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BSE Odisha Class 6 Geography Important Questions

BSE Odisha 6th Class Geography Important Questions ଇତିହାସ

• Chapter 1 ପୃଥିବୀ ଓ ସୌର ଜଗତ Important Questions
• Chapter 2 ଭୂଗୋଲକ : ଅକ୍ଷାଂଶ ଓ ଦ୍ରାଘିମା Important Questions
• Chapter 3 ମାନଚିତ୍ର ଅଧ୍ୟୟନ Important Questions
• Chapter 4 ପୃଥିବୀର ଗତି Important Questions
• Chapter 5 ପୃଥିବୀର ମଣ୍ଡଳସମୂହ Important Questions
• Chapter 6 ପୃଥିବୀର ମହାଦେଶ Important Questions
  • Chapter 6(a) ଏସିଆ Important Questions
  • Chapter 6(b) ଆଫ୍ରିକା Important Questions
  • Chapter 6(c) ଉତ୍ତର ଆମେରିକା Important Questions
  • Chapter 6(d) ଦକ୍ଷିଣ ଆମେରିକା Important Questions
  • Chapter 6(e) ଆଣ୍ଟାର୍କଟିକା Important Questions
  • Chapter 6(f) ଇଉରୋପ Important Questions
  • Chapter 6(g) ଅଷ୍ଟ୍ରେଲିଆ Important Questions
• Chapter 7(a) ଭାରତ : ଅବସ୍ଥିତି ଓ ପ୍ରାକୃତିକ ବିଭାଗ Important Questions
• Chapter 7(b) ଭାରତ : ଜଳବାୟୁ, ପ୍ରାକୃତିକ ଉଭିଦ, ବନ୍ୟପ୍ରାଣୀ ଓ ଏହାର ସଂରକ୍ଷଣ Important Questions

BSE Odisha 6th Class Text Book Solutions

Odisha State Board CHSE Odisha Class 12 Foundations of Education Solutions Unit 1 Contribution of Educators Objective Questions and Answers.

CHSE Odisha 12th Class Foundations of Education Unit 1 Contribution of Educators Objective Questions

Question 1.
What is the other name of Basic Education?
(a) Vocational Education
(b) Professional Education
(c) New Train
(d) New Policy of Education
Answer:
(c) New Train

Question 2.
Which committee designed the curriculum of Basic Education?
(a) Hartog Committee
(b) Jakir Hussain Committee
(c) Basic Education Committee
(d) Mudaliar Committee
Answer:
(b) Jakir Hussain Committee

Question 3.
When did Gandhiji take birth?
(a) 2nd. October 1863
(b) 2nd. October 1869
(c) 9th. October 1937
(d) None of the above
Answer:
(b) 2nd. October 1869

Question 4.
In which year Wardha Education Conference was held?
(a) August 15,1947.
(b) October 22, 23, 1937
(c) January 30,1869
(d) 9, October, 1877
Answer:
(b) October 22, 23,1937

Question 5.
Who is the propounder of Class less Society in Odisha?
(a) Pandit Nilakantha Das
(b) RadhanathRay
(c) Madhusudan Das
(d) Gopabandhu Das
Answer:
(a) Pandit Nilakantha Das

Question 6.
Who established Satyabadi Vana Vidyalaya?
(a) Gandhi
(b) Gopabandhu
(c) Tagore
(d) Aurovindo
Answer:
(b) Gopabandhu

Question 7.
Where was Van Vidyalaya situated?
(a) Puri
(b) Satyabadi
(c) Dhenkanal
(d) Pipili
Answer:
(a) Puri

Question 8.
Who was the propounder of Basic Education?
(a) R. N. Tagore
(b) Mahatma Gandhi
(c) Sri Aurovindo
(d) Gopabandhu
Answer:
(b) Mahatma Gandhi

Question 9.
Where did the Basic Education Training Centre opened in Odisha?
(a) Cuttack
(b) Angul
(c) Puri
(d) Dhenkanal
Answer:
(b) Angul

Question 10.
Satyabadi School how many students were enrolled first?
(a) 25
(b) 19
(c) 23
(d) 24
Answer:
(b) 19

Question 11.
Education is the ‘Reconstruction of Experience’ whose definition is this?
(a) James Ross
(b) Mahatma Gandhi
(c) John Dewey
(d) Kingsley
Answer:
(c) John Dewey

Question 12.
Who is the propounder of‘Tri-polar Process of Education?
(a) John Adams
(b) John Rousseau
(c) John Dewey
(d) Gurukala Ashram
Answer:
(c) John Dewey

Question 13.
Who is the writer of the book ‘Emile’?
(a) John Dewey
(b) John Rousseau
(c) Gandhi
(d) Gopabandhu
Answer:
(b) John Rousseau

Question 14.
Who is the Editor of the Newspaper ‘The Samaja’?
(a) Gopabandhu
(b) Gandhi
(c) Radhanath Ratha
(d) None of the above
Answer:
(a) Gopabandhu

Question 15.
‘Harijan Patrika’ is written by?
(a) Gandhi
(b) Gopabandhu
(c) John Dewey
(d) None
Answer:
(a) Gandhi

Question 16.
In which year Basic Education Schools were opened in Rural areas?
(a) 1945
(b) 1937
(c) 1936
(d) 1947
Answer:
(a) 1945

Question 17.
When Basic Education was created?
(a) 1945
(b) 1937
(c) 1947
(d) 1950
Answer:
(b) 1937

Question 18.
The age range of Basic Education is?
(a) 6 – 14
(b) 7 – 14
(c) 6 – 15
(d) 5 – 14
Answer:
(b) 7 – 14

Question 19.
Who is the propounder of Craft Education?
(a) M. K. Gandhi
(b) R. N. Tagore
(c) Gopabandhu
(d) Rousseau
Answer:
(a) M. K. Gandhi

Question 20.
Which of the following leaders first attempted for legislation of Compulsory Primary Education in India?
(a) Gandhi
(b) G. K. Gokhale
(c) Aurovindo
(d) Gopbandhu
Answer:
(b) G K. Gokhale

Question 21.
Who is the propounder of ‘Integral Education’?
(a) Aurovinda
(b) R. N. Taogre
(c) John Rousseau
(d) Gandhi
Answer:
(a) Aurovindo

Question 22.
Education is the harmonious development of individual’s personality- man and child, with mind, body and spirit – Who told this?
(a) Gopbandhu
(b) Gandhi
(c) Aurovindo
(d) Rousseau
Answer:
(b) Gandhi

Question 23.
Who is the champion of Nationalism?
(a) Gandhi
(b) Rousseau
(c) Tagore
(d) John Dewey
Answer:
(b) Rousseau

Question 24.
In which year Satyabadi Vana Vidyalaya became a National School?
(a) 1909
(b) 1921
(c) 1915
(d) 1929
Answer:
(b) 1921

Question 25.
Who is the pioneer of Nationalism?
(a) Gandhi
(b) Rousseau
(c) Gopabandhu
(d) Aurovindo
Answer:
(b) Rousseau

Question 26.
Which of the following two educators believed in open air schooling?
(a) Gandhi and Rabindranath
(b) Gopabandhu and Gandhi
(c) Aurovindo and Gopabandhu
(d) Rabindranath and Gopabandhu
Answer:
(b) Gopabandhu and Gandhi

Question 27.
Who emphasized mother tongue as the medium of instruction?
(a) Gandhi
(b) Gopbandhu
(c) Both Gandhi and Gopabandhu
(d) None of the above
Answer:
(c) Both Gandhi and Gopabandhu

Question 28.
Where did Gopabandhu take birth?
(a) Suando
(b) Satyabadi
(c) Sakhigopal
(d) Saptasati
Answer:
(a) Suando

Question 29.
Who is the propounder of‘Craft Education’?
(a) M. K. Gandhi
(b) Rousseau
(c) Gopabandhu
(d) R. N. Tagore
Answer:
(a) M. K. Gandhi

Question 30.
What is taught in the class is real education – Who told this?
(a) Gandhi
(b) Gopabandhu
(c) Tagore
(d) Rousseau
Answer:
(b) Gopabandhu

Question 31.
In which year did Gopabandhu start the experiment on open air schooling?
(a) 2nd October 1909
(b) 12th August 1909
(c) 15th August 1909
(d) 26th August 1909
Answer:
(b) 12th August 1909

Question 32.
In which magazine Basic Education Curriculum was published?
(a) TheSamaja
(b) TheHarijana
(c) TheDharitii
(d) None of the above
Answer:
(b) The Harijana

Question 33.
Which aspect was neglected in Basic Education?
(a) Craftwork
(b) Creativity
(c) Aesthetic
(d) Writing
Answer:
(b) Creativity

Question 34.
Which is not normally a mass media of Education?
(a) Magazine
(b) Newspaper
(c) Computer
(d) Television
Answer:
(c) Computer

Question 35.
Who employed activity centered curriculum?
(a) Gandhi
(b) Gopabandhu
(c) John Dewey
(d) None
Answer:
(a) Gandhi

Question 36.
Who introduced ‘Correlation Teaching Methods’ in his curriculum?
(a) John Dewey
(b) John Rousseau
(c) Gandhiji
(d) Gopabandhu
Answer:
(c) Gandhiji

Question 37.
Who prepared the curriculum for Basic Education?
(a) G. K. Gokhale
(b) Dr. Jakir Hussain
(c) S. Radhakrishnan
(d) Utkalmani
Answer:
(b) Dr. Jakir Hussain

Question 38.
Whose philosophical thought is related to Naturalism and Negative Education?
(a) Gandhi
(b) John Dewey
(c) Rousseau
(d) Tagore
Answer:
(c) Rousseau

Question 39.
Gopbandhu died on?
(a) 17 June 1928
(b) 27 June 1928
(c) 7 June 1928
(d) None of the above
Answer:
(a) 17 June 1928

Question 40.
Inexpensive education is introduced by?
(a) John Rousseau
(b) Gopbandhu
(c) John Dewey
(d) Gandhi
Answer:
(b) Gopbandhu

Question 41.
What is the present structure of education in India?
(a) 10+3+2
(b) 10+2+3
(c) 11+2+2
(d) 10+3+3
Answer:
(b) 10+2+3

Question 42.
On which aspect Gandhi, Gopabandhu and Tagore emphasized?
(a) SUPW
(b) Craft Education
(c) Mother tongue as instruction
(d) None of the above
Answer:
(c) Mother tongue as instruction

Question 43.
Who considered school as ‘Man made industry’?
(a) John Dewey
(b) Gopabandhu
(c) Gandhi
(d) Tagore
Answer:
(b) Gopabandhu

Question 44.
Who introduced both activity method and play method?
(a) Aurovindo
(b) Rousseau
(c) John Dewey
(d) Gandhi
Answer:
(b) Rousseau

Question 45.
Who Introduced ‘Self Education?
(a) Rousseau
(b) Gopabandhu
(c) Aurovindo
(d) Gandhi
Answer:
(a) Rousseau

Very Short-Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What did Gopabandhu consider the school?
Answer:
‘Man made industry’.

Question 2.
Who is the propounder of ‘Nature Endowment Theory’?
Answer:
Jean Jacues Rousseau.

Question 3.
What was the main aim of Satyabadi School?
Answer:
Nationalism and against social evils.

Question 4.
When Basic Education Conference was held at Wardha?
Answer:
In 1937, October 22nd and 23rd.

Question 5.
What was the philosophical foundation of Gandhi?
Answer:
Truth and Non-violence.

Question 6.
Which education system was in-expensive education?
Answer:
Open Air Schooling.

Question 7.
What was Rousseau’s method of teaching?
Answer:
Activity method and play method.

Question 8.
What is Education to Gandhi?
Answer:
To Gandhi, ‘Education is an all round drawing out of the best in child and man with mind body and spirit ’.

Question 9.
Name the propounder of Religious and Negative Education.
Answer:
RousseaRousseakuk.

Question 10.
What is ‘Nai Talim’ ?
Answer:
Nai Talim is the another name of Basic Education.

Question 11.
What is Auro Ville?
Answer:
Auro ville mean “Aurovindran Learning Centre”.

Question 12.
Mention aims of Satyabadi System of Education.
Answer:
To inculcate nationalism, patriotism and eradicate social evils.

Question 13.
Who is contemporary to Tagore in Odisha?
Answer:
Gopbandhu.

Question 14.
Wardha scheme, what it means?
Answer:
The All IndiaNational Education Conference convened at Wardha on 22nd and 23rd October, 1937, and the scheme is known as “Wardha Scheme”.

Question 15.
‘Education is the reconstruction of experience’ who told this?
Answer:
John Dewey.

Question 16.
Give the educational philosophy of Gopabandhu.
Answer:
“Education is the building of the hearts of the people”, is the educational philosophy of Gopabandhu.

Question 17.
What do you mean by “Open Air Schooling”?
Answer:
Open Air Schooling means teaching activity done under the sky in the surroundings of natural environment.

Question 18.
Give one similarity of Basic Education and Open Air Schooling.
Answer:
“Renaissance” is the common idealism of both Basic Education and Open Air Schooling.

Question 19.
In Satyabadi School how many students enrolled first?
Answer:
19 students

Question 20.
Where in which year Aurobindo was born?
Answer:
Sri Aurobindo was born on August 15, 1872, in Calcutta.

Question 21.
What was the name of Education of Sri Aurobindo?
Answer:
Integral Education.

Question 22.
What was the idea of Aurovindo regarding the Teacher?
Answer:
According to Sri Aurovindo the teacher must be a friend, philosopher and guide to pupils.

Question 23.
What is the other name of “Auroville”?
Answer:
‘The City of Dawn”.

Question 24.
What was the first name of‘The Mother”?
Answer:
The first name of the Mother” was Meera, the daughter of Roul Richard, France.

Question 25.
What is Satyabadi System of Education?
Answer:
Satyabadi System of Education is a serious experiment in Open Air Teaching of Gopabandhu.

Question 26.
What do you mean by ‘Basic Education?
Answer:
Education which linked with the Basic needs of life like food, clothing and shelter is known as Basic Education.

Fill in the Blanks with Appropriate Words

1. The other name of Basic Education Is ________
Answer: Nai-Talim

2. _______ propounded craft centered education in India.
Answer: M. K. Gandhi

3. ______ number of students enrolled first in Satyabadi School?
Answer: 19

4. _______ propounded religious and negative education.
Answer: Rousseau.

5. _______ is the contemporary educator to Tagore?
Answer: Gopabandhu.

6. Nature Experiment Theory was propounded by ________.
Answer: Jean Jacques Rousseau.

7. _______ is the propounder of Naturalism.
Answer: Rousseau.

8. The propounder of Craft Centred Education is __________.
Answer: M. K. Gandhi.

9. “Classless Society Education” in Odisha is introduced by _________?
Answer: Pandit Nilakantha Das

10. The write of “emile” is ________
Answer: Rousseau.

11. Basic Education curriculum published in the magazine ________.
Answer: The Harijan.

12. In ________ year Satyabadi School become a National School.
Answer: 1921.

13. “Education is the reconstruction of Experience” is the definition of ______ .
Answer: John Dewey.

14. “Auroville” is so named by ______ in ______ year.
Answer: “The Mother” in 1950.

15. ________ was the philosophical foundation of Gandhi?
Answer: Truth and Non-violence.

16. ________ Education system was in-expensive.
Answer: Satyabadi.

Question 17. The teaching in School is real education told by________.
Answer: Gopabandhu.

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Odisha State Board BSE Odisha 10th Class Maths Solutions Algebra Chapter 1 ସରଳ ସହସମୀକରଣ Ex 1(a) Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

BSE Odisha Class 10 Maths Solutions Algebra Chapter 1 ସରଳ ସହସମୀକରଣ Ex 1(a)

Question 1.
ବନ୍ଧନୀ ମଧ୍ଯରୁ ଠିକ୍ ଉତ୍ତରଟି ବାଛି ଶୂନ୍ୟସ୍ଥାନ ପୂରଣ କର ।
(i) x + y = 0 ସମୀକରଣର ଅନ୍ୟତମ ସମାଧାନ ___________ । [(4, 5), (5, 5), (- 4, 4), (-4, 5)]
(ii) x – 2y = 0 ସମୀକରଣର ଅନ୍ୟତମ ସମାଧାନ ___________ । [(4, 2), (- 4, 2), (4, – 2), (- 4, – 2)]
(iii) 2x + y + 2 = 0 ସମୀକରଣର ଅନ୍ୟତମ ସମାଧାନ ___________ । [(0, 2), (2, 0), (- 2, 0), (0, – 2)]
(iv) x – 4y + 1 = 0 ହେଲେ x = ______ । [4y-1, 4y+1,-4y + 1, -4y – 1]
(v) 2x-y+2 = 0 ହେଲେ y = ______ । [2x – 2, 2x + 2, 2x – 2, – 2x – 2]
(vi) x-2y + 3 = 0 ହେଲେ y = ______ । [½(x + 3), – ½(x – 3), – ½(-x + 3), – ½(x + 3)]
ଜ –
(i) (- 4, 4), (ii) (4, 2), (iii) (0, – 2), (iv) 4y – 1, (v) 2x + 2, (vi) 1⁄2 (x + 3)
ବ୍ୟାଖ୍ୟା ସହ ଉତ୍ତର :
(i) x + y = 0 ସମୀକରଣର ଅନ୍ୟତମ ସମାଧାନ (- 4, 4) । (କାରଣ -x = y)

(ii) x – 2y = 0 ସମୀକରଣର ଅନ୍ୟତମ ସମାଧାନ (4, 2) ଓ (- 4, -2) (କାରଣ x = 2y)

(iii) 2x + y + 2 = 0 ସମୀକରଣର ଅନ୍ୟତମ ସମାଧାନ (0, -2) (କାରଣ 2x = -(y+2))

(iv) x – 4y + 1 = 0 ⇒ x = 4y – 1

(v) 2x – y + 2 = 0 ⇒ 2x +2 = y ⇒ y = 2x + 2

(vi) x-2y+3 = 0 ⇒ x + 3 = 2y ⇒ y = ½(x +3)

Question 2.
ନିମ୍ନରେ ଦତ୍ତ ସହସମୀକରଣ ଯୋଡ଼ିରୁ କେଉଁ ସମୀକରଣ ଯୋଡ଼ି କ୍ଷେତ୍ରରେ
(i) ଅନନ୍ୟ ସମାଧାନ ସମ୍ଭବ
(ii) ଅସଂଖ୍ୟ ସମାଧାନ ସମ୍ଭବ ଏବଂ
(iii) ସମାଧାନ ସମ୍ଭବ ନୁହେଁ ?
(i) x + y + 1 = 0, x – y + 1 = 0
(ii) x + y + 1 = 0, 2x + 2y + 2 = 0
(iii) x + y + 1 = 0, x + y + 3 = 0
(iv) 2x – y + 3 = 0, – 4x + 2y – 6=0
(v) 2x – y + 3 = 0, 2x + y -3 = 0
(vi) 2x – y+3 = 0, – 6x + 3y+5=0
ସମାଧାନ :
a₁x+by+ c₂ = 0 ଏବଂ a₂x + b2y + c2 = 0 ସମୀକରେ
(i) ଅନନ୍ୟ ସମାଧାନ ସମ୍ଭବ, ଯଦି \(\frac{a_1}{a_2} \neq \frac{b_1}{b_2}\) ହେବ
(ii) ଅସଂଖ୍ୟ ସମାଧାନ ସମ୍ଭବ, ଯଦି \(\frac{a_1}{a_2}=\frac{b_1}{b_2}=\frac{c_1}{c_2}\) ହେବ ଏବଂ
(iii) ସମାଧାନ ଅସମ୍ଭବ, ଯଦି \(\frac{a_1}{a_2}=\frac{b_1}{b_2} \neq \frac{c_1}{c_2}\) ହେବ ।

(i) ସହସମୀକରଣହଊ (a) x + y + 1 = 0 ଏଠାରେ a₁ = 1, b₁ = 1, c₁ = 1
(b) x – y + 1 = 0 ଏବଂ a₂ = 1, b₂ = – 1, c₂ = 1
∴ \(\frac{a_1}{a_2}=\frac{1}{1}=1\), \(\frac{b_1}{b_2}=\frac{1}{-1}=-1\)
ଏଠାରେ \(\frac{a_1}{a_2} \neq \frac{b_1}{b_2}\) ହେତୁ ସମୀକରଣ ଦ୍ଵୟର ଅନନ୍ୟ ସମାଧାନ ରହିବ ।

(ii) ସମୀକରଣଦ୍ଵୟ x + y + 1 = 0 ଓ 2x + 2y + 2 = 0
ଏଠାରେ a₁ = 1, b₁ = 1, c₁ = 1 ଏବଂ a₂ = 2, b₂ = 2, c₂ = 2
∴ \(\frac{a_1}{a_2}=\frac{b_1}{b_2}=\frac{c_1}{c_2}\) ହେତୁ ସମୀକରଣ ଦ୍ଵୟର ଅନନ୍ୟ ସମାଧାନ ସମ୍ଭବ।

(iii) ସମୀକରଣଦ୍ଵୟ x + y + 1 = 0 ଓ x + y + 3 = 0
ଏଠାରେ a₁ = 1, b₁ = 1, c₁ = 1 ଏବଂ a₂ = 1, b₂ = 1, c₂ = 3
∴ \(\frac{a_1}{a_2}=\frac{b_1}{b_2} \neq \frac{c_1}{c_2}\) ହେତୁ ସମାଧାନ ସମ୍ଭବ ନୁହେଁ ।

(iv) 2x – y + 3 = 0 ଓ – 4x + 2y – 6 = 0
ଏଠାରେ a₁ = 2, b₁ = -1, c₁ = 3; a₂ = -4, b₂ = 2, c₂ = -6
∴ \(\frac{a_1}{a_2}=\frac{b_1}{b_2}=\frac{c_1}{c_2}\) ହେତୁ ସମୀକରଣ ଦ୍ଵୟର ଅନନ୍ୟ ସମାଧାନ ରହିବ ।

(v) 2x – y + 3 = 0, 2x + y – 3 = 0
ଏଠାରେ a₁ = 2, b₁ = -1, c₁ = 3; a₂ = 2, b₂ = 1, c₂ = -3
∴ \(\frac{a_1}{a_2} \neq \frac{b_1}{b_2}\) ହେତୁ ଅନନ୍ୟ ସମାଧାନ ସମ୍ଭବ ।

(vi) 2x – y + 3 = 0, -6x + 3y + 5 = 0
ଏଠାରେ a₁ = 2, b₁ = -1, c₁ = 3; a₂ = -6, b₂ = 3, c₂ = 5
∴ \(\frac{a_1}{a_2}=\frac{b_1}{b_2} \neq \frac{c_1}{c_2}\) ହେତୁ ସମାଧାନ ସମ୍ଭବ ନୁହେଁ ।

Question 3.
ନିମ୍ନଲିଖୂତ ସମୀକରଣଗୁଡ଼ିକର ଲେଖଚିତ୍ର ଅଙ୍କନ ପାଇଁ ଯେକୌଣସି ତିନିଗୋଟି ବିନ୍ଦୁର ସ୍ଥାନାଙ୍କ ନିରୂପଣ କର ।
(i) x – y = 0
(ii) x + y = 0
(iii) x – 2y = 0
(iv) x + 2y – 4 = 0
(v) x – 2y – 4 = 0
(vi) 2x – y + 4 = 0
ସମାଧାନ : ଏକଘାତୀ ଦୁଇ ଅଜ୍ଞାତ ରାଶିବିଶିଷ୍ଟ ସମୀକରଣର ଅସଂଖ୍ୟ ସମାଧାନ ଥାଏ ।
(i) x – y = 0
⇒ x = y ⇒ y = x

x	1	-2	3
y	1	-2	3

‘x’ର ଏକ ନିର୍ଦ୍ଦିଷ୍ଟ ମାନପାଇଁ yର ଆନୁସଙ୍ଗିକ ମାନ ସାରଣୀରେ ନିର୍ଣ୍ଣୟ କରାଯାଇଛି ।
∴ ଦତ୍ତ ସମୀକରଣର ଲେଖଚିତ୍ର ପାଇଁ ତିନୋଟି ବିନ୍ଦୁର ସ୍ଥାନାଙ୍କ (1, 1), (- 2, · 2) ଏବଂ (3, 3) ।

(ii) x + y = 0
⇒ y = -x

x	-1	2	-3
y	1	-2	3

‘x’ର ଏକ ନିର୍ଦ୍ଦିଷ୍ଟ ମାନପାଇଁ yର ଆନୁସଙ୍ଗିକ ମାନ ସାରଣୀରେ ନିର୍ଣ୍ଣୟ କରାଯାଇଛି ।
∴ ଦତ୍ତ ସମୀକରଣର ଲେଖଚିତ୍ର ପାଇଁ ତିନୋଟି ବିନ୍ଦୁର ସ୍ଥାନାଙ୍କ (- 1, 1), (2, − 2) ଏବଂ (-3, 3) ।

(iii) x – 2y = 0 ⇒ x = 2y
⇒ y = \(\frac{1}{2}\)x

x	2	-2	4
y	1	-1	2

‘x’ର ଏକ ନିର୍ଦ୍ଦିଷ୍ଟ ମାନପାଇଁ ଦୂର ଆନୁସଙ୍ଗିକ ମାନ ସାରଣୀରେ ନିର୍ଣ୍ଣୟ କରାଯାଇଛି ।
∴ ଦତ୍ତ ସମୀକରଣର ଲେଖଚିତ୍ର ପାଇଁ ତିନୋଟି ବିନ୍ଦୁର ସ୍ଥାନାଙ୍କ (2, 1), (- 2, – 1) ଏବଂ (4, 2) ।

(iv) x + 2y – 4 = 0 ⇒ 2y = 4 – x
⇒ y = \(\frac{1}{2}\)(4 – x)

x	0	4	2
y	2	0	1

‘x’ର ଏକ ନିର୍ଦ୍ଦିଷ୍ଟ ମାନପାଇଁ yର ଆନୁସଙ୍ଗିକ ମାନ ସାରଣୀରେ ନିର୍ଣ୍ଣୟ କରାଯାଇଛି ।
∴ ଦତ୍ତ ସମୀକରଣର ଲେଖଚିତ୍ର ପାଇଁ ତିନୋଟି ବିନ୍ଦୁର ସ୍ଥାନାଙ୍କ (0, 2), (4, 0) ଏବଂ (2, 1) ।

(v) x – 2y – 4 = 0 ⇒ x – 4 = 2y
⇒ y = \(\frac{1}{2}\) (x – 4)

x	0	4	2
y	-2	0	-1

‘x’ର ଏକ ନିର୍ଦ୍ଦିଷ୍ଟ ମାନପାଇଁ yର ଆନୁସଙ୍ଗିକ ମାନ ସାରଣୀରେ ନିର୍ଣ୍ଣୟ କରାଯାଇଛି ।
∴ ଦତ୍ତ ସମୀକରଣର ଲେଖଚିତ୍ର ପାଇଁ ତିନୋଟି ବିନ୍ଦୁର ସ୍ଥାନାଙ୍କ (0, -2), (4, 0) ଏବଂ (2, -1) ।

(vi) 2x – y + 4 = 0 ⇒ 2x + 4 = y
⇒ y = 2x + 4

x	-2	0	1
y	0	4	6

‘x’ର ଏକ ନିର୍ଦ୍ଦିଷ୍ଟ ମାନପାଇଁ yର ଆନୁସଙ୍ଗିକ ମାନ ସାରଣୀରେ ନିର୍ଣ୍ଣୟ କରାଯାଇଛି ।
∴ ଦତ୍ତ ସମୀକରଣର ଲେଖଚିତ୍ର ପାଇଁ ତିନୋଟି ବିନ୍ଦୁର ସ୍ଥାନାଙ୍କ (-2, 0), (0, 4) ଏବଂ (1, 6) ।

Question 4.
ନିମ୍ନଲିଖୂତ ପ୍ରଶ୍ନଗୁଡ଼ିକର ସଂକ୍ଷିପ୍ତ ଉତ୍ତର ଆବଶ୍ୟକ ।
(i) kx + my + 4 = 0 ଓ 2x + y + 1 = 0 ସମୀକରଣଦ୍ଵୟ ଅସଙ୍ଗତ ହେଲେ k : m କେତେ ?
(ii) 2x + 3y – 5 = 0 ଓ 7x – 6y – 1 = 0 ସହସମୀକରଣଦ୍ୱୟର ସମାଧାନ (1, ß) ହେଲେ ßର ମୂଲ୍ୟ କେତେ ?
(ii) ‘t’ ର କେଉଁ ମାନ ପାଇଁ (1, 1), ସମୀକରଣ 3x + ty – 6 = 0 ଅନ୍ୟ ଏକ ସମାଧାନ ହେବ ?
(iv) ‘t’ ର କେଉଁ ମାନ ପାଇଁ (1, 1), tx – 2y – 10 = 0 ର ଅନ୍ୟତମ ସମାଧାନ ହେବ ?
(v) ‘t’ର କେଉଁ ମାନ ପାଇଁ tx + 2y = 0 ଓ 3x + ty = 0 ସହସମୀକରଣଦ୍ୱୟର ଅସଂଖ୍ୟ ସମାଧାନ ସମ୍ଭବ ?
(vi) ଦର୍ଶାଅ ଯେ, 6x – 3y + 10 = 0 ଓ 2x – y + 9 = 0 ସହସମୀକରଣଦ୍ଵୟର ସମାଧାନ ଅସମ୍ଭବ।
(vi) ଦର୍ଶାଅ ଯେ, 2x + 5y = 17 ଏବଂ 5x + 3y = 14 ସହସମୀକରଣଦ୍ଵୟ ସଙ୍ଗୀତ ଓ ସ୍ୱତନ୍ତ୍ର ।
(viii) ଦର୍ଶାଅ ଯେ, 3x – 5y – 10 = 0 ଏବଂ 6x – 10y = 20 ସହସମୀକରଣଦ୍ୱୟର ଅସଂଖ୍ୟ ସମାଧାନ ରହିଛି ।
ସମାଧାନ :
(i) kx + my + 4 = 0 ଏବଂ 2x + y + 1 = 0
ସମୀକରଣଦ୍ୱୟରେ a₁ = k, b₁ = m, c₁ = 4 ଏବଂ a₂ = 2, b₂ = 1, c₁ = 1
ଏଠାରେ ସମୀକରଣ ଦ୍ଵୟ ଅସଙ୍ଗତ ହେବାର ସର୍ଭ,
\(\frac{a_1}{a_2}=\frac{b_1}{b_2} \neq \frac{c_1}{c_2}\)
∴ ନିଶ୍ଚେୟ ଅନୁପାତ k:m = 2:1

(ii) 2x + 3y – 5 = 0 8 7x – 6y – 1 = 0 APANIMNAGAR AFIUIA (1, ß)
ଏଠାରେ ‘x’ର ମାନ 1 ଓ yର ମାନ ‘B’ ପାଇଁ ସମୀକରଣଦ୍ଵୟ ସିଦ୍ଧ ହେବ ।
.. 2(1) + 3(B) −5 = 0 ⇒ 2 + 3ß – 5 = 0
⇒3ß – 3 = 0 ⇒ ß \(\frac{3}{3}\) = 1⇒ ß = 1
∴ ß ର ମୂଲ୍ୟ 1 ପାଇଁ ସହସମୀକରଣର ସମାଧାନ (1, ß) ହେବ ।

(iii) ଦତ୍ତ ସମୀକରଣ 3x + ty – 6 = 0 ର ଏକ ସମାଧାନ (1, 1) ହେଲେ
x = 1 ଓ y = 1 ପାଇଁ ସମୀକରଣଦ୍ଵୟ ସିଦ୍ଧ ହେବ ।
∴ 3(1) + t (1) – 6 = 0 ⇒ 3 + t – 6 = 0 ⇒ t – 3 = 0 ⇒ t = 3
∴ ର ମୂଲ୍ୟ 3 ପାଇଁ (1, 1), ସମୀକରଣ 3x + ty – 6 = )ର ଏକ ସମାଧାନ ହେବ ।

(iv) ଦର ସମୀକରଣ tx – 2y – 10 = 0 ର ସମାଧାନ (1,1) ହେଲେ,
x = 1 ଓ y = 1 ପାଇଁ ସମୀକରଣଦ୍ଵୟ ସିଦ୍ଧ ହେବ ।
∴ t(1) – 2(1) – 10 = 0 ⇒ t – 2 – 10 = 0 ⇒ t – 12 = 0 ⇒ t = 12
∴ t ର ମାନ 12 ପାଇଁ (1, 1), ଦତ୍ତ ସମୀକରଣର ଏକ ସମାଧାନ ହେବ ।

(v) tx + 2y = 0 ଓ 3x + ty = 0
ସହସମୀକରଣଦ୍ଵୟର ଅସଂଖ୍ୟ ସମାଧାନ ସମ୍ଭବ ହେବାର ସର୍ଭ
\(\frac{a_1}{a_2}=\frac{b_1}{b_2}\)
⇒ \(\frac{t}{3}=\frac{2}{t}\) ⇒ t² = 6 ⇒ t = ±√6
∴ t ର ମାନ ±√6 ପାଇଁ ସହସମୀକରଣ ଦ୍ଵୟର ଅସଂଖ୍ୟ ମାନ ସମ୍ଭବ ।

(vi)

(vii) 2x + 5y = 17 ⇒ 2x + 5y – 17 = 0….. ..(1)
5x + 3y = 14 ⇒ 5x + 3y – 14 = 0………(2)
ସମୀକରଣ (1) ଓ (2) ରୁ a₁ = 2, b₁ = 5, c₁ = – 17 ଓ a₂ = 5, b₂ = 3, c₂ = – 14
∴ \(\frac{a_1}{a_2}=\frac{2}{5}\), \(\frac{b_1}{b_2}=\frac{5}{3}\), \(\frac{c_1}{c_2}=\frac{-17}{-14}=\frac{17}{14}\)
ଏଠାରେ ଲକ୍ଷ୍ୟ କର ଯେ \(\frac{a_1}{a_2} \neq \frac{b_1}{b_2}\)
∴ ସହସମୀକରଣ ଦ୍ଵୟ ସଙ୍ଗତ ଓ ସ୍ୱତନ୍ତ୍ର

(viii) 3x – 5y – 10 = 0;
6x – 10y = 20 ⇒ 6x – 10y – 20 = 0

Question 5.
ଲେଖଚିତ୍ର ଅଙ୍କନ କରି ନିମ୍ନଲିଖ୍ ସହସମୀକରଣଦ୍ଵୟର ସମାଧାନ କର ।
(i) x + y – 4 = 0 ଓ x − y = 0
(i) x − y = 0 ଓ x + y – 2 = 0
(iii) x + y = 0 ଓ – x + Y – 2 = 0
(iv) 2x + y − 3 = 0 6 x + y − 2 = 0
(v) 3x + y + 2 = 0 ଓ 2x + y + 1 = 0
(vi) x + 2y + 3 = 0 ଓ 2x + y + 3 = 0
(vii) 2x + y = 6 = 0 ଓ 2x − y + 2 = 0
(viii)x + y − 1 = 0 ଓ 2x + y − 8 = 0
(ix) 3x + y – 11 = 0 ଓ x – y – 1 = 0
(x) 2x – 3y – 5 = 0 ଓ – 4x + 6y – 3 = 0
(xi) 2x + y + 2 = 0 ଓ 4x – y – 8 = 0
(xii) 3x + 4y – 7 = 0 ଓ 5x + 2y – 7 = 0
ସମାଧାନ :
(i) ଦୁଇ ଅଜ୍ଞାତ ରାଶିବିଶିଷ୍ଟ ଏକଘାତୀ ସମୀକରଣରେ y ର ମାନକୁ x ମାଧ୍ୟମରେ ପ୍ରକାଶ କର ।
(ii) ‘x’ର ଏକ ନିର୍ଦ୍ଦିଷ୍ଟ ମାନକୁ ନେଇ ‘y’ର ଆନୁସଙ୍ଗିକ ମାନ ସ୍ଥିର କର । ଅତି କମ୍‌ରେ ତିନିଯୋଡା ମାନ ସ୍ଥିର କରିବାକୁ ହେବ ।
(iii) ପରବର୍ତୀ ସମୟରେ ତିନିଯୋଡା ମାନକୁ ନେଇ R² ସମତଳରେ ତିନୋଟି ବିନ୍ଦୁ ସ୍ଥାପନ କର ।
(iv) ଏକ ଲେଖଚିତ୍ର (ସରଳରେଖା) ଅଙ୍କନ କର ।
(i)

(ii)

(iii)

(iv)

(v)

(vi)

(vii)

(viii)

(ix)

(x)

(xi)

(xii)

Question 6.
(i) ଲେଖଚିତ୍ର ସାହାଯ୍ୟରେ ଦର୍ଶାଅ ଯେ, 2x – 2y = 2 ଏବଂ 4x – 4y – 8 = 0 ସହସମୀକରଣଦ୍ୱୟର ସମାଧାନ ଅସମ୍ଭଵ ।
(ii) ଲେଖଚିତ୍ର ସାହାଯ୍ୟରେ ଦର୍ଶାଅ ଯେ, 2x – 3y = 1 ଏବଂ 3x-4y = 1 ସହସମୀକରଣଦ୍ୱୟର ଏକ ଅନନ୍ୟ ସମାଧାନ ଅଛି ।
(iii) ଲେଖଚିତ୍ର ସାହାଯ୍ୟରେ ଦର୍ଶାଅ ଯେ, 9x + 3y + 12 = 0 18x + 6y+ 24 = 0 ସହସମୀକରଣଦ୍ୱୟର ଏକ ଅନନ୍ୟ ସମାଧାନ ଅଛି ।
(iv) ଲେଖଚିତ୍ର ସାହାଯ୍ୟରେ 2x – y = 1 ଏବଂ x + 2y = 8 ସହସମୀକରଣଦ୍ୱୟର ପ୍ରତ୍ୟେକର y-ଛେଦଂଶ ନିରୂପଣ କର ।
ସମାଧାନ :
(i)

(ii)

(iii)

(iv)

Question 7.
ନିମ୍ନରେ ପ୍ରଦତ୍ତ ସହ-ସମୀକରଣ ଦ୍ଵୟର ଅନନ୍ୟ ସମାଧାନ ସମ୍ଭବ ହେଲେ ପ୍ରତ୍ୟେକ କ୍ଷେତ୍ରରେ k ର ମାନ ସ୍ଥିର କର ।
(i) x – 2y – 3 = 0, 3x + ky – 1 = 0
(ii) kx – y – 2 = 0, 6x + 2y – 3 = 0
(iii) kx + 3y + 8 = 0, 12x + 5y – 2 = 0
(iv) kx + 2y = 5, 3x + y = 1
(v) x – ky = 2, 3x + 2y + 5 = 0
(vi) 4x – ky = 5, 2x – 3y = 12
ସମାଧାନ :
a₁x + b₁y + c₁ = 0 ଓ a₂x + b₂y + c₂ = 0
(i) ସହସମୀକରଣଦ୍ଵୟ x – 2y – 3 = 0 ଓ 3x + ky – 1 = 0
ଏଠାରେ a₁ = 1, b₁ = – 2, c₁ = -3 ଓ a₂ = 3, b₂ = k, c₂ = – 1
ଦତ୍ତ ସହ-ସମୀକରଣ ଦ୍ଵୟର ଅନନ୍ୟ ସମାଧାନ ସର୍ତ୍ତ ଅନୁଯାୟୀ \(\frac{a_1}{a_2} \neq \frac{b_1}{b_2}\)
⇒ \(\frac{1}{3} \neq \frac{-2}{k}\) ⇒ k ≠ -6
k ≠ -6 ହେଲେ ସହ-ସମୀକରଣ ଦ୍ବୟର ସମାଧାନ ଅନନ୍ୟ ହେବ ।

(ii) ସହସମୀକରଣଦ୍ବୟ kx – y – 2 = 0 ଓ 6x + 2y – 3 = 0
ଏଠାରେ a₁ = k, b₁ = -1, c₁ = -2 ଓ a₂ = 6, b₂ = 2, c₂ = -3
ଦତ୍ତ ସହ-ସମୀକରଣ ଦ୍ଵୟର ଅନନ୍ୟ ସମାଧାନ ସର୍ତ୍ତ ଅନୁଯାୟୀ \(\frac{a_1}{a_2} \neq \frac{b_1}{b_2}\)
⇒ \(\frac{k}{6} \neq \frac{-1}{2}\) ⇒ k ≠ \(\frac{-6}{2}\) k ≠ -3
k ≠ -3 ହେଲେ ସହ-ସମୀକରଣ ଦ୍ବୟର ସମାଧାନ ଅନନ୍ୟ ହେବ ।

(iii) kx + 3y + 8 = 0 ଓ 12x + 5y – 2 = 0
ଏଠାରେ a₁ = k, b₁ = 3, c₁ = 8 ଓ a₂ = 12, b₂ = 5, c₂ = – 2
ସର୍ତ୍ତ ଅନୁଯାୟୀ
⇒ \(\frac{k}{12} \neq \frac{3}{5}\) ⇒ k ≠ \(\frac{36}{5}\)
k ≠ \(\frac{36}{5}\) ହେଲେ ସହ-ସମୀକରଣ ଦ୍ବୟର ସମାଧାନ ଅନନ୍ୟ ହେବ ।

(iv) kx + 2y = 5 ⇒ kx + 2y – 5 = 0
3x + y = 1 ⇒ 3x + y – 1 = 0
ଏଠାରେ a₁ = k, b₁ = 2, c₁ = -5 ଓ a₂ = 3, b₂ = 1, c₂ = – 1
ଦତ୍ତ ସହ-ସମୀକରଣ ଦ୍ଵୟର ଅନନ୍ୟ ସମାଧାନ ସର୍ତ୍ତ ଅନୁଯାୟୀ \(\frac{a_1}{a_2} \neq \frac{b_1}{b_2}\)
⇒ \(\frac{k}{3} \neq \frac{2}{1}\) ⇒ k ≠ 6
k ≠ 6 ହେଲେ ସହ-ସମୀକରଣ ଦ୍ବୟର ସମାଧାନ ଅନନ୍ୟ ହେବ ।

(v) x – ky = 2 ⇒ x – ky – 2 = 0
3x + 2y + 5 = 0
ଏଠାରେ a₁ = 1, b₁ = -k, c₁ = -2 ଓ a₂ = 3, b₂ = 2, c₂ = 5
ଦତ୍ତ ସହ-ସମୀକରଣ ଦ୍ଵୟର ଅନନ୍ୟ ସମାଧାନ ସର୍ତ୍ତ ଅନୁଯାୟୀ \(\frac{a_1}{a_2} \neq \frac{b_1}{b_2}\)
⇒ \(\frac{1}{3} \neq \frac{-k}{2}\) ⇒ -k ≠ \(\frac{2}{3}\) ⇒ k ≠ \(– \frac{2}{3}\)
k ≠ \(– \frac{2}{3}\) ହେଲେ ସହ-ସମୀକରଣ ଦ୍ବୟର ସମାଧାନ ଅନନ୍ୟ ହେବ ।

(vi) 4x – ky = 5 ⇒ 4x – ky – 5 = 0
2x – 3y = 12 ⇒ 2x – 3y – 12 = 0
ଏଠାରେ a₁ = 4, b₁ = -k, c₁ = -5 ଓ a₂ = 2, b₂ = -3, c₂ = -12
ଦତ୍ତ ସହ-ସମୀକରଣ ଦ୍ଵୟର ଅନନ୍ୟ ସମାଧାନ ସର୍ତ୍ତ ଅନୁଯାୟୀ \(\frac{a_1}{a_2} \neq \frac{b_1}{b_2}\)
\(\frac{4}{2} \neq \frac{-k}{-3}\) ⇒ -k ≠ -6 ⇒ k ≠ 6
k ≠ 6 ହେଲେ ସହ-ସମୀକରଣ ଦ୍ବୟର ସମାଧାନ ଅନନ୍ୟ ହେବ ।

Question 8.
ନିମ୍ନରେ ଦତ୍ତ ସହସମୀକରଣ ଦ୍ଵୟର ଅସଂଖ୍ୟ ସମାଧାନ ରହିଲେ ପ୍ରତ୍ୟେକ କ୍ଷେତ୍ରରେ k ର ମାନ ସ୍ଥିର କର ।
(i) 7x – y – 5 = 0, 21x – 3y – k = 0
(ii) 8x + 5y – 9 = 0, kx + 10y – 18 = 0
(iii) kx – 2y + 6 = 0, 4x – 3y + 9 = 0
(iv) 2x + 3y = 5, 6x + ky = 15
(v) 5x + 2y = k, 10x + 4y = 3
(vi) kx – 2y – 6 = 0, 4x + 3y + 9 = 0
ସମାଧାନ :
ଯଦି \(\frac{a_1}{a_2}=\frac{b_1}{b_2}=\frac{c_1}{c_2}\) ହୁଏ, ତେବେ ସହ-ସମୀକରଣଦ୍ଵୟ a₁x + b₁y + c₁ = 0 ଓ a₂x + b₂y + c₂ = 0 ର ଅସଂଖ୍ୟ ସମାଧାନ ସମ୍ଭବ ।
(i) ସମୀକରଣଦ୍ଵୟ 7x – y – 5 = 0; ଏବଂ 21x – 3y – k = 0
ଏଠାରେ a₁ = 7, b₁ = -1, c₁ = -5 ଓ a₂ = 21, b₂ = -3, c₂ = -k
ଦତ୍ତ ସର୍ତ୍ତ ଅନୁଯାୟୀ \(\frac{a_1}{a_2}=\frac{b_1}{b_2}=\frac{c_1}{c_2}\)
⇒ \(\frac{7}{21}=\frac{-1}{-3}=\frac{-5}{-k}\) ⇒ \(\frac{1}{3}=\frac{5}{k}\) ⇒ k = 15
∴ k ର ମାନ 15 ହେଲେ ସହ-ସମୀକରଣଦ୍ୱୟର ଅସଂଖ୍ୟ ସମାଧାନ ରହିବ ।

(ii) ସମୀକରଣଦ୍ଵୟ 8x + 5y – 9 = 0; ଓ kx + 10y – 18 = 0
ଏଠାରେ a₁ = 8, b₁ = 5, c₁ = -9; ଓ a₂ = k, b₂ = 10, c₂ =- 18
ଦତ୍ତ ସର୍ତ୍ତ ଅନୁଯାୟୀ \(\frac{a_1}{a_2}=\frac{b_1}{b_2}=\frac{c_1}{c_2}\)
⇒ \(\frac{8}{k}=\frac{5}{10}=\frac{-9}{-18}\) ⇒ \(\frac{8}{k}=\frac{1}{2}\) ⇒ k = 16
∴ k ର ମାନ 16 ହେଲେ ସହ-ସମୀକରଣଦ୍ୱୟର ଅସଂଖ୍ୟ ସମାଧାନ ରହିବ ।

(iii)

(iv)

(v)

(vi)

Question 9.
k ର କେଉଁ ମୂଲ୍ୟ ପାଇଁ ନିମ୍ନରେ ଦତ୍ତ ସହସମୀକରଣଦ୍ଵୟ ଅସଙ୍ଗତ ହେବେ ?
(i) 8x + 5y – 9 = 0, kx + 10y – 15 = 0
(ii) kx – 5y – 2 = 0, 6x + 2y – 7 = 0
(iii) kx + 2y – 3 = 0, 5x + 5y – 7 =
(iv) kx – y – 2 = 0, 6x – 2y – 3 = 0
(v) x + 2y – 5 = 0, 8x + ky – 10 = 0
(vi) 3x – 4y + 7 = 0, kx + 3y – 5 = 0
ସମାଧାନ :
ଏବଂ a₁x + b₁y + c₁ = 0 ଓ a₂x + b₂y + c₂ = 0
(i)

(ii)

(iii)

(iv)

(v)

(vi)

Odisha State Board Elements of Mathematics Class 12 CHSE Odisha Solutions Chapter 1 Relation and Function Ex 1(a) Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

CHSE Odisha Class 12 Math Solutions Chapter 1 Relation and Function Exercise 1(a)

Question 1.
If A = {a,b,c,d} mention the type of relations on A given below, which of them are equivalence relations?
(i) {(a, a), (b, b)}
(ii) {(a, a), (b, b), (c, c), (d, d)}
(iii) {(a, b), (b, a), (b, d), (d, b)}
(iv) {(b, c), (b, d), (c, d)}
(v) {(a, a), (b, b), (c, c), (d, d), (a, d), (a, c), (d, a), (c, a), (c, d), (d, c)}
Solution:
(i) Symmetric and transitive but not reflexive.
(ii) Reflexive, symmetric as well as transitive. Hence it is an equivalence relation.
(iii) Only symmetric
(iv) Only transitive
(v) Reflexive, symmetric and transitive. Hence it is an equivalence relation.

