲା ।

(ଘ) କେଉଁ ଗୋଷ୍ଠୀ ନିରପେକ୍ଷ ସମ୍ମିଳନୀରେ ବୃହତ୍ ଶକ୍ତିମାନଙ୍କୁ ସେମାନଙ୍କର ସାମରିକ ଘାଟିଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ନଷ୍ଟ କରିଦେବାକୁ ଆହ୍ବାନ ଦିଆଯାଇଥିଲା ?
Answer:
ହାଭାନା ଗୋଷ୍ଠୀ ନିରପେକ୍ଷ ସମ୍ମିଳନୀ (୧୯୭୯)ରେ ବୃହତ୍ ଶକ୍ତିମାନଙ୍କୁ ସେମାନଙ୍କର ସାମରିକ ଘାଟିଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ନଷ୍ଟ

(ଙ) ଆଲୟର୍ସ ଗୋଷ୍ଠୀ ନିରପେକ୍ଷ ସମ୍ମିଳନୀରେ କେତୋଟି ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରର ପ୍ରତିନିଧ‌ି ଯୋଗ ଦେଇଥିଲେ ?
Answer:
ଆଲଜିୟର୍ସ ଗୋଷ୍ଠୀ ନିରପେକ୍ଷ ସମ୍ମିଳନୀରେ ୭୬ଟି ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରର ପ୍ରତିନିଧୂ ଯୋଗ ଦେଇଥିଲେ ।

(ଚ) ଲୁସାକା କେଉଁ ଦେଶର ରାଜଧାନୀ ?
Answer:
ଲୁସାକା ଜାମ୍ବିଆର ରାଜଧାନୀ ଅଟେ ।

ଛ) ଗୋଷ୍ଠୀ-ନିରପେକ୍ଷ ଆନ୍ଦୋଳନର ସପ୍ତମ ସମ୍ମିଳନୀ କେଉଁଠାରେ ଅନୁଷ୍ଠିତ ହୋଇଥିଲା ?
Answer:
ଗୋଷ୍ଠୀ ନିରପେକ୍ଷ ଆନ୍ଦୋଳନର ସପ୍ତମ ସମ୍ମିଳନୀ ଭାରତର ରାଜଧାନୀ ନୂଆଦିଲ୍ଲୀଠାରେ ଅନୁଷ୍ଠିତ ହୋଇଥିଲା ।

(ଜ) ଦକ୍ଷିଣ ଆଫ୍ରିକାରେ ଗୋଷ୍ଠୀ ନିରପେକ୍ଷ ଆନ୍ଦୋଳନ କେଉଁ ପ୍ରଶଂସନୀୟ ପଦକ୍ଷେପ ନେଇଥିଲା ?
Answer:
ଦକ୍ଷିଣ ଆଫ୍ରିକାରେ ବର୍ଣ୍ଣବୈଷମ୍ୟ ନୀତିର ସମ୍ପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ ବିଲୋପ ଦିଗରେ ଗୋଷ୍ଠୀ ନିରପେକ୍ଷ ଆନ୍ଦୋଳନ ଏକ ପ୍ରଶଂସନୀୟ ପଦକ୍ଷେପ ନେଇଥିଲା ।

(ଝ) କେଉଁ ଚୁକ୍ତିଗୁଡ଼ିକର ବିଫଳତା ଗୋଷ୍ଠୀ ନିରପେକ୍ଷ ଆନ୍ଦୋଳନର କାର୍ଯ୍ୟଦକ୍ଷତାର ପ୍ରମାଣ ଦିଏ ?
Answer:
ଦକ୍ଷିଣ-ପୂର୍ବ ଏସିଆ ଚୁକ୍ତି ସଙ୍ଗଠନ, କେନ୍ଦ୍ରୀୟ ଚୁକ୍ତି ସଙ୍ଗଠନ ଓ ୱାରସ୍ ଚୁକ୍ତି ଆଦିର ବିଫଳତା ଗୋଷ୍ଠୀ ନିରପେକ୍ଷ ଆନ୍ଦୋଳନର କାର୍ଯ୍ୟଦକ୍ଷତାର ପ୍ରମାଣ ଦିଏ ।

(ଞ) ପଞ୍ଚଦଶ ଗୋଷ୍ଠୀ ନିରପେକ୍ଷ ସମ୍ମିଳନୀ କେଉଁଠାରେ ଅନୁଷ୍ଠିତ ହୋଇଥିଲା ?
Answer:
ପଞ୍ଚଦଶ ଗୋଷ୍ଠୀ ନିରପେକ୍ଷ ସମ୍ମିଳନୀ ଇଜିପ୍ଟର ଶାର୍ମ ଏଲ୍ ଶେଖାଠାରେ ଅନୁଷ୍ଠିତ ହୋଇଥିଲା ।

୪। ନିମ୍ନରେ ପ୍ରତ୍ୟେକରେ ତଳେ ଦିଆଯାଇଥ‌ିବା ଚାରିଗୋଟି ବିକଳ୍ପ ମଧ୍ୟରୁ ଠିକ୍ ଉତ୍ତରଟି ସଙ୍ଗେ ତା’ର କ୍ରମିକ ନମ୍ବର ବାଛି ଲେଖ ।

(କ) କେଉଁ ଗୋଷ୍ଠୀ ନିରପେକ୍ଷ ସମ୍ମିଳନୀରେ ଆଫଗାନିସ୍ତାନରୁ ରୁଷିଆର ସୈନ୍ୟ ଅପସାରଣ ପାଇଁ ଆହ୍ବାନ ଦିଆଯାଇଥିଲା ?
(i) ଭାନା ସମ୍ମିଳନୀ ୧୯୭୯
(ii) ହାରାରେ ସମ୍ମିଳନୀ ୧୯୮୬
(iii) ନୂଆଦିଲ୍ଲୀ ସମ୍ମିଳନୀ ୧୯୮୩
(iv) ବେଲ୍‌ଗ୍ରେଡ୍ ସମ୍ମିଳନୀ ୧୯୮୯
Answer:
(ii) ହାରାରେ ସମ୍ମିଳନୀ ୧୯୮୬

(ଖ) ଗୋଷ୍ଠୀ ନିରପେକ୍ଷ ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରମାନଙ୍କର ପ୍ରଥମ ସମ୍ମିଳନୀ କେଉଁଠାରେ ଅନୁଷ୍ଠିତ ହୋଇଥିଲା ?
(i) ବାନ୍ଦୁଙ୍ଗ୍
(ii) ଲୁସାକା
(iii) କାଇରୋ
(iv) ବେଲ୍‌ଗ୍ରେଡ୍
Answer:
(iv) ବେଲ୍‌ଗ୍ରେଡ୍

(ଗ) କେଉଁ ବିଷୟଟି ୧୯୮୯ ମସିହାରେ ବେଲ୍‌ଗ୍ରେଡ୍ ଗୋଷ୍ଠୀ ନିରପେକ୍ଷ ସମ୍ମିଳନୀରେ ଆଲୋଚିତ ହୋଇଥିଲା ?
(i) ସମ୍ପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ ଅଣୁଅସ୍ତ୍ର ଉଚ୍ଛେଦ
(ii) ବିଶ୍ବ ଅର୍ଥନୀତି ଅବସ୍ଥା
(iii) ଦକ୍ଷିଣ ଆଫ୍ରିକାରେ ବର୍ଣ୍ଣବୈଷମ୍ୟବାଦର ବିଲୋପ
(iv) ସାମ୍ରାଜ୍ୟବାଦ ବିରୋଧରେ ସାଧାରଣ ନିନ୍ଦା
Answer:
(ii) ବିଶ୍ବ ଅର୍ଥନୀତି ଅବସ୍ଥା

(ଘ) କେଉଁ ଗୋଷ୍ଠୀ ନିରପେକ୍ଷ ସମ୍ମିଳନୀରେ ବିଶ୍ଵ ଉତ୍ତେଜନା ଦୂର କରିବାକୁ ସାମରିକ ମେଣ୍ଟଗୁଡ଼ିକ ନଷ୍ଟ କରିଦେବା ପାଇଁ ମତ ପ୍ରକାଶ ପାଇଥିଲା ?
(i) ଲୁସାକା ସମ୍ମିଳନୀ (୧୯୭୦)
(ii) ହାଭାନା ସମ୍ମିଳନୀ (୧୯୭୯)
(iii) କଲମ୍ବୋ ସମ୍ମିଳନୀ (୧୯୭୬)
(iv) ହାରାରେ ସମ୍ମିଳନୀ (୧୯୮୬)
Answer:
(i) ଲୁସାକା ସମ୍ମିଳନୀ (୧୯୭୦)

ଙ) କେଉଁ ବିଷୟରେ ୧୯୮୬ ମସିହାର ହାରାରେ ଗୋଷ୍ଠୀ ନିରପେକ୍ଷ ସମ୍ମିଳନୀରେ ଆଲୋଚନା ହୋଇଥିଲା ?
(i) ଆନ୍ତର୍ଜାତିକ ସନ୍ତ୍ରାସବାଦର ଦୂରୀକରଣ
(ii) ବିଶ୍ଵବ୍ୟାଙ୍କର ସଂସ୍କାର
(iii) ସାମରିକ ଘାଟିଗୁଡ଼ିକର ସଂସ
(iv) ବର୍ଣ୍ଣବୈଷମ୍ୟ ନୀତିର ବିଲୋପ
Answer:
(iv) ବର୍ଣ୍ଣବୈଷମ୍ୟ ନୀତିର ବିଲୋପ

Odisha State Board BSE Odisha 9th Class History Solutions Chapter 9 ସାମରିକ ଗୋଷ୍ଠୀ ଗଠନ : ସଶସ୍ତ୍ରୀକରଣ ପାଇଁ ପ୍ରତିଦ୍ବନ୍ଦିତା Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

BSE Odisha Class 9 History Solutions Chapter 9 ସାମରିକ ଗୋଷ୍ଠୀ ଗଠନ : ସଶସ୍ତ୍ରୀକରଣ ପାଇଁ ପ୍ରତିଦ୍ବନ୍ଦିତା

୧। ପ୍ରତ୍ୟେକ ପ୍ରଶ୍ନର ଉତ୍ତର ୬୦ ଗୋଟି ଶବ୍ଦ ମଧ୍ଯରେ ଲେଖ ।

(କ) ସମଗ୍ର ପୃଥ‌ିବୀରେ ଶୀତଳ ଯୁଦ୍ଧର କି ପ୍ରଭାବ ପଡ଼ିଥିଲା ?
Answer:

• ଶୀତଳ ଯୁଦ୍ଧ ଯୋଗୁଁ ସମଗ୍ର ପୃଥ‌ିବୀରେ ଏକ ଅଜଣା ଯୁଦ୍ଧ-ଆତଙ୍କ ଖେଳିଯାଇଥିଲା ଏବଂ ଅନୁନ୍ନତ ଓ ବିକାଶଶୀଳ ଦେଶଗୁଡ଼ିକର ସାମାଜିକ ଓ ଅର୍ଥନୈତିକ ପ୍ରଗତି ବ୍ୟାହତ ହୋଇଥିଲା ।
• ସମ୍ମୁଖ ଯୁଦ୍ଧରେ ଉଭୟ ପକ୍ଷର ସୈନ୍ୟବାହିନୀ ନିୟୋଜିତ ହୋଇନଥିଲେ ସୁଦ୍ଧା ସେମାନଙ୍କର ବିରୋଧାତ୍ମକ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟକଳାପ ସମଗ୍ର ବିଶ୍ଵରେ ତୀବ୍ର ଉତ୍ତେଜନା ସୃଷ୍ଟି କରିଥିଲା ।
• ସାମରିକ ମେଣ୍ଟଗୁଡ଼ିକରେ ଯୋଗଦେଇଥିବା ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରଗୁଡ଼ିକ ନିଜ ନିଜ ମଧ୍ୟରେ ସାମରିକ ଶକ୍ତିର ବୃଦ୍ଧି ପାଇଁ ଅସ୍ତ୍ରଶସ୍ତ୍ର ସଂଗ୍ରହ ନିମନ୍ତେ ପ୍ରତିଯୋଗିତା କରିବା ସହିତ ଆଣବିକ ଅସ୍ତ୍ର ପ୍ରସ୍ତୁତ କରିବାର ପ୍ରତିଦ୍ବନ୍ଦିତା ବିଶ୍ବବାସୀଙ୍କ ମଧ୍ୟରେ ଭୟ ସଂଚାର କରିଥିଲା ।
• ଶେଷରେ ଦୁଇ ମହାଶକ୍ତି ମଧ୍ୟରେ ମହାକାଶ ଗବେଷଣା, ଚନ୍ଦ୍ରପୃଷ୍ଠରେ ମାନବର ଅବତରଣ ଏବଂ ବିଜ୍ଞାନ ଓ କାରିଗରୀ ବିଦ୍ୟାର ପ୍ରତିଯୋଗିତାମୂଳକ ଉନ୍ନତି ଏକ ନୂତନ ପ୍ରଯୁକ୍ତି ବିଦ୍ୟାର ଯୁଗ ଆରମ୍ଭ କରିଥିଲା ।

(ଖ) ସାମ୍ୟବାଦର ପ୍ରସାରକୁ ପ୍ରତିରୋଧ କରିବା ନିମନ୍ତେ ଯୁକ୍ତରାଷ୍ଟ୍ର ଆମେରିକା ନେତୃତ୍ୱରେ ଗଠିତ ହୋଇଥବା ସାମରିକ ଚୁକ୍ତିଗୁଡ଼ିକ ସମ୍ପର୍କରେ ସଂକ୍ଷେପରେ ଉଲ୍ଲେଖ କର ।
Answer:

• ସାମ୍ୟବାଦର ପ୍ରସାରକୁ ପ୍ରତିରୋଧ କରିବା ନିମନ୍ତେ ଯୁକ୍ତରାଷ୍ଟ୍ର ଆମେରିକା ୧୯୪୯ ମସିହା ଏପ୍ରିଲ୍ ୪ ତାରିଖରେ ‘ଉତ୍ତର ଆଟଲାଣ୍ଟିକ୍ ଚୁକ୍ତି ସଂଗଠନ’ ଗଢ଼ିଥିଲା । ଚୁକ୍ତିଭୁକ୍ତ ଗୋଟିଏ ଦେଶ ଉପରେ ଆକ୍ରମଣ ହେଲେ ସମସ୍ତ ସଦସ୍ୟ ଦେଶ ଉପରେ ଆକ୍ରମଣ ହେଲା ବୋଲି ଧରିନେବାକୁ ଏଥିରେ ଉଲ୍ଲେଖ ଥିଲା ।
• ଏଥରେ ଯୁକ୍ତରାଷ୍ଟ୍ର ଆମେରିକା ସମେତ କାନାଡ଼ା, ବେଲ୍‌ଜିୟମ୍, ହଲାଣ୍ଡ, ଲକ୍ସେମ୍‌ବର୍ଗ, ଡେନ୍‌ମାର୍କ, ନରୱେ, ଆଇସ୍‌ଲାଣ୍ଡ, ବ୍ରିଟେନ୍, ଫ୍ରାନ୍ସ, ପର୍ତ୍ତୁଗାଲ୍ ଓ ଇଟାଲୀ ସଭ୍ୟ ଦେଶ ଥିଲେ । ପରେ ଗ୍ରୀସ୍, ତୁର୍କୀ ଓ ପଶ୍ଚିମ ଜର୍ମାନୀ ଏଥ‌ିରେ ଯୋଗଦେଇଥିଲେ ।
• ୧୯୫୧ ମସିହାରେ ଅଷ୍ଟ୍ରେଲିଆ, ନିଉଜିଲାଣ୍ଡ ଏବଂ ଯୁକ୍ତରାଷ୍ଟ୍ର ଆମେରିକା ମଧ୍ୟରେ ‘ଆନ୍‌ସ୍ ରାଜିନାମା’ ସ୍ବାକ୍ଷରିତ ହୋଇଥିଲା । ବାହ୍ୟଶତ୍ରୁ ଆକ୍ରମଣର ପ୍ରତିରୋଧ ନିମନ୍ତେ ଚୁକ୍ତିବଦ୍ଧ ଦେଶଗୁଡ଼ିକ ପରସ୍ପରକୁ ସାହାଯ୍ୟ କରିବା ବ୍ୟବସ୍ଥା ଏଥିରେ କରାଯାଇଥିଲା ।
• ୧୯୫୪ ମସିହା ସେପ୍ଟେମ୍ବର ୮ ତାରିଖ ଦିନ ଯୁକ୍ତରାଷ୍ଟ୍ର ଆମେରିକା ନେତୃତ୍ୱରେ ‘ଦକ୍ଷିଣ ପୂର୍ବ ଏସିଆ ଚୁକ୍ତି ସଂଗଠନ’ ଗଠିତ ହୋଇଥିଲା । ଉତ୍ତର ଆଟ୍‌ଲାଣ୍ଟିକ୍ ଚୁକ୍ତି ଢାଞ୍ଚାରେ ଏଥରେ ନୀତିମାନ ସ୍ଥିରୀକୃତ ହୋଇଥିଲା ।
• ୧୯୫୫ ମସିହାରେ ବ୍ରିଟେନ୍, ତୁର୍କୀ, ଇରାକ୍, ଇରାନ୍ ଓ ପାକିସ୍ତାନ ମଧ୍ୟରେ ‘ବାଗଦାଦ୍ ଚୁକ୍ତି’ ସ୍ବାକ୍ଷରିତ ହୋଇଥିଲା । ୧୯୫୮ ମସିହାରେ ଇରାକ୍ ଏଥରୁ ଓହରିଯିବା ପରେ ଏହା ‘କେନ୍ଦ୍ରୀୟ ଚୁକ୍ତି ସଂଗଠନ’ ନାମରେ ନାମିତ ହୋଇଥିଲା । ଯୁକ୍ତରାଷ୍ଟ୍ର ଆମେରିକା ଏହାର ସଭ୍ୟରୂପେ ଯୋଗ ଦେଲା ।

(ଗ) ଇଉରୋପୀୟ ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରମାନେ ସେମାନଙ୍କର ସୁରକ୍ଷା ନିମନ୍ତେ କି ପଦକ୍ଷେପ ନେଇଥିଲେ ?
Answer:
ଇଉରୋପୀୟ ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରମାନେ ସେମାନଙ୍କର ସୁରକ୍ଷା ନିମନ୍ତେ ନିମ୍ନଲିଖ ପଦକ୍ଷେପମାନ ନେଇଥିଲେ ।

• ୧୯୫୨ ମସିହା ମେ ମାସ ୨୭ ତାରିଖରେ ‘ଇଉରୋପୀୟ ପ୍ରତିରକ୍ଷା ଗୋଷ୍ଠୀ’ର ପ୍ରତିଷ୍ଠା ନିମନ୍ତେ ପ୍ୟାରିସ୍ଠାରେ ଏକ ଚୁକ୍ତି ସ୍ୱାକ୍ଷରିତ ହୋଇଥିଲା ।
• ଏହି ଚୁକ୍ତିରେ ସମଗ୍ର ଇଉରୋପ ପାଇଁ ଏକ ସାଧାରଣ ରାଜନୈତିକ ଅନୁଷ୍ଠାନ, ସଶସ୍ତ୍ରବାହିନୀ, ବଜେଟ୍ ଏବଂ
  ବାହିନୀ’ରୂପେ ଅଭିହିତ କରାଯାଇଥିଲା ।
• ୧୯୫୪ ମସିହା ୨୮ ସେପ୍ଟେମ୍ବରରୁ ୩ ଅକ୍ଟୋବର ପର୍ଯ୍ୟନ୍ତ ଲଣ୍ଡନଠାରେ ପଶ୍ଚିମ ଇଉରୋପୀୟ ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରଙ୍କ ମଧ୍ୟରେ ବୁଝାମଣା ନିମନ୍ତେ ଏକ ସମ୍ମିଳନୀ ଆୟୋଜିତ ହୋଇଥିଲା ।
• ୧୯୪୮ ‘ବ୍ରସେଲସ୍ ଚୁକ୍ତି’ ଆଧାରରେ ପଶ୍ଚିମ ଇଉରୋପୀୟ ଐକ୍ୟ ପ୍ରତିଷ୍ଠା ନିମନ୍ତେ ଏକ ଯୋଜନା ପ୍ରସ୍ତୁତ କରାଯାଇ ‘ପଶ୍ଚିମ ଇଉରୋପୀୟ ସଂଘ’ ପ୍ରତିଷ୍ଠା ହୋଇଥିଲା ।
• ପଶ୍ଚିମ ଇଉରୋପୀୟ ସଂଘର ପରିଷଦକୁ ବିଭିନ୍ନ ମୁଖ୍ୟ ପଦକ୍ଷେପ ସମ୍ପର୍କରେ ନିଷ୍ପତ୍ତି ନେବାକୁ କ୍ଷମତା ଅର୍ପଣ କରାଯାଇଥିଲା । ଫଳରେ ଏହା ଏକ ଆନ୍ତର୍ଜାତିକ ଅନୁଷ୍ଠାନରେ ପରିଣତ ହୋଇଥିଲା ।

(ଘ) କିପରି ଶୀତଳ ଯୁଦ୍ଧର ଅବସାନ ଘଟିଲା ?
Answer:

• ୧୯୮୫ ମସିହାରେ ମିଖାଇଲ୍ ଗୋର୍ବାଚୋଭ୍ ସୋଭିଏତ୍ ପଲିଟିବ୍ୟୁରୋର ସାଧାରଣ ସମ୍ପାଦକ ହେବାପରେ କେତେକ ସଂସ୍କାରମୂଳକ ନୀତି ପ୍ରଣୟନ କରିଥିଲେ ଯାହାକି ଦୁଇ ମହାଶକ୍ତି ମଧ୍ୟରେ ଲାଗି ରହିଥ‌ିବା ସଂଘର୍ଷର ଗତିକୁ ପରିବର୍ତ୍ତନ କରିଥିଲା ।
• ସେମାନଙ୍କ ମଧ୍ୟରେ ଶାନ୍ତି ସ୍ଥାପନ ଏବଂ ସହାବସ୍ଥାନ ଭାବ ଜାଗ୍ରତ ହେବା ଫଳରେ ଅସ୍ତ୍ରଶସ୍ତ୍ର ପ୍ରତିଯୋଗିତା ମଧ୍ୟ ହ୍ରାସ ପାଇଥିଲା ।
• ପୂର୍ବ ୟୁରୋପୀୟ ଦେଶଗୁଡ଼ିକରୁ ସାମ୍ୟବାଦର ବିଲୋପ ମଧ୍ଯ ଘଟିଥିଲା ।
• ୧୯୯୧ ମସିହା ଡିସେମ୍ବର ମାସରେ ସୋଭିଏତ୍ ସଂଘର ବିଲୟ ଘଟି ସ୍ବାଧୀନ ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରମାନଙ୍କର ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରମଣ୍ଡଳ ଗଠିତ ହେଲା ।
• ଫଳସ୍ଵରୂପ ୧୯୯୨ ମସିହାରେ ଯୁକ୍ତରାଷ୍ଟ୍ର ଆମେରିକାର ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରପତି ଜର୍ଜ ବୁଶ୍ ଓ କେନ୍ଦ୍ର ରୁଷ୍ମମଣ୍ଡଳର ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରପତି ବୋରିସ୍ ୟେଲସିନ୍ ଶୀତଳ ଯୁଦ୍ଧର ଅବସାନ ଘଟିଲା ବୋଲି ଘୋଷଣା କରିଥିଲେ ।

