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Odisha State Board CHSE Odisha Class 12 Invitation to English 3 Solutions Writing Interpreting Graph, Charts, Tables and Diagrams Textbook Activity Questions and Answers.

CHSE Odisha 12th Class English Writing Interpreting Graph, Charts, Tables and Diagrams

Graphs, charts, tables, diagrams, etc. generally have visual representations so as to enable us to present some information. Visual representations make us understand the information contained therein.

7.1. Diagrams

Given below is a diagram of the British School System. Examine it carefully and compare it with the passage given below:

(ii) To test whether you have understood what the diagram presents, see if you can answer the following questions :

Question (a)
How many types of schools there are in England?
Answer:
There are two types of schools in England, namely, Private Schools and State Schools.

Question (b)
What percentage of the pupils go to state-run schools?
Answer:
Ninety-five percent of the students go to state-run schools.

Question (c)
What percentage goes to private schools?
Answer:
Only five percent go to private schools.

Question (d)
When do children start primary education in England?
Answer:
Children start primary education in England at the age of five.

Question (e)
When do they get into secondary education?
Answer:
They get into secondary education at the age of eleven.

Question (f)
When do they take their first and second public examinations?
Answer:
They take their first and second public examinations at the age of 16 and 18 respectively.

Question (g)
Is pre-primary education compulsory in England?
Answer:
Pre-primary education is not compulsory in England. On the other hand, it is voluntary.

The information found in the diagram is presented below in words.

The British School System
In Britain most schools are financed by the state and for the children attending these schools, they are free. However, about 5 percent of the school population attends private schools, and these are financed from pupils’ fees. For state-run as well as private schools, the general pattern of schooling in Britain is as follows. All children must start school at the age of 5. At the age of 11 children move to different schools, called Secondary Schools, where they are made to go through a set timetable of subjects for a period of 5 years, after which they take their first public examination at the age of 16.

After the first public examination, most pupils leave school. Only about 30 percent continue. Those that stay on spend the next two years concentrating on a small number of subjects. They take their second public examination at the age of 18. In Britain, there is also a provision for pre-primary schooling. However, pre-primary schooling is not compulsory. It is, on the other hand, voluntary, and is offered both by state-run schools and private schools.

The British School System
Most children attend the British School System where schools are directly financed by the State. But on the other hand, nearly 5 percent of children attending schools go to private institutions. But in Great Britain, in the State-run and private educational institutions, children start school at the age of 5 and when they are 11, they go to secondary school. There they are taught to go through a set timetable of subjects for a period of 5 years.

Afterward, they attain their first public examination towards the age of 16. Then after the completion of the first public examination, most students leave schools leaving only 30 percent student- population to continue their studies. Pre-primary education in Britain is yet another feature of education, though not compulsory. Pre-primary education is offered through State-run schools and private schools as well.

Activity – 1

Study the diagram below and write a short passage of about 3 paragraphs on it.

Answer:
Kinds of musical instruments :
Musical instruments are of three types, namely, wind instruments, percussion instruments and string instruments. Wind instruments are those which are played by blowing wind into them while percussion instruments are played by beating or striking them like the drums. String instruments, on the other hand, are those which have strings. Wind instruments can be further classified into wood wind instruments and brass wind instruments.

Examples of the former are the clarinet, the flute and the basson, while examples of the latter are the trumpet, the horn etc. Similarly, string instruments can be classified into two groups on the basis of the method by which music is produced through them. Instruments like the harp which produce music when its strings are plucked belong to one group while instruments like the violin and the cello which produce music when a bow is drawn across its strings belong to another group.

Activity -2

Draw a diagram to present the facts on the school system in Odisha. Then, present the same information in words, in two or there paragraphs, (as has been done above for, the British School System).
Answer:

• Only one public examination at the age of 15.
• First Board examination at the age of ten.
• Second Board examination at the age of 12.
• Third Board examination at the age of 15.

In Odisha there are Public schools which are mostly English medium shcools as well as Government-run schools which teach in the Oriya medium, whereas in the past, Odisha had only Govt, schools and a very few public schools. The gap between the two is closely narrowing as public schools are mushrooming all over the state. As of now, 60% students go to Govt-run schools, while the rest 40% go to public schools. Govt- run schools offer Primary education free of cost and charge very little for Middle-English and Secondary education whereas public schools charge high fees.

Govt. Schools do not offer any pre-primary education. Students start their Primary education at the age of 5 and continue upto class 5 when they take their first public examination. After this they move to Middle English schools where they study for two years till their second public examinations at the age of 12. From here they go to High schools where they study for three years to take the third public examination at the age of 15. Public Schools, on the other hand, offer pre-primary education in the Kinder Garten and Nursery which starts at the age of 3 or 3V4. After this children continue into primary schooling and then till class ten when they take their first public examination at the age of 15.

Activity – 3

Draw a diagram showing how many streams your college has at the +2 level. Also include information about subjects, papers, practicals etc. in your diagram. Then write a short passage covering all the information in your diagram.

The Khallikote College, Berhampur has three streams, namely Arts. Science and Commerce at the +2 level. All the streams offer teaching in compulsory and optional subjects. While the compulsory subjects are the same for every stream, the optional subjects differ from stream to stream. Among optional subjects too there is a choice of a combination of subjects in each stream with three subjects to be chosen as primary optional and another to be added as a fourth optional.

Further in the Arts stream while only two subjects namely, Education and Anthropology have theory and practical classes; in the Science stream all subjects, except Mathematics, have theory and practical classes. In the Commerce stream there are practicals in no subject. The compulsory subjects for all streams are General English and MIL (O) or Alt. English or Hindi or Telugu. The optional subjects offered in the Arts stream are Anthropology, Economics, Political Science, History, Sanskrit, Philosophy and Education.

The optionals offered in the Science stream are Physics, Chemistry, Mathematics, Biology, Electronics and Geology. The combinations offered in these subjects are PCM with Biology or Electronics or Geology as fourth optional and PCB with Mathematics or Electronics or Geology as fourth optional. In the Commerce stream, the Business Organisation, Office Management, Costing, Financial Accounting and Business Mathematics are the primary optionals offered. There is no choice in this matter. All the five are to be studied. This apart one is to choose between Economics or Salesmanship as fourth optional.

7.2 Graphs

In America, there are frequent reports about Unidentified Flying Objects (UFOs) which people claim to have seen flying in the sky and which are believed to be space-ships carrying visitors from other planets. The following is a graph showing the number of UFOs “sighted” (seen) during a particular year. Study the graph.
Graphs

(I). Hints :
(a) 16 Jan, a science fiction film shown on the TV.
(b) 30 Jan, an article was published by an Airforce officer, interpreting UFOs as the result of aircraft movements.
(c) 16 Feb, a science correspondent attacked the Airforce officer’s findings.
(d) 26 Feb, a public debate between the Airforce officer and the science correspondent arranged, but the latter didn’t show up.

(II). Now, here are some questions you need to answer if you have to write a report (in words), based on the diagram above.
(a) There was a sharp rise in the number of reported sightings of UFOs. When ? Why ?
(b) After the rise, there was a marked fall in the number of reported sightings. When ? Why ?
(c) There was another rise, following the fall. Why ?
(d) What brought about the final fall ?
(e) Was there any noticeable rise in reports after the debate ?

Answer:
(a) There was a sharp rise in the number of reported sightings of UFOs. As per the reports, the rise recorded more than twenty during the early part of January and February. An article was published on the sightings of UFOs, as a result of the less movement of aircraft in the air.
(b) After a rise, there was a marked fall in the number of reported sightings towards the early part of March. It was perhaps due to the frequent movement of aircraft in the air.
(c) There was another rise, though small in quantity following the fall, due to fewer movements of civil and military aircraft.
(d) The increased movement of civil and military aircraft brought about the final fall.
(e) No, there was no noticeable rise after the debate.

Activity -4

Now complete the report below by filling in the blank.

During the early part of _________ this year the rate of UFO sightings was steady at around _________ or _________ a week. On 16 __________ a science fiction film about visitors from outer space was screened on television and immediately after that there was a sharp increase in reported sightings. On 30 __________ an Airforce officer, who had been investigating all such reports made his findings known. He maintained that all UFO reports could be explained quite naturally as being due to civil and military aircraft movements. Following this explanation, there was a rapid ___________ in the number of reported sightings. But the rate did not return to the pre-broadcast level. Some people, however, were not convinced. On 16 ____________, a science correspondent published a highly critical article about the findings of the Airforce officer. He demanded an independent inquiry. This article caused a renewal of interest in the subject of ___________ and a corresponding steep ____________ in the number of sightings. The rise, however, was not as marked as the increase in January. The Airforce officer invited the science correspondent to meet him in a public debate ____________ days later. But the science correspondent did not show up on the appointed day. The Airforce officer, in turn, produced some very convincing evidence for his case. As a result, interest in UFOs ___________ and the sightings were even fewer than at the beginning of the year. As the weeks went by there was a little increase in the number of reports.
Answer:
January, three, four, January, January, rise, February, UFOs, rise, ten, decreased

Activity – 5

Have a close look at the graph below and write a report to accompany it.

Hints
a. Return of a group of migrant workers from an affected area.
b. Very dry summer, lack of drinking water.
c. Preventive measures introduced by the government.
d. WHO sends limited supplies of medicine.
e. Medicine loses effectiveness; virus develops resistance.
f. Vaccine produced; population vaccinated.

Answer:
Progress of Virus Epidemic in Bihar – A viral epidemic started in Bihar in December 1997. By February 1998 about 4000 people had died. It was then that a group of migrant workers returned from an affected area. This resulted in a sudden rise in the death toll. By the middle of March, the death toll stood at 7000 (approx.). This phenomenally escalated because of a very dry summer and lack of drinking water. Consequently, between the middle of March and April, the death toll rose to an all-time high of 18,000. Only then did the government wake up to introduce preventive measures. This saw a slight decrease in the death toll.

But towards the end of May when the WHO sent supplies of medicine, happily the death toll sharply decreased and by the middle of June, it had reduced to 5000. The decreasing trend, however, did not last long. The medicine soon lost its effectiveness as the virus developed resistance to the medicine and therefore once again the epidemic spread. As a result of this between mid-June and mid-September, almost 14,000 people died. By then a vaccine had been produced and the entire population was vaccinated. This proved effective and the death toll fell to 2000 by December 1998. By April 1999 the epidemic had been completely controlled.

Activity – 6

Write an account of a difficult night journey you made on a scooter from Sambalpur to Keonjhar. You may use the information in the diagram below.

Hints: Carefully mark the mountains and forests shown in the graph.

Answer:
Night Journey by Scooter from Sambalpur to Keonjhar I began my journey by scooter from Sambalpur at 10.00 pm in night. It was going to be a long and arduous journey. By 10.30 p.m. I had reached Padiabahal. The road was good and there was not much of traffic. Ten minutes after that I arrived at Badarama ghat. All around there was. pitch darkness. I had to slow down as I crossed this dangerous ghat. There were steep curves and hairpin bends.

Negotiating them was nerve-racking. It took me almost 25 minutes to cross the 5 km-long ghats. After crossing the ghat, I arrived at Balarama. It was almost 11.30 p.m. then. I decided to stop at a roadside Dhaba for tea. I was already feeling drowsy. The tea did me good as I started off at midnight steeling myself for the long journey through the thickly forested areas of the Deogarh and Palalahara districts. The roads were undulating and had plenty of pot-holes and whenever an occasional truck passed by I had to drive slow and was pushed to the edge of the road.

All this slowed me down during this 70 km-long journey between Badarama and Palalahara. At 1.30 a.m. I passed Deogarh. In spite of the bad roads, I covered it in one and a half hours. After passing Deogarh, I felt as if I had crossed a big milestone. The forest area was gradually coming to an end. Yet it took me an hour to reach Palalahara. At Palalahara, I had another cup of tea. It was really refreshing. I washed my face, eased myself, and started on again. After 5 km I reached the Plalahara ghat.

This was not as steep and rough as the Badarama ghat. But I was careful as I negotiated its bends. It took me just 20 minutes to cross the ghat. This time I arrived at the level road leading to Keonjhar. The milestone read 35 km. The road was good. It had been repaired a few months back by the L and T Company. I sped in the darkness of the night. As it was nearing dawn, traffic was extremely thin. By 4.40 a.m. Sodium Vapour lamps greeted me as I entered Keonjhar and my journey came to an end.

Activity – 7

The students of your college are dissatisfied about a number of things and sometimes resort to strikes, Dharana, etc.
Write a report on the different incidents of student unrest during recent years in your college and how a satisfactory solution was found. First, prepare a graph and then write the report.

Report on strikes during the years 2005-2009 at Rampur College
Deogarh college in Sambalpur was established in 1999. It provides education at the +2 level in the Arts, Science and Commerce streams. Since its inception, the college was incident free till the year 2004. But when college elections were held in 2005 for the first time, strikes were witnessed in the college. In 2005, one of the presidential candidates who lost by a very narrow margin went on a hunger strike. He had lost by 11 votes and therefore he requested for recounting. The panel of Appeals only assented to readdition.

He agreed but after readdition when the result was the same, he went on dharma for a second time, sitting under the portico and prohibiting everyone from entering the college. No one paid any attention to him for 4 days but suddenly on- the fifth day he feigned unconsciousness. As a result, the panel of Appeals allowed the counting of votes in Ballot papers. Once again he was proved wrong and the college limped back to normalcy. After 2005, strikes became a regular feature.

In 2006, 6 incidents of striking and unrest during the whole academic year. The strikes were resorted to for several reasons like, such demand for a bus stop in front of the college, postponement of Examinations etc. In 2007, the spate of students unrest shot up to 12 separate incidents of dharnas and strikes because of the sudden increase in the tuition fees and corruption in the admission of students. This was perhaps the worst year of student unrest and all that was only settled with the intervention of the collector and the dismissal of a few clerks.

After this, an aura of fear was seven among the students as well as the staff. Besides this, the government appointed Dr R. K. Sahu a man of great integrity as the principal of the college. As a result strikes completely stopped in the college. The year 2009 was also a year of no strikes and the college witnessed a new spirit of amity among the staff and the students. Thus the graph shows that strikes reached their peak in the year 2007 and had their complete decline in the year 2009.

7.3 Charts

Look at the chart below. It shows the ownership pattern of durable goods by different families in India. Try to understand the facts presented in it and answer the questions that follow :
Ownership pattern of Durables (Percentage of the total owned by different income classes)

Now answer these questions :
a. What is the annual family income of the people belonging to the low category?
b. What percentage of which goods do they buy as shown in the chart?
c. Considering their limited income, do they buy a lot?
d. Would you call the people belonging to the high category “rich”? Do they spend enough on consumer durables, in proportion to their income? What percentage of goods do they buy? What do the rich prefer to buy?

Question (a)
What is the annual family income of the people belonging to the low category?
Answer:
The annual family income of people belonging to the low category is Rs 1,20,000.

Question (b)
What percentage of which goods do they buy as shown in the chart?
Answer:
The percentage of goods which the low category people buy is as follows: Bicycles – 47% Mopeds – 17% Scooters – 9% Motorcycles – 11% Colour TVs – 10% and Washing Machines – 6% Note – All are approximate figures.

Question (c)
Considering their limited income, do they buy a lot?
Answer:
Yes, in spite of earning Rs 1.20,000 annually, they hold 17 percent of the market share in durables which is equal to the market share of the higher-income group and more than the market share of the upper-middle group.

Question (d)
Would you call the people belonging to the high category “rich”? Do you spend enough on consumer durables, in proportion to your income? What percentage of goods do they buy? What do the rich prefer to buy?
Answer:
In comparison with the low-income group, the people of the high-income group are definitely richer but their market share is comparatively lower than the market share of the low-income group in proportion to their income. They buy only 3 percent Of bicycles, 7 percent of mopeds, 17 percent of scooters, 20 percent of motorcycles, 19 percent of color T.V.s, and 37 percent of washing machines. It is obvious that they prefer to buy goods like color T.V.s and washing machines.

Activity – 8

Fill in the blanks in the report below with the ideas from the chart above.
A short report on the Ownership pattern of consumer durables in India.

The poor in India do not have a lot of money: their annual family income, on average, comes to Rs. 20,000. But they make a lot of purchases and constitute the mainstay for most products in the country. For example, families belonging to this category own _____________ of all bicycles, __________of mopeds, __________ of scooters, ___________ of motorcycles, and 10 percent of color televisions. They even own washing machines. The rich, in contrast, have money, but their share of purchases of these products is comparatively much less. Despite the money they have, they buy only ___________ of bicycles ___________ of mopeds, ___________of scooters, ___________ of motorcycles, and _____________ of color TVs. The poor earn less but spend more. And the rich earn more but spend less.

Answer:
The poor in India do not have a lot of money: their annual family income, on average, comes to Rs. 20,000. But they make a lot of purchases and constitute the mainstay for most products in the country. For example, families belonging to this category own 47 percent of all bicycles, 17 percent of mopeds, 9 percent of scooters, 11 percent of motorcycles, and 10 percent of color televisions. They even own washing machines. The rich, in contrast, have money, but their share of purchases of these products is comparatively much less. Despite the money they have, they buy only 3 percent of bicycles, 7 percent of mopeds, 17 percent of scooters, 20 percent of motorcycles, and 19 percent of color TVs. The poor earn less but spend more. And the rich earn more but spend less.

Activity – 9

Look at the chart below and answer the questions that follow.
Four-wheelers that passed over the bridge :

Question 1.
When was the bridge least busy?
Answer:
The bridge was least busy between 7.30 and 8.30 a.m.

Question 2.
When did the rush hour begin? When was the bridge most busy?
Answer:
The rush hour began at 9.00 a.m. and continued till 10.00 a.m. The bridge was most busy at 9.30 a.m.

Question 3.
How many vehicles in total passed over the bridge by 10.30?
Answer:
A total of 420 (approx.) vehicles passed over the bridge by 10.30.

Question 4.
If you know that schools start at 9.30 and government offices at 10.00, can you think of a way to reduce the pressure of traffic between 9.00 and 10.00?
Answer:
The school timings can be changed from 9.30 to 8.00 to reduce the pressure of traffic.

Activity – 10

Use the information in the chart below and write a short report to show which course was popular and why. (No reason has been shown in the chart, you have to think of some).

(Students enrolled in the Civil Engineering and Electronics courses of an Engineering College.)

A short report on the popularity of Civil Engineering and Electronics courses between 1970 -1998.
Answer:
In the year 1970 students’ preference for Civil Engineering was very high. 900 students were admitted for Civil Engineering courses whereas only 610 had enrolled for Electronics. Civil Engineering was a traditionally demanded subject and with a lot of development works taking place then, jobs were aplenty. On the other hand, electronics had been newly introduced and did not have many employment opportunities.

Ten years later Civil Engineering was still popular but because of a slight decrease in employment opportunities student enrolment also saw a slight decrease. Enrolment in Electronics however did not register much change. By 1990, the introduction of computers all over India, boosted the popularity of electronics and as it provided better job opportunities there was an increase in student enrolment in courses on Electronics. Now 900 students have been enrolled in Electronics while only 700 are in Civil Engineering.

The popularity of Electronics soared to new heights with the entry of multinationals into India after 1995. The multinationals provide great job opportunities and with many job opportunities overseas for computer professionals with handsome pay packets, the Electronics courses witnessed an admission of more than a thousand students in 1998. By then jobs for Engineering students were completely saturated. Civil engineers remained unemployed and therefore. Civil Engineering courses were no more popular. In 1998 only 300 students got enrolled in Civil Engineering.

7.4 Tables

Look at the table below, showing the maximum temperature recorded at different places in Odisha.

II. Answer these questions.

Question (a)
What was the highest temperature recorded?
Answer:
The highest record temperature was 43.5.

Question (b)
Where was it recorded?
Answer:
It was recorded at Angul.

Question (c)
Which were the other places that recorded high temperatures?
Answer:
The other places which recorded high temperatures were Bhubaneswar, Bolangir, Cuttack, Phulbani, Sambalpur, and Jharsuguda.

Question (d)
What was the maximum temperature in Bhubaneswar?
Answer:
The maximum temperature in Bhubaneswar was 42.2.

Question (e)
Which other places were as warm as Bhubaneswar?
Answer:
Bolangir, Jharsuguda, Sambalpur and Cuttack were as warm as Bhubaneswar.

Question (f)
What was the weather like in Puri, Gopalpur, Paradip, and Balasore? Why?
Answer:
The weather in these places was considerably less warm. It stood between 32.00 to 33.5. This is because these towns are on the coast.

Activity-11

Fill in the blanks to complete the following report based on the table above.

A report on today’s weather in Odisha
It was the season’s hottest day, in Odisha today. The temperature in many places went beyond __________ Celsius. Of all places in Odisha, _________recorded the highest temperature of __________ The other places that experienced an equally hot day were Bolangir and Jharsuguda. In these two places, the mercury soared up to __________ Bhubaneswar, the capital city, recorded a high temperature of __________ The other places that were as hot as Bhubaneswar were ________ and __________ with a recording of __________ and ___________ respectively. However, ____________, __________, Paradip, and Balasore, places near the sea, were relatively cooler. They recorded maximum temperatures of around ___________ Celsius.

Answer:
A report on today’s weather in Odisha
It was the season’s hottest day, in Odisha. The temperature in many places went beyond 40° Celsius. Of all places in Odisha, Angul recorded the highest temperature of 43.5° Celsius. The other places that experienced an equally hot day were Bolangir and Jharsuguda. In these two places, the mercury soared up to 42.7° Celsius. Bhubaneswar, the capital city, recorded a high temperature of 42.2° Celsius. The other places that were as hot as Bhubaneswar were Cuttack and Sambalpur with a recording of 41.5° Celsius and 41.8° Celsius respectively. However, Gopalpur, Puri. Paradip and Balasore, places near the sea, were relatively cooler. They recorded maximum temperatures of around 33.5° Celsius.

Activity – 12

The following table presents a weather report on the basis of data recorded up to 8.30 a.m. on Friday, 8 December. Have a look at the table and answer the questions that follow. Then write a short report to go with the table.

(a) On 8 December, Mumbai had the highest maximum temperature.

Question (i)
Which City had the lowest maximum temperature?
Answer:
Delhi had the lowest maximum temperature on 8 December.

Question (ii)
What was the temperature?
Answer:
The temperature was 20° C.

(b). Question (i)
Which city had the highest minimum temperature?
Answer:
Chennai had the highest minimum temperature.

Question (ii)
How much was it?
Answer:
The temperature was 23°C.

Question (c)
Which city had rainfall during the past 24 hours?
Answer:
Chennai had rainfall during the past 24 hours.

Question (d)
Which city had recorded the highest amount of rainfall since 1 October?
Answer:
Chennai had recorded the highest amount of rainfall since 1 October.

Weather report of Metro Cities:
Even in winter, the Metro cities of India were quite warm. On 8 December, Mumbai was the hottest with a maximum temperature of 34° celsius, while the lowest maximum temperature, 26° celsius, was recorded at Delhi. The same day, New Delhi, recorded the lowest minimum temperature of 08° celsius. It was quite cold there but in spite of recording maximum temperatures of 29° and 33° Celsius, the lowest minimum temperatures at Chennai and Kolkata respectively remained constant at 23° Celsius.

Similarly, Chennai witnessed the highest amount of rainfall in a week since 1 Oct. The rainfall stood at 560 inches which was 52 inches less than normal. New Delhi recorded the least rainfall during the week. It was only 3 inches which were 27 inches less than normal. Mumbai and Kolkata too had 6 inches and 64 inches respectively, less rainfall than normal. On the whole, rainfall in all the Metro cities was less than normal.

Activity -13

Here is a table of figures showing the leisure habits of the people of Bhubaneswar.