Question 2.
Write the following relations in tabular form and determine their type.
(i) R = {(x, y) : 2x – y = 0] on A = {1,2,3,…, 13}
(ii) R = {(x, y) : x divides y} on A = {1,2,3,4,5,6}
(iii) R = {(x, y) : x divides 2 – y} on A = {1,2,3,4,5}
(iv) R = {(x, y) : y ≤, x ≤, 4} on A = {1,2,3,4,5}.
Solution:
(i) R = {(x, y) : 2x- y = 0} on A
= {(x, y) : y = 2x} on A
= {(1, 2), (2, 4), (3, 6), (4, 8), (5, 10), (6, 12)}
R is neither reflexive nor symmetric nor transitive.

(ii) R = {(1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 3), (1, 4), (1,5), (1, 6), (2, 2), (2, 4), (2, 6), (3, 3), (3, 6), (4, 4), (5,5), (6, 6)}
R is reflexive transitive but not symmetric.

(iii) R = {(x, y) : x divides 2 – y} on A
= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
= {(x, y) : 2-y is a multiple of x}
= {(1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 3), (1, 4), (1, 5), (2, 2), (2, 4), (3, 2), (3, 5), (4, 2), (5, 2)}
R is neither reflexive nor symmetric nor transitive.

(iv) R = {(x, y) : y ≤ x ≤ 4} on A
= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
= {(1, 1), (2, 1), (2, 2), (3, 1), (3, 2), (3, 3), (4, 1), (4, 2), (4, 3), (4, 4)}
R is neither reflexive nor symmetric but transitive.

Question 3.
Test whether the following relations are reflexive, symmetric or transitive on the sets specified.
(i) R = {(m,n) : m-n ≥ 7} on Z.
(ii) R = {(m,n) : 2|(m+n)} on Z.
(iii) R = {(m,n) : m+n is not divisible by 3} Z.
(iv) R = {(m,n) : is a power of 5} on Z – {0}.
(v) R = {(m,n) : mn is divisible by 2} on Z.
(vi) R = {(m,n) : 3 divides m-n} on {1,2,3…,10}.
Solution:
(i) R = {{m, n) : m- n ≥ 7} on Z
Reflexive:
∀ m ∈ Z, m – m = 0 < 7
⇒ (m, m) ∉ R
Thus, R is not reflexive.
Symmetry:
Let (m, n) ∈ R
⇒ m – n ≥ 7
⇒ n – m < 7
∴ (n, m) ∉ R
⇒ R is not symmetric.
Transitive:
Let (m, n), (n, p) ∈ R
m – n ≥ 7
and n – p > 7
⇒ m – p ≥ 7
⇒ (m, p) ∈ R
⇒ R is transitive.

(ii) R = {(m, n) : 2 | (m + n)} on Z
Reflexive:
∀ m ∈ Z, m + m = 2m
which is divisible by 2.
⇒ 2 | (m + m)
⇒ (m, m) ∈ R
⇒ R is reflexive.
Symmetry:
Let (m, n) ∈ R
⇒ 2 | (m + n)
⇒ 2 | (n + m)
(n, m) ∈ R
⇒ R is symmetric.
Transitive:
Let (m, n), (n, p), ∈ R
⇒ 2 | (m + n) and 2 | (n + p)
⇒ m + n = 2k₁
⇒ n + p = 2k₂
⇒ m + 2n + p = 2k₁ + 2k₂
⇒ m + p = 2(k₁ + k₂ – 1)
⇒ 2 | (m + p)
⇒ (m, p) ∈ R
⇒ R is transitive.
Thus, R is an equivalence relative.

(iii) R = {(m, n) : m + n is not divisible by 3} on Z
Reflexive:
As 3 + 3 is divisible by 3
we have (3, 3) ∉ R
⇒ R is not reflexive.
Symmetric:
Let (m, n) ∈ R
⇒ m + n is not divisible by 3
⇒ n + m is not divisible by 3
⇒ (n, m) ∈ R
⇒ R is symmetric.
Transitive:
(3, 1), (1, 6) ∈ R
But (3, 6) ∉ R
⇒ R is not transitive.

(iv) R = {(m, n) : \(\frac{m}{n}\) is a power of 5} on Z – {0}
Reflexive:
∀ m ∈ Z – {0}
\(\frac{m}{m}\) = 1 = 5°
⇒ (m, m) ∈ R
⇒ R is reflexive.
Symmetric:
Let (m, n) ∈ R
\(\frac{m}{n}\) = 5^k
\(\frac{n}{m}\) = 5^-k
⇒ (n, m) ∈ Z
⇒ R is symmetric.
Transitive:
Let (m, n), (n, p) ∈ R
⇒ \(\frac{m}{n}\) = 5^k1 , \(\frac{n}{p}\) = 5^k2
⇒ \(\frac{m}{n}\) . \(\frac{n}{p}\) = 5^k1 . 5^k2
⇒ \(\frac{m}{p}\) = 5 ^k1+k2
⇒ (m, p) ∈ R
⇒ R is transitive.
Thus R is an equivalence relation.

(v) R = {(m, n) : mn is divisible by 2} on Z
Reflexive:
3 ∈ Z
3 x 3 = 9
which is not divisible by 2.
∴ (3, 3) ∉ R
⇒ R is not reflexive.
Symmetric:
Let (m, n) ∈ R
⇒ mn is divisible by 2
⇒ nm is divisible by 2
⇒ (n, m) ∈ R
⇒ R is symmetric.
Transitive:
⇒ (3, 2), (2, 5) ∈ R
⇒ But 3 x 5 = 15,
⇒ which is not divisible by 2.
⇒ (3, 5) ∉ R
R is not transitive.

(vi) R = {(m, n) : 3 divides m-n} on A = {1, 2, 3……,10}
Reflexive:
Clearly ∀ m ∈ A, m – m = 0
which is divisible by 3
⇒ (m, m) ∈ R
⇒ R is reflexive
Symmetric:
Let (m, n) ∈ R
⇒ m – n is divisible by 3
⇒ n – m is also divisible by 3
⇒ (n, m) ∈ R
⇒ R is symmetric
Transitive:
Let (m, n), (n, p) ∈ R
⇒ m – n and n – p are divisible by 3
⇒ m – n + n – p is also divisible by p.
⇒ m – p is divisible by p.
⇒ (m, p) ∈ R
⇒ R is transitive.
Thus R is an equivalence relation.

Question 4.
List the members of the equivalence relation defined by the following partitions on X= {1,2,3,4}. Also find the equivalence classes of 1,2,3 and 4.
(i) {{1},{2},{3, 4}}
(ii) {{1, 2, 3},{4}}
(iii) {{1,2, 3, 4}}
Solution:
(i) The equivalence relation is
R = {(1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (4, 4), (3, 4), (4, 3)}
[1] = {1}, [2] = {2}, [3] = {3, 4} and [4] = {3, 4}

(ii) The equivalence relation is
R = {(1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (4, 4), (1, 2), (1, 3), (2, 1), (2, 3), (3, 1), (3, 2)}
[1] = [2] = [3] = {1, 2, 3}
[4] = {4}

(iii) The equivalence relation is
R = A x A, [1] = [2] = [3] = [4] = A

Question 5.
Show that if R is an equivalence relation on X then dom R = rng R = X.
Solution:
Let R is an equivalence relation on X.
⇒ R is reflexive
⇒ (x, x) ∈ R ∀ x ∈ X
⇒ Dom R = Rng R = X

Question 6.
Give an example of a relation which is
(i) reflexive, symmetric but not transitive.
(ii) reflexive, transitive but not symmetric.
(iii) symmetric, transitive but not reflexive.
(iv) reflexive but neither symmetric nor transitive.
(v) transitive but neither reflexive nor symmetric.
(vi) an empty relation.
(vii) a universal relation.
Solution:
(i) The relation R = {(a, b), (b, a), (a, c), (c, a), (a, a), (b, b), (c, c)} defined on the set {a, b, c} is reflexive, symmetric but not transitive.
(ii) “The relation x ≤ y on z” is reflexive, transitive but not symmetric.
(iii) The relation R = {(a, a), (a, b), (a, c), (b, a), (b, b), (b, c), (c, a), (c, b), (c, c)} defined on the set {a, b, c, d} is symmetric, transitive but not reflexive.
(iv) The relation R = {(a, a), (b, b), (c, c), (a, b), (b, c)} defined on the set A = {a, b, c} is reflexive but neither symmetric nor transitive.
(v) R = {(a, b), (b, c), (a, c)} on A = {a, b, c} is transitive but neither reflexive nor symmetric.
(vi) On N the relation R= {(x, y) : x + y = – 5} is an empty relation.
(vii) On N the relation R = {(x, y) : x + y > 0} is an universal relation.

Question 7.
Let R be a relation on X, If R is symmetric then xRy ⇒ yRx. If it is also transitive then xRy and yRx ⇒ xRx. So whenever a relation is symmetric and transitive then it is also reflexive. What is wrong in this argument?
Solution:
Let R is a relation on X.
If R is symmetric then xRy ⇒ yRx
If R is also transitive then xRy and yRx ⇒ xRx
⇒ Whenever a relation is symmetric and transitive, then it is reflexive. This argument is wrong because the symmetry of R does not imply dom R = X and for reflexive xRx ∀ x ∈ X.

Question 8.
Suppose a box contains a set of n balls (n ≥ 4) (denoted by B) of four different colours (may have different sizes), viz. red, blue, green and yellow. Show that a relation R defined on B as R={(b1, b2): balls b1 and b2 have the same colour} is an equivalence relation on B. How many equivalence classes can you find with respect to R?
[Note: On any set X a relation R={(x, y): x and y satisfy the same property P} is an equivalence relation. As far as the property P is concerned, elements x and y are deemed equivalent. For different P we get different equivalence relations on X]
Solution:
On B, R = {(b1, b2) : balls b1 and b2 have the same colour}

Reflexive:
∀ b ∈ B, b and b are of same colour
⇒ (b, b) ∈ R
⇒ R is reflexive.

Symmetric:
Let (b1, b2) ∈ R
⇒ b1 and b2 are of same colour
⇒ b2 and b1 are of same colour
⇒ (b2, b1) ∈ R
⇒ R is symmetric.

Transitive :
Let (b1, b2) and (b2, b3) ∈ R
⇒ b1 and b2 are of same colour
b2 and b3 are of same colour
⇒ b1, b3 are of same colour
⇒ (b1, b3) ∈ R
⇒ R is transitive
∴ R is an equivalence relation.
As there are 4 types of balls there are 4 equivalence relations with respect to R.

Question 9.
Find the number of equivalence relations on X={1,2,3}. [Hints: Each partition of a set gives an equivalence relation.]
Solution:
Method – 1: Number of equivalence relations on a set A with | A | = n.
= The number of distinct partitions of A
= B_n
where B_n+1 = \(\sum_{k=0}^n \frac{n !}{k !(n-k) !} \mathrm{B}_k\)
with B₀ = 1
Here n = 3
B₁ = 1
B_{2 =} \(\frac{1 !}{0 ! 1 !}\) B₀ + \(\frac{1 !}{1 ! 1 !}\) B₁
= 1 + 1 = 2
B₃ = \(\frac{2 !}{0 ! 2 !}\) B₀ + \(\frac{2 !}{1 ! 1 !}\) B₁ + \(\frac{2 !}{2 ! 0 !}\) B₂
= 1 + 2 + 2 = 5
Thus there are 5 equivalence relations.

Method – 2:
X= {1, 2, 3}
Number of equivalence relations = number of distinct partitions.
Different partitions of X are
{{1} {2}, {3}}
{{1}, {2, 3}}, {{2}, {1,3}},
{{3}, {1,2}} and {{1, 2,3}}
Thus number of equivalence relations = 5.

Question 10.
Let R be the relation on the set R of real numbers such that aRb iff a-b is an integer. Test whether R is an equivalence relation. If so find the equivalence class of 1 and ½ w.r.t. this equivalence relation.
Solution:
The relation R on the set of real numbers is defined as
R = {(a, b) : a – b ∈ Z}

Reflexive:
∀ a ∈ R (set of real numbers)
a – a = 0 ∈ Z
⇒ (a, a) ∈ R
⇒ R is reflexive.

Symmetric:
Let (a, b) ∈ R
⇒ a – b ∈ Z
⇒ b – a ∈ Z
⇒ (b, a) ∈ R
⇒ R is symmetric.

Transitive:
Let (a, b), (b, c) ∈ R
⇒ a – b and b – c ∈ Z
⇒ a – b + b – c ∈ Z
⇒ a – c ∈ Z
⇒ (a, c) ∈ R
⇒ R is transitive.
Thus R is an equivalence relation.
[1] = {x ∈ R : x -1 ∈ Z} = Z
\(\begin{aligned}
{\left[\frac{1}{2}\right] } &=\left\{x \in \mathrm{R}: x-\frac{1}{2} \in \mathrm{Z}\right\} \\
&=\left\{x \in \mathrm{R}: x=\frac{2 k+1}{2}, k \in \mathrm{Z}\right\}
\end{aligned}\)

Question 11.
Find the least positive integer r such that
(i) 185 ∈ [r]₇
(ii) – 375 ∈ [r]₁₁
(iii) -12 ∈ [r]₁₃
Solution:
(i) 185 ∈ [r]₇
⇒ 185 – r = 7k, k ∈ z and r < 7
⇒ r = 3
(ii) – 375 ∈ [r]₇
⇒ – 375 – r = 11k, k ∈ z and r < 11
⇒ r = 10
(iii) – 12 ∈ [r]₁₃
⇒ – 12 – r = 13k, k ∈ z and r < 13
⇒ r= 1

Question 12.
Find least non negative integer r such that
(i) 7 x 13 x 23 x 413 r (mod 11)
(ii) 6 x 18 x 27 x (- 225) = r (mod 8)
(iii) 1237(mod 4) + 985 (mod 4) = r (mod 4)
(iv) 1936 x 8789 = r (mod 4)
Solution:
(i) 7 x 13 x 23 x 413 ≡ r (mod 11)
Now 7 x 13 ≡ 3 mod 11
23 ≡ 1 mod 11
413 ≡ 6 mod 11
∴ 7 x 13 x 23 x 413 ≡ 3 x 1 x 6 mod 11
≡ 18 mod 11
≡ 7 mod 11
∴ r = 7

(ii) 6 x 18 x 27 x – 225 ≡ r (mod 8)
Now 6 x 18 ≡ 108 = 4 mod 8
27 ≡ 3 mod 8
– 225 ≡ 7 mod 8
⇒ 6 x 18 x 27 x – 225 ≡ 4 x 3 x 7 mod 8
≡ 84 mod 8
≡ 4 mod 8
∴ r = 4

(iii) 1237 (mod 4) + 985 (mod 4) r (mod 4)
Now 1237 ≡ 1 mod 4
985 ≡ 1 mod 4
⇒ 1237 (mod 4) + 985 (mod 4)
≡ (1 + 1) mod 4
≡ 2 mod 4
⇒ r = 2

(iv) 1936 x 8789 ≡ r (mod 4)
1936 x 8789 ≡ 0 mod 4
∴ r = 0

Question 13.
Find least positive integer x satisfying 276x + 128 ≡ (mod 7)
[Hint: 276 ≡ 3, 128 ≡ 2 (mod 7)]
Solution:
Now 128 ≡ 2 mod 7
Now 176 x + 128 ≡ 4 mod 7
⇒ 176 x ≡ (4 – 2) mod 7
⇒ 176 x ≡ 2 mod 7
176 x x ≡ 2 mod 7,
But 276 ≡ 3 mod 7
Thus x = 3.

Question 14.
Find three positive integers x_i, i =1, 2, 3 satisfying 3x ≡ 2 (mod 7)
[Hint: If X₁ is a solution then any member of [X₁] is also a solution]
Solution:
3x ≡ 2 mod 7
Least positive value of x ≡ 3
Each member of [3] is a solution
∴ x = 3, 10, 17 …..

Odisha State Board BSE Odisha 10th Class Hindi Solutions Poem 1(a) कबीरदास के दोहे Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

BSE Odisha Class 10 Hindi Solutions Poem 1(a) कबीरदास के दोहे

प्रश्न और अभ्यास (ପ୍ରଶ୍ନ ଔର୍ ଅଭ୍ୟାସ)

1. निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों के उत्तर दो-तीन वाक्यों में दीजिए।
( ତିନ୍ ୱାର୍କୋ ମେଁ ଦୀଜିଏ।)
(ନିମ୍ନଲିଖତ ପ୍ରଶ୍ନଗୁଡ଼ିକର ଉତ୍ତର ଦୁଇ-ତିନୋଟି ବାକ୍ୟରେ ଦିଅ।)

(क) साँच या सत्य के बारे में कबीर ने क्या कहा है?
(ସାଁଚ ୟା ସତ୍ୟ କେ ବାରେ ମେଁ କବୀର ନେ କ୍ୟା କହା ହୈ ?)
उत्तर:
साँच या सत्य के बारे में कबीर ने कहा है कि: सत्य हमेशा महान होता है। सत्य के समान इस संसार मे कोई तपस्या या ज्ञान नहीं है। जो सत्यवादी होता है, उसका हृदय निर्मल होता है और भगवान का निवास उसके हृदय में होता है। समाज में उसका आदर होता है।

(ख) बुराई करनेवालों की भलाई क्यों करनी चाहिए?
(ବୁରାଈ କରନେବାଲୈ କି ଭଲାଈ କୈ କରନୀ ଚାହିଏ ?)
उत्तर:
बुराई करनेवालों की भलाई इसलिए करनी चाहिए क्योंकि भलाई करने पर बुराई करनेवालों को अच्छा फल मिलता और उनकी बुराई का उन्हें बुरा फल मिलता है। परिणाम स्वरूप वे अपनी करनी पर लज्जित होते हैं और खुद को सुधारने की चेष्टा करते हैं।

(ग) धीरे – धीरे सबकुछ कैसे होता है इसके लिए कवि ने कौन सा -उदाहरण दिया है?
(ଧୀରେ-ଧୀରେ ସବୁକୁଛ୍ କୈସେ ହୋତା ହୈ: ଇସ୍କେ ଲିଏ କବି ନେ କୌନ୍ ସା ଉଦାହରଣ)
उत्तर:
माली के सौ घड़ा पानी सींचने पर भी किसी भी पेड़ में समय से पहले फल नहीं लगते। इसके लिए ऋतु की प्रतीक्षा करनी पड़ती है। उसी प्रकार धीरे धीरे सबकुछ करना चाहिए और उसके लिए धैर्य की आवश्यकता है। कवि ने यही उदाहरण देकर कहा है।

2. निम्नलिखित पदों के अर्थ दो-तीन वाक्यों में स्पष्ट कीजिए।
(ନିମ୍ନଲିଖ୍ ପଦୌ କେ ଅର୍ଥ ଦୋ-ତୀନ୍ ୱାର୍କୋ ମେଁ ସ୍ପଷ୍ଟ କୀଜିଏ?)
(ନିମ୍ନଲିଖ୍ ପଦଗୁଡ଼ିକର ଅର୍ଥ ଦୁଇ-ତିନି ବାକ୍ୟରେ ସ୍ପଷ୍ଟ କର।)

(क) जाके हिरदै साँच है, ताके हिरदै आप।
(ଜାକେ ହିରଦୈ ସାଁଚ୍ ହୈ, ତାକେ ହିରଦୈ ଆପ୍ ।)
उत्तर:
जिसके हृदय में सत्य का निवास है अर्थात् जो हमेशा सत्य बोलता है।, उसका हृदय निर्मल और पाप रहित होता है। कवि के अनुसार उसी व्यक्ति के निर्मल हृदय में भगवान विराजमान करते हैं।

(ख) जो तोको काँटा बुबै ताहि बोय तू फूल।
(ଜୋ ତୋକୋ କାଁଟା ବୁବୈ ତାହି ବୋୟ ତୁ ଫୁଲ୍ ।)
उत्तर:
कवि के अनुसार जो तुम्हारे रास्ते में काँटा बोता है, अर्थात् तुम्हारी बुराई करता है, तुम उसके रास्ते में फूल बिछा दो अर्थात् उसकी भलाई करो। परिणामस्वरूप तुम्हारी अच्छाई से उसे अच्छा फल तो मिलेगा ही और उसकी बुराई से भी उसे बुरा फल मिलेगा। इससे प्रमाणित होता है कि अच्छा काम करने वालों को अच्छा फल मिलता है और बुरे काम करनेवालों को बुरा फल मिलता है।

(ग) माली सींचे सौ घड़ा, ऋतु आए फल होय।
(ମାଲୀ ସ୍ତ୍ରୀଚେ ସୌ ଘଡ଼ା, ଋତୁ ଆଏ ଫଲ୍ ହୋୟ।)
उत्तर:
कबीरदास कहते हैं कि माली के सौ घड़ा पानी सींचने पर भी किसी भी पेड़ में समय के पहले फल नहीं लगते, उसे ऋतु या समय की प्रतीक्षा करनी पड़ती है। अर्थात् कोई भी काम समयानुसार ही होता है। समय से पहले कोई काम नहीं होता।

3. निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों के उत्तर एक-एक वाक्य में दीजिए।
(ନିମ୍ନଲିଖ ପ୍ରଶ୍ନୋ କେ ଉତ୍ତର ଏକ୍-ଏକ୍ ୱାକ୍ୟ ମେଁ ଦୀଜିଏ ।)
(ନିମ୍ନଲିଖ ପ୍ରଶ୍ନଗୁଡ଼ିକର ଉତ୍ତର ଗୋଟିଏ-ଗୋଟିଏ ବାକ୍ୟରେ ଦିଅ ।)

(क) किसके बराबर तप नहीं है?
(କିସ୍‌ ବରାବର ତପ୍ ନର୍ଜୀ ହୈ ?)
उत्तर:
सच के बराबर तप नहीं है।

(ख) झूठ के बराबर क्या नहीं है?
(ଝୁଠ୍ କେ ବରାବର କ୍ୟା ନହୀ ହୈ ?)
उत्तर:
झूठ के बराबर पाप नहीं है।

(ग) जिसके हृदय में साँच है, उसके हृदय में कौन होते हैं?
(ଜିସ୍‌ ହୃଦୟ ମେଁ ସୌଚ୍ ହୈ, ଉତ୍ସକେ ହୃଦୟ ମେଁ କୌନ୍ ହୋତେ ହେଁ ?)
उत्तर:
जिसके हृदय में साँच है, उसके हृदय में आप अर्थात् भगवान विराजमान होते हैं।

(घ) झूठ की तुलना किसके साथ की गई है?
(ଝୁଠ୍ କୀ ତୁଲନା କିସ୍କେ ସାଥ୍ କୀ ଗଈ ହୈ ?)
उत्तर:
झूठ की तुलना पाप के साथ की गई है।

(ङ) साँच की तुलना किसके साथ की गई है?
(ସଁଚ୍ କୀ ତୁଲନା କିସ୍‌ ସାଥ୍ କୀ ଗଈ ହୈ ?)
उत्तर:
साँच की तुलना तप के साथ की गई है।

(च) जो तेरे रास्ते पर काँटा बोता है, तुझे उसके लिए क्या करना चाहिए?
(ଜୋ ତେରେ ରାସ୍ପେପର୍ କାଁଟା ବୋତା ହୈ, ତୁଝେ ଉସ୍କେ ଲିଏ କ୍ୟା)
उत्तर:
जो तेरे रास्ते पर काँटा बोता है, तुझे उसके लिए फूल बिछाना चाहिए।

(छ) पेड़ में कब फल लगते हैं?
(ପେଡ଼୍ ମେଁ କବ୍ ଫଲ୍ ଲଗ୍‌ ହେଁ ?)
उत्तर:
पेड़ में वक्त आने पर फल लगते हैं।

(ज) कौन सौ घड़े पानी सींचता है?
(କୌନ୍ ସୌ ଘଡ଼େ ପାନୀ ସୀତା ହୈ ?)
उत्तर:
माली सौ घड़े पानी सींचता है।

(झ) इन दोहों के रचयिता कौन हैं?
(ଇନ୍ ଦୋର୍ଡୋ କେ ରଚୟିତା କୌନ୍ ହେଁ ?)
उत्तर:
इन दोहों के रचयिता कबीरदास हैं।

(ञ) प्रथम दोहे में ‘आप’ शब्द का क्या अर्थ है?
(ପ୍ରଥମ ଦୋହ ମେଁ ‘ଆପ୍’ ଶବ୍ଦ କା କ୍ୟା ଅର୍ଥ ହୈ ?)
उत्तर:
प्रथम दोहे में ‘आप’ शब्द का अर्थ ईश्वर है।

भाषा-ज्ञान (ଭାଷା-ଜ୍ଞାନ)

1. निम्नलिखित शब्दों के विपरीत या बिलोम शब्द लिखिए :
(ନିମ୍ନଲିଖ୍ ଶବ୍ଦଗୁଡ଼ିକର ବିପରୀତ (ବିଲୋମ) ଶବ୍ଦ ଲେଖ : )
साँच, पाप, बुरा, धीर, काँटा
उत्तर:
साँच – झूठ
धीर – अधीर
पाप – पुण्य
काँटा – फूल
बुरा – भला

2. निम्नलिखित शब्दों के समानार्थी शब्द कोष्ठक से चुन कर लिखिए:
(ନିମ୍ନଲିଖ୍ ଶବ୍ଦଗୁଡ଼ିକର ସମାନାର୍ଥୀ ଶବ୍ଦ ବନ୍ଧନୀ ମଧ୍ଯରୁ ବାଛିକରି ଲେଖ: )
बराबर, झूठ, पाप, हृदय, फूल, घड़ा, ऋतु
( मौसम, समान, कलुष, दिल, पुष्प, घट)
उत्तर:
बराबर – समान
हृदय – दिल
झूठ – मिथ्या
फूल – पुष्प
पाप – कलुष
घड़ा – घट

3. निम्नलिखित शब्दों के बचन बदलिए:
(ନିମ୍ନଲିଖୂତ ଶବ୍ଦଗୁଡ଼ିକର ବଚନ ପରିବର୍ତ୍ତନ କର: )
पाप, फूल, फल, माली, घड़ा, काँटा, ऋतु
उत्तर:
पाप – पाप
माली – माली
ऋतु – ऋतुएँ।
फूल – फूल
घड़ा – घड़े
फल – फल
काँटा – काँटे

4. इन शब्दों के खड़ीबोली रूप लिखिए:
(ଏହି ଶବ୍ଦଗୁଡ଼ିକର ଖଢ଼ୀବୋଲୀ ରୂପ ଲେଖ : )
साँच, जाके, हिरदै, तोको, बुबै, बाको, होय
उत्तर:
साँच – सच
तोको – तुझको
जाके – जिसके
हिरदै – हृदय
बुबै – बोए
बाको – उसको
होय – होता।

Very Short & Objective Type Questions with Answers

A. निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों के उत्तर एक वाक्य में दीजिए।

प्रश्न 1.
संत कबीरदास का जन्म कब और कहाँ हुआ था?
उत्तर:
संत कबीरदास का जन्म काशी के एक हिन्दु-परिवार में सन् 1398 में हुआ था।

प्रश्न 2.
कबीरदास क्यों दुःखी हुए?
उत्तर:
समाज में व्याप्त बुराई को देखकर कबीरदास दुःखी हुए।

प्रश्न 3.
कबीर की भाषा क्या है?
उत्तर:
कबीर की भाषा मिश्रीत खड़ीबोली है।

प्रश्न 4.
कबीर की बाणी कौन सी ग्रंथ में संगृहित हुआ?
उत्तर:
कबीर की बाणी ‘बीजक’ नामक ग्रंथ में संगृहित हुआ।

प्रश्न 5.
कबीरदास के गुरु कौन थे?
उत्तर:
कबीरदास के गुरु रामानन्द स्वामी थे।

प्रश्न 6.
सब कुछ किस प्रकार होता है?
उत्तर:
सब कुछ धीरे-धीरे समय पर होता है।

B. निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों के उत्तर एक शब्द / एक पद में दीजिए।

प्रश्न 1.
माली के सौ घड़े पानी सींचने पर भी फल कब आता है?
उत्तर:
ऋतु आने पर

प्रश्न 2.
किसके बराबर तप नहीं है?
उत्तर:
सच

प्रश्न 3.
जो हमारे रास्ते पर काँटा बोता है, हम उसके रास्ते पर क्या बोएँगे?
उत्तर:
आप (भगवान)

प्रश्न 4.
जाके हिरदै साँच है, ताके हिरदै कौन है?
उत्तर:
फूल

प्रश्न 5.
काँटा बोनेवाले के लिए काँटा क्या बन जाता है?
उत्तर:
त्रिशूल

प्रश्न 6.
कबीर की वाणी कौन सी ग्रंथ में संगृहित हुआ?
उत्तर:
बीजक

प्रश्न 7.
झूठ के बराबर क्या नहीं है?
उत्तर:
पाप

प्रश्न 8.
कबीर दास क्यों दुःखी हुए?
उत्तर:
बुराई देखकर

प्रश्न 9.
सब कुछ किस प्रकार होता है?
उत्तर:
ग्वाले

प्रश्न 10.
जो तेरे रास्ते पर काँटा बोता है, तुझे उसके लिए क्या करना चाहिए?
उत्तर:
फूल बिछाना

C. रिक्त स्थानों की पूर्ति कीजिए।

प्रश्न 1.
साँच बराबर तप नहीं। इस अधुरी पंक्ति के रचयिता हैं ……………….।
उत्तर:
कबीर

प्रश्न 2.
जिसके हृदय में साँच हैं, उसके हृदय में ………………… होते हैं।
उत्तर:
भगवान

प्रश्न 3.
सत्यवादी के हृदय में …………………. रहते हैं।
उत्तर:
ईश्वर

प्रश्न 4.
सत्यवादी का आदर ……………… होता है।
उत्तर:
समाज में

प्रश्न 5.
अच्छे फल पाने के लिए ……………… करना चाहिए।
उत्तर:
अच्छा काम

प्रश्न 6.
जाके ………………. साँच है, ताके हिरदै आप।
उत्तर:
हिरदै

प्रश्न 7.
………………… सौ घड़ा पानी सींचता है?
उत्तर:
माली

प्रश्न 8.
‘तोकु’ शब्द का अर्थ है ……………………।
उत्तर:
तुझको

प्रश्न 9.
कवीरदासजी मन को …………………… धारण करने का उपदेश देते है।
उत्तर:
धीरज

प्रश्न 10.
पेड़ में फल आते है।
उत्तर:
ऋतु आने पर

D. ठिक् या भूल लिखिए।

प्रश्न 1.
चपरासी सौ घड़े पानी सींचता है।
उत्तर:
भूल

प्रश्न 2.
साँच की तुलना सत्य के साथ की गई है।
उत्तर:
भूल

प्रश्न 3.
पाप के साथ झूठ की तुलना की गई है।
उत्तर:
ठिक्

प्रश्न 4.
पानी देने पर पेड़ में फल आते हैं।
उत्तर:
भूल

प्रश्न 5.
अच्छे काम करनेवालों को अच्छा फल मिलता है।
उत्तर:
ठिक्

प्रश्न 6.
सब कुछ धीरे-धीरे होता है।
उत्तर:
ठिक्

प्रश्न 7.
‘तोकु फूल को फूल है ……………….. यह अधुरी पंक्ति के रचयिता रहीम है।
उत्तर:
भूल

प्रश्न 8.
निर्मल हृदय में आनंद विराजता है।
उत्तर:
भूल

प्रश्न 9.
झूठ की तुलना पाप के साथ की गई है।
उत्तर:
ठिक्

प्रश्न 10.
कबीर की बाणी बीजक ग्रंथ में संगृहित हुआ है।
उत्तर:
ठिक्

Multiple Choice Questions (mcqs) with Answers

सही उत्तर चुनिए : (MCQS )

1. माली के सौ घड़े पानी सींचने पर भी फल कब आता है?
(A) वर्षा होने पर
(B) जाड़े में
(C) ऋतु आने पर
(D) कभी नहीं
उत्तर:
(C) ऋतु आने पर

2. किसके बराबर तप नहीं है ?
(A) न्याय
(B) प्रेम
(C) साधना
(D) सच
उत्तर:
(D) सच

3. जाके हिरदै साँच है, ताके हिरदै कौन है ?
(A) आप
(B) मैं
(C) वे
(D) तुम
उत्तर:
(A) आप

4. जो हमारे रास्ते पर काँटा बोता है, हम उसके रास्ते पर क्या बोएँगे ?
(A) फूल
(B) त्रिशूल
(C) दो काँटे
(D) चन्दन का पौधा
उत्तर:
(A) फूल

5. काँटा बोनेवाले के लिए काँटा क्या बन जाता है?
(A) पंच शूल
(B) फूल
(C) भाला
(D) त्रिशूल
उत्तर:
(D) त्रिशूल

6. किसके बराबर तप नहीं हैं?
(A) पाप
(B) मिथ्या
(C) सच
(D) धन
उत्तर:
(C) सच

7. कौन सौ घड़े पानी सींचता है?
(A) नौकर
(B) मालिक
(C) चपरासी
(D) माली
उत्तर:
(D) माली

8. कबीर की वाणी कौन सी ग्रंथ में संगृहित हुआ?
(A) बीजक
(B) मेघदूत
(C) गोदान
(D) कामायनी
उत्तर:
(A) बीजक

दोहों को समझें (ଦୋହେଁ କୋ ସମସ୍ତେ)

1. सच हमेशा महान होता है। सच के समान इस संसार में तपस्या या ज्ञान नहीं है। उसी प्रकार झूठ के समान कोई पाप नहीं है। इसलिए कबीरदास कहते हैं कि जिसका हृदय निर्मल होता है, जो हमेशा सच बोलता है, उसके हृदय में स्वयं भगवान रहते हैं। अर्थात् सच बोलनेवाले को भगवान के दर्शन मिलते हैं। समाज में उसका आदर होता है। झूठ बोलनेवाले पापी का समाज में निरादार होता है।
ସତ୍ୟ ସବୁବେଳେ ମହାନ୍। ସତ୍ୟ ପରି ଏହି ସଂସାରରେ କୌଣସି ଜ୍ଞାନ କିମ୍ବା ତପସ୍ୟା ନାହିଁ। ମିଛ ପରି ଆଉ କୌଣସି ପାପ ନାହିଁ। କବୀରଙ୍କ ଅନୁସାରେ– ଯିଏ ସବୁବେଳେ ସତ କୁହେ, ତା’ର ହୃଦୟ ନିର୍ମଳ ରୁହେ। ତା’ ହୃଦୟରେ ଭଗବାନ୍ ରୁହନ୍ତି, ଅର୍ଥାତ୍ ସତ କହୁଥ‌ିବା ଲୋକଙ୍କୁ ଭଗବାନଙ୍କ ସାନ୍ନିଧ୍ଵ ମିଳେ। ସମାଜରେ ତାଙ୍କୁ ଆଦର ମିଳେ। ମିଛ କହୁଥିବା ଲୋକ ପାପୀ ସଙ୍ଗେ ସମାନ ହୋଇଥାଏ। ସମାଜରେ ସମସ୍ତେ ତାଙ୍କୁ ଘୃଣା

2. कबीरदास कहते हैं: जो तुम्हारे रास्ते में काँटा बोता है अर्थात् तुम्हारी बुराई करता है, तुम उसके रास्ते में फूल बिछा दो अर्थात् उसकी भलाई करो। परिणाम यह होगा कि तुम्हारी अच्छाई से तुम्हें अच्छा फल मिलेगा और उसकी बुराई के लिए उसे बुरा फल मिलेगा। इसका अर्थ है कि अच्छा काम करने पर अच्छा का फल मिलता है और बुरा काम करने से बुरा का फल मिलता है।
ବିଛାଇ ଦିଅ। ଅର୍ଥାତ୍ ଯିଏ ତୁମର କ୍ଷତି କରୁଛନ୍ତି ତୁମେ ତାଙ୍କର ଉପକାର କର। ପରିଣାମ ସ୍ଵରୂପ ତୁମ ଭଲ କର୍ମଦ୍ଵାରା ତୁମେ ଭଲ ଫଳ ପାଇବ ଏବଂ ତା’ର କୁକର୍ମଦ୍ଵାରା ତାକୁ ଖରାପ ଫଳ ମିଳିବ। ଭଲ କାମ କଲେ ସବୁବେଳେ ଭଲ ହୋଇଥାଏ ଏବଂ ଖରାପ କାମ କଲେ ସବୁବେଳେ ଖରାପ ଫଳ ଭୋଗ କରିବାକୁ ପଡ଼ିଥାଏ।

3. कबीरदास कहते हैं कि प्रत्येक कार्य समयानुसार धीरे-धीरे होता है। हर कार्य के लिए धैर्य की आवश्यकता है। इसके लिए कबीरदास ने माली और पानी का उदाहरण देकर कहते हैं कि जिसप्रकार माली के सौ घड़ा पानी सींचने पर भी पेड़ में समय आने पर ही फल-फूल आते हैं। अर्थात् ऋतु आने पर ही पेड़ फलता फूलता है। उसी प्रकार हर कार्य समयानुसार धीरे-धीरे होता है और उसका फल उपयुक्त समय पर ही मिलता है।
କବୀରଦାସଙ୍କ ଅନୁସାରେ ପ୍ରତ୍ୟେକ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ ଧୀରେ ଧୀରେ ଓ ସମୟାନୁସାରେ ହୋଇଥାଏ। ଏଥିପାଇଁ ଧୈର୍ଯ୍ୟର ଆବଶ୍ୟକତା ହୋଇଥାଏ। ଯେପରି ମାଳୀ ଶହେ ମାଠିଆ ପାଣି ଛିଞ୍ଚିଲେ ମଧ୍ୟ ବୃକ୍ଷରେ ଫୁଲ-ଫଳ ତା’ର ଉପଯୁକ୍ତ ସମୟ ଆସିଲା ପରେ ହିଁ ଧରିଥାଏ। ସେହିପରି ପ୍ରତ୍ୟେକ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟର ଫଳ ତା’ର ଉପଯୁକ୍ତ ସମୟ ଆସିଲା ପରେ ହିଁ ମିଳିଥାଏ।

दोहे  (ଦେ।ହେ )

(i) साँच बराबर तप नहीं, झुठ बराबर पाप।
जाके हिरदै, साँच है, ताके हिरदै आप।।
ସାଁଚ୍ ବରାବର ତପ୍ ନର୍ଜୀ, ଝୁଠୁ ବରାବର ପାପ୍ ।
ଜାକେ ହିରଦୈ, ସାଁଚ୍ ହୈ, ତାକେ ହିରଦୈ ଆପ୍ ।।

हिन्दी व्याख्या:
कबीरदास कहते हैं कि संसार में सत्य के समान तपस्या या ज्ञान नहीं है। झूठ या मिथ्या के समान पाप या बुरा काम नहीं है। जिसके हृदय में सत्य का निवास है, जो हमेशा सच बोलता है, उसका हृदय पाप रहित और निर्मल होता है। भगवान उसके निर्मल हृदय में वास करते हैं। सत्यवादी को ही भगवान के दर्शन मिलते हैं।
ଓଡ଼ିଆ ଅନୁବାଦ:
ସର୍ବଦା ପରି ପାପ ନାହିଁ । ସତ୍ୟ କହନ୍ତି; ତାଙ୍କ ହୃଦୟ ପାପମୁକ୍ତ ଭଗବାନ ଦର୍ଶନ ଦେଇଥା’ନ୍ତି । କବୀର ଦାସଙ୍କ କହିବା ଅନୁଯାୟୀ ସଂସାରରେ ସତ୍ୟ ପରି ତପସ୍ୟା ବା ଜ୍ଞାନ ନାହିଁ । ମିଥ୍ୟା ମହାନ୍ ବା ଶ୍ରେଷ୍ଠ । ଯାହା ହୃଦୟରେ ସତ୍ୟ ବିରାଜମାନ କରିଛି, ଯିଏ ସର୍ବଦା ସତ୍ୟ

(ii) जो तोको काँटा बुबै ताहि बोय तू फूल।
तोकु फूल को फूल है, बाको है तिरसूल॥
ଜୋ ତୋକୋ କାଁଟା ବୁବୈ ତାହି ବୋୟ ତୁ ଫୁଲ୍ ।
ତୋକୁ ଫୁଲ୍ କୋ ଫୁଲ୍ ହୈ, ବାକୋ ହୈ ତିରସ୍କୁଲ୍ ॥

हिन्दी व्याख्या:
कबीरदास कहते हैं कि जो मनुष्य तुम्हारे रास्ते में काँटा बोता है, इसके रास्ते पर तुम फूल बिछा दो। तुम्हारे अहित करने वाले मनुष्य का भी तुम्हें हित करना चाहिए। क्योंकि इससे तुम्हें तो सुख या आनंद मिलेगा, जबकि उसको दुःख या कष्ट मिलेगा। अहित करने वाले को हमेशा दुःख ही सहन करना पड़ता है।
ଓଡ଼ିଆ ଅନୁବାଦ:
କବୀରଙ୍କ ମତରେ ଯେଉଁ ଲୋକ ତୁମ ଚଲାପଥରେ କଣ୍ଟା ପକାଇ ଦେଉଛି, ତୁମେ ତାଙ୍କ ପଥରେ ଫୁଲ ପକାଇଦିଅ । ତୁମର ଅହିତ ଚିନ୍ତା କରୁଥିବା ଲୋକର ହିତ ଚିନ୍ତା କରିବା ଉଚିତ । ଏଥୁରେ ତୁମେ ସୁଖ ବା ଆନନ୍ଦ ପାଇବ କିନ୍ତୁ ତାକୁ ଦୁଃଖ ବା କଷ୍ଟ ମିଳିବ । ଅର୍ଥାତ୍ ଅନ୍ୟକୁ ବିପଦରେ ପକାଉଥିବା ବ୍ୟକ୍ତିକୁ ସର୍ବଦା ଦୁଃଖ ସହିବାକୁ ପଡ଼ିବ । ତେଣୁ ଭଲ କାମ କର, ଭଲ ଫଳ ଉପଭୋଗ କରିବ।

(iii) धीरे-धीरे रे मना, धीरे-धीरे सब कुछ होय।
माली सीचें सौ घड़ा, ऋतु आए फल होय।।
ଧୀରେ-ଧୀରେ ରେ ମନା, ଧୀରେ-ଧୀରେ ସବ୍ କୁଛ୍ ହୋୟ।
ମାଲୀ ସୀଚେଁ ସୌ ଘଡ଼ା, ଋତୁ ଆଏ ଫଲ୍ ହୋୟ।।

हिन्दी व्याख्या:
कबीरदास का कहना है कि हर काम धीरे-धीरे होता है। उसके लिए धैर्य की आवश्यकता है। कवि उसके लिए उदाहरण देकर कहते हैं कि माली के सौ घड़ा पानी सींचने पर भी कुछ लाभ नहीं होता, समय आने पर ही पेड़ में फल आते हैं। उसके पहले नहीं आते। इसलिए हर काम के लिए समय की प्रतीक्षा करनी पड़ती है।
ଓଡ଼ିଆ ଅନୁବାଦ:
କବୀରଙ୍କ ମତରେ ପ୍ରତ୍ୟେକ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ ନିର୍ଦ୍ଦିଷ୍ଟ ସମୟ ଅନୁସାରେ ସମାପ୍ତ ହୋଇଥାଏ। ଏଥ‌ିପାଇଁ ଅଧୈର୍ଯ୍ୟ ନ ହୋଇ ଧୈର୍ଯ୍ୟ ରଖୁବା ଉଚିତ। ଯେପରି ମାଳୀର ଶହେ ମାଠିଆ ପାଣି ଛିଞ୍ଚିଲେ ମଧ୍ୟ ବୃକ୍ଷରେ ଫୁଲ- ଫଳ ସମୟ ନ ଆସିବା ପୂର୍ବରୁ ହୋଇନଥାଏ। ସମୟ ଆସିଲା ପରେ ହିଁ ବୃକ୍ଷରେ ଫୁଲ-ଫଳ ଆସିଥାଏ। ଠିକ୍ ସେହିପରି ପ୍ରତ୍ୟେକ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟର ଫଳ ତା’ର ଉପଯୁକ୍ତ ସମୟ ଆସିଲା ପରେ ହିଁ ମିଳିଥାଏ। ତେଣୁ ସମସ୍ତଙ୍କୁ ପ୍ରତ୍ୟେକ କାମ ପାଇଁ ପ୍ରତୀକ୍ଷା କରିବା ଉଚିତ।

शबनार: (ଶରାର୍ଥି)

साँच – सत्य (ସତ୍ୟ )।

तप – तपस्या (ତପସ୍ୟା)।

जाके – जिसके (ଯାହାର)।

हिरदै – हृदय (ହୃଦୟ)।

तोको – तुझको (ତୁମକୁ)।

ताहि – उसे (ତା’ର)।

तोकु – तुझको (ପତାର)।

तिरसूल – त्रिशूल (ତ୍ରିଶୂଳ)।

होय – होता है (ହୁଏ)।

घड़ा – कुंभ (ମାଠିଆ)।

बराबर – समान (ସମାନ)।

झूठ – मिथ्या (ମିଛ)।

ताके – उसके (ତାହାର)।

आप – भगवान (ଭଗବାନ୍)।

बुबै – बोता है (ବୁଣେ)।

बोय – बो (ବୁଣ)।

बाको – उसको (ତାକୁ)।

मना – मन (ମନ)।

सींचे – सींचना (ଛିଞ୍ଚିବା)।

ऋतु – समय (ସମୟ)।

कवि परिचय

कबीरदास का जन्म सन् 1398 में काशी में हुआ था। कहा जाता है कि वे एक तालाब के किनारे मिले। एक जुलाहा दंपति ने उनका पालन पोषण किया। वे कपड़ा बुनने का काम करते थे। ज्यादा पढ़े- लिखे नहीं थे, लेकिन बड़े अनुभवी थे। बुद्धि, विवेक से काम लेते थे। बहुत बातें जानते थे। वे सभी धर्मों को बराबर मानते थे। वे ईश्वर के निर्गुण, निराकार रूप को मानते थे। उस समय धर्म और समाज में बड़ी गड़बड़ी थी। कबीर ने अपनी वाणी से उसे दूर करने का प्रयास किया। लोगों में जाति-पाति, ऊँच-नीच का भेद भाव था। विभिन्न धर्मों के अनुयायी आपस में झगड़ते थे।

बाह्य आडंबर, अंधविश्वास फैल गया था। कबीर जाति भेद, मूर्ति पूजा, बाहरी आडंबर आदि का विरोध करते थे। वे कहते थे कि सब मनुष्य बराबर हैं। वे बाहरी धार्मिक कर्म काण्ड की अपेक्षा भक्तिभाव पर बल देते थे। वे तीर्थ व्रत, जप-तप, मूर्त्ति पूजा आदि बाहरी काम छोड़ सच्चे दिल से भगवान की भक्ति करने को कहते थे। वे सदाचार, सच्चाई, भाईचारे, धार्मिक सहिष्णुता का प्रचार करते थे। कबीर का व्यक्तित्व सादा -सीधा पर बड़ा प्रभावशाली था। उनकी वाणियों को उनके शिष्यों ने ‘बीजक’ नामक ग्रंथ में संगृहीत किया। उनकी भाषा मिश्रित खड़ीबोली है, जो उस समय जन समाज में प्रचलित थी। वे अपने गुरु रामानंद स्वामी का बड़ा आदर करते थे।

Odisha State Board BSE Odisha 7th Class English Solutions Follow-Up Lesson 1 When I Grow Up Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

BSE Odisha Class 7 English Solutions Follow-Up Lesson 1 When I Grow Up

BSE Odisha 7th Class English Follow-Up Lesson 1 When I Grow Up Text Book Questions and Answers

Session – 1 (ଶବ୍ଦାବଳୀ)

I. Pre-Reading (ପୂର୍ବ ପ୍ରସ୍ତୁତି)
1. Teacher will say, “Now you are students.
(ଶିକ୍ଷକ କହିବେ, ପିଲାମାନେ ତୁମେ ବର୍ତ୍ତମାନ ବିଦ୍ୟାର୍ଥୀ ।)

• What do you want to be in your future?”
  (ତୁମେସବୁ ଭବିଷ୍ୟତରେ କ’ଣ ହେବାକୁ ଚାହିଁବ ?)
  Answer: I want to be a policeman/teacher/doctor / social worker/journalist etc. in future.