୨। ପ୍ରତ୍ୟେକ ପ୍ରଶ୍ନର ଉତ୍ତର ୨୦ ଗୋଟି ଶବ୍ଦ ମଧ୍ଯରେ ଲେଖ ।

(କ) କେଉଁ ଚୁକ୍ତି ଆଧାରରେ ପଶ୍ଚିମ ଇଉରୋପୀୟ ସଂଘ ପ୍ରତିଷ୍ଠିତ ହେଲା ଓ କେବେ ?
Answer:

• ବ୍ରସେଲସ୍ ଚୁକ୍ତି ଆଧାରରେ ‘ପଶ୍ଚିମ ଇଉରୋପୀୟ ସଂଘ’ ପ୍ରତିଷ୍ଠିତ ହୋଇଥିଲା ।
• ଏହା ୧୯୫୪ ମସିହାରେ ହୋଇଥିଲା ।

(ଖ) ଆନ୍‌ସ୍ ରାଜିନାମା କ’ଣ ? ଏଥରେ କି ବ୍ୟବସ୍ଥା କରାଯାଇଥିଲା ?
Answer:

• ପ୍ରଶାନ୍ତ ମହାସାଗରୀୟ ଅଞ୍ଚଳରେ ଶାନ୍ତି ପ୍ରତିଷ୍ଠା ତଥା ମିଳିତ ପ୍ରତିରକ୍ଷା ବ୍ୟବସ୍ଥାର ପରିଚାଳନା ନିମନ୍ତେ ଅଷ୍ଟ୍ରେଲିଆ, ନିଉଜିଲାଣ୍ଡ ଓ ଯୁକ୍ତରାଷ୍ଟ୍ର ଆମେରିକା ମଧ୍ୟରେ ‘ଆନ୍‌ଜସ୍ ରାଜିନାମା’ ସ୍ବାକ୍ଷରିତ ହୋଇଥିଲା ।
• ଏହି ରାଜିନାମା ଅନୁସାରେ ପ୍ରଶାନ୍ତ ମହାସାଗରୀୟ ଅଞ୍ଚଳରେ ଶାନ୍ତି ପ୍ରତିଷ୍ଠା ଏବଂ ବାହ୍ୟଶତ୍ରୁ ଆକ୍ରମଣର ପ୍ରତିରୋଧ ନିମନ୍ତେ ଚୁକ୍ତିବଦ୍ଧ ଦେଶଗୁଡ଼ିକ ପରସ୍ପରକୁ ସମସ୍ତ ପ୍ରକାର ସାହାଯ୍ୟ ଓ ସହଯୋଗ କରିବାର ବ୍ୟବସ୍ଥା କରାଯାଇଥିଲା ।

(ଗ) ଦକ୍ଷିଣ-ପୂର୍ବ ଏସିଆ ଚୁକ୍ତି ସଂଗଠନର ପରିସମାପ୍ତି କିପରି ଘଟିଥିଲା ?
Answer:

• ଦୀର୍ଘକାଳ ଯୁଦ୍ଧ ହେବାପରେ ସୋଭିଏତ୍ ସମର୍ଥିତ ଉତ୍ତର ଭିଏତ୍‌ନାମ ଏପ୍ରିଲ୍ ୧୯୭୫ରେ ଯୁକ୍ତରାଷ୍ଟ୍ର ଆମେରିକା ସମର୍ଥ ଦକ୍ଷିଣ ଭିଏତନାମ୍ ଉପରେ ବିଜୟ ହାସଲ କରିଥିଲା ।
• ଏହାଦ୍ୱାରା ଯୁକ୍ତରାଷ୍ଟ୍ର ଆମେରିକାର ମର୍ଯ୍ୟାଦା କ୍ଷୁଣ୍ଣ ହୋଇଥିଲା ଏବଂ ‘ଦକ୍ଷିଣ-ପୂର୍ବ ଏସିଆ ଚୁକ୍ତି ସଂଗଠନ’ର ପରିସମାପ୍ତି ଘଟିଥିଲା ।

(ଘ) କେଉଁ ଦେଶଗୁଡ଼ିକ ମଧ୍ୟରେ ‘‘ବାଦ୍ ଚୁକ୍ତି’’ ସ୍ୱାକ୍ଷରିତ ହୋଇଥିଲା ?
Answer:

• ବ୍ରିଟେନ୍, ତୁର୍କୀ, ଇରାକ୍, ଇରାନ୍ ଏବଂ ପାକିସ୍ତାନ ମଧ୍ୟରେ ‘ବାଗ୍‌ଦାଦ୍ ଚୁକ୍ତି’’ ସ୍ବାକ୍ଷରିତ ହୋଇଥିଲା ।

(ଙ) କେନ୍ଦ୍ରୀୟ ଚୁକ୍ତି ସଂଗଠନ କେବେ ଓ କିପରି ଗଠିତ ହୋଇଥିଲା ?
Answer:

• ୧୯୫୮ ମସିହାରେ ରାଜତନ୍ତ୍ରର ପତନ ଫଳରେ ଇରାକ୍ ବାଗ୍‌ଦାଦ୍ ଚୁକ୍ତିରୁ ଓହରି ଯାଇଥିଲା ।
• ଏହାପରେ ଏହି ଚୁକ୍ତିର ନାମ କେନ୍ଦ୍ରୀୟ ଚୁକ୍ତି ସଂଗଠନ ହୋଇଥିଲା ଏବଂ ଏଥିରେ ଯୁକ୍ତରାଷ୍ଟ୍ର ଆମେରିକା ସଭ୍ୟରୂପେ ଯୋଗ ଦେଇଥିଲା ।

(ଚ) ୱାରସ୍ ଚୁକ୍ତି ସମ୍ପର୍କରେ ସଂକ୍ଷେପରେ ଲେଖ ।
Answer:

• ଯୁକ୍ତରାଷ୍ଟ୍ର ଆମେରିକାର ସାମରିକ ମେଣ୍ଟ ଗଠନ ବିରୋଧରେ ସୋଭିଏତ୍ ରୁଷ୍ ନେତୃତ୍ୱରେ ତା’ର ଅନୁଗାମୀ ଇଉରୋପୀୟ ସାମ୍ୟବାଦୀ ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରମାନେ ୧୯୫୫ ମସିହା ମେ ୧ ତାରିଖରେ ‘ୱାରସ୍ ଚୁକ୍ତି’ ସ୍ବାକ୍ଷର କରିଥିଲେ ।
• ପୋଲାଣ୍ଡର ରାଜଧାନୀ ୱାରସ୍ଠାରେ ସୋଭିଏତ୍ ରୁଷ୍, ପୋଲାଣ୍ଡ, ହଙ୍ଗେରୀ, ରୁମାନିଆ, ବୁଲଗେରିଆ, ଆଲ୍‌ବାନିଆ, ଚେକୋସ୍ଲୋଭାକିଆ ଓ ଜର୍ମାନ୍ ଗଣତାନ୍ତ୍ରିକ ସାଧାରଣତନ୍ତ୍ର ବା ପୂର୍ବ ଜର୍ମାନୀ ମଧ୍ୟରେ ଏହି ସାମରିକ ଚୁକ୍ତି ସମ୍ପାଦିତ ହୋଇଥିଲା । ଚୁକ୍ତି ସ୍ୱାକ୍ଷରକାରୀ ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରମାନେ ପୁଞ୍ଜିବାଦୀ ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରମାନଙ୍କର ଆକ୍ରମଣକୁ ମିଳିତ ଭାବରେ ପ୍ରତିରୋଧ କରିବେ ବୋଲି ଘୋଷଣା କରିଥିଲେ ।

(ଛ) ଦେର୍ତା କ’ଣ?
Answer:

• ୧୯୬୯ ମସିହାରୁ ୧୯୭୮ ମସିହା ମଧ୍ୟରେ ଦୁଇ ମହାଶକ୍ତିଙ୍କର ଆଶଙ୍କା ହୋଇଥିଲା ଯେ ସେମାନଙ୍କ ମଧ୍ୟରେ ଚାଲିଥିବା କ୍ରମାଗତ ଉତ୍ତେଜନା ଆଣବିକ ଯୁଦ୍ଧରେ ରୂପାନ୍ତରିତ ହୋଇ ଦିନେ ପୃଥ‌ିବୀକୁ ଧ୍ୱଂସାଭିମୁଖୀ କରିଦେବ ।
• ଏହି ଆଶଙ୍କା ସେମାନଙ୍କୁ ଶାନ୍ତିପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ ସହାବସ୍ଥାନ ନିମନ୍ତେ ପ୍ରେରଣା ଯୋଗାଇବା ସଙ୍ଗେ ସଙ୍ଗେ ଦୁଇ ମହାଶକ୍ତିଙ୍କ ମଧ୍ୟରେ ଉତ୍ତେଜନା ହ୍ରାସ କରିଥିଲା ଏବଂ ଶୀତଳ ଯୁଦ୍ଧ ଏକ ନୂତନ ରୂପ ନେଇ ଦେଉଁ ନାମରେ ପରିଚିତ ହୋଇଥିଲା ।

(ଜ) ଦୈର୍ତା ସମୟରେ ଦୁଇ ମହାଶକ୍ତି ମଧ୍ୟରେ ସମ୍ପର୍କରେ କି ପରିବର୍ତ୍ତନ ହୋଇଥିଲା ?
Answer:

• ଦେର୍ତା ସମୟରେ ଦୁଇ ମହାଶକ୍ତିଙ୍କ ମଧ୍ୟରେ ଆଣବିକ ଅସ୍ତ୍ରର ପ୍ରସ୍ତୁତି, ପରୀକ୍ଷଣ ଓ ପ୍ରୟୋଗକୁ ନିୟନ୍ତ୍ରଣ କରିବା ଏବଂ ଅସ୍ତ୍ରଶସ୍ତ୍ର ପ୍ରତିଯୋଗିତାକୁ ହ୍ରାସ କରିବା ନିମନ୍ତେ ଅନେକ ଚୁକ୍ତିନାମା ସ୍ବାକ୍ଷରିତ ହୋଇଥିଲା ।
• ଉଭୟ ଦେଶ ମଧ୍ୟରେ ସାଂସ୍କୃତିକ ବିନିମୟ, ଉଚ୍ଚସ୍ତରୀୟ ପରିଦର୍ଶନ, ବାଣିଜ୍ୟ ଚୁକ୍ତି ଓ ଔଦ୍ୟୋଗିକ କ୍ଷେତ୍ରରେ ସହଯୋଗିତା ଆରମ୍ଭ ହୋଇ ଦୁଇ ମହାଶକ୍ତି ମଧ୍ୟରେ ସୁସମ୍ପର୍କ ସ୍ଥାପିତ ହୋଇଥିଲା ।

(ଝ) ନୂତନ ଶୀତଳ ଯୁଦ୍ଧ କ’ଣ ?
Answer:

• ୧୯୭୯ ମସିହାର ଇରାନ୍ ବିଦ୍ରୋହ, ଚୀନ୍-ଭିଏତନାମ୍ ଯୁଦ୍ଧ, ଏଲ୍‌ସାଲ୍‌ ଭେଡ଼ରରେ ଯୁକ୍ତରାଷ୍ଟ୍ର ଆମେରିକାର ସଂପୃକ୍ତି, ଆଫଗାନିସ୍ତାନରେ ରୁଷିଆର ସାମରିକ ହସ୍ତକ୍ଷେପ ଆଦି ଘଟଣା ଯୋଗୁଁ ଦୁଇ ମହାଶକ୍ତି ମଧ୍ୟରେ
• ଫଳରେ ଦେର୍ତାର ଅବସାନ ଘଟିଥିଲା ଏବଂ ନୂତନ ଶୀତଳ ଯୁଦ୍ଧର ସୂତ୍ରପାତ ହୋଇଥିଲା । ଏଥିରେ ଉଭୟ ପକ୍ଷର ସହଯୋଗୀ ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରମାନେ ଜଡ଼ିତ ହୋଇନଥିଲେ ।

(ଞ) ନୂତନ ଶୀତଳ ଯୁଦ୍ଧ ଓ ପୁରାତନ ଶୀତଳ ଯୁଦ୍ଧ ମଧ୍ୟରେ କି ତାରତମ୍ୟ ଥିଲା ?
Answer:
ନୂତନ ଶୀତଳ ଯୁଦ୍ଧ ଏବଂ ପୁରାତନ ଶୀତଳ ଯୁଦ୍ଧ ମଧ୍ଯରେ ନିମ୍ନପ୍ରକାର ତାରତମ୍ୟ ଥିଲା ।

• ନୂତନ ଶୀତଳ ଯୁଦ୍ଧରେ ଉଭୟ ପକ୍ଷର ସହଯୋଗୀ ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରମାନେ ସକ୍ରିୟଭାବେ ଜଡ଼ିତ ହୋଇନଥିଲେ; ମାତ୍ର ପୁରାତନ ଶୀତଳ ଯୁଦ୍ଧରେ ଉଭୟ ପକ୍ଷର ସହଯୋଗୀ ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରମାନେ ସକ୍ରିୟଭାବେ ଜଡ଼ିତ ହୋଇଥିଲେ ।
• ନୂତନ ଶୀତଳ ଯୁଦ୍ଧରେ ଦୁଇ ମହାଶକ୍ତି ମଧ୍ୟରେ ଉତ୍ତେଜନା ଓ ଦ୍ଵହ ପରିପ୍ରକାଶ ପାଇଲା; ମାତ୍ର ପୁରାତନ ଶୀତଳ ଯୁଦ୍ଧରେ ସେମାନଙ୍କ ମଧ୍ୟରେ ଦ୍ବନ୍ଦ ସେତେ ବ୍ୟାପକ ନଥିଲା ।
• ନୂତନ ଶୀତଳ ଯୁଦ୍ଧରେ ପରମାଣୁ ଅସ୍ତ୍ରଶସ୍ତ୍ରର ପ୍ରତିଯୋଗିତା ଆରମ୍ଭ ହୋଇଥିଲା; ମାତ୍ର ପୁରାତନ ଶୀତଳ ଯୁଦ୍ଧରେ ଏହି ପ୍ରତିଯୋଗିତା ସେତେ ବ୍ୟାପକ ନ ଥିଲା ।

୩ । ପ୍ରତ୍ୟେକ ପ୍ରଶ୍ନର ଉତ୍ତର ଗୋଟିଏ ବାକ୍ୟରେ ଲେଖ ।

(କ) ଶୀତଳ ଯୁଦ୍ଧ ଯୋଗୁଁ ପୃଥ‌ିବୀ କେଉଁ ଦୁଇଟି ଗୋଷ୍ଠୀରେ ବିଭକ୍ତ ହୋଇଥିଲା ?
Answer:
ଶୀତଳ ଯୁଦ୍ଧ ଯୋଗୁଁ ପୃଥ‌ିବୀ ସାମ୍ୟବାଦୀ ଗୋଷ୍ଠୀ ଓ ପୁଞ୍ଜିବାଦୀ ଗୋଷ୍ଠୀ ନାମରେ ଦୁଇ ଭାଗରେ ବିଭକ୍ତ ହୋଇଥିଲା ।

(ଖ) ଶୀତଳ ଯୁଦ୍ଧ କିପରି ଏକ ନୂତନ ପ୍ରଯୁକ୍ତି ବିଦ୍ୟାର ଯୁଗ ଆରମ୍ଭ କରିଥିଲା ?
Answer:
ଶୀତଳ ଯୁଦ୍ଧ ଯୋଗୁଁ ସୋଭିଏତ୍ ରୁଷ୍ ଓ ଯୁକ୍ତରାଷ୍ଟ୍ର ଆମେରିକା ମଧ୍ୟରେ ମହାକାଶ ଗବେଷଣା, ଚନ୍ଦ୍ରପୃଷ୍ଠରେ ମାନବର ଅବତରଣ ଏବଂ ବିଜ୍ଞାନ ଓ କାରିଗରୀ ବିଦ୍ୟାର ପ୍ରତିଯୋଗିତାମୂଳକ ଉନ୍ନତି ଏକ ନୂତନ ପ୍ରଯୁକ୍ତି ବିଦ୍ୟାର ଯୁଗ ଆରମ୍ଭ କରିଥିଲା ।

(ଗ) ଉତ୍ତର ଆଟ୍‌ଲାଣ୍ଟିକ୍ ଚୁକ୍ତି ସଂଗଠନ କେବେ ସ୍ୱାକ୍ଷରିତ ହୋଇଥିଲା ?
Answer:
ଉତ୍ତର ଆଟ୍‌ଲାଣ୍ଟିକ୍ ଚୁକ୍ତି ସଂଗଠନ ଏପ୍ରିଲ୍ ୪, ୧୯୪୯ ମସିହାରେ ସ୍ଵାକ୍ଷରିତ ହୋଇଥିଲା ।

ଘ) କେବେ ଲଣ୍ଡନଠାରେ ପଶ୍ଚିମ ଇଉରୋପୀୟ ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରମାନଙ୍କ ମଧ୍ୟରେ ବୁଝାମଣା ନିମନ୍ତେ ଏକ ସମ୍ମିଳନୀର ଆୟୋଜନ କରାଯାଇଥିଲା ?
Answer:
୧୯୫୪ ମସିହା ସେପ୍ଟେମ୍ବର ୨୮ ରୁ ଅକ୍ଟୋବର ୩ ତାରିଖ ପର୍ଯ୍ୟନ୍ତ ଲଣ୍ଡନଠାରେ ପଶ୍ଚିମ ଇଉରୋପୀୟ ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରମାନଙ୍କ ମଧ୍ୟରେ ବୁଝାମଣା ନିମନ୍ତେ ଏକ ସମ୍ମିଳନୀର ଆୟୋଜନ କରାଯାଇଥିଲା ।

(ଙ) କେଉଁସବୁ ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରଙ୍କ ମଧ୍ୟରେ ଆନ୍‌ସ୍ ରାଜିନାମା ସ୍ବାକ୍ଷରିତ ହୋଇଥିଲା ?
Answer:
ଅଷ୍ଟ୍ରେଲିଆ, ନିଉଜିଲାଣ୍ଡ ଏବଂ ଯୁକ୍ତରାଷ୍ଟ୍ର ଆମେରିକା ମଧ୍ୟରେ ଆନ୍‌ସ୍ ରାଜିନାମା ସ୍ବାକ୍ଷରିତ ହୋଇଥିଲା ।

(ଚ) ବାଗ୍‌ଦାଦ୍ ଚୁକ୍ତିର ପରିବର୍ତ୍ତିତ ନାମ କ’ଣ ?
Answer:
ବାଗ୍‌ଦାଦ୍ ଚୁକ୍ତିର ପରିବର୍ତ୍ତିତ ନାମ କେନ୍ଦ୍ରୀୟ ଚୁକ୍ତି ସଂଗଠନ ।

(ଛ) ରସ୍ ଚୁକ୍ତି କେବେ ଓ କେଉଁଠାରେ ସମ୍ପାଦିତ ହୋଇଥିଲା ?
Answer:
ଉ ୱାରସ୍ ଚୁକ୍ତି ୧୯୫୫ ମସିହା ମେ ମାସ ୧ ତାରିଖରେ ପୋଲାଣ୍ଡର ରାଜଧାନୀ ୱାରସ୍ଠାରେ ସମ୍ପାଦିତ ହୋଇଥିଲା ।

(ଜ) କେଉଁ ମସିହାରେ ଦୈତାର ସହସା ଅବସାନ ଘଟିଲା ?
Answer:

ଉ ୧୯୭୯ ମସିହାରେ ଦୈତାର ସହସା ଅବସାନ ଘଟିଲା ।

(ଝ) ମିଖାଇଲ୍ ଗୋର୍ବାଚେଭ୍ କେବେ ସୋଭିଏତ୍ ପଲିଟିବ୍ୟୁରୋର ସାଧାରଣ ସମ୍ପାଦକ ହେଲେ ?
Answer:
ମିଖାଇଲ୍ ଗୋର୍ବାଚେଭ୍ ୧୯୮୫ ମସିହାରେ ସୋଭିଏତ୍ ପଲିଟିବ୍ୟୁରୋର ସାଧାରଣ ସମ୍ପାଦକ ହେଲେ ।

(ଞ) ଶୀତଳ ଯୁଦ୍ଧର ଅବସାନ ହେଲା ବୋଲି କେଉଁ ଦୁଇଜଣ ଘୋଷଣା କଲେ ?
Answer:
ଆମେରିକାର ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରପତି ଜର୍ଜ ବୁଶ୍ ଓ କେନ୍ଦ୍ର ରୁଷ୍ମମଣ୍ଡଳର ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରପତି ବୋରିସ୍ ୟେଲସିନ୍ ଶୀତଳ ଯୁଦ୍ଧର ଅବସାନ ହେଲା ବୋଲି ଘୋଷଣା କରିଥିଲେ ।

୪। ନିମ୍ନରେ ପ୍ରତ୍ୟେକ ପ୍ରଶ୍ନରେ ଦିଆଯାଇଥିବା ଚାରିଗୋଟି ବିକଳ୍ପ ମଧ୍ୟରୁ ଠିକ୍ ଉତ୍ତରଟି ସଙ୍ଗେ ତା’ର କ୍ରମିକ ନମ୍ବର ବାଛି ଲେଖ ।
(କ) ଉତ୍ତର ଆଟ୍‌ଲାଣ୍ଟିକ୍ ଚୁକ୍ତି ସଂଗଠନରେ ପଶ୍ଚିମ ଜର୍ମାନୀ କେବେ ଯୋଗ ଦେଇଥିଲା ?
(i) ଫେବୃୟାରୀ ୧୯୫୨
(ii) ମେ ୧୯୫୨
(iii) ଫେବୃୟାରୀ ୧୯୫୫
(iv) ମେ ୧୯୫୫
Answer:
(iv) ମେ ୧୯୫୫

(ଖ) କିଏ ଆସ୍‌ର ସଭ୍ୟ ନଥିଲା ?
(i) ଅଷ୍ଟ୍ରେଲିଆ
(ii) ନେଦରଲାଣ୍ଡ
(iii) ନିଉଜିଲାଣ୍ଡ
(iv) ଯୁକ୍ତରାଷ୍ଟ୍ର ଆମେରିକା
Answer:
(ii) ନେଦରଲାଣ୍ଡ

(ଗ) କେବେ ବାଗ୍‌ଦାଦ୍ ଚୁକ୍ତି କେନ୍ଦ୍ରୀୟ ଚୁକ୍ତି ସଂଗଠନ ନାମରେ ନାମିତ ହେଲା ?
(i) ୧୯୪୯ ମସିହା
(ii) ୧୯୫୨ ମସିହା
(iii) ୧୯୫୫ ମସିହା
(iv) ୧୯୫୮ ମସିହା
Answer:
(iv) ୧୯୫୮ ମସିହା

(ଘ) କେବେ ଦେତାର ଅବସାନ ଘଟିଲା ?
(i) ୧୯୭୮ ମସିହା
(ii) ୧୯୭୯ ମସିହା
(ii) ୧୯୮୫ ମସିହା
(iv) ୧୯୯୦ ମସିହା
Answer:
(ii) ୧୯୭୯ ମସିହା