Use the information given in the table above and write a short report.
The leisure habits of the people of Bhubaneswar in the last year and this year does not show significant change. Last year, 1 lakh books were bought by people and this increased to 1.5 lahks this year. Thus there was an increase of 50% in the sale of books. There was a similar rise in Cable – T.V. connections. While, last year, only 50,000 people subscribed to Cable.

T.V., this year, the subscribers had increased to 1 lakh which is a 50 percent increase. As a result of this cinema, attendance fell from 3.5 lahks to 3.25 lakh last year to this year. Happily however 10,000 more people went on picnics this year than last year. However, in comparison with leisure activities like reading books or watching Cable T.V. going on picnics is the least popular.

Activity -14

Look at the table below and write a paragraph based on the information given in it.

Answer:
A comparative study of the Moon, the Earth, and the Sun:
Among all the bodies in the solar system, the Moon, the Earth, and Sun are the most significant. But they differ in size, weight, distance, and description. The Moon is the smallest of heavenly bodies while the Earth is 50 times bigger than the Moon and the Sun 400 times bigger than the weight of Moon is also the least while the Earth and the Sun are 81 times and 27 million times more than the Moon. If Earth is taken as a center point, the distance of the Moon from the Earth is 384,000 km. In fine, the Moon is a satellite of the planet Earth.

7.5 Pie Charts/circle charts

Here is a chart showing how Ramesh spends his day, Look at the chart and answer the questions that follow.

Activity- 15

(i)Answer the following questions.
a. How many hours does Ramesh spend at school?
b. Does this include the time he spends on the way to and from school?
c. How long does he sleep? When do you think he goes to bed? When does he get up?
d. How much time does he spend on the play?
e. How much time does he spend on his studies at home?
f. Do you divide your time in the same way?
Answer:
(a) Ramesh spends five and a half (51/2) hours at school.
(b) Yes, the hours spent at school include the time on the way to and from school.
(c) He sleeps for eight (8) hours a day He is supposed to go to bed at 10 p.m. and gets up at 6 a.m.
(d) It is supposed that Ramesh spends about 61/2 hours in playing.
(e) He spends about 6V2 hours on his studies.
(f) Yes, I divide time in the same way.

(ii) Now complete the report below by filling in the blank spaces with ideas from the pie chart above.

(iii) A child’s daily routine.

Ramesh walks to school at 10. It takes him hardly 20 minutes to get there. After prayers, he attends classes from 10.30 to 4 p.m. which includes a tiffin break for half an hour, from 1 to 1.30. At 4, when the classes are over, he comes back home, with his friends. He greatly enjoys the return trip home as his friends and he usually amuses themselves with innocent jokes, makes fun, and indulges in different kinds of innocuous mischief. On reaching home, he gobbles up something and scampers away to join his friends either in volleyball or in some country games, which he plays for just one hour. At 6, he has a wash, says his prayers, and sits down to study from 6.30 to 9.30 in the evening. At 9.30 he has dinner, does some light reading, and goes to bed by 10.30 p.m. The next morning he is up by 6.30. Within one hour he brushes his teeth have a wash, etc. and by 7.30 he is at his study table. He does his homework for two hours. At 9.30 he has an early lunch, packs his books in the bag, and is ready to go to school.

Activity – 16

A. Look at the chart below. It tells us how Mrs. Pattnaik spends her money.

Does Mrs. Pattnaik spend her money wisely? Why do you think so?
Answer:
Mrs. Pattnaik receives net cash of Rs 6000/- from her husband. She spends Rs 2700/- that is 45% of it towards her children’s education. She sends Rs 1350/- each to her son, who is studying engineering, and daughter who is studying medicine. Besides this, she spends equally on her house rent and food. For a three-room apartment, she pays Rs 1320/ which is 22% of the money she receives. She spends the same amount on food for a month. In addition to all this, she spends 540/- on transport.

Of this, she gives Rs 300A to her husband for petrol and monthly maintenance of his scooter and uses the rest for transport needs. She spends the least on entertainment spending Rs 80/- for her cable T.V. connection and Rs 40/ – for an occasional picture along with her husband. In all this, she spends her money wisely investing largely in her children’s education.

B. Look at the following diagram :

Now write a few sentences explaining why milk is considered to be a well-balanced food.
Answer:
Milk is considered a well-balanced diet because it has proteins, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins, and minerals as well as water in the right proportions and as required by the body. Moreover, milk is a universal diet that is available everywhere. It can also be taken by people of all ages.

C. You have collected the opinions of 500 people through a random sample survey. The findings of the survey are presented in the chart below.
Now use the information in the chart

The subjects were asked whether India should adopt the presidential form of government.
Answer:
A random sample survey of 500 people in Metro cities was conducted by the Operations Research Group to find the people’s opinion on changing over to a Presidential form of Government. The respondents were chosen from a cross-section of society. The results of the survey reveal that the majority were in favor of a Presidential form of Government.

However, they only consist of 40% of the respondents. 35 percent of the respondents are against a Presidential form of Government while 25 percent opined that they could not say anything about it. Thus though the majority calls for a Presidential form of Government, it is only a small majority as far as the percentage of respondents is concerned.

7.6. Maps

You are traveling by bus to Bhubaneswar. After reaching the new bus stand at Baramunda, you hire an auto-rickshaw to take you to Vani Vihar for an interview. But the highway is blocked at a point between Jayadev Vihar and Acharya Vihar. The auto-driver tells you he is new to Bhubaneswar and does not know all the roads. Which route would you ask him to take? Use the map below to decide on a route to Vani Vihar and then write down the instructions you would give the driver.

A. Answer the following questions.

Question 1.
How many possible routes are available to you?
Answer:
There are three routes available to go to Vanivihar.

Question 2.
Which route would you prefer?
(i) CRP square – Power house square – Assembly and Station square – R.D. Women’s College.
(ii) CRP square – Jayadev Vihar – Power house – Assembly – Acharva Vihar.
(iii) CRP square – Jayadev Vihar – Nalco Chhak – Vani Vihar.
Answer:
I would prefer the CRP square – Jayadav Vihar – Nalco Chhak – Vani Vihar route.

Question 3.
Would you take the CRP – Power house – Jayadev Vihar Acharya Vihar traffic route? If not, why?
Answer:
It would not be of any use to take this route because the traffic is blocked between Jayadev Vihar and Acharya Vihar. Another man, under similar circumstances, chose the route Jayadev Vihar – NALCO Chhak – Vani Vihar and gave the following instructions. Read the instructions before you write your own instructions.

B. instructions were given to the auto driver.

Go straight along the National Highway up to _________. Then turn left and take the Nandankanan Road. Keep going for about two kilometers and then turn right at ___________. Continue until you come to the ___________ on the left. Don’t stop. Go straight ahead. YOU will reach Vani Vihar after half a kilometer. You can see the gates of Vani Vihar on the left, just 1(X) meters before the Acharya Vihar traHie post. Enter and go straight to the Administrative Block.

Activity – 17

Fill in the blanks in the paragraph above with ideas from the map above.

Some common expressions used in giving instructions to reach someplace.
Turn right / left. Go straight ahead. Pass two roads on the right / left. On your left, you will see ……………. etc.
Go straight along the National Highway up to Javadev Vihar. Then turn left and take the Nandankanan Road. Keep going for about two kilometers and then turn right at Nalco Chhak. Continue until you come to the Sainik School, on the left. Don’t stop. Go straight ahead. You will reach Vani Vihar after half a kilometer. You can see the gates of Vani Vihar on the left, just 100 meters before the Acharya Vihar traffic post. Enter and go straight to the Administrative Block.

Activity – 18

Look at the map of a town given below. A car and a bus have collided on Bridge Road, causing a road block. Another car (shown on the map) has to reach the railway office. Write down the instructions that you would give the driver of the car.

Answer:
Turn right towards the shops and then go along the boundary of the Convent School again on the right till you reach Second Avenue. Here take a turn to the right till you reach the temple which you can see on the left. Here take a turn to the left and drive on till you cross the temple and the post office. The third building on this street is the Railway Office.

Activity – 19

The following is a map of your college. Write a letter to a friend, describing the things shown on the map.

Bhubaneswar
15.04.2012

Dear Gautam,
How are you? It is a long time since 1 wrote to you. In your last letter, you asked me to describe my college. Now that I am completely familiar with my college 1 can very vividly describe it. Our college faces the west and its front boundary runs along the main road. It has two gates that open onto the main road, one at the north end and another at the south end. The north gate leads to the library and the playground right in front of it. Beyond the library is the Commerce Block.

It is the smallest Block. Beside it on the south side is the Arts Block which constitutes the biggest building of the college. Further south, down the Arts Block, is the Science Block, it is bigger than the Commerce Block but smaller than the Arts Block. The Commerce and Science Blocks have twelve rooms and galleries each but the rooms and galleries of the Science Block are bigger than that of the Commerce Block.

The Arts Block has even huger rooms and galleries numbering fourteen in all. Near the Science Block towards the southwest are the Physics, Chemistry, and Biology laboratories. The entrance to the laboratories is in the north. They face the road leading to the Library from the north gate. The Biology Lab. is the closest from the Science Block. After the Biology Lab is the Chemistry Lab and then the Physics Lab which borders the main road. The back of these Laboratories runs along the road leading from the south gate to the Science Block.

Beyond this road on the south, are the office and staff common rooms. They lie adjacent to each other. Of course, the entrance to the office is from the West while the entrance to the staff rooms is on the south. All the Blocks, Laboratories, staff rooms, and office buildings are rectangular in structure. I hope, 1 have given a clear picture of the layout of my college. 1 am sending a photocopy of a map which found in the college calendar to make things more clear.
Do write to me,
Love,
Sanjay

Activity – 20

Use the information in the chart below and write a report stating which courses are popular in Odisha, which courses are popular among women, what percentage of boys and girls get enrolled in each course, etc.
Students taking admission in different branches of study in Odisha.

Students’ Enrolment and popularity of courses in Odisha.
Answer:
In Odisha, courses in the humanities stream are the most popular. Almost sixty students of every 100 opt for humanities. In addition, the largest number of girls enroll in humanities courses where the proportion between girls and boys is 60: 40. Courses in science stand second in popularity. In such courses the proportion between boys and girls is 50: 50.

Engineering courses take third place in popularity. This course is more popular with boys than with girls. Hence the enrolment of boys to girls in this course is 70: 30. Commerce courses are next in terms of popularity. This course is preferred more by boys than by girls. The proportion between boys and girls in this course is 80: 20. Agriculture, Forestry and Vet Science stand next in popularity. Here too the boys dominate over girls with a proportion of 80: 20. After this, vocational subjects are preferred.

In this course there are more boys than girls with the proportion being 75: 25. Finally, the Medical science course is the least popular. This course too has more boys than girls and the proportion between them is 90: 10. On the whole, while humanities and science courses are the most popular, the Medical science course is the least popular. Moreover, while more girls are enrolled in humanities, the proportion of boys in all other courses is larger than that of girls.

Activity – 21

The graphs below represent the spending habit of the young and old people of Odisha. Compare the information in both graphs and write a paragraph.

A – Housing, fuel, light, and power
B – Clothing, footwear, and durable goods
C – Other goods and services
D – Food

Comparative spending habits of the young and old in Odisha.
Answer:
A comparative study of the spending habits of the young and old people of Odisha reveals that both groups spend the most on other goods and services which exclude food, shelter, and clothing. While young people spend 40% of their income on other goods and services, old people spend 33% on this. Items that constitute other goods and services include household items like Refrigerators, Washing Machines.

Air Coolers, Grinders, and the like. Services in this category mainly consist of transport and entertainment. Similarly, both groups spend the least on clothing, footwear, and durable goods. However, young people spend more than old people on this item. The former spend 17% of their income while the latter spend 4% less that is, 13% of their income on clothing, footwear, and durable goods. The old people spend equally on housing and food. They give more priority to these items on their budget than the young.

54% of their income, that is 27% is spent each on food and housing. The young people, on the other hand, spend 24% and 19% respectively on food and housing. They give more priority to food than to housing. However, the amount they spend on each of these items is less than what the old spend on it. In short, the young and the old give top priority to other goods and services while giving the least priority to clothing, footwear, and other durable goods. But the old people give more priority to food and housing than the young.

Activity – 22

Prepare a newspaper report on the basis of the information presented in the graph below.

Answer:
Alarming rise in Road Accidents
By our correspondent :
Bhubaneswar, Aug 18: There has been an alarming rise in road accidents in Bhubaneswar since 1991. Talking to our correspondent, Mr. Sudhansu Mohanty. the traffic SP. Bhubaneswar pointed out that since the last decade, road accidents have occurred in Bhubaneswar with alarming frequency. Quoting statistics available in his department he is reported to have said that between 1987 to the middle of 1988 almost 3500 people were reported to have died due to road accidents. The sudden spurt in accidents and the number of fatalities forced the government to enforce traffic laws especially, the donning of helmets.

As a result deaths due to accidents decreased gradually and touched a low of 1700 in mid ’90. However, changes in the Government and relaxation of traffic rules after this saw a dramatic rise in fatalities caused by road accidents. Thus, in ’92 the number of fatalities rose to 3600, in ’94 to 4800, and in ‘98 to 7200. Thus from the middle of 1990 to the end of 1998, almost 5400 people died as a result of road accidents in Bhubaneswar. It is hoped that law enforcement agencies will take steps to enforce laws and traffic rules, NGOs will educate people on traffic rules and the public will cooperate to ensure that the roads of Bhubaneswar are safe for one and all.

Activity – 23

An influential person has applied for permission to set up a stone crusher unit at a place indicated with dots on the map below. As a resident of the area, you have serious objections. Write a letter to the appropriate authority expressing your objections.

Answer:

80 Saheed Nagar, Bhubaneswar
17 April 2012

The Collector and District Magistrate
Collectorate
Puri Road, Bhubaneswar
Dt. Khurda
Sir,
I wish to invite your attention to a stone-crusher unit that is proposed to be set up in the center of the city.
As you may be aware that there are two acres of government land right in front of the Head Post Office beside the Convent School on Janpath road, Bhubaneswar. This piece of land is being reportedly leased to an extremely influential person to set up a stone crusher unit. Such a step is highly objectionable.

First of all, the Honourable High Court of Odisha had in an already judged P.I.L. petition stated that no stone-crushers unit should be set up within 20 km of the city limits. Consequently, stone-crusher units beyond Khandagiri have now moved beyond Khurda. Therefore building a unit here is entirely illegal. Secondly, stone-crusher units cause great environmental pollution and bring with it numerous health hazards.

The stone-crusher units spread a pall of dust which is especially dangerous for people with respiratory problems like Asthma. Thirdly, the stone crusher unit is being proposed in an area that is heavily populated, though you may call it a floating population. It is situated right in the middle of a school and a women’s college which is on either side of it. Thus, it will not only affect our young ones in the school but also the girls in the women’s college. The proposed unit can cause a lot of sound pollution besides dust pollution.

This is really unwelcome in an educational block of buildings. Finally, the land on which the proposed crusher unit is being proposed to be set up has a lot of evergreen trees and serves as an environmental cushion for the whole city. Cutting down trees to set up a stone-crusher unit on it is therefore the least desirable thing that could be done there. I request you to therefore prohibit the lease of the land for the proposed stone-crusher unit and instead develop it into a park in which all the members of the public are with you. Yours faithfully (Suman Priyadarshini)
Member-Secretary
Odisha Environmental Society.
Bhubaneswar

Odisha State Board CHSE Odisha Class 12 Invitation to English 4 Solutions Grammar Tense Patterns Unit 1 The Present Simple and the Present Progressive Textbook Activity Questions and Answers.

CHSE Odisha 12th Class English Grammar Tense Patterns Unit 1 The Present Simple and the Present Progressive

SECTION-I

We might have heard two English words, i.e., Time and Tense. They are not regarded as the same in the English language. The word ‘Tense’ is a purely grammatical term. But we use the words yesterday, today, and tomorrow. We use ‘yesterday’ for past time, ‘today’ for the present time, and ‘tomorrow’ for future time. We can experience the time and say what time it is. The term ‘tense’ in grammar is used to refer to a verb form. An English verb basically has two forms/categories. Let’s take the verb go. We say: go — present tense, went — past tense, gone — past participle tense.
Some of us have a wrong notion that the verb ‘go’ has three forms.
Observe all the forms of the verb (go)-
(i) present (go),
(ii) past (went), and
(iii) past participle (gone).

The past participle is the sub-class/form of the past form. So there are basically two forms of a verb i.e., present and past. These two forms express all the various kinds of meanings in the present, past, and future times. If a verb has two forms, then there are two tenses — (not three tenses). That is why there is no ‘Future Tense’ in the English language.
Let’s have some ideas on Tense patterns.
The Present Simple and Present Progressive.
Look at the following sentences.
(a) Satish: What are you doing?
Manish: I am writing a letter to my friend. I write to him every Sunday.
(b) I don’t understand why my dog is barking at you this morning. He is usually quite friendly.
(c) You are very gentle normally, so why are you acting in such a violent manner now?

In the above examples, 7 write to him every Sunday.’ 7 don’t understand’. ‘He is usually quite friendly.’ ‘’You are very gentle normally.’ the verb phrases underlined belong to ‘Simple Present Tense’.They are used to describe persons and things in their normal or usual state or they talk about some activity that takes place habitually or regularly.
But the examples: ‘Why my dog is barking at you this morning.’ ‘Why are you acting… ?’ and 7 am writing a letter….’ the verb phases (be + ing form) belong to ‘Present Progressive/Continuous Tense’. They are used to talking about some activity that is going on at the present moment of speaking. The activity/event is going on or continuing now.

Activity – 1
Study the sentences below and fill in the gaps, using the Present Simple / Present Progressive form of the verb in brackets, as required.
(a) They boy next door ______________(water) the plants this morning, but he normally ______________(do) it in the evening.
(b) My sister ______________(play) badminton now, but she ______________ (not play) here everyday.
(c) My brother ______________(search) for his pen. He always ______________ (misplace) it.
(d) We ______________(get) ready to go to school; we ______________ (go) to school every morning.
(e) I usually ______________ (enjoy) reading books in the library, but I ______________ (not enjoy) this one very much.
(f) My grandfather rarely ______________(carry) an umbrella, but he ______________(carry) one now because there are dark clouds in the sky.
(g) I’m sorry, but you can’t see the Minister. He ______________ (sleep) still, although he usually ______________(wake up) very early.
(h) Hari ______________ (do) his homework still. His brother, who always ______________(work) very fast ______________ (play) in the garden already.
Answer:
(a) The boy next door is watering the plants this morning, but he normally does it in the evening.
(b) My sister is playing badminton now, but she does not play here every day.
(c) My brother is searching for his pen. He always misplaces it.
(d) We are getting ready to go to school; we go to school every morning.
(e) I usually enjoy reading books in the library, but I am not enjoying this one very much.
(f) My grandfather rarely carries an umbrella, but he is carrying one now because there are dark clouds in the sky.
(g) I’m sorry, but you can’t see the Minister. He is sleeping still, although he usually wakes up very early.
(h) Hari is doing his homework still. His brother, who always works very fast, is playing in the garden already.

Activity -2:
The time is 8 p.m. Everyone in your family is busy, but each person is doing something which is different from what he/she usually does at this time. The members of your family, including yourself, are listed below. Write what each one of them is doing, and also mention what they usually do at this time. (One example has been given)
1. Father
Ans. ______________________________________________________
2. Mother
Ans. ______________________________________________________
3. My uncle
Ans. ______________________________________________________
4. My aunt
Ans. ______________________________________________________
5. My sister
Ans. ______________________________________________________
6. My brother
Ans. ______________________________________________________
7. I
Ans. ______________________________________________________
Answer:
1. Father
Answer:
Father is having a shave, but he usually goes for a walk at this time.
2. Mother
Answer:
She is knitting now, but she normally works at this time.
3. My uncle
Answer:
My brother is sleeping still, but he usually goes to school at this time.
4. My aunt
Answer:
My aunt is having a bath now, but she usually sleeps at this time.
5. My sister
Answer:
My sister is playing now, but she generally studies her lessons at this time.
6. My brother
Answer:
My brother is playing cards now, but he usually goes to the fields at this time.
7. I
Answer:
I am doing morning exercise now, but I usually do not do it every day.

Section -2:
Examine the following sentences :
(a) We usually have a football match in our village every Sunday, but this year we aren’t having any matches.
(b) He usually avoids going to the library but he is going there regularly this month as he is preparing for an exam.
The above examples show that the Present Progressive does not specify either the time of beginning or the time of completing the activity. All we know is the activity is in progress now (the moment of speaking). Expressions like nowadays, this month, these days, etc. are used to refer to the period of time during which the activity takes place. In order to distinguish the Progressive from the Non-Progressive form, we have to see its three separate meanings. It indicates :
(i) Temporary duration,
(ii) Limited duration,
(iii) the happenings need not be complete.
Simple present, on the other hand, refers to a relatively permanent activity or state.

Activity – 3
Fill in the blank spaces below, using the appropriate forms of the verbs in brackets.
(a) Our neighbours ______________(go) to Puri every winter but this winter they ______________ (go) to Sambalpur.
(b) My father generally______________ (take) the bus but today he ______________(walk) to work.
(c) They usually ______________(play) football on Sundays but this month they ______________ (play) cricket instead.
(d) My brother always ______________(work) on the day shift but this summer he ______________(work) on the night shift.
(e) My teacher ______________(go) abroad every year but she ______________ (visit) Kanyakumari this year.
Answer:
(a) Our neighbors go to Puri every winter but this winter they are going to Sambalpur.
(b) My father generally takes the bus but today he is walking to work.
(c) They usually play football on Sundays but this month they are playing cricket instead.
(d) My brother always works the day shift but this summer he is working on the night shift.
(e) My teacher goes abroad every year but she is visiting Kanyakumari this year.

Activity -4
Imagine that you have an examination next month. You are working very hard for your examination and have been forced to change your daily routine. Describe seven things that you usually do and the things you are required to do now. You can use expressions such as these days, nowadays, this month, this summer, etc. An example is given in (i).
(i) ______________________________________________________.
(ii) ______________________________________________________.
(iii) ______________________________________________________.
(iv) ______________________________________________________.
(v) ______________________________________________________.
Answer:
(i) I normally get up at 7 o’clock but I am getting up at 5 a.m. these days.
(ii) I usually go to tuition but I am preparing my lessons myself these days.
(iii) I normally read my books but I’m writing out my lessons this month.
(iv) I generally study the textbooks but I’m studying the key books these days.
(v) I study for my lessons two hours a day but I’m studying ins ten hours this month.

Activity – 5
Imagine that panchayat elections are going to be held in your village and as a result, a lot of development work is taking place. Write five sentences, mentioning in each what the present condition in the village is and what new work is going on right now. Look at the example in (i) and use the hints provided in the other bits of your sentences.

(i) Drinking water.
______________________________________________________
(ii) Electricity
______________________________________________________
(iii) Roads
______________________________________________________
(iv) Medical facilities
______________________________________________________
(v) Education
______________________________________________________
Answer:
(i) Drinking water.
Our village has no water supply but now the government is providing piped water to every home.
(ii) Electricity
Our village has no electricity facilities but the government is fixing poles in our village for electricity.
(iii) Roads
Our village has no concrete road but the government is making a concrete road for the villagers.
(iv) Medical facilities
Our village has no dispensary but the government is providing a dispensary for us.
(v) Education
Our village has no primary school but the government is constructing a building for a primary school.