2. Teacher will collect answers from a number of students and then s/he will say: Let us read a poem to know about a child’s wish, what he wants to be in his future when he grows up.
(ଶିକ୍ଷକ ଅନେକ ବିଦ୍ୟାର୍ଥୀଙ୍କଠାରୁ ଉତ୍ତର ଆଦାୟ କରିବା ପରେ କହିବେ : ଚାଲ ଗୋଟିଏ ଛୋଟ ପିଲାର ଅଭିଳାଷ | ଇଚ୍ଛା ବାବଦରେ ଏକ କବିତାରୁ ପଢ଼ିବା । ସେ ଯେତେବେଳେ ଭବିଷ୍ୟତରେ ବଡ଼ ହେବ, ସେ କ’ଣ ହେବାକୁ ଇଚ୍ଛା କରୁଛି ?)

II. While Reading (ପଠନକାଳୀନ)
Text(ପାଠ୍ୟବସ୍ତୁ)

• Read the poem silently and answer the questions that follow.
  (କବତାଟିକୁ ନୀରବରେ ପାଠ କର ଏବଂ ନିମ୍ନପ୍ରଦତ୍ତ ପ୍ରଶ୍ନଗୁଡ଼ିକର ଉତ୍ତର ଦିଅ ।)

1. When I grow up
I want to be;
A detective
With a master key.

2. I could be a soldier
Perhaps a sailor too;
Or become a keeper
At Nandankanan zoo.

3. I’d like to own a trumpet
And play a musical tune;
Or buy a private space-ship
To fly me to the moon.

4. I’d like to be the driver
Of an express diesel train;
Or be a light-house-keeper
Where I want and when.

5. For the more one lives
The more one learns;
I think I will be all these things
And go on taking turns.

୧. ମୁଁ ଯେତେବେଳେ ବଡ଼ ହେବି
ମୁଁ ମୁଖ୍ୟ
ଗୋଟେ ଗୋଇନ୍ଦା (ପୋଲିସ) ହେବି
ପ୍ରଧାନ ଚାବି ଧରି ।

୨. ମୁଁ ହେବି ଗୋଟେ ସୈନିକ
ବୋଧହୁଏ ଏକ ନାବିକ ହୋଇପାରେ
କିମ୍ବା ହେବି ଏକ ରକ୍ଷକ
ଏପରିକି ନନ୍ଦନକାନନ ଚିଡ଼ିଆଖାନାର ।

୩. ମୁଁ ଗୋଟେ ବାଦ୍ୟଯନ୍ତ୍ର ହାସଲ କରିବି
ଏବଂ ଗୋଟେ ଯାନ୍ତ୍ରିକ ଧୂନ୍ (ବଜାଇବି) ଦେବି
କିମ୍ବା ଗୋଟେ ଘରୋଇ ମହାକାଶଯାନ କିଣିବି
ଯାହା ମୋତେ ଚନ୍ଦ୍ରକୁ ନେଇଯିବ ।

୪. ମୁଁ ଗୋଟେ ଚାଳକ ହେବାକୁ ଚାହିଁବି
ଗୋଟେ ଦ୍ରୁତଗାମୀ ଡିଜେଲ ଟ୍ରେନ୍‌ର
ହେବି ଗୋଟେ ବତୀଘରର ନିର୍ଦ୍ଦେଶକ
ଯେଉଁଠି ରହିବି ଏବଂ ଯେତେବେଳେ ।

୫. ଯିଏ ଯେତେ ଅଧ‌ିକ ଜୀଇଁବ
ସେତେ ଅଧ୍ଵ ଶିଖ୍
ମନ ମୋର ଚାହେଁ ମୁଁ ସେସବୁ ହେବି
ଏବଂ ଆଗେଇ ଚାଲିବି ମୋଡ଼ ବଦଳାଇ ।

Notes And Glossary: (ଶବ୍ଦାର୍ଥ) :
grow up (ଗ୍ରୋ ଅପ୍) – ବଡ଼ ହେବା
want (ଣୁ) – ଇଚ୍ଛା କରିବା / ଚାହିଁବା
detective (ଡଟେକ୍ଲିଭ୍) – ଗୋଇନ୍ଦା
master key (ମାଷ୍ଟର କୀ) – ମୁଖ୍ୟ ଚାବି
soldier (ସୋଲଜର) – ସୈନିକ
sailor (ସେଲର) – ନାବିକ
too (ମୁ) – ମଧ୍ଯ
keeper (କିପର) – ଜଗୁଆଳ/ରକ୍ଷକ
zoo (ଜୁ) – ଚିଡ଼ିଆଖାନା
own (ଓନ୍) – ଲାଭ କରିବା/ଅଧୁକାର କରିବା
trumpet (ଟ୍ରମେଟ୍) – ତୂରୀ (ଏକ ବାଦ୍ୟଯନ୍ତ୍ର)
musical tune (ମ୍ୟୁଜିକାଲ୍ ଟ୍ୟୁନ୍) – ସାଙ୍ଗୀତିକ ସ୍ୱର
moon (ମୁନ୍) – ଚନ୍ଦ୍ର/ଜହ୍ନ
driver (ଡ୍ରାଇଭର୍) – ଗାଡ଼ି ଚାଳକ
diesel train (ଡିଜେଲ୍‌ ଟ୍ରେନ୍) – ଡିଜେଲଚାଳିତ
light-house-keeper – ଲାଇଟ୍-ହାଉସ୍ -କିପର
turns (ଟର୍ଣ୍ଣସ୍ ) – ମୋଡ଼/ପାଳି

•  Your teacher reads the poem aloud.
  (ତୁମ ଶିକ୍ଷକ ଉଚ୍ଚସ୍ଵରରେ କବିତାଟିକୁ ପଢ଼ିବେ ।)
• Your teacher asks you who is there in the poem.
  (ତୁମ ଶିକ୍ଷକ ତୁମକୁ ପଚାରିବେ କବିତାରେ କିଏ କିଏ ଅଛନ୍ତି ।)
• Your teacher reads the poem aloud for the second time.
  (ଶିକ୍ଷକ ଦ୍ଵିତୀୟବାର କବିତାକୁ ସରବ ପାଠ କରିବେ ।)
• You listen to him / her and at the same time see the poem.
  (ତୁମେ ତାଙ୍କୁ ଶୁଣିବ ଏବଂ ସେହି ସମୟରେ କବିତାଟିକୁ ପୁସ୍ତକରୁ ଦେଖୁବ ।)
• Now you read the poem silently and answer the following questions.
  ( ଏବେ ତୁମେ ନୀରବରେ କବିତାଟିକୁ ପାଠକର ଏବଂ ନିମ୍ନ ପ୍ରଶ୍ନମାନଙ୍କର ଉତ୍ତର ପ୍ରଦାନ କର ।)

Comprehension Questions (ବୋଧପରିମାପକ ପ୍ରଶ୍ନବଳୀ) :

Question 1.
Who is “I” in the poem? (କବିତାରେ “ମୁଁ” କିଏ?)
Answer:
The poet in the guise of a child refers as “I” in the poem.

Question 2.
What does the child want to be in the 1st stanza?
(ପ୍ରଥମ ପଦରେ ପିଲାଟି କ’ଣ ହେବାକୁ ଇଚ୍ଛା କରିଛି ?)
Answer:
The child wants to be a detective (Police officer) in the 1st stanza.

Question 3.
In the 2nd stanza the child likes three types of work. What are they?
(ଦ୍ଵିତୀୟ ପଦରେ ପିଲାଟି ତିନି ପ୍ରକାର କାର୍ଯ୍ୟକୁ ପସନ୍ଦ କରିଛି ? ସେଗୁଡ଼ିକ କ’ଣ ?)
Answer:
The child likes to work as a soldier, as a sailor and thirdly as a keeper of the Nandankanan zoo as stated in stanza-2.

Question 4.
In which stanza does the poet describe a child’s interest for music?
(କେଉଁ ପଦରେ କବି ପିଲାଟିର ସଙ୍ଗୀତ ପ୍ରତି ଆଗ୍ରହ ଥିବା କଥା ବର୍ଣ୍ଣନା କରିଛନ୍ତି ?)
Answer:
In the third stanza the poet describes the child’s interest for music.

Question 5.
How does he want to fly to the moon?
(ସେ କିପରି ଚନ୍ଦ୍ରକୁ ଉଡ଼ିଯିବାକୁ ଚାହିଁଛନ୍ତି ?)
Answer:
He intends to fly to the moon by a space-ship.

Question 6.
What does the child want to be in stanza-4?
(ପିଲାଟି ଷ୍ଟୋଜା -4 ରେ କ’ଣ ହେବାକୁ ଚାହୁଁଛି )
Answer:
The child wants to be the driver of an express diesel-train or a light house keeper in stanza-4.

Question 7.
Is the last stanza different from other stanzas? How?
(ଶେଷ ପଦଟି ଅନ୍ୟ ପଦଗୁଡ଼ିକଠାରୁ ଭିନ୍ନ କି ? କିପରି ?)
Answer:
Yes, the last stanza is different from the other four stanzas. Each one of the four stanzas describes about the child’s desire whereas in the last stanza the real aim of a human life is described.

Question 8.
The poet wants to take up different types of work. Which lines tell you so? (stanza-5)
(କବି ବିଭିନ୍ନ ପ୍ରକାର ବୃତ୍ତି ଅବଲମ୍ବନ କରିବାକୁ ଚାହିଁଛନ୍ତି । କେଉଁ ଧାଡ଼ିଗୁଡ଼ିକ ତୁମକୁ ଏହା କହୁଛି ?)
Answer:
The lines ‘I think I will be all these things, and go on taking turns’ in stanza-5 tell us that the poet in guise of a child wants to take up different types of work.

Question 9.
Does he want to take up only one job he describes or all the jobs one after another?
(ସେ ବର୍ଣ୍ଣନା କରିଥିବା ଗୋଟିଏ କାମ ସେ କରିବାକୁ ଚାହିଁଛନ୍ତି କିମ୍ବା ଗୋଟିକ ପରେ ଗୋଟିଏ କାମ କରିବାକୁ ଚାହିଁଛନ୍ତି ? )
Answer:
He wants to take up all the jobs one after another as he goes on taking turns.

Question 10.
Which word/phrase tells so in the last stanza?
(ଶେଷ ପଦରେ କେଉଁ ଶବ୍ଦ ବା ବାକ୍ୟାଶ ଏହା କହିଛି ?)
Answer:
The phrase ‘And go on taking turns’ says so.

Question 11.
Why does he want to take up all the jobs one after another?
(କାହିଁକି ସେ ଗୋଟିଏ ପରେ ଗୋଟିଏ କାମ କରିବାକୁ ଚାହିଁଛନ୍ତି ?)
Answer:
Human interest climbs up and up as one grows up. So he wants to take up all the jobs one after another.

Question 12.
In which stanza does he want to take up minimum number of jobs?
(କେଉଁ ପଦରେ ସେ ସବୁଠାରୁ କମ୍‌ସଂଖ୍ୟକ କାମ କରିବାକୁ ଚାହିଁଛନ୍ତି ? )
Answer:
In first stanza he wants to take up minimum number of jobs.

Question 13.
In which stanza does he want to take up maximum number of jobs?
(କେଉଁ ପଦରେ ସେ ସର୍ବାଧ‌ିକ ସଂଖ୍ୟକ କାମ କରିବାକୁ ଚାହିଁଛନ୍ତି ?)
Answer:
In the last (5th) stanza he wants to take up maximum number of jobs.

Session – 2 (ଦ୍ଵିତୀୟ ପର୍ଯ୍ୟାୟ)

III. Post-Reading (ପଠନ ପରବର୍ତ୍ତୀ)
The teacher will design activities following the main lesson. However, some activities have been done.
(ଶିକ୍ଷକ ମୁଖ୍ୟ ପାଠ୍ୟ ଅନୁରୂପ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟାବଳୀ ପ୍ରସ୍ତୁତ କରିବେ । ତଥାପି କେତେକ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟାବଳୀ ଦିଆଯାଇଛି ।)

Session – 3 (ତୃତୀୟ ପର୍ଯ୍ୟାୟ)

1.Vocabulary ଶବ୍ଦାବଳୀ:
Stated below are some jobs/professions. Describe each of the jobs as shown in an example with the tips provided.
tailor, teacher, doctor, zoo-keeper, sailor, pilot, driver, football player, cricketer, tennis player, farmer. (Questions with Answers)

tailor: One who stiches cloth is a tailor.
driver: One who drives a car / bus / truck is a driver.
football player: One who plays football is a football player.
cricketer: One who plays cricket is a cricketer.
doctor : (treat patients): One who treats patients is a doctor.
teacher: One who teaches students is a teacher.
zoo-keeper: One who keeps/takes care of animals in a zoo is a zoo-keeper.
sailor (sails ship): One who sails ship in the sea/river is a sailor.
farmer: One who does farm work/cultivates in a farm is a farmer.
tennis player: One who plays tennis is a tennis player.
pilot: One who flies an aeroplane in the sky is a pilot

Session – 4 (ଚତୁର୍ଥ ପର୍ୟ୍ୟାୟ)

2. Usage (ପ୍ରଚଳିତ ପ୍ରୟୋଗ) :
Look at this sentence: The more one lives, the more one learns.
Using the hints given, write similar sentences. (Questions with Answers)
(i) (read, learn) The more one reads, the more one learns.
(ii) (save, become rich) The more one saves (money/wealth), the more one becomes rich.
(iii) (do exercises, become healthy) The more one does exercises, the more one becomes healthy.
(iv) (get, want) The more one gets, the more he wants.

Session – 5 (ଷଷ୍ଠ ପର୍ଯ୍ୟାୟ)

3. Writing (ଲିଖନାତ୍ମକ)
(a) Answer the following questions.

Question (i).
What does the child/poet want to become in the third stanza?
(କବି/ପିଲା ତୃତୀୟ ପଦରେ କ’ଣ ହେବାକୁ ଚାହିଁଛନ୍ତି ?)
Answer:
The poet wants to become a musician or an astronaut in the third stanza.

Question (ii).
Where does he want to be a keeper?
(ସେ କେଉଁଠାରେ ଜଗୁଆଳ ହେବାକୁ ଚାହିଁଛନ୍ତି ?)
Answer:
He wants to be a keeper in Nandankanan zoo or in a lighthouse.

Question (iii).
Where does he want to fly with the spaceship?
(ସେ ମହାକାଶଯାନରେ କେଉଁଠାକୁ ଉଡ଼ିଯିବାକୁ ଚାହିଁଛନ୍ତି ?)
Answer:
He wants to fly with the space-ship to the moon,

Question (iv).
Why does he want to take up many jobs?
(ସେ କାହିଁକି ଅନେକ କାମ କରିବାକୁ ଚାହିଁଛନ୍ତି ?)
Answer:
He grows up and his interests grow up at par. To fulfil his multi interests he wants to take up many jobs.

(b) Do an interview and write a brief report. Students move around in the class and interview five of their classmates with the interview slip below. Each student uses one interview slip for interviewing one classmate.

Good morning! How are you?What is your name, please? _____________ What do you want to become in future? ______________ Thanks. Bye.

Write the responses of the person interviewed and write a report using the format given below.
___________five persons. One of them wants to_________. Two of them want to___________. The names of persons interviewed are ________________________________.
Answer:
I interview five persons. One of them wants to become an engineer. Two of them want to become doctors. Another one wants to become a cricket player. The other one wants to become a film star. The names of persons interviewed are Sailesh. Pratap. Pradeep. Jiten and Nilima

(c) Write a poem of your own. The poem will have two stanzas of four lines each. The last word of the second line rhymes with the last word of the fourth line.
(Rhyming words: sailor, tailor/sweeper, keeper)
I want to ____________________
______________________________
______________________________
________________________ tailor.

______________________________
______________________________
______________________________
______________________________.

Answer:
I want to become a doctor
Perhaps to become a sailor;
I want to make dresses
And become a good tailor

I want to become a farmer
Or may become a sweeper;
I love all animals
And wants to be a zoo keeper.

Word Note: (The words/phrases have been defined mostly on their contextual meanings)

climb(କ୍ଲାଇମ୍ବ)- go up high (ଚଢିବା)
detective – a person who investigates crimes (ଯେଉଁ ବ୍ୟକ୍ତି ଗୁପ୍ତ ଭାବରେ ସମାଚାର ସଂଗ୍ରହ କରେ)
keeper (କିପର) (in Nandan Kanan) – animal caretaker/guard
light house(ଲାଇଟ୍ ହାଉସ୍) – tower with light at the top at the sea shore to guide ships
light housekeeper – a worker in the light house
lying (ଲାଇଙ୍ଗ୍) – resting, sleeping (ଶୋଇ ରୁହନ୍ତି)
master key – a special key – that can open a number of locks(ଅନେକ ତାଲା ଖୋଲି ପାରୁଥିବା ସ୍ଵତନ୍ତ୍ର ଚାବି)
roam (ରୋମ୍) – moving aimlessly, wander
sailor (ସେଲର) – seaman (ନାବିକ)
skipping (ସ୍କିପିଙ୍ଗ୍) – jumping lightly over a skipping rope ( ଦଉଡ଼ି ଡିଆଁ ଡେଇଁବା)
soldier (ସୋଲଜର)- a member of an army (ସୈନିକ)
spaceship (କୈସିପ୍) – space vehicle(ମହାକାଶଯାନ)
taking turn (ଟେକିଙ୍ଗ୍ ଟର୍ଷ) – one after another (ଗୋଟିଏ ପରେ ଗୋଟିଏ )
trumpet (ଟ୍ରମେଟ୍) – brass wind musical instrument

BSE Odisha 7th Class English Solutions Follow-Up Lesson 1 When I Grow Up Important Questions and Answers

(A) Choose the right answer from the options.

Question 1.
When a child grows up, he wants to become a
(i) detective
(ii) teacher
(iii) doctor
(iv) pilot
Answer:
(i) detective

Question 2.
A detective always keeps a ________ with him.
(i) invisible dress
(ii) master key
(iii) dress of a begger
(iv) pistol
Answer:
(ii) master key

Question 3.
When the speaker grows up he wants to become
(i) soldier
(ii) sailor
(iii) keeper at Nandankanan zoo
(iv) all the above one he liked
Answer:
(iv) all the above one he liked

Question 4.
The child wats to buy a trumpet to
(i) play a musical tune
(ii) play with as dolls
(iii) show his friends
(iv) none of the above
Answer:
(i) play a musical tune

Question 5.
A child wants to buy a private spaceship
(i) to fly over in the ocean
(ii) to visit his distant friends
(iii) to fly over the mountains
(iv) to fly him to the moon
Answer:
(iv) to fly him to moon

Question 6.
The child wants to do all the jobs
(i) at a time
(ii) taking turns
(iii) what he prefers first
(iv) according to the advice of his father
Answer:
(ii) taking turns

(B) Answer the following questions.

Question 1.
Why does the poet want to be a detective?
Answer:
A detective opens out the mystery of everything. He catches criminals. So the poet wants to be a detective.

Question 2.
Why does the poet wants to be a keeper of Nandankanan zoo?
Answer:
The poet wants to be a keeper of Nandankanan zoo because he can see and enjoy himself in the zoo. Different animals and their activities
will keep him glad all the time.

Question 3.
Does the poet a lover of music?
Answer:
Yes, the poet is a lover of music. So he wants to buy a trumpet to play a magical tune.

Question 4.
Does the poet want to explore the space?
Answer:
Yes, the poet wants to explore the space, so he wants to buy a spaceship.

Odisha State Board CHSE Odisha Class 12 Invitation to English 3 Solutions Writing Interpreting Graph, Charts, Tables and Diagrams Textbook Activity Questions and Answers.

CHSE Odisha 12th Class English Writing Interpreting Graph, Charts, Tables and Diagrams

Graphs, charts, tables, diagrams, etc. generally have visual representations so as to enable us to present some information. Visual representations make us understand the information contained therein.

7.1. Diagrams

Given below is a diagram of the British School System. Examine it carefully and compare it with the passage given below:

(ii) To test whether you have understood what the diagram presents, see if you can answer the following questions :

Question (a)
How many types of schools there are in England?
Answer:
There are two types of schools in England, namely, Private Schools and State Schools.

Question (b)
What percentage of the pupils go to state-run schools?
Answer:
Ninety-five percent of the students go to state-run schools.

Question (c)
What percentage goes to private schools?
Answer:
Only five percent go to private schools.

Question (d)
When do children start primary education in England?
Answer:
Children start primary education in England at the age of five.

Question (e)
When do they get into secondary education?
Answer:
They get into secondary education at the age of eleven.

Question (f)
When do they take their first and second public examinations?
Answer:
They take their first and second public examinations at the age of 16 and 18 respectively.

Question (g)
Is pre-primary education compulsory in England?
Answer:
Pre-primary education is not compulsory in England. On the other hand, it is voluntary.

The information found in the diagram is presented below in words.

The British School System
In Britain most schools are financed by the state and for the children attending these schools, they are free. However, about 5 percent of the school population attends private schools, and these are financed from pupils’ fees. For state-run as well as private schools, the general pattern of schooling in Britain is as follows. All children must start school at the age of 5. At the age of 11 children move to different schools, called Secondary Schools, where they are made to go through a set timetable of subjects for a period of 5 years, after which they take their first public examination at the age of 16.

After the first public examination, most pupils leave school. Only about 30 percent continue. Those that stay on spend the next two years concentrating on a small number of subjects. They take their second public examination at the age of 18. In Britain, there is also a provision for pre-primary schooling. However, pre-primary schooling is not compulsory. It is, on the other hand, voluntary, and is offered both by state-run schools and private schools.

The British School System
Most children attend the British School System where schools are directly financed by the State. But on the other hand, nearly 5 percent of children attending schools go to private institutions. But in Great Britain, in the State-run and private educational institutions, children start school at the age of 5 and when they are 11, they go to secondary school. There they are taught to go through a set timetable of subjects for a period of 5 years.

Afterward, they attain their first public examination towards the age of 16. Then after the completion of the first public examination, most students leave schools leaving only 30 percent student- population to continue their studies. Pre-primary education in Britain is yet another feature of education, though not compulsory. Pre-primary education is offered through State-run schools and private schools as well.

Activity – 1

Study the diagram below and write a short passage of about 3 paragraphs on it.

Answer:
Kinds of musical instruments :
Musical instruments are of three types, namely, wind instruments, percussion instruments and string instruments. Wind instruments are those which are played by blowing wind into them while percussion instruments are played by beating or striking them like the drums. String instruments, on the other hand, are those which have strings. Wind instruments can be further classified into wood wind instruments and brass wind instruments.

Examples of the former are the clarinet, the flute and the basson, while examples of the latter are the trumpet, the horn etc. Similarly, string instruments can be classified into two groups on the basis of the method by which music is produced through them. Instruments like the harp which produce music when its strings are plucked belong to one group while instruments like the violin and the cello which produce music when a bow is drawn across its strings belong to another group.

Activity -2

Draw a diagram to present the facts on the school system in Odisha. Then, present the same information in words, in two or there paragraphs, (as has been done above for, the British School System).
Answer:

• Only one public examination at the age of 15.
• First Board examination at the age of ten.
• Second Board examination at the age of 12.
• Third Board examination at the age of 15.

In Odisha there are Public schools which are mostly English medium shcools as well as Government-run schools which teach in the Oriya medium, whereas in the past, Odisha had only Govt, schools and a very few public schools. The gap between the two is closely narrowing as public schools are mushrooming all over the state. As of now, 60% students go to Govt-run schools, while the rest 40% go to public schools. Govt- run schools offer Primary education free of cost and charge very little for Middle-English and Secondary education whereas public schools charge high fees.

Govt. Schools do not offer any pre-primary education. Students start their Primary education at the age of 5 and continue upto class 5 when they take their first public examination. After this they move to Middle English schools where they study for two years till their second public examinations at the age of 12. From here they go to High schools where they study for three years to take the third public examination at the age of 15. Public Schools, on the other hand, offer pre-primary education in the Kinder Garten and Nursery which starts at the age of 3 or 3V4. After this children continue into primary schooling and then till class ten when they take their first public examination at the age of 15.

Activity – 3

Draw a diagram showing how many streams your college has at the +2 level. Also include information about subjects, papers, practicals etc. in your diagram. Then write a short passage covering all the information in your diagram.

The Khallikote College, Berhampur has three streams, namely Arts. Science and Commerce at the +2 level. All the streams offer teaching in compulsory and optional subjects. While the compulsory subjects are the same for every stream, the optional subjects differ from stream to stream. Among optional subjects too there is a choice of a combination of subjects in each stream with three subjects to be chosen as primary optional and another to be added as a fourth optional.

Further in the Arts stream while only two subjects namely, Education and Anthropology have theory and practical classes; in the Science stream all subjects, except Mathematics, have theory and practical classes. In the Commerce stream there are practicals in no subject. The compulsory subjects for all streams are General English and MIL (O) or Alt. English or Hindi or Telugu. The optional subjects offered in the Arts stream are Anthropology, Economics, Political Science, History, Sanskrit, Philosophy and Education.

The optionals offered in the Science stream are Physics, Chemistry, Mathematics, Biology, Electronics and Geology. The combinations offered in these subjects are PCM with Biology or Electronics or Geology as fourth optional and PCB with Mathematics or Electronics or Geology as fourth optional. In the Commerce stream, the Business Organisation, Office Management, Costing, Financial Accounting and Business Mathematics are the primary optionals offered. There is no choice in this matter. All the five are to be studied. This apart one is to choose between Economics or Salesmanship as fourth optional.

7.2 Graphs

In America, there are frequent reports about Unidentified Flying Objects (UFOs) which people claim to have seen flying in the sky and which are believed to be space-ships carrying visitors from other planets. The following is a graph showing the number of UFOs “sighted” (seen) during a particular year. Study the graph.
Graphs

(I). Hints :
(a) 16 Jan, a science fiction film shown on the TV.
(b) 30 Jan, an article was published by an Airforce officer, interpreting UFOs as the result of aircraft movements.
(c) 16 Feb, a science correspondent attacked the Airforce officer’s findings.
(d) 26 Feb, a public debate between the Airforce officer and the science correspondent arranged, but the latter didn’t show up.

(II). Now, here are some questions you need to answer if you have to write a report (in words), based on the diagram above.
(a) There was a sharp rise in the number of reported sightings of UFOs. When ? Why ?
(b) After the rise, there was a marked fall in the number of reported sightings. When ? Why ?
(c) There was another rise, following the fall. Why ?
(d) What brought about the final fall ?
(e) Was there any noticeable rise in reports after the debate ?

Answer:
(a) There was a sharp rise in the number of reported sightings of UFOs. As per the reports, the rise recorded more than twenty during the early part of January and February. An article was published on the sightings of UFOs, as a result of the less movement of aircraft in the air.
(b) After a rise, there was a marked fall in the number of reported sightings towards the early part of March. It was perhaps due to the frequent movement of aircraft in the air.
(c) There was another rise, though small in quantity following the fall, due to fewer movements of civil and military aircraft.
(d) The increased movement of civil and military aircraft brought about the final fall.
(e) No, there was no noticeable rise after the debate.

Activity -4

Now complete the report below by filling in the blank.

During the early part of _________ this year the rate of UFO sightings was steady at around _________ or _________ a week. On 16 __________ a science fiction film about visitors from outer space was screened on television and immediately after that there was a sharp increase in reported sightings. On 30 __________ an Airforce officer, who had been investigating all such reports made his findings known. He maintained that all UFO reports could be explained quite naturally as being due to civil and military aircraft movements. Following this explanation, there was a rapid ___________ in the number of reported sightings. But the rate did not return to the pre-broadcast level. Some people, however, were not convinced. On 16 ____________, a science correspondent published a highly critical article about the findings of the Airforce officer. He demanded an independent inquiry. This article caused a renewal of interest in the subject of ___________ and a corresponding steep ____________ in the number of sightings. The rise, however, was not as marked as the increase in January. The Airforce officer invited the science correspondent to meet him in a public debate ____________ days later. But the science correspondent did not show up on the appointed day. The Airforce officer, in turn, produced some very convincing evidence for his case. As a result, interest in UFOs ___________ and the sightings were even fewer than at the beginning of the year. As the weeks went by there was a little increase in the number of reports.
Answer:
January, three, four, January, January, rise, February, UFOs, rise, ten, decreased

Activity – 5

Have a close look at the graph below and write a report to accompany it.

Hints
a. Return of a group of migrant workers from an affected area.
b. Very dry summer, lack of drinking water.
c. Preventive measures introduced by the government.
d. WHO sends limited supplies of medicine.
e. Medicine loses effectiveness; virus develops resistance.
f. Vaccine produced; population vaccinated.

Answer:
Progress of Virus Epidemic in Bihar – A viral epidemic started in Bihar in December 1997. By February 1998 about 4000 people had died. It was then that a group of migrant workers returned from an affected area. This resulted in a sudden rise in the death toll. By the middle of March, the death toll stood at 7000 (approx.). This phenomenally escalated because of a very dry summer and lack of drinking water. Consequently, between the middle of March and April, the death toll rose to an all-time high of 18,000. Only then did the government wake up to introduce preventive measures. This saw a slight decrease in the death toll.

But towards the end of May when the WHO sent supplies of medicine, happily the death toll sharply decreased and by the middle of June, it had reduced to 5000. The decreasing trend, however, did not last long. The medicine soon lost its effectiveness as the virus developed resistance to the medicine and therefore once again the epidemic spread. As a result of this between mid-June and mid-September, almost 14,000 people died. By then a vaccine had been produced and the entire population was vaccinated. This proved effective and the death toll fell to 2000 by December 1998. By April 1999 the epidemic had been completely controlled.

Activity – 6

Write an account of a difficult night journey you made on a scooter from Sambalpur to Keonjhar. You may use the information in the diagram below.

Hints: Carefully mark the mountains and forests shown in the graph.

Answer:
Night Journey by Scooter from Sambalpur to Keonjhar I began my journey by scooter from Sambalpur at 10.00 pm in night. It was going to be a long and arduous journey. By 10.30 p.m. I had reached Padiabahal. The road was good and there was not much of traffic. Ten minutes after that I arrived at Badarama ghat. All around there was. pitch darkness. I had to slow down as I crossed this dangerous ghat. There were steep curves and hairpin bends.

Negotiating them was nerve-racking. It took me almost 25 minutes to cross the 5 km-long ghats. After crossing the ghat, I arrived at Balarama. It was almost 11.30 p.m. then. I decided to stop at a roadside Dhaba for tea. I was already feeling drowsy. The tea did me good as I started off at midnight steeling myself for the long journey through the thickly forested areas of the Deogarh and Palalahara districts. The roads were undulating and had plenty of pot-holes and whenever an occasional truck passed by I had to drive slow and was pushed to the edge of the road.

All this slowed me down during this 70 km-long journey between Badarama and Palalahara. At 1.30 a.m. I passed Deogarh. In spite of the bad roads, I covered it in one and a half hours. After passing Deogarh, I felt as if I had crossed a big milestone. The forest area was gradually coming to an end. Yet it took me an hour to reach Palalahara. At Palalahara, I had another cup of tea. It was really refreshing. I washed my face, eased myself, and started on again. After 5 km I reached the Plalahara ghat.

This was not as steep and rough as the Badarama ghat. But I was careful as I negotiated its bends. It took me just 20 minutes to cross the ghat. This time I arrived at the level road leading to Keonjhar. The milestone read 35 km. The road was good. It had been repaired a few months back by the L and T Company. I sped in the darkness of the night. As it was nearing dawn, traffic was extremely thin. By 4.40 a.m. Sodium Vapour lamps greeted me as I entered Keonjhar and my journey came to an end.

Activity – 7

The students of your college are dissatisfied about a number of things and sometimes resort to strikes, Dharana, etc.
Write a report on the different incidents of student unrest during recent years in your college and how a satisfactory solution was found. First, prepare a graph and then write the report.

Report on strikes during the years 2005-2009 at Rampur College
Deogarh college in Sambalpur was established in 1999. It provides education at the +2 level in the Arts, Science and Commerce streams. Since its inception, the college was incident free till the year 2004. But when college elections were held in 2005 for the first time, strikes were witnessed in the college. In 2005, one of the presidential candidates who lost by a very narrow margin went on a hunger strike. He had lost by 11 votes and therefore he requested for recounting. The panel of Appeals only assented to readdition.

He agreed but after readdition when the result was the same, he went on dharma for a second time, sitting under the portico and prohibiting everyone from entering the college. No one paid any attention to him for 4 days but suddenly on- the fifth day he feigned unconsciousness. As a result, the panel of Appeals allowed the counting of votes in Ballot papers. Once again he was proved wrong and the college limped back to normalcy. After 2005, strikes became a regular feature.

In 2006, 6 incidents of striking and unrest during the whole academic year. The strikes were resorted to for several reasons like, such demand for a bus stop in front of the college, postponement of Examinations etc. In 2007, the spate of students unrest shot up to 12 separate incidents of dharnas and strikes because of the sudden increase in the tuition fees and corruption in the admission of students. This was perhaps the worst year of student unrest and all that was only settled with the intervention of the collector and the dismissal of a few clerks.

After this, an aura of fear was seven among the students as well as the staff. Besides this, the government appointed Dr R. K. Sahu a man of great integrity as the principal of the college. As a result strikes completely stopped in the college. The year 2009 was also a year of no strikes and the college witnessed a new spirit of amity among the staff and the students. Thus the graph shows that strikes reached their peak in the year 2007 and had their complete decline in the year 2009.

7.3 Charts

Look at the chart below. It shows the ownership pattern of durable goods by different families in India. Try to understand the facts presented in it and answer the questions that follow :
Ownership pattern of Durables (Percentage of the total owned by different income classes)

Now answer these questions :
a. What is the annual family income of the people belonging to the low category?
b. What percentage of which goods do they buy as shown in the chart?
c. Considering their limited income, do they buy a lot?
d. Would you call the people belonging to the high category “rich”? Do they spend enough on consumer durables, in proportion to their income? What percentage of goods do they buy? What do the rich prefer to buy?

Question (a)
What is the annual family income of the people belonging to the low category?
Answer:
The annual family income of people belonging to the low category is Rs 1,20,000.

Question (b)
What percentage of which goods do they buy as shown in the chart?
Answer:
The percentage of goods which the low category people buy is as follows: Bicycles – 47% Mopeds – 17% Scooters – 9% Motorcycles – 11% Colour TVs – 10% and Washing Machines – 6% Note – All are approximate figures.

Question (c)
Considering their limited income, do they buy a lot?
Answer:
Yes, in spite of earning Rs 1.20,000 annually, they hold 17 percent of the market share in durables which is equal to the market share of the higher-income group and more than the market share of the upper-middle group.

Question (d)
Would you call the people belonging to the high category “rich”? Do you spend enough on consumer durables, in proportion to your income? What percentage of goods do they buy? What do the rich prefer to buy?
Answer:
In comparison with the low-income group, the people of the high-income group are definitely richer but their market share is comparatively lower than the market share of the low-income group in proportion to their income. They buy only 3 percent Of bicycles, 7 percent of mopeds, 17 percent of scooters, 20 percent of motorcycles, 19 percent of color T.V.s, and 37 percent of washing machines. It is obvious that they prefer to buy goods like color T.V.s and washing machines.

Activity – 8

Fill in the blanks in the report below with the ideas from the chart above.
A short report on the Ownership pattern of consumer durables in India.

The poor in India do not have a lot of money: their annual family income, on average, comes to Rs. 20,000. But they make a lot of purchases and constitute the mainstay for most products in the country. For example, families belonging to this category own _____________ of all bicycles, __________of mopeds, __________ of scooters, ___________ of motorcycles, and 10 percent of color televisions. They even own washing machines. The rich, in contrast, have money, but their share of purchases of these products is comparatively much less. Despite the money they have, they buy only ___________ of bicycles ___________ of mopeds, ___________of scooters, ___________ of motorcycles, and _____________ of color TVs. The poor earn less but spend more. And the rich earn more but spend less.

Answer:
The poor in India do not have a lot of money: their annual family income, on average, comes to Rs. 20,000. But they make a lot of purchases and constitute the mainstay for most products in the country. For example, families belonging to this category own 47 percent of all bicycles, 17 percent of mopeds, 9 percent of scooters, 11 percent of motorcycles, and 10 percent of color televisions. They even own washing machines. The rich, in contrast, have money, but their share of purchases of these products is comparatively much less. Despite the money they have, they buy only 3 percent of bicycles, 7 percent of mopeds, 17 percent of scooters, 20 percent of motorcycles, and 19 percent of color TVs. The poor earn less but spend more. And the rich earn more but spend less.

Activity – 9

Look at the chart below and answer the questions that follow.
Four-wheelers that passed over the bridge :

Question 1.
When was the bridge least busy?
Answer:
The bridge was least busy between 7.30 and 8.30 a.m.

Question 2.
When did the rush hour begin? When was the bridge most busy?
Answer:
The rush hour began at 9.00 a.m. and continued till 10.00 a.m. The bridge was most busy at 9.30 a.m.

Question 3.
How many vehicles in total passed over the bridge by 10.30?
Answer:
A total of 420 (approx.) vehicles passed over the bridge by 10.30.

Question 4.
If you know that schools start at 9.30 and government offices at 10.00, can you think of a way to reduce the pressure of traffic between 9.00 and 10.00?
Answer:
The school timings can be changed from 9.30 to 8.00 to reduce the pressure of traffic.

Activity – 10

Use the information in the chart below and write a short report to show which course was popular and why. (No reason has been shown in the chart, you have to think of some).

(Students enrolled in the Civil Engineering and Electronics courses of an Engineering College.)

A short report on the popularity of Civil Engineering and Electronics courses between 1970 -1998.
Answer:
In the year 1970 students’ preference for Civil Engineering was very high. 900 students were admitted for Civil Engineering courses whereas only 610 had enrolled for Electronics. Civil Engineering was a traditionally demanded subject and with a lot of development works taking place then, jobs were aplenty. On the other hand, electronics had been newly introduced and did not have many employment opportunities.

Ten years later Civil Engineering was still popular but because of a slight decrease in employment opportunities student enrolment also saw a slight decrease. Enrolment in Electronics however did not register much change. By 1990, the introduction of computers all over India, boosted the popularity of electronics and as it provided better job opportunities there was an increase in student enrolment in courses on Electronics. Now 900 students have been enrolled in Electronics while only 700 are in Civil Engineering.