(ଙ) କାହାର ସଂସ୍କାରମୂଳକ ନୀତି ଶୀତଳ ଯୁଦ୍ଧର ଅବସାନ ନିମନ୍ତେ ମାର୍ଗ ପ୍ରସ୍ତୁତ କରିଥିଲା ?
(i) ୱାଲଟର ଲିପ୍‌ମାନ୍
(ii) ମିଖାଇଲ୍ ଗୋର୍ବାଚେଭ୍
(iii) ଜର୍ଜ ବୁଶ୍
(iv) ବୋରିସ୍ ୟେଲସିନ୍
Answer:
(ii) ମିଖାଇଲ୍ ଗୋର୍ବାଚେଭ୍

Odisha State Board BSE Odisha 9th Class History Solutions Chapter 8 ଶୀତଳ ଯୁଦ୍ଧ: କାରଣ ଓ ଫଳାଫଳ Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

BSE Odisha Class 9 History Solutions Chapter 8 ଶୀତଳ ଯୁଦ୍ଧ: କାରଣ ଓ ଫଳାଫଳ

୧। ପ୍ରତ୍ୟେକ ପ୍ରଶ୍ନର ଉତ୍ତର ୬୦ ଗୋଟି ଶବ୍ଦ ମଧ୍ଯରେ ଲେଖ ।

(କ) ଶୀତଳ ଯୁଦ୍ଧର କାରଣଗୁଡ଼ିକ ଲେଖ ।
Answer:
ନିମ୍ନଲିଖୂତ କାରଣଗୁଡ଼ିକ ଯୋଗୁଁ ଶୀତଳ ଯୁଦ୍ଧ ସଂଘଟିତ ହୋଇଥିଲା ।

• ଦ୍ବିତୀୟ ବିଶ୍ୱଯୁଦ୍ଧ ସମୟରେ ଯୁକ୍ତରାଷ୍ଟ୍ର ଆମେରିକା ଓ ସୋଭିଏତ୍ ରୁଷର ସାମରିକ ଶକ୍ତି ବିପୁଳ ଭାବେ ବୃଦ୍ଧିପ୍ରାପ୍ତ ହୋଇ ବିଶ୍ୱଯୁଦ୍ଧ ପରେ ଉଭୟ ଦୁଇ ମହାଶକ୍ତି ରୂପେ ପରିଚିତ ହେଲେ ।
• ଦୁଇ ବୃହତ୍ ଶକ୍ତି ଦୁଇଗୋଟି ବିପରୀତ ଆଦର୍ଶରେ ବିଶ୍ୱାସ କରୁଥିଲେ । ସୋଭିଏତ୍ ରୁଷ୍ ସାମ୍ୟବାଦୀ ଆଦର୍ଶରେ ଓ ଯୁକ୍ତରାଷ୍ଟ୍ର ଆମେରିକା ଗଣତନ୍ତ୍ରରେ ବିଶ୍ୱାସ କରୁଥିଲା । ଏହି ଅଦର୍ଶଗତ ପାର୍ଥକ୍ୟ ଶୀତଳ ଯୁଦ୍ଧର ଅନ୍ୟତମ କାରଣ ଥିଲା ।
• ଯୁଦ୍ଧ ଯୋଗୁଁ କ୍ଷତିଗ୍ରସ୍ତ ଇଂଲାଣ୍ଡ ଓ ଫ୍ରାନ୍ସ ଆମେରିକାଠାରୁ ସାମରିକ ସାହାଯ୍ୟ ଆଶା କରୁଥିବାବେଳେ ପୂର୍ବ ଇଉରୋପରେ ସାମ୍ୟବାଦୀ ସରକାର ଗଠିତ ହୋଇଥିବା ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରସମୂହ ରୁଷରୁ ଆର୍ଥିକ ସାହାଯ୍ୟ ଆଶା କରୁଥିଲେ ।
• ବିଶ୍ଵ ରାଜନୀତିରେ ପ୍ରାଧାନ୍ୟ ବିସ୍ତାର ନିମନ୍ତେ ଆମେରିକା ଓ ସୋଭିଏତ୍ ରୁଷ୍ ମଧ୍ୟରେ ପ୍ରତିଯୋଗିତା ଚାଲିଲା । ଉଭୟ ପକ୍ଷ ମଧ୍ୟରେ ସନ୍ଦେହ, ଈର୍ଷା ଓ ଶତ୍ରୁତା କ୍ରମାଗତ ବୃଦ୍ଧି ପାଇଲା । ମାତ୍ର ଦୁଇ ମହାଶକ୍ତି ପରସ୍ପର ମଧ୍ୟରେ ସଂଘର୍ଷ କରିବାକୁ ଚାହିଁଲେ ନାହିଁ । ସେମାନଙ୍କ ମଧ୍ୟରେ କୂଟନୈତିକ ଯୁଦ୍ଧ ଆରମ୍ଭ ହେଲା ।
• ଏତଦ୍‌ବ୍ୟତୀତ ପରସ୍ପର ବିରୋଧରେ କୁତ୍ସାରଟନା ଓ ପ୍ରଚାର ଫଳରେ ବିଶ୍ଵ ରାଜନୀତି ଅଶାନ୍ତ ଓ ସରଗରମ ହୋଇଗଲା, ଯାହା ଶୀତଳ ଯୁଦ୍ଧକୁ ତୀବ୍ରତର କରିଥିଲା ।

(ଖ) ଶୀତଳ ଯୁଦ୍ଧ କିପରି ପ୍ରସାରଲାଭ କରିଥିଲା ?
Answer:

• ଦ୍ଵିତୀୟ ବିଶ୍ୱଯୁଦ୍ଧ ପରେ ସୋଭିଏତ୍ ରୁଷ୍ ପୂର୍ବ ଇଉରୋପୀୟ ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରସମୂହ, ଚୀନ୍ ଓ ପୂର୍ବ ଜର୍ମାନୀ ଉପରେ ପ୍ରଭୁତ୍ଵ ବିସ୍ତାର କଲା । ଏହାପରେ ସୋଭିଏତ୍ ରୁଷ୍ ପଶ୍ଚିମ ଇଉରୋପ ଉପରେ ନଜର ପକାଇଲା ।
• ସୋଭିଏତ୍ ରୁସ୍‌ର ପ୍ରଭାବ ବିସ୍ତାରକୁ ପ୍ରତିହତ କରିବା ପାଇଁ ଯୁକ୍ତରାଷ୍ଟ୍ର ଆମେରିକା ବିଭିନ୍ନ ପଦକ୍ଷେପ ନେଇଥିଲା । ଇଟାଲୀ, ଫ୍ରାନ୍ସ, ଗ୍ରୀସ୍, ତୁର୍କୀ ଆଦି ଦେଶରେ ଯୁଦ୍ଧ ପରବର୍ତ୍ତୀ ବିପର୍ଯ୍ୟୟର ସୁଯୋଗ ନେଇ ସାମ୍ୟବାଦୀମାନେ ପ୍ରଭାବ ବିସ୍ତାର ନିମନ୍ତେ ଯୋଜନା କଲେ ।
• ଗ୍ରୀସ୍‌ର ଉତ୍ତରରେ ଥ‌ିବା ସାମ୍ୟବାଦୀ ପଡ଼ୋଶୀ ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ର ଯୁଗୋସ୍ଲୋଭିଆ, ବୁଲଗେରିଆ ଓ ଆଲ୍‌ବାନିଆ ଗ୍ରୀକ୍ ଗରିଲାଙ୍କୁ ଯୁଦ୍ଧ ଉପକରଣ ଯୋଗାଇ ଦେଇ ଗ୍ରୀସ୍‌ରେ ଗୃହଯୁଦ୍ଧର ସୂତ୍ରପାତ କରାଇଥିଲେ । ଏହା ବିରୋଧରେ ଗରିଲାଙ୍କୁ ଯୁଦ୍ଧ ଉପକରଣ ଯୋଗାଇ ଦେଇ ଗ୍ରୀସ୍‌ରେ ଗୃହଯୁଦ୍ଧର ସୂତ୍ରପାତ କରାଇଥିଲେ । ଏହା ବିରୋଧରେ ଗ୍ରୀସ୍ ସଂଯୁକ୍ତ ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରସଂଘ ନିରାପତ୍ତା ପରିଷଦରେ ଅଭିଯୋଗ କରିଥିଲା ଓ ସଂଯୁକ୍ତ ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରସଂଘ ଏକ ଅନୁଧ୍ୟାନକାରୀ ଦଳ ପଠାଇଥିଲା । ସେହିପରି ରୁଷ୍ ମଧ୍ୟ ତୁର୍କୀରେ ପ୍ରଭାବ ବିସ୍ତାର କରିବାକୁ ଚାହିଁଥିଲା ।
• ଏହି ପରିପ୍ରେକ୍ଷୀରେ ଯୁକ୍ତରାଷ୍ଟ୍ର ଆମେରିକା ଟୁମାନ ନୀତି ଅନୁଯାୟୀ ଗ୍ରୀସ୍ ଓ ତୁର୍କୀକୁ ଆର୍ଥିକ ତଥା ସାମାଜିକ ସାହାଯ୍ୟ ଉଦ୍ଦେଶ୍ୟରେ ୪୦୦ ନିୟୁତ ଡଲାର ଦେଇଥିଲା । ଫଳରେ ୧୯୫୦ ମସିହା ସୁଦ୍ଧା ଗ୍ରୀସ୍ ଓ ତୁର୍କୀର ଅବସ୍ଥା ସମ୍ପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ ବଦଳିଗଲା ଓ ସେଠାରେ ପୁନର୍ବାର ସ୍ଵାଭାବିକ ଅବସ୍ଥା ଫେରିଆସିଲା । ପୁନଶ୍ଚ ୧୯୪୭ ମସିହା ଜୁନ୍ ୫ ତାରିଖରେ ଯୁକ୍ତରାଷ୍ଟ୍ର ଆମେରିକା ସାମ୍ୟବାଦର ପ୍ରଭାବକୁ ପ୍ରତିହତ କରିବାପାଇଁ ମାର୍ଶାଲ ଯୋଜନା ପ୍ରବର୍ତ୍ତନ କଲା । ଏହି ଯୋଜନା ବିପୁଳ ସଫଳତା ଲାଭ କଲା ।
• ଏହି ଯୋଜନାକୁ ସଂଯୁକ୍ତ ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରସଂଘ ପ୍ରତି ଯୁକ୍ତରାଷ୍ଟ୍ର ଆମେରିକାର ବିଶ୍ଵାସଘାତକତା ବୋଲି ସୋଭିଏତ୍ ରୁଷ୍ ଅଭିହିତ କଲା । ଏହାଦ୍ଵାରା ଦୁଇ ବୃହତ୍ ଶକ୍ତି ମଧ୍ୟରେ ତିକ୍ତତା ବୃଦ୍ଧି ପାଇଲା ଓ ଶୀତଳ ଯୁଦ୍ଧ ତୀବ୍ରରୂପ ଧାରଣ କଲା ।

(ଗ) ଟୁମାନ୍ ନୀତି କ’ଣ ? ଏହି ନୀତିଦ୍ୱାରା ଯୁକ୍ତରାଷ୍ଟ୍ର ଆମେରିକା କିପରି ଗ୍ରୀସ୍ ଓ ତୁର୍କୀର ସାମ୍ୟବାଦର ପ୍ରସାରକୁ ପ୍ରତିହତ କରିଥିଲା ?
Answer:

• ୧୯୪୭ ମସିହା ମାର୍ଚ୍ଚ ୧୨ ତାରିଖ ଦିନ ଯୁକ୍ତରାଷ୍ଟ୍ର ଆମେରିକାର ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରପତି ଟୁମାନ୍ ଆମେରିକୀୟ କଂଗ୍ରେସର ମିଳିତ ଅଧୁବେଶନରେ ଏକ ଅଭିଭାଷଣ ଉପସ୍ଥାପନ କରିଥିଲେ ଯାହା ଟୁମାନ୍ ନୀତି ନାମରେ ପରିଚିତ ହୋଇଥିଲା ।
• ଏହି ନୀତି ଅନୁଯାୟୀ ଗ୍ରୀସ୍ ଓ ତୁର୍କୀକୁ ଆର୍ଥିକ ତଥା ସାମରିକ ସାହାଯ୍ୟ ଉଦ୍ଦେଶ୍ୟରେ ଯୁକ୍ତରାଷ୍ଟ୍ର ଆମେରିକା ୪୦୦ ନିୟୁତ ଡଲାର ମଞ୍ଜୁର କରିଥିଲା ।
• ଏହି ସହାୟତାଦ୍ୱାରା ଗ୍ରୀସ୍ ଓ ତୁର୍କୀର ପରିସ୍ଥିତି ସମ୍ପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ ବଦଳିଯାଇଥିଲା ।
• ଗ୍ରୀସ୍‌ ଗରିଲାମାନେ ପ୍ରତିହତ ହୋଇଥିଲେ ଓ ଦେଶରେ ଶାନ୍ତି ପ୍ରତିଷ୍ଠିତ ହୋଇ ସ୍ଵାଭାବିକ ଅବସ୍ଥା ଫେରି ଆସିଥିଲା ।
• ତୁର୍କୀରେ ଶାନ୍ତି ପ୍ରତିଷ୍ଠା ପରେ ସାଧାରଣ ନିର୍ବାଚନ ଅନୁଷ୍ଠିତ ହୋଇଥିଲା ଏବଂ ୨୭ ବର୍ଷ ଧରି ଶାସନ କରୁଥିବା ଦଳ କ୍ଷମତାଚ୍ୟୁତ ହୋଇଥିଲା । ଫଳରେ ଗ୍ରୀସ୍ ଓ ତୁର୍କୀରେ ସାମ୍ୟବାଦର ପ୍ରସାର ପ୍ରତିହତ ହେଲା ।

(ଘ) ଯୁକ୍ତରାଷ୍ଟ୍ର ଆମେରିକା କେବେ ଓ କାହିଁକି ମାର୍ଶାଲ୍ ଯୋଜନାର ପ୍ରବର୍ତ୍ତନ କରିଥିଲା ? ଏହାଦ୍ଵାରା ତାକୁ କି ସଫଳତା ମିଳିଥିଲା ?
Answer:

• ଦ୍ବିତୀୟ ବିଶ୍ୱଯୁଦ୍ଧ ବିଧ୍ବସ୍ତ ଇଉରୋପୀୟ ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରଗୁଡ଼ିକର ସାମାଜିକ ତଥା ଅର୍ଥନୈତିକ ପରିସ୍ଥିତିରେ ଉନ୍ନତି ଆଣିବାପାଇଁ ଯୁକ୍ତରାଷ୍ଟ୍ର ଆମେରିକା ଉଦ୍ୟମ କରିଥିଲା ।
• ସେହି ଦେଶଗୁଡ଼ିକରେ ସାମ୍ୟବାଦର ପ୍ରସାରକୁ ପ୍ରତିହତ କରିବା ଉଦ୍ଦେଶ୍ୟରେ ଯୁକ୍ତରାଷ୍ଟ୍ର ଆମେରିକା ୧୯୪୭ ମସିହା ଜୁନ୍ ୫ ତାରିଖରେ ମାର୍ଶାଲ୍ ଯୋଜନା ପ୍ରବର୍ତ୍ତନ କରିଥିଲା ।
• ଟୁମାନ୍ ନୀତିର ଏହା ଏକ ସମ୍ପ୍ରସାରଣ ଥିଲା ଏବଂ ସମଗ୍ର ଇଉରୋପର ଉନ୍ନତି ନିମନ୍ତେ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟକାରୀ
• ଏହା ମାଧ୍ୟମରେ ଯୁକ୍ତରାଷ୍ଟ୍ର ଆମେରିକା ଇଉରୋପୀୟ ଦେଶଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ଯଥେଷ୍ଟ ଆର୍ଥିକ ସହାୟତା ପ୍ରଦାନ କରି ସେଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ଅର୍ଥନୈତିକ ବିପର୍ଯ୍ୟୟ ତଥା ସାମ୍ୟବାଦର ପ୍ରଭାବରୁ ରକ୍ଷା କରିଥିଲା ।
• ମାର୍ଶାଲ ଯୋଜନାକୁ ଇଉରୋପୀୟ ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରଗୁଡ଼ିକର ଆଭ୍ୟନ୍ତରୀଣ ବ୍ୟାପାରରେ ଯୁକ୍ତରାଷ୍ଟ୍ର ଆମେରିକାର ହସ୍ତକ୍ଷେପ ବୋଲି ଅଭିହିତ କରି ସୋଭିଏତ୍ ରୁଷ୍ ତାହାର ତୀବ୍ର ନିନ୍ଦା କରିଥିଲା ।

୨। ପ୍ରତ୍ୟେକ ପ୍ରଶ୍ନର ଉତ୍ତର ୨୦ ଗୋଟି ଶବ୍ଦ ମଧ୍ଯରେ ଲେଖ ।
(କ) କେଉଁ ଉଦ୍ଦେଶ୍ୟରେ ଶୀତଳ ଯୁଦ୍ଧ ଶବ୍ଦ ବ୍ୟବହାର କରାଯାଇଥିଲା ?
Answer:

• ଦ୍ବିତୀୟ ବିଶ୍ୱଯୁଦ୍ଧ ପରେ ସୋଭିଏତ୍ ରୁଷ୍ ଏବଂ ପାଶ୍ଚାତ୍ୟ ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରଗୁଡ଼ିକ ମଧ୍ୟରେ ସମ୍ପର୍କକୁ ବର୍ଣ୍ଣନା କରିବା ଉଦ୍ଦେଶ୍ୟରେ ଶୀତଳ ଯୁଦ୍ଧ ଶବ୍ଦଟି ବ୍ୟବହୃତ ହୋଇଥିଲା ।

(ଖ) ଶୀତଳ ଯୁଦ୍ଧ କାହାକୁ କୁହାଯାଏ ?
Answer:

• ଶୀତଳ ଯୁଦ୍ଧ କହିଲେ ପରସ୍ପର ମଧ୍ୟରେ ଆଦର୍ଶଗତ ବିଭେଦ, ଅପପ୍ରଚାର ଏବଂ କୂଟନୀତି ସ୍ତରୀୟ ପ୍ରତିଦ୍ବନ୍ଦିତାକୁ ବୁଝାଏ ।
• ଏଥ‌ିରେ ପ୍ରତ୍ୟକ୍ଷ ସଂଘର୍ଷ ବା ସ୍ଥାୟୀ ଶାନ୍ତି ନଥାଏ । ଏ ଯୁଦ୍ଧରେ ପ୍ରତ୍ୟେକ ପକ୍ଷ ନିଜର ଶକ୍ତି ବୃଦ୍ଧି କରିବାକୁ ଉଦ୍ୟମ କରିବା ସହିତ ଅନ୍ୟପକ୍ଷକୁ ଦୁର୍ବଳ କରିଦେବାକୁ ସମସ୍ତ ପ୍ରକାର ପଦକ୍ଷେପ ନେଇଥା’ନ୍ତି।

(ଗ) ଦ୍ଵିତୀୟ ବିଶ୍ଵଯୁଦ୍ଧ ପରେ କେଉଁସବୁ ଦେଶରେ ସାମ୍ୟବାଦୀ ସରକାର ପ୍ରତିଷ୍ଠିତ ହୋଇଥିଲା ?
Answer:

• ଦ୍ବିତୀୟ ବିଶ୍ଵ ଯୁଦ୍ଧ ପରେ ପୂର୍ବ ଇଉରୋପୀୟ ଦେଶ; ଯଥା – ପୋଲାଣ୍ଡ, ହଙ୍ଗେରୀ, ରୁମାନିଆ, ବୁଲଗେରିଆ, ଆଲ୍‌ବାନିଆ, ଚେକୋସ୍ଲୋଭାକିଆ, ଯୁଗୋସ୍ଲୋଭିଆ ଏସୀୟ ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ର ଚୀରେ ସାମ୍ୟବାଦୀ ସରକାର ପ୍ରତିଷ୍ଠିତ ହୋଇଥିଲା ।

(ଘ) ୧୯୪୯ ମସିହାରେ କେଉଁ ଦେଶରେ ଓ କାହା ନେତୃତ୍ବରେ ସାମ୍ୟବାଦୀ ସରକାର ଗଠିତ ହୋଇଥିଲା ?
Answer:

• ୧୯୪୯ ମସିହାରେ ଚୀନ୍ ଦେଶରେ ସାମ୍ୟବାଦୀ ସରକାର ଗଠିତ ହୋଇଥିଲା ।
• ମାଓ ସେ ତୁଙ୍ଗଙ୍କ ନେତୃତ୍ଵରେ ଏହି ସରକାର ଗଠିତ ହୋଇଥିଲା ।

(ଙ) ସୋଭିଏତ୍ ରୁଷର କେଉଁ ପ୍ରକାର ପ୍ରଭାବ ବିସ୍ତାରରେ ଯୁକ୍ତରାଷ୍ଟ୍ର ଆମେରିକା ଓ ପାଶ୍ଚାତ୍ୟ ପୁଞ୍ଜିବାଦୀ ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରମାନେ ଆଶଙ୍କା ପ୍ରକାଶ କରିଥିଲେ ?
Answer:

• ପୂର୍ବ ଇଉରୋପକୁ ସାମ୍ୟବାଦର ଲୌହ ପରଦାରେ ଅଚ୍ଛାଦିତ କରିସାରିବା ପରେ ସୋଭିଏତ୍ ରୁଷ୍ ପଶ୍ଚିମ ଇଉରୋପ ଆଡ଼େ ଦୃଷ୍ଟିନିକ୍ଷେପ କରିବାକୁ ଆରମ୍ଭ କରିଥିଲା ।
• ସୋଭିଏତ୍ ରୁଷର ଏ ପ୍ରକାରର ପ୍ରଭାବ ବିସ୍ତାରରେ ଯୁକ୍ତରାଷ୍ଟ୍ର ଆମେରିକା ଓ ପାଶ୍ଚାତ୍ୟ ପୁଞ୍ଜିବାଦୀ ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରମାନେ ଆଶଙ୍କା ପ୍ରକାଶ କରିଥିଲେ ।

(ଚ) ୧୯୪୬ ମସିହା ଡିସେମ୍ବର ମାସରେ ଗ୍ରୀସ୍ ତାହାର ପଡ଼ୋଶୀ ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରମାନଙ୍କ ବିରୋଧରେ କେଉଁଠାରେ ଓ କାହିଁକି ଅଭିଯୋଗ ଉପସ୍ଥାପନ କରିଥିଲା ?
Answer:

• ଗ୍ରୀସ୍‌ର ଉତ୍ତରରେ ଥିବା ସାମ୍ୟବାଦୀ ପଡ଼ୋଶୀ ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ର ଯଥା ଯୁଗୋସ୍ଲୋଭିଆ, ବୁଲଗେରିଆ ଏବଂ ଆଲ୍‌ବାନିଆ ସାମ୍ୟବାଦକୁ ସମର୍ଥନ କରୁଥିବା ଗ୍ରୀକ୍ ଗରିଲାମାନଙ୍କୁ ସମସ୍ତ ପ୍ରକାର ଅସ୍ତ୍ରଶସ୍ତ୍ର ଯୋଗାଇଦେଇ ଗ୍ରୀସ୍‌ରେ ଗୃହଯୁଦ୍ଧର ସୂତ୍ରପାତ କରାଇଥିଲେ ।
• ଏଣୁ ୧୯୪୬ ମସିହା ଡିସେମ୍ବର ମାସରେ ଗ୍ରୀସ୍ ତାହାର ପଡ଼ୋଶୀ ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରମାନଙ୍କ ବିରୋଧରେ ସଂଯୁକ୍ତ ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରସଂଘର ନିରାପତ୍ତା ପରିଷଦରେ ଅଭିଯୋଗ ଉପସ୍ଥାପନ କରିଥିଲା ।