SECTION-III

Verbs that do not normally take the Progressive form.
Examine the pairs of sentences below.
(a) (i) I like to fish.
(ii) I am liking fish.
(b) (i) He feels very happy.
(ii) He is feeling the heat now.
(c) (i) Sugar tastes sweet.
(ii) The sugar in the market is tasting less sweet these days.
Verbs like feel, like, taste, love, hate, want, need, prefer, know; realize, suppose, mean, understand, believe, remember, belong, contain, consist, depend, seem, think, see, etc. are known as stative verbs. They refer to states rather than to events or actions. We use the Simple Present to refer to states that exist at the present moment. Some of these verbs can be used as dynamic or action-oriented. In that case, they go with an —ing form i.e., the Progressive form. Then the usual character of the verb
becomes action-oriented.

Activity — 6
Choose the correct alternative to fill in the blanks.
(a) Costs / is costing
(i) Gold ________ more and more these days.
(ii) Gold ________a great deal of money.
(b) thinks/is thinking
(i) He ________Don’t disturb him.
(ii) He ________very highly of you.
(c) enjoy/am enjoying
(i) I ________ games.
(ii) I ________this game.
Answer:
(a) (i) is costing
(ii) costs
(b) (i) is thinking
(ii) thinks
(c) (i) enjoy
(ii) am enjoying

Activity -7
Rewrite the sentences below without changing the meaning. Use the word given in capital letters, which must not be altered in any way.
Example :
These shoes are the wrong size for me. FIT
These shoes do not fit me.
(a) There are four gallons of petrol in the tank. CONTAINS
______________________________________________________
(b) I intend to go to Koraput next summer. THINKING OF
______________________________________________________
(c) The life of the Rajput family forms the subject of the story. DESCRIBES
______________________________________________________
(d) The doctor is looking at the X-Ray. HAVING A LOOK
______________________________________________________
(e) When I see this village I remember my childhood. REMINDS ME OF
______________________________________________________
(f) I am fond of sweets. LIKE
______________________________________________________
(g) In my opinion you should meet him again. THINK
______________________________________________________
Answer:
(a) The tank contains four gallons of petrol.
(b) I am thinking of going to Koraput next summer.
(c) The life of the Rajput family describes the subject of the story.
(d) The doctor is having a look at the X-Ray.
(e) This village reminds me of my childhood.
(f) I like sweets.
(g) I think you should meet him again.

Activity – 8
Use the verbs in brackets in the Simple Present or Present Progressive forms.
This year I ________ (study) English at Delhi University. I ________ (work) part-time in a public library. I’m lucky to have this job. I ________(not have to) get up early. The library ________ (open) at 10 and ________ (close) at 7. The work is interesting because people ________ (always come in) and ________ (ask) me to help them, so I ________ (learn) a lot about different subjects. I ________ (enjoy) the job and ________ (find) it very amusing too. People ________ (use) the strangest things as bookmarks. I have found a lock of black hair inside books. Matchsticks ________ (be) common and so ________ (be) bus tickets. My colleagues ________ (always find) things – even a ten rupee note, but I haven’t been so lucky! I often ________ (think) of a photograph I once found inside a book. It was the photograph of a beautiful girl, and on the back were the words ‘I ________ (love) you, and I ________ (miss) you very much.’
Answer:
This year I am studying English at Delhi University. I am working part-time in a public library. I’m lucky to have this job. I do not have to get up early. The library opens at 10 and closes at 7. The work is interesting because people always come in and ask me to help them, so I learn a lot about different subjects. I enjoy the job and find it very amusing too. People use the strangest things as bookmarks. I have found a lock of black hair inside books. Matchsticks are common and so is bus tickets. My colleagues always find things – even a ten rupee note, but I haven’t been so lucky! I often think of a photograph I once found inside a book. It was the photograph of a beautiful girl, and on the back were the words ‘I love you, and I miss you very much.

Odisha State Board BSE Odisha Class 9 Sanskrit Grammar Book Solutions Chapter 1 ବର୍ଷ Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

BSE Odisha Class 9 Sanskrit Grammar Solutions Chapter 1 ବର୍ଷ

ବର୍ଣ୍ଣ:
ଲିଖନ ପ୍ରକ୍ରିୟା ମାଧ୍ୟମରେ ଭାଷାକୁ ବ୍ୟକ୍ତକରିବାଲାଗି ଉପଯୋଗୀ ବିଶିଷ୍ଟ ଧ୍ଵନିଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ବା ଧ୍ୱନ୍ୟାତ୍ମକ ସଙ୍କେତଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ବର୍ଷ କୁହାଯାଏ ।
ସଂସ୍କୃତ ବର୍ଣ୍ଣମାଳା:
ସଂସ୍କୃତ ବର୍ଣ୍ଣମାଳାକୁ ଦୁଇଟି ପ୍ରଧାନ ଶ୍ରେଣୀରେ ବିଭକ୍ତ କରାଯାଏ ଯଥା – (କ) ସ୍ଵର, (ଖ) ବ୍ୟଞ୍ଜନ । ମହର୍ଷି ପାଣିନି ଅଷ୍ଟାଧ୍ୟାୟୀରେ ଚତୁର୍ଦ୍ଦଶ ମାହେଶ୍ଵର ସୂତ୍ରର ଉଲ୍ଲେଖ କରି ୯ଟି ସ୍ୱରବର୍ଣ୍ଣ ଓ ୩୩ଟି ବ୍ୟଞ୍ଜନବର୍ଣ୍ଣର ବିନ୍ୟାସ କରିଛନ୍ତି; ମାତ୍ର ଭାଷାରେ ପାଣିନୀୟ ବର୍ଣ୍ଣମାଳାସହ ଅଯୋଗବାହ ମିଶି ୪୯ ଗୋଟି ବର୍ଷର ବ୍ୟବହାର ଦେଖାଯାଏ; ଯଥା – ମାହେଶ୍ୱର ସୂତ୍ରର ସ୍ଵରବର୍ଷ ୯ + ବ୍ୟଞ୍ଜନବର୍ଣ୍ଣ ୩୩ + ଦୀର୍ଘସ୍ଵର ୪ + ଅଯୋଗବାହ ୩ = ୪୯ ।

ସୃରବର୍ଣ୍ଣ:
‘‘ସ୍ଵୟଂ ରାଜନ୍ତେ ଇତି ସ୍ୱରା’’ । ଯେଉଁ ବର୍ଷ ନିରପେକ୍ଷ ଭାବରେ ସ୍ଵତଃ ସ୍ପଷ୍ଟ ଉଚ୍ଚାରିତ ହୁଏ ତାହା ସ୍ୱରବର୍ଣ୍ଣ । ସ୍ୱରବର୍ଣ୍ଣ ସାହାଯ୍ୟରେ ବ୍ୟଞ୍ଜନର ସ୍ପଷ୍ଟ ଉଚ୍ଚାରଣ ସମ୍ଭବ ହୁଏ । ଉଚ୍ଚାରଣ କାଳର ମାତ୍ରା ଆଧାରରେ ଏହା ତିନିପ୍ରକାର; ଯଥା – (କ) ହ୍ରସ୍ଵ (ଖ) ଦୀର୍ଘ (ଗ) ପୃୃୃୃୃତ
ଏଠାରେ ଆମେ କେବଳ ହ୍ରସ୍ବ ଓ ଦୀର୍ଘସ୍ୱରର ଅଧ୍ୟୟନ କରିବା । ଏହାର ମୋଟ୍ ସଂଖ୍ୟା ୧୩ ଅଟେ ।
(କ) ହ୍ରସ୍ଵ ସ୍ବର :
ଅ, ଇ, ଉ, ୠ, ୡ ଏହି ମୂଳସ୍ବର ସମୁଦାୟ ପାଞ୍ଚଗୋଟି । ଏମାନଙ୍କର ଉଚ୍ଚାରଣ କାଳ ଏକ ମାତ୍ରା ସମୟ ବିଶିଷ୍ଟ ।
(ଖ) ଦୀର୍ଘସ୍ଵର :
ଆ, ଈ, ଊ, ୠ, ଏ, ଐ, ଓ, ଔ ସମୁଦାୟ ଆଠଗୋଟି । ଏମାନଙ୍କର ଉଚ୍ଚାରଣ କାଳ ଦୁଇମାତ୍ରା ସମୟ ବିଶିଷ୍ଟ । ଏମାନଙ୍କ ମଧ୍ୟରୁ ପ୍ରଥମ ଚାରିଗୋଟି ଦୀର୍ଘସ୍ବର ଆ, ଈ, ଊ, ଋ, ର ହ୍ରସ୍ବରୂପ କ୍ରମଶଃ ଅ, ଇ,ଉ, ଋ ଅଟେ । ଏ, ଐ, ଓ, ଔ, ର ହ୍ରସ୍ବରୂପ ନାହିଁ । ଏମାନେ ଯଥାକ୍ରମେ ଅ ସହିତ ଇ, ଏ, ଉ ଏବଂ ର ମିଳନରୁ ଉଚ୍ଚାରିତ ହେଉଥ‌ିବାରୁ ଏମାନଙ୍କୁ ସନ୍ଧ୍ୟକ୍ଷରର ମଧ୍ୟ କୁହାଯାଏ । (ଅ + ଇ = ଏ, ଅ + ଏ = ଐ, ଅ +ଉ = ଓ, ଅ + ଓ = : ଔ)

ବ୍ୟଞ୍ଜନବର୍ଣ୍ଣ:
ଯାହା ସ୍ଵରର ଅନୁଗାମୀ ବା ସ୍ଵର ବିନା ଯାହାର ଉଚ୍ଚାରଣ ହୋଇପାରେ ନାହିଁ ସେ ‘ବ୍ୟଞ୍ଜନ’ । ବର୍ଣ୍ଣମାଳାନ୍ତର୍ଗତ ‘କ’ ଆଦି ବ୍ୟଞ୍ଜନ ବର୍ଣ୍ଣ ସହିତ ଯେଉଁ ‘ଅ’ ମିଶାଯାଇ ଲେଖାଯାଏ ତାହା କେବଳ ବ୍ୟଞ୍ଜନର ଉଚ୍ଚାରଣଲାଗି ଉଦ୍ଦିଷ୍ଟ । ସମୁଦାୟ ବ୍ୟଞ୍ଜନ ସଂଖ୍ୟା ୩୩ । ଏହାର ଦୁଇଟି ଭାଗ ଅଛି – (କ) ବର୍ଗୀୟ ବ୍ୟଞ୍ଜନ, (ଖ) ଅବର୍ଗୀୟ ବ୍ୟଞ୍ଜନ ।
(କ) ବର୍ଗୀୟବ୍ୟଞ୍ଜନ :
ଏଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ସ୍ପର୍ଶବର୍ଷ ମଧ୍ୟ କୁହାଯାଏ । ଏମାନଙ୍କ ସଂଖ୍ୟା ସମୁଦାୟ ୨୫ । ଏଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ପାଞ୍ଚଗୋଟି ବର୍ଗରେ ବିଭକ୍ତ କରାଯାଇ ପ୍ରତ୍ୟେକ ବର୍ଗରେ ପାଞ୍ଚ ପାଞ୍ଚ ବର୍ଷଙ୍କୁ ସ୍ଥାନିତ କରାଯାଇଛି ।
(i) କ ବର୍ଗ – କ୍, ଖ୍, ଗ୍, ଘ, ଡ୍
(ii) ଚ ବର୍ଗ – ଚ୍, ଛ, ଜ୍, ଝ, ଭ୍
(iii) ଟ ବର୍ଗ – ଟ୍, ଠ୍, ଡା଼, ଢ, ଣ୍
(iv) ତ ବର୍ଗ – ତ୍, ଥ, ଦ୍, ଧ, ନ୍
(v)ପ ବର୍ଗ – ପ୍, ଫ୍, ବ୍, ଭ, ମ୍
ମୋଟ୍ = ୫ + ୫ + ୫ + ୫ + ୫ = ୨୫
(ଖ) ଅବର୍ଗୀୟବ୍ୟଞ୍ଜନ :
ଏମାନଙ୍କ ସଂଖ୍ୟା ସମୁଦାୟ ୮ । ଏହା ଦୁଇଭାଗରେ ବିଭକ୍ତ । ୧ – ଅନ୍ତଃସ୍ଥ, ୨ – ଉଷ୍ମ ।
(୧) ଅନ୍ତଃସ୍ଥ – ୟ, ର୍, ଲ୍, ବ୍
ଏହି ବର୍ଣ୍ଣମାନଙ୍କୁ ଅର୍ଦ୍ଧସ୍ବର ମଧ୍ୟ କୁହାଯାଏ । ଉଚ୍ଚାରଣ ସ୍ଥାନ ଦୃଷ୍ଟିରୁ ଏହି କ୍ରମ ଠିକ୍ ମନେହୁଏ; ମାତ୍ର ପାଣିନି ଇ – ଉ, ୠ, ୡ ର କ୍ରମ ଅନୁସାରେ ଏଗୁଡ଼ିକର କ୍ରମ ୟ-ବ୍-ର-ଲ୍ ରଖୁଛନ୍ତି କାରଣ ଏହି ଶ୍ରେଣୀଦ୍ଵୟ ଗୋଟିଏ ଅନ୍ୟର ରୂପାନ୍ତର । ଯଥା – ଇ → ଯ (ୟ) ଉ → ବ, ଋ → ଋ, ୡ → ଲ (ଯଦି + ଅପି ) = ଯଦ୍ୟପି, ସୁ + ଆଗତମ୍ = ସ୍ବାଗତମ୍, ପିତୃ + ଆଳୟ = ପିତ୍ରାଳୟ, ଅ + ଅନମ୍ = ଲବନମ୍ ।

ଯେଉଁ ‘ବ’ ସ୍ଥାନରେ ଉ, ଊ ହୁଏ (ବଚ୍, ବଦ୍, ସ୍ୱପ୍ ପ୍ରଭୃତି ଧାତୁର ବ), ସନ୍ଧିଦ୍ୱାରାଜାତ ‘ବ’ (ଅନ୍ଵେଷଣ, ସ୍ଵାଗତ, ପବନ, ଭାବୁକ ପ୍ରଭୃତି), ପ୍ରତ୍ୟୟର ‘ବ’ (ଧନବାନ୍, ମାୟାବୀ) ପ୍ରଭୃତି ‘ବ’ ଅନ୍ତଃସ୍ଥ ଅଟନ୍ତି ।
(୨) ଉଷ୍ମ – ଶ୍, ଷ୍, ସ୍, ହ୍
ମୋଟ୍ – ୪ + ୪ = ୮
ବ୍ୟଞ୍ଜନ ବର୍ଣ୍ଣକୁ ହଳ୍ ମଧ୍ୟ କୁହାଯାଏ । ଏହା ଅର୍ଥମାତ୍ରା ବିଶିଷ୍ଟ । ଏହାର ଉଚ୍ଚାରଣକାଳ ଅର୍ଥନିମେଷ ମାତ୍ର । କେବଳ ବ୍ୟଞ୍ଜନର ପ୍ରୟୋଗ ‘ହଲ୍‌’ ଚିହ୍ନ ( ) ଯୋଗରେ କରାଯାଏ ଏବଂ ଏହି ସଂକେତ ବର୍ଣ୍ଣର ଅଧୋଭାଗରେ ଅଙ୍କିତ ରହେ ।
ଅଯୋଗବାହ – ଂ ( ଅନୁସ୍ଵାର), ଃ (ବିସର୍ଗ), ‍ଁ (ଚନ୍ଦ୍ରବିନ୍ଦୁ) ଏହା ସ୍ଵରବର୍ଣ୍ଣ ଓ ବ୍ୟଞ୍ଜନ ବର୍ଣ୍ଣରେ ମିଶି ଉଚ୍ଚାରିତ ହୁଏ ।

ଅଭ୍ୟ।ସଃ
୧। କବର୍ଗବର୍ଷା କେ ?
(କ) _____ (ଖ) ______ (ଗ) ______ (ଘ) ______ (ଙ)
Answer:
(କ) କ
(ଖ) ଖ
(ଗ) ଗ
(ଘ) ଘ
(ଙ) ଙ

୨। ଚବର୍ଗବର୍ଷା କେ ?
(କ) _____ (ଖ) ______ (ଗ) ______ (ଘ) ______ (ଙ)
Answer:
(କ) ଚ
(ଖ) ଛ
(ଗ) ଜ
(ଘ) ଝ
(ଙ) ଞ

୩। ଟବର୍ଗବର୍ଷା କେ ?
(କ) _____ (ଖ) ______ (ଗ) ______ (ଘ) ______ (ଙ)
Answer:
(କ) ଟ
(ଖ) ଠ
(ଗ) ଡ
(ଘ) ଢ
(ଙ) ଣ

୪। ତବର୍ଗବର୍ଷା
(କ) _____ (ଖ) ______ (ଗ) ______ (ଘ) ______ (ଙ)
Answer:
(କ) ତ
(ଖ) ଥ
(ଗ) ଦ
(ଘ) ଧ
(ଙ) ନ

୫। ପବର୍ଗବର୍ଷା
(କ) _____ (ଖ) ______ (ଗ) ______ (ଘ) ______ (ଙ)
Answer:
(କ) ପ
(ଖ) ଫ
(ଗ) ବ
(ଘ) ଭ
(ଙ) ମ

୬। କେ ଅନ୍ତଃସ୍ଥବର୍ଣ୍ଣା ?
Answer:
ଯ, ର, ଳ, ବ।
୭ । କେ ଉଷ୍ମବର୍ଣ୍ଣା ?
Answer:
ଶ, ସ, ଷ ।
୮। ‘ଗଚ୍ଛତି’ଇତ୍ୟସ୍ମିନ୍ ପଦେ ସ୍ଵରବ୍ୟଞ୍ଜନାନି ପୃଥକ୍ ପୃଥକ୍ ଲିଖିତ ।
ଗଛତି = ଗ୍ + ଅ + ଚ୍ + ଛ୍ + ଅ + ତ୍ + ଇ
ସ୍ୱର :
(କ) _____ (ଖ) ______ (ଗ) ______
Answer:
(କ) ଅ
(ଖ) ଅ
(ଗ) ଇ

ବ୍ୟଞ୍ଜନ :
(କ) _____ (ଖ) ______ (ଗ) ______ (ଘ) ______ (ଙ)
Answer:
(କ) ଗ
(ଖ) ବ
(ଗ) ଛ
(ଘ) ତ

ଅଯୋଗବାହବର୍ଷ:
ଉପନ୍ଯୁକ୍ତ ବର୍ଷ ଅତିରିକ୍ତ ଅନୁସ୍ବାର (୧) ବିସର୍ଗ (୫) ଏବଂ ଅନୁନାସିକ () ର ପ୍ରୟୋଗ ସଂସ୍କୃତ ଭାଷାରେ ଦେଖାଯାଏ । ପ୍ରତ୍ୟାହାର ନିର୍ମାଣରେ ନିରପେକ୍ଷ ଓ ଣତ୍ବାଦି ପ୍ରୟୋଗରେ ସାପେକ୍ଷ ହୋଇଥିବାରୁ ଏମାନଙ୍କୁ ଅଯୋଗବାହ କୁହାଯାଏ । ଅନୁସ୍ବାର କୌଣସି ସ୍ବର ପରେ ନ୍ କିମ୍ବା ମ୍ ସ୍ଥାନରେ ଆସିଥାଏ । ଉଦାହରଣ – ଗୃହଂ ଗଚ୍ଛତି । ଏଠାରେ ‘ଗୃହମ୍’ ସ୍ଥିତ ମ୍ ସ୍ଥାନରେ ଏହାର ପୂର୍ବବର୍ତ୍ତୀ ‘ଅ’ ସ୍ବର ସହିତ ଅନୁସ୍ଵାରର ପ୍ରୟୋଗ ହୋଇଛି । ବିସର୍ଗର ପ୍ରୟୋଗ କୌଣସି ସ୍ଵର ପରେ ହୋଇଥାଏ ଏବଂ ଏହାର ପୃଥକ୍ ଉଚ୍ଚାରଣ ହୁଏ । ଉଦାହରଣ ନରଃ, ସାଧୁ ଇତ୍ୟାଦି । ଅନୁନାସିକର ସ୍ଵରୂପ ଚନ୍ଦ୍ରବିନ୍ଦୁ ଅଟେ; ଯଥା – କର୍ଣ୍ଣିଶ୍ଚିତ, ସଁବତ୍ସରଃ ଇତ୍ୟାଦି ।
ଲୌକିକ ସଂସ୍କୃତରେ ସାଧାରଣଭାବେ ବ୍ୟବହୃତ ହେଉଥିବା ବର୍ଷମାନଙ୍କର ସଂଖ୍ୟା ଅଣଚାଶ (ସ୍ବର-୧୩ + ବ୍ୟଞ୍ଜନ- ୩୩ + ଅଯୋଗବାହ – ୩)
ଶବ୍ଦ ଆରମ୍ଭରେ ‘ଯ’ରହେ; ମାତ୍ର ପଦ ମଧ୍ଯରେ ବା ଶେଷରେ ‘ଯ’ ଥିଲେ ‘ୟ’ ଉଚ୍ଚାରିତ ହୁଏ; ଯଥା – ଯୋଗ- ବିୟୋଗ, ଯମ-ନିୟମ ଇତ୍ୟାଦି ।

ଅଭ୍ୟ।ସଃ
ଶୁଦ୍ଧମ ଉତ୍ତରଂ ନିରୂପୟତ ।
୧। କେ ଅଯୋଗବାହବର୍ଣ୍ଣା ?
(କ) କ, ଖ, ଗ
(ଖ) ଶ, ସ, ଷ
(ଗ) ଂ, ଃ, ‍ଁ
(ଘ) ଚ, ଛ, ଜ
Answer:
(ଗ) ଂ, ଃ, ‍ଁ

୨। ଅନୁସ୍ଵାରସ୍ୟ କିଂ ସ୍ଵରୂପମ୍ ?
(କ) ଂ
(ଖ) ଃ
(ଗ) ‍ଁ
(ଘ) ମ୍
Answer:
(ଘ) ମ୍

୩। ବିସର୍ଗସ୍ୟ କିଂ ସ୍ଵରୂପମ୍ ?
(କ) ଂ
(ଖ) ଃ
(ଗ) ‍ଁ
(ଘ) ହ୍
Answer:
(ଖ) ଃ

୪। ସଂସ୍କୃତବର୍ଣ୍ଣମାଳାୟାଂ କତି ବର୍ଷା ବିଦ୍ୟନ୍ତେ ?
(କ) ୧୩
(ଖ) ୩୩
(ଗ) ୪୯
(ଘ) ୪୨
Answer:
(ଗ) ୪୯

ବର୍ଷଗୁଡ଼ିକର ଉଚ୍ଚାରଣ ସ୍ଥାନ :
କୌଣସି ବର୍ଣ୍ଣର ଉଚ୍ଚାରଣ ସମୟରେ ଆମ ମୁଖଗହ୍ଵରରେ ଏକ ବା ଏକାଧିକ ଭାଗ ସକ୍ରିୟ ହୋଇଥା’ନ୍ତି । ସେହି ଭାଗ ବା ଅଂଶ ସେହି ସଂପୃକ୍ତ ବର୍ଣ୍ଣର ଉଚ୍ଚାରଣ ଓ ଉତ୍ପତ୍ତି ସ୍ଥାନ । ସେହି ସ୍ଥାନର ନାମ ଅନୁସାରେ ତତ୍ ସଂଶ୍ଳିଷ୍ଟ ବର୍ଷ ମଧ୍ୟ ନାମିତ ହୋଇଥାଏ ।
ଉଦାହରଣସ୍ୱରୂପ : ଅ, ଆ, କ୍, ଖ୍, ଗ୍, ଘ, ଙ୍, ହ୍, ୫ (ବିସର୍ଗ) – ଏଗୁଡ଼ିକର ଉଚ୍ଚାରଣ ସ୍ଥାନ କଣ୍ଠ ହୋଇଥିବାରୁ ଏମାନେ କଣ୍ୟ ବର୍ଣ୍ଣ ।

ବିନ୍ୟ।ସ:

ଅଭ୍ୟ।ସଃ
୧। କେଷା ବର୍ଣ୍ଣାନାମ୍ ଉଚ୍ଚାରଣସ୍ଥାନଂ କଣ୍ଠ ଅସ୍ଥି ?
(କ) _____ (ଖ) _____ (ଗ) _____
(ଘ) _____ (ଙ) _____ (ଚ) _____
(ଛ) _____ (ଜ) _____ (ଝ) _____
Answer:
(କ) ଅ
(ଖ) ଆ
(ଗ) କ
(ଘ) ଖ
(ଙ) ଗ
(ଚ) ଘ
(ଛ) ଙ
(ଜ) ହ
(ଝ) ଃ

୨। କେ ତାଲବ୍ୟବର୍ଣ୍ଣା ?
(କ) _____ (ଖ) _____ (ଗ) _____
(ଘ) _____ (ଙ) _____ (ଚ) _____
(ଛ) _____ (ଜ) _____ (ଝ) _____
Answer:
(କ) ଇ
(ଖ) ଈ
(ଗ) ବ
(ଘ) ଛ
(ଙ) ଜ୍
(ଚ) ଟ୍
(ଛ) ଞ୍
(ଜ) ଯ୍
(ଝ) ଣ୍

୩। ମୂର୍ଦ୍ଧନ୍ଯବର୍ଷା କେ କେ ସନ୍ତି ?
(କ) _____ (ଖ) _____ (ଗ) _____
(ଘ) _____ (ଙ) _____ (ଚ) _____
(ଛ) _____ (ଜ) _____ (ଝ) _____
Answer:
(କ) ଋ
(ଖ) ଋ
(ଗ) ଟ୍
(ଘ) ଠ୍
(ଙ) ଡ୍
(ଚ) ଢ
(ଛ) ଣ୍
(ଜ) ର୍
(ଝ) ଷ

୪। କେ କେ ଦନ୍ତବର୍ଣ୍ଣା ?
(କ) _____ (ଖ) _____ (ଗ) _____ (ଘ) _____
(ଙ) _____ (ଚ) _____ (ଛ) _____ (ଜ) _____
Answer:
(କ) ଌ
(ଖ) ତ୍
(ଗ) ଥ୍
(ଘ) ଦ୍
(ଙ) ଧ୍
(ଚ) ନ୍
(ଛ) ଲ୍
(ଜ) ସ

୫। କେ କେ ଓଷ୍ୟବର୍ଣ୍ଣା ?
(କ) _____ (ଖ) _____ (ଗ) _____ (ଘ) _____
(ଙ) _____ (ଚ) _____ (ଛ) _____
Answer:
(କ) ଉ
(ଖ) ଊ
(ଗ) ଷ୍
(ଘ) ଫୁ
(ଙ) ବ୍
(ଚ) ଭ୍
(ଛ) ମ୍

୬। ଦନ୍ତୋଷ୍ୟ ତଃ ?
Answer:
ବ୍
୭। କଣ୍ଠତାଲବ୍ୟବର୍ଷେ କୌ ?
(କ) ______ (ଖ) _____
Answer:
(କ) ଏ (ଖ) ଐ

୮। ନାସିକ୍ୟବର୍ଣ୍ଣା କେ କେ ସନ୍ତି ?
(କ) _____ (ଖ) _____ (ଗ) _____ (ଘ) _____ (ଙ) _____
Answer:
(କ) ଙ୍
(ଖ) ଞ୍
(ଗ) ଣ୍
(ଘ) ନ୍
(ଙ) ମ୍

୯୮ ଶୂନ୍ୟସ୍ଥାନାନି ପୂରୟତ ।
ନାସିକ୍ଯବର୍ଣ୍ଣା ଉଚ୍ଚାରଣସ୍ଥାନମ୍
ଯଥା :
ଙ୍ ଉତ୍ତରମ୍ – ନାସିକା + କଣ୍ଠ
ଞ୍ (କ) ____ + ____
Answer:
ନାସିକା + ତାଳୁ

ଣ୍ (ଖ) ____ + ____
Answer:
ନାସିକା + ମୂର୍ଖ

ନ୍ (ଗ) ____ + ____
Answer:
ନାସିକା + ଦନ୍ତ

ମ୍ (ଘ) ____ + ____
Answer:
ନାସିକା + ଓଷ୍ଠ

୧୦। ନିମ୍ନଲିଖୂତାନାଂ ବର୍ଣ୍ଣାନାମ୍ ଉଚ୍ଚାରଣସ୍ଥାନାନି ଲିଖତ :
ମ୍ _____ ୟ _____ ସ୍ _____ ବ୍ _____ ଇ _____ ଙ୍ _____ ଲ୍ _____
Answer:
ମ୍ ନାସିକା
ୟ ତାଳୁ
ସ୍ ଦନ୍ତ
ବ୍ ଓଷ୍ଠ
ଇ ତାଳୁ
ଙ୍ ନାସିକା
ଲ୍ ଦନ୍ତ

୪। ବ୍ୟଞ୍ଜନ ସ୍ବର ସଂଯୋଗ :
‘ଅ’ ସ୍ବର ବ୍ୟତୀତ ଅନ୍ୟ ସ୍ବର ସହିତ ମିଶି ଉଚ୍ଚାରିତ ହେଉଥ‌ିବା ବ୍ୟଞ୍ଜନର ଲିଗ୍‌ ରୂପ ସେହି ସେହି ସ୍ଵରର ଚିହ୍ନଯୁକ୍ତ ହୋଇ ଅଙ୍କିତ ହୁଏ । ‘ଅ’ ସ୍ଵରର କୌଣସି ଚିହ୍ନ ନାହିଁ; ମାତ୍ର କ୍, ଖ୍, ଗ୍ ପ୍ରଭୃତି ଶୁଦ୍ଧ ବ୍ୟଞ୍ଜନ ସହିତ ‘ଅ’ ସ୍ଵର ଯୋଗ ହେଲେ ଏଗୁଡ଼ିକର ନିମ୍ନରେ ଥ‌ିବା ହଲନ୍ତ ଚିହ୍ନ ( ) ଲୋପପାଏ । ଉଦାହରଣସ୍ୱରୂପ – ‘କ’ ବ୍ୟଞ୍ଜନ ସହିତ ମିଶି ବିଭିନ୍ନ ସ୍ଵରର ମିଳିତ ରୂପ ନିମ୍ନରୂପେ ପ୍ରକାଶ ପାଏ ବା ଲେଖାଯାଏ ।

ଅଭ୍ୟ।ସଃ
୧। ପ୍ରସନ୍ନ ଇତି ପଦେ ଅ-ସ୍ବର ସଂଯୁକ୍ତାନି ବ୍ୟଞ୍ଜନାନି ଲିଖତ; ଯଥା –
(କ) _____ (ଖ) _____ (ଗ) _____
Answer:
(କ) ପ୍ର
(ଖ) ସ
(ଗ) ନ୍ନ

୨। ଜାଗରଣମ୍ ଇତି ପଦେ ଅ-ସ୍ୱର ସଂଯୁକ୍ତାନି ବ୍ୟଞ୍ଜନାନି ଲିଖତ ।
(କ) _____ (ଖ) _____ (ଗ) _____
Answer:
(କ) ଗ
(ଖ) ର
(ଗ) ଣ

୩ । ମାଳାକାରଃ ଇତି ପଦେ ଆ-ସ୍ଵର ସଂଯୁକ୍ତାନି ବ୍ୟଞ୍ଜନାନି ଲିଖ୍ ।
(କ) _____ (ଖ) _____ (ଗ) _____
Answer:
(କ) ମା
(ଖ) ଳା
(ଗ) କା

୪। ବିଲିଖତଃ ଇତି ପଦେ ଇ-ସ୍ୱର ସଂଯୁକ୍ତାନି ବ୍ୟଞ୍ଜନାନି ଲିଖତ ।
(କ) _____ (ଖ) _____ (ଗ) _____
Answer:
(କ) ବି
(ଖ) ଲି
(ଗ) ଖୁ

୫। ରୂପେଣ ଇତି ପଦେ ଊ-ସ୍ୱର ସଂଯୁକ୍ତ ବ୍ୟଞ୍ଜନ ଲିଖିତ ।
(କ) _____
Answer:
ରୁ

୬ । କୁରୁତ ଇତି ପଦେ ଉ-ସ୍ୱର ସଂଯୁକ୍ତବ୍ୟଞ୍ଜନେ ଲିଖତ ।
(କ) _____ (ଖ) _____
Answer:
(କ) କୁ
(ଖ) ରୁ

୭। ସୌଭାଗ୍ୟମ୍ ଇତି ପଦେ ଔ-ଯୁକ୍ତ ବ୍ୟଞ୍ଜନଂ ଲିଖତ ।
(କ) _____
Answer:
ସୌ

୮। ମତୈକ୍ୟମ୍ ଇତ୍ୟତ୍ର ଐ-ଯୁକ୍ତବ୍ୟଞ୍ଜନଂ ଲିଖିତ ।
(କ) _____
Answer:
ତୈ

୯ । କୃତିଃ ଇତ୍ୟତ୍ର ଋ-ଯୁକ୍ତବ୍ୟଞ୍ଜନ ଲିଖତ ।
(କ) _____
Answer:
କୃ

୧୦। ନିମ୍ନଲିଖତବର୍ଣ୍ଣାନାଂ ସଂଯୁକ୍ତରୂପଂ ଲିଖତ ।
(କ) ଚ୍ + ଯ + ଆ + କ୍ + ଅ + ର୍ + ଅ + ଣ୍ + ଅ + ମ୍ -= _______
Answer:
ବ୍ୟାକରଣମ୍

(ଖ) ମ୍ + ଇ + ତ୍ + ର୍ + ଅ + ମ୍ = _________
Answer:
ମିତ୍ରମ୍

(ଗ) ସ୍ + ଅ + ମ୍ + ଆ + ଚ୍ + ଆ + ର୍ + ଅ + ଃ = _______
Answer:
ସମାଚାରଃ

(ଘ) ଚ୍ + ଆ + ଷ୍ + ଟ୍ + ର୍ + ଅ + ମ୍ = _______
Answer:
ରାଷୄ୍ମ୍

(ଙ) ପ୍ + ଅ + ର୍ + ଇ + ଶ୍ + ର୍ + ଅ + ମ୍ + ଅ = _________
Answer:
ପରିଶ୍ରମ

Odisha State Board BSE Odisha Class 9 English Grammar Book Solutions Chapter 1 Parts of a Sentence Textbook Exercise Activity Questions and Answers.

BSE Odisha Class 9 English Grammar Solutions Chapter 1 Parts of a Sentence

⇒ What is a Sentence?
A sentence is a statement with words set in order to express our ideas, feelings, views etc. in a meaningful expression. (ଶବ୍ଦଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ଠିକ୍ ଭାବରେ ସଜାଇ ଆମ୍ଭେମାନେ ଆମର ଭାବନା, ମତ, ଅନୁଭୂତି ଆଦିକୁ ଅର୍ଥପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ ଭାବରେ ପ୍ରକାଶ କରିବାର ଉକ୍ତିକୁ ବାକ୍ୟ କୁହାଯାଏ ।)

Or, A group of words that makes complete sense is called a sentence.
(କେତୋଟି ଶବ୍ଦ ମିଶି ଏକ ସଂପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ ଅର୍ଥ ପ୍ରକାଶ କଲେ ତାହାକୁ ମଧ୍ୟ ବାକ୍ୟ କୁହାଯାଏ ।)

⇒ Parts of a Sentence :
A sentence (Particularly a simple sentence) consists of two main parts.
(ଗୋଟିଏ ବାକ୍ୟ ମୁଖ୍ୟତଃ ଗୋଟିଏ ସରଳବାକ୍ୟ ୨ଟି ମୁଖ୍ୟ ଅଂଶ ବା ଭାଗକୁ ନେଇ ଗଠିତ ।)

In the above table diagram, the subject words are An aeroplane, Children and You. (ଉପରୋକ୍ତ ସାରଣୀ ଚିତ୍ରରେ କର୍ତ୍ତା ଶବ୍ଦ ବିଶେଷ ହେଲା Aeroplane, Children ଓ You.)

Similarly the essential parts of the predicate phrase are the verbs or verb words like flies, are and have made. (ସେହିଭଳି Predicate Phrase ବା ବିଧେୟର ମୁଖ୍ୟ ବା ଆବଶ୍ୟକୀୟ ଶବ୍ଦ ହେଉଛି କ୍ରିୟା (verb) ଯଥା- flies, are ଓ have made)

Remember: By a subject, we mean a noun or pronoun provided the subject is a one-word
constituent. Similarly by a predicate, we mean particularly a verb or verbs.]
(ମନେରଖ : ଯଦି ବାକ୍ୟରେ Subject ଗୋଟିଏ ପଦବିଶିଷ୍ଟ ଶବ୍ଦ ହୋଇଥାଏ, ତାହା ନିଶ୍ଚୟ Noun Pronoun। ସେଇଭଳି Predicate ବା ବିଧେୟର ମୁଖ୍ୟ ଅଂଶ ହେଉଛି Verb ବା କ୍ରିୟାପଦ ।)

Examples:

Subject (One word)	Predicate (One or more words)
(Noun /Pronoun)	Verb (s)
Wind (ପବନ) (noun)	blows.
It pronoun (ସର୍ବନାମ)	was raining.
I (pronoun)	am.

(The head word of the subject is either a noun or pronoun and the head word of the predicate is a verb)

Let’s know more about the subject (କର୍ତ୍ତା ବା ଉଦ୍ଦେଶ୍ୟ ବିଷୟରେ ଅଧିକ ଜାଣିବା) : The subject of a sentence can be as the following. (ନିମ୍ନରେ ପ୍ରଦତ୍ତ ବାକ୍ୟାଶଗୁଡ଼ିକ subject ବା କର୍ରାର ବିଭିନ୍ନ ରୂପ)
(i) Proper noun (ନାମବାଚକ ବିଶେଷ୍ୟ)
Sudha is a clever girl.

(ii) Personal pronoun (ବ୍ୟକ୍ତିବାଚକ ସର୍ବନାମ)
You were intelligent (ବୁଦ୍ଧିମାନ).
(Other personal pronouns are ‘it’, ‘she’, ‘he’, ‘they’, ‘we’ etc.)

(iii) Demonstrative pronoun (ପ୍ରଦର୍ଶକ ସର୍ବନାମ)
This / that was an old woman.
These / those are my textbooks

(iv) Noun / Noun phrase (ବିଶେଷ / ବିଶେଷ୍ୟ ବାକ୍ୟାଶ)
Book is useful. (noun)
A good book is admired (ପ୍ରଶଂସିତ) by one and all.

(v) Grammatical Subject ‘There’ (ବ୍ୟାକରଣଗତ କର୍ମା) / ‘There’)
There was a troupe of monkeys (ପଲେ ମାଙ୍କଡ଼) on the roof.

(vi) Dummy subject ‘it’ (ଛଦ୍ମବେଶୀ କର୍ତ୍ତା ‘it’) (ସମୟ, ଦୂରତା, ମୂଲ୍ୟ ଅର୍ଥରେ)
It is ten (minutes) to six p.m. (ସଂଧ୍ୟା ୬ଟା ବାଜିବାକୁ ଦଶ ମିନିଟ୍ ଅଛି)
It is 10 a.m.
It is just a Kilometre to my house (ଦୂରତା).

(vii) Some adverbs function as subjects (କର୍ତ୍ତା ରୂପେ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟକରୁଥିବା କେତେକ କ୍ରିୟା ବିଶେଷଣ)
Today is Friday. (Adverb of time)
Yesterday was Thursday. (Adverb of time)

(viii)Verbal noun (When a verb functions (କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ କରେ) like a noun)
Smoking causes cancer to the lungs (ଫୁସ୍‌ଫୁସ୍).
Swimming is enjoyable (ଉପଭୋଗ୍ୟ).

(ix) Infinitive (ଅସମାପିକା କ୍ରିୟା) (To + verb)
To err is human. (ଭୁଲ୍ କରିବା ମାନବୀୟ)
To swim against the current is dangerous.(ସ୍ରୋତରେ ପ୍ରତିକୂଳରେ ପହଁରିବା ବିପଜ୍ଜନକ ।)
(Here’ against the current is the post-modifier after the headword ‘to swim’ )

(x) Clause ( ବାକ୍ୟଖଣ୍ଡ ବା ଖଣ୍ଡବାକ୍ୟ)
What you told me yesterdy was absolutely (ସଂପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ) true.
That Seema’s father died so young is a great sorrow.

(A sentence always begins with a Capital Letter)
(ବାକ୍ୟ ସର୍ବଦା ବଡ଼ ଅକ୍ଷରରୁ ଆରମ୍ଭ ହୋଇଥାଏ।)

Various elements of a sentence (ଗୋଟିଏ ବାକ୍ୟର ବିଭିନ୍ନ ଉପାଦାନ):

A sentence (having a subject and a predicate) is made up of various grammatical items or parts of speech. (ଗୋଟିଏ ବାକ୍ୟ କର୍ତ୍ତା ବା ଉଦ୍ଦେଶ୍ୟ ଓ ଗୋଟିଏ ବିଧେୟକୁ ନେଇ ଗଠିତ। ବାକ୍ୟରେ ବିଭିନ୍ନ ବ୍ୟାକରଣଗତ ଉପାଦାନ (ପଦ) ରହିଥାଏ ।)

1. Noun (ବିଶେଷ୍ୟପଦ)
A noun is a word which denotes the name of person, things, place, animal, quality, action, state. (ଯେଉଁ ଶବ୍ଦ କୌଣସି ବ୍ୟକ୍ତି, ବସ୍ତୁ, ସ୍ଥାନ, ପ୍ରାଣୀ, ଗୁଣ, କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ ବା ଅବସ୍ଥାକୁ ସୂଚିତ କରେ, ତାହାକୁ ବିଶେଷ୍ୟପଦ କୁହାଯାଏ ।)
A noun is a naming word. (ବିଶେଷ୍ୟ ପଦ ହେଉଛି ଏକ ନାମବାଚକ ଶବ୍ଦ।)
Examples :
(i) Delhi stands on the Yamuna. (place)
(ii) Mango gives good flavour (ସ୍ୱାଦ). (thing, quality)
(iii) Ritesh came to our house yesterday. (person, place)
(iv) Laughter (ହସ) tones up (ବୃଦ୍ଧି କରାଇଥାଏ) our health. (action/action)
(v) Jealousy (ଈର୍ଷା) ruins (ସର୍ବନାଶ ଘଟାଇଥାଏ) one’s mental contentment (ମାନସିକ ତୃପ୍ତି). (quality, state)

2. Pronoun (ସର୍ବନାମ)
Here the word ‘pro’ means ‘instead of. (‘pro’ ର ଅର୍ଥ “ ବଦଳରେ’ ବା ‘ ପରିବର୍ତ୍ତେ’)
A pronoun is a word which is used in place of or instead of a noun.
(ଗୋଟିଏ ବିଶେଷ୍ୟପଦ ବଦଳରେ ବା ସ୍ଥାନରେ ଯେଉଁ ଶବ୍ଦ ବ୍ୟବହୃତ ହୁଏ, ତାହାକୁ ସର୍ବନାମ କୁହାଯାଏ।)
Examples:
(i) Dasarath was the king of Ayodhya. (noun)
He loved Rama, the eldest son very much. (He = pronoun (used for Dasaratha))
(ii) My name is Nabakishore. (noun phrase)
I write for ‘Saurav’ regularly. (pronoun)
(iii) Children are fond of sweets. (noun)
They are the angels. (pronoun)

3. Adjective (ବିଶେଷଣପଦ)
An adjective is a word that describes or qualifies a noun or a pronoun.
(ଯେଉଁ ପଦ ବିଶେଷ୍ୟପଦର ଗୁଣ, ଅବସ୍ଥା, ସଂଖ୍ୟା, ଉଦ୍ଦେଶ୍ୟ, ରଂଗ, ଆକାର, ଆକୃତି ଆଦି ବିଷୟରେ ସୂଚନା ଦିଏ, ତାହାକୁ ବିଶେଷଣ ପଦ କୁହାଯାଏ।)
Examples:
(i) Kapilendra Dev was a great conqueror (ବିଜୟୀ). (quality)
(ii) A cricket ball is round. (shape)
(iii) Someone (କେହି ଜଣେ) is sitting on a plastic chair.(making)
(iv) Grass is green. (colour)
(v) An old good couple (ସ୍ଵାମୀ, ସ୍ତ୍ରୀ) lived in this cottage (କୁଡ଼ିଆ). (age, quality, demonstration)
(vi) We don’t have much water in the well. (quantity)

4. Verb (କ୍ରିୟାପଦ)
A verb is a word that denotes an action or event or state represented by a subject.
ଯେଉଁ ପଦ କର୍ତ୍ତାର କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ ବା ଅବସ୍ଥାକୁ ସୂଚିତ କରେ ତାହାକୁ କ୍ରିୟାପଦ କୁହାଯାଏ ।)
A verb is doing or telling word.
Examples:
(i) The doctor operated (ଅସ୍ତ୍ରୋପଚାର କଲେ) the patient.
(ii) Tiger is (ଅଟେ) our national animal.
(iii) Has the match been won (ଜିତାଯାଇଛି) by the team India?
(iv) Mr Suresh Bharalawala has (ଅଛି) a massive building (ବିଶାଳ କୋଠାଘର).

5. Adverb (କ୍ରିୟାବିଶେଷଣ)
An adverb is a word that adds (qualifies) more information about place, time, manner, cause, frequency (ବାରମ୍ବାରତା), degree (ପରିମାଣ) etc. to verb or an adjective or another adverb. (ଯେଉଁ ପଦ କ୍ରିୟାପଦ (ମୁଖ୍ୟତଃ) ବା ବିଶେଷଣ ବା ଅନ୍ୟ ଏକ କ୍ରିୟାପଦର ସ୍ଥାନ, ସମୟ, କାରଣ, ପରିମାଣ ଆଦିକୁ ବିଶେଷିତ କରେ, ତାହାକୁ କ୍ରିୟାବିଶେଷଣ ପଦ କୁହାଯାଏ ।)
An adverb is a modifying word (ଏକ ବିଶେଷିତ ଶବ୍ଦ).
Examples:
(i) Uncle has come today. (time)
(ii) What is Susil doing there? (place)
(iii) Do you ever tell lies? (ମିଛକଥା) (frequency)
(iv) A student ought to write (ଲେଖୁବା ଉଚିତ) quite clearly. (degree)
(v) Some people are very helpful. (How helpful modifying the adjective ‘helpful’)

6. Preposition (ବିଭକ୍ତିସୂଚକ ଅବ୍ୟୟ ବା ପୂର୍ବପଦ)
A preposition is a word that shows the relation between a noun or a pronoun with some other word(s) in a sentence.
(ଯେଉଁ ପଦ ଗୋଟିଏ ବିଶେଷ୍ୟ ବା ସର୍ବନାମ ପଦ ସହିତ ବ୍ୟବହୃତ ହୋଇ ଅନ୍ୟପଦ ବା ପଦମାନଙ୍କ ସହିତ ସମ୍ପର୍କ ସୂଚିତ କରିଥାଏ, ତାହାକୁ ଅବ୍ୟୟ ବା ବିଭକ୍ତି ବା ପୂର୍ବପଦ କୁହାଯାଏ।)

A preposition is a relating word
(ଅବ୍ୟୟ ହେଉଛି ଏକ ସଂପର୍କ ବା ସମ୍ବନ୍ଧ ଜନିତ ଶବ୍ଦ।)
Examples:
(i) The sky is over (ଉପରେ) our heads.
(ii) The child held his mother tightly in fear.
(iii) Sivaji swam across (ଏପଟରୁ ସେପଟକୁ) the small river.
(iv) Mr Mohapatra lives on (ଉପରେ) the first floor.
(v) Don’t stare at (ଆଡ଼କୁ ଖରାପ ଦୃଷ୍ଟିରେ ଚାହିଁବା) that girl.