The popularity of Electronics soared to new heights with the entry of multinationals into India after 1995. The multinationals provide great job opportunities and with many job opportunities overseas for computer professionals with handsome pay packets, the Electronics courses witnessed an admission of more than a thousand students in 1998. By then jobs for Engineering students were completely saturated. Civil engineers remained unemployed and therefore. Civil Engineering courses were no more popular. In 1998 only 300 students got enrolled in Civil Engineering.

7.4 Tables

Look at the table below, showing the maximum temperature recorded at different places in Odisha.

II. Answer these questions.

Question (a)
What was the highest temperature recorded?
Answer:
The highest record temperature was 43.5.

Question (b)
Where was it recorded?
Answer:
It was recorded at Angul.

Question (c)
Which were the other places that recorded high temperatures?
Answer:
The other places which recorded high temperatures were Bhubaneswar, Bolangir, Cuttack, Phulbani, Sambalpur, and Jharsuguda.

Question (d)
What was the maximum temperature in Bhubaneswar?
Answer:
The maximum temperature in Bhubaneswar was 42.2.

Question (e)
Which other places were as warm as Bhubaneswar?
Answer:
Bolangir, Jharsuguda, Sambalpur and Cuttack were as warm as Bhubaneswar.

Question (f)
What was the weather like in Puri, Gopalpur, Paradip, and Balasore? Why?
Answer:
The weather in these places was considerably less warm. It stood between 32.00 to 33.5. This is because these towns are on the coast.

Activity-11

Fill in the blanks to complete the following report based on the table above.

A report on today’s weather in Odisha
It was the season’s hottest day, in Odisha today. The temperature in many places went beyond __________ Celsius. Of all places in Odisha, _________recorded the highest temperature of __________ The other places that experienced an equally hot day were Bolangir and Jharsuguda. In these two places, the mercury soared up to __________ Bhubaneswar, the capital city, recorded a high temperature of __________ The other places that were as hot as Bhubaneswar were ________ and __________ with a recording of __________ and ___________ respectively. However, ____________, __________, Paradip, and Balasore, places near the sea, were relatively cooler. They recorded maximum temperatures of around ___________ Celsius.

Answer:
A report on today’s weather in Odisha
It was the season’s hottest day, in Odisha. The temperature in many places went beyond 40° Celsius. Of all places in Odisha, Angul recorded the highest temperature of 43.5° Celsius. The other places that experienced an equally hot day were Bolangir and Jharsuguda. In these two places, the mercury soared up to 42.7° Celsius. Bhubaneswar, the capital city, recorded a high temperature of 42.2° Celsius. The other places that were as hot as Bhubaneswar were Cuttack and Sambalpur with a recording of 41.5° Celsius and 41.8° Celsius respectively. However, Gopalpur, Puri. Paradip and Balasore, places near the sea, were relatively cooler. They recorded maximum temperatures of around 33.5° Celsius.

Activity – 12

The following table presents a weather report on the basis of data recorded up to 8.30 a.m. on Friday, 8 December. Have a look at the table and answer the questions that follow. Then write a short report to go with the table.

(a) On 8 December, Mumbai had the highest maximum temperature.

Question (i)
Which City had the lowest maximum temperature?
Answer:
Delhi had the lowest maximum temperature on 8 December.

Question (ii)
What was the temperature?
Answer:
The temperature was 20° C.

(b). Question (i)
Which city had the highest minimum temperature?
Answer:
Chennai had the highest minimum temperature.

Question (ii)
How much was it?
Answer:
The temperature was 23°C.

Question (c)
Which city had rainfall during the past 24 hours?
Answer:
Chennai had rainfall during the past 24 hours.

Question (d)
Which city had recorded the highest amount of rainfall since 1 October?
Answer:
Chennai had recorded the highest amount of rainfall since 1 October.

Weather report of Metro Cities:
Even in winter, the Metro cities of India were quite warm. On 8 December, Mumbai was the hottest with a maximum temperature of 34° celsius, while the lowest maximum temperature, 26° celsius, was recorded at Delhi. The same day, New Delhi, recorded the lowest minimum temperature of 08° celsius. It was quite cold there but in spite of recording maximum temperatures of 29° and 33° Celsius, the lowest minimum temperatures at Chennai and Kolkata respectively remained constant at 23° Celsius.

Similarly, Chennai witnessed the highest amount of rainfall in a week since 1 Oct. The rainfall stood at 560 inches which was 52 inches less than normal. New Delhi recorded the least rainfall during the week. It was only 3 inches which were 27 inches less than normal. Mumbai and Kolkata too had 6 inches and 64 inches respectively, less rainfall than normal. On the whole, rainfall in all the Metro cities was less than normal.

Activity -13

Here is a table of figures showing the leisure habits of the people of Bhubaneswar.

Use the information given in the table above and write a short report.
The leisure habits of the people of Bhubaneswar in the last year and this year does not show significant change. Last year, 1 lakh books were bought by people and this increased to 1.5 lahks this year. Thus there was an increase of 50% in the sale of books. There was a similar rise in Cable – T.V. connections. While, last year, only 50,000 people subscribed to Cable.

T.V., this year, the subscribers had increased to 1 lakh which is a 50 percent increase. As a result of this cinema, attendance fell from 3.5 lahks to 3.25 lakh last year to this year. Happily however 10,000 more people went on picnics this year than last year. However, in comparison with leisure activities like reading books or watching Cable T.V. going on picnics is the least popular.

Activity -14

Look at the table below and write a paragraph based on the information given in it.

Answer:
A comparative study of the Moon, the Earth, and the Sun:
Among all the bodies in the solar system, the Moon, the Earth, and Sun are the most significant. But they differ in size, weight, distance, and description. The Moon is the smallest of heavenly bodies while the Earth is 50 times bigger than the Moon and the Sun 400 times bigger than the weight of Moon is also the least while the Earth and the Sun are 81 times and 27 million times more than the Moon. If Earth is taken as a center point, the distance of the Moon from the Earth is 384,000 km. In fine, the Moon is a satellite of the planet Earth.

7.5 Pie Charts/circle charts

Here is a chart showing how Ramesh spends his day, Look at the chart and answer the questions that follow.

Activity- 15

(i)Answer the following questions.
a. How many hours does Ramesh spend at school?
b. Does this include the time he spends on the way to and from school?
c. How long does he sleep? When do you think he goes to bed? When does he get up?
d. How much time does he spend on the play?
e. How much time does he spend on his studies at home?
f. Do you divide your time in the same way?
Answer:
(a) Ramesh spends five and a half (51/2) hours at school.
(b) Yes, the hours spent at school include the time on the way to and from school.
(c) He sleeps for eight (8) hours a day He is supposed to go to bed at 10 p.m. and gets up at 6 a.m.
(d) It is supposed that Ramesh spends about 61/2 hours in playing.
(e) He spends about 6V2 hours on his studies.
(f) Yes, I divide time in the same way.

(ii) Now complete the report below by filling in the blank spaces with ideas from the pie chart above.

(iii) A child’s daily routine.

Ramesh walks to school at 10. It takes him hardly 20 minutes to get there. After prayers, he attends classes from 10.30 to 4 p.m. which includes a tiffin break for half an hour, from 1 to 1.30. At 4, when the classes are over, he comes back home, with his friends. He greatly enjoys the return trip home as his friends and he usually amuses themselves with innocent jokes, makes fun, and indulges in different kinds of innocuous mischief. On reaching home, he gobbles up something and scampers away to join his friends either in volleyball or in some country games, which he plays for just one hour. At 6, he has a wash, says his prayers, and sits down to study from 6.30 to 9.30 in the evening. At 9.30 he has dinner, does some light reading, and goes to bed by 10.30 p.m. The next morning he is up by 6.30. Within one hour he brushes his teeth have a wash, etc. and by 7.30 he is at his study table. He does his homework for two hours. At 9.30 he has an early lunch, packs his books in the bag, and is ready to go to school.

Activity – 16

A. Look at the chart below. It tells us how Mrs. Pattnaik spends her money.

Does Mrs. Pattnaik spend her money wisely? Why do you think so?
Answer:
Mrs. Pattnaik receives net cash of Rs 6000/- from her husband. She spends Rs 2700/- that is 45% of it towards her children’s education. She sends Rs 1350/- each to her son, who is studying engineering, and daughter who is studying medicine. Besides this, she spends equally on her house rent and food. For a three-room apartment, she pays Rs 1320/ which is 22% of the money she receives. She spends the same amount on food for a month. In addition to all this, she spends 540/- on transport.

Of this, she gives Rs 300A to her husband for petrol and monthly maintenance of his scooter and uses the rest for transport needs. She spends the least on entertainment spending Rs 80/- for her cable T.V. connection and Rs 40/ – for an occasional picture along with her husband. In all this, she spends her money wisely investing largely in her children’s education.

B. Look at the following diagram :

Now write a few sentences explaining why milk is considered to be a well-balanced food.
Answer:
Milk is considered a well-balanced diet because it has proteins, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins, and minerals as well as water in the right proportions and as required by the body. Moreover, milk is a universal diet that is available everywhere. It can also be taken by people of all ages.

C. You have collected the opinions of 500 people through a random sample survey. The findings of the survey are presented in the chart below.
Now use the information in the chart

The subjects were asked whether India should adopt the presidential form of government.
Answer:
A random sample survey of 500 people in Metro cities was conducted by the Operations Research Group to find the people’s opinion on changing over to a Presidential form of Government. The respondents were chosen from a cross-section of society. The results of the survey reveal that the majority were in favor of a Presidential form of Government.

However, they only consist of 40% of the respondents. 35 percent of the respondents are against a Presidential form of Government while 25 percent opined that they could not say anything about it. Thus though the majority calls for a Presidential form of Government, it is only a small majority as far as the percentage of respondents is concerned.

7.6. Maps

You are traveling by bus to Bhubaneswar. After reaching the new bus stand at Baramunda, you hire an auto-rickshaw to take you to Vani Vihar for an interview. But the highway is blocked at a point between Jayadev Vihar and Acharya Vihar. The auto-driver tells you he is new to Bhubaneswar and does not know all the roads. Which route would you ask him to take? Use the map below to decide on a route to Vani Vihar and then write down the instructions you would give the driver.

A. Answer the following questions.

Question 1.
How many possible routes are available to you?
Answer:
There are three routes available to go to Vanivihar.

Question 2.
Which route would you prefer?
(i) CRP square – Power house square – Assembly and Station square – R.D. Women’s College.
(ii) CRP square – Jayadev Vihar – Power house – Assembly – Acharva Vihar.
(iii) CRP square – Jayadev Vihar – Nalco Chhak – Vani Vihar.
Answer:
I would prefer the CRP square – Jayadav Vihar – Nalco Chhak – Vani Vihar route.

Question 3.
Would you take the CRP – Power house – Jayadev Vihar Acharya Vihar traffic route? If not, why?
Answer:
It would not be of any use to take this route because the traffic is blocked between Jayadev Vihar and Acharya Vihar. Another man, under similar circumstances, chose the route Jayadev Vihar – NALCO Chhak – Vani Vihar and gave the following instructions. Read the instructions before you write your own instructions.

B. instructions were given to the auto driver.

Go straight along the National Highway up to _________. Then turn left and take the Nandankanan Road. Keep going for about two kilometers and then turn right at ___________. Continue until you come to the ___________ on the left. Don’t stop. Go straight ahead. YOU will reach Vani Vihar after half a kilometer. You can see the gates of Vani Vihar on the left, just 1(X) meters before the Acharya Vihar traHie post. Enter and go straight to the Administrative Block.

Activity – 17

Fill in the blanks in the paragraph above with ideas from the map above.

Some common expressions used in giving instructions to reach someplace.
Turn right / left. Go straight ahead. Pass two roads on the right / left. On your left, you will see ……………. etc.
Go straight along the National Highway up to Javadev Vihar. Then turn left and take the Nandankanan Road. Keep going for about two kilometers and then turn right at Nalco Chhak. Continue until you come to the Sainik School, on the left. Don’t stop. Go straight ahead. You will reach Vani Vihar after half a kilometer. You can see the gates of Vani Vihar on the left, just 100 meters before the Acharya Vihar traffic post. Enter and go straight to the Administrative Block.

Activity – 18

Look at the map of a town given below. A car and a bus have collided on Bridge Road, causing a road block. Another car (shown on the map) has to reach the railway office. Write down the instructions that you would give the driver of the car.

Answer:
Turn right towards the shops and then go along the boundary of the Convent School again on the right till you reach Second Avenue. Here take a turn to the right till you reach the temple which you can see on the left. Here take a turn to the left and drive on till you cross the temple and the post office. The third building on this street is the Railway Office.

Activity – 19

The following is a map of your college. Write a letter to a friend, describing the things shown on the map.

Bhubaneswar
15.04.2012

Dear Gautam,
How are you? It is a long time since 1 wrote to you. In your last letter, you asked me to describe my college. Now that I am completely familiar with my college 1 can very vividly describe it. Our college faces the west and its front boundary runs along the main road. It has two gates that open onto the main road, one at the north end and another at the south end. The north gate leads to the library and the playground right in front of it. Beyond the library is the Commerce Block.

It is the smallest Block. Beside it on the south side is the Arts Block which constitutes the biggest building of the college. Further south, down the Arts Block, is the Science Block, it is bigger than the Commerce Block but smaller than the Arts Block. The Commerce and Science Blocks have twelve rooms and galleries each but the rooms and galleries of the Science Block are bigger than that of the Commerce Block.

The Arts Block has even huger rooms and galleries numbering fourteen in all. Near the Science Block towards the southwest are the Physics, Chemistry, and Biology laboratories. The entrance to the laboratories is in the north. They face the road leading to the Library from the north gate. The Biology Lab. is the closest from the Science Block. After the Biology Lab is the Chemistry Lab and then the Physics Lab which borders the main road. The back of these Laboratories runs along the road leading from the south gate to the Science Block.

Beyond this road on the south, are the office and staff common rooms. They lie adjacent to each other. Of course, the entrance to the office is from the West while the entrance to the staff rooms is on the south. All the Blocks, Laboratories, staff rooms, and office buildings are rectangular in structure. I hope, 1 have given a clear picture of the layout of my college. 1 am sending a photocopy of a map which found in the college calendar to make things more clear.
Do write to me,
Love,
Sanjay

Activity – 20

Use the information in the chart below and write a report stating which courses are popular in Odisha, which courses are popular among women, what percentage of boys and girls get enrolled in each course, etc.
Students taking admission in different branches of study in Odisha.

Students’ Enrolment and popularity of courses in Odisha.
Answer:
In Odisha, courses in the humanities stream are the most popular. Almost sixty students of every 100 opt for humanities. In addition, the largest number of girls enroll in humanities courses where the proportion between girls and boys is 60: 40. Courses in science stand second in popularity. In such courses the proportion between boys and girls is 50: 50.

Engineering courses take third place in popularity. This course is more popular with boys than with girls. Hence the enrolment of boys to girls in this course is 70: 30. Commerce courses are next in terms of popularity. This course is preferred more by boys than by girls. The proportion between boys and girls in this course is 80: 20. Agriculture, Forestry and Vet Science stand next in popularity. Here too the boys dominate over girls with a proportion of 80: 20. After this, vocational subjects are preferred.

In this course there are more boys than girls with the proportion being 75: 25. Finally, the Medical science course is the least popular. This course too has more boys than girls and the proportion between them is 90: 10. On the whole, while humanities and science courses are the most popular, the Medical science course is the least popular. Moreover, while more girls are enrolled in humanities, the proportion of boys in all other courses is larger than that of girls.

Activity – 21

The graphs below represent the spending habit of the young and old people of Odisha. Compare the information in both graphs and write a paragraph.

A – Housing, fuel, light, and power
B – Clothing, footwear, and durable goods
C – Other goods and services
D – Food

Comparative spending habits of the young and old in Odisha.
Answer:
A comparative study of the spending habits of the young and old people of Odisha reveals that both groups spend the most on other goods and services which exclude food, shelter, and clothing. While young people spend 40% of their income on other goods and services, old people spend 33% on this. Items that constitute other goods and services include household items like Refrigerators, Washing Machines.

Air Coolers, Grinders, and the like. Services in this category mainly consist of transport and entertainment. Similarly, both groups spend the least on clothing, footwear, and durable goods. However, young people spend more than old people on this item. The former spend 17% of their income while the latter spend 4% less that is, 13% of their income on clothing, footwear, and durable goods. The old people spend equally on housing and food. They give more priority to these items on their budget than the young.

54% of their income, that is 27% is spent each on food and housing. The young people, on the other hand, spend 24% and 19% respectively on food and housing. They give more priority to food than to housing. However, the amount they spend on each of these items is less than what the old spend on it. In short, the young and the old give top priority to other goods and services while giving the least priority to clothing, footwear, and other durable goods. But the old people give more priority to food and housing than the young.

Activity – 22

Prepare a newspaper report on the basis of the information presented in the graph below.

Answer:
Alarming rise in Road Accidents
By our correspondent :
Bhubaneswar, Aug 18: There has been an alarming rise in road accidents in Bhubaneswar since 1991. Talking to our correspondent, Mr. Sudhansu Mohanty. the traffic SP. Bhubaneswar pointed out that since the last decade, road accidents have occurred in Bhubaneswar with alarming frequency. Quoting statistics available in his department he is reported to have said that between 1987 to the middle of 1988 almost 3500 people were reported to have died due to road accidents. The sudden spurt in accidents and the number of fatalities forced the government to enforce traffic laws especially, the donning of helmets.

As a result deaths due to accidents decreased gradually and touched a low of 1700 in mid ’90. However, changes in the Government and relaxation of traffic rules after this saw a dramatic rise in fatalities caused by road accidents. Thus, in ’92 the number of fatalities rose to 3600, in ’94 to 4800, and in ‘98 to 7200. Thus from the middle of 1990 to the end of 1998, almost 5400 people died as a result of road accidents in Bhubaneswar. It is hoped that law enforcement agencies will take steps to enforce laws and traffic rules, NGOs will educate people on traffic rules and the public will cooperate to ensure that the roads of Bhubaneswar are safe for one and all.

Activity – 23

An influential person has applied for permission to set up a stone crusher unit at a place indicated with dots on the map below. As a resident of the area, you have serious objections. Write a letter to the appropriate authority expressing your objections.

Answer:

80 Saheed Nagar, Bhubaneswar
17 April 2012

The Collector and District Magistrate
Collectorate
Puri Road, Bhubaneswar
Dt. Khurda
Sir,
I wish to invite your attention to a stone-crusher unit that is proposed to be set up in the center of the city.
As you may be aware that there are two acres of government land right in front of the Head Post Office beside the Convent School on Janpath road, Bhubaneswar. This piece of land is being reportedly leased to an extremely influential person to set up a stone crusher unit. Such a step is highly objectionable.

First of all, the Honourable High Court of Odisha had in an already judged P.I.L. petition stated that no stone-crushers unit should be set up within 20 km of the city limits. Consequently, stone-crusher units beyond Khandagiri have now moved beyond Khurda. Therefore building a unit here is entirely illegal. Secondly, stone-crusher units cause great environmental pollution and bring with it numerous health hazards.

The stone-crusher units spread a pall of dust which is especially dangerous for people with respiratory problems like Asthma. Thirdly, the stone crusher unit is being proposed in an area that is heavily populated, though you may call it a floating population. It is situated right in the middle of a school and a women’s college which is on either side of it. Thus, it will not only affect our young ones in the school but also the girls in the women’s college. The proposed unit can cause a lot of sound pollution besides dust pollution.

This is really unwelcome in an educational block of buildings. Finally, the land on which the proposed crusher unit is being proposed to be set up has a lot of evergreen trees and serves as an environmental cushion for the whole city. Cutting down trees to set up a stone-crusher unit on it is therefore the least desirable thing that could be done there. I request you to therefore prohibit the lease of the land for the proposed stone-crusher unit and instead develop it into a park in which all the members of the public are with you. Yours faithfully (Suman Priyadarshini)
Member-Secretary
Odisha Environmental Society.
Bhubaneswar

Odisha State Board CHSE Odisha Class 12 Invitation to English 4 Solutions Grammar Tense Patterns Unit 1 The Present Simple and the Present Progressive Textbook Activity Questions and Answers.

CHSE Odisha 12th Class English Grammar Tense Patterns Unit 1 The Present Simple and the Present Progressive

SECTION-I

We might have heard two English words, i.e., Time and Tense. They are not regarded as the same in the English language. The word ‘Tense’ is a purely grammatical term. But we use the words yesterday, today, and tomorrow. We use ‘yesterday’ for past time, ‘today’ for the present time, and ‘tomorrow’ for future time. We can experience the time and say what time it is. The term ‘tense’ in grammar is used to refer to a verb form. An English verb basically has two forms/categories. Let’s take the verb go. We say: go — present tense, went — past tense, gone — past participle tense.
Some of us have a wrong notion that the verb ‘go’ has three forms.
Observe all the forms of the verb (go)-
(i) present (go),
(ii) past (went), and
(iii) past participle (gone).

The past participle is the sub-class/form of the past form. So there are basically two forms of a verb i.e., present and past. These two forms express all the various kinds of meanings in the present, past, and future times. If a verb has two forms, then there are two tenses — (not three tenses). That is why there is no ‘Future Tense’ in the English language.
Let’s have some ideas on Tense patterns.
The Present Simple and Present Progressive.
Look at the following sentences.
(a) Satish: What are you doing?
Manish: I am writing a letter to my friend. I write to him every Sunday.
(b) I don’t understand why my dog is barking at you this morning. He is usually quite friendly.
(c) You are very gentle normally, so why are you acting in such a violent manner now?

In the above examples, 7 write to him every Sunday.’ 7 don’t understand’. ‘He is usually quite friendly.’ ‘’You are very gentle normally.’ the verb phrases underlined belong to ‘Simple Present Tense’.They are used to describe persons and things in their normal or usual state or they talk about some activity that takes place habitually or regularly.
But the examples: ‘Why my dog is barking at you this morning.’ ‘Why are you acting… ?’ and 7 am writing a letter….’ the verb phases (be + ing form) belong to ‘Present Progressive/Continuous Tense’. They are used to talking about some activity that is going on at the present moment of speaking. The activity/event is going on or continuing now.

Activity – 1
Study the sentences below and fill in the gaps, using the Present Simple / Present Progressive form of the verb in brackets, as required.
(a) They boy next door ______________(water) the plants this morning, but he normally ______________(do) it in the evening.
(b) My sister ______________(play) badminton now, but she ______________ (not play) here everyday.
(c) My brother ______________(search) for his pen. He always ______________ (misplace) it.
(d) We ______________(get) ready to go to school; we ______________ (go) to school every morning.
(e) I usually ______________ (enjoy) reading books in the library, but I ______________ (not enjoy) this one very much.
(f) My grandfather rarely ______________(carry) an umbrella, but he ______________(carry) one now because there are dark clouds in the sky.
(g) I’m sorry, but you can’t see the Minister. He ______________ (sleep) still, although he usually ______________(wake up) very early.
(h) Hari ______________ (do) his homework still. His brother, who always ______________(work) very fast ______________ (play) in the garden already.
Answer:
(a) The boy next door is watering the plants this morning, but he normally does it in the evening.
(b) My sister is playing badminton now, but she does not play here every day.
(c) My brother is searching for his pen. He always misplaces it.
(d) We are getting ready to go to school; we go to school every morning.
(e) I usually enjoy reading books in the library, but I am not enjoying this one very much.
(f) My grandfather rarely carries an umbrella, but he is carrying one now because there are dark clouds in the sky.
(g) I’m sorry, but you can’t see the Minister. He is sleeping still, although he usually wakes up very early.
(h) Hari is doing his homework still. His brother, who always works very fast, is playing in the garden already.

Activity -2:
The time is 8 p.m. Everyone in your family is busy, but each person is doing something which is different from what he/she usually does at this time. The members of your family, including yourself, are listed below. Write what each one of them is doing, and also mention what they usually do at this time. (One example has been given)
1. Father
Ans. ______________________________________________________
2. Mother
Ans. ______________________________________________________
3. My uncle
Ans. ______________________________________________________
4. My aunt
Ans. ______________________________________________________
5. My sister
Ans. ______________________________________________________
6. My brother
Ans. ______________________________________________________
7. I
Ans. ______________________________________________________
Answer:
1. Father
Answer:
Father is having a shave, but he usually goes for a walk at this time.
2. Mother
Answer:
She is knitting now, but she normally works at this time.
3. My uncle
Answer:
My brother is sleeping still, but he usually goes to school at this time.
4. My aunt
Answer:
My aunt is having a bath now, but she usually sleeps at this time.
5. My sister
Answer:
My sister is playing now, but she generally studies her lessons at this time.
6. My brother
Answer:
My brother is playing cards now, but he usually goes to the fields at this time.
7. I
Answer:
I am doing morning exercise now, but I usually do not do it every day.

Section -2:
Examine the following sentences :
(a) We usually have a football match in our village every Sunday, but this year we aren’t having any matches.
(b) He usually avoids going to the library but he is going there regularly this month as he is preparing for an exam.
The above examples show that the Present Progressive does not specify either the time of beginning or the time of completing the activity. All we know is the activity is in progress now (the moment of speaking). Expressions like nowadays, this month, these days, etc. are used to refer to the period of time during which the activity takes place. In order to distinguish the Progressive from the Non-Progressive form, we have to see its three separate meanings. It indicates :
(i) Temporary duration,
(ii) Limited duration,
(iii) the happenings need not be complete.
Simple present, on the other hand, refers to a relatively permanent activity or state.

Activity – 3
Fill in the blank spaces below, using the appropriate forms of the verbs in brackets.
(a) Our neighbours ______________(go) to Puri every winter but this winter they ______________ (go) to Sambalpur.
(b) My father generally______________ (take) the bus but today he ______________(walk) to work.
(c) They usually ______________(play) football on Sundays but this month they ______________ (play) cricket instead.
(d) My brother always ______________(work) on the day shift but this summer he ______________(work) on the night shift.
(e) My teacher ______________(go) abroad every year but she ______________ (visit) Kanyakumari this year.
Answer:
(a) Our neighbors go to Puri every winter but this winter they are going to Sambalpur.
(b) My father generally takes the bus but today he is walking to work.
(c) They usually play football on Sundays but this month they are playing cricket instead.
(d) My brother always works the day shift but this summer he is working on the night shift.
(e) My teacher goes abroad every year but she is visiting Kanyakumari this year.

Activity -4
Imagine that you have an examination next month. You are working very hard for your examination and have been forced to change your daily routine. Describe seven things that you usually do and the things you are required to do now. You can use expressions such as these days, nowadays, this month, this summer, etc. An example is given in (i).
(i) ______________________________________________________.
(ii) ______________________________________________________.
(iii) ______________________________________________________.
(iv) ______________________________________________________.
(v) ______________________________________________________.
Answer:
(i) I normally get up at 7 o’clock but I am getting up at 5 a.m. these days.
(ii) I usually go to tuition but I am preparing my lessons myself these days.
(iii) I normally read my books but I’m writing out my lessons this month.
(iv) I generally study the textbooks but I’m studying the key books these days.
(v) I study for my lessons two hours a day but I’m studying ins ten hours this month.

Activity – 5
Imagine that panchayat elections are going to be held in your village and as a result, a lot of development work is taking place. Write five sentences, mentioning in each what the present condition in the village is and what new work is going on right now. Look at the example in (i) and use the hints provided in the other bits of your sentences.

(i) Drinking water.
______________________________________________________
(ii) Electricity
______________________________________________________
(iii) Roads
______________________________________________________
(iv) Medical facilities
______________________________________________________
(v) Education
______________________________________________________
Answer:
(i) Drinking water.
Our village has no water supply but now the government is providing piped water to every home.
(ii) Electricity
Our village has no electricity facilities but the government is fixing poles in our village for electricity.
(iii) Roads
Our village has no concrete road but the government is making a concrete road for the villagers.
(iv) Medical facilities
Our village has no dispensary but the government is providing a dispensary for us.
(v) Education
Our village has no primary school but the government is constructing a building for a primary school.

SECTION-III

Verbs that do not normally take the Progressive form.
Examine the pairs of sentences below.
(a) (i) I like to fish.
(ii) I am liking fish.
(b) (i) He feels very happy.
(ii) He is feeling the heat now.
(c) (i) Sugar tastes sweet.
(ii) The sugar in the market is tasting less sweet these days.
Verbs like feel, like, taste, love, hate, want, need, prefer, know; realize, suppose, mean, understand, believe, remember, belong, contain, consist, depend, seem, think, see, etc. are known as stative verbs. They refer to states rather than to events or actions. We use the Simple Present to refer to states that exist at the present moment. Some of these verbs can be used as dynamic or action-oriented. In that case, they go with an —ing form i.e., the Progressive form. Then the usual character of the verb
becomes action-oriented.

Activity — 6
Choose the correct alternative to fill in the blanks.
(a) Costs / is costing
(i) Gold ________ more and more these days.
(ii) Gold ________a great deal of money.
(b) thinks/is thinking
(i) He ________Don’t disturb him.
(ii) He ________very highly of you.
(c) enjoy/am enjoying
(i) I ________ games.
(ii) I ________this game.
Answer:
(a) (i) is costing
(ii) costs
(b) (i) is thinking
(ii) thinks
(c) (i) enjoy
(ii) am enjoying

Activity -7
Rewrite the sentences below without changing the meaning. Use the word given in capital letters, which must not be altered in any way.
Example :
These shoes are the wrong size for me. FIT
These shoes do not fit me.
(a) There are four gallons of petrol in the tank. CONTAINS
______________________________________________________
(b) I intend to go to Koraput next summer. THINKING OF
______________________________________________________
(c) The life of the Rajput family forms the subject of the story. DESCRIBES
______________________________________________________
(d) The doctor is looking at the X-Ray. HAVING A LOOK
______________________________________________________
(e) When I see this village I remember my childhood. REMINDS ME OF
______________________________________________________
(f) I am fond of sweets. LIKE
______________________________________________________
(g) In my opinion you should meet him again. THINK
______________________________________________________
Answer:
(a) The tank contains four gallons of petrol.
(b) I am thinking of going to Koraput next summer.
(c) The life of the Rajput family describes the subject of the story.
(d) The doctor is having a look at the X-Ray.
(e) This village reminds me of my childhood.
(f) I like sweets.
(g) I think you should meet him again.

Activity – 8
Use the verbs in brackets in the Simple Present or Present Progressive forms.
This year I ________ (study) English at Delhi University. I ________ (work) part-time in a public library. I’m lucky to have this job. I ________(not have to) get up early. The library ________ (open) at 10 and ________ (close) at 7. The work is interesting because people ________ (always come in) and ________ (ask) me to help them, so I ________ (learn) a lot about different subjects. I ________ (enjoy) the job and ________ (find) it very amusing too. People ________ (use) the strangest things as bookmarks. I have found a lock of black hair inside books. Matchsticks ________ (be) common and so ________ (be) bus tickets. My colleagues ________ (always find) things – even a ten rupee note, but I haven’t been so lucky! I often ________ (think) of a photograph I once found inside a book. It was the photograph of a beautiful girl, and on the back were the words ‘I ________ (love) you, and I ________ (miss) you very much.’
Answer:
This year I am studying English at Delhi University. I am working part-time in a public library. I’m lucky to have this job. I do not have to get up early. The library opens at 10 and closes at 7. The work is interesting because people always come in and ask me to help them, so I learn a lot about different subjects. I enjoy the job and find it very amusing too. People use the strangest things as bookmarks. I have found a lock of black hair inside books. Matchsticks are common and so is bus tickets. My colleagues always find things – even a ten rupee note, but I haven’t been so lucky! I often think of a photograph I once found inside a book. It was the photograph of a beautiful girl, and on the back were the words ‘I love you, and I miss you very much.

Odisha State Board BSE Odisha Class 9 Sanskrit Grammar Book Solutions Chapter 1 ବର୍ଷ Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

BSE Odisha Class 9 Sanskrit Grammar Solutions Chapter 1 ବର୍ଷ

ବର୍ଣ୍ଣ:
ଲିଖନ ପ୍ରକ୍ରିୟା ମାଧ୍ୟମରେ ଭାଷାକୁ ବ୍ୟକ୍ତକରିବାଲାଗି ଉପଯୋଗୀ ବିଶିଷ୍ଟ ଧ୍ଵନିଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ବା ଧ୍ୱନ୍ୟାତ୍ମକ ସଙ୍କେତଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ବର୍ଷ କୁହାଯାଏ ।
ସଂସ୍କୃତ ବର୍ଣ୍ଣମାଳା:
ସଂସ୍କୃତ ବର୍ଣ୍ଣମାଳାକୁ ଦୁଇଟି ପ୍ରଧାନ ଶ୍ରେଣୀରେ ବିଭକ୍ତ କରାଯାଏ ଯଥା – (କ) ସ୍ଵର, (ଖ) ବ୍ୟଞ୍ଜନ । ମହର୍ଷି ପାଣିନି ଅଷ୍ଟାଧ୍ୟାୟୀରେ ଚତୁର୍ଦ୍ଦଶ ମାହେଶ୍ଵର ସୂତ୍ରର ଉଲ୍ଲେଖ କରି ୯ଟି ସ୍ୱରବର୍ଣ୍ଣ ଓ ୩୩ଟି ବ୍ୟଞ୍ଜନବର୍ଣ୍ଣର ବିନ୍ୟାସ କରିଛନ୍ତି; ମାତ୍ର ଭାଷାରେ ପାଣିନୀୟ ବର୍ଣ୍ଣମାଳାସହ ଅଯୋଗବାହ ମିଶି ୪୯ ଗୋଟି ବର୍ଷର ବ୍ୟବହାର ଦେଖାଯାଏ; ଯଥା – ମାହେଶ୍ୱର ସୂତ୍ରର ସ୍ଵରବର୍ଷ ୯ + ବ୍ୟଞ୍ଜନବର୍ଣ୍ଣ ୩୩ + ଦୀର୍ଘସ୍ଵର ୪ + ଅଯୋଗବାହ ୩ = ୪୯ ।

ସୃରବର୍ଣ୍ଣ:
‘‘ସ୍ଵୟଂ ରାଜନ୍ତେ ଇତି ସ୍ୱରା’’ । ଯେଉଁ ବର୍ଷ ନିରପେକ୍ଷ ଭାବରେ ସ୍ଵତଃ ସ୍ପଷ୍ଟ ଉଚ୍ଚାରିତ ହୁଏ ତାହା ସ୍ୱରବର୍ଣ୍ଣ । ସ୍ୱରବର୍ଣ୍ଣ ସାହାଯ୍ୟରେ ବ୍ୟଞ୍ଜନର ସ୍ପଷ୍ଟ ଉଚ୍ଚାରଣ ସମ୍ଭବ ହୁଏ । ଉଚ୍ଚାରଣ କାଳର ମାତ୍ରା ଆଧାରରେ ଏହା ତିନିପ୍ରକାର; ଯଥା – (କ) ହ୍ରସ୍ଵ (ଖ) ଦୀର୍ଘ (ଗ) ପୃୃୃୃୃତ
ଏଠାରେ ଆମେ କେବଳ ହ୍ରସ୍ବ ଓ ଦୀର୍ଘସ୍ୱରର ଅଧ୍ୟୟନ କରିବା । ଏହାର ମୋଟ୍ ସଂଖ୍ୟା ୧୩ ଅଟେ ।
(କ) ହ୍ରସ୍ଵ ସ୍ବର :
ଅ, ଇ, ଉ, ୠ, ୡ ଏହି ମୂଳସ୍ବର ସମୁଦାୟ ପାଞ୍ଚଗୋଟି । ଏମାନଙ୍କର ଉଚ୍ଚାରଣ କାଳ ଏକ ମାତ୍ରା ସମୟ ବିଶିଷ୍ଟ ।
(ଖ) ଦୀର୍ଘସ୍ଵର :
ଆ, ଈ, ଊ, ୠ, ଏ, ଐ, ଓ, ଔ ସମୁଦାୟ ଆଠଗୋଟି । ଏମାନଙ୍କର ଉଚ୍ଚାରଣ କାଳ ଦୁଇମାତ୍ରା ସମୟ ବିଶିଷ୍ଟ । ଏମାନଙ୍କ ମଧ୍ୟରୁ ପ୍ରଥମ ଚାରିଗୋଟି ଦୀର୍ଘସ୍ବର ଆ, ଈ, ଊ, ଋ, ର ହ୍ରସ୍ବରୂପ କ୍ରମଶଃ ଅ, ଇ,ଉ, ଋ ଅଟେ । ଏ, ଐ, ଓ, ଔ, ର ହ୍ରସ୍ବରୂପ ନାହିଁ । ଏମାନେ ଯଥାକ୍ରମେ ଅ ସହିତ ଇ, ଏ, ଉ ଏବଂ ର ମିଳନରୁ ଉଚ୍ଚାରିତ ହେଉଥ‌ିବାରୁ ଏମାନଙ୍କୁ ସନ୍ଧ୍ୟକ୍ଷରର ମଧ୍ୟ କୁହାଯାଏ । (ଅ + ଇ = ଏ, ଅ + ଏ = ଐ, ଅ +ଉ = ଓ, ଅ + ଓ = : ଔ)

ବ୍ୟଞ୍ଜନବର୍ଣ୍ଣ:
ଯାହା ସ୍ଵରର ଅନୁଗାମୀ ବା ସ୍ଵର ବିନା ଯାହାର ଉଚ୍ଚାରଣ ହୋଇପାରେ ନାହିଁ ସେ ‘ବ୍ୟଞ୍ଜନ’ । ବର୍ଣ୍ଣମାଳାନ୍ତର୍ଗତ ‘କ’ ଆଦି ବ୍ୟଞ୍ଜନ ବର୍ଣ୍ଣ ସହିତ ଯେଉଁ ‘ଅ’ ମିଶାଯାଇ ଲେଖାଯାଏ ତାହା କେବଳ ବ୍ୟଞ୍ଜନର ଉଚ୍ଚାରଣଲାଗି ଉଦ୍ଦିଷ୍ଟ । ସମୁଦାୟ ବ୍ୟଞ୍ଜନ ସଂଖ୍ୟା ୩୩ । ଏହାର ଦୁଇଟି ଭାଗ ଅଛି – (କ) ବର୍ଗୀୟ ବ୍ୟଞ୍ଜନ, (ଖ) ଅବର୍ଗୀୟ ବ୍ୟଞ୍ଜନ ।
(କ) ବର୍ଗୀୟବ୍ୟଞ୍ଜନ :
ଏଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ସ୍ପର୍ଶବର୍ଷ ମଧ୍ୟ କୁହାଯାଏ । ଏମାନଙ୍କ ସଂଖ୍ୟା ସମୁଦାୟ ୨୫ । ଏଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ପାଞ୍ଚଗୋଟି ବର୍ଗରେ ବିଭକ୍ତ କରାଯାଇ ପ୍ରତ୍ୟେକ ବର୍ଗରେ ପାଞ୍ଚ ପାଞ୍ଚ ବର୍ଷଙ୍କୁ ସ୍ଥାନିତ କରାଯାଇଛି ।
(i) କ ବର୍ଗ – କ୍, ଖ୍, ଗ୍, ଘ, ଡ୍
(ii) ଚ ବର୍ଗ – ଚ୍, ଛ, ଜ୍, ଝ, ଭ୍
(iii) ଟ ବର୍ଗ – ଟ୍, ଠ୍, ଡା଼, ଢ, ଣ୍
(iv) ତ ବର୍ଗ – ତ୍, ଥ, ଦ୍, ଧ, ନ୍
(v)ପ ବର୍ଗ – ପ୍, ଫ୍, ବ୍, ଭ, ମ୍
ମୋଟ୍ = ୫ + ୫ + ୫ + ୫ + ୫ = ୨୫
(ଖ) ଅବର୍ଗୀୟବ୍ୟଞ୍ଜନ :
ଏମାନଙ୍କ ସଂଖ୍ୟା ସମୁଦାୟ ୮ । ଏହା ଦୁଇଭାଗରେ ବିଭକ୍ତ । ୧ – ଅନ୍ତଃସ୍ଥ, ୨ – ଉଷ୍ମ ।
(୧) ଅନ୍ତଃସ୍ଥ – ୟ, ର୍, ଲ୍, ବ୍
ଏହି ବର୍ଣ୍ଣମାନଙ୍କୁ ଅର୍ଦ୍ଧସ୍ବର ମଧ୍ୟ କୁହାଯାଏ । ଉଚ୍ଚାରଣ ସ୍ଥାନ ଦୃଷ୍ଟିରୁ ଏହି କ୍ରମ ଠିକ୍ ମନେହୁଏ; ମାତ୍ର ପାଣିନି ଇ – ଉ, ୠ, ୡ ର କ୍ରମ ଅନୁସାରେ ଏଗୁଡ଼ିକର କ୍ରମ ୟ-ବ୍-ର-ଲ୍ ରଖୁଛନ୍ତି କାରଣ ଏହି ଶ୍ରେଣୀଦ୍ଵୟ ଗୋଟିଏ ଅନ୍ୟର ରୂପାନ୍ତର । ଯଥା – ଇ → ଯ (ୟ) ଉ → ବ, ଋ → ଋ, ୡ → ଲ (ଯଦି + ଅପି ) = ଯଦ୍ୟପି, ସୁ + ଆଗତମ୍ = ସ୍ବାଗତମ୍, ପିତୃ + ଆଳୟ = ପିତ୍ରାଳୟ, ଅ + ଅନମ୍ = ଲବନମ୍ ।

ଯେଉଁ ‘ବ’ ସ୍ଥାନରେ ଉ, ଊ ହୁଏ (ବଚ୍, ବଦ୍, ସ୍ୱପ୍ ପ୍ରଭୃତି ଧାତୁର ବ), ସନ୍ଧିଦ୍ୱାରାଜାତ ‘ବ’ (ଅନ୍ଵେଷଣ, ସ୍ଵାଗତ, ପବନ, ଭାବୁକ ପ୍ରଭୃତି), ପ୍ରତ୍ୟୟର ‘ବ’ (ଧନବାନ୍, ମାୟାବୀ) ପ୍ରଭୃତି ‘ବ’ ଅନ୍ତଃସ୍ଥ ଅଟନ୍ତି ।
(୨) ଉଷ୍ମ – ଶ୍, ଷ୍, ସ୍, ହ୍
ମୋଟ୍ – ୪ + ୪ = ୮
ବ୍ୟଞ୍ଜନ ବର୍ଣ୍ଣକୁ ହଳ୍ ମଧ୍ୟ କୁହାଯାଏ । ଏହା ଅର୍ଥମାତ୍ରା ବିଶିଷ୍ଟ । ଏହାର ଉଚ୍ଚାରଣକାଳ ଅର୍ଥନିମେଷ ମାତ୍ର । କେବଳ ବ୍ୟଞ୍ଜନର ପ୍ରୟୋଗ ‘ହଲ୍‌’ ଚିହ୍ନ ( ) ଯୋଗରେ କରାଯାଏ ଏବଂ ଏହି ସଂକେତ ବର୍ଣ୍ଣର ଅଧୋଭାଗରେ ଅଙ୍କିତ ରହେ ।
ଅଯୋଗବାହ – ଂ ( ଅନୁସ୍ଵାର), ଃ (ବିସର୍ଗ), ‍ଁ (ଚନ୍ଦ୍ରବିନ୍ଦୁ) ଏହା ସ୍ଵରବର୍ଣ୍ଣ ଓ ବ୍ୟଞ୍ଜନ ବର୍ଣ୍ଣରେ ମିଶି ଉଚ୍ଚାରିତ ହୁଏ ।

ଅଭ୍ୟ।ସଃ
୧। କବର୍ଗବର୍ଷା କେ ?
(କ) _____ (ଖ) ______ (ଗ) ______ (ଘ) ______ (ଙ)
Answer:
(କ) କ
(ଖ) ଖ
(ଗ) ଗ
(ଘ) ଘ
(ଙ) ଙ

୨। ଚବର୍ଗବର୍ଷା କେ ?
(କ) _____ (ଖ) ______ (ଗ) ______ (ଘ) ______ (ଙ)
Answer:
(କ) ଚ
(ଖ) ଛ
(ଗ) ଜ
(ଘ) ଝ
(ଙ) ଞ

୩। ଟବର୍ଗବର୍ଷା କେ ?
(କ) _____ (ଖ) ______ (ଗ) ______ (ଘ) ______ (ଙ)
Answer:
(କ) ଟ
(ଖ) ଠ
(ଗ) ଡ
(ଘ) ଢ
(ଙ) ଣ

୪। ତବର୍ଗବର୍ଷା
(କ) _____ (ଖ) ______ (ଗ) ______ (ଘ) ______ (ଙ)
Answer:
(କ) ତ
(ଖ) ଥ
(ଗ) ଦ
(ଘ) ଧ
(ଙ) ନ

୫। ପବର୍ଗବର୍ଷା
(କ) _____ (ଖ) ______ (ଗ) ______ (ଘ) ______ (ଙ)
Answer:
(କ) ପ
(ଖ) ଫ
(ଗ) ବ
(ଘ) ଭ
(ଙ) ମ