(ଛ) ଦ୍ଵିତୀୟ ବିଶ୍ଵଯୁଦ୍ଧ ପରେ ତୁର୍କୀର ଅବସ୍ଥା ଉଦ୍‌ବେଗଜନକ ହୋଇପଡ଼ିଥିଲା କାହିଁକି ?
Answer:

• ୧୯୪୫ ମସିହାରେ ସୋଭିଏତ୍ ରୁଷ୍ ତୁର୍କୀ ସହିତ ପୁରାତନ ବନ୍ଧୁତ୍ଵର ନବୀକରଣ ନିମନ୍ତେ ମନା କରିଦେବା
• ତୁର୍କୀ ସରକାରଙ୍କୁ ଫାସୀବାଦୀ ଏବଂ ପ୍ରତିକ୍ରିୟାଶୀଳ ବୋଲି ରୁଷ୍ ତରଫରୁ ଦୋଷାରୋପ କରିବା ଏବଂ ତୁର୍କୀର ଜନସାଧାରଣଙ୍କୁ ସରକାରଙ୍କ ବିରୋଧରେ ବିଦ୍ରୋହ କରିବାକୁ ଉତ୍ସାହିତ କରିବା ଯୋଗୁଁ ତୁର୍କୀର ଅବସ୍ଥା ଉଦ୍‌ବେଗଜନକ ହୋଇପଡ଼ିଥିଲା

(ଛ) ଟୁମାନ୍ ନୀତି କେବେ ଓ କେଉଁଠାରେ ଉପସ୍ଥାପିତ ହୋଇଥିଲା ?
Answer:

• ୧୯୪୫ ମସିହାରେ ସୋଭିଏତ୍ ରୁଷ୍ ତୁର୍କୀ ସହିତ ପୁରାତନ ବନ୍ଧୁତ୍ଵର ନବୀକରଣ ନିମନ୍ତେ ମନା କରିଦେବା ସହିତ ପୂର୍ବ ତୁର୍କୀର ଦୁଇଟି ପ୍ରଦେଶ ଉପରେ କର୍ତ୍ତୃତ୍ୱ ଜାହିର୍ କରିବାକୁ ଉଦ୍ୟମ କରିଥିଲା ।
• ତୁର୍କୀ ସରକାରଙ୍କୁ ଫାସୀବାଦୀ ଏବଂ ପ୍ରତିକ୍ରିୟାଶୀଳ ବୋଲି ରୁଷ୍ ତରଫରୁ ଦୋଷାରୋପ କରିବା ଏବଂ ତୁର୍କୀର ଜନସାଧାରଣଙ୍କୁ ସରକାରଙ୍କ ବିରୋଧରେ ବିଦ୍ରୋହ କରିବାକୁ ଉତ୍ସାହିତ କରିବା ଯୋଗୁଁ ତୁର୍କୀର ଅବସ୍ଥା ଉଦ୍‌ବେଗଜନକ ହୋଇପଡ଼ିଥିଲା ।

(ଜ) ଟୁମାନ୍ ନୀତି କେବେ ଓ କେଉଁଠାରେ ଉପସ୍ଥାପିତ ହୋଇଥିଲା ?
Answer:

• ଟୁମାନ୍ ନୀତି ଅନୁଯାୟୀ ୧୯୪୮ ମସିହା ସୁଦ୍ଧା ଗ୍ରୀସ୍ ଓ ତୁର୍କୀକୁ ଆର୍ଥିକ ତଥା ସାମରିକ ସାହାଯ୍ୟ ଉଦ୍ଦେଶ୍ୟରେ ୪୦୦ ନିୟୁତ ଡଲାର ଯୋଗାଇ ଦିଆଗଲା ।
• ଫଳରେ ଗ୍ରୀକ୍ ଗରିଲାମାନେ ପ୍ରତିହତ ହେବା ସହିତ ଦେଶରେ ଶାନ୍ତି ପ୍ରତିଷ୍ଠିତ ହୋଇଥିଲା ଏବଂ ତୁର୍କୀରେ ଶାନ୍ତି ପ୍ରତିଷ୍ଠା ପରେ ଅନୁଷ୍ଠିତ ସାଧାରଣ ନିର୍ବାଚନରେ ପରାଜିତ ହୋଇ ୨୭ ବର୍ଷ ଧରି ଶାସନ କରୁଥିବା ଏକମାତ୍ର ଦଳ କ୍ଷମତାଚ୍ୟୁତ ହୋଇଥିଲା ।

(ଞ) ସୋଭିଏତ୍ ରୁଷ୍ ମାର୍ଶାଲ୍ ଯୋଜନା ସମ୍ପର୍କରେ କି ପ୍ରତିକ୍ରିୟା ପ୍ରକାଶ କରିଥିଲା ?
Answer:

• ମାର୍ଶାଲ୍ ଯୋଜନାକୁ ଇଉରୋପୀୟ ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରଗୁଡ଼ିକର ଆଭ୍ୟନ୍ତରୀଣ ବ୍ୟାପାରରେ ଯୁକ୍ତରାଷ୍ଟ୍ର ଆମେରିକାର ହସ୍ତକ୍ଷେପ ବୋଲି ଅଭିହିତ କରି ସୋଭିଏତ୍ ରୁଷ୍ ତାହାର ତୀବ୍ର ପ୍ରତିକ୍ରିୟା ପ୍ରକାଶ କରିଥିଲା ।
• ଏହାକୁ ଯୁକ୍ତରାଷ୍ଟ୍ର ଆମେରିକାର ସଂଯୁକ୍ତ ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରସଂଘ ପ୍ରତି ବିଶ୍ୱାସଘାତକତା ଏବଂ ସାମ୍ରାଜ୍ୟବାଦର ଏକ ନମୁନାରୂପେ ରୁଷ୍ ଚିତ୍ରିତ କରିଥିଲା ।

୩ । ପ୍ରତ୍ୟେକ ପ୍ରଶ୍ନର ଉତ୍ତର ଗୋଟିଏ ବାକ୍ୟରେ ଲେଖ ।
(କ) ଶୀତଳ ଯୁଦ୍ଧ ଶବ୍ଦକୁ ପ୍ରଥମେ କିଏ ଓ କେବେ ବ୍ୟବହାର କରିଥିଲେ ?
Answer:
‘ଶୀତଳ ଯୁଦ୍ଧ’ ଶବ୍ଦକୁ ପ୍ରଥମେ ଆମେରିକୀୟ ରାଜନୀତିଜ୍ଞ ବର୍ଣ୍ଣାଡ଼ ବାରୁକ୍ ୧୬ ଏପ୍ରିଲ ୧୯୪୭ରେ ବ୍ୟବହାର କରିଥିଲେ ।

(ଖ) ଶୀତଳ ଯୁଦ୍ଧ ଶବ୍ଦକୁ କିଏ କିପରି ଲୋକପ୍ରିୟ କରାଇଥିଲେ ?
Answer:
ଶୀତଳ ଯୁଦ୍ଧ ଶବ୍ଦକୁ ଆମେରିକାର ବୁଦ୍ଧିଜୀବୀ ଓ ସାମ୍ବାଦିକ ୱାଲଟର ଲିପମାନ୍-ତାଙ୍କ ପୁସ୍ତକରେ ବ୍ୟବହାର କରି ଲୋକପ୍ରିୟ କରାଇଥିଲେ ।

(ଗ) ଅଧୁକାଂଶ ଐତିହାସିକ ଶୀତଳ ଯୁଦ୍ଧ କେବେ ଆରମ୍ଭ ହୋଇଥିଲା ବୋଲି ସହମତ ହୁଅନ୍ତି ?
Answer:
” ଅଧ୍ଯକାଂଶ ଐତିହାସିକ ଦ୍ବିତୀୟ ବିଶ୍ଵଯୁଦ୍ଧ ପରେ ଶୀତଳ ଯୁଦ୍ଧ ଆରମ୍ଭ ହୋଇଥିଲା ବୋଲି ସହମତ ହୁଅନ୍ତି । ଶୀତଳ ଯୁଦ୍ଧର ନେତୃତ୍ୱ ନେଇଥ‌ିବା ଦେଶ ଦୁଇଟିର ନାମ ଲେଖ ।

(ଘ) ଶୀତଳ ଯୁଦ୍ଧର ନେତୃତ୍ଵ ନେଇଥବା ଦୁଇଟି ଦେଶର ନାମ ହେଲା ଯୁକ୍ତରାଷ୍ଟ୍ର ଆମେରିକା ଓ ସୋଭିଏତ୍ ରୁଷ୍ ।
(ଙ) ଦ୍ଵିତୀୟ ବିଶ୍ଵଯୁଦ୍ଧ ପରେ ପୂର୍ବ ଜର୍ମାନୀରେ କି ପ୍ରକାର ଶାସନ ପ୍ରତିଷ୍ଠିତ ହେଲା ?
Answer:
ଦ୍ଵିତୀୟ ବିଶ୍ଵଯୁଦ୍ଧ ପରେ ପୂର୍ବ ଜର୍ମାନୀରେ ସାମ୍ୟବାଦୀ ଶାସନ ପ୍ରତିଷ୍ଠିତ ହୋଇଥିଲା ।

(ଚ) ଗ୍ରୀସ୍‌ର କେଉଁସବୁ ପଡ଼ୋଶୀ ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ର ସେଠାରେ ଗୃହଯୁଦ୍ଧର ସୂତ୍ରପାତ କରାଇଥିଲେ ?
Answer:
ଗ୍ରୀସ୍‌ର ଉତ୍ତରରେ ଥିବା ସାମ୍ୟବାଦୀ ପଡ଼ୋଶୀ ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ର ଯଥା – ଯୁଗୋସ୍ଲୋଭିଆ, ବୁଲ୍‌ଗେରିଆ ଓ ଆଲ୍‌ବାନିଆ ପ୍ରଭୃତି ଗ୍ରୀସ୍‌ରେ ଗୃହଯୁଦ୍ଧର ସୂତ୍ରପାତ କରାଇଥିଲେ ।

(ଛ) କେବେ ଯୁକ୍ତରାଷ୍ଟ୍ର ଆମେରିକା ଏକ ଅର୍ଥନୈତିକ ଅନୁଧ୍ୟାନକାରୀ ଦଳକୁ ଗ୍ରୀସ୍ ପଠାଇଥିଲା ?
Answer:
୧୯୪୭ ମସିହା ଜାନୁୟାରୀ ମାସରେ ଯୁକ୍ତରାଷ୍ଟ୍ର ଆମେରିକା ଏକ ଅର୍ଥନୈତିକ ଅନୁଧ୍ୟାନକାରୀ ଦଳକୁ ଗ୍ରୀସ୍ ପଠାଇଥିଲା ।

(ଜ) ଟୁମାନ୍ ନୀତିଦ୍ୱାରା ଯୁକ୍ତରାଷ୍ଟ୍ର ଆମେରିକାର କଂଗ୍ରେସ ଗ୍ରୀସ୍ ଓ ତୁର୍କୀ ପାଇଁ ମଞ୍ଜୁର କରିଥିବା ଆର୍ଥିକ ସହାୟତାର ପରିମାଣ କେତେ ଥିଲା ?
Answer:
ଟୁମାନ୍ ନୀତିଦ୍ୱାରା ଯୁକ୍ତରାଷ୍ଟ୍ର ଆମେରିକାର କଂଗ୍ରେସ ଗ୍ରୀସ୍ ଓ ତୁର୍କୀ ପାଇଁ ମଞ୍ଜୁର କରିଥିବା ଆର୍ଥିକ ସହାୟତାର ପରିମାଣ ୪୦୦ ନିୟୁତ ଡଲାର ଥିଲା ।

(ଝ) କେଉଁ ଦେଶ ଓ କେବେ ମାର୍ଶାଲ୍ ଯୋଜନା ପ୍ରବର୍ତ୍ତନ କରିଥିଲା ?
Answer:
ଯୁକ୍ତରାଷ୍ଟ୍ର ଆମେରିକା ୧୯୪୭ ମସିହା ଜୁନ୍ ୫ ତାରିଖରେ ମାର୍ଶାଲ୍ ଯୋଜନା ପ୍ରବର୍ତ୍ତନ କରିଥିଲା ।

(ଞ) ଶୀତଳ ଯୁଦ୍ଧ ତୀବ୍ରରୂପ ଧାରଣ କରିବାରୁ କେଉଁସବୁ ଦେଶରେ ସଂଘର୍ଷ ଉପୁଜିଲା ?
Answer:
ଶୀତଳ ଯୁଦ୍ଧ ତୀବ୍ରରୂପ ଧାରଣ କରିବାରୁ ଜର୍ମାନୀ, କ୍ୟୁବା ଓ କୋରିଆ ଆଦି ଦେଶର ସଂଘର୍ଷ ଉପୁଜିଲା ।

୪। ନିମ୍ନରେ ପ୍ରତ୍ୟେକ ପ୍ରଶ୍ନରେ ଦିଆଯାଇଥ‌ିବା ଚାରିଗୋଟି ବିକଳ୍ପ ମଧ୍ୟରୁ ଠିକ୍ ଉତ୍ତରଟି ତା’ର କ୍ରମିକ ନମ୍ବର ସହିତ ବାଛି ଲେଖ ।
(କ) କେଉଁ ଦେଶରେ ୧୯୧୭ ମସିହାରେ କୃଷକ ଓ ଶ୍ରମିକ ଆନ୍ଦୋଳନ ସଂଘଟିତ ହୋଇଥିଲା ?
(i) ଫୁାନୄ
(ii) ଇଟାଲୀ
(iii) ରୁଷ୍
(iv) ଜର୍ମାନୀ
Answer:
(କ) (iii) ରୁଷ୍,

(ଖ) କେଉଁ ମସିହାରେ ଚୀନ୍ ଦେଶରେ ମାଓ ସେ ତୁଙ୍ଗଙ୍କ ନେତୃତ୍ବରେ ସାମ୍ୟବାଦୀ ସରକାର ଗଠିତ ହୋଇଥିଲା ?
(i) ୧୯୪୭
(ii) ୧୯୪୮
(iii) ୧୯୪୯
(iv) ୧୯୫୦
Answer:
(କ) (iii) ୧୯୪୯

(ଗ) କେଉଁଟି ଗ୍ରୀସ୍‌ରେ ଗୃହଯୁଦ୍ଧର ସୂତ୍ରପାତ କରାଇବାରେ ଦାୟୀ ଦେଶ ଥିଲା ?
(i) ତୁର୍କୀ
(ii) ଜର୍ମାନୀ
(ii) ଫ୍ରାନ୍ସ
(iv) ବୁଲଗେରିଆ
Answer:
(iv) ବୁଲଗେରିଆ

(ଘ) ଗ୍ରୀସ୍ କେବେ ସଂଯୁକ୍ତ ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରସଂଘର ନିରାପତ୍ତା ପରିଷଦରେ ତାହାର ପଡ଼ୋଶୀ ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରମାନଙ୍କ ବିରୋଧରେ ଅଭିଯୋଗ କରିଥିଲା ?
(i) ୧୯୪୬ ଡିସେମ୍ବର
(ii) ୧୯୪୭ ଜାନୁୟାରୀ
(iii) ୧୯୪୭ ମାର୍ଚ୍ଚ
(iv) ୧୯୪୭ ଜୁନ୍
Answer:
(i) ୧୯୪୬ ଡିସେମ୍ବର

(ଙ) କେଉଁ ଦେଶ ମାର୍ଶାଲ୍ ଯୋଜନାର ତୀବ୍ର ନିନ୍ଦା କରିଥିଲା ?
(i) ବୀନ୍
(ii) ସୋଭିଏତ୍ ରୁଷ୍
(iii) ବୁଲ୍‌ଗେରିଆ
(iv) ଯୁଗୋସ୍ଲୋଭିଆ
Answer:
(ii) ସୋଭିଏତ୍ ରୁଷ୍

Odisha State Board CHSE Odisha Class 11 Approaches to English Book 1 Solutions Grammar Phrasal Verbs Exercise Questions and Answers.

CHSE Odisha Class 11 Alternative English Grammar Phrasal Verbs

Some Of The Important Phrasal Verbs

1.Bear out: to support – The spectators did not bear out the true of her statement
2. Bear with: to tolerate – Mira cannot bear his arrogance.
3. Bear away: to receive – I hope to bear away the first prize.
4. Bear down: to overpower – I shall bear down my adversaries
5. Blow away: to drive away – The wind blew away his hat.
6. Blow out: to put out – Blow out the candle.
7.Blow, oyer: to pass away – Thank God, the storm has blown over
8. Break down: to grow weak – His health broke down due to overwork
9. Break into: to enter by breaking the walls – The thieves broke into his house last night.
10. Break forth: to cry – He broke forth at the sight of the snake.
11. Break off: to shatter relations- Why has she broken off with you?
12. Break out: to spread suddenly- Cholera has broken out in our locality.
13. Breakup: to disperse, – The meeting has not yet broken up
: to close – Our college has broken up for summer vacation
14. Bring about: to cause – Something has brought about a breach of their hearts.
15. Bring forward: to present – Bring forward your witnesses.
16. Bring up: to rear/ maintain – His stepmother has brought him up.
17. Bring round: to convince/persuade – Who can bring round the fort?
18. Bring out: to publish – The new edition of the book will be brought out soon.
19. Bring forth: to produce – The trees bring forth new leaves during spring
20. Call at: to visit somebody’s house – When will you .call at my house?
21. Call for: due for – Your behavior calls for, an explanation.
22. Call in: to send for – Call in the doctor at once
23. Call off: to declare an end – The strike has been called off.
24. Call on: to pay a brief visit – I shall call on the Chief Minister tomorrow.
25. Call up: to recall – Call up the meaning of this word
26. Carry away: moved aside – The strong current carried away the log of wood
27. Carry off: to spell death on – Plague carried off many people in our village.
28. Carry on: to continue – Carry on your speech
29. Carry out: to execute – You will have to carry out the Principal’s order.
30. Come about: to occur – How did the accident come about?
31. Come off: to take place – The. marriage of my sister will come off next month.
32. Come across: to meet – I came across Rohit this morning.
33. Come off: to belong to – She comes from a family of writers.
34. Cut down: to reduce – We should cut down our expenses
35. Cut off: to die – His daughter was cut -off in youth
36. Cut short: to make short – Cut short your hair
37. Do away with: to abolish – We have to do away with our blind superstitious
38. Do for: to ruin – After her husband’s death the old lady has been done for.
to serve the purpose of -This tool will do for a chair.
39. Do without to manage the absence of – The cattle cannot do without in fodder
40. Deal in: to trade in – My brother deals in sugar.
41. Deal out: to distribute – Shuffle and deal out the cards
42. Deal with: to associate – Do not deal with flirts.
43. Draw near: to approach – My examination is drawing near.
44. Draw up: to prepare – I have drawn up the scheme.
45. Fall away: to rebel – The soldiers have fallen away against the government.
46. Fall out with: to quarrel – Why did you fall out with your mother?
47. Fell in: to stand in a line – The soldiers were ordered to fall in
48. Fall off: to desert – His false friends fell off in the hour of his need.
49. Fall flat: to prove – All my schemes fell flat for want of money.
50. Fall through: to fail – AH die plans of the government fell through due to a lack of honest staff.
51. Fall to begin – He fell to eating as he was hungry.
gluttonously – The armies fell back after the cease-fire.
52. Fallback: to retreat – The old lady is unable to get about.
53. Get about: to move – The police could not get at the truth
54. Get at : to reach
55. Get on: to pull on – She is getting on well nowadays
56. Get over: to overcome – It is not easy to get over
57. Get through: to pass – We will get through the examination by all means.
58. Get up: crooked up / fabricated – I don’t believe in your got up story.
59. Get up: to wake up – Try to get up early in the morning
60 Give away: to distribute- The Chief Minister gave away the prizes
61. Give in: to yield – The Pakistan army had to give in.
62. Give out: to emit – The marigold gives out a sweet smell
63. Give up: to abandon/ Cease – Give up smoking and bad stop/company
64. Give to addicted to – He is given to drinking and gambling.
65. Give way: to yield – The chair gave away under his weight.
66. Go about: to attend/mind – Please go about your business
67. Go astray: to wander about to lose one’s way – Be careful lest your brother should go astray.
68. Go back on: to fail to keep – Do not go back on your promise.
69. Go in for: to buy – I want to go in for this car
70. Go off: to be discharged – The hunter’s gun did not go off.
71. Go out: to be extinguished – The lamp went out due to a storm.
72. Go through: to read – I have gone through the Gita from beginning to dying end
73. Go without to do in the absence of – I had to go without food for. two days.
74. Go up: to progress – May you go up day by day.
75. Hold on: to wait or stop – If you hold on for some time, you will” succeed.
76. Hold out: to offer – Do not hold out false promises to anyone.
77. Holdup: to stop and rob – A gang of robbers held up the car in broad daylight
78. Hold good: to be valid – This principle cannot hold good everywhere.
79. Hold off: to avoid – God knows,.why he holds off from me?
80. Handover: to give – I can not hand over my scooter to you.
81. Keep back: to conceal – I keep back nothing from you.
82. Keep aloof: to refrain – Please keep aloof from me.
83. Keep out: to hinder from anything – The umbrella keeps out the sun and shower.
84. Keep up: to preserve to – Keep up your spirits in the hour of grief.
85, Keep on: keep pace With – The old generation cannot keep up with the youth.
86. Knockdown: to maintain – Keep on studying and you shall attend success.
87. Knock off: to dash/throw down – I shall knock you down if you do not talk sense,
88. Lay by (up): to cease/stop – At what time do you Jcnock off your studies?
89. Lay down: to save – Lay by (up) something for (against) a rainy day
90. Lay out: to sacrifice – Do not hesitate in laying down your life for your country.
91. Lay up with: to be confined to bed – My sister is laid up with a fever.;
92. Look after: to take care – Parents should look after their, children carefully.
93. Look down upon: to despise/ hate – Never look down upon the poor.
94. Look up: to Locate/find – Look up the meaning of this word in the dictionary.
95. Look on (upon): to regard – I look on Mita as my sister.
96. Look to: to depend on – I look to you only for help
97. Look for: to search for – I am looking for my lost purse.
98. Look forward to expect pleasure – 1 am looking forward to my sister’s return
99. Look into: to give attention to – Please look into this matter attentively.
100. Make after: to pursue -The mob made after the pickpocket.
101. Make for: to go – The bride made for her town.
102. Make out: to understand – 1 cannot make out the meaning of this phrase.
103. Makeup with: to be reconciled – I have made up with my neighbor.
104. Makeup: to recoup/ regain – 1 shall try to make up my deficiency in Mathematics
105. Makeup mind: to determine – I have made up my mind to help you
106. Made off with: to run away with – The thief made off with my scooter.
107. Pass oil: to overtake – Let the Director’s car pass on
108. Pass away: to die – The old man passed away peacefully.
109. Pass for: to be regarded as – A millionaire passes for a wealthy man in a rural area.
110. Pull down: to demolish – The bulldozer pulled down the building within no time.
111. Pull through: to recover – There is full hope that the patient will pull down
112. Pull together: to coexist/cooperate – It is difficult for the bride and the mother-in-law to pull together
113. Put down: to crush – The king put down the revolt instantly.
114. Put up: taste – In which hotel are you putting up?
115. Put up with: to tolerate – I cannot put up with this silly joke.
1 16. Put out: to extinguish – Put out the candle
117. Put on: to wear – Do not put on dirty clothes.
118. Put off: to postpone – Do not put me off with a hollow promise
119. Put am, end to discontinue – He has put an end to his studies.
120. Run after: to crave for – Do not run after sensual objects
121. Run down: to stop – My watch has run down because 1 did not wind it.
122. Run into: to dash/collide with – A car ran into a tree and got smashed
123. Runout: to exhaust – The oil in the lamp has run out
1 24. Run over: to be crushed under – A bus runs over an old woman.
125. See to: to attend to – I shall see to your problems sympathetically
126. See off:I shall see to your problems sympathetically – I shall accompany you to see off you to the station
127. Set apart: to keep on reserve – I have set apart some money for my son’s education
128. Set aside: to reject – He set aside my proposal.
129. Set about: to commence (to inaugurate)- When will you set about your work?
130. Set in: to begin – The rains are likely to set in next week.
131. Set off/out: start a journey – He has set off/out his long journey
132. Setup: to establish – He has set up a factory.
133. Standby: to support – I shall stand by you through thick and thin.
134. Stand up for: defeat – You should stand up for your, tights.
135. Take after: to resemble – He takes after both his daddy and mummy.
136. Take down: to put down/ remove from – I took down the burden from my head.
137. Take for: to confuse – I took the rope for a snake.
138. Take to: to become addicted to – He took to smoking at the age of sixty
139. Take off: to put off/to remove – I took off my coat because 1 was feeling hot.
140. Take to heart: to feel/mind – Do not take my jokes to heart.
141. Take heart: to pick up the courage – He took heart and nabbed the thief
142. Tell upon: to affect (adversely) – Overwork tells upon one’s health.’
143. Turn aside: to turn in another’s direction – On seeing me, he turned aside his face.
1 44. Turnout/ away: to dispose of the service to – The result of the match turned out to be a thrilling one.
145. Turn off: to stop the function of – Turn off the tap.
146. Turnup: to appear/reach – fie turned up the meeting in time.
147. Turn on: to make the function start – Turn on the tap and wash your hands.
148. Work out: to solve – Work out the sums.
1 49. Work up: to incite – Don’t work up the old lady’s anger.