Let’s know some useful uses of prepositions:

AT	IN	ON
(Time) Clock time:	(Time) Month/year/season:	(Time) Day/date/special occasion:
at 6 p.m, at 10 a.m at 8 o’clock in the evening Parts of day and night: at dawn/dusk / sunrise sunset/midnight/ midday/noon	in April, in December, in 2019, in 1947, inChaitra, in Winter, in Spring etc. Parts of day/night: in the evening / the afternoon / the morning / the night	on Sunday / Friday / Saturday / his birthday the marriage day/ the full moon day
AT (Place)	IN (Place)	ON (Place)
at home / the cinema / the airport / the station / the shop/taxi stand / school/college / the cricket/football match	In India / America / Japan / the village / the park / the town / the city / the garden / the kitchen / the classroom / Odisha	On the first/second floor / the Railways / the way / tea plantation / the T.V / the school/college campus

Other Examples:
In:
in fear
in pen/ink

(fall)
in pieces
in the dry weather
in the sunshine
in the end
in danger

at:
at sight (shoot)
at the end
at the beginning
at last
at ease (ସହଜରେ)
at home (ଦକ୍ଷ) (ବିଷୟରେ)
at sea (ଦୁର୍ବଳ) (ବିଷୟରେ)

On:
on foot (ଚାଲି ଚାଲି)
on sale
on the whole
on fire
on the phone
on the beach / the coast / the bank
on a business / an official tour (ଗସ୍ତ)
on the other hand (ଅପର ପକ୍ଷରେ)

7. Conjunction (ସଂଯୋଜକ ଅବ୍ୟୟ)
A conjunction is a word which is used to join two or more words, phrases, clauses or sentences.
(ଯେଉଁ ପଦ ଦୁଇ ବା ତହିଁରୁ ଅଧ‌ିକ ଶବ୍ଦ, ବାକ୍ୟାଶ, ଖଣ୍ଡବାକ୍ୟ ଓ ବାକ୍ୟଖଣ୍ଡଗୁଡ଼ିକ ସଂଯୋଜନା କରେ ବା ଯୋଗକରେ, ତାହାକୁ Conjunction ବା ସଂଯୋଜକ ଅବ୍ୟୟ କୁହାଯାଏ ।)
A conjunction is a joining word. (ଏକ ସଂଯୋଜକ ଅବ୍ୟୟ ଏକ ଯୋଗକାରୀ ପଦ।)
Examples:
(i) Father and I (not ‘I’ and father) travelled to Mumbai. (Joining Father, I)
(ii) He is poor; nevertheless (ହେଲେ ମଧ୍ୟ / ତଥାପି) he is happy. (Joining two clauses or sentences ‘He is poor’ and ‘he is happy’ )
(iii) The accident occurred (ଘଟିଲା) as/because/since (ଯେହେତୁ / କାରଣ) the driver had lost control over the bus.
(iv) Jhilla lost her mobile and her money purse. (her mobile (noun), her money purse (noun phrases).

8. Interjection (ବିସ୍ମୟସୂଚକ ପଦ)
An interjection is a word which denotes sudden emotions of sorrow, happiness, praise etc. of a speaker. ( ବକ୍ତାଙ୍କର ହଠାତ୍ ବା ଅପ୍ରତ୍ୟାଶିତ ଆବେଗ; ଯଥା- ଦୁଃଖ, ଆନନ୍ଦ, ପ୍ରଶଂସା, ଘୃଣା ଆଦି ଆବେଗକୁ ସୂଚିତ କରୁଥୁବା ଶବ୍ଦକୁ ବିସ୍ମୟସୂଚକ ପଦ କୁହାଯାଏ। )
(i) Alas! (ଆହାଃ) Amit’s mother is dead. (ଦୁଃଖ)
(ii) Hurrah ! (ହୁରେ !) We have beaten (ପରାସ୍ତ କରିଛୁ) Pakistan. (ଆନନ୍ଦର ଚିତ୍କାର)
(iii) Ah ! I’m quite tired. (ଓହୋ) (ଯନ୍ତ୍ରଣା)
Besides the above 8 parts of speech, a sentence also takes ‘articles’ and ‘demonstrative’. (ଉପରୋକ୍ତ ଆଠଟି ପଦକୁ ଛାଡ଼ି, ବାକ୍ୟର ଅନ୍ୟ ମୁଖ୍ୟ ଅଂଶ ରୂପେ article ଓ demonstrative କୁ ମଧ୍ୟ ଗ୍ରହଣ କରାଯାଏ ।)
Examples:
(i) An orange is good for health. (article)
(ii) We have formed a union. (article / ସଂଘ)
(iii) The film has become a smash hit. (article)
(iv) This / That is a lazy boy. (demonstrative)
(v) Those / These were foreign televisions, (demonstrative)

Position of Subjects and Predicates in different sentences (ବିଭିନ୍ନ ବାକ୍ୟରେ କର୍ତ୍ତା ବା ଉଦ୍ଦେଶ୍ୟ ଓ ବିଧେୟର ବ୍ୟବହୃତ ସ୍ନାନ)

1. Declarative Sentence / Assertive Sentence / Statement (ବିବୃତିମୂଳକ ବାକ୍ୟ) :
Declarative Sentence or Statement. (ଯେଉଁ ବାକ୍ୟ କୌଣସି ବସ୍ତୁ ବା ବ୍ୟକ୍ତି (ପ୍ରାଣୀ, ସ୍ଥାନ, ଆଦି) ବିଷୟରେ ବିବୃତି ବା ତଥ୍ୟ ପ୍ରଦାନ କରେ, ତାହାକୁ ବିବୃତିମୂଳକ ବାକ୍ୟ କୁହାଯାଏ ।)
A Declarative sentence usually begins with a subject. (ଗୋଟିଏ ବିବୃତିମୂଳକ ବାକ୍ୟ ସାଧାରଣତଃ subject ବା କର୍ଲାରୁ ଆରମ୍ଭ ହୋଇଥାଏ ।)
Examples:

Subject	Predicate
(i) The earth	moves round the sun.
(ii) Smita	never tells a lie.
(iii) Walking	is a good exercise.
(iv) There	was a bike – point at this part of the town.
(v) To work	is worship.
(vi) It	may rain today (ଆଜି ବର୍ଷା ହୋଇପାରେ)
(vii) Mini	always wears cotton dresses.

2. Interrogative Sentence :
A sentence that asks a question about something or somebody is called an Interrogative Sentence
(ଯେଉଁ ବାକ୍ୟ କୌଣସି ବସ୍ତୁ ବା ବ୍ୟକ୍ତି ସଂପର୍କରେ ପ୍ରଶ୍ନ କରେ, ତାହାକୁ ପ୍ରଶ୍ନସୂଚକ ବାକ୍ୟ କୁହାଯାଏ ।)

An interrogative sentence ends with a mark of interrogation or question (?).
(ଗୋଟିଏ ପ୍ରଶ୍ନସୂଚକ ବାକ୍ୟ ଏକ ପ୍ରଶ୍ନସୂଚକ ଚିହ୍ନ (?) ରେ ଶେଷ ହୁଏ ।)

A. Subject	Predicate
(i) Who	doesn’t love his country ?
(ii) What	has happened?
(iii) Who	wrote Shakuntala?

B. Subject	Predicate
(i) How is	your uncle?
(ii) What is	his problem?
(iii) What is	the matter?

C. One part of the predicate	Subject	Another part of the predicate
(i) Did	the teacher	punish the wicked boy?
(ii) Why are	the cattle	thirsty?
(iii) Where do	the family	live?
(iv) Can	the doctor	conduct his operation?

3. Imperative Sentence:
A sentence that expresses a command, a request, advice, suggestion or a desire is said to be an Imperative Sentence. (ଯେଉଁ ବାକ୍ୟ ଗୋଟିଏ ଆଦେଶ, ଅନୁରୋଧ, ଉପଦେଶ, ପ୍ରସ୍ତାବ, ସତର୍କତା ବା କାମନା (ଇଚ୍ଛା)ର ଅର୍ଥ ପ୍ରକାଶକରେ, ତାହାକୁ ଅନୁଜ୍ଞାସୂଚକ ବାକ୍ୟ କୁହାଯାଏ ।)

The subject ‘you’ is understood or implied (not mentioned) in an Imperative Sentence.
(ଏକ ଅନୁଜ୍ଞାସୂଚକ ବାକ୍ୟରେ କର୍ତ୍ତା ‘you’ ସାଧାରଣତଃ ଊତ୍ସ୍ୟ ଥାଏ ।)
Examples:

	Subject	Predicate
(i)	×	Never surrender (command) (ଆତ୍ମସମର୍ପଣ କର ନାହିଁ).
(ii)	×	Lend me your book, please, (request)
(iii)	×	Help us, O God. (entreaty) (ନିବେଦନ)
(iv)	×	Do well. (advice)
(v)	×	Keep your school neat and clean.
(vi)	×	Don’t drive recklessly (ବେପରୁଆ ଭାବରେ). (warning / ସତର୍କ)

The Imperative Sentence expressing suggestion has the objective form of the subject after
‘Let’. (ଅନୁଜ୍ଞାସୂଚକ ବାକ୍ୟରେ ପ୍ରସ୍ତାବ ଅର୍ଥରେ Let ପରେ subject ର object form (କର୍ମରୂପ) ବ୍ୟବହାର କରାଯାଏ ।)
(i) Lets us / Let’s start the work again.
[us = objective pronoun; subject = we]
(ii) Let him go. (ତା’କୁ ଯିବାକୁ ଦିଅ।)
[him = objective pronoun; subject = he]
(iii) Let them decide the matter. (ସେମାନଙ୍କୁ ଘଟଣାଟିକୁ ସ୍ଥିର କରିବାକୁ ଦିଆଯାଉ।)
[them = objective pronoun; subject = they]
(iv) Let the child play the doll.
[the child = subject/object]

4. Exclamatory Sentence
A sentence that expresses some sudden or strong feeling is called an Exclamatory Sentence.
(ଯେଉଁ ବାକ୍ୟ ବକ୍ତାଙ୍କର ହଠାତ୍ ବା ଅପ୍ରତ୍ୟାଶିତ ଆବେଗ (ଖୁସି, ଦୁଃଖ, ଘୃଣା, ପ୍ରଶଂସା) ଆଦିକୁ ପ୍ରକାଶ କରେ, ସେପରି ବାକ୍ୟକୁ ବିସ୍ମୟସୂଚକ ବାକ୍ୟ କୁହାଯାଏ ।)

An exclamatory mark (!) is placed at the end of an exclamatory sentence.
(ବିସ୍ମୟ ବାକ୍ୟର ଶେଷରେ ବିସ୍ମୟସୂଚକ ଚିହ୍ନ ଦିଆଯାଏ ।)
Examples:

A. One Part of the Predicate	Subject	Another Part of the Predicate
(i) How beautiful	the rose	is !
(ii) How nicely	she	sings!
(iii) What	a tragic accident	(it is/was) !
(iv) How heart-breaking (ହୃଦୟ ବିଦାରକ)	the news!	(it is/was) !
(v) What	a splendid sight! (ଚିତ୍ତାକର୍ଷକ ଦୃଶ୍ୟ)	(it is/was) !

Remember:
In some exclamatory sentences, subject and predicate are hardly uttered.
(କେତେକ ବିସ୍ମୟସୂଚକ ବାକ୍ୟରେ କର୍ତ୍ତାରେ କର୍ତ୍ତା ଓ ବିଧେୟକୁ ପ୍ରାୟ ଉଚ୍ଚାରଣ କରାଯାଏ ନାହିଁ ।)
(i) What on earth ! (କି ଆଶ୍ଚର୍ଯ୍ୟ !)
(ii) What nonsense ! (କି ବାଜେକଥା !)
(iii) What an innings ! (କି ପାଳି ! )(କ୍ରିକେଟରେ)
(iv) How exciting ! (କି ଚାଞ୍ଚଲ୍ୟକାରୀ !)

B.	Predicate	Subject
	(i) Up went	my kite!
	(ii) Here comes	Raju’s headmaster!
	(iii) There goes	Shreeya’s school bus!
	(iv) Down sank	the ship!
	(v) Away went	father!

Look at the subject position of ‘It’ (‘It’ ର କର୍ରାର ସ୍ଥାନକୁ ଦୃଷ୍ଟିଦିଅ) :
(i) How cold it is! (କି ଥଣ୍ଡା !)
(ii) Is it still raining? (ଏପର୍ଯ୍ୟନ୍ତ ବି ବର୍ଷା ହେଉଛି !)
(iii) How long (କେତେ ସମୟ) will it take you to learn to drive this car?
(iv) It is so! (ତା’ହେଲେ ଏମିତି)

Remember:
(i) A sentence has two parts – the subject and the predicate.
(ଗୋଟଏ ବାକ୍ୟର ୨ଟି ଅଂଶ ରହିଛି – କର୍ତ୍ତା (ଉଦ୍ଦେଶ୍ୟ) ଓ ବିଧେୟ ।)
(ii) The name of the person or thing we speak about is called the subject and it is usually a noun or a noun phrase.
(ଯାହା ବିଷୟରେ (ବ୍ୟକ୍ତି ବା ବସ୍ତୁ) ଆମ୍ଭେ କିଛି କହୁ ବା ଯିଏ କିଛି କରେ ତାହାକୁ କର୍ଭା / ବା ଉଦ୍ଦେଶ୍ୟ କୁହାଯାଏ ଓ ଏହା ହେଉଛି ଏକ ବିଶେଷ୍ୟ ବା ବିଶେଷ୍ୟ ବାକ୍ୟାଶ।)
(iii) The predicate says something about the subject or tells us what the subject does.
(ବିଷୟରେ ବା କର୍ରା ଯାହା କରେ ସେ ବିଷୟରେ ବାକ୍ୟର ଯେଉଁ ଭାଗ କହେ, ତାହାକୁ ବିଧେୟ କୁହାଯାଏ।)

Textual Activities With Answers

Activity – 1

There are some words in tables ‘A’ and ‘B’ You have to join them suitably by drawing a line to make a meaningful expression. Then write the complete sentence. One has been done for you. (ଟେବୁଲରେ ଥିବା ଅଂଶଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ସଠିକ୍ ଭାବରେ ଯୋଗକରି ଅର୍ଥପୂର୍ଣ ବାକ୍ୟ ତିଆରି କର ।) (ତୀରଚିହ୍ନ ଟାଣି)

Answer:

1. The boy is intelligent.
2. The Chinese (ଚୀନାମାନେ) are very industrious.
3. Dilip Tirkey is a popular hockey player.
4. Trees provide us with oxygen.
5. The cows feed on grass.

Activity – 2

Put the words in the correct order. The first one has been done for you.
(ଉଦାହରଣ ପରି ଶବ୍ଦଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ କ୍ରମ ଅନୁସାରେ ସଜାଅ।)
1. her/you / waiting / for / are?
Answer:
Are you waiting for her?

2. he / song/listening / this / is / to / not
Answer:
He is not listening to this song.

3. have / for / you / cooked / I / not.
Answer:
I have not cooked for you.

4. a / he / tall / boy / is
Answer:
He is a tall boy.

5. nation / is / the / our / Gandhiji / Father / of
Answer:
Gandhiji is the Father of our nation.

6. get / you / do / when / up?
Answer:
When do you get up?

7. all / is / that / not / gold/glitters.
Answer:
All that glitters is not gold.
(ସବୁ ଚକଚକିଆ ଦ୍ରବ୍ୟ ସୁନା ନୁହେଁ ।)

8. singing / is / so / Anima / sweetly.
Answer:
Anima is singing so sweetly.

9. you / guess / can / answer / the?
Answer:
Can you guess the answer?

10. the / sun / at / look.
Answer:
Look at the sun.

Activity – 3

Now write 6 sentences using the information given below.
(ତଳେ ଦିଆଯାଇଥିବା ସୂଚନା ବ୍ୟବହାର କରି ୬ଟି ବାକ୍ୟ ଲେଖ ।)

1. This is Shrinivas.
Answer:
This is Shrinivas.

2. (Father- Mr. Subash Chandra)
Answer:
Mr Subas Chandra is his father.

3. (Age-fifteen)
Answer:
Shrinivas is fifteen.

4. (Sister- a singer)
Answer:
His sister is a singer.

5. (not an early riser)
Answer:
She is not an early riser.

6. (Hobby-swimming)
Answer:
Her hobby is swimming. (ଅବସର ପ୍ରିୟ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ)

Read the following dialogue and the instructions given below :
Traffic Police – Stop, don’t move,
Bike-rider – Sorry! Help me a bit please.
Traffic Police – How can I help you?
Bike-rider – Please, tell me the way to the Sainik School.
Traffic Police – Well, I’ll draw a road map for you.

Instructions:
1. Go straight along the N.H. up to Jayadev Vihar.
2. Turn left.
3. Take the Nandankanan Road.
4. Turn right at Nalco Chhak.
5. Then come to the Sainik School on left.
Bike-rider – Thank you very much, Sir.

Activity – 4

Read the above dialogue and instructions about the roadmap. Identify the subjects and predicates. (ଉପର ଲିଖୁତ କଥୋପକଥନ roadmap ରାସ୍ତା ମାନଚିତ୍ରର ନିର୍ଦ୍ଦେଶାବଳୀକୁ ପଢ଼।) (ବାକ୍ୟଗୁଡ଼ିକରେ ଥବା କର୍ତ୍ତା ଓ ବିଧେୟ ଚିହ୍ନାଅ ।)
Answer on Dialogue :

Subject	Predicate
	Stop, don’t move.
	Sorry! Help me a bit please.
I	How can help you?
	Please tell me the way to the Sainik School.
I	Well, I will draw a road map for you.

Answer on Instructions :

	Subject	Predicate
1.		Go straight along the N.H. (National Highway) up to Jayadev Vihar.
2.		Turn left.
3.		Take the Nandankanan Road.
4.		Turn right at Nalco Chhak.
5.	The Sainik School	then comes on left.

Activity – 5

Now let’s write 5 sentences to explain the roadmap to Swati who wants to go to the Balasore Zilla School from Policeline square, Balasore. (ସ୍ୱାତୀ ଯିଏ ବାଲେଶ୍ଵରର ପୋଲିସଲାଇନ୍ ଛକରୁ ବାଲେଶ୍ଵର ଜିଲ୍ଲା ସ୍କୁଲକୁ ଯିବାକୁ ଚାହୁଁଛି, ତାକୁ ରୋଡ଼ମ୍ୟାପରେ ଦିଆଯାଇଥିବା ସୂଚନାକୁ ଆଧାରକରି ୫ଟି ବାକ୍ୟ ଲେଖୁବା ।)

Instructions (ନିର୍ଦ୍ଦେଶାବଳୀ)
1. Go upto the station square.
2. Turn right a bit.
3. See the two diverged (ଶାଖା ବାହାରିଥିବା) by-passes.
4. Walk along the road up from the site near the statue (ପ୍ରତିମୂର୍ତ୍ତି) of S.Kundu on the right side.
5. Continue (ଚାଲୁରଖ) walking.
6. Stop at the gate of Zilla School, Balasore.

Activity – 6

Write a few sentences on your Daily Routine. Then circle the subjects and underline the predicates. (ତୁମର ନିତିଦିନିଆ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ ବିଷୟରେ ଅଳ୍ପ କେତୋଟି ବାକ୍ୟ ଲେଖ ଓ ତା’ପରେ କଉଁଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ଗୋଲାକାର ଓ ବିଧେୟଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ରେଖାଙ୍କିତ କର ।)
Answers:
(i) After leaving the bed, I go for a ten-minute morning walk.
(ii) Following this, I do my morning chore. (ଛୋଟକାର୍ଯ୍ୟ)
(iii) Mother makes me breakfast.
(iv) I get down to my business of daily lessons.
(v) After a morning bath, I get ready for school with some refreshment.
(vi) At school, I stay till 4 p.m. with lunch at home during recess.
(vii) My friends and I play for one and half an hour in the village field.
(viii) In the evening my evening prayer lasts for half an hour and then my homework.
(ix) Before going to bed at 10.30 p.m, I usually finish my supper.

Activity – 7

Split the following sentences into two parts and pick out the verb. The first one has been done for you. (ନିମ୍ନଲିଖତ ବାକ୍ୟଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ଦୁଇ ଭାଗକରି କ୍ରିୟାପଦଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ବାଛ ।)
1. Rama plays.
Answer:
Subject – Rama, Predicate – plays, Verb – plays

2. She sings.
Answer:
Subject She, Predicate – sings, Verb – sings

3. Rabindra can read.
Answer:
Subject – Rabindra, Predicate can read (ପଢ଼ିପାରିବା), Verb – can read

4. Children laugh.
Answer:
Subject – Children, Predicate – laugh, Verb – laugh

5. He can write well.
Answer:
Subject – He, Predicate – can write well, Verb – can write

6. Time flies.
Answer:
Subject – Time, Predicate – flies, Verb – flies

7. You should obey your parents.
Answer:
Subject – You, Predicate – should obey your parents, Verb(s) – should obey

Activity – 8

Pick out the Head-words of the subject and the predicate respectively and encircle them. The first one has been has been done for you. The first one has been has been done for you. (ନିମ୍ନ ପ୍ରଦତ୍ତ ବାକ୍ୟଗୁଡ଼ିକରେ ଥ‌ିବା subject ଓ predicateର head-word ଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ଗୋଲ ବୁଲାଅ । ତୁମ ପାଇଁ ଗୋଟିଏ କରି ଦିଆଯାଇଛି ।

Remember:
The head-word in the subject is a noun or pronoun and the head-word in the predicate is the verb. (subject ବା କର୍ତ୍ତାରେ ଥ‌ିବା head word ଗୋଟିଏ ବିଶେଷ୍ୟ ବା ସର୍ବନାମ ଏବଂ predicate ବା ବିଧେୟରେ ଥବା head word ସେଭଳି verb ବା କ୍ରିୟା ପଦ।)

1. This juice smells bad.
Answer:
This juice smells bad.
Noun – juice, Verb – smells

2. Iron is a heavy metal.
Answer:
(Iron) (is) a heavy metal.
Noun – Iron , Verb – is

3. This shirt looks nice.
Answer:
This (shirt) (looks) nice.
Noun – shirt, Verb – looks (ଦେଖାଯାଉଛି)

4. One of the boys has found the watch.
Answer:
(One) of the boys (has found) the watch.
Noun – one, Verb – has found

5. We have to start early.
Answer:
(We) (have to start) early.
Noun – We, Verb – have to start

6. Gandhiji’s dedication (ତ୍ୟାଗ) brought us freedom.
Answer:
Gandhiji’s (dedication) (ତ୍ୟାଗ) (brought) us freedom.
Noun – dedication, Verb – brought

Activity – 9

Identify the subject and predicate.
(ଉଦ୍ଦେଶ୍ୟ ଓ ବିଧେୟକୁ ଚିହ୍ନାଅ।)
1. What makes you laugh?
Answer:
What makes laugh – Predicate, you – Subject

2. What is the aim of your life?
Answer:
The aim of your life – Subject, What is – predicate

3. Is Mr Mathur coming here?
Answer:
Mr Mathur – Subject, is coming here – Predicate

4. Who among the five students sitting there is Rajeev?
Answer:
among the five students sitting there is Rajeev – Predicate, Rajeev – Subject,
Who among the five students sitting there – predicate, Who – Subject

5. How long have you been waiting here?
Answer:
you – Subject,
How long have been waiting here Predicate

6. Why has the modern man been unhappy?
Answer:
The modem man – Subject,
Why has been unhappy – Predicate

7. What happened to your left leg?
Answer:
your left leg – Subject,
what happened to – Predicate

8. When are you paying my fees?
Answer:
you – Subject,
When are paying my fees – Predicate

9. Who do you want to speak to?
Answer:
you – Subject,
Who do want to speak to – Predicate

10. Where did you dine last night?
Answer:
you – Subject,
Where did dine (LuAf) last night Predicate

Activity – 10

Read the passage thoroughly and pick out the correct alternative from the option list for the corresponding serial number to fill in the blanks (ଅନୁଚ୍ଛେଦକୁ ଭଲ ଭାବରେ ପଢ଼ି ସଠିକ ବିକଳ୍ପ ଉତ୍ତର ବାଛି ଶୂନ୍ୟସ୍ଥାନ ପୂରଣ କର।) :
Lord Buddha 1 (was) named 2 in his childhood. King 3 got a 4 plant for him. One day, he was walking in that garden. Then a 5, crying with 6, fell down 7 the sky. 8 Siddhartha raised it 9 and put it on his lap. 10 had shot an arrow to 11 the swan. Siddhartha 12 the arrow out from its body 13 stuck it into his left arm with his right 14. ‘15 !’ Siddhartha felt 16 pain. 17 streamed down his face 18. Without thinking of the 19 of his own 20 thinking of the pain in the swan’s body, 21 burst into tears.