୬। କେ ଅନ୍ତଃସ୍ଥବର୍ଣ୍ଣା ?
Answer:
ଯ, ର, ଳ, ବ।
୭ । କେ ଉଷ୍ମବର୍ଣ୍ଣା ?
Answer:
ଶ, ସ, ଷ ।
୮। ‘ଗଚ୍ଛତି’ଇତ୍ୟସ୍ମିନ୍ ପଦେ ସ୍ଵରବ୍ୟଞ୍ଜନାନି ପୃଥକ୍ ପୃଥକ୍ ଲିଖିତ ।
ଗଛତି = ଗ୍ + ଅ + ଚ୍ + ଛ୍ + ଅ + ତ୍ + ଇ
ସ୍ୱର :
(କ) _____ (ଖ) ______ (ଗ) ______
Answer:
(କ) ଅ
(ଖ) ଅ
(ଗ) ଇ

ବ୍ୟଞ୍ଜନ :
(କ) _____ (ଖ) ______ (ଗ) ______ (ଘ) ______ (ଙ)
Answer:
(କ) ଗ
(ଖ) ବ
(ଗ) ଛ
(ଘ) ତ

ଅଯୋଗବାହବର୍ଷ:
ଉପନ୍ଯୁକ୍ତ ବର୍ଷ ଅତିରିକ୍ତ ଅନୁସ୍ବାର (୧) ବିସର୍ଗ (୫) ଏବଂ ଅନୁନାସିକ () ର ପ୍ରୟୋଗ ସଂସ୍କୃତ ଭାଷାରେ ଦେଖାଯାଏ । ପ୍ରତ୍ୟାହାର ନିର୍ମାଣରେ ନିରପେକ୍ଷ ଓ ଣତ୍ବାଦି ପ୍ରୟୋଗରେ ସାପେକ୍ଷ ହୋଇଥିବାରୁ ଏମାନଙ୍କୁ ଅଯୋଗବାହ କୁହାଯାଏ । ଅନୁସ୍ବାର କୌଣସି ସ୍ବର ପରେ ନ୍ କିମ୍ବା ମ୍ ସ୍ଥାନରେ ଆସିଥାଏ । ଉଦାହରଣ – ଗୃହଂ ଗଚ୍ଛତି । ଏଠାରେ ‘ଗୃହମ୍’ ସ୍ଥିତ ମ୍ ସ୍ଥାନରେ ଏହାର ପୂର୍ବବର୍ତ୍ତୀ ‘ଅ’ ସ୍ବର ସହିତ ଅନୁସ୍ଵାରର ପ୍ରୟୋଗ ହୋଇଛି । ବିସର୍ଗର ପ୍ରୟୋଗ କୌଣସି ସ୍ଵର ପରେ ହୋଇଥାଏ ଏବଂ ଏହାର ପୃଥକ୍ ଉଚ୍ଚାରଣ ହୁଏ । ଉଦାହରଣ ନରଃ, ସାଧୁ ଇତ୍ୟାଦି । ଅନୁନାସିକର ସ୍ଵରୂପ ଚନ୍ଦ୍ରବିନ୍ଦୁ ଅଟେ; ଯଥା – କର୍ଣ୍ଣିଶ୍ଚିତ, ସଁବତ୍ସରଃ ଇତ୍ୟାଦି ।
ଲୌକିକ ସଂସ୍କୃତରେ ସାଧାରଣଭାବେ ବ୍ୟବହୃତ ହେଉଥିବା ବର୍ଷମାନଙ୍କର ସଂଖ୍ୟା ଅଣଚାଶ (ସ୍ବର-୧୩ + ବ୍ୟଞ୍ଜନ- ୩୩ + ଅଯୋଗବାହ – ୩)
ଶବ୍ଦ ଆରମ୍ଭରେ ‘ଯ’ରହେ; ମାତ୍ର ପଦ ମଧ୍ଯରେ ବା ଶେଷରେ ‘ଯ’ ଥିଲେ ‘ୟ’ ଉଚ୍ଚାରିତ ହୁଏ; ଯଥା – ଯୋଗ- ବିୟୋଗ, ଯମ-ନିୟମ ଇତ୍ୟାଦି ।

ଅଭ୍ୟ।ସଃ
ଶୁଦ୍ଧମ ଉତ୍ତରଂ ନିରୂପୟତ ।
୧। କେ ଅଯୋଗବାହବର୍ଣ୍ଣା ?
(କ) କ, ଖ, ଗ
(ଖ) ଶ, ସ, ଷ
(ଗ) ଂ, ଃ, ‍ଁ
(ଘ) ଚ, ଛ, ଜ
Answer:
(ଗ) ଂ, ଃ, ‍ଁ

୨। ଅନୁସ୍ଵାରସ୍ୟ କିଂ ସ୍ଵରୂପମ୍ ?
(କ) ଂ
(ଖ) ଃ
(ଗ) ‍ଁ
(ଘ) ମ୍
Answer:
(ଘ) ମ୍

୩। ବିସର୍ଗସ୍ୟ କିଂ ସ୍ଵରୂପମ୍ ?
(କ) ଂ
(ଖ) ଃ
(ଗ) ‍ଁ
(ଘ) ହ୍
Answer:
(ଖ) ଃ

୪। ସଂସ୍କୃତବର୍ଣ୍ଣମାଳାୟାଂ କତି ବର୍ଷା ବିଦ୍ୟନ୍ତେ ?
(କ) ୧୩
(ଖ) ୩୩
(ଗ) ୪୯
(ଘ) ୪୨
Answer:
(ଗ) ୪୯

ବର୍ଷଗୁଡ଼ିକର ଉଚ୍ଚାରଣ ସ୍ଥାନ :
କୌଣସି ବର୍ଣ୍ଣର ଉଚ୍ଚାରଣ ସମୟରେ ଆମ ମୁଖଗହ୍ଵରରେ ଏକ ବା ଏକାଧିକ ଭାଗ ସକ୍ରିୟ ହୋଇଥା’ନ୍ତି । ସେହି ଭାଗ ବା ଅଂଶ ସେହି ସଂପୃକ୍ତ ବର୍ଣ୍ଣର ଉଚ୍ଚାରଣ ଓ ଉତ୍ପତ୍ତି ସ୍ଥାନ । ସେହି ସ୍ଥାନର ନାମ ଅନୁସାରେ ତତ୍ ସଂଶ୍ଳିଷ୍ଟ ବର୍ଷ ମଧ୍ୟ ନାମିତ ହୋଇଥାଏ ।
ଉଦାହରଣସ୍ୱରୂପ : ଅ, ଆ, କ୍, ଖ୍, ଗ୍, ଘ, ଙ୍, ହ୍, ୫ (ବିସର୍ଗ) – ଏଗୁଡ଼ିକର ଉଚ୍ଚାରଣ ସ୍ଥାନ କଣ୍ଠ ହୋଇଥିବାରୁ ଏମାନେ କଣ୍ୟ ବର୍ଣ୍ଣ ।

ବିନ୍ୟ।ସ:

ଅଭ୍ୟ।ସଃ
୧। କେଷା ବର୍ଣ୍ଣାନାମ୍ ଉଚ୍ଚାରଣସ୍ଥାନଂ କଣ୍ଠ ଅସ୍ଥି ?
(କ) _____ (ଖ) _____ (ଗ) _____
(ଘ) _____ (ଙ) _____ (ଚ) _____
(ଛ) _____ (ଜ) _____ (ଝ) _____
Answer:
(କ) ଅ
(ଖ) ଆ
(ଗ) କ
(ଘ) ଖ
(ଙ) ଗ
(ଚ) ଘ
(ଛ) ଙ
(ଜ) ହ
(ଝ) ଃ

୨। କେ ତାଲବ୍ୟବର୍ଣ୍ଣା ?
(କ) _____ (ଖ) _____ (ଗ) _____
(ଘ) _____ (ଙ) _____ (ଚ) _____
(ଛ) _____ (ଜ) _____ (ଝ) _____
Answer:
(କ) ଇ
(ଖ) ଈ
(ଗ) ବ
(ଘ) ଛ
(ଙ) ଜ୍
(ଚ) ଟ୍
(ଛ) ଞ୍
(ଜ) ଯ୍
(ଝ) ଣ୍

୩। ମୂର୍ଦ୍ଧନ୍ଯବର୍ଷା କେ କେ ସନ୍ତି ?
(କ) _____ (ଖ) _____ (ଗ) _____
(ଘ) _____ (ଙ) _____ (ଚ) _____
(ଛ) _____ (ଜ) _____ (ଝ) _____
Answer:
(କ) ଋ
(ଖ) ଋ
(ଗ) ଟ୍
(ଘ) ଠ୍
(ଙ) ଡ୍
(ଚ) ଢ
(ଛ) ଣ୍
(ଜ) ର୍
(ଝ) ଷ

୪। କେ କେ ଦନ୍ତବର୍ଣ୍ଣା ?
(କ) _____ (ଖ) _____ (ଗ) _____ (ଘ) _____
(ଙ) _____ (ଚ) _____ (ଛ) _____ (ଜ) _____
Answer:
(କ) ଌ
(ଖ) ତ୍
(ଗ) ଥ୍
(ଘ) ଦ୍
(ଙ) ଧ୍
(ଚ) ନ୍
(ଛ) ଲ୍
(ଜ) ସ

୫। କେ କେ ଓଷ୍ୟବର୍ଣ୍ଣା ?
(କ) _____ (ଖ) _____ (ଗ) _____ (ଘ) _____
(ଙ) _____ (ଚ) _____ (ଛ) _____
Answer:
(କ) ଉ
(ଖ) ଊ
(ଗ) ଷ୍
(ଘ) ଫୁ
(ଙ) ବ୍
(ଚ) ଭ୍
(ଛ) ମ୍

୬। ଦନ୍ତୋଷ୍ୟ ତଃ ?
Answer:
ବ୍
୭। କଣ୍ଠତାଲବ୍ୟବର୍ଷେ କୌ ?
(କ) ______ (ଖ) _____
Answer:
(କ) ଏ (ଖ) ଐ

୮। ନାସିକ୍ୟବର୍ଣ୍ଣା କେ କେ ସନ୍ତି ?
(କ) _____ (ଖ) _____ (ଗ) _____ (ଘ) _____ (ଙ) _____
Answer:
(କ) ଙ୍
(ଖ) ଞ୍
(ଗ) ଣ୍
(ଘ) ନ୍
(ଙ) ମ୍

୯୮ ଶୂନ୍ୟସ୍ଥାନାନି ପୂରୟତ ।
ନାସିକ୍ଯବର୍ଣ୍ଣା ଉଚ୍ଚାରଣସ୍ଥାନମ୍
ଯଥା :
ଙ୍ ଉତ୍ତରମ୍ – ନାସିକା + କଣ୍ଠ
ଞ୍ (କ) ____ + ____
Answer:
ନାସିକା + ତାଳୁ

ଣ୍ (ଖ) ____ + ____
Answer:
ନାସିକା + ମୂର୍ଖ

ନ୍ (ଗ) ____ + ____
Answer:
ନାସିକା + ଦନ୍ତ

ମ୍ (ଘ) ____ + ____
Answer:
ନାସିକା + ଓଷ୍ଠ

୧୦। ନିମ୍ନଲିଖୂତାନାଂ ବର୍ଣ୍ଣାନାମ୍ ଉଚ୍ଚାରଣସ୍ଥାନାନି ଲିଖତ :
ମ୍ _____ ୟ _____ ସ୍ _____ ବ୍ _____ ଇ _____ ଙ୍ _____ ଲ୍ _____
Answer:
ମ୍ ନାସିକା
ୟ ତାଳୁ
ସ୍ ଦନ୍ତ
ବ୍ ଓଷ୍ଠ
ଇ ତାଳୁ
ଙ୍ ନାସିକା
ଲ୍ ଦନ୍ତ

୪। ବ୍ୟଞ୍ଜନ ସ୍ବର ସଂଯୋଗ :
‘ଅ’ ସ୍ବର ବ୍ୟତୀତ ଅନ୍ୟ ସ୍ବର ସହିତ ମିଶି ଉଚ୍ଚାରିତ ହେଉଥ‌ିବା ବ୍ୟଞ୍ଜନର ଲିଗ୍‌ ରୂପ ସେହି ସେହି ସ୍ଵରର ଚିହ୍ନଯୁକ୍ତ ହୋଇ ଅଙ୍କିତ ହୁଏ । ‘ଅ’ ସ୍ଵରର କୌଣସି ଚିହ୍ନ ନାହିଁ; ମାତ୍ର କ୍, ଖ୍, ଗ୍ ପ୍ରଭୃତି ଶୁଦ୍ଧ ବ୍ୟଞ୍ଜନ ସହିତ ‘ଅ’ ସ୍ଵର ଯୋଗ ହେଲେ ଏଗୁଡ଼ିକର ନିମ୍ନରେ ଥ‌ିବା ହଲନ୍ତ ଚିହ୍ନ ( ) ଲୋପପାଏ । ଉଦାହରଣସ୍ୱରୂପ – ‘କ’ ବ୍ୟଞ୍ଜନ ସହିତ ମିଶି ବିଭିନ୍ନ ସ୍ଵରର ମିଳିତ ରୂପ ନିମ୍ନରୂପେ ପ୍ରକାଶ ପାଏ ବା ଲେଖାଯାଏ ।

ଅଭ୍ୟ।ସଃ
୧। ପ୍ରସନ୍ନ ଇତି ପଦେ ଅ-ସ୍ବର ସଂଯୁକ୍ତାନି ବ୍ୟଞ୍ଜନାନି ଲିଖତ; ଯଥା –
(କ) _____ (ଖ) _____ (ଗ) _____
Answer:
(କ) ପ୍ର
(ଖ) ସ
(ଗ) ନ୍ନ

୨। ଜାଗରଣମ୍ ଇତି ପଦେ ଅ-ସ୍ୱର ସଂଯୁକ୍ତାନି ବ୍ୟଞ୍ଜନାନି ଲିଖତ ।
(କ) _____ (ଖ) _____ (ଗ) _____
Answer:
(କ) ଗ
(ଖ) ର
(ଗ) ଣ

୩ । ମାଳାକାରଃ ଇତି ପଦେ ଆ-ସ୍ଵର ସଂଯୁକ୍ତାନି ବ୍ୟଞ୍ଜନାନି ଲିଖ୍ ।
(କ) _____ (ଖ) _____ (ଗ) _____
Answer:
(କ) ମା
(ଖ) ଳା
(ଗ) କା

୪। ବିଲିଖତଃ ଇତି ପଦେ ଇ-ସ୍ୱର ସଂଯୁକ୍ତାନି ବ୍ୟଞ୍ଜନାନି ଲିଖତ ।
(କ) _____ (ଖ) _____ (ଗ) _____
Answer:
(କ) ବି
(ଖ) ଲି
(ଗ) ଖୁ

୫। ରୂପେଣ ଇତି ପଦେ ଊ-ସ୍ୱର ସଂଯୁକ୍ତ ବ୍ୟଞ୍ଜନ ଲିଖିତ ।
(କ) _____
Answer:
ରୁ

୬ । କୁରୁତ ଇତି ପଦେ ଉ-ସ୍ୱର ସଂଯୁକ୍ତବ୍ୟଞ୍ଜନେ ଲିଖତ ।
(କ) _____ (ଖ) _____
Answer:
(କ) କୁ
(ଖ) ରୁ

୭। ସୌଭାଗ୍ୟମ୍ ଇତି ପଦେ ଔ-ଯୁକ୍ତ ବ୍ୟଞ୍ଜନଂ ଲିଖତ ।
(କ) _____
Answer:
ସୌ

୮। ମତୈକ୍ୟମ୍ ଇତ୍ୟତ୍ର ଐ-ଯୁକ୍ତବ୍ୟଞ୍ଜନଂ ଲିଖିତ ।
(କ) _____
Answer:
ତୈ

୯ । କୃତିଃ ଇତ୍ୟତ୍ର ଋ-ଯୁକ୍ତବ୍ୟଞ୍ଜନ ଲିଖତ ।
(କ) _____
Answer:
କୃ

୧୦। ନିମ୍ନଲିଖତବର୍ଣ୍ଣାନାଂ ସଂଯୁକ୍ତରୂପଂ ଲିଖତ ।
(କ) ଚ୍ + ଯ + ଆ + କ୍ + ଅ + ର୍ + ଅ + ଣ୍ + ଅ + ମ୍ -= _______
Answer:
ବ୍ୟାକରଣମ୍

(ଖ) ମ୍ + ଇ + ତ୍ + ର୍ + ଅ + ମ୍ = _________
Answer:
ମିତ୍ରମ୍

(ଗ) ସ୍ + ଅ + ମ୍ + ଆ + ଚ୍ + ଆ + ର୍ + ଅ + ଃ = _______
Answer:
ସମାଚାରଃ

(ଘ) ଚ୍ + ଆ + ଷ୍ + ଟ୍ + ର୍ + ଅ + ମ୍ = _______
Answer:
ରାଷୄ୍ମ୍

(ଙ) ପ୍ + ଅ + ର୍ + ଇ + ଶ୍ + ର୍ + ଅ + ମ୍ + ଅ = _________
Answer:
ପରିଶ୍ରମ

Odisha State Board BSE Odisha Class 9 English Grammar Book Solutions Chapter 1 Parts of a Sentence Textbook Exercise Activity Questions and Answers.

BSE Odisha Class 9 English Grammar Solutions Chapter 1 Parts of a Sentence

⇒ What is a Sentence?
A sentence is a statement with words set in order to express our ideas, feelings, views etc. in a meaningful expression. (ଶବ୍ଦଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ଠିକ୍ ଭାବରେ ସଜାଇ ଆମ୍ଭେମାନେ ଆମର ଭାବନା, ମତ, ଅନୁଭୂତି ଆଦିକୁ ଅର୍ଥପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ ଭାବରେ ପ୍ରକାଶ କରିବାର ଉକ୍ତିକୁ ବାକ୍ୟ କୁହାଯାଏ ।)

Or, A group of words that makes complete sense is called a sentence.
(କେତୋଟି ଶବ୍ଦ ମିଶି ଏକ ସଂପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ ଅର୍ଥ ପ୍ରକାଶ କଲେ ତାହାକୁ ମଧ୍ୟ ବାକ୍ୟ କୁହାଯାଏ ।)

⇒ Parts of a Sentence :
A sentence (Particularly a simple sentence) consists of two main parts.
(ଗୋଟିଏ ବାକ୍ୟ ମୁଖ୍ୟତଃ ଗୋଟିଏ ସରଳବାକ୍ୟ ୨ଟି ମୁଖ୍ୟ ଅଂଶ ବା ଭାଗକୁ ନେଇ ଗଠିତ ।)

In the above table diagram, the subject words are An aeroplane, Children and You. (ଉପରୋକ୍ତ ସାରଣୀ ଚିତ୍ରରେ କର୍ତ୍ତା ଶବ୍ଦ ବିଶେଷ ହେଲା Aeroplane, Children ଓ You.)

Similarly the essential parts of the predicate phrase are the verbs or verb words like flies, are and have made. (ସେହିଭଳି Predicate Phrase ବା ବିଧେୟର ମୁଖ୍ୟ ବା ଆବଶ୍ୟକୀୟ ଶବ୍ଦ ହେଉଛି କ୍ରିୟା (verb) ଯଥା- flies, are ଓ have made)

Remember: By a subject, we mean a noun or pronoun provided the subject is a one-word
constituent. Similarly by a predicate, we mean particularly a verb or verbs.]
(ମନେରଖ : ଯଦି ବାକ୍ୟରେ Subject ଗୋଟିଏ ପଦବିଶିଷ୍ଟ ଶବ୍ଦ ହୋଇଥାଏ, ତାହା ନିଶ୍ଚୟ Noun Pronoun। ସେଇଭଳି Predicate ବା ବିଧେୟର ମୁଖ୍ୟ ଅଂଶ ହେଉଛି Verb ବା କ୍ରିୟାପଦ ।)

Examples:

Subject (One word)	Predicate (One or more words)
(Noun /Pronoun)	Verb (s)
Wind (ପବନ) (noun)	blows.
It pronoun (ସର୍ବନାମ)	was raining.
I (pronoun)	am.

(The head word of the subject is either a noun or pronoun and the head word of the predicate is a verb)

Let’s know more about the subject (କର୍ତ୍ତା ବା ଉଦ୍ଦେଶ୍ୟ ବିଷୟରେ ଅଧିକ ଜାଣିବା) : The subject of a sentence can be as the following. (ନିମ୍ନରେ ପ୍ରଦତ୍ତ ବାକ୍ୟାଶଗୁଡ଼ିକ subject ବା କର୍ରାର ବିଭିନ୍ନ ରୂପ)
(i) Proper noun (ନାମବାଚକ ବିଶେଷ୍ୟ)
Sudha is a clever girl.

(ii) Personal pronoun (ବ୍ୟକ୍ତିବାଚକ ସର୍ବନାମ)
You were intelligent (ବୁଦ୍ଧିମାନ).
(Other personal pronouns are ‘it’, ‘she’, ‘he’, ‘they’, ‘we’ etc.)

(iii) Demonstrative pronoun (ପ୍ରଦର୍ଶକ ସର୍ବନାମ)
This / that was an old woman.
These / those are my textbooks

(iv) Noun / Noun phrase (ବିଶେଷ / ବିଶେଷ୍ୟ ବାକ୍ୟାଶ)
Book is useful. (noun)
A good book is admired (ପ୍ରଶଂସିତ) by one and all.

(v) Grammatical Subject ‘There’ (ବ୍ୟାକରଣଗତ କର୍ମା) / ‘There’)
There was a troupe of monkeys (ପଲେ ମାଙ୍କଡ଼) on the roof.

(vi) Dummy subject ‘it’ (ଛଦ୍ମବେଶୀ କର୍ତ୍ତା ‘it’) (ସମୟ, ଦୂରତା, ମୂଲ୍ୟ ଅର୍ଥରେ)
It is ten (minutes) to six p.m. (ସଂଧ୍ୟା ୬ଟା ବାଜିବାକୁ ଦଶ ମିନିଟ୍ ଅଛି)
It is 10 a.m.
It is just a Kilometre to my house (ଦୂରତା).

(vii) Some adverbs function as subjects (କର୍ତ୍ତା ରୂପେ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟକରୁଥିବା କେତେକ କ୍ରିୟା ବିଶେଷଣ)
Today is Friday. (Adverb of time)
Yesterday was Thursday. (Adverb of time)

(viii)Verbal noun (When a verb functions (କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ କରେ) like a noun)
Smoking causes cancer to the lungs (ଫୁସ୍‌ଫୁସ୍).
Swimming is enjoyable (ଉପଭୋଗ୍ୟ).

(ix) Infinitive (ଅସମାପିକା କ୍ରିୟା) (To + verb)
To err is human. (ଭୁଲ୍ କରିବା ମାନବୀୟ)
To swim against the current is dangerous.(ସ୍ରୋତରେ ପ୍ରତିକୂଳରେ ପହଁରିବା ବିପଜ୍ଜନକ ।)
(Here’ against the current is the post-modifier after the headword ‘to swim’ )

(x) Clause ( ବାକ୍ୟଖଣ୍ଡ ବା ଖଣ୍ଡବାକ୍ୟ)
What you told me yesterdy was absolutely (ସଂପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ) true.
That Seema’s father died so young is a great sorrow.

(A sentence always begins with a Capital Letter)
(ବାକ୍ୟ ସର୍ବଦା ବଡ଼ ଅକ୍ଷରରୁ ଆରମ୍ଭ ହୋଇଥାଏ।)

Various elements of a sentence (ଗୋଟିଏ ବାକ୍ୟର ବିଭିନ୍ନ ଉପାଦାନ):

A sentence (having a subject and a predicate) is made up of various grammatical items or parts of speech. (ଗୋଟିଏ ବାକ୍ୟ କର୍ତ୍ତା ବା ଉଦ୍ଦେଶ୍ୟ ଓ ଗୋଟିଏ ବିଧେୟକୁ ନେଇ ଗଠିତ। ବାକ୍ୟରେ ବିଭିନ୍ନ ବ୍ୟାକରଣଗତ ଉପାଦାନ (ପଦ) ରହିଥାଏ ।)

1. Noun (ବିଶେଷ୍ୟପଦ)
A noun is a word which denotes the name of person, things, place, animal, quality, action, state. (ଯେଉଁ ଶବ୍ଦ କୌଣସି ବ୍ୟକ୍ତି, ବସ୍ତୁ, ସ୍ଥାନ, ପ୍ରାଣୀ, ଗୁଣ, କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ ବା ଅବସ୍ଥାକୁ ସୂଚିତ କରେ, ତାହାକୁ ବିଶେଷ୍ୟପଦ କୁହାଯାଏ ।)
A noun is a naming word. (ବିଶେଷ୍ୟ ପଦ ହେଉଛି ଏକ ନାମବାଚକ ଶବ୍ଦ।)
Examples :
(i) Delhi stands on the Yamuna. (place)
(ii) Mango gives good flavour (ସ୍ୱାଦ). (thing, quality)
(iii) Ritesh came to our house yesterday. (person, place)
(iv) Laughter (ହସ) tones up (ବୃଦ୍ଧି କରାଇଥାଏ) our health. (action/action)
(v) Jealousy (ଈର୍ଷା) ruins (ସର୍ବନାଶ ଘଟାଇଥାଏ) one’s mental contentment (ମାନସିକ ତୃପ୍ତି). (quality, state)

2. Pronoun (ସର୍ବନାମ)
Here the word ‘pro’ means ‘instead of. (‘pro’ ର ଅର୍ଥ “ ବଦଳରେ’ ବା ‘ ପରିବର୍ତ୍ତେ’)
A pronoun is a word which is used in place of or instead of a noun.
(ଗୋଟିଏ ବିଶେଷ୍ୟପଦ ବଦଳରେ ବା ସ୍ଥାନରେ ଯେଉଁ ଶବ୍ଦ ବ୍ୟବହୃତ ହୁଏ, ତାହାକୁ ସର୍ବନାମ କୁହାଯାଏ।)
Examples:
(i) Dasarath was the king of Ayodhya. (noun)
He loved Rama, the eldest son very much. (He = pronoun (used for Dasaratha))
(ii) My name is Nabakishore. (noun phrase)
I write for ‘Saurav’ regularly. (pronoun)
(iii) Children are fond of sweets. (noun)
They are the angels. (pronoun)

3. Adjective (ବିଶେଷଣପଦ)
An adjective is a word that describes or qualifies a noun or a pronoun.
(ଯେଉଁ ପଦ ବିଶେଷ୍ୟପଦର ଗୁଣ, ଅବସ୍ଥା, ସଂଖ୍ୟା, ଉଦ୍ଦେଶ୍ୟ, ରଂଗ, ଆକାର, ଆକୃତି ଆଦି ବିଷୟରେ ସୂଚନା ଦିଏ, ତାହାକୁ ବିଶେଷଣ ପଦ କୁହାଯାଏ।)
Examples:
(i) Kapilendra Dev was a great conqueror (ବିଜୟୀ). (quality)
(ii) A cricket ball is round. (shape)
(iii) Someone (କେହି ଜଣେ) is sitting on a plastic chair.(making)
(iv) Grass is green. (colour)
(v) An old good couple (ସ୍ଵାମୀ, ସ୍ତ୍ରୀ) lived in this cottage (କୁଡ଼ିଆ). (age, quality, demonstration)
(vi) We don’t have much water in the well. (quantity)

4. Verb (କ୍ରିୟାପଦ)
A verb is a word that denotes an action or event or state represented by a subject.
ଯେଉଁ ପଦ କର୍ତ୍ତାର କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ ବା ଅବସ୍ଥାକୁ ସୂଚିତ କରେ ତାହାକୁ କ୍ରିୟାପଦ କୁହାଯାଏ ।)
A verb is doing or telling word.
Examples:
(i) The doctor operated (ଅସ୍ତ୍ରୋପଚାର କଲେ) the patient.
(ii) Tiger is (ଅଟେ) our national animal.
(iii) Has the match been won (ଜିତାଯାଇଛି) by the team India?
(iv) Mr Suresh Bharalawala has (ଅଛି) a massive building (ବିଶାଳ କୋଠାଘର).

5. Adverb (କ୍ରିୟାବିଶେଷଣ)
An adverb is a word that adds (qualifies) more information about place, time, manner, cause, frequency (ବାରମ୍ବାରତା), degree (ପରିମାଣ) etc. to verb or an adjective or another adverb. (ଯେଉଁ ପଦ କ୍ରିୟାପଦ (ମୁଖ୍ୟତଃ) ବା ବିଶେଷଣ ବା ଅନ୍ୟ ଏକ କ୍ରିୟାପଦର ସ୍ଥାନ, ସମୟ, କାରଣ, ପରିମାଣ ଆଦିକୁ ବିଶେଷିତ କରେ, ତାହାକୁ କ୍ରିୟାବିଶେଷଣ ପଦ କୁହାଯାଏ ।)
An adverb is a modifying word (ଏକ ବିଶେଷିତ ଶବ୍ଦ).
Examples:
(i) Uncle has come today. (time)
(ii) What is Susil doing there? (place)
(iii) Do you ever tell lies? (ମିଛକଥା) (frequency)
(iv) A student ought to write (ଲେଖୁବା ଉଚିତ) quite clearly. (degree)
(v) Some people are very helpful. (How helpful modifying the adjective ‘helpful’)

6. Preposition (ବିଭକ୍ତିସୂଚକ ଅବ୍ୟୟ ବା ପୂର୍ବପଦ)
A preposition is a word that shows the relation between a noun or a pronoun with some other word(s) in a sentence.
(ଯେଉଁ ପଦ ଗୋଟିଏ ବିଶେଷ୍ୟ ବା ସର୍ବନାମ ପଦ ସହିତ ବ୍ୟବହୃତ ହୋଇ ଅନ୍ୟପଦ ବା ପଦମାନଙ୍କ ସହିତ ସମ୍ପର୍କ ସୂଚିତ କରିଥାଏ, ତାହାକୁ ଅବ୍ୟୟ ବା ବିଭକ୍ତି ବା ପୂର୍ବପଦ କୁହାଯାଏ।)

A preposition is a relating word
(ଅବ୍ୟୟ ହେଉଛି ଏକ ସଂପର୍କ ବା ସମ୍ବନ୍ଧ ଜନିତ ଶବ୍ଦ।)
Examples:
(i) The sky is over (ଉପରେ) our heads.
(ii) The child held his mother tightly in fear.
(iii) Sivaji swam across (ଏପଟରୁ ସେପଟକୁ) the small river.
(iv) Mr Mohapatra lives on (ଉପରେ) the first floor.
(v) Don’t stare at (ଆଡ଼କୁ ଖରାପ ଦୃଷ୍ଟିରେ ଚାହିଁବା) that girl.

Let’s know some useful uses of prepositions:

AT	IN	ON
(Time) Clock time:	(Time) Month/year/season:	(Time) Day/date/special occasion:
at 6 p.m, at 10 a.m at 8 o’clock in the evening Parts of day and night: at dawn/dusk / sunrise sunset/midnight/ midday/noon	in April, in December, in 2019, in 1947, inChaitra, in Winter, in Spring etc. Parts of day/night: in the evening / the afternoon / the morning / the night	on Sunday / Friday / Saturday / his birthday the marriage day/ the full moon day
AT (Place)	IN (Place)	ON (Place)
at home / the cinema / the airport / the station / the shop/taxi stand / school/college / the cricket/football match	In India / America / Japan / the village / the park / the town / the city / the garden / the kitchen / the classroom / Odisha	On the first/second floor / the Railways / the way / tea plantation / the T.V / the school/college campus

Other Examples:
In:
in fear
in pen/ink

(fall)
in pieces
in the dry weather
in the sunshine
in the end
in danger

at:
at sight (shoot)
at the end
at the beginning
at last
at ease (ସହଜରେ)
at home (ଦକ୍ଷ) (ବିଷୟରେ)
at sea (ଦୁର୍ବଳ) (ବିଷୟରେ)

On:
on foot (ଚାଲି ଚାଲି)
on sale
on the whole
on fire
on the phone
on the beach / the coast / the bank
on a business / an official tour (ଗସ୍ତ)
on the other hand (ଅପର ପକ୍ଷରେ)

7. Conjunction (ସଂଯୋଜକ ଅବ୍ୟୟ)
A conjunction is a word which is used to join two or more words, phrases, clauses or sentences.
(ଯେଉଁ ପଦ ଦୁଇ ବା ତହିଁରୁ ଅଧ‌ିକ ଶବ୍ଦ, ବାକ୍ୟାଶ, ଖଣ୍ଡବାକ୍ୟ ଓ ବାକ୍ୟଖଣ୍ଡଗୁଡ଼ିକ ସଂଯୋଜନା କରେ ବା ଯୋଗକରେ, ତାହାକୁ Conjunction ବା ସଂଯୋଜକ ଅବ୍ୟୟ କୁହାଯାଏ ।)
A conjunction is a joining word. (ଏକ ସଂଯୋଜକ ଅବ୍ୟୟ ଏକ ଯୋଗକାରୀ ପଦ।)
Examples:
(i) Father and I (not ‘I’ and father) travelled to Mumbai. (Joining Father, I)
(ii) He is poor; nevertheless (ହେଲେ ମଧ୍ୟ / ତଥାପି) he is happy. (Joining two clauses or sentences ‘He is poor’ and ‘he is happy’ )
(iii) The accident occurred (ଘଟିଲା) as/because/since (ଯେହେତୁ / କାରଣ) the driver had lost control over the bus.
(iv) Jhilla lost her mobile and her money purse. (her mobile (noun), her money purse (noun phrases).

8. Interjection (ବିସ୍ମୟସୂଚକ ପଦ)
An interjection is a word which denotes sudden emotions of sorrow, happiness, praise etc. of a speaker. ( ବକ୍ତାଙ୍କର ହଠାତ୍ ବା ଅପ୍ରତ୍ୟାଶିତ ଆବେଗ; ଯଥା- ଦୁଃଖ, ଆନନ୍ଦ, ପ୍ରଶଂସା, ଘୃଣା ଆଦି ଆବେଗକୁ ସୂଚିତ କରୁଥୁବା ଶବ୍ଦକୁ ବିସ୍ମୟସୂଚକ ପଦ କୁହାଯାଏ। )
(i) Alas! (ଆହାଃ) Amit’s mother is dead. (ଦୁଃଖ)
(ii) Hurrah ! (ହୁରେ !) We have beaten (ପରାସ୍ତ କରିଛୁ) Pakistan. (ଆନନ୍ଦର ଚିତ୍କାର)
(iii) Ah ! I’m quite tired. (ଓହୋ) (ଯନ୍ତ୍ରଣା)
Besides the above 8 parts of speech, a sentence also takes ‘articles’ and ‘demonstrative’. (ଉପରୋକ୍ତ ଆଠଟି ପଦକୁ ଛାଡ଼ି, ବାକ୍ୟର ଅନ୍ୟ ମୁଖ୍ୟ ଅଂଶ ରୂପେ article ଓ demonstrative କୁ ମଧ୍ୟ ଗ୍ରହଣ କରାଯାଏ ।)
Examples:
(i) An orange is good for health. (article)
(ii) We have formed a union. (article / ସଂଘ)
(iii) The film has become a smash hit. (article)
(iv) This / That is a lazy boy. (demonstrative)
(v) Those / These were foreign televisions, (demonstrative)

Position of Subjects and Predicates in different sentences (ବିଭିନ୍ନ ବାକ୍ୟରେ କର୍ତ୍ତା ବା ଉଦ୍ଦେଶ୍ୟ ଓ ବିଧେୟର ବ୍ୟବହୃତ ସ୍ନାନ)

1. Declarative Sentence / Assertive Sentence / Statement (ବିବୃତିମୂଳକ ବାକ୍ୟ) :
Declarative Sentence or Statement. (ଯେଉଁ ବାକ୍ୟ କୌଣସି ବସ୍ତୁ ବା ବ୍ୟକ୍ତି (ପ୍ରାଣୀ, ସ୍ଥାନ, ଆଦି) ବିଷୟରେ ବିବୃତି ବା ତଥ୍ୟ ପ୍ରଦାନ କରେ, ତାହାକୁ ବିବୃତିମୂଳକ ବାକ୍ୟ କୁହାଯାଏ ।)
A Declarative sentence usually begins with a subject. (ଗୋଟିଏ ବିବୃତିମୂଳକ ବାକ୍ୟ ସାଧାରଣତଃ subject ବା କର୍ଲାରୁ ଆରମ୍ଭ ହୋଇଥାଏ ।)
Examples:

Subject	Predicate
(i) The earth	moves round the sun.
(ii) Smita	never tells a lie.
(iii) Walking	is a good exercise.
(iv) There	was a bike – point at this part of the town.
(v) To work	is worship.
(vi) It	may rain today (ଆଜି ବର୍ଷା ହୋଇପାରେ)
(vii) Mini	always wears cotton dresses.

2. Interrogative Sentence :
A sentence that asks a question about something or somebody is called an Interrogative Sentence
(ଯେଉଁ ବାକ୍ୟ କୌଣସି ବସ୍ତୁ ବା ବ୍ୟକ୍ତି ସଂପର୍କରେ ପ୍ରଶ୍ନ କରେ, ତାହାକୁ ପ୍ରଶ୍ନସୂଚକ ବାକ୍ୟ କୁହାଯାଏ ।)

An interrogative sentence ends with a mark of interrogation or question (?).
(ଗୋଟିଏ ପ୍ରଶ୍ନସୂଚକ ବାକ୍ୟ ଏକ ପ୍ରଶ୍ନସୂଚକ ଚିହ୍ନ (?) ରେ ଶେଷ ହୁଏ ।)

A. Subject	Predicate
(i) Who	doesn’t love his country ?
(ii) What	has happened?
(iii) Who	wrote Shakuntala?

B. Subject	Predicate
(i) How is	your uncle?
(ii) What is	his problem?
(iii) What is	the matter?

C. One part of the predicate	Subject	Another part of the predicate
(i) Did	the teacher	punish the wicked boy?
(ii) Why are	the cattle	thirsty?
(iii) Where do	the family	live?
(iv) Can	the doctor	conduct his operation?

3. Imperative Sentence:
A sentence that expresses a command, a request, advice, suggestion or a desire is said to be an Imperative Sentence. (ଯେଉଁ ବାକ୍ୟ ଗୋଟିଏ ଆଦେଶ, ଅନୁରୋଧ, ଉପଦେଶ, ପ୍ରସ୍ତାବ, ସତର୍କତା ବା କାମନା (ଇଚ୍ଛା)ର ଅର୍ଥ ପ୍ରକାଶକରେ, ତାହାକୁ ଅନୁଜ୍ଞାସୂଚକ ବାକ୍ୟ କୁହାଯାଏ ।)

The subject ‘you’ is understood or implied (not mentioned) in an Imperative Sentence.
(ଏକ ଅନୁଜ୍ଞାସୂଚକ ବାକ୍ୟରେ କର୍ତ୍ତା ‘you’ ସାଧାରଣତଃ ଊତ୍ସ୍ୟ ଥାଏ ।)
Examples:

	Subject	Predicate
(i)	×	Never surrender (command) (ଆତ୍ମସମର୍ପଣ କର ନାହିଁ).
(ii)	×	Lend me your book, please, (request)
(iii)	×	Help us, O God. (entreaty) (ନିବେଦନ)
(iv)	×	Do well. (advice)
(v)	×	Keep your school neat and clean.
(vi)	×	Don’t drive recklessly (ବେପରୁଆ ଭାବରେ). (warning / ସତର୍କ)

The Imperative Sentence expressing suggestion has the objective form of the subject after
‘Let’. (ଅନୁଜ୍ଞାସୂଚକ ବାକ୍ୟରେ ପ୍ରସ୍ତାବ ଅର୍ଥରେ Let ପରେ subject ର object form (କର୍ମରୂପ) ବ୍ୟବହାର କରାଯାଏ ।)
(i) Lets us / Let’s start the work again.
[us = objective pronoun; subject = we]
(ii) Let him go. (ତା’କୁ ଯିବାକୁ ଦିଅ।)
[him = objective pronoun; subject = he]
(iii) Let them decide the matter. (ସେମାନଙ୍କୁ ଘଟଣାଟିକୁ ସ୍ଥିର କରିବାକୁ ଦିଆଯାଉ।)
[them = objective pronoun; subject = they]
(iv) Let the child play the doll.
[the child = subject/object]

4. Exclamatory Sentence
A sentence that expresses some sudden or strong feeling is called an Exclamatory Sentence.
(ଯେଉଁ ବାକ୍ୟ ବକ୍ତାଙ୍କର ହଠାତ୍ ବା ଅପ୍ରତ୍ୟାଶିତ ଆବେଗ (ଖୁସି, ଦୁଃଖ, ଘୃଣା, ପ୍ରଶଂସା) ଆଦିକୁ ପ୍ରକାଶ କରେ, ସେପରି ବାକ୍ୟକୁ ବିସ୍ମୟସୂଚକ ବାକ୍ୟ କୁହାଯାଏ ।)

An exclamatory mark (!) is placed at the end of an exclamatory sentence.
(ବିସ୍ମୟ ବାକ୍ୟର ଶେଷରେ ବିସ୍ମୟସୂଚକ ଚିହ୍ନ ଦିଆଯାଏ ।)
Examples:

A. One Part of the Predicate	Subject	Another Part of the Predicate
(i) How beautiful	the rose	is !
(ii) How nicely	she	sings!
(iii) What	a tragic accident	(it is/was) !
(iv) How heart-breaking (ହୃଦୟ ବିଦାରକ)	the news!	(it is/was) !
(v) What	a splendid sight! (ଚିତ୍ତାକର୍ଷକ ଦୃଶ୍ୟ)	(it is/was) !

Remember:
In some exclamatory sentences, subject and predicate are hardly uttered.
(କେତେକ ବିସ୍ମୟସୂଚକ ବାକ୍ୟରେ କର୍ତ୍ତାରେ କର୍ତ୍ତା ଓ ବିଧେୟକୁ ପ୍ରାୟ ଉଚ୍ଚାରଣ କରାଯାଏ ନାହିଁ ।)
(i) What on earth ! (କି ଆଶ୍ଚର୍ଯ୍ୟ !)
(ii) What nonsense ! (କି ବାଜେକଥା !)
(iii) What an innings ! (କି ପାଳି ! )(କ୍ରିକେଟରେ)
(iv) How exciting ! (କି ଚାଞ୍ଚଲ୍ୟକାରୀ !)

B.	Predicate	Subject
	(i) Up went	my kite!
	(ii) Here comes	Raju’s headmaster!
	(iii) There goes	Shreeya’s school bus!
	(iv) Down sank	the ship!
	(v) Away went	father!

Look at the subject position of ‘It’ (‘It’ ର କର୍ରାର ସ୍ଥାନକୁ ଦୃଷ୍ଟିଦିଅ) :
(i) How cold it is! (କି ଥଣ୍ଡା !)
(ii) Is it still raining? (ଏପର୍ଯ୍ୟନ୍ତ ବି ବର୍ଷା ହେଉଛି !)
(iii) How long (କେତେ ସମୟ) will it take you to learn to drive this car?
(iv) It is so! (ତା’ହେଲେ ଏମିତି)

Remember:
(i) A sentence has two parts – the subject and the predicate.
(ଗୋଟଏ ବାକ୍ୟର ୨ଟି ଅଂଶ ରହିଛି – କର୍ତ୍ତା (ଉଦ୍ଦେଶ୍ୟ) ଓ ବିଧେୟ ।)
(ii) The name of the person or thing we speak about is called the subject and it is usually a noun or a noun phrase.
(ଯାହା ବିଷୟରେ (ବ୍ୟକ୍ତି ବା ବସ୍ତୁ) ଆମ୍ଭେ କିଛି କହୁ ବା ଯିଏ କିଛି କରେ ତାହାକୁ କର୍ଭା / ବା ଉଦ୍ଦେଶ୍ୟ କୁହାଯାଏ ଓ ଏହା ହେଉଛି ଏକ ବିଶେଷ୍ୟ ବା ବିଶେଷ୍ୟ ବାକ୍ୟାଶ।)
(iii) The predicate says something about the subject or tells us what the subject does.
(ବିଷୟରେ ବା କର୍ରା ଯାହା କରେ ସେ ବିଷୟରେ ବାକ୍ୟର ଯେଉଁ ଭାଗ କହେ, ତାହାକୁ ବିଧେୟ କୁହାଯାଏ।)

Textual Activities With Answers

Activity – 1

There are some words in tables ‘A’ and ‘B’ You have to join them suitably by drawing a line to make a meaningful expression. Then write the complete sentence. One has been done for you. (ଟେବୁଲରେ ଥିବା ଅଂଶଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ସଠିକ୍ ଭାବରେ ଯୋଗକରି ଅର୍ଥପୂର୍ଣ ବାକ୍ୟ ତିଆରି କର ।) (ତୀରଚିହ୍ନ ଟାଣି)

Answer:

1. The boy is intelligent.
2. The Chinese (ଚୀନାମାନେ) are very industrious.
3. Dilip Tirkey is a popular hockey player.
4. Trees provide us with oxygen.
5. The cows feed on grass.

Activity – 2

Put the words in the correct order. The first one has been done for you.
(ଉଦାହରଣ ପରି ଶବ୍ଦଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ କ୍ରମ ଅନୁସାରେ ସଜାଅ।)
1. her/you / waiting / for / are?
Answer:
Are you waiting for her?

2. he / song/listening / this / is / to / not
Answer:
He is not listening to this song.