Exercise For Practice

Use appropriate phrasal verbs for the following italicized verbs:

1. The baby resembles its mother.
2. He has read this- novel.
3. I cannot tolerate his insulting words.
4. I have postponed the meeting.
5. They cannot understand his speech.
6. My father has stopped smoking.
7. He is searching for his lost pen.
8. The man cheats every man in this way.
9. We should not despise the poor.
10. The police followed the thief.
11. His grand father died last night
12. The two women cried loudly
Answer:
Appropriate phrasal verbs are used.
1. The baby takes after its mother.
2. He has gone through this novel.
3. I cannot put up with his insulting wo
4. I have put off the meeting.
5. They cannot make out his speech.
6.My father has given, up smoking.
7. He is looking for his lost pen.
8. The man takes in every one in this way.
9. We should not look down upon the poor.
10. The police ran after the thief.
11. His grand father passed away last night.
12. The two women fell out loudly loudly.

Odisha State Board BSE Odisha 9th Class English Solutions Chapter 3 Road Safety Week Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Class 9th English Chapter 3 Road Safety Week Question Answers BSE Odisha

Road Safety Week Class 9 Questions and Answers

D. Let’s Understand The Text

Question 1.
What is the first paragraph about?
(ପ୍ରଥମ ଅନୁଚ୍ଛେଦଟି କେଉଁ ବିଷୟରେ ?)
Answer:
The first paragraph is about the importance of road safety. It also deals with the causes of the road accidents and the steps and measures to be followed by the road users to check the dreadful accidents.

Question 2.
What is road safety? What does it involve?
(ସଡ଼କ ନିରାପତ୍ତା କ’ଣ ? ଏହା କାହା ସହ ଜଡ଼ିତ। ସଂମ୍ପୃକ୍ତ ?)
Answer:
Road safety means the safety of people from roadside injuries and deaths. It involves various methods and steps which must be followed by the road users to prevent serious injuries and deaths due to road accidents.

Question 3.
What is the finding of the World Health Organisation?
(ବିଶ୍ଵ ସ୍ବାସ୍ଥ୍ୟ ସଙ୍ଗଠନର ମତାମତ କ’ଣ ?)
Answer:
The finding of the World Health Organisation is that most of the hospitalisation cases and causes of death are due to lack of awareness among the people about the rules of the road.

Question 4.
Why is there a greater need of awareness among people about road safety?
(ସଡ଼କ ସୁରକ୍ଷା ବିଷୟରେ ଜନସାଧାରଣଙ୍କ ମଧ୍ୟରେ ଅଧିକ ସଚେତନତାର ଆବଶ୍ୟକତା ଅଛି, କାହିଁକି ?)
Answer:
Now-a-days most of the accidents and deaths happen due to rise in number of vehicle users. So there is a greater need of awareness among the people about the road safety.

Question 5.
What does the second paragraph talk about?
(ଦ୍ୱିତୀୟ ଅନୁଚ୍ଛେଦଟି କେଉଁ ବିଷୟରେ କହିଛି ?)
Answer:
The second paragraph tells about the observance of ‘Road Safety Week’ by the government and support of other organisations to this campaign. It also talks about the aim of the campaign.

Question 6.
Who observes the Road Safety Week Campaign ?
(ସଡ଼କ ସୁରକ୍ଷା ସପ୍ତାହ ଅଭିଯାନ କିଏ ପାଳନ କରନ୍ତି?)
Answer:
The Government of India, non-government agencies, charitable organisations and private firms across the country observe the ‘Road Safety Week’ campaign.

Question 7.
When is it observed?
( ଏହା କେବେ ପାଳିତ ହୁଏ ?)
Answer:
The Road Safety Week is observed every year in the month of January.

Question 8.
What is the main aim of Road Safety Week Campaign?
(ସଡ଼କ ସୁରକ୍ଷା ସପ୍ତାହ ଅଭିଯାନର ମୁଖ୍ୟ ଉଦ୍ଦେଶ୍ୟ କ’ଣ ?)
Answer:
The main aim of Road Safety Week Campaign is to aware the people about the result of drunken driving, high-speed driving, importance of wearing a helmet for bikers, a seat-belt for four-wheel drivers and to instruct them not to use mobile phones or listen to music while driving.

Question 9.
What things should people know about road safety by this campaign?
(ଏହି ଅଭିଯାନଦ୍ୱାରା ସଡ଼କ ସୁରକ୍ଷା ବିଷୟରେ ଲୋକମାନେ କ’ଣ ଜାଣିବା ଆବଶ୍ୟକ ?)
Answer:
By this campaign, the people should know about traffic rules and regulations, traffic signals, causes of road accidents and benefits of using helmets for bikers and seat belts for four-wheel drivers.

Question 10.
What does the author say in the third paragraph?
(ତୃତୀୟ ଅନୁଚ୍ଛେଦରେ ଲେଖକ କ’ଣ କହିଛନ୍ତି ?)
Answer:
In the third paragraph, the author says how, where and by whom the Road Safety Campaign is organised. It also tells us about the government, and non-government organisations initiatives to educate people about the rules of the road by arranging workshops and health check¬up camps for the drivers.

Question 11.
When is the Road Safety Week organised?
(ସଡ଼କ ସୁରକ୍ଷା ସପ୍ତାହ କେବେ ଆୟୋଜିତ ହୁଏ ?)
Answer:
The Road Safety Week is organised every year in the month of January by the Ministry of Road Transport and Highways of India.

Question 12.
Where do people celebrate this week? Who voluntarily take part in the campaign?
(ଲୋକମାନେ କେଉଁଠାରେ ଏହି ସପ୍ତାହକୁ ପାଳନ କରନ୍ତି ? କେଉଁମାନେ ସ୍ବେଚ୍ଛାକୃତ ଭାବେ ଏହି ଅଭିଯାନରେ ଭା ନିଅନ୍ତି ?)
Answer:
The people celebrate this week in the major cities like Delhi, Bangalore, Mumbai, Chennai, Kolkata, Baroda, Pune, Bhubaneswar, Hyderabad and Chandigarh etc. Many schools and colleges voluntarily take part in this campaign.

Question 13.
What do the local authorities do during this campaign?
(ଏହି ଅଭିଯାନ ସମୟରେ ସ୍ଥାନୀୟ କର୍ତ୍ତୃପକ୍ଷ କ’ଣ କରନ୍ତି ?)
Answer:
During this campaign, the local authorities organise a thorough check of drivers and motorcyclists to send a strong message of ‘Zero Tolerance against Drunken Driving’ and other safety violations. Commuters are explained about traffic rules and the cautions to be taken while going on road. Various painting and drawing competitions are made related to road safety.

Question 14.
How do drivers get benefit out of this programme?
(ଏହି କାର୍ଯ୍ୟକ୍ରମରୁ ଗାଡ଼ିଚାଳକମାନେ କିପରି ଉପକୃତ ହୁଅନ୍ତି ?)
Answer:
The drivers are also benefitted out of this campaign. Free medical check-up camps and driving training workshops are also organised for the benefit of the drivers.

Question 15.
What activities are organised for school and college children?
(ବିଦ୍ୟାଳୟ ଓ ମହାବିଦ୍ୟାଳୟର ପିଲାମାନଙ୍କ ପାଇଁ କେଉଁ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟକ୍ରମ ଆୟୋଜିତ ହୁଏ ?)
Answer:
The school and college students also take part in this week’s celebration. They also take part in various painting and drawing competitions relating to road safety. Exhibitions, tests of road rules, and debates on selected themes are also organised for school and college students.

Question 16.
Why is the fourth paragraph important for us?
(ଆମ ପାଇଁ ଚତୁର୍ଥ ଅନୁଚ୍ଛେଦର ଆବଶ୍ୟକତା କ’ଣ ?)
Answer:
The fourth paragraph is important for us because it deals with various important factors that may cause serious road accidents resulting fatalities.

Question 17.
How many important causes of accident have been highlighted in this paragraph? Can you add some more causes to this list?
( ଏହି ଅନୁଚ୍ଛେଦରେ ଦୁର୍ଘଟଣାର କେତେ ସଂଖ୍ୟକ କାରଣ ଉଲ୍ଲେଖ କରାଯାଇଛି ? ତମେ ଏଥରେ ଆଉ କେତୋଟି କାରଣ ଯୋଗ କରିପାରିବ କି ?)
Answer:
Six important causes of road accidents have been highlighted in this paragraph.

Question 18.
Who are eligible to get driving licence from the authorities?
(କର୍ତ୍ତୃପକ୍ଷଙ୍କଠାରୁ ଡ୍ରାଇଭିଂ ଲାଇସେନ୍ସ ପାଇବା ପାଇଁ କେଉଁମାନେ ଯୋଗ୍ୟ ?)
Answer:
For driving a private vehicle people of 18 years age or above and for driving a commercial vehicle people of 20 years age or above are eligible to get driving licence from the authorities. Teenagers above 16 years of age are eligible to get driving licences.

Question 19.
What does ‘distracted driving’ mean?
(‘ଅନ୍ୟମନସ୍କ ଗାଡ଼ିଚାଳନା’ର ଅର୍ଥ କ’ଣ ?)
Answer:
“Distracted driving” means absent-minded or disturbed driving. That includes speak on cell phones or texting while driving or talking to other passengers or listening to loud music.

Question 20.
Find out the word, in the fourth paragraph, which means ‘traveller on foot’?
( ଚତୁର୍ଥ ଅନୁଚ୍ଛେଦରେ ‘ପାଦରେ ଯାଉଥିବା ଯାତ୍ରୀ’ ଅର୍ଥ ବୁଝାଉଥବା ଶବ୍ଦଟି କ’ଣ ?)
Answer:
In the fourth paragraph the single word for the expression ‘traveller on foot’ is pedestrian.

Question 21.
What can you learn from the fifth paragraph?
(ତୁମେ ପଞ୍ଚମ ଅନୁଚ୍ଛେଦରୁ କ’ଣ ଶିକ୍ଷା ଲାଭ କରିପାରିଛ ?)
Answer:
From the fifth paragraph we learn that the authority should take strict measures against the driver who neglects the rules and regulations of road safety arid punish them in order to prevent road mishaps. Therefore we should never violate road safety rules while driving.

Question 22.
How can the drunken driving be checked?
(କିପରି ନିଶାସକ୍ତ ଗାଡ଼ିଚାଳନାକୁ ବନ୍ଦ କରାଯାଇପାରିବ ?)
Answer:
The drunken driving can be checked by imposing them heavy punishment or fined them heavily not to repeat such violations.

Question 23.
What should the government do for issuing driving licence?
(ଡ୍ରାଇଭିଂ ଲାଇସେନ୍ସ ପ୍ରଦାନ ପାଇଁ ସରକାର କ’ଣ କରିବା ଉଚିତ ?)
Answer:
Strict government orders must be issued to licence issuing authorities concerned for taking strong and rigid steps while issuing driving licence. Strict orders must be issued not to give a licence to an unworthy person.

Question 24.
What can be done for old and unused vehicles?
(ପୁରୁଣା ଓ ଅବ୍ୟବହୃତ ଯାନଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ କ’ଣ କରାଯାଇପାରେ ?)
Answer:
The fitness certificate should be made compulsory for every vehicle running on road. Old and unused vehicles that do not possess a fitness certificate must not be allowed to run on road.

Question 25.
Who does ‘us’ refer to in the last paragraph?
(ଶେଷ ଅନୁଚ୍ଛେଦରେ ‘ଆମ୍ଭକୁ’ (us) କାହାକୁ ବୁଝାଉଛି ?)
Answer:
In the last paragraph ‘us’ refers to all the people.

Question 26.
Can you suggest some more ways to prevent road accidents?
(ତମେ ରାସ୍ତା ଦୁର୍ଘଟଣା ରୋକିବା ପାଇଁ କିଛି ନୂଆ ଉପାୟର ପ୍ରସ୍ତାବ ଦେଇପାରିବ କି ?)
Answer:
Organising awareness programme about road safety, arranging educational programmes to teach road users about road safety are other ways to prevent road accidents.

E. Let’s Understand The Text Better

(a) Match the paragraph numbers under column ‘A’ with their main ideas given under column ‘B’.
(Write the number of the paragraph in the box.) (Question with Answer)
[ସ୍ତମ୍ଭ ‘A’ ତଳେ ପ୍ରଦତ୍ତ ଅନୁଚ୍ଛେଦର କ୍ରମ ସଂଖ୍ୟାକୁ ସ୍ତମ୍ଭ ‘B’ ତଳେ ଥିବା ତା’ର ମୁଖ୍ୟ ଧାରଣା/ବିଷୟବସ୍ତୁ ସହ ମିଳାଅ । (ଅନୁଚ୍ଛେଦର କ୍ରମ ସଂଖ୍ୟାକୁ ବାକ୍ସ ମଧ୍ଯରେ ଲେଖ ।)]

A	B
1	( )   organisation of road safety week
2	( )  causes of road accidents
3	( )  ways or measures for prevention of road accidents
4	( )  road safety and its importance
5	( )   conclusion; theme of the text
6	( )   aims of Road Safety Week Campaign

Answer:

A	B
1	2   organisation of road safety week
2	4   causes of road accidents
3	5   ways or measures for prevention of road accidents
4	1   road safety and its importance
5	6    conclusion; theme of the text
6	3    aims of Road Safety Week Campaign

(ii) Fill in the blanks choosing the appropriate words from brackets.
(ବନ୍ଧନୀ ମଧ୍ଯରୁ ଉପଯୁକ୍ତ ଶବ୍ଦ ବାଛି ଶୂନ୍ୟସ୍ଥାନ ପୂରଣ କର ।)
(distracted driving. on-road travellers, drivers, safety, school children, sixteen years, simple rules, awareness)

(i) According to the statistics of the World Health Organisation, most of the hospitalisation cases and leading causes of deaths are due to lack of ___________ about road safety.
Answer:
awareness

(ii) The aim or Road Safety Week Campaign is to emphasise and educate people about safe road travel by applying just ____________.
Answer:
simple rules

(iii) Pocket guides and leatìèts related to road safety are distributed to the _____________.
Answer:
on-road travellers

(iv) Free medical check-up camps are organised for the ____________.
Answer:
drivers

(v) Traffic safety games including card games, puzzles and board games are organised for ______________.
Ans.
school children

(Vi) The permissible age in India for having a driving licence is ____________ for vehicles up to 50 CC engine capacities without gears with the consent of parents.
Answer:
sixteen years

(vii) Texting on cell phones while driving is a kind of ____________.
Answer:
distracted driving

(viii) Everyone should think about ___________ first then drive.
Answer:
safety

F. Let’s Talk:

(a) The teacher reads aloud the following sentences. Listen to him/her and say whether they are “True” or “False”. Refer to the text and say the paragraph number and the line number in which the answer is available.
(ଶିକ୍ଷକ/ଶିକ୍ଷୟିତ୍ରୀ ନିମ୍ନଲିଖ୍ ବାକ୍ୟଗୁଡ଼ିଟକୁ ଉଚ୍ଚ ସ୍ବରରେ ପଢ଼ିବେ । ତାଙ୍କୁ ଶୁଣ ଏବଂ ସେଗୁଡ଼ିକ ‘ସତ୍ୟ’ କିମ୍ବା ‘ମିଥ୍ୟା’ କୁହ । ପାଠ୍ୟ ବିଷୟକୁ ଦେଖ ଏବଂ ଯେଉଁଥରେ ଉତ୍ତର ଅଛି ସେହି ଅନୁଚ୍ଛେଦର କ୍ରମ ସଂଖ୍ୟା ଓ ଧାଡ଼ି ସଂଖ୍ୟା କୁହ ।)
(i) Most of the accidents take place due to lack of awareness among the people.
(ii) The celebration of Road Safety Week is one of awareness programmes to be safe on the road.
(iii) Road Safety campaign discourages people not to drink alcohol, not to use cell phones for talking and texting.
(iv) Road Safety Week is organised every year in the month of November by the Ministry of Road Transport and Highway.
(v) During the Road Safety Week training camps are organised for school and college children.
(vi) The young people at the age of 16 can obtain driving licence.
(vii) The fitness certificates should be made compulsory for only old and unused vehicles,
(viii) Talking to other persons while driving comes under drunken driving.
(ix) Road Safety Week creates an opportunity to make people understand what could be done to save our life as well as the life of others.
(x) We should think about driving fast then our safety.
Answer:
(i) True (Para – 1, line – 7)
(ii) True (Para – 2, line – 1)
(iii) True (Para – 2, lines – 4 & 5)
(iv) False (Para – 3, line – 1)
(v) False (Para – 3, line – 6)
(vi) False (Para – 4, line – 5)
(vii) False (Para – 5, line – 7)
(viii) False (Para – 4, line -10)
(ix) True (Para – 6, line – 1)
(x) False (Para – 1, line – 1)

(b) Use the following slogans in a chain-drill.
(କ୍ରମାନ୍ୱୟରେ ନିମ୍ନଲିଖ୍ ସ୍ଲୋଗାନ୍‌ଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ବ୍ୟବହାର କର ।)
[Each student will say one slogan. All the students will go on saying one after another.]
[ପ୍ରତ୍ୟେକ ଛାତ୍ର ଗୋଟିଏ ସ୍ଲୋଗାନ୍ କହିବେ । ସମସ୍ତ ଛାତ୍ର ଜଣକ ପରେ ଜଣେ କହିବେ ।]

• Follow road safety rules.
• Don’t be careless, follow traffic rules.
• Be alert to save your life.
• Follow road culture to save your future.
• It is wise to be slow while driving.
• Don’t be in a hurry, or you will be in worry.
• Never drink while driving.
• Drink and drive never go together.
• Roads are made to drive not to fly.
• Alert today to live tomorrow.
• Don’t drive in a long lane; it will leave you in pain.
• Drive slowly as your first drive can be your last drive.
• Always use seat belt to avoid accident.
• Be sure to wear helmet before riding your bike.
• Drive slower to live longer.