Options:
1. (a) be (b) is (c) was
2. (a) Siddhartha (b) Devadutta (c) Sudhanwa
3. (a) Virochana (b) Vikramaditya (c) Suddhodana
4. (a) building (b) farm (c) garden
5. (a) parrot (b) swan (c) dove
6. (a) pain (b) delight (c) dove
7. (a) from (b) over (c) above
8. (a) King (b) Prince (c) Emperor
9. (a) on (b) off (c) up
10. (a) Anyone (b) Someone (c) No one
11. (a) catch (b) kill (c) pat
12. (a) pulled (b) pushed (c) threw
13. (a) and (b) still (c) but
14. (a) arm (b) hand (c) leg
15. (a) Ah (b) Oh (c) Alas
16. (a) great (b) terrible (c) high
17. (a) Blood (b) Tears (c) Sweat
18. (a) slowly (b) smoothly (c) continuously
19. (a) pain (b) suffering (c) difficulty
20. (a) But (b) and (c) yet
21. (a) she (b) he (c) they

Answers:
Lord Buddha was named (ନାମ ଥଲା) Siddhartha in his childhood. King Suddhodana got a garden planted for him. One day, he was walking in that garden. Then a swan (ହଂସ) crying with pain (ଯନ୍ତ୍ରଣା) fell down from the sky. Prince (ରାଜକୁମାର) Siddhartha raised it up (ଉପରକୁ) and put it on his lap. Someone had shot an arrow to kill (ମାରିବା ପାଇଁ) the swan. Siddhartha pulled (ଟାଣି ବାହାର କରି ଆଣିଲେ) the arrow out from its body and stuck it into his left arm with his right arm (ବାହୁ). ‘ Alas !’ (ଆହାଃ) Siddhartha felt terrible (ଭୟଙ୍କର) pain. Tears streamed down his face continuously (ଲଗାତାର). Without thinking of the difficulty (ଅସୁବିଧା) of his own and thinking of the pain in the swan’s body, he burst into tears (କାନ୍ଦି ପକାଇଲେ).

Activity – 11

Identify the nouns in the following sentences and say what names they indicate. (ନିମ୍ନଲିଖତ ବାକ୍ୟଗୁଡ଼ିକରେ ବିଶେଷ୍ୟ ପଦଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ଚିହ୍ନିତ କରି ସେଗୁଡ଼ିକର ନାମ ଲେଖ।):
1. Ramachandra is the protagonist of the Ramayan.
Answer:
Ramachandra = person (ବ୍ୟକ୍ତି)
protagonist = protagonis (ବ୍ୟକ୍ତି / ପଦବୀ) (ମୁଖ୍ୟ ଚରିତ୍ର)

2. The cattle are grazing in the field.
Answer:
cattle = animals (ପ୍ରାଣୀ) field = object / thing

3. Honesty is always rewarded.
Answer:
Honesty (ସାଧୁତା) = quality (ଗୁଣ)

4. If winter comes, can spring be far behind?
Answer:
winter (ଶୀତ) = season (ଋତୁ) spring (ବସନ୍ତ) = season (ଋତୁ) (ଏଠାରେ winterକୁ ଦୁଃଖ ଓ ବିନାଶ ଏବଂ Springକୁ ସୁଖ ଓ ଆନନ୍ଦ ସହିତ ତୁଳନା କରାଯାଇଛି)

5. An elephant is a wild animal.
Answer:
elephant = animal (ପ୍ରାଣୀ)

6. My mother is watching TV.
Answer:
mother = person, TV = object (ବସ୍ତୁ)

Activity – 12

Complete the following story by choosing the correct option. (ସଠିକ୍ ବିକଳ୍ପ ବାଛି ଶୂନ୍ୟସ୍ଥାନ ପୂରଣକର।) :
One day Manu and Danu met the village headman. Manu said: “Sir, there is a mango tree in my courtyard 1 have been protecting 2 for long. Danu says that it belongs to 3 please, give 4 justice.”

Danu said : “No Sir, 5 is lying. The tree was taken care of by none other than 6, 7 should belong to me.”

The headman thought for a while, 8 said, “The tree may not belong to 9. Tell me, 10 is the real owner ?” Both started telling him, “It’s 11 .”

“All right !” said the headman. “The tree will be cut into two equals and distributed equally.” Suddenly, Danu agreed to the headman’s verdict. But Manu said, “Sir, I’ve taken a lot of pain to grow the tree. I cannot see its felling. Let Danu have the tree.

“Manu, 12 are really the owner of the tree. Danu will be punished for his falsehood,” said the headman.

Options:
1. (a) I (b) he (c) we
2. (a) it (b) its (c) his
3. (a) me (b) him (c) them
4. (a) us (b) ours (c) me
5. (a) you (b) me (c) he
6. (a) myself (b) himself (c) yourself
7. (a) it (b) they (c) he
8. (a) you (b) him (c) he
9. (a) ours (b) yours (c) both
10. (a) who (b) what (c) which
11. (a) our (b) my (c) mine
12. (a) you (b) they (c) he

Answers:
One day Manu and Danu met the village headman. Manu said : “Sir, there is a mango tree in my courtyard I have been protecting (ସୁରକ୍ଷା ଦେଇଆସୁଛି) it (ଏହାକୁ) for long (ଦୀର୍ଘଦିନ ଧରି). Danu says that it belongs to me (ମୋର) please, give me justice.”

Danu said : “No Sir, he is lying. The tree was taken care of by none other than myself. It should belong to me.”

The headman thought for a while, he said “The tree may not belong to yours. Tell me, who (କିଏ) is the real owner ?” Both started telling him, “It’s mine.”

“All right !” said the headman. “The tree will be cut into two equals and distributed equally.” Suddenly, Danu agreed to the headman’s verdict. But Manu said, “Sir, I’ve taken a lot of pain to grow the tree. I cannot see its felling. Let Danu have the tree.

“Manu, you are really the owner of the tree. Danu will be punished for his falsehood,” (ମିଥ୍ୟା ପାଇଁ ଦଣ୍ଡିତ ହେବ) said the headman.

Activity – 13

Put in I/he/she/we/you/me/they/them/it in the blank.
1. ‘Where is Madhu ?’ ___________ is in the garden.
Answer:
He

2. ‘Are the boys playing?’ ‘No, ___________ are studying’.
Answer:
they

3. Ram, Shyam and I belong to the same class. ___________ are good friends too.
Answer:
We

4. Sunita is a good girl, ___________ is very sensitive (ସମ୍ବେଦନଶୀଳ)
Answer:
she

5. Please don’t disturb ___________, They are asleep.
Answer:
them

6. Mr Jones sells vegetables. ___________ is a green grocer (ପରିବା ବିକାଳି).
Answer:
It

Activity – 14

Choose the correct words from the box and fill in the blanks.
(ବାକ୍ସ ଭିତରୁ ଠିକ୍ ଶବ୍ଦ ବାଛି ଶୂନ୍ୟସ୍ଥାନ ପୂରଣ କର ।)
1. Abhisikta feels ___________. Please call the doctor.
Answer:
sick

2. Swadesh is ___________. He can answer all the questions.
Answer:
intelligent (ବୁଦ୍ଧିମାନ)

3. That ___________ building is ours.
Answer:
red

4. Kolkata is a ___________ city.
Answer:
populous ( ଜନାକୀର୍ଣ୍ଣ / ଜନବହୁଳ)

5. ___________ boys idle away ଅଳସୁଆମିରେ ସମୟ କଟାନ୍ତି) their time.
Answer:
silly (ବୋକା)

6. The Japanese are ___________.
Answer:
brave (ସାହସୀ)

Activity – 15

Choose the correct verb given in brackets.
(ଠିକ୍ କ୍ରିୟାପଦ ବାଛି ଶୂନ୍ୟସ୍ଥାନ ପୂରଣ କର ।)
1. When do you ____________ up? (climb/rise/get)
Answer:
get up (go) (ଉଠ)

2. The horse ____________ faster than the deer. (runs/walks/flies)
Answer:
runs (ଦୌଡ଼େ)

3. My friend can ____________ English well, (say/tell/speak)
Answer:
speak (କହିପାରିବ)

4. A goldsmith (ବଣିଆ) ____________ ornaments. (sells/buys/makes)
Answer:
makes (ତିଆରି କରେ)

5. Bad news ____________ fast (ତୀବ୍ର ବେଗରେ). (goes/travels/disappears)
Answer:
travels (ବ୍ୟାପିଥାଏ)

Activity – 16

Complete the following conversation by using the correct option given in brackets.
(ସଠିକ୍ ବିକଳ୍ପ ବାଛି ନିମ୍ନଲିଖତ କଥୋପକଥନକୁ ପୂରଣ କର ।)

Enjoy The Process, Not The Fruit:
Youngman: Who ____________ most powerful ? (is/am/are)
Pandit: One who ____________ intelligence (ବୁଦ୍ଧି). (has/have/had)
Young man: How?
Pandit: A strong lion without intelligence ____________ easily defeated (ପରାସ୍ତ) by a little fox. (is/are/were)
Young man: What about gems?
Pandit: There ____________ only three gems – food, water and sweet words. Fools consider the pieces of stones as gems, (is/am/are)
Youngman: What is my duty?
Pandit: You ____________ do what you think needful, (can/must/may)
And listen: “Enjoy the process, not the fruit”.

Answers: is, has, is, are, must

A. Adverbs as modifiers of adjectives (ବିଶେଷଣ ପଦର ବିଶେଷକ ରୂପେ କ୍ରିୟା ବିଶେଷଣ) :

Activity – 17

Fill in the blanks choosing the adverbs from the box.
(ବାକ୍ୟ ଭିତରୁ ଠିକ୍ କ୍ରିୟା ବିଶେଷଣ ପଦ ବାଛି ଶୂନ୍ୟସ୍ଥାନ ପୂରଣ କର ।)
[absolutely, seriously, very, extremely, beautifully]

1. This knife is ____________ sharp.
Answer:
extremely (ଅତ୍ୟନ୍ତ)

2. The man was ____________ injured in the accident.
Answer:
seriously (ଶୋଚନୀୟ ଭାବରେ)

3. Saumendra is ____________ faithful to Gandhian ideals.
Answer:
absolutely (ସଂପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ)

4. Radha is ____________ beautiful.
Answer:
very

5. The mat is ____________ designed.
Answer:
beautifully (ସୁନ୍ଦର ଭାବରେ)

B. Adverbs as modifiers of verbs (କ୍ରିୟା ପଦର ବିଶେଷକ ରୂପେ କ୍ରିୟା ବିଶେଷଣ) :

Activity – 18

Fill in the blanks choosing the theAdverbsfrom the box
[well, slowly, naturally, clearly, carefully]

1. It’s market area. Drive ____________.
Answer:
carefully (ସର୍ତକତା ସହ)

2. The snail (ଗେଣ୍ଡା) moves ____________ .
Answer:
slowly (ଧୀରେ ଧୀରେ)

3. Gopabandhu Babu teaches us English ____________.
Answer:
well (ଭଲ ଭାବରେ)

4. Babita recites poems ____________.
Answer:
clearly (ସ୍ପଷ୍ଟ ଭାବରେ)

5. Braja paints pictures ____________.
Answer:
naturally (ଛାଆଁକୁ ଛା)

Activity – 19

Fill in the blanks choosing the Adverbs from the box.
[doubtlessly, so, fairly, probably, always]

1. Why are you driving ____________ fast?
Answer:
so (ଏତେ ଜୋର୍‌ରେ)

2. Kamalini has done ____________ well in her exam.
Answer:
fairly (ପ୍ରାୟତଃ)

3. Sachin is ____________ the best of all the cricketers.
Answer:
doubtlessly (ନିଃସନ୍ଦେହରେ)

4. Mr. Dash is ____________ on time.
Answer:
always (ସର୍ବଦା)

5. Sunita has got a high temperature. She is ____________ ill.
Answer:
probably (ସମ୍ଭବତଃ)

D. Adverbs as modifiers of prepositions (ବିଭକ୍ତିର ବିଶେଷକ ରୂପେ କ୍ରିୟା ବିଶେଷଣ):

Activity – 20

Fill in the blanks choosing the Adverbs from the box.
[occasionally, just, exactly, extremely, hardly ]

1. The information counter is ____________ at the front gate.
Answer:
exactly (ପ୍ରାୟ)

2. I ____________ go
Answer:
just

3. I go ____________against
Answer:
hardly (କ୍ବଚିତ୍ର)

4. Price is____________ up.
Answer:
extremely (ବହୁତ ବଢ଼ିଯାଇଛି)

5. You are ____________ on time (ଠିକ୍ ସମୟରେ).
Answer:
occasionally (ବେଳେବେଳେ)

Activity – 21

Put in/at/on in the blanks.
1. Don’t sit ___________ that broken chair.
Answer:
on

2. My brother lives ___________ New Delhi
Answer:
in

3. ___________Japan, the people are very industrious.
Answer:
in

4. I go to school ___________ foot everyday.
Answer:
on

5. Goodbye! See you ___________ Monday.
Answer:
on

6. My sister is getting married ___________ June.
Answer:
in

7. He plans to come home ___________ the weekend.
Answer:
at

8. Are you going out___________ Sunday next ?
Answer:
on

9. Hurry up ! The train leaves ___________ two minutes.
Answer:
in

10. What are you doing ___________ Friday morning?
Answer:
on

Activity-22

Fill in the blanks choosing the correct prepositions given in the box.
[ to, in, on, behind, under, with, for, since, during, after ]

1. Brajamohan works __________ the Railways.
Answer:
on

2. You should keep __________ the left.
Answer:
to

3. I can finish the task __________ ten minutes.
Answer:
in

4. He has been staying here __________ 1990.
Answer:
since

5. She is meeting me __________ Friday
Answer:
on

6. He is expected to come __________ the summer holiday.
Answer:
in/during

7. I stayed at Uncle’s __________ a week.
Answer:
for (ପର୍ଯ୍ୟନ୍ତ)

8. The child is running __________ that stray dog.
Answer:
behind

9. I saw a man sitting __________ a tree.
Answer:
under

10. Sukanya walked __________ me without speaking
Answer:
behind (ପଥରେ) / by (ପାଖଦେଇ)

Activity-23

Fill in the blanks choosing the correct conjunction given in the box.
so that, although, and, as, for, so, but, before
Raju did very well in the examination- he stood first in his institute. ____________ he got a good job, ______________ he had not tried hard. He performed well __________ the circumstances (ସାହାଯ୍ୟ କଲାନାହିଁ) did not suit him. He opted to quit (ଛାଡ଼ିବାକୁ ରାଜି ହେଲା) । the job _____________ he could go for higher study. However, he had to wait there for a few months more ______________ his father was unable to afford (ଦେବାକୁ ଅସମର୍ଥ ହେଲେ) him. One day the boss called in Raju and congratulated him _____________ he was selected as a resource person of the company. Raju thanked the authority ____________ his dream came true. He recalled his well-wishers _____________ leaving for abroad for his scholastic training.
Answers:
Raju did very well in the examination and (ଏବଂ) he stood first in his institute. So (ତେଣୁ) he got a good job, although (ଯଦିଓ) he had not tried hard. He performed well but (କିନ୍ତୁ) the circumstances (ପରିସ୍ଥିତି ସାହାଯ୍ୟ କଲାନାହିଁ) did not suit him. He opted to quit (ଛାଡ଼ିବାକୁ ରାଜି ହେଲା) the job so that (ଯାହା ଫଳରେ) he could go for higher study. However, he had to wait there for a few months more for his father was unable to afford (ଦେବାକୁ ଅସମର୍ଥ ହେଲେ) him. One day the boss called in Raju and congratulated him for ((କାରଣ) / as) he was selected as a resource person of the company. Raju thanked the authority for (କାରଣ) his dream came true. He recalled his well-wishers before leaving for abroad for his scholastic training.

Activity – 24

Choose the appropriate interjections from the box.
(ବାକ୍‌ସ ଭିତରୁ ଠିକ୍ ବିସ୍ମୟସୂଚକ ଅବ୍ୟୟ ବାଛି ଶୂନ୍ୟସ୍ଥାନ ପୂରଣ କର ।)
[Bye, oh, alas, hurrah]
1. __________! He has lost his only son.
Answer:
Alas ! (ଆହାଃ) ( ଦୁଃଖ)

2. ___________! It is too cold.
Answer:
Ah ! (ଇସ୍) ( ଆଶ୍ଚର୍ଯ୍ୟଜନକ)

3. ___________! Sachin made 50th Test Century!
Answer:
Hurrah ! (ହୁରେ) (ଆନନ୍ଦଜନିତ ଚିତ୍କାର)

4. ___________! See you tomorrow.
Answer:
Bye! (ବିଦାୟ )

Activity – 25

Make five simple sentences using the following finite verbs.
(ନିମ୍ନଲିଖତ ସମାପିକା କ୍ରିୟା ବ୍ୟବହାର କରି ପାଞ୍ଚୋଟି ସରଳ ବାକ୍ୟ ତିଆରି କର ।)
Remember:
(i) A finite verb is the verb that has tense and is used as per the number and person of the subject.
( ବଚନ ପୁରୁଷ ଅନୁସାରେ ଯେଉଁ କ୍ରିୟାପଦ ବ୍ୟବହୃତ ଓ ଯାହାର tense ବା କାଳ ଥାଏ, ତାହାକୁ ସମାପିକା କ୍ରିୟା କୁହାଯାଏ ।)
(ii) The only verb in a sentence is the finite verb and the first verb in a verb group and the verb group that has a tense is also finite verbs.
(ବାକ୍ୟର ଏକମାତ୍ର କ୍ରିୟାପଦ, verb group ର ପ୍ରଥମ କ୍ରିୟାପଦ ଓ verb group ଯଦି ଗୋଟିଏ tense ବହନ କରୁଥାଏ, ସେ ସବୁ ଗୋଟିଏ ଗୋଟିଏ ସମାପିକା କ୍ରିୟା ।)

Examples:
(i) My uncle works in a bank.
(ii) My uncle is working in a bank.
[is = finite verb, is working = finite verb (present progressive)]
Questions :
Eat The cat ate my supper last night.
Eat: The cat ate my supper last night. (ଖାଇଲା)

1. Bring: ______________________
Answer:
Bring: Bring me some cakes. (ଦିଅ)

2. Find: ______________________
Answer:
Find: We no longer Fmd good people these days. (ଦେଖ‌ିବାକୁ ପାଉନାହୁଁ)

3. Give: ______________________
Answer:
Give: Give me all you have. (ଦେଇଦିଅ)

4. Teach: ______________________
Answer:
Teach: Mr Dash teaches us English. (ପଢ଼ାନ୍ତି)

5. Write: ______________________
Answer:
Write: Write (ଲେଖ) five sentences on your food intake (ଖାଦ୍ୟ ଗ୍ରହଣ).

Activity – 26

Now ‘write five declarative sentences about your ‘PetDog’
(ତୁମର ‘ପୋଷାକୁକୁର’ ବିଷୟରେ ୫ଟି ବିବୃତିମୂଳକ ବାକ୍ୟ ଲେଖ ।)

My Pet Dog (ମୋର ପୋଷାକୁକୁର)

1. ______________ (Tipu)
Answer:
Tipu is my pet dog.

2. ______________(Long body, bushy tail)
Answer:
It has a long body and a bushy tail.

3. ______________(Red)
Answer:
Its body is red.

4. ______________(Takes meat and milk)
Answer:
It takes (ଖାଏ) meat and milk.

5. ______________(Faithful)
Answer:
It is faithful (ବିଶ୍ୱସ୍ତ).

Remember: A declarative sentence usually begins with a subject.

Activity – 27

Choose the correct imperative expressions from the box for each situation.
(ବାକ୍‌ସ ଭିତରୁ ସଠିକ ଆଦେଶ, ଉପଦେଶ, ଅନରୋଧ ଆଦି ସଠିକ ଉକ୍ତିଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ବାଛ ।)
[Let’s have a walk, Be quick, Do come, Help him, Follow me ]
1. _____________. It’s going to be late.
Answer:
Be quick (ଚଞ୍ଚଳ ହୁଅ)

2. Why are you afraid. You can succeed. ___________________
Answer:
Follow me (ମୋ ଉପଦେଶ ଗ୍ରହଣ କର)

3. We have been sitting here all the morning. _________________
Answer:
Let’s have a walk. (ବାହାରେ ଟିକେ ବୁଲି ଆସିବା)

4. The boy is crying. ________________________
Answer:
Help him. (ତାକୁ ସାହାଯ୍ୟ କର)

5. See you tomorrow. _____________________
Answer:
Do come.
(The question given is wrong)

Activity – 28

Turn the following sentences into exclamatory with ‘How’ and ‘What’at the beginning
1. He is a very naughty (ଦୁଷ୍ଟ) boy. (declarative)
(a) What a naughty boy he is!
(b) How naughty the boy is!

2. It looks so beautiful.
How ______________
Answer:
How beautiful it looks!

3. Devesh is very intelligent.
How ______________
Answer:
How intelligent (ବୁଦ୍ଧିମାନ) Devesh is!

4. Saina ia an excellent (ଉଚ୍ଚକୋଟୀର ) player.
What ______________
Answer:
What an excellent player Saina is!

5. Rahim’s poems are so important.
How ______________
Answer:
How important Rahim’s poems are!

Parts of a Sentence Additional Questions With Answers

Name the sentences given below

(i) Be a good citizen (ନାଗରିକ).
Answer:
imperative

(ii) You should wash your hands and face properly before taking food.
Answer:
declarative

(iii) How aggressive (ଆକ୍ରମଣାତ୍ମକ) Virat’s innings was !
Answer:
exclamatory

(iv) Mobile is an improvement over land phone.
Answer:
declarative

(v) Why will they vote against the proposal?
Answer:
interrogative

(vi) Viru has broken our window pane (କାଚ).
Answer:
declarative

(vii) Could the game keep the spectations (ଦର୍ଶକମାନଙ୍କୁ) in amusement (ଖୁସି)?
Answer:
interrogative

(viii)What a nasty picture!
Answer:
exclamatory

(ix) Seeta has long hair.
Answer:
declarative

(x) Let’s celebrate the victory (ବିଜୟ ଉତ୍ସବକୁ ପାଳନ କରିବା)
Answer:
imperative

Pick out the Subject and Predicates in the following sentences.