3. have / for / you / cooked / I / not.
Answer:
I have not cooked for you.

4. a / he / tall / boy / is
Answer:
He is a tall boy.

5. nation / is / the / our / Gandhiji / Father / of
Answer:
Gandhiji is the Father of our nation.

6. get / you / do / when / up?
Answer:
When do you get up?

7. all / is / that / not / gold/glitters.
Answer:
All that glitters is not gold.
(ସବୁ ଚକଚକିଆ ଦ୍ରବ୍ୟ ସୁନା ନୁହେଁ ।)

8. singing / is / so / Anima / sweetly.
Answer:
Anima is singing so sweetly.

9. you / guess / can / answer / the?
Answer:
Can you guess the answer?

10. the / sun / at / look.
Answer:
Look at the sun.

Activity – 3

Now write 6 sentences using the information given below.
(ତଳେ ଦିଆଯାଇଥିବା ସୂଚନା ବ୍ୟବହାର କରି ୬ଟି ବାକ୍ୟ ଲେଖ ।)

1. This is Shrinivas.
Answer:
This is Shrinivas.

2. (Father- Mr. Subash Chandra)
Answer:
Mr Subas Chandra is his father.

3. (Age-fifteen)
Answer:
Shrinivas is fifteen.

4. (Sister- a singer)
Answer:
His sister is a singer.

5. (not an early riser)
Answer:
She is not an early riser.

6. (Hobby-swimming)
Answer:
Her hobby is swimming. (ଅବସର ପ୍ରିୟ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ)

Read the following dialogue and the instructions given below :
Traffic Police – Stop, don’t move,
Bike-rider – Sorry! Help me a bit please.
Traffic Police – How can I help you?
Bike-rider – Please, tell me the way to the Sainik School.
Traffic Police – Well, I’ll draw a road map for you.

Instructions:
1. Go straight along the N.H. up to Jayadev Vihar.
2. Turn left.
3. Take the Nandankanan Road.
4. Turn right at Nalco Chhak.
5. Then come to the Sainik School on left.
Bike-rider – Thank you very much, Sir.

Activity – 4

Read the above dialogue and instructions about the roadmap. Identify the subjects and predicates. (ଉପର ଲିଖୁତ କଥୋପକଥନ roadmap ରାସ୍ତା ମାନଚିତ୍ରର ନିର୍ଦ୍ଦେଶାବଳୀକୁ ପଢ଼।) (ବାକ୍ୟଗୁଡ଼ିକରେ ଥବା କର୍ତ୍ତା ଓ ବିଧେୟ ଚିହ୍ନାଅ ।)
Answer on Dialogue :

Subject	Predicate
	Stop, don’t move.
	Sorry! Help me a bit please.
I	How can help you?
	Please tell me the way to the Sainik School.
I	Well, I will draw a road map for you.

Answer on Instructions :

	Subject	Predicate
1.		Go straight along the N.H. (National Highway) up to Jayadev Vihar.
2.		Turn left.
3.		Take the Nandankanan Road.
4.		Turn right at Nalco Chhak.
5.	The Sainik School	then comes on left.

Activity – 5

Now let’s write 5 sentences to explain the roadmap to Swati who wants to go to the Balasore Zilla School from Policeline square, Balasore. (ସ୍ୱାତୀ ଯିଏ ବାଲେଶ୍ଵରର ପୋଲିସଲାଇନ୍ ଛକରୁ ବାଲେଶ୍ଵର ଜିଲ୍ଲା ସ୍କୁଲକୁ ଯିବାକୁ ଚାହୁଁଛି, ତାକୁ ରୋଡ଼ମ୍ୟାପରେ ଦିଆଯାଇଥିବା ସୂଚନାକୁ ଆଧାରକରି ୫ଟି ବାକ୍ୟ ଲେଖୁବା ।)

Instructions (ନିର୍ଦ୍ଦେଶାବଳୀ)
1. Go upto the station square.
2. Turn right a bit.
3. See the two diverged (ଶାଖା ବାହାରିଥିବା) by-passes.
4. Walk along the road up from the site near the statue (ପ୍ରତିମୂର୍ତ୍ତି) of S.Kundu on the right side.
5. Continue (ଚାଲୁରଖ) walking.
6. Stop at the gate of Zilla School, Balasore.

Activity – 6

Write a few sentences on your Daily Routine. Then circle the subjects and underline the predicates. (ତୁମର ନିତିଦିନିଆ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ ବିଷୟରେ ଅଳ୍ପ କେତୋଟି ବାକ୍ୟ ଲେଖ ଓ ତା’ପରେ କଉଁଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ଗୋଲାକାର ଓ ବିଧେୟଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ରେଖାଙ୍କିତ କର ।)
Answers:
(i) After leaving the bed, I go for a ten-minute morning walk.
(ii) Following this, I do my morning chore. (ଛୋଟକାର୍ଯ୍ୟ)
(iii) Mother makes me breakfast.
(iv) I get down to my business of daily lessons.
(v) After a morning bath, I get ready for school with some refreshment.
(vi) At school, I stay till 4 p.m. with lunch at home during recess.
(vii) My friends and I play for one and half an hour in the village field.
(viii) In the evening my evening prayer lasts for half an hour and then my homework.
(ix) Before going to bed at 10.30 p.m, I usually finish my supper.

Activity – 7

Split the following sentences into two parts and pick out the verb. The first one has been done for you. (ନିମ୍ନଲିଖତ ବାକ୍ୟଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ଦୁଇ ଭାଗକରି କ୍ରିୟାପଦଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ବାଛ ।)
1. Rama plays.
Answer:
Subject – Rama, Predicate – plays, Verb – plays

2. She sings.
Answer:
Subject She, Predicate – sings, Verb – sings

3. Rabindra can read.
Answer:
Subject – Rabindra, Predicate can read (ପଢ଼ିପାରିବା), Verb – can read

4. Children laugh.
Answer:
Subject – Children, Predicate – laugh, Verb – laugh

5. He can write well.
Answer:
Subject – He, Predicate – can write well, Verb – can write

6. Time flies.
Answer:
Subject – Time, Predicate – flies, Verb – flies

7. You should obey your parents.
Answer:
Subject – You, Predicate – should obey your parents, Verb(s) – should obey

Activity – 8

Pick out the Head-words of the subject and the predicate respectively and encircle them. The first one has been has been done for you. The first one has been has been done for you. (ନିମ୍ନ ପ୍ରଦତ୍ତ ବାକ୍ୟଗୁଡ଼ିକରେ ଥ‌ିବା subject ଓ predicateର head-word ଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ଗୋଲ ବୁଲାଅ । ତୁମ ପାଇଁ ଗୋଟିଏ କରି ଦିଆଯାଇଛି ।

Remember:
The head-word in the subject is a noun or pronoun and the head-word in the predicate is the verb. (subject ବା କର୍ତ୍ତାରେ ଥ‌ିବା head word ଗୋଟିଏ ବିଶେଷ୍ୟ ବା ସର୍ବନାମ ଏବଂ predicate ବା ବିଧେୟରେ ଥବା head word ସେଭଳି verb ବା କ୍ରିୟା ପଦ।)

1. This juice smells bad.
Answer:
This juice smells bad.
Noun – juice, Verb – smells

2. Iron is a heavy metal.
Answer:
(Iron) (is) a heavy metal.
Noun – Iron , Verb – is

3. This shirt looks nice.
Answer:
This (shirt) (looks) nice.
Noun – shirt, Verb – looks (ଦେଖାଯାଉଛି)

4. One of the boys has found the watch.
Answer:
(One) of the boys (has found) the watch.
Noun – one, Verb – has found

5. We have to start early.
Answer:
(We) (have to start) early.
Noun – We, Verb – have to start

6. Gandhiji’s dedication (ତ୍ୟାଗ) brought us freedom.
Answer:
Gandhiji’s (dedication) (ତ୍ୟାଗ) (brought) us freedom.
Noun – dedication, Verb – brought

Activity – 9

Identify the subject and predicate.
(ଉଦ୍ଦେଶ୍ୟ ଓ ବିଧେୟକୁ ଚିହ୍ନାଅ।)
1. What makes you laugh?
Answer:
What makes laugh – Predicate, you – Subject

2. What is the aim of your life?
Answer:
The aim of your life – Subject, What is – predicate

3. Is Mr Mathur coming here?
Answer:
Mr Mathur – Subject, is coming here – Predicate

4. Who among the five students sitting there is Rajeev?
Answer:
among the five students sitting there is Rajeev – Predicate, Rajeev – Subject,
Who among the five students sitting there – predicate, Who – Subject

5. How long have you been waiting here?
Answer:
you – Subject,
How long have been waiting here Predicate

6. Why has the modern man been unhappy?
Answer:
The modem man – Subject,
Why has been unhappy – Predicate

7. What happened to your left leg?
Answer:
your left leg – Subject,
what happened to – Predicate

8. When are you paying my fees?
Answer:
you – Subject,
When are paying my fees – Predicate

9. Who do you want to speak to?
Answer:
you – Subject,
Who do want to speak to – Predicate

10. Where did you dine last night?
Answer:
you – Subject,
Where did dine (LuAf) last night Predicate

Activity – 10

Read the passage thoroughly and pick out the correct alternative from the option list for the corresponding serial number to fill in the blanks (ଅନୁଚ୍ଛେଦକୁ ଭଲ ଭାବରେ ପଢ଼ି ସଠିକ ବିକଳ୍ପ ଉତ୍ତର ବାଛି ଶୂନ୍ୟସ୍ଥାନ ପୂରଣ କର।) :
Lord Buddha 1 (was) named 2 in his childhood. King 3 got a 4 plant for him. One day, he was walking in that garden. Then a 5, crying with 6, fell down 7 the sky. 8 Siddhartha raised it 9 and put it on his lap. 10 had shot an arrow to 11 the swan. Siddhartha 12 the arrow out from its body 13 stuck it into his left arm with his right 14. ‘15 !’ Siddhartha felt 16 pain. 17 streamed down his face 18. Without thinking of the 19 of his own 20 thinking of the pain in the swan’s body, 21 burst into tears.

Options:
1. (a) be (b) is (c) was
2. (a) Siddhartha (b) Devadutta (c) Sudhanwa
3. (a) Virochana (b) Vikramaditya (c) Suddhodana
4. (a) building (b) farm (c) garden
5. (a) parrot (b) swan (c) dove
6. (a) pain (b) delight (c) dove
7. (a) from (b) over (c) above
8. (a) King (b) Prince (c) Emperor
9. (a) on (b) off (c) up
10. (a) Anyone (b) Someone (c) No one
11. (a) catch (b) kill (c) pat
12. (a) pulled (b) pushed (c) threw
13. (a) and (b) still (c) but
14. (a) arm (b) hand (c) leg
15. (a) Ah (b) Oh (c) Alas
16. (a) great (b) terrible (c) high
17. (a) Blood (b) Tears (c) Sweat
18. (a) slowly (b) smoothly (c) continuously
19. (a) pain (b) suffering (c) difficulty
20. (a) But (b) and (c) yet
21. (a) she (b) he (c) they

Answers:
Lord Buddha was named (ନାମ ଥଲା) Siddhartha in his childhood. King Suddhodana got a garden planted for him. One day, he was walking in that garden. Then a swan (ହଂସ) crying with pain (ଯନ୍ତ୍ରଣା) fell down from the sky. Prince (ରାଜକୁମାର) Siddhartha raised it up (ଉପରକୁ) and put it on his lap. Someone had shot an arrow to kill (ମାରିବା ପାଇଁ) the swan. Siddhartha pulled (ଟାଣି ବାହାର କରି ଆଣିଲେ) the arrow out from its body and stuck it into his left arm with his right arm (ବାହୁ). ‘ Alas !’ (ଆହାଃ) Siddhartha felt terrible (ଭୟଙ୍କର) pain. Tears streamed down his face continuously (ଲଗାତାର). Without thinking of the difficulty (ଅସୁବିଧା) of his own and thinking of the pain in the swan’s body, he burst into tears (କାନ୍ଦି ପକାଇଲେ).

Activity – 11

Identify the nouns in the following sentences and say what names they indicate. (ନିମ୍ନଲିଖତ ବାକ୍ୟଗୁଡ଼ିକରେ ବିଶେଷ୍ୟ ପଦଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ଚିହ୍ନିତ କରି ସେଗୁଡ଼ିକର ନାମ ଲେଖ।):
1. Ramachandra is the protagonist of the Ramayan.
Answer:
Ramachandra = person (ବ୍ୟକ୍ତି)
protagonist = protagonis (ବ୍ୟକ୍ତି / ପଦବୀ) (ମୁଖ୍ୟ ଚରିତ୍ର)

2. The cattle are grazing in the field.
Answer:
cattle = animals (ପ୍ରାଣୀ) field = object / thing

3. Honesty is always rewarded.
Answer:
Honesty (ସାଧୁତା) = quality (ଗୁଣ)

4. If winter comes, can spring be far behind?
Answer:
winter (ଶୀତ) = season (ଋତୁ) spring (ବସନ୍ତ) = season (ଋତୁ) (ଏଠାରେ winterକୁ ଦୁଃଖ ଓ ବିନାଶ ଏବଂ Springକୁ ସୁଖ ଓ ଆନନ୍ଦ ସହିତ ତୁଳନା କରାଯାଇଛି)

5. An elephant is a wild animal.
Answer:
elephant = animal (ପ୍ରାଣୀ)

6. My mother is watching TV.
Answer:
mother = person, TV = object (ବସ୍ତୁ)

Activity – 12

Complete the following story by choosing the correct option. (ସଠିକ୍ ବିକଳ୍ପ ବାଛି ଶୂନ୍ୟସ୍ଥାନ ପୂରଣକର।) :
One day Manu and Danu met the village headman. Manu said: “Sir, there is a mango tree in my courtyard 1 have been protecting 2 for long. Danu says that it belongs to 3 please, give 4 justice.”

Danu said : “No Sir, 5 is lying. The tree was taken care of by none other than 6, 7 should belong to me.”

The headman thought for a while, 8 said, “The tree may not belong to 9. Tell me, 10 is the real owner ?” Both started telling him, “It’s 11 .”

“All right !” said the headman. “The tree will be cut into two equals and distributed equally.” Suddenly, Danu agreed to the headman’s verdict. But Manu said, “Sir, I’ve taken a lot of pain to grow the tree. I cannot see its felling. Let Danu have the tree.

“Manu, 12 are really the owner of the tree. Danu will be punished for his falsehood,” said the headman.

Options:
1. (a) I (b) he (c) we
2. (a) it (b) its (c) his
3. (a) me (b) him (c) them
4. (a) us (b) ours (c) me
5. (a) you (b) me (c) he
6. (a) myself (b) himself (c) yourself
7. (a) it (b) they (c) he
8. (a) you (b) him (c) he
9. (a) ours (b) yours (c) both
10. (a) who (b) what (c) which
11. (a) our (b) my (c) mine
12. (a) you (b) they (c) he

Answers:
One day Manu and Danu met the village headman. Manu said : “Sir, there is a mango tree in my courtyard I have been protecting (ସୁରକ୍ଷା ଦେଇଆସୁଛି) it (ଏହାକୁ) for long (ଦୀର୍ଘଦିନ ଧରି). Danu says that it belongs to me (ମୋର) please, give me justice.”

Danu said : “No Sir, he is lying. The tree was taken care of by none other than myself. It should belong to me.”

The headman thought for a while, he said “The tree may not belong to yours. Tell me, who (କିଏ) is the real owner ?” Both started telling him, “It’s mine.”

“All right !” said the headman. “The tree will be cut into two equals and distributed equally.” Suddenly, Danu agreed to the headman’s verdict. But Manu said, “Sir, I’ve taken a lot of pain to grow the tree. I cannot see its felling. Let Danu have the tree.

“Manu, you are really the owner of the tree. Danu will be punished for his falsehood,” (ମିଥ୍ୟା ପାଇଁ ଦଣ୍ଡିତ ହେବ) said the headman.

Activity – 13

Put in I/he/she/we/you/me/they/them/it in the blank.
1. ‘Where is Madhu ?’ ___________ is in the garden.
Answer:
He

2. ‘Are the boys playing?’ ‘No, ___________ are studying’.
Answer:
they

3. Ram, Shyam and I belong to the same class. ___________ are good friends too.
Answer:
We

4. Sunita is a good girl, ___________ is very sensitive (ସମ୍ବେଦନଶୀଳ)
Answer:
she

5. Please don’t disturb ___________, They are asleep.
Answer:
them

6. Mr Jones sells vegetables. ___________ is a green grocer (ପରିବା ବିକାଳି).
Answer:
It

Activity – 14

Choose the correct words from the box and fill in the blanks.
(ବାକ୍ସ ଭିତରୁ ଠିକ୍ ଶବ୍ଦ ବାଛି ଶୂନ୍ୟସ୍ଥାନ ପୂରଣ କର ।)
1. Abhisikta feels ___________. Please call the doctor.
Answer:
sick

2. Swadesh is ___________. He can answer all the questions.
Answer:
intelligent (ବୁଦ୍ଧିମାନ)

3. That ___________ building is ours.
Answer:
red

4. Kolkata is a ___________ city.
Answer:
populous ( ଜନାକୀର୍ଣ୍ଣ / ଜନବହୁଳ)

5. ___________ boys idle away ଅଳସୁଆମିରେ ସମୟ କଟାନ୍ତି) their time.
Answer:
silly (ବୋକା)

6. The Japanese are ___________.
Answer:
brave (ସାହସୀ)

Activity – 15

Choose the correct verb given in brackets.
(ଠିକ୍ କ୍ରିୟାପଦ ବାଛି ଶୂନ୍ୟସ୍ଥାନ ପୂରଣ କର ।)
1. When do you ____________ up? (climb/rise/get)
Answer:
get up (go) (ଉଠ)

2. The horse ____________ faster than the deer. (runs/walks/flies)
Answer:
runs (ଦୌଡ଼େ)

3. My friend can ____________ English well, (say/tell/speak)
Answer:
speak (କହିପାରିବ)

4. A goldsmith (ବଣିଆ) ____________ ornaments. (sells/buys/makes)
Answer:
makes (ତିଆରି କରେ)

5. Bad news ____________ fast (ତୀବ୍ର ବେଗରେ). (goes/travels/disappears)
Answer:
travels (ବ୍ୟାପିଥାଏ)

Activity – 16

Complete the following conversation by using the correct option given in brackets.
(ସଠିକ୍ ବିକଳ୍ପ ବାଛି ନିମ୍ନଲିଖତ କଥୋପକଥନକୁ ପୂରଣ କର ।)

Enjoy The Process, Not The Fruit:
Youngman: Who ____________ most powerful ? (is/am/are)
Pandit: One who ____________ intelligence (ବୁଦ୍ଧି). (has/have/had)
Young man: How?
Pandit: A strong lion without intelligence ____________ easily defeated (ପରାସ୍ତ) by a little fox. (is/are/were)
Young man: What about gems?
Pandit: There ____________ only three gems – food, water and sweet words. Fools consider the pieces of stones as gems, (is/am/are)
Youngman: What is my duty?
Pandit: You ____________ do what you think needful, (can/must/may)
And listen: “Enjoy the process, not the fruit”.

Answers: is, has, is, are, must

A. Adverbs as modifiers of adjectives (ବିଶେଷଣ ପଦର ବିଶେଷକ ରୂପେ କ୍ରିୟା ବିଶେଷଣ) :

Activity – 17

Fill in the blanks choosing the adverbs from the box.
(ବାକ୍ୟ ଭିତରୁ ଠିକ୍ କ୍ରିୟା ବିଶେଷଣ ପଦ ବାଛି ଶୂନ୍ୟସ୍ଥାନ ପୂରଣ କର ।)
[absolutely, seriously, very, extremely, beautifully]

1. This knife is ____________ sharp.
Answer:
extremely (ଅତ୍ୟନ୍ତ)

2. The man was ____________ injured in the accident.
Answer:
seriously (ଶୋଚନୀୟ ଭାବରେ)

3. Saumendra is ____________ faithful to Gandhian ideals.
Answer:
absolutely (ସଂପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ)

4. Radha is ____________ beautiful.
Answer:
very

5. The mat is ____________ designed.
Answer:
beautifully (ସୁନ୍ଦର ଭାବରେ)

B. Adverbs as modifiers of verbs (କ୍ରିୟା ପଦର ବିଶେଷକ ରୂପେ କ୍ରିୟା ବିଶେଷଣ) :

Activity – 18

Fill in the blanks choosing the theAdverbsfrom the box
[well, slowly, naturally, clearly, carefully]

1. It’s market area. Drive ____________.
Answer:
carefully (ସର୍ତକତା ସହ)

2. The snail (ଗେଣ୍ଡା) moves ____________ .
Answer:
slowly (ଧୀରେ ଧୀରେ)

3. Gopabandhu Babu teaches us English ____________.
Answer:
well (ଭଲ ଭାବରେ)

4. Babita recites poems ____________.
Answer:
clearly (ସ୍ପଷ୍ଟ ଭାବରେ)

5. Braja paints pictures ____________.
Answer:
naturally (ଛାଆଁକୁ ଛା)

Activity – 19

Fill in the blanks choosing the Adverbs from the box.
[doubtlessly, so, fairly, probably, always]

1. Why are you driving ____________ fast?
Answer:
so (ଏତେ ଜୋର୍‌ରେ)

2. Kamalini has done ____________ well in her exam.
Answer:
fairly (ପ୍ରାୟତଃ)

3. Sachin is ____________ the best of all the cricketers.
Answer:
doubtlessly (ନିଃସନ୍ଦେହରେ)

4. Mr. Dash is ____________ on time.
Answer:
always (ସର୍ବଦା)

5. Sunita has got a high temperature. She is ____________ ill.
Answer:
probably (ସମ୍ଭବତଃ)

D. Adverbs as modifiers of prepositions (ବିଭକ୍ତିର ବିଶେଷକ ରୂପେ କ୍ରିୟା ବିଶେଷଣ):

Activity – 20

Fill in the blanks choosing the Adverbs from the box.
[occasionally, just, exactly, extremely, hardly ]

1. The information counter is ____________ at the front gate.
Answer:
exactly (ପ୍ରାୟ)

2. I ____________ go
Answer:
just

3. I go ____________against
Answer:
hardly (କ୍ବଚିତ୍ର)

4. Price is____________ up.
Answer:
extremely (ବହୁତ ବଢ଼ିଯାଇଛି)

5. You are ____________ on time (ଠିକ୍ ସମୟରେ).
Answer:
occasionally (ବେଳେବେଳେ)

Activity – 21

Put in/at/on in the blanks.
1. Don’t sit ___________ that broken chair.
Answer:
on

2. My brother lives ___________ New Delhi
Answer:
in

3. ___________Japan, the people are very industrious.
Answer:
in

4. I go to school ___________ foot everyday.
Answer:
on

5. Goodbye! See you ___________ Monday.
Answer:
on

6. My sister is getting married ___________ June.
Answer:
in

7. He plans to come home ___________ the weekend.
Answer:
at

8. Are you going out___________ Sunday next ?
Answer:
on

9. Hurry up ! The train leaves ___________ two minutes.
Answer:
in

10. What are you doing ___________ Friday morning?
Answer:
on

Activity-22

Fill in the blanks choosing the correct prepositions given in the box.
[ to, in, on, behind, under, with, for, since, during, after ]

1. Brajamohan works __________ the Railways.
Answer:
on

2. You should keep __________ the left.
Answer:
to

3. I can finish the task __________ ten minutes.
Answer:
in

4. He has been staying here __________ 1990.
Answer:
since

5. She is meeting me __________ Friday
Answer:
on

6. He is expected to come __________ the summer holiday.
Answer:
in/during

7. I stayed at Uncle’s __________ a week.
Answer:
for (ପର୍ଯ୍ୟନ୍ତ)

8. The child is running __________ that stray dog.
Answer:
behind

9. I saw a man sitting __________ a tree.
Answer:
under

10. Sukanya walked __________ me without speaking
Answer:
behind (ପଥରେ) / by (ପାଖଦେଇ)

Activity-23

Fill in the blanks choosing the correct conjunction given in the box.
so that, although, and, as, for, so, but, before
Raju did very well in the examination- he stood first in his institute. ____________ he got a good job, ______________ he had not tried hard. He performed well __________ the circumstances (ସାହାଯ୍ୟ କଲାନାହିଁ) did not suit him. He opted to quit (ଛାଡ଼ିବାକୁ ରାଜି ହେଲା) । the job _____________ he could go for higher study. However, he had to wait there for a few months more ______________ his father was unable to afford (ଦେବାକୁ ଅସମର୍ଥ ହେଲେ) him. One day the boss called in Raju and congratulated him _____________ he was selected as a resource person of the company. Raju thanked the authority ____________ his dream came true. He recalled his well-wishers _____________ leaving for abroad for his scholastic training.
Answers:
Raju did very well in the examination and (ଏବଂ) he stood first in his institute. So (ତେଣୁ) he got a good job, although (ଯଦିଓ) he had not tried hard. He performed well but (କିନ୍ତୁ) the circumstances (ପରିସ୍ଥିତି ସାହାଯ୍ୟ କଲାନାହିଁ) did not suit him. He opted to quit (ଛାଡ଼ିବାକୁ ରାଜି ହେଲା) the job so that (ଯାହା ଫଳରେ) he could go for higher study. However, he had to wait there for a few months more for his father was unable to afford (ଦେବାକୁ ଅସମର୍ଥ ହେଲେ) him. One day the boss called in Raju and congratulated him for ((କାରଣ) / as) he was selected as a resource person of the company. Raju thanked the authority for (କାରଣ) his dream came true. He recalled his well-wishers before leaving for abroad for his scholastic training.

Activity – 24

Choose the appropriate interjections from the box.
(ବାକ୍‌ସ ଭିତରୁ ଠିକ୍ ବିସ୍ମୟସୂଚକ ଅବ୍ୟୟ ବାଛି ଶୂନ୍ୟସ୍ଥାନ ପୂରଣ କର ।)
[Bye, oh, alas, hurrah]
1. __________! He has lost his only son.
Answer:
Alas ! (ଆହାଃ) ( ଦୁଃଖ)

2. ___________! It is too cold.
Answer:
Ah ! (ଇସ୍) ( ଆଶ୍ଚର୍ଯ୍ୟଜନକ)

3. ___________! Sachin made 50th Test Century!
Answer:
Hurrah ! (ହୁରେ) (ଆନନ୍ଦଜନିତ ଚିତ୍କାର)

4. ___________! See you tomorrow.
Answer:
Bye! (ବିଦାୟ )

Activity – 25

Make five simple sentences using the following finite verbs.
(ନିମ୍ନଲିଖତ ସମାପିକା କ୍ରିୟା ବ୍ୟବହାର କରି ପାଞ୍ଚୋଟି ସରଳ ବାକ୍ୟ ତିଆରି କର ।)
Remember:
(i) A finite verb is the verb that has tense and is used as per the number and person of the subject.
( ବଚନ ପୁରୁଷ ଅନୁସାରେ ଯେଉଁ କ୍ରିୟାପଦ ବ୍ୟବହୃତ ଓ ଯାହାର tense ବା କାଳ ଥାଏ, ତାହାକୁ ସମାପିକା କ୍ରିୟା କୁହାଯାଏ ।)
(ii) The only verb in a sentence is the finite verb and the first verb in a verb group and the verb group that has a tense is also finite verbs.
(ବାକ୍ୟର ଏକମାତ୍ର କ୍ରିୟାପଦ, verb group ର ପ୍ରଥମ କ୍ରିୟାପଦ ଓ verb group ଯଦି ଗୋଟିଏ tense ବହନ କରୁଥାଏ, ସେ ସବୁ ଗୋଟିଏ ଗୋଟିଏ ସମାପିକା କ୍ରିୟା ।)

Examples:
(i) My uncle works in a bank.
(ii) My uncle is working in a bank.
[is = finite verb, is working = finite verb (present progressive)]
Questions :
Eat The cat ate my supper last night.
Eat: The cat ate my supper last night. (ଖାଇଲା)

1. Bring: ______________________
Answer:
Bring: Bring me some cakes. (ଦିଅ)

2. Find: ______________________
Answer:
Find: We no longer Fmd good people these days. (ଦେଖ‌ିବାକୁ ପାଉନାହୁଁ)

3. Give: ______________________
Answer:
Give: Give me all you have. (ଦେଇଦିଅ)

4. Teach: ______________________
Answer:
Teach: Mr Dash teaches us English. (ପଢ଼ାନ୍ତି)

5. Write: ______________________
Answer:
Write: Write (ଲେଖ) five sentences on your food intake (ଖାଦ୍ୟ ଗ୍ରହଣ).

Activity – 26

Now ‘write five declarative sentences about your ‘PetDog’
(ତୁମର ‘ପୋଷାକୁକୁର’ ବିଷୟରେ ୫ଟି ବିବୃତିମୂଳକ ବାକ୍ୟ ଲେଖ ।)

My Pet Dog (ମୋର ପୋଷାକୁକୁର)

1. ______________ (Tipu)
Answer:
Tipu is my pet dog.

2. ______________(Long body, bushy tail)
Answer:
It has a long body and a bushy tail.

3. ______________(Red)
Answer:
Its body is red.

4. ______________(Takes meat and milk)
Answer:
It takes (ଖାଏ) meat and milk.

5. ______________(Faithful)
Answer:
It is faithful (ବିଶ୍ୱସ୍ତ).

Remember: A declarative sentence usually begins with a subject.

Activity – 27

Choose the correct imperative expressions from the box for each situation.
(ବାକ୍‌ସ ଭିତରୁ ସଠିକ ଆଦେଶ, ଉପଦେଶ, ଅନରୋଧ ଆଦି ସଠିକ ଉକ୍ତିଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ବାଛ ।)
[Let’s have a walk, Be quick, Do come, Help him, Follow me ]
1. _____________. It’s going to be late.
Answer:
Be quick (ଚଞ୍ଚଳ ହୁଅ)

2. Why are you afraid. You can succeed. ___________________
Answer:
Follow me (ମୋ ଉପଦେଶ ଗ୍ରହଣ କର)

3. We have been sitting here all the morning. _________________
Answer:
Let’s have a walk. (ବାହାରେ ଟିକେ ବୁଲି ଆସିବା)

4. The boy is crying. ________________________
Answer:
Help him. (ତାକୁ ସାହାଯ୍ୟ କର)

5. See you tomorrow. _____________________
Answer:
Do come.
(The question given is wrong)

Activity – 28

Turn the following sentences into exclamatory with ‘How’ and ‘What’at the beginning
1. He is a very naughty (ଦୁଷ୍ଟ) boy. (declarative)
(a) What a naughty boy he is!
(b) How naughty the boy is!

2. It looks so beautiful.
How ______________
Answer:
How beautiful it looks!

3. Devesh is very intelligent.
How ______________
Answer:
How intelligent (ବୁଦ୍ଧିମାନ) Devesh is!

4. Saina ia an excellent (ଉଚ୍ଚକୋଟୀର ) player.
What ______________
Answer:
What an excellent player Saina is!

5. Rahim’s poems are so important.
How ______________
Answer:
How important Rahim’s poems are!

Parts of a Sentence Additional Questions With Answers

Name the sentences given below

(i) Be a good citizen (ନାଗରିକ).
Answer:
imperative

(ii) You should wash your hands and face properly before taking food.
Answer:
declarative

(iii) How aggressive (ଆକ୍ରମଣାତ୍ମକ) Virat’s innings was !
Answer:
exclamatory

(iv) Mobile is an improvement over land phone.
Answer:
declarative

(v) Why will they vote against the proposal?
Answer:
interrogative

(vi) Viru has broken our window pane (କାଚ).
Answer:
declarative

(vii) Could the game keep the spectations (ଦର୍ଶକମାନଙ୍କୁ) in amusement (ଖୁସି)?
Answer:
interrogative

(viii)What a nasty picture!
Answer:
exclamatory

(ix) Seeta has long hair.
Answer:
declarative

(x) Let’s celebrate the victory (ବିଜୟ ଉତ୍ସବକୁ ପାଳନ କରିବା)
Answer:
imperative

Pick out the Subject and Predicates in the following sentences.

(i) Does oil float on water?
(ii) Speaking the truth adds to personality.
(iii) Have the people revolted against the law?
(iv) How splendid the mountain looks!
(v) Is it a good decision?
(vi) That God is great is clear.
(vii) There was a troupe of monkeys on the roof.
(viii) Always do good to others.
(ix) What brought you here?
(x) Will Raj and his sister join the picnic?

Answer:

Subject	Predicate
(i) oil	does float on water?
(ii) Speaking the truth	adds to personality
(iii) the people	Have revolted against the law?
(iv) the mountain	How splendid looks!
(v) it	Is a good decision?
(vi) That God is great	is clear.
(vii) There	was a troupe of monkeys on the roof
(viii)	Always do good
	to others.
(ix) What (you)	brought you here
(x) Raj and his sister	will join the picnic?

Write the underlined words as noun, verb, adjective, adverb, interjection, preposition, conjunction and pronoun.

1. Come here.
Answer:
Come = verb, here = adverb

2. Was the TV working well?
Answer:
TV = noun, well = adverb

3. How long did it take you to reach there?
Answer:
you = pronoun

4. The school area begins. Go slow.
Answer:
slow = adverb

5. We are staying in the guest house.
Answer:
in = preposition

6. He offered to quit for he was insulted.
Answer:
for = preposition (because)

7. Never be a lazy pupil.
Answer:
Never= adverb, lazy=adjective, pupil= noun

8. Wow! What jokes!
Answer:
Wow = interjection, jokes = noun

9. I’ll will help you.
Answer:
I = pronoun, you = pronoun

10. Nature is bounteous (ଦାନୀ)
Answer:
Nature = noun, is = verb, bounteous = adjective.

Make sentences putting the words in correct order.

1. nation/ is / the/ our/ Gandhiji / father / of
Answer:
Gandhiji is the father of our nation.

2. lived / there / a forest / a lion / in
Answer:
There lived a lion in a forest.

3. classical / is / singer / Pragyan / a?
Answer:
Pragyan is a classical singer.

4. Nalco / turn / at / chhak / right.
Answer:
Turn right at Nalco chhak.

5. does / Minu / get / when / up?
Answer:
When does Minu get up?

6. all / is / that / not / gold/glitters
Answer:
All that glitters is not gold.

7. seldom / dog/a/bites/barking
Answer:
A barking dog seldom bites.

8. help / how / you / can / I?
Answer:
How can I help you?

9. fine / a / what / is / singer / she!
Answer:
What a fine singer she is!

10. has / for / me/she / not / cooked.
Answer:
She has not cooked for me.

Identify the subject of the following sentences.

1. Ramachandra, the son of Dasarath, ruled over Ayodhya for many years.
Answer:
Ramachandra, the son of Dasarath

2. One of the boys has broken the window.
Answer:
One of the boys

3. Gandhiji’s dedication brought us freedom.
Answer:
Gandhiji’s dedication

4. That flower looks nice.
Answer:
That flower

5. Who do you want to speak to?
Answer:
you

6. Tell him to wait.
Answer:
‘you’ is understood

7. What a nice chance!
Answer:
it

8. What makes you cry?
Answer:
What

9. Do me a favour.
Answer:
you

10. How fast time flies!
Answer:
time

Identify the predicates of the following sentences

1. Where are you going?
Answer:
Where are…..going

2. What troubles you?
Answer:
troubles you

3. Do you know me?
Answer:
Do……know me

4. A little boy is flying a kite.
Answer:
is flying a kite

5. Forty soldiers were killed.
Answer:
were killed

6. My parents have a lot of money.
Answer:
have a lot of money

7. Please post the letter.
Answer:
please post the letter

8. Don’t throw stones at the glass.
Answer:
Don’t throw stones at the glass

9. What is nice picture it is!
Answer:
what a nice picture ……is

10. How wonderful!
Answer:
How wonderful

Identify the nouns of the following sentences.

1. Honesty is always rewarded.
Answer:
Honesty

2. Our body uses up energy when we walk or run.
Answer:
body, energy

3. Rice is a good source of carbohydrates.
Answer:
rice, source, carbohydrates

4. Wood has become very rare.
Answer:
wood

5. The girl is reading a book.
Answer:
girl, book

6. What a nice picture it is!
Answer:
picture

7. The army was called to control the riots.
Answer:
army, riots

8. Do you know the answer?
Answer:
answer

9. Post the letter immediately.
Answer:
letter

10. The king could not control his anger
Answer:
king, anger

Mention the type of underlined verbs.

1. The teacher described the story.
Answer:
described – Communicative verb

2. The child is drawing a picture.
Answer:
drawing – Activity verb

3. I think it is too late.
Answer:
think – Mental verb

4. He continued his studies.
Answer:
continued – Verb of aspect

5. Tanmaya sings well.
Answer:
sings – Activity verb

6. I love my motherland.
Answer:
love – Mental verb

7. She kept the book in her bag.
Answer:
kept – Verb of aspect

8. I thanked him for his help.
Answer:
thanked – Communicative verb

9. We cut apple with a knife.
Answer:
cut – Activity verb

10. I know him well
Answer:
know – Mental verb

Choose the correct verbs given in the brackets.

1. The horse _____________ very fast, (walks/ runs)
Answer:
runs

2. The turtle _____________ slowly, (runs/ moves)
Answer:
moves

3. A potter _____________ pots, (buys/makes)
Answer:
makes

4. I _____________ it is wrong, (know/ want)
Answer:
know

5. The sun _____________ in the east, (sets/ rises)
Answer:
rises

6. Light _____________faster than sound, (travels/ flies)
Answer:
travels

7. Rahas _____________ a car. (runs/ drives)
Answer:
drives

8. The stranger _____________ me about my profession, (asked/said)
Answer:
asked

9. The priest _____________ the prayer. (recited/told)
Answer:
recited

10. We should _____________to the left. (maintain/keep)
Answer:
keep

Fill in the blanks with a suitable adverb.

1. Mr. Prusty is _____________on time.
Answer:
always

2. I _____________ go to a temple.
Answer:
often/occasionally

3. Ashok babu teaches us English _____________.
Answer:
well

4. Ashish has done _____________ well in his examination.
Answer:
fairly

5. He is a naughty boy. He _____________ comes to school late.
Answer:
always

6. Why are you driving _____________ fast?
Answer:
so

7. I have _____________ taken a cup of tea.
Answer:
just

8. The snail moves _____________.
Answer:
slowly

9. We should drive _____________ in the markets.
Answer:
carefully

10. She has _____________ finished her work, so she can go now.
Answer:
already

Fill in the blanks with suitable prepositions

1. Mr. Mohanty lives _____________ the first floor
Answer:
on

2. I meet my friend _____________ the ariport.
Answer:
at

3. The house is _____________ fire.
Answer:
on

4. The girl is _____________ tear.
Answer:
in

5. Wait, I will be ready _____________ five minutes.
Answer:
in

6. We had a party _____________ New Year’s Day
Answer:
on

7. The school closes for summer _____________ May.
Answer:
in

8. Bibek works _____________ the railways.
Answer:
on

9. I stay at Puri _____________ a week.
Answer:
for

10. The traveller is sitting _____________ a tree.
Answer:
under

11. She has been staying here _____________ 1997.
Answer:
since

12. Somebody stole my book _____________ my absence.
Answer:
in/during

13. The child is running _____________ the stray dog.
Answer:
after

14. She walked _____________ me without speaking.
Answer:
behind

15. We should keep _____________ the left.
Answer:
to

Fill in the blanks with a suitable conjunction.

1. We were playing _____________ she entered.
Answer:
when

2. He went to school on foot _____________ he had got a bicycle.
Answer:
although

3. The knife is sharp, _____________ it cuts well.
Answer:
so

4. I knocked at the door _____________ nobody opened it.
Answer:
but

5. I couldn’t reach in time the bus _____________ broke down.
Answer:
for

6. The driver stopped the bus _____________ the children could cross the road safely.
Answer:
so that

7. You should finish your work _____________ you leave this place.
Answer:
before

8. I reached at school _____________ the bell had rung.
Answer:
after

9. I can’t say _____________ he lives.
Answer:
where

10. I went to Cuttack _____________ stayed there for five days.
Answer:
and

Fill in the gaps with suitable interjection.

1. _____________ God! Save me.
Answer:
Oh

2. _____________! See you tomorrow.
Answer:
Bye

3. _____________! We have won the match.
Answer:
HurTah

4. _____________! How the old man is suffering!
Answer:
Alas

5. _____________! What a shot!
Answer:
Wah

6. _____________! You did it !
Answer:
Wow

7. _____________ Mina, where are going?
Answer:
Hey

8. _____________! Stop it.
Answer:
Huh

9. _____________! It is too hot.
Answer:
Oh

10. _____________ ! What a lovely flower!
Answer:
Ah

Name the simple sentences.

1. Let’s go on a picnic.
Answer:
Imperative

2. How beautifully she dances!
Answer:
Exclamatory

3. What nonsense!
Answer:
Exclamatory

4. Do you know me?
Answer:
Interrogative

5. Rabibabu is an honest person.
Answer:
Declarative

6. What did he see there?
Answer:
Interrogative

7. Do me a favour.
Answer:
Imperative

8. There lived a tiger in a dense forest.
Answer:
Declarative

9. Please call on me tomorrow.
Answer:
Imperative

10. Ding dong went the bell.
Answer:
Declarative

Turn the following sentences into exclamatory.

1. It looks beautiful.
Answer:
How beautiful it looks!

2. She has got a sharp memory.
Answer:
What a sharp memory she has got!

3. Time flies very fast.
Answer:
How fast time flies!

4. Russia is very powerful.
Answer:
How powerful Russia is!

5. The girl sings nicely.
Answer:
How nicely the girl sings!

6. It is a beautiful building.
Answer:
What a beautiful building it is!

7. Kohli is an excellent batsman.
Answer:
What an excellent batsman Kohli is!

8. It is a splendid sight.
Answer:
What a splendid sight it is!

9. He is very intelligent.
Answer:
How intelligent he is!

10. He is a very naughty boy.
Answer:
What a naughty boy he is! Or, How naughty the boy is!

Odisha State Board BSE Odisha Class 10 English Grammar Book Solutions Chapter 1 Tense Revisited Textbook Exercise Activity Questions and Answers.

BSE Odisha Class 10 English Grammar Solutions Chapter 1 Tense Revisited

Tense’ and ‘Time’ in English are not necessarily related to each other.

• ‘Time’ is a universal (ସାର୍ବଜନୀନ), non-linguistic concept because ( ଭାଷାବିହୀନ ଧାରଣା) it is independent oflanguage.
• ‘Time’ is a continuous flow (ନିରବଚ୍ଛିନ୍ନ ପ୍ରବାହ) measured in seconds, minutes, hours, days or years.
• ‘Time’ and ‘tense’ mustn’t be confused.

Let’s prove it :
The Chief Minister is visiting our school next week (ମୁଖ୍ୟମନ୍ତ୍ରୀ ଆସନ୍ତା ସପ୍ତାହରେ ଆମ ବିଦ୍ୟାଳୟ ପରିଦର୍ଶନ କରିବେ ।)
Here the tense “is visiting” is present but the time referred to (ସୂଚିତ କରାଯାଇଥିବା) is future.

Tense

• The word “Tense” is derived from ( ବ୍ୟୁତ୍ପରି ଲାଭ କରିଛି) the Latin word ‘Tempus’ which means ‘Time’.
• “Tense of the verb” (କ୍ରିୟାର କାଳ) suggests the time of an action or event (ଘଟଣା) and it is very important in the sense that we always express events or actions (କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ) with reference to different periods of time. ‘
• So ‘Tense’ shows (a) the time of an action and (b) its degree of completeness.

Remember: English grammar has no future tense as there is no specific (ସ୍ଵତନ୍ତ୍ର) or separate verb form or grammatical marker to indicate future time.

The present tense forms are used to talk about the future time. (ଭବିଷ୍ୟତ ସମୟ ବିଷୟରେ କହିବାପାଇଁ ବର୍ତ୍ତମାନ କାଳ ରୂପକୁ ବ୍ୟବହାର କରାଯାଏ ।)
Examples:
The Secretary is going (ଯିବେ) to Bhubaneswar next month.
The President arrives (ପହଞ୍ଚିବେ) here on Monday.
My younger son will go (ଯିବ) to college tomorrow.
Here the expressions next month, Monday and tomorrow indicate future time

Let’s see the time division.
PAST <— …………………………… NOW…………………………………—-> FUTURE

‘Now’- Present time
Before ‘Now’- Past time
After ‘Now’- Future time.

Each tense has four aspects. They are :
1. Indefinite or Simple
2. Continuous or Progressive
3. Perfect
4. Perfect Continuous or Perfect Progressive

What is ASPECT?
‘Tense’ broadly (ମୁଖ୍ୟତଃ) corresponds to time, but tense forms have also to indicate the manner, i.e (that is) whether an action, activityor state is, was or will be in progress or whether it is, was or will be complete. This manner goes by the name “Aspect”.