G. Let’s Learn Words

(a) Solve the following cross-word puzzle and find thirteen words related to Road Safety. (Question with Answer)
(ନିମ୍ନଲିଖ୍ ଶବ୍ଦ-ଧନ୍ଦାଟିକୁ ସମାଧାନ କର ଏବଂ Road Safety (ସଡ଼କ ନିରାପତ୍ତା) ସହ ସମ୍ପର୍କିତ ତେରଗୋଟି ଶବ୍ଦ ଖୋଜି ବାହାର କର । )

Answer:

5H

E

L

M

E

*T

X

X

X

X

X

X

13D

X

X

2R

O

A

D

X

7R

E

D

X

X

X

X

R

X

12P

X

X

X

X

X

A

X

X

X

X

X

X

I

X

o

X

X

X

3S

A

F

E

T

9Y

X

X

4R

V

X

L

X

X

X

E

X

F

X

X

E

X

X

u

E

X

I

X

X

X

A

X

I

X

X

L

X

X

L

R

X

c

X

X

X

T

X

C

X

X

l0L

I

c

E

N

c

E

X

X

X

B

X

X

X

X

O

X

X

s

X

X

X

X

8G

R

E

E

N

X

X

w

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

L

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

UT

R

A

V

E

L

L

E

R

X

X

X

Clues :
Down : (Question with Answers)
1. Corning and going of persons and vehicles. ___________
4. We obey them. ________
6. A car driver uses it while driving.__________
9. A colour indicating to ‘proceed with caution’. __________
12. People who control the traffic. ___________
13. A person who drives a vehicle. ___________

Across :
2. A path on which we travel._________
3. Safeness __________
5. We wear it while riding bikes. ______________
7. A colour indicating to ‘stop’. ______________
8. A colour indicating to ‘go’.________________
10. Every driver should have this certificate. ____________
11. A person who goes from one place to another. ____________

Answer:
Down:
1. Traffic
4. Rules
6. Seat-Belt
9. Yellow
12. Police
13. Driver

Across :
2. Road
3. Safety
5. Helmet
7. Red
8. Green
10. Licence
11. Traveller

(b) Read and underline the symbols given in the following three charts and match the symbols under ‘A’ with the instructions under ‘B’ in the table below. Write the number of each symbol in the box provided for each instruction. One is done for you. (Question with Answer)
(ନିମ୍ନଲିଖ ତିନୋଟି ଚାର୍ଟରେ ଦିଆଯାଇଥ‌ିବା ସଙ୍କେତଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ପଢ଼ ଓ ରେଖାଙ୍କିତ କର ଏବଂ ନିମ୍ନରେ ଦିଆଯାଇଥିବା ସାରଣୀରେ ସ୍ତମ୍ଭ ‘A’ ତଳେ ଥିବା ସଙ୍କେତକୁ ସ୍ତମ୍ଭ ‘B’ ତଳେ ଥିବା ନିର୍ଦ୍ଦେଶ ସହ ମିଳାଅ । ପ୍ରତ୍ୟେକ ସଙ୍କେତର କ୍ରମସଂଖ୍ୟାକୁ ନିର୍ଦ୍ଦେଶ ପାଇଁ ପ୍ରଦତ୍ତ ବାଢ଼ ମଧ୍ଯରେ ଲେଖ । ଗୋଟିଏ ତୁମ ପାଇଁ କରି ଦିଆଯାଇଛି ।)

(c) Mark the words in bold letters in the following sentences.
(ନିମ୍ନଲିଖ୍ ବାକ୍ୟରେ କଳା ଅକ୍ଷରରେ ଥ‌ିବା ଶବ୍ଦଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ଲକ୍ଷ୍ୟ କର ।)
According to the statistics of the World Health Organisation, most cases of hospitalisation and leading causes of death are due to lack of awareness.
We can break the words in the following way and know how they are formed.
1. hospitalistion = hospitalise + tion
2. organisation = organize + tion
Here ‘hospitalise’ and ‘organise’ are verbs, and ‘hospitalisation’ and ‘organisation’ are nouns.
Now break the following words and find the verbs. You may use a dictionary to get the ‘verb forms’. (Question with Answer).
(ବର୍ତ୍ତମାନ ନିମ୍ନଲିଖ ଶବ୍ଦଗୁଡ଼ିକ ଭାଙ୍ଗି ଦିଅ ଏବଂ କ୍ରିୟାପଦ ବାହାର କର । ତୁମେ ‘କ୍ରିୟା ରୂପ’ ଦେଖିବାପାଇଁ ଅଭିଧାନ ବ୍ୟବାହର କରିପାର । )

(i)	regulation	= __________	+ ___________
(ii)	celebration	= __________	+ ___________
(iii)	estimation	= __________	+ ___________
(iv)	promotion	= __________	+ ___________
(v)	transportation	= __________	+ ___________
(vi)	observation	= __________	+ ___________
(vii)	education	= __________	+ ___________
(viii)	competition	= __________	+ ___________
(ix)	distribution	= __________	+ ___________
(x)	motivation	= __________	+ ___________
(xi)	commutation	= __________	+ ___________
(xii)	violation	= __________	+ ___________
(xiii)	prevention	= __________	+ ___________
(xiv)	provision	= _________	+ ___________

Answer:

(i)	regulation	= regulate	+ tion
(ii)	celebration	= celebrate	+ tion
(iii)	estimation	= estimate	+ tion
(iv)	promotion	= promote	+ tion
(v)	transportation	= transport	+ tion
(vi)	observation	= observe	+ tion
(vii)	education	= educate	+ tion
(viii)	competition	= compete	+ tion
(ix)	distribution	= distribute	+ tion
(x)	motivation	= motivate	+ tion
(xi)	commutation	= commutate	+ tion
(xii)	violation	= violate	+ tion
(xiii)	prevention	= prevent	+ tion
(xiv)	provision	= provide	+ tion

Now, fill in the blanks in the following sentences with suitable words (verbs/nouns) from the above list in their correct forms.
(ବର୍ତ୍ତମାନ ନିମ୍ନଲିଖୂ ବାକ୍ୟଗୁଡ଼ିକରେ ଶୂନ୍ୟସ୍ଥାନଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ଉପରିସ୍ଥ ତାଲିକାରୁ ଉପଯୁକ୍ତ ଶବ୍ଦ (କ୍ରିୟା|ବିଶେଷ୍ୟ) ବାଛି ତା’ର ସଠିକ୍ ରୂପ ବସାଇ ପୂରଣ କର ।)

(i) The government _________ the Road Safety Week every year in the month of January.
(ii) Many non-government __________ provide support to the Road Safety week Campaign.
(iii) The aim of the Road Safety Week Campaign is to _________ the people.
(iv) We can __________ accidents by making people aware of the road safety rules.
(y) Road Safety Quiz ___________ are organised for the young people.
(vi) Persons caught talking or texting on cell phones should be fined not to repeat such ___________.
(vii) The act of coming to the working place and going back home every day is called ____________.
(viii) We can ___________ leaflets to make people aware of the road safety rules.
Answer:
(i) celebrates,
(ii) organisations,
(iii) motivate,
(iv) prevent,
(v) competitions,
(vi) violations,
(vii) commutation,
(viii) distribute

(d) Study the following pairs of words and mark their combination.
(ନିମ୍ନଲିଖତ ଯୋଡ଼ା ଶବ୍ଦଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ଓ ସେମାନଙ୍କ ସଂଯୋଗ ଲକ୍ଷ୍ୟ କର ।)

• important issue
• educational banners

Here these pairs of words go together and are used in that way. This habitual combination of words sounds natural in English, e.g. : One says ‘strong coffee’ but not ‘powerful coffee’. This combination is called Collocation in English.
In the above examples, the first word is an ‘Adjective’ and the second word is a ‘Noun’. These combination are collocation of nouns and adjectives. We also use ‘Nouns’ with ‘Nouns’ in collocation, e.g.: safety rules.

Now, match the words under ‘A’ with the words under ‘B’ and write the pairs of words below. One is done for you.
(ବର୍ତ୍ତମାନ ‘A’ ସ୍ତମ୍ଭ ତଳେ ଥିବା ଶବ୍ଦଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ‘B’ ସ୍ତମ୍ଭ ତଳେ ଶବ୍ଦଗୁଡ଼ିକ ସହ ଯୋଗ କରି ଯୋଡ଼ା ଶବ୍ଦ ଗଠନ କର । ତୁମ ପାଇଁ ଗୋଟିଏ କରି ଦିଆଯାଇଛି ।)

A	B
seat	training
traffic	driver
driving	pedestrians
medical	belt
parking	rule s
probited	area
drunken	gap
careless	competition
distant	check- up
drawing	place

Answer:

A	B
seat	belt
traffic	rules
driving	training
medical	check-up
parking	place
probited	area
drunken	driver
careless	pedestrian s
distant	gap
drawing	competition

H. Let’s Learn Language

Study the following sentences and mark the highlighted words in bold letters.
(ନିମ୍ନଲିଖ୍ ବାକ୍ୟଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ଅଧ୍ୟୟନ କର ଏବଂ କଳା ଅକ୍ଷରେ ଦର୍ଶାଯାଇଥ‌ିବା ଶବ୍ଦଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ଲକ୍ଷ୍ୟ କର ।)
1. The driver could not control the bus.
2. You must be careful while crossing the road.
3. We should obey the traffic rules to avoid accidents.
4. The traffic police have to wear uniform.
5. Everyone needs to be well aware of the traffic rules to avoid life risk.
All the highlighted words in the above sentences are ‘Modal Auxiliaries’ that are used with other verbs to express the mood of the speaker/uses.

The “modals” in English language are : can, could, may, might, shall, should, will, would, must, have to , need to, dare, ought to Study the following sentences in the table to know more about the use and meaning of ‘Modals’.
(Modalଗୁଡ଼ିକର ବ୍ୟବହାର ଏବଂ ଅର୍ଥ ଜାଣିବା ପାଇଁ ସାରଣୀରେ ଥିବା ବାକ୍ୟଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ଅଧ୍ୟୟନ କର ।)

Modals	Exampels/use in sentences	Meaning
can	Sonali can ride a scooty.	ability
	It can be risky if she rides a motorcycle without knowing traffic rules.	possibility/probability
	Can I borrow your helmet?	seeking permission
	Can I have a driving licence application form?	request
	Can I help you with this luggage?	offering help
Modals	Exampels/use in sentences	Meaning
could	Sagarika could read and understand the traffic signs and symbols.	past ability
	Sushree, could you please tell me the way to the post office?	polite request
	Could I ride you bicycle please?	seeking permission
will	The road is very crowded so I will drive my car very carefully.	intention
	It will be more crowded in the evening.	prediction
	I will get you a book about road safety rules.	promise
shall	Shall we hold a meeting to make people aware of the rules?	suggestion
	Shall I make you the bed?	offering help
would	Would you like to ride a motorbike or drive a car?	preference
	Would you attend the road safety week campaign?	invitation
	Would you mind if I reach half an hour late?	seeking permission
should	We should obey the traffic rules of the road.	obligation
may	May I help you?	offering help
	May I use your helmet?	request
	Odisha may become No. 1 state to reduce road accidents by 2020.	prediction
	May God bless you!	wish
might	Your life might be unsafe if you do not obey traffic rules.	possibility
must	You must listen to your elders.	obligation
need to	You need to learn how to drive before you apply for a driving licence.	compulsion

Now fill in the blanks choosing the appropriate models from brackets.
(ବର୍ତ୍ତମାନ ବନ୍ଧନୀ ମଧ୍ଯରୁ ଉପଯୁକ୍ତ modal from ବାଛି ଶୂନ୍ୟସ୍ଥାନ ପୂରଣ କର ।)
(will, shall, should, can, could, must)
1. This bus take 45 passengers safely.
2. Your driving licence has been approved. You get it next week from the postman.
3. It is your fault. You not drive the car so fast.
4. You ___________ wear a helmet to save your life.
5. He be punished if he does not give up his habit of taking alcohol.
6. you drop me at the station?
7. My father suggests that we be careful while crossing the road.
Answer:
1. can,
2. will,
3. must,
4. should,
5. must,
6. Could,
7. shall

I. Let’s Write :

(a) Read the following chart of ‘Road Offences and Penalties’ to write the answer to the questions given below.
( ‘ରାସ୍ତା ନିୟମ ଭଙ୍ଗ ଓ ଜୋରିମାନା’ ଚାର୍ଟଟିକୁ ପଢ଼ ଏବଂ ନିମ୍ନରେ ଦିଆଯାଇଥିବା ପ୍ରଶ୍ନଗୁଡ଼ିକର ଉତ୍ତର ଲେଖ ।)

Road Offences And Penalties

Offences	Maximum penalty (in rupees)
Driving by minor	500
Driving without helmet	100
Dangerous or hasty driving	1000 or imprisonment
	for six months
Driving without licence	500
Parking vehicles on footpath	100
Drunken driving	2000
Driving unsafe vehicles	Court challenge
Using vehicles fitted with dark glasses/sun films	100
Using horn in silence zone	100
Parked on pedestrian crossing	100

Question 1.
What is the punishment for driving by a minor?
Answer:
He must be fined with Rs. 500/-

Question 2.
What is the amount of the fine for driving without a helmet?
Answer:
Rs. 100/- must be fined for driving without a helmet.

Question 3.
How much is a person punished for dangerous or hasty driving?
Answer:
He must be fined with Rs. 1000/- or imprisonment for six months.

Question 4.
How are the drunken drivers punished?
Answer:
They must be fined with Rs. 2000/-.

Question 5.
What happens to a person if he drives a vehicle in unsafe condition?
Answer:
He must be referred for a court challan.

Question 6.
What is the fine amount for the vehicles fitted with dark glasses/sun films?
Answer:
The fine amount must be Rs. 100/-.

Question 7.
What will happen to you if you park your motorbike on the footpath?
Answer:
I must be fined rupees with Rs. 100/-.

(b) Suppose you are Ashok Kumar, a reporter of ‘The Indian Express’ for your locality. Write a report on an accident you have witnessed, in about 100 words, following the outlines given below.
(ମନେକର ତୁମେ ଅଶୋକ କୁମାର, ତୁମ ଅଞ୍ଚଳ ପାଇଁ “The Indian Express’ର ସାମ୍ବାଦିକ । ତୁମେ ଦେଖୁଥିବା ଏକ ଦୁର୍ଘଟଣାର ବିବରଣୀ ନିମ୍ନଲିଖୂତ ସୂଚନା ଅନୁସାରେ ୧୦୦ଟି ଶବ୍ଦରେ ଲେଖ ।)
(Before writing, fill in the blanks first. You can refer to the text used for lead-in.)

• When? (Date and time) :
• Where? (Date) :
• Who? (Persons/characters present) :
• Why? (Causes) :
• What? (Results) :

Answer:
(i) The tragic accident happened at 9 p.m. on 20 July, 2019.
(ii) The event happened near Phulnakhara Chhak on the Bhubaneswar Cuttack Road.
(iii) 4 people killed and 15 injured in the accident.
(iv) The driver of the car was attending a call on his mobile phone.
(v) The driver of the bus and about 15 passengers were who were badly injured taken to Capital Hospital and luckily all are out of danger.

Report:
Subject: Road Accident, Three killed
Phulnakhara, Cuttack 20 July 2019 To
The Editor,
The Indian Express, Bhubaneswar
Four people were killed and many others were injured in a road accident near Phulnakhara Chhak at 9 PM on 20th July 2018. A City Ride Bus coming from Cuttack collided with an Indica car coming from Bhubaneswar. The accident took place as the driver of the Indica car was attending a call on his mobile phone. As a result the driver of the car along with three occupants was killed at the spot. The driver of the bus and about fifteen passengers were badly injured. They have been admitted to the Capital Hospital and luckily all are out of danger.
Ashok Kumar Reporter

(c) Suppose you are Ashutosh studying in Class-IX of R.N. High School, Odagoan. Your younger bother, Asmit is studying in Class-Vn, U.G. M.E. School, Adala in Nayagarh. Write a letter, in about 100 words, advising him to obey the road safety rules while riding his bicycle.
(ମନେକର ତୁମେ ଆର୍.ଏନ୍. ହାଇସ୍କୁଲ, ଓଡ଼ଗାଁରେ ନବମ ଶ୍ରେଣୀରେ ପଢ଼ୁଥ‌ିବା ଆଶୁତୋଷ । ତୁମ ସାନଭାଇ ଅସ୍ମିତ ନୟାଗଡ଼ର ୟୁ.ଜି.ଏମ୍.ଇ., ଅଦଲାରେ ଅଷ୍ଟମ ଶ୍ରେଣୀରେ ପଢ଼େ । ତାକୁ ସାଇକେଲ ଚଳାଇବାବେଳେ ସଡ଼କ ସୁରକ୍ଷା ନିୟମ ସବୁ ମାନିବାକୁ ଉପଦେଶ ଦେଇ ୧୦୦ଟି ଶବ୍ଦ ମଧ୍ଯରେ ଏକ ପତ୍ର ଲେଖ ।)

Odagoan
2nd July, 2019.

My dear Asmit,
Your letter of 22nd June was to my hands just now. I was happy to know about your school’s reputation in study. Your previous year’s result was extremely well. I hope you will do well this year too. In this letter, I want to say you something about road safety. Dear Asmit, studies should be given top priority. But for that we should take care of body. Always remember safety first. You have to go to school and other places on your bicycle. While riding a bicycle you have to keep in mind the road safety rules. Because if you don’t follow them there are chances of accidents. This may cause injury or cost your precious life. So I want to give you some tips about how to ride bicycle on road safely. While riding a bicycle always keep to your left. Never be unmindful or in hurry. Don’t speed over your bicycle so that you lose your balance and fall down. Always keep you bicycle in good condition.
Hope you must keep my tips in your mind. I have nothing more to pen you.

Yours lovingly
Asutosh

Address

From Asutosh Mohanty Class- IX Odagoan PIN – _____________

To Asmit Mohanty Class -VII U.G.M.E. School, Adala, Nayagarh PIN – _____________

BSE Odisha 9th Class English Road Safety Week Important Questions and Answers

Very Short & Objective Questions With Answers.
Answer The Followings In A Sentence.

Question 1.
What is the first passage of Road Safety Week about?
Answer:
The passage is about a tragic bus accident that happened on the Mahanadi bridge on 20 November 2018. .

Question 2.
What happened after the accident occurred?
Answer:
After the accident occurred, the injured passengers were rescued and admitted to Cuttack Medical College and Hospital for treatment.

Question 3.
How did the Government of Odisha help the victims of the accident?
Answer:
The Government of Odisha provided free treatment to the injured passengers and announced financial assistance of two lakh rupees each to the kin of the victims.

Question 4.
How did this accident happen?
Answer:
A private bus, on its way to Cuttack from Talcher, hit a buffalo on the bridge and crashed into the railing. The bus fell into the river-bed.

Question 5.
Suggest some ways to avoid such dreadful accidents.
Answer:
To avoid such dreadful accidents the driver should be careful, and shouldn’t drink while driving. Domestic animals mustn’t be allowed to walk freely both on the roads and on the bridges.

Question 6.
What is road safety?
Answer:
Road safety means the safety of people from roadside injuries and deaths.

Question 7.
What is the-finding of the World Health Organisation?
Answer:
The finding of the World Health Organisation is that most of the hospitalisation cases and causes of death are due to lack of awareness among the people.

Question 8.
Why is there a greater need of awareness among people about road safety?
Answer:
The accidents and deaths happen on the roads due to rise in number of vehicle users, so there is a greater need of awareness among the people about the road safety.

Question 9.
Who observes the Road Safety Week campaign?
Answer:
The Government of India, nongovernment agencies, charitable organisations and private firms across the country observe the ‘Road Safety Week’ campaign.

Question 10.
What is the main aim of Road Safety Week campaign?
Answer:
The main aim of Road Safety Week campaign is to aware the people about the result of drunken driving, high-speed driving, importance of wearing a helmet for bikers, a seat-belt for four-wheeler drivers.

Question 11.
What things should people know about road safety by this campaign?
Answer:
By this campaign, the people should know about the result of drunken and high-speed driving, using cell phones and listening to music while driving along with usefulness of wearing helmet while driving bikes and using seat-belt while driving four-wheelers.

Question 12.
When is the Road Safety Week organised?
Answer:
The Road Safety Week is organised every year in the month of January by the Ministry of Road Transport and Highways of India.

Question 13.
Where do people celebrate the Road Safety Week?
Answer:
The people celebrate this week in the major cities like Delhi, Bangalore, Mumbai, Chennai, Kolkata, Baroda, Pune, Bhubaneswar, Hyderabad and Chandigarh etc.

Question 14.
Who voluntarily take part in the campaign?
Answer:
Many schools and colleges voluntarily take part in this campaign.

Question 15.
What do the local authorities do during this campaign?
Answer:
The local authorities organise a thorough check of drivers and motorcyclists to send a strong message of ‘Zero Tolerance against drunken driving’ and explained about traffic rules.

Question 16.
How do drivers get benefit out of this programme?
Answer:
The drivers are also benefitted out of this campaign by attending free medical check-up camps and driving training workshops.

Question 17.
What activities are organised for school and college children?
Answer:
The school and college children take part in various painting and drawing competitions exhibitions, tests of road rules, and debates on selected themes relating to road safety.

Question 18.
How many important causes of accident have been highlighted in this text?
Answer:
Six important causes of accident have been highlighted in this text.

Question 19.
Who are eligible to get driving licence from the authorities?
Answer:
For driving a private vehicle people of 18 years age or above and for driving a commercial vehicle people of 20 years age or above are eligible to get driving licence from the authorities.

Question 20.
What does ‘distracted driving’ mean?
Answer:
“Distracted driving” means absent-minded or disturbed driving.

Question 21.
What does ‘distracted driving’ include?
Answer:
That includes speak on cell phones or texting while driving or talking to other passengers or listening to loud music.

Question 22.
Find out the word which means ‘traveller on foot’?
Answer:
The word that means ‘traveller on foot’ is pedestrian.

Question 23.
How can the drunken driving be checked?
Answer:
The drunken driving can be checked by giving the drunken drivers heavy punishment or fined them heavily.

Question 24.
What should the government do for issuing driving licence?
Answer:
Strict government orders must be issued to licence issuing authorities concerned for taking strong steps while issuing licence.

Question 25.
What can be done for old and unused vehicles?
Answer:
Old and unused vehicles that do not possess a fitness certificate must not be allowed to run along road.

Answer The Followings In A Word Or A Phrase

Question 1.
Find a single word for the expression “coming and going of persons and vehicles.”
Answer:
traffic

Question 2.
What does a car driver use while driving?
Answer:
seat-belt

Question 3.
Which colour indicates to proceed with caution on the road?
Answer:
yellow

Question 4.
What should a person wear while riding the bike?
Answer:
helmet

Question 5.
What is the punishment for driving by a minor?
Answer:
Rs. 500/- fine

Question 6.
What is the amount of the fine for driving without a helmet?
Answer:
Rs. 100/- fine

Question 7.
How much is a person punished for dangerous or hasty driving?
Answer:
Rs. 1000/- fine

Question 8.
How are the drunken drivers punished?
Answer:
Rs. 2000/- fine

Question 9.
What is the colour that indicated to go?
Answer:
green

Question 10.
What is the colour that indicates to stop?
Answer:
red

Question 11.
What do many people think about road safety?
Answer:
non-essential

Question 12.
Who should follow the road safety methods and measures?
Answer:
the road users

Question 13.
What is the single word for the expression ‘a traveler on foot’?
Answer:
pedestrian

Question 14.
What is the single word for the expression ‘more important than anything else’?
Answer:
paramount

Question 15.
Who are instructed not to drink while driving?
Answer:
drivers

Question 16.
When is Road Safety Week observed?
Answer:
January

Question 17.
What should the government issue to licence-issuing authorities?
Answer:
strict orders

Question 18.
What is the age limit to get a licence to drive a private vehicle?
Answer:
18 years

Question 19.
What is the age limit of a driver driving a heavy vehicle?
Answer:
20 years

Question 20.
What should be made compulsory for vehicles plying on the roads?
Answer:
fitness certificates

Fill In The Blanks
1. The government celebrates Road Safety Week every year in the month of _____________.
Answer:
January

2. Many non-government organisations provide support to the Road Safety Week _____________.
Answer:
Campaign

3. The ____________ of the Road Safety Week Campaign is to motivate the people.
Answer:
aim

4. We can prevent accidents by making people ____________of the road safety rules.
Answer:
aware

5. Road Safety Quiz competitions are organised for the ______________ people.
Answer:
young

6. Persons caught talking or texting on cell phones should be ____________ not to repeat such violations.
Answer:
fined

7. The act of coming to the _____________ and going back home every day is called commutation.
Answer:
working place

8. We can distribute _____________ to make people aware of the road safety rules.
Answer:
leaflets

9. Everyone should think about safety first then ________________.
Answer:
drive

10. Free ____________ check-up camps are organised for the drivers.
Answer:
medical

Multiple Choice Questions With Answers

Question 1.
Find a single word for the expression “coming and going of persons and vehicles.”
(A) traffic
(B) crowd
(C) movement
(D) transportation
Answer:
(A) traffic

Question 2.
What does a car driver use while driving?
(A) a uniform
(B) seat-belt
(C) helmet
(D) none of these
Answer:
(B) seat-belt

Question 3.
Which colour indicates to proceed with caution on the road?
(A) green
(B) red
(C) yellow
(D) pink
Answer:
(C) yellow

Question 4.
What should a person wear while riding the bike?
(A) spectacles
(B) seat-belt
(C) shoes
(D) helmet
Answer:
(D) helmet

Question 5.
What is the colour that indicated to go?
(A) green
(B) yellow
(C) red
(D) pink
Answer:
(A) green

Question 6.
What is the colour that indicates to stop?
(A) green
(B) red
(C) pink
(D) yellow
Answer:
(B) red

Question 7.
What do many people think about road safety?
(A) essential
(B) important
(C) non-essential
(D) necessary
Answer:
(C) non-essential

Question 8.
Who should follow road safety methods and measures?
(A) bus drivers
(B) bike riders
(C) cyclists
(D) the road users
Answer:
(D) the road users

Question 9.
What is the single word for the expression ‘a traveller on foot’?
(A) traveller
(B) passenger
(C) rider
(D) pedestrian
Answer:
(D) pedestrian

Question 10.
What is the single word for the expression ‘.more important than anything else’?
(A) logistic
(B) drivers
(C) paramount
(D) precious
Answer:
(C) paramount

Question 11.
Who are instructed not to drink while driving?
(A) bike-riders
(B) caution
(C) cyclists
(D) travellers
Answer:
(B) caution

Question 12.
When is Road Safety Week observed?
(A) January
(B) July
(C) September
(D) March
Answer:
(A) January

Question 13.
What is the age limit to get a licence to drive a private vehicle?
(A) 16 years
(B) 18 years
(C) 20 years
(D) 21 years
Answer:
(B) 18 years

Question 14.
What is the age limit of a driver driving a heavy vehicle?
(A) 10 years
(B) 21 years
(C) 20 years
(D) 24 years
Answer:
(C) 20 years

Question 15.
The government celebrates the Road Safety Week every year in the month of ___________?
(A) January
(B) March
(C) July
(D) September
Answer:
(A) January

Subjective Questions With Answers

Question 1.
What is road safety? What does it involve?
Answer:
Road safety refers to the safety of people from the roadside injuries and deaths. It involves various methods and measures which must be followed by the road users to prevent serious injuries and deaths on the roads.lt is very important as it affects people’s lives.