(i) Does oil float on water?
(ii) Speaking the truth adds to personality.
(iii) Have the people revolted against the law?
(iv) How splendid the mountain looks!
(v) Is it a good decision?
(vi) That God is great is clear.
(vii) There was a troupe of monkeys on the roof.
(viii) Always do good to others.
(ix) What brought you here?
(x) Will Raj and his sister join the picnic?

Answer:

Subject	Predicate
(i) oil	does float on water?
(ii) Speaking the truth	adds to personality
(iii) the people	Have revolted against the law?
(iv) the mountain	How splendid looks!
(v) it	Is a good decision?
(vi) That God is great	is clear.
(vii) There	was a troupe of monkeys on the roof
(viii)	Always do good
	to others.
(ix) What (you)	brought you here
(x) Raj and his sister	will join the picnic?

Write the underlined words as noun, verb, adjective, adverb, interjection, preposition, conjunction and pronoun.

1. Come here.
Answer:
Come = verb, here = adverb

2. Was the TV working well?
Answer:
TV = noun, well = adverb

3. How long did it take you to reach there?
Answer:
you = pronoun

4. The school area begins. Go slow.
Answer:
slow = adverb

5. We are staying in the guest house.
Answer:
in = preposition

6. He offered to quit for he was insulted.
Answer:
for = preposition (because)

7. Never be a lazy pupil.
Answer:
Never= adverb, lazy=adjective, pupil= noun

8. Wow! What jokes!
Answer:
Wow = interjection, jokes = noun

9. I’ll will help you.
Answer:
I = pronoun, you = pronoun

10. Nature is bounteous (ଦାନୀ)
Answer:
Nature = noun, is = verb, bounteous = adjective.

Make sentences putting the words in correct order.

1. nation/ is / the/ our/ Gandhiji / father / of
Answer:
Gandhiji is the father of our nation.

2. lived / there / a forest / a lion / in
Answer:
There lived a lion in a forest.

3. classical / is / singer / Pragyan / a?
Answer:
Pragyan is a classical singer.

4. Nalco / turn / at / chhak / right.
Answer:
Turn right at Nalco chhak.

5. does / Minu / get / when / up?
Answer:
When does Minu get up?

6. all / is / that / not / gold/glitters
Answer:
All that glitters is not gold.

7. seldom / dog/a/bites/barking
Answer:
A barking dog seldom bites.

8. help / how / you / can / I?
Answer:
How can I help you?

9. fine / a / what / is / singer / she!
Answer:
What a fine singer she is!

10. has / for / me/she / not / cooked.
Answer:
She has not cooked for me.

Identify the subject of the following sentences.

1. Ramachandra, the son of Dasarath, ruled over Ayodhya for many years.
Answer:
Ramachandra, the son of Dasarath

2. One of the boys has broken the window.
Answer:
One of the boys

3. Gandhiji’s dedication brought us freedom.
Answer:
Gandhiji’s dedication

4. That flower looks nice.
Answer:
That flower

5. Who do you want to speak to?
Answer:
you

6. Tell him to wait.
Answer:
‘you’ is understood

7. What a nice chance!
Answer:
it

8. What makes you cry?
Answer:
What

9. Do me a favour.
Answer:
you

10. How fast time flies!
Answer:
time

Identify the predicates of the following sentences

1. Where are you going?
Answer:
Where are…..going

2. What troubles you?
Answer:
troubles you

3. Do you know me?
Answer:
Do……know me

4. A little boy is flying a kite.
Answer:
is flying a kite

5. Forty soldiers were killed.
Answer:
were killed

6. My parents have a lot of money.
Answer:
have a lot of money

7. Please post the letter.
Answer:
please post the letter

8. Don’t throw stones at the glass.
Answer:
Don’t throw stones at the glass

9. What is nice picture it is!
Answer:
what a nice picture ……is

10. How wonderful!
Answer:
How wonderful

Identify the nouns of the following sentences.

1. Honesty is always rewarded.
Answer:
Honesty

2. Our body uses up energy when we walk or run.
Answer:
body, energy

3. Rice is a good source of carbohydrates.
Answer:
rice, source, carbohydrates

4. Wood has become very rare.
Answer:
wood

5. The girl is reading a book.
Answer:
girl, book

6. What a nice picture it is!
Answer:
picture

7. The army was called to control the riots.
Answer:
army, riots

8. Do you know the answer?
Answer:
answer

9. Post the letter immediately.
Answer:
letter

10. The king could not control his anger
Answer:
king, anger

Mention the type of underlined verbs.

1. The teacher described the story.
Answer:
described – Communicative verb

2. The child is drawing a picture.
Answer:
drawing – Activity verb

3. I think it is too late.
Answer:
think – Mental verb

4. He continued his studies.
Answer:
continued – Verb of aspect

5. Tanmaya sings well.
Answer:
sings – Activity verb

6. I love my motherland.
Answer:
love – Mental verb

7. She kept the book in her bag.
Answer:
kept – Verb of aspect

8. I thanked him for his help.
Answer:
thanked – Communicative verb

9. We cut apple with a knife.
Answer:
cut – Activity verb

10. I know him well
Answer:
know – Mental verb

Choose the correct verbs given in the brackets.

1. The horse _____________ very fast, (walks/ runs)
Answer:
runs

2. The turtle _____________ slowly, (runs/ moves)
Answer:
moves

3. A potter _____________ pots, (buys/makes)
Answer:
makes

4. I _____________ it is wrong, (know/ want)
Answer:
know

5. The sun _____________ in the east, (sets/ rises)
Answer:
rises

6. Light _____________faster than sound, (travels/ flies)
Answer:
travels

7. Rahas _____________ a car. (runs/ drives)
Answer:
drives

8. The stranger _____________ me about my profession, (asked/said)
Answer:
asked

9. The priest _____________ the prayer. (recited/told)
Answer:
recited

10. We should _____________to the left. (maintain/keep)
Answer:
keep

Fill in the blanks with a suitable adverb.

1. Mr. Prusty is _____________on time.
Answer:
always

2. I _____________ go to a temple.
Answer:
often/occasionally

3. Ashok babu teaches us English _____________.
Answer:
well

4. Ashish has done _____________ well in his examination.
Answer:
fairly

5. He is a naughty boy. He _____________ comes to school late.
Answer:
always

6. Why are you driving _____________ fast?
Answer:
so

7. I have _____________ taken a cup of tea.
Answer:
just

8. The snail moves _____________.
Answer:
slowly

9. We should drive _____________ in the markets.
Answer:
carefully

10. She has _____________ finished her work, so she can go now.
Answer:
already

Fill in the blanks with suitable prepositions

1. Mr. Mohanty lives _____________ the first floor
Answer:
on

2. I meet my friend _____________ the ariport.
Answer:
at

3. The house is _____________ fire.
Answer:
on

4. The girl is _____________ tear.
Answer:
in

5. Wait, I will be ready _____________ five minutes.
Answer:
in

6. We had a party _____________ New Year’s Day
Answer:
on

7. The school closes for summer _____________ May.
Answer:
in

8. Bibek works _____________ the railways.
Answer:
on

9. I stay at Puri _____________ a week.
Answer:
for

10. The traveller is sitting _____________ a tree.
Answer:
under

11. She has been staying here _____________ 1997.
Answer:
since

12. Somebody stole my book _____________ my absence.
Answer:
in/during

13. The child is running _____________ the stray dog.
Answer:
after

14. She walked _____________ me without speaking.
Answer:
behind

15. We should keep _____________ the left.
Answer:
to

Fill in the blanks with a suitable conjunction.

1. We were playing _____________ she entered.
Answer:
when

2. He went to school on foot _____________ he had got a bicycle.
Answer:
although

3. The knife is sharp, _____________ it cuts well.
Answer:
so

4. I knocked at the door _____________ nobody opened it.
Answer:
but

5. I couldn’t reach in time the bus _____________ broke down.
Answer:
for

6. The driver stopped the bus _____________ the children could cross the road safely.
Answer:
so that

7. You should finish your work _____________ you leave this place.
Answer:
before

8. I reached at school _____________ the bell had rung.
Answer:
after

9. I can’t say _____________ he lives.
Answer:
where

10. I went to Cuttack _____________ stayed there for five days.
Answer:
and

Fill in the gaps with suitable interjection.

1. _____________ God! Save me.
Answer:
Oh

2. _____________! See you tomorrow.
Answer:
Bye

3. _____________! We have won the match.
Answer:
HurTah

4. _____________! How the old man is suffering!
Answer:
Alas

5. _____________! What a shot!
Answer:
Wah

6. _____________! You did it !
Answer:
Wow

7. _____________ Mina, where are going?
Answer:
Hey

8. _____________! Stop it.
Answer:
Huh

9. _____________! It is too hot.
Answer:
Oh

10. _____________ ! What a lovely flower!
Answer:
Ah

Name the simple sentences.

1. Let’s go on a picnic.
Answer:
Imperative

2. How beautifully she dances!
Answer:
Exclamatory

3. What nonsense!
Answer:
Exclamatory

4. Do you know me?
Answer:
Interrogative

5. Rabibabu is an honest person.
Answer:
Declarative

6. What did he see there?
Answer:
Interrogative

7. Do me a favour.
Answer:
Imperative

8. There lived a tiger in a dense forest.
Answer:
Declarative

9. Please call on me tomorrow.
Answer:
Imperative

10. Ding dong went the bell.
Answer:
Declarative

Turn the following sentences into exclamatory.

1. It looks beautiful.
Answer:
How beautiful it looks!

2. She has got a sharp memory.
Answer:
What a sharp memory she has got!

3. Time flies very fast.
Answer:
How fast time flies!

4. Russia is very powerful.
Answer:
How powerful Russia is!

5. The girl sings nicely.
Answer:
How nicely the girl sings!

6. It is a beautiful building.
Answer:
What a beautiful building it is!

7. Kohli is an excellent batsman.
Answer:
What an excellent batsman Kohli is!

8. It is a splendid sight.
Answer:
What a splendid sight it is!

9. He is very intelligent.
Answer:
How intelligent he is!

10. He is a very naughty boy.
Answer:
What a naughty boy he is! Or, How naughty the boy is!

Odisha State Board BSE Odisha Class 10 English Grammar Book Solutions Chapter 1 Tense Revisited Textbook Exercise Activity Questions and Answers.

BSE Odisha Class 10 English Grammar Solutions Chapter 1 Tense Revisited

Tense’ and ‘Time’ in English are not necessarily related to each other.

• ‘Time’ is a universal (ସାର୍ବଜନୀନ), non-linguistic concept because ( ଭାଷାବିହୀନ ଧାରଣା) it is independent oflanguage.
• ‘Time’ is a continuous flow (ନିରବଚ୍ଛିନ୍ନ ପ୍ରବାହ) measured in seconds, minutes, hours, days or years.
• ‘Time’ and ‘tense’ mustn’t be confused.

Let’s prove it :
The Chief Minister is visiting our school next week (ମୁଖ୍ୟମନ୍ତ୍ରୀ ଆସନ୍ତା ସପ୍ତାହରେ ଆମ ବିଦ୍ୟାଳୟ ପରିଦର୍ଶନ କରିବେ ।)
Here the tense “is visiting” is present but the time referred to (ସୂଚିତ କରାଯାଇଥିବା) is future.

Tense

• The word “Tense” is derived from ( ବ୍ୟୁତ୍ପରି ଲାଭ କରିଛି) the Latin word ‘Tempus’ which means ‘Time’.
• “Tense of the verb” (କ୍ରିୟାର କାଳ) suggests the time of an action or event (ଘଟଣା) and it is very important in the sense that we always express events or actions (କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ) with reference to different periods of time. ‘
• So ‘Tense’ shows (a) the time of an action and (b) its degree of completeness.

Remember: English grammar has no future tense as there is no specific (ସ୍ଵତନ୍ତ୍ର) or separate verb form or grammatical marker to indicate future time.

The present tense forms are used to talk about the future time. (ଭବିଷ୍ୟତ ସମୟ ବିଷୟରେ କହିବାପାଇଁ ବର୍ତ୍ତମାନ କାଳ ରୂପକୁ ବ୍ୟବହାର କରାଯାଏ ।)
Examples:
The Secretary is going (ଯିବେ) to Bhubaneswar next month.
The President arrives (ପହଞ୍ଚିବେ) here on Monday.
My younger son will go (ଯିବ) to college tomorrow.
Here the expressions next month, Monday and tomorrow indicate future time

Let’s see the time division.
PAST <— …………………………… NOW…………………………………—-> FUTURE

‘Now’- Present time
Before ‘Now’- Past time
After ‘Now’- Future time.

Each tense has four aspects. They are :
1. Indefinite or Simple
2. Continuous or Progressive
3. Perfect
4. Perfect Continuous or Perfect Progressive

What is ASPECT?
‘Tense’ broadly (ମୁଖ୍ୟତଃ) corresponds to time, but tense forms have also to indicate the manner, i.e (that is) whether an action, activityor state is, was or will be in progress or whether it is, was or will be complete. This manner goes by the name “Aspect”.

Ways of Expressing Present Time

1. Present Simple and its uses :
The Present Simple or Simple Present tense retains its base form in all cases except when the subject in the third person is singular. (ତୃତୀୟପୁରୁଷ ଏକବଚନକୁ ଛାଡ଼ି ଅନ୍ୟ ସମସ୍ତ କ୍ଷେତ୍ରରେ Present Simple Tense ନିଜର ମୂଳ ରୂପକୁ ଅକ୍ଷୁଣ୍ଣ ରଖୁଥାଏ ।)

Examples:
A: Declarative Sentence (ବିବୃତିମୂଳକ ବାକ୍ୟ) :

Singular	Plural
I go.(ମୁଁ ଯାଏ ।)	We go.(ଆମ୍ଭେ(ମାନେ) ଯାଉ ।)
You go.(ତୁମ୍ଭେ ଯାଅ ।	You go(ତୁମ୍ଭେମାନେ ଯାଅ ।)
He / Gopal goes.(ସେ / ଗୋପାଳ ଯାଏ ।)	They / Children go.(ସେମାନେ / ପିଲାମାନେ ଯାଆନ୍ତି ।)

B. Negative sentence (ନାସ୍ତିସୂଚକ ବାକ୍ୟ) :

Singular	Plural
I don’t go (ମୁଁ ଯାଏ ନାହିଁ ।)	We don’t go (ଆମ୍ଭେମାନେ ଯାଉନାହୁଁ ।)
You don’t go (ତୁମେ/ତୁମ୍ଭେ ଯାଅ ନାହିଁ ।)	You don’t go (ତୁମ୍ଭେମାନେ ଯାଅ ନାହିଁ ।)
He / Gopal doesn’t go.(ସେ / ଗୋପାଳ ଯାଏ ନାହିଁ ।)	They/Children don’t go.(ସେମାନେ / ପିଲାମାନେ ଯାଆନ୍ତି ନାହିଁ ।)

C. Interrogative Sentence (ପ୍ରଶ୍ନସୂଚକ ବାକ୍ୟ) : (Yes-No Question)

Singular	Plural
Do I go? (ମୁଁ ଯାଏ କି ?)	Do we go? (ଆମ୍ଭେମାନେ ଯାଉ କି ?)
Do you go? (ତୁମେ । ତୁମ୍ଭେ ଯାଅ କି ? ଆପଣ ଯା’ନ୍ତି କି ?)	Do you go? (ତୁମ୍ଭେମାନେ / ଆପଣମାନେ ଯାଅ କି / ଯାଆନ୍ତି କି ?)
Does he / Gopal go? (ସେ । ଗୋପାଳ ଯାଏ କି ?)	Do they / children go? (ସେମାନେ / ପିଲାମାନେ ଯାଆନ୍ତି କି ?)

He, she, it, water, Gopal, Rahim, pen, duster, water, gold, rain etc. are third person singular numbers.

Uses (ବ୍ୟବହାର) :
(i) To express a habitual action (ଏକ ଅଭ୍ୟାସଗତ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ ଅର୍ଥରେ) :
Father drinks (ପିଅନ୍ତି) coffee every morning.
He always speaks (କୁହେ) the truth.
I sometimes write (ଲେଖେ) poems.
Suresh gets up (ଉଠେ) at five and goes (ଯାଏ) to bed at nine.

→ In such cases (ଏଭଳି କ୍ଷେତ୍ରରେ) we can use adverbs (କ୍ରିୟା ବିଶେଷଣ) like everyday, usually (ସାଧାରଣତଃ), always, often, never, sometimes, at times (ବେଳେବେଳେ).

(ii) To express a present state (ବର୍ତ୍ତମାନ ଅବସ୍ଥା ଅର୍ଥରେ) :
I am hungry. (ମୁଁ ଭୋକିଲା ଅଟେ ।)
Mary has a doll. (ମେରୀ ପାଖରେ ଗୋଟିଏ କଣ୍ଢେଇ ଅଛି ।)
Children love (ଭଲପାଆନ୍ତି) sweets.
h/lr Mishra is (ଅଟନ୍ତି) a good writer.

(iii) To express general truth (ସାଧାରଣ ସତ୍ୟ ପ୍ରକାଶ ଅର୍ଥରେ) :
The earth moves (ଘୂରେ) round the sun.
Cows eat (ଖାଆନ୍ତି) grass.
Ladakh has (ର ଅଛି) cold climate (ଥଣ୍ଡା ଜଳବାୟୁ ଅନୁଭୂତ ହୁଏ ।).
Oil floats (ଭାସେ) on water.
Bad news travels (ବ୍ୟାପିଯାଏ) fast.
Water turns into (ପରିଣତ ହୁଏ) ice at 0°C.
A little learning is (ଅଟେ) a dangerous thing. (ଅଳ୍ପ ବିଦ୍ୟା ଭୟଙ୍କର ।)
This road goes (ଯାଇଛି) to Balasore.
The Ganga rises (ଉତ୍ପତ୍ତିଲାଭ କରିଛନ୍ତି) in the Himalayas.
We see with our eyes (ଦେଖୁ), hear (ଶୁଣୁ) with our ears and smell (ଶୁଘ୍ନ) with our nose.
Cuttack stands (ଅବସ୍ଥିତ) on the (କୂଳରେ) Mahanadi.

(iv) To express sports commentary (ଖେଳର ଧାରାବିବରଣୀ ଅର୍ଥରେ) :
Rajupasses the ball to Jitu and Jitu scores.
Sachin hits the ball to the boundary.

(v) (a) To express a planned future action, particularly when it refers to a journey.
(ଯୋଜନାବଦ୍ଧ ଭବିଷ୍ୟତ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟକ୍ରମ (ମୁଖ୍ୟତଃ ଯାତ୍ରା ଅର୍ଥରେ))
We leave (ଛାଡ଼ିବୁ) Delhi at 5 o’ clock tomorrow and arrive (ପହଞ୍ଚୁବୁ) in Kolkata the day after.

(b) To refer to future events, which are certain since they are fixed by calendar or time table or part of a fixed programme.
(କ୍ୟାଲେଣ୍ଡର ବା ସମୟ ସାରଣୀ ଆଦି ଦ୍ଵାରା ପ୍ରସ୍ତୁତ ଭବିଷ୍ୟତର ନିଶ୍ଚିତ ଘଟଣାବଳୀ ।)
The H.S.C Exam begins ( ଆରମ୍ଭ ହେବ) on 25th February.
The test match starts ( ଆରମ୍ଭ ହେବ) next week.

(vi) To express magic or some skill of making (ଯାଦୁ ଖେଳ ବା ତିଆରି କୌଶଳ ଅର୍ଥରେ) :
I take (ନେଉଛି) two eggs and break (ଭାଙ୍ଗୁଛି) them into a bowl.
I take (ନେଉଛି) this card from the pack andplace it (ରଖୁଛି) under the handkerchief.

(vii) Used with the verb ‘says’ while quoting (ଉଦ୍ଧାର କରିବା ଅର୍ଥରେ) from books or notices.
Keats says (କହିଛନ୍ତି), “A thing of beauty is joy forever.”
Newton says, “Every action has opposite and equal reaction”.

(viii) In exclamatory sentences, beginning with ‘here’ and ‘there’ to express the present continuous. (ବର୍ତ୍ତମାନରେ ଚାଲୁଥିବା କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ ଅର୍ଥରେ ବିସ୍ମୟସୂଚକ ବାକ୍ୟପାଇଁ Here ବା there ରୁ ଆରମ୍ଭ ହୋଇଥିବା ବାକ୍ୟରେ)
Here comes (is coming) Rama!
There goes (ବାଜୁଛି) our school bell!

(ix) In a dramatic narrative to describe past event (historic present)
(ଅତୀତ ଘଟଣାର ନାଟ୍ୟ ବିବରଣୀ ଅର୍ଥରେ) :
Alexander, the Great then invades ( ଆକ୍ରମଣ କଲେ; invaded) India.
After hearing the news of the meeting, the commander hurries (hurried; ଶୀଘ୍ର ଚାଲିଗଲେ) to Mumbai.

(x) To express a fact that exists at the time of speaking
(ବକ୍ତାଙ୍କର କହିବା ସମୟରେ ଚାଲୁଥିବା ସତ୍ୟ ଘଟଣା ଅର୍ଥରେ) :
Do you hear (ଶୁଣିପାରୁଛ) me ?
I know (ଜାଣିପାରୁଛ) what you want.
Potatoes cost (ମୂଲ୍ୟରେ ବିକ୍ରି ହେଉଛି) Rs.10 a kilo.

(xi) To express a future action or state in clauses of ‘time’ and of ‘condition’
(ଭବିଷ୍ୟତର ଘଟଣା ବା କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ ପାଇଁ ‘ସମୟ’ ଓ ‘ସର୍ଗ’ ଅର୍ଥ ପ୍ରକାଶ କରୁଥିବା ଖଣ୍ଡ ବାକ୍ୟରେ) :
Mohit will wait till the classes are over (ଶେଷ ହେବ).
Ifit rains (ବର୍ଷାହେବ), our class will be suspended.
We shall discuss (ଆଲୋଚନା କରିବୁ) the matter when you come back (ଫେରିଆସିବ),

(xii) Newspaper headlines or broadcast (ସମାଚାରପତ୍ର ମୁଖ୍ୟଶ ବା ଟିଭି ଖବର) :
Peace talks (ଶାନ୍ତି କଥାବାର୍ତ୍ତା) fail (ଅସଫଳ ହେଲା).
The terrorists (ଆତଙ୍କବାଦୀମାନେ) escape (ଖସି ପଳାଇଗଲେ) from the jail.

(xiii) In some fixed interrogatives (କେତେକ ଚିରାଚରିତ ପ୍ରଶ୍ନସୂଚକ ବାକ୍ୟରେ)
Where do you come (ଆସିଛ) from ?
(Where are you coming from ?)
What makes you sad / laugh ? (ତୁମେ ଦୁଃଖୁତ / ହସୁଛ କାହିଁକି ?)
What brings you here ? (ତୁମେ / ତୁ ଏଠାକୁ ଆସିଛ / ଆସିଛୁ କାହିଁକି ?)
Why don’t you report the matter?

(xiv) Some declarations (କେତେକ ଘୋଷଣା) :
I declare (ଘୋଷଣା କରୁଛି)the meeting open.
I thank (ଧନ୍ୟବାଦ ଦେଉଛି) you for your help.
I beg your pardon. (ତୁମଠାରୁ କ୍ଷମା ଚାହୁଁଛି)
We accept (ଘୋଷଣା କରୁଛି) your offer. r

Here actions complete instantly as soon as they are declared about. (ଉଚ୍ଚାରଣ ମାତ୍ରେ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ ସାଧୂତ ହୋଇଥାଏ ।)

(xv) Present Simple with State verbs (ଅବସ୍ଥାସୂଚକ କ୍ରିୟାପଦ) (non-Progressive or without ‘ing’ form) :

(a) ‘Be’ (‘ହେବା’ ଅର୍ଥ ପ୍ରକାଶ କରୁଥିବା verb)
‘be’: The boy is (ଅଟେ) naughty (ଦୁଷ୍ଟ).
exist (ସ୍ଥିତି) : Ghost exists (ଅଛି). (There are ghosts)
belong: This book belongs to Kamal. (is the property of)
consist: The committee consists (ଗଠିତି) of nine members, (is made up of)
resemble (ସାଦୃଶ୍ୟ): The child resembles his grandfather (is like)
cost: The book costs twenty rupees, (is equal in value to)

(b) ‘have’ (Possession) ଧାରଣ :
Father has landed property.
Mr Rath owns (ଅଧିକାରରେ ଅଛି) a Maruti Wagner.