Ways of Expressing Present Time

1. Present Simple and its uses :
The Present Simple or Simple Present tense retains its base form in all cases except when the subject in the third person is singular. (ତୃତୀୟପୁରୁଷ ଏକବଚନକୁ ଛାଡ଼ି ଅନ୍ୟ ସମସ୍ତ କ୍ଷେତ୍ରରେ Present Simple Tense ନିଜର ମୂଳ ରୂପକୁ ଅକ୍ଷୁଣ୍ଣ ରଖୁଥାଏ ।)

Examples:
A: Declarative Sentence (ବିବୃତିମୂଳକ ବାକ୍ୟ) :

Singular	Plural
I go.(ମୁଁ ଯାଏ ।)	We go.(ଆମ୍ଭେ(ମାନେ) ଯାଉ ।)
You go.(ତୁମ୍ଭେ ଯାଅ ।	You go(ତୁମ୍ଭେମାନେ ଯାଅ ।)
He / Gopal goes.(ସେ / ଗୋପାଳ ଯାଏ ।)	They / Children go.(ସେମାନେ / ପିଲାମାନେ ଯାଆନ୍ତି ।)

B. Negative sentence (ନାସ୍ତିସୂଚକ ବାକ୍ୟ) :

Singular	Plural
I don’t go (ମୁଁ ଯାଏ ନାହିଁ ।)	We don’t go (ଆମ୍ଭେମାନେ ଯାଉନାହୁଁ ।)
You don’t go (ତୁମେ/ତୁମ୍ଭେ ଯାଅ ନାହିଁ ।)	You don’t go (ତୁମ୍ଭେମାନେ ଯାଅ ନାହିଁ ।)
He / Gopal doesn’t go.(ସେ / ଗୋପାଳ ଯାଏ ନାହିଁ ।)	They/Children don’t go.(ସେମାନେ / ପିଲାମାନେ ଯାଆନ୍ତି ନାହିଁ ।)

C. Interrogative Sentence (ପ୍ରଶ୍ନସୂଚକ ବାକ୍ୟ) : (Yes-No Question)

Singular	Plural
Do I go? (ମୁଁ ଯାଏ କି ?)	Do we go? (ଆମ୍ଭେମାନେ ଯାଉ କି ?)
Do you go? (ତୁମେ । ତୁମ୍ଭେ ଯାଅ କି ? ଆପଣ ଯା’ନ୍ତି କି ?)	Do you go? (ତୁମ୍ଭେମାନେ / ଆପଣମାନେ ଯାଅ କି / ଯାଆନ୍ତି କି ?)
Does he / Gopal go? (ସେ । ଗୋପାଳ ଯାଏ କି ?)	Do they / children go? (ସେମାନେ / ପିଲାମାନେ ଯାଆନ୍ତି କି ?)

He, she, it, water, Gopal, Rahim, pen, duster, water, gold, rain etc. are third person singular numbers.

Uses (ବ୍ୟବହାର) :
(i) To express a habitual action (ଏକ ଅଭ୍ୟାସଗତ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ ଅର୍ଥରେ) :
Father drinks (ପିଅନ୍ତି) coffee every morning.
He always speaks (କୁହେ) the truth.
I sometimes write (ଲେଖେ) poems.
Suresh gets up (ଉଠେ) at five and goes (ଯାଏ) to bed at nine.

→ In such cases (ଏଭଳି କ୍ଷେତ୍ରରେ) we can use adverbs (କ୍ରିୟା ବିଶେଷଣ) like everyday, usually (ସାଧାରଣତଃ), always, often, never, sometimes, at times (ବେଳେବେଳେ).

(ii) To express a present state (ବର୍ତ୍ତମାନ ଅବସ୍ଥା ଅର୍ଥରେ) :
I am hungry. (ମୁଁ ଭୋକିଲା ଅଟେ ।)
Mary has a doll. (ମେରୀ ପାଖରେ ଗୋଟିଏ କଣ୍ଢେଇ ଅଛି ।)
Children love (ଭଲପାଆନ୍ତି) sweets.
h/lr Mishra is (ଅଟନ୍ତି) a good writer.

(iii) To express general truth (ସାଧାରଣ ସତ୍ୟ ପ୍ରକାଶ ଅର୍ଥରେ) :
The earth moves (ଘୂରେ) round the sun.
Cows eat (ଖାଆନ୍ତି) grass.
Ladakh has (ର ଅଛି) cold climate (ଥଣ୍ଡା ଜଳବାୟୁ ଅନୁଭୂତ ହୁଏ ।).
Oil floats (ଭାସେ) on water.
Bad news travels (ବ୍ୟାପିଯାଏ) fast.
Water turns into (ପରିଣତ ହୁଏ) ice at 0°C.
A little learning is (ଅଟେ) a dangerous thing. (ଅଳ୍ପ ବିଦ୍ୟା ଭୟଙ୍କର ।)
This road goes (ଯାଇଛି) to Balasore.
The Ganga rises (ଉତ୍ପତ୍ତିଲାଭ କରିଛନ୍ତି) in the Himalayas.
We see with our eyes (ଦେଖୁ), hear (ଶୁଣୁ) with our ears and smell (ଶୁଘ୍ନ) with our nose.
Cuttack stands (ଅବସ୍ଥିତ) on the (କୂଳରେ) Mahanadi.

(iv) To express sports commentary (ଖେଳର ଧାରାବିବରଣୀ ଅର୍ଥରେ) :
Rajupasses the ball to Jitu and Jitu scores.
Sachin hits the ball to the boundary.

(v) (a) To express a planned future action, particularly when it refers to a journey.
(ଯୋଜନାବଦ୍ଧ ଭବିଷ୍ୟତ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟକ୍ରମ (ମୁଖ୍ୟତଃ ଯାତ୍ରା ଅର୍ଥରେ))
We leave (ଛାଡ଼ିବୁ) Delhi at 5 o’ clock tomorrow and arrive (ପହଞ୍ଚୁବୁ) in Kolkata the day after.

(b) To refer to future events, which are certain since they are fixed by calendar or time table or part of a fixed programme.
(କ୍ୟାଲେଣ୍ଡର ବା ସମୟ ସାରଣୀ ଆଦି ଦ୍ଵାରା ପ୍ରସ୍ତୁତ ଭବିଷ୍ୟତର ନିଶ୍ଚିତ ଘଟଣାବଳୀ ।)
The H.S.C Exam begins ( ଆରମ୍ଭ ହେବ) on 25th February.
The test match starts ( ଆରମ୍ଭ ହେବ) next week.

(vi) To express magic or some skill of making (ଯାଦୁ ଖେଳ ବା ତିଆରି କୌଶଳ ଅର୍ଥରେ) :
I take (ନେଉଛି) two eggs and break (ଭାଙ୍ଗୁଛି) them into a bowl.
I take (ନେଉଛି) this card from the pack andplace it (ରଖୁଛି) under the handkerchief.

(vii) Used with the verb ‘says’ while quoting (ଉଦ୍ଧାର କରିବା ଅର୍ଥରେ) from books or notices.
Keats says (କହିଛନ୍ତି), “A thing of beauty is joy forever.”
Newton says, “Every action has opposite and equal reaction”.

(viii) In exclamatory sentences, beginning with ‘here’ and ‘there’ to express the present continuous. (ବର୍ତ୍ତମାନରେ ଚାଲୁଥିବା କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ ଅର୍ଥରେ ବିସ୍ମୟସୂଚକ ବାକ୍ୟପାଇଁ Here ବା there ରୁ ଆରମ୍ଭ ହୋଇଥିବା ବାକ୍ୟରେ)
Here comes (is coming) Rama!
There goes (ବାଜୁଛି) our school bell!

(ix) In a dramatic narrative to describe past event (historic present)
(ଅତୀତ ଘଟଣାର ନାଟ୍ୟ ବିବରଣୀ ଅର୍ଥରେ) :
Alexander, the Great then invades ( ଆକ୍ରମଣ କଲେ; invaded) India.
After hearing the news of the meeting, the commander hurries (hurried; ଶୀଘ୍ର ଚାଲିଗଲେ) to Mumbai.

(x) To express a fact that exists at the time of speaking
(ବକ୍ତାଙ୍କର କହିବା ସମୟରେ ଚାଲୁଥିବା ସତ୍ୟ ଘଟଣା ଅର୍ଥରେ) :
Do you hear (ଶୁଣିପାରୁଛ) me ?
I know (ଜାଣିପାରୁଛ) what you want.
Potatoes cost (ମୂଲ୍ୟରେ ବିକ୍ରି ହେଉଛି) Rs.10 a kilo.

(xi) To express a future action or state in clauses of ‘time’ and of ‘condition’
(ଭବିଷ୍ୟତର ଘଟଣା ବା କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ ପାଇଁ ‘ସମୟ’ ଓ ‘ସର୍ଗ’ ଅର୍ଥ ପ୍ରକାଶ କରୁଥିବା ଖଣ୍ଡ ବାକ୍ୟରେ) :
Mohit will wait till the classes are over (ଶେଷ ହେବ).
Ifit rains (ବର୍ଷାହେବ), our class will be suspended.
We shall discuss (ଆଲୋଚନା କରିବୁ) the matter when you come back (ଫେରିଆସିବ),

(xii) Newspaper headlines or broadcast (ସମାଚାରପତ୍ର ମୁଖ୍ୟଶ ବା ଟିଭି ଖବର) :
Peace talks (ଶାନ୍ତି କଥାବାର୍ତ୍ତା) fail (ଅସଫଳ ହେଲା).
The terrorists (ଆତଙ୍କବାଦୀମାନେ) escape (ଖସି ପଳାଇଗଲେ) from the jail.

(xiii) In some fixed interrogatives (କେତେକ ଚିରାଚରିତ ପ୍ରଶ୍ନସୂଚକ ବାକ୍ୟରେ)
Where do you come (ଆସିଛ) from ?
(Where are you coming from ?)
What makes you sad / laugh ? (ତୁମେ ଦୁଃଖୁତ / ହସୁଛ କାହିଁକି ?)
What brings you here ? (ତୁମେ / ତୁ ଏଠାକୁ ଆସିଛ / ଆସିଛୁ କାହିଁକି ?)
Why don’t you report the matter?

(xiv) Some declarations (କେତେକ ଘୋଷଣା) :
I declare (ଘୋଷଣା କରୁଛି)the meeting open.
I thank (ଧନ୍ୟବାଦ ଦେଉଛି) you for your help.
I beg your pardon. (ତୁମଠାରୁ କ୍ଷମା ଚାହୁଁଛି)
We accept (ଘୋଷଣା କରୁଛି) your offer. r

Here actions complete instantly as soon as they are declared about. (ଉଚ୍ଚାରଣ ମାତ୍ରେ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ ସାଧୂତ ହୋଇଥାଏ ।)

(xv) Present Simple with State verbs (ଅବସ୍ଥାସୂଚକ କ୍ରିୟାପଦ) (non-Progressive or without ‘ing’ form) :

(a) ‘Be’ (‘ହେବା’ ଅର୍ଥ ପ୍ରକାଶ କରୁଥିବା verb)
‘be’: The boy is (ଅଟେ) naughty (ଦୁଷ୍ଟ).
exist (ସ୍ଥିତି) : Ghost exists (ଅଛି). (There are ghosts)
belong: This book belongs to Kamal. (is the property of)
consist: The committee consists (ଗଠିତି) of nine members, (is made up of)
resemble (ସାଦୃଶ୍ୟ): The child resembles his grandfather (is like)
cost: The book costs twenty rupees, (is equal in value to)

(b) ‘have’ (Possession) ଧାରଣ :
Father has landed property.
Mr Rath owns (ଅଧିକାରରେ ଅଛି) a Maruti Wagner.

(c) Verbs of perception / sense (ଇନ୍ଦ୍ରିୟାନୁଭୂତି ପ୍ରକାଶକ କ୍ରିୟାପଦ) :
I see (ଦେଖୁଛି) a bird on the tree.
Honey tastes (ଲାଗେ) sweet.
He looks (ଦେଖାଯାଉଛି) tired.
Rose smells (ବାସୁଛି) sweet.

(d) Verbs of thinking:
I know (ଜାଣିଛି) this man.
Do you believe (ବିଶ୍ଵାସ କରୁଛ) him ?
He remembers (ମନେପକାଉଛି) his childhood days.
Do they understand (ବୁଝୁଛନ୍ତି) this poem?
I think ( ଭାବୁଛି) the man is mad.
Some peopleforget (ଭୁଲିଯା’ନ୍ତି) everything.

(e) Verbs ofemotion or wish (ଆବେଗ ବା ଇଚ୍ଛା ବା ଅନିଚ୍ଛା ପ୍ରକାଶକାରୀ କ୍ରିୟା) :
Children love (ଭଲପାଆନ୍ତି) to play.
Everybody hates (ଘୃଣାକରନ୍ତି) lying (ମିଛ କହିବା).
Father likes his tea strong. (କଡ଼ା ଚା’ ଭଲ ପାଆନ୍ତି ।)
I hope (ଆଶା କରୁଛି) for the best.
Nobody wants (ଚାହାଁନ୍ତି ନାହିଁ) to make friends with that bad man.

(f) Verbs of appearing (seem, appear, look, resemble):
The children appear (ଜଣାପଡ଼ୁଛନ୍ତି) sad.
The girl seems (ଜଣାପଡୁଛି) very happy.

2. Present Progressive and its uses :
If the action of a verb continues or is in progress in the present and is incomplete at the moment of speaking, Present Progressive tense is used, (is /am/are + ‘ing’)

A. Declarative sentence (ବିବୃତିମୂଳକ ବାକ୍ୟ) :
ମୁଁ ଯାଉଛି । – I am going.
ଆମ୍ଭେମାନେ ଯାଉଛୁ । – I We are going.
ତୁମ୍ଭେ/ ତୁମ୍ଭେମାନେ ଆପଣ ଯାଉଛ ଯାଉଛନ୍ତି | – I You are going.
ସେ / ଗୋପାଳ ଯାଉଛି । – I He / Gopal is going.
ସେମାନେ / ପିଲାମାନେ ଯାଉଛନ୍ତି । – They / The children are going.

B. Declarative sentence (ବିବୃତିମୂଳକ ବାକ୍ୟ) :
ମୁଁ ଯାଉ ନାହିଁ । – I am not going.
ଆମ୍ଭେମାନେ ଯାଉନାହୁଁ । – We aren ’t going.
ତୁମେ / ତୁମ୍ଭେ ଆପଣ ଆପଣମାନେ ଯାଅ ନାହିଁ / ଯାଉନାହାନ୍ତି । – You aren’t going.
ସେ / ଗୋପାଳ ଯାଉନାହିଁ । – He / Gopal is not going.
ସେମାନେ / ପିଲାମାନେ ଯାଉନାହାଁନ୍ତି । – They / The children aren ’t going.

C. Interrogative sentence (ପ୍ରଶ୍ନସୂଚକ ବାକ୍ୟ) :
ମୁଁ ଯାଉଛି କି ? – Am I going?
ଆମ୍ଭେମାନେ ଯାଉଛୁ କି ? – Are we going ?
ତୁମ୍ଭେ । ଆପଣ ଯାଉଛ ! ଯାଉଛନ୍ତି କି ? – Are you going ?
ସେ । ଗୋପାଳ ଯାଉଛି କି ? – Is he Gopal going ?
ସେମାନେ । ପିଲାମାନେ ଯାଉଛନ୍ତି କି ? – Are they / the children going ?

Uses (ବ୍ୟବହାର) :
(i) to express an action that is in progress at the time of speaking
(ବକ୍ତାଙ୍କର କହିବା ସମୟରେ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟଟି ଚାଲୁଥିଲେ)
Mr Ashok is teaching (ପଢ଼ାଉଛନ୍ତି) us grammar now.
My mother is cooking (ରାନ୍ଧୁଛନ୍ତି) there.
What are the children doing (କରୁଛନ୍ତି)?

(ii) for an action that has started and is in progress, not necessarily at the time of speaking.
Mr Rath is writing (ଲେଖୁଛନ୍ତି) a novel, (though not writing at the time of speaking)
Hira’s brother is working (ଚାକିରି କରୁଛି) in a bank.
Mami is running (ଚଳାଉଛି) a music school.

(iii) to express a planned action for the future
(ଭବିଷ୍ୟତପାଇଁ ହେବାକୁ ଥିବା ଏକ ଯୋଜନାବଦ୍ଧ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟକ୍ରମ ପାଇଁ)
He is going (ଯିବ) to Delhi tomorrow.
My father is giving (ଦେବେ) a dinner to his friends tomorrow.

(iv) with ‘always’, ‘constantly’ (UPQP), ‘regularly’ etc, to express a repeated action for the sense of disapproval (ବିରକ୍ତି, ଅଭିଯୋଗ, ଆଶ୍ଚର୍ଯ୍ୟ ଆଦି ଅର୍ଥରେ always, ‘constantly’ ଆଦି କ୍ରିୟା ବିଶେଷଣ ସହ ବାରମ୍ବାର ହେଉଥ‌ିବା କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ ଅର୍ଥରେ)
The ration dealer (ତେଜରାତି ଦୋକାନୀ) isn’t opening (ଖୋଲୁନାହିଁ) the shop regularly.
This dog is always barking (ଭୁକୁଛି) at the strangers.
My eldest brother is constantly shouting at (ଗାଳିଦେଉଛି) his children.
That man is always driving (ପୂରାଇ ଦେଉଛି) his cow into my garden.

(v) for the changing situations (ପରିବର୍ତ୍ତନଶୀଳ ପରିସ୍ଥିତିରେ)
The weather is getting (ଅଧ‌ିକ ଶୀତ ହେବାରେ ଲାଗିଛି) colder.
Prices are rising (ବଢ଼ୁଛି) from day to day.
The population of India is increasing (ବଢ଼ୁଛି) very fast.

(vi) for a temporary situation deviated from the habitual activity
(କୌଣସି କାରଣପାଇଁ ଅଭ୍ୟାସଗତ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟରୁ ବିଚ୍ଛିନ୍ନ ହୋଇଥିବା ଅସ୍ଥାୟୀ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ ଅର୍ଥରେ)
We go to school at 9 a.m. everyday but we are going (ଯାଉଛୁ ) at 7 a.m.
Mr Mohanty goes to his office by scooter but now he is going ( ଯାଉଛନ୍ତି) by bicycle.

Activity-1

Fill in the blanks with the correct forms of the verbs given in brackets: [You can use she or her if required.]
He _____________ (get) up early every day. He _______________ (brush) his teeth and _______________ (have) his bath. He _______________ (take) a quick breakfast. He ____________ (not want) to be punished at school. So, he _____________ (set out) early to reach school in time. He ___________ (sit) on the same bench in my classroom. He _____________ (have) straight hair and a sharp nose. What is his name?
Answers:
He gets (ଉଠେ) up early every day. He brushes (ବ୍ରଶୂକରେ) his teeth and has his bath (ସ୍ନାନକରେ). He takes (ଖାଏ) a quick breakfast. He doesn’t want (ଚାହେଁନାହିଁ) to be punished at school. So, he sets out (ବାହାରି ପଡ଼େ) early to reach school in time. He sits (ବସେ) on the same bench in my classroom. He has (ଅଛି) straight hair and a sharp nose. What is his name?

Activity- 2

Write the daily activity (ସବୁଦିନିଆ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ) of an animal, for example, a cow/dog/cat/tiger/horse or any other animal/bird. Don V mentions the name of the animal For example, Fm a domestic animal I have four legs and a long tail, etc. Let your friends guess what animal you have thought of.
Answers:
I’m an animal. People keep me (ରଖନ୍ତି) at home. But I watch their houses (ଜଗେ). I have (ଅଛି) a long body with a curved (ବଙ୍କା) tail (ଲାଙ୍ଗୁଡ଼). I have a sharp muzzle (ଥୋମଣି) with two hanging ears. I have a keen sense of hearing (ଶୁଣିବାର ପ୍ରଖର ଶକ୍ତି ଅଛି). My body is covered with fur (ଲୋମ). I have four long, slender (ପତଳା) legs. So I run (can run) (ଦୌଡ଼େ) quickly. When I see food, I wag (ହଲାଏ) my tail. I feed on (ଖାଏ) bread, rice, meat, biscuits, etc. I snarl ( ଭୀଷଣ ଭୁକେ) at the strangers. Then guess (ଅନୁମାନ କର) who I am (ଅଟେ).

Activity-3

Work in pairs, A and B. Yourpartner will tellyou some sentences that are wrong. Correct your partner. Then speak your sentences and let your partner correct you. In this way complete all the sentences and at the end, write down the corrected answers. ( ନିଜର ସାଥୀଙ୍କ ବାକ୍ୟଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ନିଜେ ଠିକ୍ କରି ଓ ନିଜ ବାକ୍ୟଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ସାଥୀଙ୍କଦ୍ଵାରା ଠିକ୍ କରାଇ ସବୁ ବାକ୍ୟ ପୂରଣ କରି ଠିକ୍ ଉତ୍ତରଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ଲେଖ ।)

Example:
A: Mr. Rao likes to eat fish. (ଭଲ ପା’ନ୍ତି)
B: No, he doesn ’t eat (ଖାଆନ୍ତି ନାହିଁ) fish. He is a vegetarian (ନିରାମିଷାଶୀ).

Wrong sentences for A:
Water freezes at 4°C.
Cuttack is the capital of Odisha.
The sun goes round the earth.
Viswanathan Anand plays football.
The Prime Minister of India lives in Mumbai.

Answer:
Right sentences for ‘A’ :
Waterfreezes (ବରଫରେ ପରିଣତ ହୁଏ) at 0°C.
Bhubaneswar is (ଅଟେ) the capital of Odisha.
The earth goes (ପୂରେ) round the sun.
Viswanath Ananda plays (ଖେଳନ୍ତି) chess.
The Prime Minister of India lives (ବାସକରନ୍ତି) in New Delhi.

Wrong sentences for B :
Water floats on oil.
A rose is a kind of fruit.
Sachin Tendulkar plays hockey.
Vande Mataram is our National Anthem.
New York is the capital of the USA.

Answer:
Right sentences for ‘B’ :
Oilfloats (ଭାସେ) on water.
A rose is a kind of flower.
Sachin Tendulkar plays cricket.
Jana Gana ManaAdhi.. is our National Anthem (ଜାତୀୟ ସଙ୍ଗୀତ).
Washington DC is the capital of the U.S.A.

Activity-4

Work in pairs. Match the following sentences (1-6) with the uses of the present simple and present progressive (a-f).
1. I live in Sambalpur.
2. She’s staying with her aunt at the moment.
3. Toffees are very sweet.
4. His English is getting better all the time.
5. I usually go to school on foot.
6. Look. Two swans are carrying a tortoise

Present simple	Present Progressive
(a) General or scientific truths	(d) Something happening now
(b) Permanent state or permanent fact	(e) Something happening over a period of time
(c) Habitual action	(f) Temporary action

Answers:

1. I live in Sambalpur.	(c) Habitual action
2. She’s staying with her aunt at the moment.	(e) Something happening over a period of time
3. Toffees are very sweet.	(b) Permanent state or permanent fact
4. His English is getting better all the time	(e) Something happening over a period of time
5. I usually go to school on foot.	(c) Habitual action
6. Look. Two swans are carrying a tortoise.	(d) Something happening now

Activity- 5

Look out through the window. What do you see? Write three sentences about the things that you see. Read out and see who else has written one exactly like you. For today, you are special friends.
Answer:
I see a farmer going to the field.
I notice some girls pick flowers.
I watch a flight of birds in the sky.

Activity-6

Use either the PresentSimple or the Present Progressive to complete the dialogue.
Seema: Hello Lopa, what (you / do) these days?
Lopa: Nothing much. I (learn) how to dance in a dancing school. What about you?
Seema: Me? I (work) at a training school. The school (offer) lessons on cooking.
Lopa : (you /like) the job?
Seema: Yes, of course. I (prefer) this job because I (also learn) a lot how to cook while working here.
Lopa: What (they / teach) now?
Seema: Right now they (give) lessons on Chinese food. You know, Chinese dishes (taste) so good!
Lopa Can I join the classes someday?
Seema: Sure. They (want) more and more students to join their school. You are welcome.
Lopa: Thank you.
Answers:
Seema: Hello Lopa, what are you doing (କରୁଛୁ) these days?
Lopa: Nothing much. I am learning (ଶିଖୁଛି) how to dance in a dancing school. What about you?
Seema: Me? I am working (କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ କରୁଛି) at a training school. The school offers (ଶିକ୍ଷା ଦିଏ) lessons on cooking.
Lopa: Do you like (ଭଲ ପାଅ) the job?
Seema: Yes, of course. I prefer (ଭଲ ପାଉଛି) this job because I am always learning (ଶିଖୁଛି) a lot how to cook while working here.
Lopa: What are they teaching (ପଢ଼ାଉଛନ୍ତି) now?
Seema: Right now they are giving (ଶିଖାଉଛନ୍ତି) lessons on Chinese food. You know, Chinese dishes taste (ସ୍ଵାଦଲାଗେ) so good!
Lopa: Can I join the classes some day ?
Seema: Sure. They want (ଚାହୁଁଛନ୍ତି) more and more students to join their school. You are welcome.
Lopa: Thankyou

Ways of expressing Past Time

1. Present Perfect and its uses :
The Present Perfect tense is formed with has/have and the past participle form of the verb.
A. Declarative Sentence (ବିବୃତିମୂଳକ ବାକ୍ୟ) :

Singular	Plural
I have seen. (ମୁଁ ଦେଖୁଛି ।)	We have seen. (ଆମ୍ଭେମାନେ ଦେଖିଛୁ ।)
You have seen. (ତୁମେ / ଆପଣ ଦେଖୁଛ / ଦେଖୁଛନ୍ତି ।)	You have seen. (ତୁମ୍ଭେମାନେ / ଆପଣମାନେ ଦେଖୁଛ (ଦେଖୁଛନ୍ତି ।)
He / Gopal has seen. (ସେ । ଗୋପାଳ ଦେଖୁଛି ।)	They / The children have seen. (ସେମାନେ / ପିଲାମାନେ ଦେଖୁଛନ୍ତି ।)

B. Negative Sentence (ବିବୃତିମୂଳକ ବାକ୍ୟ) :

Singular	Plural
I have not seen. (ମୁଁ ଦେଖୁନାହିଁ ।)	We haven’t seen. (ଆମ୍ଭେମାନେ ଦେଖୁନାହୁଁ ।)
You have not seen. (ତୁମ୍ଭେ । ଆପଣ ଦେଖୁନାହଁ ।)	You have not seen. (ତୁମ୍ଭେମାନେ ଦେଖୁନାହଁ । ଆପଣମାନେ ଦେଖୁନାହାନ୍ତି ।)
He / Gopal has not seen. (ସେ ଗୋପାଳ ଦେଖୁନାହିଁ।)	They / The children have not seen. (ସେମାନେ / ପିଲାମାନେ ଦେଖୁ ନାହାନ୍ତି ।)

C. Interrogative sentence (ପ୍ରଶ୍ନସୂଚକ ବାକ୍ୟ) : (Yes-No question)

Singular	Plural
Have I seen ? (ମୁଁ ଦେଖୁଛି କି ?)	Have you seen ? (ତୁମ୍ଭେ ଦେଖୁଛ କି ?)
Have you seen ? (ତୁମ୍ଭେ ଦେଖୁଛ କି ?)	Have you seen ? (ତୁମ୍ଭେମାନେ ଦେଖୁଛ କି ? / ଆପଣମାନେ ଦେଖୁଛନ୍ତି କି ?)
Has he / Gopal seen ? (ସେ / ଗୋପାଳ ଦେଖୁଛି କି ?)	Have they / the children seen ? (ସେମାନେ / ପିଲାମାନେ ଦେଖୁଛନ୍ତି କି ?)

Uses (ବ୍ୟବହାର) :
(i) to express an experience, action in the immediate past (ନିକଟ ଅତୀତର ଅଭିଜ୍ଞତା ବା କାର୍ଯ୍ୟପାଇଁ)
I have seen (ଦେଖୁଛି) the Charminar city.
You have played (ଖେଳିଛୁ) well in today’s match.

(ii) to express an action which began in the past and is continuing upto the present moment. (ଅତୀତରୁ ଆରମ୍ଭ ହୋଇ ଏ ପର୍ଯ୍ୟନ୍ତ ଚାଲୁଥିବା କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ ବା ଘଟଣାପାଇଁ)
India has been free (ସ୍ଵାଧୀନ ହେଲାଣି) since 1947.
He has been (ଅଛି) ill since last week.

(iii) for a habit in a period continuing till now (ଏ ପର୍ଯ୍ୟନ୍ତ ଚାଲୁଥିବା ଏକ ଅଭ୍ୟାସ ପାଇଁ)
Malati has practised (ଅଭ୍ୟାସ କରୁଛି) classical music (ଶାସ୍ତ୍ରୀୟ ସଙ୍ଗୀତ) for ten years.
Mohit has attended (ଯୋଗ ଦେଉଛି) the camp regularly.

(iv) to express an action completed in the past but having current relevance. (ସମାପ୍ତ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟର ବର୍ତ୍ତମାନର ପ୍ରଭାବ ଥ‌ିବା ଅର୍ଥରେ)
It has rained (ବର୍ଷା ହୋଇଛି) heavily. (The ground is wet now)
John has reported the matter to the police. (The culprit will be found out (ଦୋଷୀକୁ ଧରାଯିବ))
I have cut (କାଟିଦେଇଛି) my finger. (It is bleeding now. (ଏବେ ରକ୍ତ ବହୁଛି))

(v) used in the usages like ‘This is the first time’, ‘this is the second time’, etc.
This is the first time I have ever travelled (ଯାତ୍ରା କରୁଛି) on a flight.
This is the second time Meera has commited the mistake (ଭୁଲ୍ କରିଛି).

(vi) after a superlative.
It is the best (superlative) book I have ever come across.
She is the prettiest (superlative) girl I have ever seen (ଦେଖୁଛି).

(vii) with the adverbs like ‘today’, ‘this morning’, ‘this week’, ‘this year’, ‘this month’ when the periods are not over at the time of speaking.
Have you met the teacher today?
Have you been (ଯାଇଛ) to the hospital this morning? (within 12 noon)
I haven’t received (ପାଇନାହିଁ) any letter this week.

(viii) used with just, already, yet, recently, ever, never, so far, since, etc.
Have you ever been (ଯାଇଛ) to Chilika? (ever)
The guest hasn ‘t arrived(ଆସିନାହାନ୍ତି) yet. (yet).
I have met the person recently (ନିକଟରେ). (recently)
Nobody has ever told (କହିନାହାନ୍ତି) me lies so far.
Father has never seen a ghost (ଦେଖୁନାହାନ୍ତି) (never).

(ix) for an action which lasts throughout an incomplete action.
(for, since, all day/night/week, all my life, all the time, lately, recently)
He has been in London for two years. (He is still in London.)
I have always respected him. (I still respect him.)
We have waited all day. (We are still waiting.)

(x) to indicate a habit with when, before, after, etc.
I shall speak to you when I have finished my dinner.
Boys will play after they have done their homework.
I never go to bed before I have finished my home work.

(xi) Used “ever” in questions :
Have you ever been (ଯାଇଛ) to Nagpur?
Has she ever won (ଜିତିଛ) any reward?

2. Present Perfect Progressive :
Present Perfect Progressive tense is formed by the present perfect of the verb followed by present perfect (has/have + been + base form of the verb + ‘ing’)
Uses (ବ୍ୟବହାର) :
(i) To express an action or event that began in the past and is still going on.
(ଅତୀତରୁ ଆରମ୍ଭ ହୋଇ ଏ ପର୍ଯ୍ୟନ୍ତ ଚାଲୁଥିବା କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ କ୍ଷେତ୍ରରେ)
Nihar has been studying (ପଢୁଛି) in this college for three years.
The children have been playing in the field for (ଖେଳୁଛନ୍ତି) two hours.

(ii) to express an act that was going since a recent point of time and whose result is still.
present. (ଅତୀତରୁ ଆରମ୍ଭ ହୋଇ ଏ ପର୍ଯ୍ୟନ୍ତ ଚାଲୁଥିବା କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ ଓ ବର୍ତ୍ତମାନ ଏହାର ପ୍ରଭାବ / ଫଳାଫଳ ଥ‌ିବା ଅର୍ଥରେ)
I feel cold because I have been swimming (ପହଁରୁଛି) for an hour.
Rekha is tired as she has been working (କାମ କରୁଛି) all the morning.

‘Past Tense refers to the past time action of the verb.

3. Simple Past:
The simple past tense in regular verbs is formed by adding d, ed, t etc. to the base form.
(base form + d / ed /1 = simple past tense)

A. Declarative Sentence (ବିବୃତିମୂଳକ ବାକ୍ୟ) :

Singular	Plural
I said. (ମୁଁ କହିଲି / କହିଥିଲି ।)	We said. (ଆମ୍ଭେମାନେ କହିଲୁ / କହିଥିଲୁ ।)
You said. (ତୁମ୍ଭେ / ତୁମ୍ଭେ / ଆପଣ କହିଲା / କହିଥୁଲ)	You said. (ତୁମ୍ଭେମାନେ ଆପଣମାନେ କହିଲ / କହିଲେ / କହିଥିଲେ)
He / Gopal said. (ସୋ ଗୋପାଳ କହିଲା / କହିଥିଲା)	They/ The children said. (ସେମାନେ / ପିଲାମାନୋ କହିଲେ / କହିଥିଲେ)

B. Negative Sentence (ନାସ୍ତିସୂଚକ ବାକ୍ୟ) :

Singular	Plural
I didn’t say (ମୁଁ କହିଲି ନାହିଁ ।) ବା (ମୁଁ କହି ନଥୁଲି ।)	We didn’t say. (ଆମ୍ଭେମାନେ କହିଲୁ ନାହିଁ / କହି ନଥୁଲୁ)
You didn’t not say. (ତୁମ୍ଭେ । ଆପଣ କହିଲ ନାହିଁ / କହି ନଥିଲେ ।)	You did not say. (ତୁମ୍ଭେମାନେ / ଆପଣମାନେ କହିଲ ନାହିଁ / କହିନଥିଲେ)
He / Gopal did not say. (ସେ / ଗୋପାଳ କହିଲା / କହି ନଥିଲା ।)	They / The children didn’t say. (ସେମାନେ / ପିଲାମାନେ କହିଲେ ନାହିଁ / କହି ନଥିଲେ)

C. Interrogative Sentence (ପ୍ରଶ୍ନସୂଚକ ବାକ୍ୟ) :

Singular	Plural
Did I say? (ମୁଁ କହିଲି । କହିଥିଲି କି ? )	Did we say ? (ଆମ୍ଭେମାନେ କହିଲୁ / କହିଥୁଲୁ କି ?)
Did you say? (ତୁମେ / ଆପଣ କହିଲେ / କହିଥିଲେ କି ?)	Did you say? (ତୁମ୍ଭେମାନେ / ଆପଣମାନେ କହିଲ / କହିଥିଲ କି ?)
Did he  / Gopal say ? (ସୋ ଗୋପାଳ କହିଲା / କହିଥୁଲା କି ?)	Did they / the children say ? (ସେମାନେ ପିଲାମାନେ ଖେଳିଲେ । ଖେଳିଥିଲେ କି ?)

Uses (ବ୍ୟବହାର) :
(i) For the completed actions in the past with the time adverbials like yesterday, last week/month/year/night, a few days/months/years ago, in 2010, etc. (ଅତୀତରେ ସମାପ୍ତ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟପାଇଁ)
His father died (ମୃତ୍ୟୁବରଣ କରିଥିଲେ) last year.
It rained (ବର୍ଷାହୋଇଥଲା) heavily last week.
Father had a bad headache a few days ago.

(ii) to denote a habitual or general action in the past but now terminated.
(ଅତୀତର ଅଭ୍ୟାସକାର୍ଯ୍ୟ ଏବେ ବନ୍ଦ ହୋଇଯାଇଥିଲେ)
We were (ଥିଲୁ) in Surat for seven years.
She studied (ପଢ଼ୁଥିଲା) journalism (ସାମ୍ବାଦିକତା) when she was in Mumbai.

(iii) to describe a past habit (ଅତୀତର ଅଭ୍ୟାସ ଅର୍ଥରେ)
The teacher always carried (ନେଉଥିଲେ) an umbrella.
Uncle often visited (ଦେଖା କରୁଥିଲେ) father.

(iv) historical or past event (ଐତିହାସିକ ବା ଅତୀତ ଘଟଣା)
Sepoy Mutiny (ସିପାହୀ ବିଦ୍ରୋହ) broke out (ଘଟିଥିଲା) in 1857.
Shakespeare wrote (ଲେଖୁଥିଲେ) for the Global Theatre.

(v) Of two actions completed in the past in a shorter period of time and first action leading to the second. (ଅତୀତରେ ଅଳ୍ପ ସମୟ ମଧ୍ୟରେ ସମାପ୍ତ ୨ଟି କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ ଭିତରୁ ପ୍ରଥମ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟପରେ ଦ୍ବିତୀୟ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ ସଙ୍ଗେସଙ୍ଗେ ଆରମ୍ଭ ହୋଇଥିଲେ)
When the train stopped, I jumped off.
The girl turned off (ବନ୍ଦ କରିଦେଲା) the TV when her father came (ଆସିଲେ).

(vi) Used in subordinate clauses to refer to something desirable or an unreal state of things.
I wish I knew his name.
If I were you, I would buy that property. (Present time)

(vii) For polite enquiries with verbs hope, think or wonder (ନାମସୂଚକ ଅନୁସନ୍ଧାନ ଅର୍ଥରେ)
I wonder if you would lend me that book.
I hope he would excuse me.

4. Past Progressive / Continuous :
The Past Continuous / Progressive tense is formed by the past tense of the verb ‘be’ (was/were) followed by the present participle (‘ing’) of the verb

Singular	Plural
I was eating. ( ମୁଁ ଖାଉଥଲି ।)	We were eating. (ଆମ୍ଭେମାନେ ଖାଉଥଲୁ ।)
You weren’t eating. (ତୁମେ ଖାଉ ନଥୁଲ ।)	You weren’t eating. (ତୁମ୍ଭେମାନେ / ଆପଣମାନେ ଖାଉ ନଥୁଲ ।)
Was Gopal eating? (ଗୋପାଳ ଖାଉଥିଲା କି ?)	Were they eating? (ସେମାନେ ଖାଉଥିଲେ କି ?)

Uses (ବ୍ୟବହାର) :
(i) to describe an action in progress over a period of time in the past
(ଅତୀତରେ ଚାଲିଥୁବା ଦୀର୍ଘ ସମୟର କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ)
The children were playing (ଖେଳୁଥିଲେ) all the afternoon.
She was writing letters all the morning.

(ii) to describe an action in progress at a point of time in the past
(ଅତୀତରେ ଏକ ନିର୍ଦ୍ଦିଷ୍ଟ ସମୟରେ ଚାଲିଥିବା କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ)
I was having (ଖାଉଥଲି) my breakfast at 7 A.M.
What were you doing (କରୁଥିଲୁ) when father called on you?

(iii) repeated action with ‘always’ causing annoyance to the speaker.
(ବକ୍ତାଙ୍କର ବିରକ୍ତି ଭାବ ପ୍ରକାଶ କରୁଥିବା ଅତୀତର ବାରମ୍ବାର ଘଟୁଥିବା କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ ‘always’ ସହିତ)
The child was always biting (କାମୁଡୁଥୁଲା) her nails.
Rama was always playing (ଖେଳୁଥିଲା) chess during the vacation.
Grandfather was always losing (ହଜାଇଦେଉଥ୍ଲେ) his walking stick.

(iv) to describe two or more parallel actions going on at the same time
(ଅତୀତରେ ସମାନ୍ତରାଳ ଭାବେ ଚାଲୁଥିବା ୨ଟି ବା ତହିଁରୁ ଅଧୁକା କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ)
He was listening while I was talking.
Amit was watching the TV, while Sunlit was doing his homework.

(v) The Past Progressive and the simple Past are used together to say that something was happening when something also happened. (ଅତୀତରେ କୌଣସି କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ ଚାଲୁଥିଲା ବେଳେ ଅନ୍ୟ ଏକ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ ହୋଇଯାଇଥିଲେ)
I was reading (ପଢୁଥୁଲି) when my friend arrived (ପହଞ୍ଚିଲେ).
It was raining (ବର୍ଷା ହେଉଥିଲା) when the wind blew (ବହିଲା).

5. Past perfect :
This is formed with ‘had + Past participle of the verb’.
‘go’ – had gone
‘talk’ – had talked
‘sing’ – had sung

Uses (ବ୍ୟବହାର) :
(i) When the subject or the narrator looks back at an earlier action from a certain point in the past. (ଅତୀତରେ ଏକ ନିର୍ଦ୍ଦିଷ୍ଟ ସମୟରୁ ବର୍ଣ୍ଣନାକାରୀ ପୂର୍ବ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟକୁ ଚାହିଁଥିଲେ)
Dinesh was eighteen when his career started. His parents had died three years before and since then he had lived alone.

(ii) Out of the two actions of the past past perfect for earlier action and simple past for the later action. (ଅତୀତରେ ସମାପ୍ତ ୨ଟି କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ ମଧ୍ୟରୁ ପ୍ରଥମ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ ପାଇଁ Past Perfect ଓ ପରବର୍ତୀ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟପାଇଁ Past Simple ବ୍ୟବହୃତ ହୁଏ)
When we reached the station, the train had left. (ଆମ୍ଭେମାନେ ଯେତେବେଳେ ଷ୍ଟେସନରେ ପହଞ୍ଚିଲୁ ଟ୍ରେନ୍ ଚାଲିଯାଇଥଲା ।)
Her old father had died by the time she reached home. (ସେ ଘରେ ପହଞ୍ଚିଲା ବେଳକୁ ତାହାର ବୁଢ଼ା ବାପା ମୃତ୍ୟୁବରଣ କରିଥିଲେ ।)

(iii) to express a hypothetical (supposed) condition.
If he hadgone to the station, he would have averted the mishap. (ସେ ଯଦି ଷ୍ଟେସନକୁ ଯାଇଥାନ୍ତା, ଦୁର୍ଘଟଣାକୁ ଏଡ଼ାଇ ପାରିଥାନ୍ତା ।)
Surabhi would have got a first class if she had studied hard. (ଯଦି କଠିନ ପରିଶ୍ରମ କରି ପଢ଼ିଥା’ନ୍ତା ସୁରଭି ପ୍ରଥମ ଶ୍ରେଣୀ ଲାଭ କରିଥାନ୍ତା ।)

(iv) In the Reported speech to talk about things that had already happened at the time of talking. (ପରୋକ୍ଷ ଉକ୍ତିରେ ଅତୀତରେ କହିଲାବେଳେ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟଟି ଘଟିଯାଇଥଲେ)
Saurav told me that he had met my father. (ମୋ ବାପାଙ୍କୁ ଦେଖା କରିଛି / ଦେଖା କରିଥିଲା ବୋଲି ସୌରଭ ମୋତେ କହିଲା ।)
The teacher asked Ritesh where he had gone. (ସେ କେଉଁଠାକୁ ଯାଇଥିଲା ବୋଲି ଶିକ୍ଷକ ରିତେଶକୁ ପଚାରିଲେ ।)

(v) Used afer the verb ‘wish 9 to express an impossibility. (ଅସମ୍ଭବ ଅର୍ଥରେ verb ‘wish’ ପରେ)
I wish he had rung me. (didn’t ring)
I wish our Headmaster had suspended the school. (didn’t suspend)

(vi) Used with as soon as, the moment, immediately, till, until, before in the Time clause.
As soon as he had completed the work, he left.
The moment (ଯେଉଁ ମୁହୂର୍ତ୍ତରେ) the war had been declared (ଘୋଷଣା କରାଗଲା),, the price of oil went up (ବଢ଼ିଗଲା).
The emploee had immediately challenged his boss.
Mohan was refused payment untill he had finished his work.

(vii) In the clauses beginnning with ‘as ‘if’ or ‘as though’
Nabin spoke English as ifhe had come from England (ସତେଯେପରି ଇଂଲଣ୍ଡରୁ ଆସିଥିଲା).
The beggar looked (ଦେଖାଯାଉଥ୍ଲା) as if he hadn ’t eaten anything for a week. (ସତେଯେପରି ସପ୍ତାହ ପର୍ଯ୍ୟନ୍ତ କିଛି ଖାଇ ନଥୁଲା)

(viii) With ‘after’ in the Time clause.
After Guru hadfailed (ଫେଲ୍ ହେବାପରେ) in the examination, he became upset.

(ix) To describe an action or event in the past which denotes cause for later action in the past. (ଅତୀତର କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ ବା ଘଟଣା ଯାହା ପରବର୍ତ୍ତୀ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟର କାରଣ ସୂଚିତ କରିଥାଏ ।)
The girl was nervous because she had never danced before.
I got the highest mark for (because) I hadanswered all the questions correctly.

6. Past Perfect Continuous :
This is formed with ‘had been’ + Present Participle of the verb.

Singular	Plural
I had been eating. (ମୁଁ ଖାଉଥଲି । )	We had been eating. (ଆମ୍ଭେମାନେ ଖାଇଥିଲୁ)
Gopal hadn’t been eating. (ଗୋପାଳ ଖାଉ ନଥିଲା ।)	They hadn’t been eating. (ସେମାନେ ଖାଉ ନଥିଲେ ।)
Had the girl been eating? (ସୋ ଗୋପାଳ କହିଲା / କହିଥୁଲା କି ?)	Had the children been eating? (ପିଲାମାନେ ଖାଉଥିଲେ କି ?)