Question 2.
What is the finding of the World Health Organisation?
Answer:
The finding of the World Health Organisation is that most of the cases of hospitalizations and deaths are due to lack of awareness among the users of the roads.So everyone should strictly follow the rules, regulations and signs of the road traffic lights in order to avoid the accidents..

Question 3.
Why is there greater need of awareness among people about road safety ?
Answer:
There is greater need of awareness among people about road safety because the number of vehicle users is increasing day by day. But there is ignorance of traffic rules and regulations among them. So the vehicle users should be taught about road safety.

Question 4.
Who observes the Road Safety Week campaign?
Answer:
The government, non-government agencies, charitable organizations and private firms across the country observe the Road Safety Week campaign.lt is observed every year in the month of January by the Ministry of Road Transport and Highways of India.

Question 5.
What is the main aim of Road Safety Week campaign?
Answer:
The main aim of the Road Safety Week compaign is to sensitise people about the outcome of drunken driving, high speed driving and the importance of wearing helmet for the bikers and seatbelts for four wheeler drivers. People are encouraged about how to drive on the roads safely.

Question 6.
What things should people know about road safety by this compaign ?
Answer:
By this compaign people should know about traffic rules and regulations, traffic signals , causes of road accidents and benefits of using helmets for the bikers and seatbelts for four wheelers.The commuters are explained about traffic rules and the cautions they should take on the roads.

Question 7.
What does the author say in the third paragraph?
Answer:
In the third paragraph ,the author tells us how, when and by whom the Road Safety Week is organised. It also tells us about the government and non-government organisations’ initiatives to educate people about the rules of the road by organising training workshops and health check up camps for the drivers.

Question 8.
Where do people normally celebrate the Road Safety Week?
Answer:
The Road Safety Week is organised in January for a week every year. People in big cities like Delhi, Kolkata, Chennai, Mumbai, Bangalore, Bhubaneswar, Hyderabad and Chandigarh normally clebrate this week.The students of schools and colleges also take part in the celebration.

Question 9.
What do local authorities do during this campaign?
Answer:
The local authorities organise checking of bikers and drivers of the four wheelers to educate them about the safety on the road.A strong message of zero tolerance is sent to them.The commuters are given knowledge about the traffic rules, traffic signals and what cautions to be taken while on the road.

Question 10.
What activities are organized for students and drivers ?
Answer:
Various competitions like painting, drawing, debate on selected themes, test of road rules, safety announcements, exhibitions, seminars, workshops and other related activities are orgainised for the school and college students. Drivers get much benefit out of this programme by attending free medical check ups and safe driving training workshops.

Question 11.
How many important causes of road accidents have been highlighted in this topic ?
Answer:
There are six important causes of road accidents highlighted in this topic. Some causes of road accidents are bad roads, overloaded vehicles, avoiding indicators, not wearing helmets by the bikers and seatbelts by the drivers.

Question 12.
Who are eligible to get driving licence from the authorities?
Answer:
The permissible age in India for driving a private vehicle is above 18 years of age. One can apply for a learner’s licence when one is 16 years old. One can drive a vehicle of 50 cc engine capacity with the consent of his/ her parents. For driving a commercial vehicle a person should be 20 years old.

Question 13.
How can drunken driving be checked?
Answer:
Drunken driving can be checked by checking the drivers thoroughly and imposing heavy fines and punishment for their drunkenness. Zero tolerance against them should be imposed. They should be taught about the outcome of drunken driving.

Question 14.
What should government do for issuing driving licences ?
Answer:
The government should issue strict orders to the local lincence issuing authorities for taking strong and rigid steps while issuing driving licences.Under age people and uneducated people should not be given licence to drive both bikes and vehicles.

Question 15.
What can be done for old and unused vehicles?
Answer:
The fitness certificates should be made mandatory for all the old and unused vehicles plying on the road. The old vehicle that is not in good condition should not be allowed to run along the road.

Road Safety Week Summary in English

Lead-In:

In a tragic incident, 12 people were killed and 49 injured after a bus fell into the Mahanadi river-bed from a bridge near Jagatpur on the outskirts of the Cuttack city on 20 November 2018. The accident occurred after the private bus, on its way to Cuttack from Talcher, hit a buffalo on the bridge and crashed into the railing. It fell 30 feet down into the dry river-bed. The driver turned the bus aside to save the animal and thus the accident happened. The animal also died in the accident. All the injured passengers were rescued and taken to Cuttack medical college hospital for treatment. The Government of Odisha announced financial assistance of two lakh rupees each to the kin of the victims along with free treatment to the injured passengers and ordered an official inquiry into the incident.

Questions With Answer

Question 1.
What is this passage about ?
Answer:
The passage is about a tragic bus accident that happened on the Mahanadi bridge on 20 November 2018. 12 people were killed and 49 injured in this accident.

Question 2.
What happened after the accident occurred ?
Answer:
After the accident occurred, the injured passengers were rescued and taken to Cuttack medical college hospital for treatment. The Government of Odisha provided free treatment to the injured passengers and announced financial assistance of two lakh rupees each to the kin of the victims and also ordered an official inquity into the incident.

Question 3.
Why did this accident happen ? Can you think of some other causes of the accident ?
Answer:
A private bus, on its way to Cuttack from Talcher, hit a buffalo on the bridge and crashed into the railing. The bus fell into the river-bed. The other causes of the accident may be carelessnes of the driver, high speed of the bus, bad condition of the bus etc.

Question 4.
Suggest some ways to avoid such dreadful accidents.
Answer:
To avoid such dreadful accidents the driver should be careful, and shouldn’t drink while driving. The vehicle shouldn’t cross its speed limit. The vehicle should be properly maintained and the rules of the road should be obeyed.

About The Topic :

Thousands of people die every year in bus accidents. It is due to the carelessness of the driver or due to his massive drink while driving. It may be, he does not care to obey the traffic rales. Many people think that road safety is inessential but it is most necessary. It is of paramount importance. So the Government of India has arranged “Road Safety Week” to arouse the awareness among the people. It is observed in the month of January every year.

ପ୍ରତିବର୍ଷ ହଜାର ହଜାର ଲୋକ ବସ୍ ଦୁର୍ଘଟଣାରେ ମରୁଛନ୍ତି । ଏହା ଡ୍ରାଇଭରର ବେଖାତିର ଭାବରୁ କିମ୍ବା ଅତ୍ୟଧ୍ଵ ପରିମାଣରେ ମଦ ପିଇବା ଯୋଗ ହୋଇପାରେ । ସେ ଟାଫିକ ନିୟମ ନ ମାନିବା ହେତୁ ହୁଏତ ଦୁର୍ଘଟଣା ଘଟୁଥାଇପାରେ । ଅନେକ ଭାବନ୍ତି ସଡ଼କ ସୁରକ୍ଷା ନିତାନ୍ତ ଦରକାରୀ ନୁହେଁ, କିନ୍ତୁ ଏହା ଏକାନ୍ତ ଦରକାରୀ ଯାହା ମଣିଷର ଜୀବନକୁ ସୁରକ୍ଷା ଦେଇଥାଏ । ଜନସାଧାରଣଙ୍କ ମଧ୍ୟରେ ସଚେତନତା ସୃଷ୍ଟି ପାଇଁ ସରକାର ପ୍ରତିବର୍ଷ ଜାନୁଆରୀ ମାସରେ ‘ସଡ଼କ ସୁରକ୍ଷା ସପ୍ତାହ’ ପାଳନ କରୁଛନ୍ତି ।

Summary

Many people never think about road safety, but it is of great importance as it affects people’s life. It keeps people safe from road mishaps. It deals with various methods and steps which must be followed by road users to avoid risk of injury or death. According to the statistics of World Health Organisation, most cases of hospitalisation and leading causes of death are due to lack of awareness.- So everyone should follow traffic rules and regulations. Road Safety Week is a awareness programme for raising public awareness about traffic rules and reduce road accidents. Though this programme is organised by the govmment many charitable organisations, non-govemment agencies and private firms all over the country extend their support to make the programme successful. This campaign sensitise people about the harmful effect of drunken and high-speed driving and benefits of using helmet and seat-belt. Road Safety Week is organised by the Ministry of Road Transport and Highways of India every year in the month of January. Variety of programmes are organised to encourage people about how to drive safely on road. Many schools and colleges take part in the campaign. Local authorities organise a thorough check and penalise the drunken drivers and others who violate safety rules. Various painting and drawing competitions, exhibitions relating to road safety are organised to create public awareness. Many factors are responsible for serious road accidents resulting fatalities. Those factors are : (i) drunken driving and driving in a rash and negligent way, (ii) driving vehicles below sixteen years of age, (iii) distracted driving (speaking on cell phone and texting, talking with other passengers etc.), (iv) not using seat-belt, disobey signals and driving in a restricted lane, (v) due to carelessness of pedestrians and (vi) unsafe and poor conditions of commercial vehicles. Road Safety Week programme gives importance on how to prevent the accidents from these factors. The local authorities should check all the drivers on road and put heavy fine on the offenders. The cases of drunken driving, not using helmet or seat-belt, found talking or texting on cell phones should be penalised heavily not to repeat such violations. Strict government orders must be issued to licence issuing authorities concerned for taking strong steps while issuing licences. Drivers must be cautioned by road signs and speed limits to avoid accidents. Fitness Certificate for every vehicle running on the road should be made compulsory. Road Safety Week campaign is observed for this purpose. It values our lives and make us understand about the safe driving on road to avoid road mishaps and deaths. This programme is really a great opportunity for us.

ସାରାଂଶ
ଅନେକ ଲୋକ ରାସ୍ତା ନିରାପତ୍ତା ବିଷୟରେ ଆଦୌ ଚିନ୍ତା କରନ୍ତି ନାହିଁ, ମାତ୍ର ଏହା ବେଶ୍ ଗୁରୁତ୍ଵପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ ଯେହେତୁ ଏହା ଲୋକମାନଙ୍କ ଜୀବନକୁ ପ୍ରଭାବିତ କରେ । ଏହା ଲୋକମାନଙ୍କୁ ସଡ଼କ ଦୁର୍ଘଟଣାରୁ ସୁରକ୍ଷିତ ରଖେ । ଏହା କେତେକ ପଦ୍ଧତି ଓ ଉପାୟ ସହ ସମ୍ପୃକ୍ତ

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Everyone needs to be well aware of the road traffic rules to avoid such risks. According to the World Health Organisation, most of the hospitalisation cases and leading causes of death are due to lack of awareness. So everyone should strictly follow all the rules, regulations and signs of road traffic lights. The rise of accidents due to the increase in number of vehicle users demands a greater need offawareness among people about road safety.

ଅନୁବାଦ :
ଅନେକ ଲୋକ ଭାବନ୍ତି ଯେ ସଡ଼କ ନିରାପତ୍ତା ଅନାବଶ୍ୟକ, ମାତ୍ର ଏହା ଅତ୍ୟନ୍ତ ଆବଶ୍ୟକ । ରାସ୍ତା ନିରାପତ୍ତାରେ ସର୍ବାଧ‌ିକ ଆବଶ୍ୟକତା ରହିଛି ଯେହେତୁ ଏହା ଲୋକମାନଙ୍କ ଜ୍ଞାତସାରରେ ହେଉ ବା ଅଜ୍ଞାତସାରରେ ହେଉ ସେମାନଙ୍କ ଜୀବନକୁ ପ୍ରଭାବିତ କରିଥାଏ । ରାସ୍ତା ନିରାପତ୍ତା କହିଲେ ରାସ୍ତାରେ ହେଉଥ‌ିବା ଦୁର୍ଘଟଣା ଓ ମୃତ୍ୟୁରୁ ଲୋକମାନଙ୍କୁ ସୁରକ୍ଷା ଦେବାକୁ ବୁଝାଏ । ଏହା ବିଭିନ୍ନ ପ୍ରଣାଳୀ/ପଦ୍ଧତି ଓ ପଦକ୍ଷେପ ସହ ଜଡ଼ିତ ଯାହାକୁ ରାସ୍ତାରେ ଯାତାୟାତ କରୁଥିବା ଲୋକମାନେ ଗୁରୁତର ଆହତ କିମ୍ବା ମୃତ୍ୟୁକୁ ରୋକିବା ନିମନ୍ତେ କଡ଼ାକଡ଼ି ଭାବେ ପାଳନ କରିବା ଆବଶ୍ୟକ । ପଦଚାରୀ, ମୋଟରସାଇକେଲ ଚାଳକ, ସାଇକେଲ ଚାଳକ, ଯାତ୍ରୀ ପ୍ରଭୃତିଙ୍କର ରାସ୍ତାରେ ଆହତ କିମ୍ବା ମୃତ୍ୟୁ ହେବା ଭଳି ବିପଦ ଆଶଙ୍କା ଅଛି । ଏଭଳି ବିପଦ|ଆଶଙ୍କାକୁ ଏଡ଼ାଇ ଦେବାପାଇଁ ସମସ୍ତେ ରାସ୍ତାର ଟ୍ରାଫିକ୍ ନିୟମ ସମ୍ବନ୍ଧରେ ଭଲଭାବେ ଜାଣିବାର ଆବଶ୍ୟକତା ଅଛି । ବିଶ୍ୱ ସ୍ୱାସ୍ଥ୍ୟ ସଙ୍ଗଠନ ମତରେ, ଅଧ୍ଵସଂଖ୍ୟକ ଚିକିତ୍ସାଳୟରେ ଭର୍ତ୍ତି ହେବା ଘଟଣା ଓ ମୃତ୍ୟୁର ପ୍ରମୁଖ କାରଣ ହେଉଛି ସଚେତନତାର ଅଭାବ । ତେଣୁ ପ୍ରତ୍ୟେକ ସମସ୍ତ ନୀତି, ନିୟମ ଓ ରାସ୍ତା ଟ୍ରାଫିକ୍ ବତି ଆଲୋକର ସଙ୍କେତକୁ କଡ଼ାକଡ଼ି ଭାବେ ପାଳନ କରିବା ଆବଶ୍ୟକ । ଯାନବାହନ ସଂଖ୍ୟାର ମାତ୍ରାତ୍ମକ ବୃଦ୍ଧି ହେତୁ ଦୁର୍ଘଟଣା ସଂଖ୍ୟା ବୃଦ୍ଧି ପାଉଥ‌ିବାରୁ ଲୋକମାନଙ୍କ ମଧ୍ୟରେ ରାସ୍ତା ନିରାପତ୍ତା ସମ୍ପର୍କରେ ସଚେତନତାର ଅଧିକ ଆବଶ୍ୟକତା ରହିଛି ।

Paragraph – 2

Road Safety Week is one of the awareness programmes for road safety. It is a national event aimed at raising public awareness about traffic rules, and to reduce road accidents and help people save their lives as well as the lives of other people on the road. Though the government observes Road Safety Weeks, many charitable organisations, non-government agencies and private firms across the country also organise and provide logistic support to the Road Safety Week Campaign. The aim of this campaign is to sensitise people about the outcome of drunken driving, high-speed driving and the importance of wearing helmet for bikers and seat-belt for four-wheel drivers. They are instructed not to use cell phones or listen to music while driving.

ଅନୁବାଦ :
ସଡ଼କ ସୁରକ୍ଷା/ନିରାପତ୍ତା ସପ୍ତାହ ରାସ୍ତାରେ ସୁରକ୍ଷା ପାଇଁ ସଚେତନତା ସୃଷ୍ଟିକାରୀ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟକ୍ରମଗୁଡ଼ିକ ମଧ୍ୟରୁ ଗୋଟିଏ ଅଟେ । ଏହା ଏକ ଜାତୀୟ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟକ୍ରମ ଯାହାକି ଟ୍ରାଫିକ୍ ନିୟମାବଳୀ ସମ୍ବନ୍ଧରେ ଜନସଚେତନତା ବୃଦ୍ଧି କରିବା, ସଡ଼କ ଦୁର୍ଘଟଣା ହ୍ରାସ କରିବା ଏବଂ ଲୋକମାନଙ୍କୁ ରାସ୍ତାରେ ସେମାନଙ୍କ ଜୀବନ ରକ୍ଷା କରିବା ସହ ଅନ୍ୟମାନଙ୍କ ଜୀବନ ରକ୍ଷା କରିବା ନିମନ୍ତେ ସାହାଯ୍ୟ କରିବାର ଲକ୍ଷ୍ୟ ରଖୁଛି । ସରକାର ସଡ଼କ ସୁରକ୍ଷା ସପ୍ତାହ ପାଳନ କରୁଥିଲେ ହେଁ ସାରା ଦେଶର ଅନେକ ସହାୟତା ପ୍ରଦାନକାରୀ ସଙ୍ଗଠନ, ବେସରକାରୀ ସଂସ୍ଥା, ବେସରକାରୀ ପ୍ରତିଷ୍ଠାନ ସଡ଼କ ସୁରକ୍ଷା ସପ୍ତାହ ଅଭିଯାନ ଆୟୋଜନ କରନ୍ତି ଏବଂ ଏହାକୁ ନୈତିକ ସମର୍ଥନ ମଧ୍ୟ ଦେଇଥା’ନ୍ତି । ଏହି ଅଭିଯାନର ଲକ୍ଷ୍ୟ ହେଉଛି ଲୋକମାନଙ୍କୁ ନିଶାସକ୍ତ ଗାଡ଼ିଚାଳନା, ଅତି ଦ୍ରୁତ ଗାଡ଼ିଚାଳନାର କୁପରିଣତି ଓ ବାଇକ୍ ଚାଳକମାନଙ୍କ ପାଇଁ ହେଲ୍‌ମେଟ୍ ପିନ୍ଧିବା ଓ ଚାରିଚକିଆ ଯାନର ଚାଳକମାନଙ୍କ ପାଇଁ ସିଗ୍‌ବେଲ୍ସ ବ୍ୟବହାର କରିବାର ଆବଶ୍ୟକତା ବିଷୟରେ ସଚେତନ କରିବା । ସେମାନଙ୍କୁ ଗାଡ଼ିଚାଳନା ସମୟରେ ମୋବାଇଲ୍ ଫୋନ୍ ବ୍ୟବହାର ନ କରିବାକୁ କିମ୍ବା ଗୀତ ନ ଶୁଣିବାକୁ ନିର୍ଦ୍ଦେଶ ଦିଆଯାଏ ।

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Road Safety Week is organised every year in the month of January by the Ministry of Road Transport and Highways of India. The week is celebrated with great interest and enthusiasm every year in major cities like Delhi, Bangalore, Mumbai, Chennai, Kolkata, Baroda, Pune, Bhubaneswar, Hyderabad and Chandigarh, etc. People are encouraged about how to drive on road by organising a variety of programmes related to the road safety. During the whole week of this campaign, a variety of educational banners, safety posters, safety films, pocket guides and leaflets are distributed to the on-road travellers. In cities, efforts are made to raise public awareness about traffic rules, signs, and cautions which should be taken while on road. Many schools and colleges voluntarily take part in the campaign. The local authorities also organise a thorough check of drivers and motorcyclists to send a strong message of “Zero Tolerance against Drunken Driving” and other safety violations. Commuters are explained about traffic rules and signs as well as the cautions they should take on road. Various painting and drawing competitions, road safety announcements, exhibitions, tests of road rules, debates on selected themes, besides workshops, seminars and other related activities are organised. Free medical check-up camps and driving training workshops are also organised for the drivers.

ଅନୁବାଦ :
ସଡ଼କ ସୁରକ୍ଷା ସପ୍ତାହ ଭାରତ ସରକାରଙ୍କ ସଡ଼କ ପରିବହନ ଓ ରାଜପଥ ମନ୍ତ୍ରଣାଳୟ ତରଫରୁ ପ୍ରତିବର୍ଷ ଜାନୁୟାରୀ ମାସରେ ଆୟୋଜନ କରାଯାଏ । ଏହି ସପ୍ତାହ ଦିଲ୍ଲୀ, ବାଙ୍ଗାଲୋର, ମୁମ୍ବାଇ, ଚେନ୍ନାଇ, କୋଲକାତା, ବରୋଦା, ପୁନା, ଭୁବନେଶ୍ୱର, ହାଇଦ୍ରାବାଦ, ଚଣ୍ଡୀଗଡ଼ ଭଳି ବଡ଼ ବଡ଼ ସହରରେ ଆଗ୍ରହ ଓ ଉଦ୍ଦୀପନାର ସହ ପାଳନ କରାଯାଏ । ରାସ୍ତାରେ ସୁରକ୍ଷା ସମ୍ପର୍କିତ ଅନେକଗୁଡ଼ିଏ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟକ୍ରମ ଆୟୋଜନ କରି ଲୋକମାନଙ୍କୁ ରାସ୍ତାରେ କିପରି ଗାଡ଼ିଚାଳନା କରାଯାଏ ସେ ସମ୍ବନ୍ଧରେ ପ୍ରେରଣା ଦିଆଯାଏ । ଏହି ଅଭିଯାନରେ ସପ୍ତାହସାରା ବିଭିନ୍ନ ପ୍ରକାର ଶିକ୍ଷା ସମ୍ବନ୍ଧୀୟ ବ୍ୟାନର, ନିରାପତ୍ତା ସମ୍ପର୍କିତ ପୋଷ୍ଟର, ନିରାପତ୍ତା ସମ୍ପର୍କିତ ଫିଲ୍ମ, ପକେଟ୍ ଗାଇଡ଼ ରାସ୍ତାର ଯାତ୍ରୀମାନଙ୍କୁ ବିତରଣ କରାଯାଏ । ସହରଗୁଡ଼ିକରେ ରାସ୍ତାରେ ଯାତାୟାତବେଳେ ଟ୍ରାଫିକ୍ ନିୟମାବଳୀ, ସଙ୍କେତସମୂହ ଏବଂ ନିଆଯାଉଥିବା ସତର୍କତା ସମ୍ପର୍କରେ ଜନସଚେତନତା ସୃଷ୍ଟି ପାଇଁ ଉଦ୍ୟମ କରାଯାଏ । ଅନେକ ବିଦ୍ୟାଳୟ ଓ ମହାବିଦ୍ୟାଳୟଗୁଡ଼ିକ ସ୍ୱେଚ୍ଛାକୃତ ଭାବେ ଏହି ଅଭିଯାନରେ ଭାଗ ନେଇଥା’ନ୍ତି । ନିଶାସକ୍ତ ଗାଡ଼ିଚାଳନା ଓ ଅନ୍ୟାନ୍ୟ ନିରାପତ୍ତା ସମ୍ବନ୍ଧୀୟ ନିୟମ ଭଙ୍ଗ କରିବାକୁ ସହ୍ୟ କରାଯିବ ନାହିଁ ବୋଲି ଦୃଢ଼ ବାର୍ତ୍ତା ଦେବାପାଇଁ ସ୍ଥାନୀୟ କର୍ତ୍ତୃପକ୍ଷ ଗାଡ଼ିଚାଳକମାନଙ୍କୁ ଓ ମୋଟର ସାଇକେଲଚାଳକମାନଙ୍କୁ କଡ଼ାକଡ଼ି ଭାବେ ଯାଞ୍ଚ କରିଥା’ନ୍ତି । ଦୈନନ୍ଦିନ କର୍ମକ୍ଷେତ୍ରକୁ ଯାତାୟାତ କରୁଥିବା ବ୍ୟକ୍ତିମାନଙ୍କୁ ଟ୍ରାଫିକ୍ ନିୟମାବଳୀ ଓ ସଙ୍କେତ ବିଷୟରେ, ରାସ୍ତାରେ କି କି ସତର୍କତାମୂଳକ ପଦକ୍ଷେପ ନେବେ ସେ ବିଷୟରେ ବୁଝାଇ ଦିଆଯାଏ । ଅନେକ ଚିତ୍ରାଙ୍କନ ଓ ରଙ୍ଗ ପ୍ରଲେପନ ପ୍ରତିଯୋଗିତା, ରାସ୍ତାରେ ନିରାପତ୍ତା ସମ୍ବନ୍ଧୀୟ ଘୋଷଣା, ପ୍ରଦର୍ଶନୀ, ରାସ୍ତା ନିୟମର ପରୀକ୍ଷଣ, ଚୟନ କରାଯାଇଥିବା ବିଷୟ ଉପରେ ଭାଷଣ ପ୍ରତିଯୋଗିତା, ତାଲିମ କେନ୍ଦ୍ର, ସେମିନାର ଏବଂ ଅନ୍ୟାନ ସମ୍ପର୍କିତ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟକ୍ରମ ଆୟୋଜନ କରାଯାଏ । ଗାଡ଼ିଚାଳକମାନଙ୍କ ପାଇଁ ମାଗଣା ଡାକ୍ତରୀ ପରୀକ୍ଷା କେନ୍ଦ୍ର, ଡ୍ରାଇଭିଂ ତାଲିମ କେନ୍ଦ୍ରର ଆୟୋଜନ କରାଯାଇଥାଏ ।

Paragraph – 4

There are various important factors that may cause serious accidents resulting in fatalities. The people should be made aware of these causes of accidents. Firstly, the drunken drivers tend to drive in a rash and negligent way, often over speeding, risking their own lives as well as the lives of others. Secondly, some under-age people drive vehicles when permissible age in India for driving a private vehicle is 18 years. One can apply for a learner’s licence when he or she is 16 years old. In this case, age limit is prescribed for driving the private vehicles only. He / she can drive a vehicle of 50 cc engine capacity with the consent of his/her parents. For driving a commercial vehicle a person should be of 20 years old. The exercise is aimed at reducing road accidents by making sure that only the qualified people take to the wheel. Thirdly, accident occurs when one resorts to distracted driving which includes speaking on cell phones and texting while driving, talking to the other passengers, and sometimes listening to loud music. A distracted driver risks his own life as well as the life of others. Fourthly, the habit of not using seat belts, jumping signals or driving in a restricted lane causes casualties. Fifthly, sometimes the careless pedestrians also put others into trouble. Finally, many unsafe and poorly kept commercial vehicles run on the roads risking the life of drivers as well as others.

ଅନୁବାଦ :
ଅନେକଗୁଡ଼ିଏ ମୁଖ୍ୟ କାରଣ ରହିଛି ଯେଉଁଥ‌ିପାଇଁ ଗୁରୁତର ସଡ଼କ ଦୁର୍ଘଟଣା ଘଟିଥାଏ ଏବଂ ଲୋକେ ମୃତ୍ୟୁବରଣ କରିଥା’ନ୍ତି । ଲୋକମାନଙ୍କୁ ଦୁର୍ଘଟଣାର ସେସବୁ କାରଣଗୁଡ଼ିକ ବିଷୟରେ ସଚେତନ କରାଯିବା ଆବଶ୍ୟକ । ପ୍ରଥମତଃ, ନିଶାସକ୍ତ ଗାଡ଼ିଚାଳକମାନେ ତରବରିଆ ଭାବେ ଓ ବେପରୁଆ ମନୋବୃତ୍ତି ନେଇ ଗାଡ଼ିଚାଳନା କରନ୍ତି, ବହୁ ସମୟରେ ଦ୍ରୁତ ଗତିରେ ଗାଡ଼ିଚାଳନା କରି ନିଜ ଜୀବନକ ବିପନ୍ନ କରିବା ସହ ଅନ୍ୟମାନଙ୍କ ଜୀବନକୁ ମଧ୍ୟ ବିପନ୍ନ କରିଥା’ନ୍ତି । ଦ୍ବିତୀୟତଃ କମ୍ ବୟସରେ ଗାଡ଼ିଚାଳନା, ଯେତେବେଳ କି ଭାରତରେ ଏକ ବ୍ୟକ୍ତିଗତ ଗାଡ଼ିଚାଳନା ପାଇଁ ଅନୁମତି ପାଇବାର ବୟସ ହେଉଛି ୧୮ ବର୍ଷ । ଜଣେ ଅବଶ୍ୟ ୧୬ ବର୍ଷ ବୟସର ହୋଇଥିବାବେଳେ learner’s licence ପାଇଁ ଆବେଦନ କରିପାରିବ । ଏହି କ୍ଷେତ୍ରରେ, ବୟସସୀମା କେବଳ ବ୍ୟକ୍ତିଗତ ଯାନ ଚଳାଇବା ପାଇଁ ସ୍ଥିର କରାଯାଇଛି । ସେ ପିତାମାତାଙ୍କ ସମ୍ମତିରେ 50 cc ଇଞ୍ଜିନ୍ କ୍ଷମତାବିଶିଷ୍ଟ ଏକ ଗାଡ଼ି ଚଳାଇପାରିବେ । ଏକ ବ୍ୟାପାରିକ ଯାନ ଚଳାଇବା ନିମନ୍ତେ ଜଣେ ୨୦ ବର୍ଷ ବୟସ ବୟସ୍କ ହୋଇଥିବା ଆବଶ୍ୟକ । ଏସବୁର ଉଦ୍ଦେଶ୍ୟ ହେଉଛି କେବଳ ଯୋଗ୍ୟ ବ୍ୟକ୍ତିଙ୍କୁ ଯାନ ଚଳାଇବାର ଅନୁମତି ପ୍ରଦାନ କରି ସଡ଼କ ଦୁର୍ଘଟଣା ସଂଖ୍ୟା ହ୍ରାସ କରିବା । ତୃତୀୟତଃ ଜଣେ ଯେତେବେଳେ ଅନ୍ୟମନସ୍କ ଭାବେ କିମ୍ବା ମାନସିକ ଚାପରେ ଗାଡ଼ିଚାଳନା କରେ ସେତେବେଳେ ଦୁର୍ଘଟଣା ଘଟେ । ଗାଡ଼ିଚାଳନା ସମୟରେ ମୋବାଇଲ୍ ଫୋନ୍‌ରେ କଥା ହେବା ଏବଂ ବାର୍ତ୍ତା ପ୍ରେରଣ କରିବା, ଅନ୍ୟ ଯାତ୍ରୀଙ୍କ ସହ କଥା ହେବା ଏବଂ ବେଳେବେଳେ ଉଚ୍ଚ ଧ୍ଵନିଯୁକ୍ତ ସଙ୍ଗୀତ ଶୁଣିବା ଏହାର ଅନ୍ତର୍ଭୁକ୍ତ । ଚତୁର୍ଥତଃ, ସିଟ୍ ବେଲ୍ଟ ବ୍ୟବହାର ନ କରିବା, ସଙ୍କେତକୁ ନ ମାନିବା, ବାରଣ କରାଯାଇଥିବା ରାସ୍ତାରେ ଗାଡିଚାଳନା କରିବା ଯୋଗୁଁ ଦୁର୍ଘଟଣା ଘଟିଥାଏ । ପଞ୍ଚମତଃ, ବେଳେବେଳେ ବେରୁଆ ପଦଚାରୀମାନେ ଅନ୍ୟମାନଙ୍କୁ ଅସୁବିଧାରେ ପକାଇଥାଆନ୍ତି । ଶେଷତଃ, ରାସ୍ତାରେ ଚଳାଚଳ କରୁଥ‌ିବା ଅନେକ ବିପଦପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ ଓ ଖରାପ ଅବସ୍ଥାରେ ଥ‌ିବା ବ୍ୟାବସାୟିକ ଯାନ ଏହାର ଚାଳକ ତଥା ଅନ୍ୟମାନଙ୍କର ଜୀବନକୁ ସଙ୍କଟାପନ୍ନ କରିଥାଏ ।

Paragraph – 5

Road Safety Week programme also gives importance on how to prevent accidents from these causes. The local authorities should check the drivers of all the vehicles and motorcycles for cases of drunken driving. Strict government orders must be issued to the licence issuing authorities concerned for taking strong steps while issuing licences. Persons caught talking or texting on cell phones must be fined heavily or punished not to repeat such violations. Anyone without a helmet or not wearing a seat belt must be fined. Drivers must be cautioned by road signs and speed limits to avoid mishaps. The fitness certificate should be made compulsory for every vehicle running on road, and no tolerance should be made towards the violation of road safety rules.

ଅନୁବାଦ :
କିପରି ଏସବୁ କାରଣରୁ ହେଉଥ‌ିବା ଦୁର୍ଘଟଣାକୁ ରୋକାଯାଇପାରିବ ତାହା ଉପରେ ସଡ଼କ ସୁରକ୍ଷା ସପ୍ତାହ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟକ୍ରମ ଗୁରୁତ୍ଵ ଦେଇଥାଏ । ସ୍ଥାନୀୟ କର୍ତ୍ତୃପକ୍ଷ ନିଶାସକ୍ତ ଅବସ୍ଥାରେ ଗାଡ଼ିଚାଳନା କରୁଥିବା ଚାଳକ ଏବଂ ମୋଟରସାଇକେଲ ଚାଳକମାନଙ୍କୁ ଯାଞ୍ଚ କରି ଧରିବା ଆବଶ୍ୟକ । ଲାଇସେନ୍ସ୍ ପ୍ରଦାନକାରୀମାନେ ଲାଇସେନ୍ସ ପ୍ରଦାନ କରୁଥିବା ସମୟରେ ଦୃଢ଼ ପଦକ୍ଷେପ ନେବାକୁ କଡ଼ା ସରକାରୀ ନିୟମ ଜାରି କରାଯିବା ଆବଶ୍ୟକ । ମୋବାଇଲ୍‌ରେ କଥା ହେଉଥ‌ିବା କିମ୍ବା ବାର୍ତ୍ତା ପ୍ରେରଣ କରୁଥିବା ଚାଳକ ଧରାପଡ଼ିଲେ ତାଙ୍କୁ ଏପରି କାର୍ଯ୍ୟର ପୁନରାବୃତ୍ତି ନ କରିବା ସକାଶେ ଅଧ‌ିକ ଜୋରିମାନା କରାଯିବା ଆବଶ୍ୟକ । କୌଣସି ବ୍ୟକ୍ତି ହେଲମେଟ୍ ପିନ୍ଧି ନ ଥୁଲେ କିମ୍ବା ସିଲ୍ସ ବ୍ୟବହାର କରୁନଥିଲେ ତାଙ୍କୁ ଜୋରିମାନା କରାଯିବା ଆବଶ୍ୟକ । ଚାଳକମାନେ ଦୁର୍ଘଟଣା ଏଡ଼ାଇବାପାଇଁ ରାସ୍ତାର ସଙ୍କେତ ଓ ବେଗ ସୀମା ପ୍ରତି ସତର୍କ ରହିବା ଆବଶ୍ୟକ । ରାସ୍ତାରେ ଚଳାଚଳ କରୁଥିବା ପ୍ରତ୍ୟେକ ଯାନ ପାଇଁ ଉପଯୁକ୍ତତା ପ୍ରମାଣପତ୍ର (Fitness Certificate) ବାଧ୍ୟତାମୂଳକ କରାଯିବା ଦରକାର । ରାସ୍ତା ନିରାପତ୍ତା ନିୟମକୁ ଅମାନ୍ୟ କଲେ କୌଣସି ପ୍ରକାର କୋହଳ ମନୋବୃତ୍ତି ପୋଷଣ କରାଯିବା ଉଚିତ ନୁହେଁ ।

Paragraph – 6

Road Safety Week is an opportunity for us to recognise the preciousness of life and to make people understand what could be done to save our own life as well as the life of others.

ଅନୁବାଦ :
ଜୀବନର ମହାର୍ଘ ମୂଲ୍ୟ ବୁଝିବା ନିମନ୍ତେ ଆମ ନିଜ ଜୀବନ ତଥା ଅନ୍ୟମାନଙ୍କ ଜୀବନ ରକ୍ଷା କରିବା ନିମନ୍ତେ କ’ଣ କରାଯାଇପାରିବ ଏକଥା ବୁଝିବା ନିମନ୍ତେ ସଡ଼କ ସୁରକ୍ଷା ସପ୍ତାହ ଆମ ପାଇଁ ଏକ ସୁଯୋଗ ।

Notes And Glossary : ଟିପ୍‌ପଣୀ ଓ କଠିନ ଶବ୍ଦାର୍ଥ :

importance — urgency, gravity — ଗୁରୁତ୍ୱ
measures — actions — କାଯ୍ୟାବଳୀ
serious — critical
user — a person that uses something ବ୍ୟବହାରକାରୀ
motorist — a person who drives — ଗାଡ଼ିଚାଳକ
paramount — more important than anything else
prevent — to check — ବନ୍ଦ କରିବା
pedestrian — passerby — ପଥ୍ କ
awareness — information paying attention to — ସଚେତନତା
reduce — decrease — କମାଇ କରବା
logistictic — giving support essential to the proper operation of a campaign – କାଯ୍ୟକ୍ରମର ଯଥାଯଥ ନିର୍ବାହ ନିମନ୍ତେ ସମର୍ଥନ
campaign — a series of planned activities to fulfil social aim — ସାମାଜିକ ଉଦ୍ଦେଶ୍ୟ ପୂରଣକାରୀ ଅଭିଯାନ
emphasise — to give importance — ଗୁରୁତ୍ୱ କରବା
promote — to help / to improve — ଉନ୍ନତି କରିବା
dissuade — persuade somebody not to do something
enthusiasm — a strong feeling of excitement
organise — to arrange — ପରିଚାଳନ। କରବା
effort — try — ପ୍ରଚେଷ୍ଟା
voluntarily – willingly, with interest – ସ୍ବେଚ୍ଛାକୃତ ଭାବରେ |
commuter — daily traveller — ନିତିଦିନଆ ଯାତ୍ରୀ
seminar — a course for a small group of advanced students
factor — cause — କାରଶ
drunken — a person after drinking alcohol – ମଦ୍ୟପ
resort to — to make use of something
run the risk of – take the risk
traffic — the vehicles that are on the road – ରାସ୍ତାର ଗାଡ଼ିମଟର
signs — indications — ସୂଚକୃ
charitable — helping people who are in need – ବଦାନ୍ୟ
support — help — ସହାୟ ହେବା
distracted – disturbed — ବିଚଳିତ
texting — writing on cell-phone
commercial — related to business — ବ୍ୟବସାୟିକ
casualty — accident / death — ଦୁର୍ଘଟଣା / ମୃତ୍ୟୁ
violation — breaking of law
caution – to warn – ସତର୍କ
tolerance — patience — ଧୈର୍ୟ୍ୟ
precious — valuable – ମୂଲ୍ୟବାନ
outskirts — border — ସୀମା
non-essential – not important — ଆନାବଶ୍ୟକ,

BSE Odisha 9th Class English:

• The Priceless Gift Question Answer
• The Swimmer Who Does Not Need Her Legs! Question Answer
• Road Safety Week Question Answer
• The Missile Man of India Question Answer
• A Hero Question Answer
• Home and Love Question Answer
• Nine Gold Medals Question Answer
• The Noble Nature Question Answer
• No Men are Foreign Question Answer
• Alexander Selkirk Question Answer

Odisha State Board CHSE Odisha Class 12 Math Notes Chapter 13 Three Dimensional Geometry will enable students to study smartly.

CHSE Odisha 12th Class Math Notes Chapter 13 Three Dimensional Geometry

Important Formulae:
Distance Formula:
The distance between two points (x₁, y₁, z₁) and (x₂, y₂, z₂)
= \(\sqrt{\left(x_1-x_1\right)^2+\left(y_2-y_1\right)^2+\left(z_2-z_1\right)^2}\)

Division Formula:
(i) Internal division:
If P (x, y, z) divides the line segment joining, A (x₁, y₁, z₁) and B (x₂, y₂, z₂) into the ratio m : n internally then

Remark:
(i) If P (x, y, z) divides the line segment joining the points A (x₁, y₁, z₁) and B (x₂, y₂, z₂) into the ratio λ : 1 then

(ii) Co-ordinates of the mid-point of the line segment joining the points (x₁, y₁, z₁) and (x₂, y₂, z₂) are
\(\left(\frac{x_1+x_2}{2}, \frac{y_1+y_2}{2}, \frac{z_1+z_2}{2}\right)\)

Direction Cosines:
Suppose that a straight line makes angles α, β, γ with the positive directions of x-axis, y-axis and z-axis respectively.
Then direction cosines of the line are < cos α, cos β, cos γ >
We denote l = cos α, m = cos β and n = cos γ
Then l² + m² + n² = 1

Direction Ratios:
The direction ratios of a straight line are proportional to direction cosines.
If < a, b, c > are d. rs. and < l, m, n > are d.cs then

Direction ratios of a line segment joining the points (x₁, y₁, z₁) and (x₂, y₂, z₂) are
< x₂ – x₁, y₂ – y₁, z₂ – z₁ >

The projection of a line segment joining the points A (x₁, y₁, z₁) and B (x₂, y₂, z₂) onto the line ‘L’ with d.cs. < l, m, n >
= l (x₂ – x₁) + m (y₂ – y₁) + n (z₂ – z₁)

Angle between two lines:
Angle between two lines with d.cs.
< l₁, m₁, n₁ > and < l₂, m₂, n₂ > is given by cos θ = l₁l₂ + m₁m₂ + n₁n₂
(i) Two lines are parallel if their d.cs. are equal or d.r.s. are proportional.
(ii) Two lines are perpendicular if l₁l₂ + m₁m₂ + n₁n₂ = 0

Plane
Important formulae:
1. The general equation of the plane is ax + by + cz + d = 0
2. Equation of the plane passing through a poing (x₁, y₁, z₁) and having l, m, n direction cosines of the normal to the plane is l (x – x₁) + m (y – y₁) + n (z – z₁) = 0
3. Equation of the plane in intercept form is \(\frac{x}{a}+\frac{y}{b}+\frac{z}{c}\) = 1
where a, b, c are the intercepts from the axes.
4. Equation of the plane in normal form is lx + my + nz = p
where < l, m, n > are d.cs of the normal and p is the length of the normal.
5. Equation of the plane passing through three points.
(x₁, y₁, z₁), (x₂, y₂, z₂) and (x₃, y₃, z₃) is
\(\left|\begin{array}{rrr}
x-x_1 & y-y_1 & z-z_1 \\
x_2-x_1 & y_2-y_1 & z_2-z_1 \\
x_3-x_1 & y_3-y_1 & z_3-z_1
\end{array}\right|\) = 0

6. (i) Angle between two planes is the angle between their normals.
(ii) If two planes are
a₁x + b₁y + c₁z + d₁ = 0 and
a₂x + b₂y + c₂z + d₂ = 0
then the direction ratios of their normal are < a₁, b₁, c₁ > and < a₂, b₂, c₂ >
(iii) If θ is the angle between two planes then
cos θ = \(\frac{a_1 a_2+b_1 b_2+c_1 c_2}{\sqrt{a_1^2+b_1^2+c_1^2} \cdot \sqrt{a_2^2+b_2^2+c_2^2}}\)
(iv) Two planes a₁x + b₁y + c₁z + d₁ = 0 and a₂x + b₂y + c₂z + d₂ = 0 are parallel if \(\frac{a_1}{a_2}=\frac{b_1}{b_2}=\frac{c_1}{c_2}\).
(v) The above two planes are perpendicular if a₁a₂ + b₁b₂ + c₁c₂ = 0.

7. The distance of a point (x₁, y₁, z₁) from a plane ax + by + cz + d = 0 is
\(\left|\frac{a x_1+b y_1+c z_1+d}{\sqrt{a^2+b^2+c^2}}\right|\)

8. Equations of the planes bisecting the angle between two planes
a₁x + b₁y + c₁z + d₁ = 0 and
a₂x + b₂y + c₂z + d₂ = 0 are
\(\frac{a_1 x+b_1 y+c_1 z+d_1}{\sqrt{a_1^2+b_1^2+c_1^2}}=\pm \frac{a_2 x+b_2 y+c_2 z+d_2}{\sqrt{a_2^2+b_2^2+c_2^2}}\)

The Straight Line
Important formulae:
1. Unsymmetrical From:
The joint equation of two planes represent a stright line. Thus the equation of a straight line in unsymmetrical form a₁x + b₁y + c₁z + d₁ = 0 and a₂x + b₂y + c₂z + d₂ = 0

2. Symmetrical Form:
Equation of a straight line through a point (x₀, y₀, z₀) and having d.c. < l, m, n > is
\(\frac{x-x_0}{l}=\frac{y-y_0}{m}=\frac{z-z_0}{n}\)

3. Two-point Form:
The equation of a straight line passing through two points (x₁, y₁, z₁) and (x₂, y₂, z₂) is
\(\frac{x-x_1}{x_2-x_1}=\frac{y-y_1}{y_2-y_1}=\frac{z-z_1}{z_2-z_1}\)

4. Condition that a line will lie on a Plane:
The straight line
\(\frac{x-x_0}{l}=\frac{y-y_0}{m}=\frac{z-z_0}{n}\) lie in a plane ax + by + cz + d = 0
if (i) al + bm + cn = 0
and (ii) ax₀ + by₀ + cz₀ + d = 0

5. Condition for Two Lines to be Coplanar:

6. Angle between a line and a plane:
The angle between the line

7. Distance of a Point from a Line:
The distance of a point (x₁, y₁, z₁) from a line