Uses (ବ୍ୟବହାର) :
to describe the earlier of the two actions in the past when the earlier action continued upto the time of the beginning of the second or later action (ଅତୀତର ଦୁଇଟି କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ ମଧ୍ୟରୁ ଦ୍ଵିତୀୟ ବା ପରବର୍ତୀ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ ଆରମ୍ଭ ହେବା ପୂର୍ବରୁ ପ୍ରଥମ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ ବହୁ ସମୟ ପର୍ଯ୍ୟନ୍ତ ଚାଲିଥିଲେ)
My friend Bikash had been waiting for hours (ଘଣ୍ଟାଘଣ୍ଟା ଧରି ଅପେକ୍ଷା କରିଥିଲା) when I opened the door.
The workers had been digging (ମାଟି ଖୋଳୁଥିଲେ) for six months before they found petrol.
He was tired because he had been working (କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ କରୁଥିଲା) since dawn (ପ୍ରତ୍ୟୁଷରୁ).

Activity – 1

Complete the following conversation, using either the past simple or the present perfect form of the verb given in brackets.
Ashok : What are these people doing here? What (happen)?
Bini : There (be) an accident.
Ashok : An accident? What (happen) exactly?
Bini : A cat (run) across the road in front of a car. The driver (try) to apply the brake and (hit) the tree on the side of the road.
Ashok : When (it happen)?
Bini : About ten minutes ago.
Ashok : (anyone call) for an ambulance?
Bini : No, not yet. But the police (arrive). They will take care of that.
Ashok : This is the second accident we (have) here this week.
Bini : We should have a road hump here.
Answers:
Ashok : What are these people doing here? What has happened (ଘଟିଛି)?
Bini : There is (ହୋଇଯାଇଛି) an accident.
Ashok : An accident? What has happened (ଘଟିଛି) exactly?
Bini : A cat ran (ମାଡ଼ିଗଲା) across the road in front of a car. The driver tried (ଚେଷ୍ଟାକଲା) to apply the brake and hit (ବାଡ଼େଇ ହୋଇଗଲା) the tree on the side of the road.
Ashok : When did it happen (ଘଟିଲା)?
Bini : About ten minutes ago.
Ashok : Has any one called for (ଡକାଇଛନ୍ତି) an ambulance?
Bini : No, not yet. But the police have arrived (ପହଞ୍ଚି ଯାଇଛନ୍ତି). They will take care of that.
Ashok : This is the second accident we have had (ଏଠାରେ ଘଟିଛି) here this week.
Bini : We should have a road hump here.

Activity – 2

Make sentences using the present perfect progressive tense form of the verbs.
Mr Das is very tired. (work hard)
Answer:
Mrs Das has been working hard.

Mr Das looks pale. (not feel well / all day)
Answer:
Mr Das hasn’t been feeling well all day.

Their son Ashok has got a headache. (watch TV / all evening)
Answer:
Their son Ashok has been watching TV all evening.

Their daughter Bini has got no money left. (buy clothes)
Answer:
Their daughter Bini has been buying clothes.

They are sitting idle and can’t do anything. (rain / since the evening)
Answer:
There has been raining since the evening.

Activity – 3

One sentence in each of the following pairs is wrong. Strike it off.

1.	I can go home now.	I have finished my class work. I have been finishing my class work.
2.	You look tired.	Have you worked in the garden? Have you been working in the garden?
3.	Tell the truth.	Have you broken the window? Have you been breaking the window?
4.	Your eyes are red.	You have cried. You have been crying.
5.	Now you can live in that room.	We have repaired the roof. We have been repairing the roof.

Answers :
1. I have been finishing my class work, (✗)
2. Have you worked in the garden ? (✗)
3. Have you been breaking the window? (✗)
4. You have cried. (✗)
5. We have been repairing the roof (✗)

Activity – 4

Fill in the blanks with the past simple or present perfect forms of the verbs given in brackets.
Rahul : ________ (you / see) Jagu last night?
Bakul : No, but I ________(just come) from his house. He’s in bed. He ________ (be) very ill for the last three days, actually.
Rahul : I’m sorry to hear that. So that’s why he ________ (not come) to the party last night.
Bakul : The doctor ________ (see) him twice by now. He’s coming again tomorrow. Oh, by the way, Jagu ________ (send) your book.
Answers:
Rahul : Did you see (ଦେଖୁଥୁଲୁ) Jagu last night?
Bakul : No. but I have just come (ଆସିଛି) from his house. He’s in bed. He has been very ill for the last three days, actually.
Rahul : I’m sorry to hear that. So that’s why he didn’t come (ଆସିନଥୁଲା) to the party last night.
Bakul : The doctor has seen (ଦେଖ୍ ସାରିଛନ୍ତି) him twice by now. He’s coming again tomorrow. Oh, by the way, Jagu has sent (ପଠାଇଛି) your book.

Activity – 5

Combine the given sentences into single ones using the past perfect or the past simple forms of the verbs.
The alarm clock rang. I woke up = As soon as ________
Answer:
As soon as the alarm clock rang, I woke up.

I cleaned my teeth. I took bath = After I ________
Answer:
After I had cleaned my teeth, I took bath.

I got dressed. I had breakfast. = When ________
Answer:
When I had had breakfast, I got dressed.

I brushed my teeth again. I looked at my watch. = When ________
Answer:
When I looked at my watch, I brushed my teeth.

I looked at my watch. I realized I was late = When ________
Answer:
When I looked at my watch, I realized that I had been late.

I arrived at the school. I remembered it was Sunday = When ________
Answer:
When I arrived at the school, I remembered that it was Sunday.

Activity – 6

Work in pairs A and B. Without showing your sentences to your partner, you write five sentences using the past perfect tense of verbs. You must put before the sentences an expression like as soon as/when/by the time/after. In the meantime, your partner writes five sentences using the past simple tense of verbs. After writing the sentences, show each other the sentences and try to combine them. When the teacher asks you, go and write the combined sentences on the blackboard. (All the sentences may not combine.)
(ତୁମେ as soon as/when/by the time/after ଆଦିରୁ ଆରମ୍ଭ କରି Past simple ବ୍ୟବହାର କରି ତୁମ ସାଙ୍ଗ Past perfect tense କୁ ବ୍ୟବହାର କରିବାକୁ କହି ପ୍ରତ୍ୟେକ ୫ଟି ଲେଖାଏଁ ବାକ୍ୟ ଲେଖ ।)

Example:
As soon as he had watered the plants
It started to rain. / The teacher asked me a question (can’t combine)

Example :
As soon as he had watered the plants, it started to rain. (ଗଛରେ ଜଳ ଦେବା ମାତ୍ରେ ବର୍ଷା ହେବାକୁ ଆରମ୍ଭ କଲା ।)

The individual sentences are :
The bell rang. Then the pupils stood for the prayer.
Answer:
When the bell had rung, the pupils stood for the prayer.

Father had a cup of tea. He set to work then.
Answer:
After father had had a cup of tea, he set to work.

The patient died. The doctors had come by then.
Answer:
The patient had died by the time the doctors came.

The rabbit woke up. Before that the tortoise had touched the finishing point.
Answer:
When the rabbit woke up, the tortoise had touched the finishing point.

The meeting ended. Only then did the people return home.
Answer:
After the meeting had ended, the people returned home.

Activity – 7

Fill in the blanks using the past simple or the past progressive forms of the verbs given in brackets.
Once when I ________ (read) in my room, I ________ (hear) a lot of noise outside. I ________ (come) out and ________ (see) that many people ________ (run) in a particular direction. They ________ (shout) at the top of their voice. They all ________ (have) buckets and water pots in their hands. I ________ (ask) them what the matter was. Somebody ________ (point) at a house at the end of our village. I ________ (see) that the house ________ (burn). People ________ (throw) water at the house in order to put out the fire. Very soon the fire ________ (come) under control.
Answers:
Once when I was reading (ପଢୁଥୁଲି) in my room, I heard (ଶୁଣିଲି) a lot of noise outside. I came out (ବାହାରି ଆସିଲି) and saw (ଦେଖୁଲି) that many people were running (ଦୌଡ଼ୁଥିଲେ) in a particular direction. They were shouting (ଚିତ୍କାର କରୁଥିଲେ) at the top of their voice. They all had (ହାତରେଥିଲା) buckets and water pots in their hands. I asked (ପଚାରିଲି) them what the matter was. Somebody pointed (ଅଙ୍ଗୁଳି ନିର୍ଦ୍ଦେଶ କଲା) at a house at the end of our village. I saw (ଦେଖଲି) that the house was burning (ଜଳି ଯାଉଥିଲା). People were throwing (ଫିଙ୍ଗୁଥିଲେ) water at the house in order to put out the fire. Very soon the fire came (ନିୟନ୍ତ୍ରଣକୁ ଆସିଲା) under control.

Activity – 8

Use the past progressive or the past simple forms of the given verbs and rewrite the paragraph.
(Past progressive ବା past simple ବ୍ୟବହାର କରି ଶୂନ୍ୟସ୍ଥାନ ପୂରଣ କର ।)
I (walk) along the street one day when I (see) something strange. I (notice) a person of the same height as me and (have) the same hairstyle. He (wear) clothes of the same colour and (carry) a school bag just as mine. He (just/cross) the road ahead of me but he (not / avoid) me at all. I (be) sure of that. As he (go across) the road, I (follow) him.
Answers:
I was walking (ଚାଲିକରି ଯାଉଥୁଲି) along the street one day when I saw (ଦେଖୁଲି) something strange. I noticed (ଦେଖୁଲି) a person of the same height as me and had (ଥିଲା) the same hairstyle. He wore clothes of the same colour and was carrying a school bag just as mine. He was just crossing (ଅତିକ୍ରମ କରି ଯାଉଥୁଲା) the road ahead of me but he didn’t avoid (ଦୂରେଇ ରହିଲା ନାହିଁ) me at all. I was (ଥୁଲି) sure of that. As he went across (ଗଲା) the road, I followed (ଅନୁସରଣ କଲି) him.

Activity – 9

Complete the following dialogue using the ‘past perfect’ or the ‘past perfect progressive’
forms of the verbs given in brackets. (ନିମ୍ନୋକ୍ତ କଥୋପକଥନକୁ ସମାପ୍ତ କର ।)
Federer : My best moment in the match was when I realized that the game (finish) and I (become) the champion. I (win) at last. At that moment I (become) the best Tennis player of the world.
Reporter : And when you won, how long (you / play) Tennis?
Federer : I started just before I finished school. That means, I (play) for about six years when I won the Wimbledon.
Reporter : You (beat) some good players before you won that tournament.
Federer : Yes. Ever since I started as a Tennis professional, I (win) games regularly, until my injury.
Answers:
Federer : My best moment in the match was when I realized that the game had finished and I had become the champion. I won at last. At that moment I had become the best Tennis player of the world.
Reporter : And when you won, how long had you been playing (ଖେଳୁଥିଲେ) Tennis?
Federer : I started just before I finished school. That means, I had been playing (ଖେଳୁଥୁଲି) for about she years when I won the Wimbledon.
Reporter : You had beaten (ପରାସ୍ତ କରିଥିଲ) some good players before you won that tournament.
Federer : Yes. Ever since I started as a Tennis professional, I had been winning (ଜିତୁଥୁଲି) games regularly, until my injury.

Ways of expressing the Future Time
Anita : Say, Bini, what are you doing (କରିବୁ) this afternoon?
Would you like (ଚାହୁଁଛୁ) to go shopping with me?
Binita : Oh, sorry, I can’t. I’m going to finish (ଶେଷ କରିବି) my homework before the evening.
My uncle and aunt are coming (ଆସିବେ) to our house.
Anita : You will help your mother, (ସାହାଯ୍ୟ କରିବୁ) won’t you?
Binita : Of course. Moreover, my uncle’s little son loves me so much. We are going to play (ଖେଳିବୁ) together.
Anita : That will be great (ଚମତ୍କାର କଥା ହେବା). Bye (ବିଦାୟ). Have a nice time.

The verbs underlined are in Present tense form but they expresses future time.

The ‘Future’ means future-time-related actions.
(The ‘Future’ ର ଅର୍ଥ ଭବିଷ୍ୟତ ସମୟ ସଂପର୍କୀୟ ଆଧାରିତ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ।)

We mainly use the following verb forms to indicate the future.
(ଭବିଷ୍ୟତର କାର୍ଯ୍ୟକୁ ସୂଚିତ କରିବାପାଇଁ ଆମ୍ଭେମାନେ ମୁଖ୍ୟତଃ ନିମ୍ନଲିଖତ କ୍ରିୟାରୂପ ବ୍ୟବହାର କରୁ।)
(i) Be going to + Main verb in the base form.
We are going to meet the President tomorrow.
(ଆମ୍ଭେମାନେ ଆସନ୍ତାକାଲି ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରପତିଙ୍କୁ ସାକ୍ଷାତ କରିବୁ।)

(ii) Present Continuous/ Progressive ( Be verb isl ami are + Main Verb in the “mg” form)
I am building a house very soon. (ଶୀଘ୍ର ମୁଁ ଗୋଟିଏ ଘର ତୋଳିବି।)

(iii) Present Simple
Our examination starts tomorrow. (ଆମ୍ଭମାନଙ୍କର ପରୀକ୍ଷା ଆସନ୍ତାକାଲିଠାରୁ ଆରମ୍ଭ ହେବ ।)

(iv) Will/shall + Main Verb in the base form.
I shall/will go home next week. ( ମୁଁ ଆସନ୍ତା ସପ୍ତାହରେ ଘରକୁ ଯିବି।)
ଏହି ଚାରୋଟି ବାକ୍ୟରେ ଭବିଷ୍ୟତରେ ହେବାକୁ ଥିବା କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ ଆଧାରିତ verb ବା କ୍ରିୟା ପଦଗୁଡ଼ିକରୁ ଚାରୋଟି forms; ଯଥା – are going to (ସାକ୍ଷାତ କରିବି), am building (ତୋଳିବି), starts (ଆରମ୍ଭ ହେବ) ଏବଂ shall/will go (ଯିବି) ଦିଆଯାଇଛି।

Let’s see how these four forms of verbs are used to denote different future actions.
(ଉପରୋକ୍ତ ୪ ଟି verb forms କିଭଳି ଭିନ୍ନ ଭିନ୍ନ future action ବା ଭବିଷ୍ୟତ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟପାଇଁ ବ୍ୟବହୃତ ହୁଏ, ଲକ୍ଷ୍ୟ କର।)

1. Be (is/am/are) going to + Main Verb in the base form.
Use (ବ୍ୟବହାର) :
(a) To talk about the future fulfillment of a present plan or intention.
(ବର୍ତ୍ତମାନର ଯୋଜନା ବା ଇଚ୍ଛା ବା ଉଦ୍ଦେଶ୍ୟ ଭବିଷ୍ୟତରେ ପୂରଣ ହେବା ବିଷୟରେ କହିଲେ)
Examples :
(i) am going to visit my parents tomorrow. ( ଆସନ୍ତାକାଲି ମୁଁ ମୋ ବାପା ମା’ଙ୍କୁ ଦେଖାକରିବି ।)
(ଏଠାରେ ‘ଦେଖାକରିବା’ ଭବିଷ୍ୟତର ଏକ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ ଓ ଏହା ବର୍ତ୍ତମାନର ଇଚ୍ଛା ଉପରେ ଆଧାରିତ ।)

(ii) What are you going to do in the afternoon ? (ତୁମେ ଆଜି ଅପରାହ୍ନରେ କ’ଣ କରିବ ?)
(ଏଠାରେ ଅପରାହ୍ନର କୌଣସି କାର୍ଯ୍ୟପାଇଁ ଏକ ବ୍ୟକ୍ତିର ଇଚ୍ଛା ବା ଯୋଜନା ସଂପର୍କରେ ପଚରା ଯାଇଛି ।)

(b) To talk about a future fulfilment of a present cause or indication
(ବର୍ତ୍ତମାନର କୌଣସି ବାହ୍ୟ ପରିସ୍ଥିତି (external condition) ବା କାରଣକୁ ଆଧାର କରି ଭବିଷ୍ୟତରେ ହେବାକୁ ଥିବା କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ ବିଷୟରେ ସୂଚିତ କରାଗଲେ)
Examples :
(i) The sky is cloudy. It is going to rain soon.
(ଆକାଶଟି ମେଘୁଆ ଅଟେ । ଶୀଘ୍ର ବର୍ଷା ହେବ ।)
(ଏଠାରେ ବର୍ତ୍ତମାନ ର ମେଘୁଆ ପାଗରୁ ଭବିଷ୍ୟତରେ ବର୍ଷା ହେବାର ସମ୍ଭାବନା କରାଯାଉଛି ।)

(ii) You are late. You are going to miss the train.
(ତୁମର ଡେରି ହୋଇଗଲାଣି । ତୁମେ ଟ୍ରେନ୍ ହରାଇବ ।)
(ଭବିଷ୍ୟତରେ ଟ୍ରେନ୍ ହରାଇବାର ସମ୍ଭାବନା ବର୍ତ୍ତମାନର ଡେରି ହେବାରୁ ସୃଷ୍ଟି ହୋଇଛି ।)

(iii) Look, the man is going to fall. (He has lost his balance on the rope.)
(ଚାହଁ, ଲୋକଟି ରାସ୍ତାରେ ପଡ଼ିଯିବ । )
(ଏଠାରେ ଲୋକଟିର ପଡ଼ିଯିବାର ସମ୍ଭାବନା, ତା’ର ନିୟନ୍ତ୍ରଣ ହରାଇବା ପରିସ୍ଥିତିରୁ ସୃଷ୍ଟି ହୋଇଛି ।)

(iv) Run! The bull is going to attack you. (ଦୌଡ଼! ଷଣ୍ଢଟି ତୁମକୁ ଆକ୍ରମଣ କରିବ ।)

2. Present Progressive (Is/ am / are + Main Verb in the ‘ing’ form)
Use :
(a) To talk about plans or arrangement made for a particular time in the future.
(ଭବିଷ୍ୟତର ଏକ ନିର୍ଦ୍ଦିଷ୍ଟ ସମୟ ପାଇଁ ପୂର୍ବରୁ ପ୍ରସ୍ତୁତ କରାଯାଇଥିବା ଯୋଜନା ବା ବ୍ୟବସ୍ଥା ସଂପର୍କରେ କୁହାଗଲେ ) Examples :
(i) We are having a picnic tomorrow. (ଆମ୍ଭେମାନେ ଆସନ୍ତାକାଲି ଏକ ବଣଭୋଜି କରିବୁ ।)
(We have already arranged for it)

(ii) Tomorrow is Sunday. I am taking the children to the Zoo.
(ଆସନ୍ତା କାଲି ରବିବାର । ମୁଁ ପିଲାମାନଙ୍କୁ ପଶୁଉଦ୍ୟାନ ବୁଲାଇ ନେବି ।)
(ଯୋଜନା ପୂର୍ବରୁ ପ୍ରସ୍ତୁତ)

(iii) Smita is returning by train next week. (ସ୍ମିତା ଆସନ୍ତାକାଲି ଟ୍ରେନ୍‌ରେ ଫେରିବ ।)

3. Present Simple (Is/am/are/take/takes)
Use :
(a) To talk about future events which are on a timetable or are part of a fixed plan or arrangement.
(ଭବିଷ୍ୟତରେ ହେବାକୁ ଥିବା କାର୍ଯ୍ୟକ୍ରମ ଯଦି ସମୟ ନିର୍ଘଣ୍ଟ ଆଧାରିତ ବା ଧାର୍ଯ୍ୟ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟସୂଚୀର ଅଂଶ ବିଶେଷ ହୋଇଥଲେ, ସେହିଭଳି କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ ପାଇଁ verb ର Present Simple tense form ବ୍ୟବହାର କରାଯାଏ ।)
Examples :
(i) Tomorrow is a holiday. (ଆସନ୍ତାକାଲି ଏକ ଛୁଟିଦିନ ଅଟେ ।)
(ii) The Shatabdi Express leaves Kolkata at 8 p.m. today.
(ଆଜି ଶତାବ୍ଦୀ ଏକ୍‌ସପ୍ରେସ୍ ରାତି ୮ ଟାରେ କଲିକତା ଛାଡ଼ିବ । (ଟ୍ରେନ୍‌ସୂଚୀ))
(iii) What time does the game begin?
(ଖେଳ କେତେବେଳେ ଆରମ୍ଭ ହେବ ?)

4. Shall/Will+ base form of the Main Verb
Use :
(A) For a statement of future facts.
(ଭବିଷ୍ୟତରେ ସାଧାରଣତଃ ଘଟୁଥିବା (ସ୍ଵାଭାବିକ) କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ କ୍ଷେତ୍ରରେ shall / will + Main Verb ବ୍ୟବହୃତ ହୁଏ ।)
Examples :
(i) This work will take me two weeks to finish. (take = Main Verb/ base form)
(ଏହି କାର୍ଯ୍ୟଟିକୁ ଶେଷ କରିବାକୁ ମୋତେ ୨ ସପ୍ତାହ ସମୟ ଲାଗିବ ।)

(ii) shall be sixteen next week. (be = Main Verb/ base form)
(ଆସନ୍ତା ସପ୍ତାହରେ ମୋତେ ୧୬ ବର୍ଷ ହେବ ।)

(iii) The train will be late by half an hour. (be Main Verb / base form)
(ଟ୍ରେନ ଅଧଘଣ୍ଟା ପାଇଁ ଡେରି ହେବ ।)

(B) Shall / Will + Main Verb is used with the expressions ‘I hope/We expect/I feel/Probably/Perhaps etc. to denote one’s hope/thought etc. for future.
(ଭବିଷ୍ୟତ ପାଇଁ ଆଶା, ଭାବନା, ସମ୍ଭାବନା ଆଦି ଅର୍ଥରେ ଉପରୋକ୍ତ ବାକ୍ୟାଶ; ଯଥା, I hope/We except/I feel/will + Main Verb ବ୍ୟବହୃତ ହୁଏ ।)
Examples :
(i) I think you will feel better after a rest.
( ମୁଁ ଭାବୁଛି ତୁମେ ବିଶ୍ରାମ ପରେ ସୁସ୍ଥ ଅନୁଭବ କରିବ ।)
(ii) Probably they will leave this place soon.
(ସମ୍ଭବତଃ ସେମାନେ ଏହି ସ୍ଥାନ ଶୀଘ୍ର ଛାଡ଼ିବେ ।)
(iii) I’m afraid she won’t agree to your proposal.
(ମୋର ଆଶଙ୍କା ସେ ତୁମର ପ୍ରସ୍ତାବରେ ରାଜି ହେବ ନାହିଁ ।)

(C) For expressing a sudden decision taken at the moment of speaking.
(କଥାବାର୍ତ୍ତା ସମୟରେ ଭବିଷ୍ୟତରେ ହେବାକୁ ଥିବା ବର୍ତ୍ତମାନରେ ତତ୍‌କ୍ଷଣାତ୍‌ ନିଷ୍ପତ୍ତି ନେବା ଅର୍ଥରେ )
Examples :
(i) The phone is ringing . I’ll answer it. (ଫୋନ୍ ବାଜୁଛି । ମୁଁ ଧରୁଛି ।)
(ii) Wait a minute. I’ll will come you. (ଏକ ମିନିଟ୍ ଅପେକ୍ଷା କର । ମୁଁ ତୁମ ସହିତ ଯାଉଛି ।)
(ii) Kamala: Please don’t tell this to others.
(କମଳା : ଦୟାକରି ଏହା କାହାକୁ କହିବନି ।)
Sushree: Ok, I won’t tell anybody about i
(ସୁଶ୍ରୀ : ଠିକ୍ ଅଛି, ମୁଁ ଏହା ବିଷୟରେ କାହାକୁ କିଛି କହିବିନି ।)

Remember the differences (ପାର୍ଥକ୍ୟ ସବୁ ମନେରଖ )
1. (a) ’m sure it will rain today. (ମୁଁ ନିଶ୍ଚିତ ଆଜି ବର୍ଷା ହେବ ।)
(a prediciton based on personal assessment)
(ବ୍ୟକ୍ତିଗତ ଆକଳନ ଉପରେ ଆଧାରିତ ପୂର୍ବାନୁମାନ)
(b) The sky is cloudy. It is going to rain today.
(ବର୍ତ୍ତମାନର ପରିସ୍ଥିତି ବା ସୂଚନା ଆଧାରିତ ଭବିଷ୍ୟବାଣୀ)
(a prediction based on present indication)

2. (a) ’m going to learn English soon.
(ମୁଁ ନିକଟ ଭବିଷ୍ୟତରେ ଇଂରାଜୀ ଶିଖୁ ।)
(It is my plan or intention = ଏହା ମୋର ଯୋଜନା ବା ଇଚ୍ଛା ଅଟେ ।)
(b) am learning English soon. (ମୁଁ ନିକଟ ଭବିଷ୍ୟତରେ ଇଂରାଜୀ ଶିଖୁ ।)
(I have arranged for it = ମୁଁ ଇଂରାଜୀ ଶିଖୁବାର ବ୍ୟବସ୍ଥା କରିଛି ।)

5. The Future Progressive
Shall/will be + the Main Verb in the ‘ing’ form
Use :
We use the ‘Future Progressive’ to say about an action that will be going on at a particular time in the future.
(ଭବିଷ୍ୟତରେ ଏକ ନିର୍ଦ୍ଦିଷ୍ଟ ସମୟ ପରିଧ୍ଵ ମଧ୍ଯରେ ଚାଲୁଥିବା କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ ପାଇଁ Future Progressive ବ୍ୟବହାର କରାଯାଏ ।)
Examples :
Sushree : Can I see you at 1.45 sir ?
(ସୁଶ୍ରୀ : ସାର୍‌, ମୁଁ ଆପଣଙ୍କୁ ଗୋଟାଏ ପଇଁଚାଳିଶ ମିନିଟ୍‌ରେ ଦେଖା କରିପାରିବି ?)
Mr Pradhan : No, don’t come then. I will be having my lunch at that time.
(ଶ୍ରୀଯୁକ୍ତ ପ୍ରଧାନ : ନା, ସେତେବେଳେ ଆସନା । ମୁଁ ସେତେବେଳେ ମୋର ମଧ୍ୟାହ୍ନ ଭୋଜନ କରୁଥିବି ।)

The film begins at six and ends at nine.
(ଫିଲ୍ମଟି ଛ’ଟାରେ ଆରମ୍ଭ ହୋଇ ନ’ଟାରେ ଶେଷ ହୁଏ ।)
We will be watching the film tomorrow at seven.
(ଆମ୍ଭେମାନେ ସାତଟାରେ ଫିଲ୍ମଟିକୁ ଦେଖୁଥିବୁ ।)

6. Future Perfect
Will/shall have + Main Verb in the past participle
Use :
We use the ‘Future Perfect’ to talk about something that will be finished before a time in the future.
(ଭବିଷ୍ୟତରେ ଏକ ନିର୍ଦ୍ଦିଷ୍ଟ ସମୟ ପୂର୍ବରୁ ଶେଷ ହେବାକୁ ଥିବା କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ ପାଇଁ Future Perfect ବ୍ୟବହୃତ ହୁଏ ।)
(Here ‘by + time expression’ is used. = (ଏ କ୍ଷେତ୍ରରେ by + time expression ବ୍ୟବହାର କରାଯାଏ ।)
Examples :
I am saving money for a scooter.
(ମୁଁ ଗୋଟିଏ ସ୍କୁଟର ପାଇଁ ଟଙ୍କା ସଂଚୟ କରୁଛି । )
I will have saved enough for it by the end of this year.
(ଏଇ ବର୍ଷ ଶେଷ ସୁଦ୍ଧା ମୁଁ ଯଥେଷ୍ଟ ସଂଚୟ କରି ଦେଇଥିବି ।)
I will have finished reading the book by then.
(ମୁଁ ସେତେବେଳେ ସୁଦ୍ଧା ବହିଟି ପଢ଼ି ଶେଷ କରିଦେଇ ଥୁବି ।)

Activity – 1

Use shall/will in the blank spaces :
(i) A friend is trying to move a heavy table. You say, “ ________ I give you a hand ?”
Answer:
A friend is trying to move a heavy table. You say, “Shall I give you a hand ?”

(ii) “There is a lot of cleaning to do. You do the cleaning and I ________ do the drying. ”
Answer:
“There is a lot of cleaning to do. You do the cleaning and I will do the drying.”

(iii) A friend is carrying a lot of books to the library. You are going there anyway. You say, “I ________ take them there if you like. ”
Answer:
A friend is carrying a lot of books to the library. You are going there anyway. You say, “I shall take them there if you like. ”

(iv) I ________ go and ask the clerk if he has a spare key.
Answer:
I shall go and ask the clerk if he has a spare key.

Activity – 2

Work in small groups and write a four-line poem. Your first line should be one of the following expressions. The other three lines must be your creation and must start with I’ll. The lines need not rhyme.
# When I’m old and gray,
# When I go to college,
# When I wake up tomorrow,
# When I become famous,
# When I win a prize next,
# When father pats me on the back (tomorrow),
Answer:
When I wake up tomorrow,
I’ll rush to my little garden;
I’ll play with the little butterfly;
I’ll hope with weaver-bird.

Activity – 3

In each of thefollowing pairs ofsentences, one is more natural and common. Cross out the more unusual ones (ଭୁଲ୍ ବା ଅସ୍ଵାଭାବିକ ବାକ୍ୟଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ କାଟିପକାଅ)
(i) Leave that. (I’ll carry it./I’m going to carry it) for you.
Answer:
I am going to carry it (✗)

(ii) Bye. (I’ll see you/I’m going to see you) tomorrow.
Answer:
I’m going to see you (✗)

(iii) (I’ll post/I’m going to post) these letters for you if you like.
Answer:
I’m going to post (✗)

(iv) I’m so tired. (I’ll go/I’m going to go) to bed.
Answer:
I’m going to go (✗)

(v) I’m so far behind with my studies that (I’ll work/I’m going to work) next Sunday.
Answer:
I’ll work (✗)

Activity – 4

Two friends Nilu and Chinu are leaving school together. Their parents have gone to their village. Some of the lines of their conversation are correct and some have mistakes. If a line is correct, put a tick mark. If a line has a mistake in it, underline the mistake and write the correct expression against the brackets. (ଠିକ୍ ଧାଡ଼ି ପାଇଁ (✓) ଚିହ୍ନ ଓ ଭୁଲ୍ ଧାଡ଼ି ପାଇଁ ଭୁଲ୍ ଶବ୍ଦକୁ ରେଖାଙ୍କିତ କରି ଏହାର ସଠିକ୍ ଉତ୍ତର ବନ୍ଧନୀ ଭିତରେ ଲେଖ)
Where will you eat tonight ? (1)
Answer:
Where will you eat tonight ? (1) (✓)

At home, I’ve got a cookery book, so I’ll make a curry. (2)
Answer:
At home, I’ve got a cookery book, so I’ll make a curry. (2)
Correct : I’m going to make a curry.

Why not come to my place? I’m going to cook us both something. (3)
Answer:
Why not come to my place? I’m going to cook us both something. (3)
Correct : I will cook something for both of us.

Won’t you go to meet your Grandpa? (4)
Answer:
Won’t you go to meet your Grandpa? (4)
Correct : Aren’t you going to meet your Grandpa?

No, he’s left for the village. I’m not going to meet him for a month or so. (5)
Answer:
No, he’s left for the village, I’m not going to meet him for a month or so. (5) (✓)

O.K.I’m going to come round at 8 and I’ll bring some ice-cream. (6)
Answer:
O.K. I’m going to come round at 8 and I’ll bring some ice-cream. (6)
Correct : I’ll come round at 8 and I’ll bring ice cream.

Fine. I’ll see you then. (7)
Answer:
Fine. I’ll see you then. (7) (✓)

Activity – 5

Use in the blank spaces will/shall, be going to, or present progressive forms of he verbs given in brackets, (will/shall, be going to ବା present progressive form ବ୍ୟବହାର କରି ଶୂନ୍ୟସ୍ଥାନ ପୂରଣ କର ।)

Mina : Would you like to come to watch a movie this weekend?
Nina : I’d like to, but I’m afraid ________ (I/not/have) time.
Mina : Why? ________ (what / do)
Nina : Well, (my father/arrive) back from Delhi. He’s been there for six months and ________ (we/have) a big party to celebrate.
Mina : ________ (he/not/be) too tired for a party after his long train journey?
Nina : Yes and no doubt ________ (he/have) no proper food during the journey. So, on Saturday he can take it easy. But on Sunday, ________ (all the family/come) on a picnic. ________ (I/prepare) things all day on Saturday.
Mina : What a lot of work for you.
Nina : I don’t mind. Other members of my family are helpful and we are well organized. In fact, ________ (I/see) someone about hiring a cook this afternoon. So, I must go now or ________ (I/not/get) to their shop before ________ (they/close).
Mina : I hope ________ (everything/go) well for you.
Nina : I’m sure ________ (it/be) a great day. Provided ________ (the weather/remain) fine.
Answers:
Mina : Would you like to come to watch a movie this weekend?
Nina : I’d like to. but I’m afraid I won’t have time.
Mina : Why ? What are you going to do? (କ’ଣ କରିବୁ).
Nina : Well, my father is arriving (ପହଞ୍ଚେବେ) back from Delhi. He’s been there for six months and we’re having (ଭୋଜିଦେବୁ) a big party to celebrate.
Mina : Won’t he be tired too for a party after his long train journey?
Nina : Yes and no doubt he will have no proper food during the journey. So. on Saturday he can take it easy. But on Sunday, all the family are coming on a picnic. I am preparing/am going to prepare (ପ୍ରସ୍ତୁତ କରିବି) things all day on Saturday.
Mina : What a lot of work for you.
Nina : I don’t mind. Other members of my family are helpful and we are well organized. In fact, I will see someone about hiring a cook this afternoon. So, I must go now or I won’t get to their shop before they are closed.
Mina : I hope everything will go well for you.
Nina : I’m sure it will be a great day. Provided the weather remains fine.

Activity – 6

Copy your time-table for next Thursday. On the basis of that write five sentences to mention what you are going to do that day. Compare your sentences with those of your friend’s. (ଆସନ୍ତା ଗୁରୁବାର ପାଇଁ ତୁମର ସମୟ ନିର୍ଘଣ୍ଟ ପ୍ରସ୍ତୁତ କର ।) (ସେ ଦିନ କ’ଣ କରିବାକୁ ଯାଉଛ ୫ଟି ବାକ୍ୟରେ ପ୍ରକାଶ କର ।)
I’m participating (ଅଂଶଗ୍ରହଣ କରିବି) in a drawing competition in my school.
I’m monitoring the class after the class.
I’m collecting (ଆଦାୟ କରିବି) money for giving farewell to our headmaster.
I’m going (ଯିବି) to the market with my friends to buy a few things.
I’m joining (ଯୋଗଦେବି) the birthday party of my friend Jatin in the evening.

Activity – 7

Use either will be v-ing or will have v-en in the blank spaces in the following lines. The verbs have been given in brackets.
(i) Our school closes at 4.30. I ________ (take) some snacks at home at five o’clock.
Answer:
Our school closes at 4.30. I will be taking (ଖାଉଥିବି) some snacks at home at five o’clock.

(ii) Our school closes at 4.30. I ________ (reach) home by five o’clock.
Answer:
Our school closes at 4.30. I will have reached (ପହଞ୍ଚିଯାଇଥିବି) home by five o’clock.

(iii) They ________ (not/finish) painting the school building until next week.
Answer:
They won’t have finished (ଶେଷ କରିନଥିବେ) painting the school building until next week.

(iv) You ________ (take) a test on English Grammar this day next week.
Answer:
You will be taking (ଏକ ପରୀକ୍ଷା ଦେଉଥିବ) a test on English Grammar this day next week.

(v) Our teacher ________ (work) here for next five years.
Answer:
Our teacher will be working (ଶିକ୍ଷାଦାନ କରୁଥିବେ) here for next five years.

(vi) By the time you read this, I ________ (finish) answering all the questions.
Answer:
By the time you read this, I will have finished (ଶେଷ କରି ନେଇ ଥୁବି) answering all the questions.

Tense Revisited Additional Exercises With Answers

Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the verbs given in the brackets.
1. Cow ________ on grass. (live)
Answer:
lives

2. The Mahanadi ________ into the Bay of Bengal. (flow)
Answer:
flows

3. Ashish ________ in ghosts. (believe)
Answer:
believes

4. Oxygen ________ bumping. (help)
Answer:
helps

5. The notice ________ “No Smoking”. (say)
Answer:
says

6. You can stay as long I ________ here. (be)
Answer:
am

7. School ________ at 10. (sit)
Answer:
sits

8. Here ________ Kohli to bat. (come)
Answer:
comes

9. I ________ he is right, (think)
Answer:
think

10. I shall help if he ________. (come)
Answer:
comes

11. He always gets up early, but today he ________ late. (get up)
Answer:
is getting up

12. The girl ________ constantly mistakes. (make)
Answer:
is making

13. My father ________ from the USA tonight. (return)
Answer:
returning

14. I TV when some one rang. (watch)
Answer:
was watching

15. He explained what ________. (happen)
Answer:
had happened

16. I wish I ________ her telephone number. (know)
Answer:
knew

17. We ________ Puri last week, (visit)
Answer:
visited

18. He used to ________ a bag. (carry)
Answer:
carry

19. The patient ________ before the doctor arrived. (die)
Answer:
had died

20. I found a note when I ________ my father’s shirt. (wash)
Answer:
was washing

21. When Munu was playing, Sonu ________. (read)
Answer:
was reading

22. I ________ to the song four times since this afternoon, (listen)
Answer:
have listened

23. The boy admitted that he ________ the window. (break)
Answer:
had broken

24. When I reached the station, the train ________ the station. (leave)
Answer:
had left

25. Our school ________ yesterday. (open)
Answer:
opened

26. The police ________ the thief for the last six months. (chase)
Answer:
has been chasing

27. I ________ the book for the last two months. (write)
Answer:
have been writing

28. They ________ for two hours, when their car broke down. (drive)
Answer:
had been driving

29. India ________ free in 1947. (become)
Answer:
became

30. The girl is out of breath because she ________ round the playground, (run)
Answer:
has been running

31. She ________ with her aunt at the moment. (stay)
Answer:
is staying

32. This is the first time Sneha ________ meat. (cook)
Answer:
has cooked

33. My father waters the plants, but today I ________ them. (water)
Answer:
am watering

34. The tin ________ some sugar, (contain)
Answer:
contains

35. By the time I reached at school, the teaching ________ for an hour. (continue)
Answer:

36. Dr PrativaRoy ________ many novels. (write)
Answer:
has written

37. Shakespear ________ many plays. (write)
Answer:
wrote

38. The postman ________ come yet. (not come)
Answer:
has not come

39. If he ________ to cheat, I would inform his father. (try)
Answer:
tried

40. I ________ Puri three times last year, (visit)
Answer:
visited

41. Quinine ________ bitter. (taste)
Answer:
tastes

42. I ________ he is right. (feel)
Answer:
feel

43. He ________ a house in the city. (own)
Answer:
owns

44. The chief guest ________ the function open. (declare)
Answer:
declares

45. When I was in Hyderabad, I ________ a student. (be)
Answer:
was

46. Once upon a time there ________ a king. (live)
Answer:
lived

47. We ________ to the new house next week. (move)
Answer:
are moving

48. Education ________ a nation great. (make)
Answer:
makes

49. The Prime Minister ________ America next month. (visit)
Answer:
visits

50. Tomorrow ________ Sunday.(be)
Answer:
is

51. I wish I ________ wings. (have)
Answer:
had

52. As soon as I ________ the letter, I will inform you. (receive)
Answer:
received

53. When the teacher entered the class, the students ________. (stand up)
Answer:
stood up

54. The bridge collapsed when the train ________ on it. (run)
Answer:
was running

55. He ________ at this school this year, (read)
Answer:
is reading

56. The climate ________ day by day. (change)
Answer:
is changing

57. Babul ________ in class IX last year. (read)
Answer:
was reading

58. Madhusmita is not at home. She ________ to Mumbai. (go)
Answer:
has gone

59. Rojalin ________ this place a few minutes ago. (leave)
Answer:
left

60. As soon as the ship ________ the harbour, it started raining. (leave)
Answer:
left

61. ________ you meet him yesterday? (do)
Answer:
Did

62. My father ________ coffee to tea. (prefer)
Answer:
prefers

63. What ________ you tomorrow? (do)
Answer:
are doing

64. She ________ always ________ her keys. (lose)
Answer:
is, losing

65. Elephants ________ in forest. (live)
Answer:
live

66. Water ________ our life. (sustain)
Answer:
sustains

67. Nothing ________ since you came here. (change)
Answer:
has changed

68. The villagers ________ the road for two weeks. (repair)
Answer:
have been repairing

69. He looked as if he ________ for days together. (not eat)
Answer:
had not eaten

70. Marconi ________ radio. (invent)
Answer:
invented

71. I ________ my face about when she looked at me. (turn)
Answer:
turned

72. Recently the price of petroleum ________. (go up)
Answer:
has gone up

73. Cricket ________ in America. (not play)
Answer:
is not played

74. Help me if you ________. (like)
Answer:
like

75. Don’t read the questions until I ________ you to do so. (ask)
Answer:
ask

[Future Time]

76. Man ________ one day. (die)
Answer:
will die

77. We ________ a play next week. (have)
Answer:
are having

78. I hope she ________. (come)
Answer:
will come

79. I think it ________ today. (rain)
Answer:
will rain

80. Don’t call me at 11 pm. I ________ then. (sleep)
Answer:
shall be sleeping

81. Call me after 9.30 pm. I ________ dinner then.(finish)
Answer:
shall have finished

82. Leave those questions, I ________ you the answer. (tell)
Answer:
will tell

83. Our teacher ________ here for next four years. (work)
Answer:
will be working

84. I don’t think, he ________ the scholarship. (get)
Answer:
will get

85. Look! The child ________. (fall)
Answer:
is going to fall

86. I ________ fifteen next week. (be)
Answer:
shall be

87. The phone is ringing. I ________ it. (answer)
Answer:
will answer

88. We ________ a picnic tomorrow. (have)
Answer:
are having

89. Our examination ________ on Monday next. (start)
Answer:
starts

90. The train ________ at 5 am. (leave)
Answer:
leaves

91. The sky is clear. It ________ a sunny day. (be)
Answer:
is going to be

92. I ________ a house very soon. (build)
Answer:
am building

93. You are late. You ________ the train. (miss)
Answer:
are going to miss

94. I ________ HSC examination by may next. (pass)
Answer:
shall have passed

95. I afraid she ________. (not agree)
Answer:
won’t agree

96. Wait a minute. I ________ with you. (come)
Answer:
will come

97. The hunter is pointing his gun at the bird. He ________ it. (shoot)
Answer:
is going to shoot

98. I ________ English soon. (learn)
Answer:
am learning

99. I ________ school by 10.30. (reach)
Answer:
shall have reached

100. She ________ chess at this time tomorrow. (play)
Answer:
will be playing

What do the tense forms used in the following sentence express?
1. Spring comes after winter.
Answer:
law of nature

2. Light travels faster than sound.
Answer:
scientific truth

3. The collector declares the flower show open.
Answer:
formal declaration

4. I am hungry.
Answer:
present state

5. Jammu and Kashmir is in the north part of India.
Answer:
permanent fact

6. The AHSC Exam 2019 begins next week.
Answer:
planned future action

7. The sun rises in the east.
Answer:
general truth

8. Lifestyle of people is changing very fast.
Answer:
changing situation

9. Puja is always biting her nails.
Answer:
unpleasant action

10. He is getting up at 6 every morning for his examination.
Answer:
temporary action

Single words answer.

1. The past form of ‘learn’ is ________.
Answer:
learnt/learned

2. The present form of ‘put’ is ________.
Answer:
put

3. The past participle form of ‘bite’ is ________.
Answer:
bitten

4. The -ing form of ‘die’ is ________.
Answer:
dying

5. The -ing form of ‘forget’ is ________.
Answer:
forgetting,

6. The past form of ‘buy’ is ________.
Answer:
bought

7. The past form of ‘cling’ is ________.
Answer:
clang

8. The present form of ‘fled’ is ________.
Answer:
flee

9. The past participle form of ‘meet’ is ________.
Answer:
met

10. The past participle form of ‘awake’ is ________.
Answer:
awoken

11. The present form of ‘froze’ is ________.
Answer:
freeze

12. The past form of ‘dream’ is ________.
Answer:
dreamt

13. The past form of ‘breed’ is ________.
Answer:
bred

14. The past form of ‘dwell’ is ________.
Answer:
dwelt

15. The -ing form of ‘stop’ is ________.
Answer:
stopping

16. The-ing form of ‘continue’ is ________.
Answer:
continuing

17. The -ing form of ‘begin’ is ________.
Answer:
beginning

18. The past form of ‘choose’ is ________.
Answer:
chose

19. The past participle form of ‘lie’ is ________.
Answer:
lain

20. The past form of ‘shine’ is ________.
Answer:
shone