(c) Verbs of perception / sense (ଇନ୍ଦ୍ରିୟାନୁଭୂତି ପ୍ରକାଶକ କ୍ରିୟାପଦ) :
I see (ଦେଖୁଛି) a bird on the tree.
Honey tastes (ଲାଗେ) sweet.
He looks (ଦେଖାଯାଉଛି) tired.
Rose smells (ବାସୁଛି) sweet.

(d) Verbs of thinking:
I know (ଜାଣିଛି) this man.
Do you believe (ବିଶ୍ଵାସ କରୁଛ) him ?
He remembers (ମନେପକାଉଛି) his childhood days.
Do they understand (ବୁଝୁଛନ୍ତି) this poem?
I think ( ଭାବୁଛି) the man is mad.
Some peopleforget (ଭୁଲିଯା’ନ୍ତି) everything.

(e) Verbs ofemotion or wish (ଆବେଗ ବା ଇଚ୍ଛା ବା ଅନିଚ୍ଛା ପ୍ରକାଶକାରୀ କ୍ରିୟା) :
Children love (ଭଲପାଆନ୍ତି) to play.
Everybody hates (ଘୃଣାକରନ୍ତି) lying (ମିଛ କହିବା).
Father likes his tea strong. (କଡ଼ା ଚା’ ଭଲ ପାଆନ୍ତି ।)
I hope (ଆଶା କରୁଛି) for the best.
Nobody wants (ଚାହାଁନ୍ତି ନାହିଁ) to make friends with that bad man.

(f) Verbs of appearing (seem, appear, look, resemble):
The children appear (ଜଣାପଡ଼ୁଛନ୍ତି) sad.
The girl seems (ଜଣାପଡୁଛି) very happy.

2. Present Progressive and its uses :
If the action of a verb continues or is in progress in the present and is incomplete at the moment of speaking, Present Progressive tense is used, (is /am/are + ‘ing’)

A. Declarative sentence (ବିବୃତିମୂଳକ ବାକ୍ୟ) :
ମୁଁ ଯାଉଛି । – I am going.
ଆମ୍ଭେମାନେ ଯାଉଛୁ । – I We are going.
ତୁମ୍ଭେ/ ତୁମ୍ଭେମାନେ ଆପଣ ଯାଉଛ ଯାଉଛନ୍ତି | – I You are going.
ସେ / ଗୋପାଳ ଯାଉଛି । – I He / Gopal is going.
ସେମାନେ / ପିଲାମାନେ ଯାଉଛନ୍ତି । – They / The children are going.

B. Declarative sentence (ବିବୃତିମୂଳକ ବାକ୍ୟ) :
ମୁଁ ଯାଉ ନାହିଁ । – I am not going.
ଆମ୍ଭେମାନେ ଯାଉନାହୁଁ । – We aren ’t going.
ତୁମେ / ତୁମ୍ଭେ ଆପଣ ଆପଣମାନେ ଯାଅ ନାହିଁ / ଯାଉନାହାନ୍ତି । – You aren’t going.
ସେ / ଗୋପାଳ ଯାଉନାହିଁ । – He / Gopal is not going.
ସେମାନେ / ପିଲାମାନେ ଯାଉନାହାଁନ୍ତି । – They / The children aren ’t going.

C. Interrogative sentence (ପ୍ରଶ୍ନସୂଚକ ବାକ୍ୟ) :
ମୁଁ ଯାଉଛି କି ? – Am I going?
ଆମ୍ଭେମାନେ ଯାଉଛୁ କି ? – Are we going ?
ତୁମ୍ଭେ । ଆପଣ ଯାଉଛ ! ଯାଉଛନ୍ତି କି ? – Are you going ?
ସେ । ଗୋପାଳ ଯାଉଛି କି ? – Is he Gopal going ?
ସେମାନେ । ପିଲାମାନେ ଯାଉଛନ୍ତି କି ? – Are they / the children going ?

Uses (ବ୍ୟବହାର) :
(i) to express an action that is in progress at the time of speaking
(ବକ୍ତାଙ୍କର କହିବା ସମୟରେ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟଟି ଚାଲୁଥିଲେ)
Mr Ashok is teaching (ପଢ଼ାଉଛନ୍ତି) us grammar now.
My mother is cooking (ରାନ୍ଧୁଛନ୍ତି) there.
What are the children doing (କରୁଛନ୍ତି)?

(ii) for an action that has started and is in progress, not necessarily at the time of speaking.
Mr Rath is writing (ଲେଖୁଛନ୍ତି) a novel, (though not writing at the time of speaking)
Hira’s brother is working (ଚାକିରି କରୁଛି) in a bank.
Mami is running (ଚଳାଉଛି) a music school.

(iii) to express a planned action for the future
(ଭବିଷ୍ୟତପାଇଁ ହେବାକୁ ଥିବା ଏକ ଯୋଜନାବଦ୍ଧ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟକ୍ରମ ପାଇଁ)
He is going (ଯିବ) to Delhi tomorrow.
My father is giving (ଦେବେ) a dinner to his friends tomorrow.

(iv) with ‘always’, ‘constantly’ (UPQP), ‘regularly’ etc, to express a repeated action for the sense of disapproval (ବିରକ୍ତି, ଅଭିଯୋଗ, ଆଶ୍ଚର୍ଯ୍ୟ ଆଦି ଅର୍ଥରେ always, ‘constantly’ ଆଦି କ୍ରିୟା ବିଶେଷଣ ସହ ବାରମ୍ବାର ହେଉଥ‌ିବା କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ ଅର୍ଥରେ)
The ration dealer (ତେଜରାତି ଦୋକାନୀ) isn’t opening (ଖୋଲୁନାହିଁ) the shop regularly.
This dog is always barking (ଭୁକୁଛି) at the strangers.
My eldest brother is constantly shouting at (ଗାଳିଦେଉଛି) his children.
That man is always driving (ପୂରାଇ ଦେଉଛି) his cow into my garden.

(v) for the changing situations (ପରିବର୍ତ୍ତନଶୀଳ ପରିସ୍ଥିତିରେ)
The weather is getting (ଅଧ‌ିକ ଶୀତ ହେବାରେ ଲାଗିଛି) colder.
Prices are rising (ବଢ଼ୁଛି) from day to day.
The population of India is increasing (ବଢ଼ୁଛି) very fast.

(vi) for a temporary situation deviated from the habitual activity
(କୌଣସି କାରଣପାଇଁ ଅଭ୍ୟାସଗତ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟରୁ ବିଚ୍ଛିନ୍ନ ହୋଇଥିବା ଅସ୍ଥାୟୀ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ ଅର୍ଥରେ)
We go to school at 9 a.m. everyday but we are going (ଯାଉଛୁ ) at 7 a.m.
Mr Mohanty goes to his office by scooter but now he is going ( ଯାଉଛନ୍ତି) by bicycle.

Activity-1

Fill in the blanks with the correct forms of the verbs given in brackets: [You can use she or her if required.]
He _____________ (get) up early every day. He _______________ (brush) his teeth and _______________ (have) his bath. He _______________ (take) a quick breakfast. He ____________ (not want) to be punished at school. So, he _____________ (set out) early to reach school in time. He ___________ (sit) on the same bench in my classroom. He _____________ (have) straight hair and a sharp nose. What is his name?
Answers:
He gets (ଉଠେ) up early every day. He brushes (ବ୍ରଶୂକରେ) his teeth and has his bath (ସ୍ନାନକରେ). He takes (ଖାଏ) a quick breakfast. He doesn’t want (ଚାହେଁନାହିଁ) to be punished at school. So, he sets out (ବାହାରି ପଡ଼େ) early to reach school in time. He sits (ବସେ) on the same bench in my classroom. He has (ଅଛି) straight hair and a sharp nose. What is his name?

Activity- 2

Write the daily activity (ସବୁଦିନିଆ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ) of an animal, for example, a cow/dog/cat/tiger/horse or any other animal/bird. Don V mentions the name of the animal For example, Fm a domestic animal I have four legs and a long tail, etc. Let your friends guess what animal you have thought of.
Answers:
I’m an animal. People keep me (ରଖନ୍ତି) at home. But I watch their houses (ଜଗେ). I have (ଅଛି) a long body with a curved (ବଙ୍କା) tail (ଲାଙ୍ଗୁଡ଼). I have a sharp muzzle (ଥୋମଣି) with two hanging ears. I have a keen sense of hearing (ଶୁଣିବାର ପ୍ରଖର ଶକ୍ତି ଅଛି). My body is covered with fur (ଲୋମ). I have four long, slender (ପତଳା) legs. So I run (can run) (ଦୌଡ଼େ) quickly. When I see food, I wag (ହଲାଏ) my tail. I feed on (ଖାଏ) bread, rice, meat, biscuits, etc. I snarl ( ଭୀଷଣ ଭୁକେ) at the strangers. Then guess (ଅନୁମାନ କର) who I am (ଅଟେ).

Activity-3

Work in pairs, A and B. Yourpartner will tellyou some sentences that are wrong. Correct your partner. Then speak your sentences and let your partner correct you. In this way complete all the sentences and at the end, write down the corrected answers. ( ନିଜର ସାଥୀଙ୍କ ବାକ୍ୟଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ନିଜେ ଠିକ୍ କରି ଓ ନିଜ ବାକ୍ୟଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ସାଥୀଙ୍କଦ୍ଵାରା ଠିକ୍ କରାଇ ସବୁ ବାକ୍ୟ ପୂରଣ କରି ଠିକ୍ ଉତ୍ତରଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ଲେଖ ।)

Example:
A: Mr. Rao likes to eat fish. (ଭଲ ପା’ନ୍ତି)
B: No, he doesn ’t eat (ଖାଆନ୍ତି ନାହିଁ) fish. He is a vegetarian (ନିରାମିଷାଶୀ).

Wrong sentences for A:
Water freezes at 4°C.
Cuttack is the capital of Odisha.
The sun goes round the earth.
Viswanathan Anand plays football.
The Prime Minister of India lives in Mumbai.

Answer:
Right sentences for ‘A’ :
Waterfreezes (ବରଫରେ ପରିଣତ ହୁଏ) at 0°C.
Bhubaneswar is (ଅଟେ) the capital of Odisha.
The earth goes (ପୂରେ) round the sun.
Viswanath Ananda plays (ଖେଳନ୍ତି) chess.
The Prime Minister of India lives (ବାସକରନ୍ତି) in New Delhi.

Wrong sentences for B :
Water floats on oil.
A rose is a kind of fruit.
Sachin Tendulkar plays hockey.
Vande Mataram is our National Anthem.
New York is the capital of the USA.

Answer:
Right sentences for ‘B’ :
Oilfloats (ଭାସେ) on water.
A rose is a kind of flower.
Sachin Tendulkar plays cricket.
Jana Gana ManaAdhi.. is our National Anthem (ଜାତୀୟ ସଙ୍ଗୀତ).
Washington DC is the capital of the U.S.A.

Activity-4

Work in pairs. Match the following sentences (1-6) with the uses of the present simple and present progressive (a-f).
1. I live in Sambalpur.
2. She’s staying with her aunt at the moment.
3. Toffees are very sweet.
4. His English is getting better all the time.
5. I usually go to school on foot.
6. Look. Two swans are carrying a tortoise

Present simple	Present Progressive
(a) General or scientific truths	(d) Something happening now
(b) Permanent state or permanent fact	(e) Something happening over a period of time
(c) Habitual action	(f) Temporary action

Answers:

1. I live in Sambalpur.	(c) Habitual action
2. She’s staying with her aunt at the moment.	(e) Something happening over a period of time
3. Toffees are very sweet.	(b) Permanent state or permanent fact
4. His English is getting better all the time	(e) Something happening over a period of time
5. I usually go to school on foot.	(c) Habitual action
6. Look. Two swans are carrying a tortoise.	(d) Something happening now

Activity- 5

Look out through the window. What do you see? Write three sentences about the things that you see. Read out and see who else has written one exactly like you. For today, you are special friends.
Answer:
I see a farmer going to the field.
I notice some girls pick flowers.
I watch a flight of birds in the sky.

Activity-6

Use either the PresentSimple or the Present Progressive to complete the dialogue.
Seema: Hello Lopa, what (you / do) these days?
Lopa: Nothing much. I (learn) how to dance in a dancing school. What about you?
Seema: Me? I (work) at a training school. The school (offer) lessons on cooking.
Lopa : (you /like) the job?
Seema: Yes, of course. I (prefer) this job because I (also learn) a lot how to cook while working here.
Lopa: What (they / teach) now?
Seema: Right now they (give) lessons on Chinese food. You know, Chinese dishes (taste) so good!
Lopa Can I join the classes someday?
Seema: Sure. They (want) more and more students to join their school. You are welcome.
Lopa: Thank you.
Answers:
Seema: Hello Lopa, what are you doing (କରୁଛୁ) these days?
Lopa: Nothing much. I am learning (ଶିଖୁଛି) how to dance in a dancing school. What about you?
Seema: Me? I am working (କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ କରୁଛି) at a training school. The school offers (ଶିକ୍ଷା ଦିଏ) lessons on cooking.
Lopa: Do you like (ଭଲ ପାଅ) the job?
Seema: Yes, of course. I prefer (ଭଲ ପାଉଛି) this job because I am always learning (ଶିଖୁଛି) a lot how to cook while working here.
Lopa: What are they teaching (ପଢ଼ାଉଛନ୍ତି) now?
Seema: Right now they are giving (ଶିଖାଉଛନ୍ତି) lessons on Chinese food. You know, Chinese dishes taste (ସ୍ଵାଦଲାଗେ) so good!
Lopa: Can I join the classes some day ?
Seema: Sure. They want (ଚାହୁଁଛନ୍ତି) more and more students to join their school. You are welcome.
Lopa: Thankyou

Ways of expressing Past Time

1. Present Perfect and its uses :
The Present Perfect tense is formed with has/have and the past participle form of the verb.
A. Declarative Sentence (ବିବୃତିମୂଳକ ବାକ୍ୟ) :

Singular	Plural
I have seen. (ମୁଁ ଦେଖୁଛି ।)	We have seen. (ଆମ୍ଭେମାନେ ଦେଖିଛୁ ।)
You have seen. (ତୁମେ / ଆପଣ ଦେଖୁଛ / ଦେଖୁଛନ୍ତି ।)	You have seen. (ତୁମ୍ଭେମାନେ / ଆପଣମାନେ ଦେଖୁଛ (ଦେଖୁଛନ୍ତି ।)
He / Gopal has seen. (ସେ । ଗୋପାଳ ଦେଖୁଛି ।)	They / The children have seen. (ସେମାନେ / ପିଲାମାନେ ଦେଖୁଛନ୍ତି ।)

B. Negative Sentence (ବିବୃତିମୂଳକ ବାକ୍ୟ) :

Singular	Plural
I have not seen. (ମୁଁ ଦେଖୁନାହିଁ ।)	We haven’t seen. (ଆମ୍ଭେମାନେ ଦେଖୁନାହୁଁ ।)
You have not seen. (ତୁମ୍ଭେ । ଆପଣ ଦେଖୁନାହଁ ।)	You have not seen. (ତୁମ୍ଭେମାନେ ଦେଖୁନାହଁ । ଆପଣମାନେ ଦେଖୁନାହାନ୍ତି ।)
He / Gopal has not seen. (ସେ ଗୋପାଳ ଦେଖୁନାହିଁ।)	They / The children have not seen. (ସେମାନେ / ପିଲାମାନେ ଦେଖୁ ନାହାନ୍ତି ।)

C. Interrogative sentence (ପ୍ରଶ୍ନସୂଚକ ବାକ୍ୟ) : (Yes-No question)

Singular	Plural
Have I seen ? (ମୁଁ ଦେଖୁଛି କି ?)	Have you seen ? (ତୁମ୍ଭେ ଦେଖୁଛ କି ?)
Have you seen ? (ତୁମ୍ଭେ ଦେଖୁଛ କି ?)	Have you seen ? (ତୁମ୍ଭେମାନେ ଦେଖୁଛ କି ? / ଆପଣମାନେ ଦେଖୁଛନ୍ତି କି ?)
Has he / Gopal seen ? (ସେ / ଗୋପାଳ ଦେଖୁଛି କି ?)	Have they / the children seen ? (ସେମାନେ / ପିଲାମାନେ ଦେଖୁଛନ୍ତି କି ?)

Uses (ବ୍ୟବହାର) :
(i) to express an experience, action in the immediate past (ନିକଟ ଅତୀତର ଅଭିଜ୍ଞତା ବା କାର୍ଯ୍ୟପାଇଁ)
I have seen (ଦେଖୁଛି) the Charminar city.
You have played (ଖେଳିଛୁ) well in today’s match.

(ii) to express an action which began in the past and is continuing upto the present moment. (ଅତୀତରୁ ଆରମ୍ଭ ହୋଇ ଏ ପର୍ଯ୍ୟନ୍ତ ଚାଲୁଥିବା କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ ବା ଘଟଣାପାଇଁ)
India has been free (ସ୍ଵାଧୀନ ହେଲାଣି) since 1947.
He has been (ଅଛି) ill since last week.

(iii) for a habit in a period continuing till now (ଏ ପର୍ଯ୍ୟନ୍ତ ଚାଲୁଥିବା ଏକ ଅଭ୍ୟାସ ପାଇଁ)
Malati has practised (ଅଭ୍ୟାସ କରୁଛି) classical music (ଶାସ୍ତ୍ରୀୟ ସଙ୍ଗୀତ) for ten years.
Mohit has attended (ଯୋଗ ଦେଉଛି) the camp regularly.

(iv) to express an action completed in the past but having current relevance. (ସମାପ୍ତ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟର ବର୍ତ୍ତମାନର ପ୍ରଭାବ ଥ‌ିବା ଅର୍ଥରେ)
It has rained (ବର୍ଷା ହୋଇଛି) heavily. (The ground is wet now)
John has reported the matter to the police. (The culprit will be found out (ଦୋଷୀକୁ ଧରାଯିବ))
I have cut (କାଟିଦେଇଛି) my finger. (It is bleeding now. (ଏବେ ରକ୍ତ ବହୁଛି))

(v) used in the usages like ‘This is the first time’, ‘this is the second time’, etc.
This is the first time I have ever travelled (ଯାତ୍ରା କରୁଛି) on a flight.
This is the second time Meera has commited the mistake (ଭୁଲ୍ କରିଛି).

(vi) after a superlative.
It is the best (superlative) book I have ever come across.
She is the prettiest (superlative) girl I have ever seen (ଦେଖୁଛି).

(vii) with the adverbs like ‘today’, ‘this morning’, ‘this week’, ‘this year’, ‘this month’ when the periods are not over at the time of speaking.
Have you met the teacher today?
Have you been (ଯାଇଛ) to the hospital this morning? (within 12 noon)
I haven’t received (ପାଇନାହିଁ) any letter this week.

(viii) used with just, already, yet, recently, ever, never, so far, since, etc.
Have you ever been (ଯାଇଛ) to Chilika? (ever)
The guest hasn ‘t arrived(ଆସିନାହାନ୍ତି) yet. (yet).
I have met the person recently (ନିକଟରେ). (recently)
Nobody has ever told (କହିନାହାନ୍ତି) me lies so far.
Father has never seen a ghost (ଦେଖୁନାହାନ୍ତି) (never).

(ix) for an action which lasts throughout an incomplete action.
(for, since, all day/night/week, all my life, all the time, lately, recently)
He has been in London for two years. (He is still in London.)
I have always respected him. (I still respect him.)
We have waited all day. (We are still waiting.)

(x) to indicate a habit with when, before, after, etc.
I shall speak to you when I have finished my dinner.
Boys will play after they have done their homework.
I never go to bed before I have finished my home work.

(xi) Used “ever” in questions :
Have you ever been (ଯାଇଛ) to Nagpur?
Has she ever won (ଜିତିଛ) any reward?

2. Present Perfect Progressive :
Present Perfect Progressive tense is formed by the present perfect of the verb followed by present perfect (has/have + been + base form of the verb + ‘ing’)
Uses (ବ୍ୟବହାର) :
(i) To express an action or event that began in the past and is still going on.
(ଅତୀତରୁ ଆରମ୍ଭ ହୋଇ ଏ ପର୍ଯ୍ୟନ୍ତ ଚାଲୁଥିବା କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ କ୍ଷେତ୍ରରେ)
Nihar has been studying (ପଢୁଛି) in this college for three years.
The children have been playing in the field for (ଖେଳୁଛନ୍ତି) two hours.

(ii) to express an act that was going since a recent point of time and whose result is still.
present. (ଅତୀତରୁ ଆରମ୍ଭ ହୋଇ ଏ ପର୍ଯ୍ୟନ୍ତ ଚାଲୁଥିବା କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ ଓ ବର୍ତ୍ତମାନ ଏହାର ପ୍ରଭାବ / ଫଳାଫଳ ଥ‌ିବା ଅର୍ଥରେ)
I feel cold because I have been swimming (ପହଁରୁଛି) for an hour.
Rekha is tired as she has been working (କାମ କରୁଛି) all the morning.

‘Past Tense refers to the past time action of the verb.

3. Simple Past:
The simple past tense in regular verbs is formed by adding d, ed, t etc. to the base form.
(base form + d / ed /1 = simple past tense)

A. Declarative Sentence (ବିବୃତିମୂଳକ ବାକ୍ୟ) :

Singular	Plural
I said. (ମୁଁ କହିଲି / କହିଥିଲି ।)	We said. (ଆମ୍ଭେମାନେ କହିଲୁ / କହିଥିଲୁ ।)
You said. (ତୁମ୍ଭେ / ତୁମ୍ଭେ / ଆପଣ କହିଲା / କହିଥୁଲ)	You said. (ତୁମ୍ଭେମାନେ ଆପଣମାନେ କହିଲ / କହିଲେ / କହିଥିଲେ)
He / Gopal said. (ସୋ ଗୋପାଳ କହିଲା / କହିଥିଲା)	They/ The children said. (ସେମାନେ / ପିଲାମାନୋ କହିଲେ / କହିଥିଲେ)

B. Negative Sentence (ନାସ୍ତିସୂଚକ ବାକ୍ୟ) :

Singular	Plural
I didn’t say (ମୁଁ କହିଲି ନାହିଁ ।) ବା (ମୁଁ କହି ନଥୁଲି ।)	We didn’t say. (ଆମ୍ଭେମାନେ କହିଲୁ ନାହିଁ / କହି ନଥୁଲୁ)
You didn’t not say. (ତୁମ୍ଭେ । ଆପଣ କହିଲ ନାହିଁ / କହି ନଥିଲେ ।)	You did not say. (ତୁମ୍ଭେମାନେ / ଆପଣମାନେ କହିଲ ନାହିଁ / କହିନଥିଲେ)
He / Gopal did not say. (ସେ / ଗୋପାଳ କହିଲା / କହି ନଥିଲା ।)	They / The children didn’t say. (ସେମାନେ / ପିଲାମାନେ କହିଲେ ନାହିଁ / କହି ନଥିଲେ)

C. Interrogative Sentence (ପ୍ରଶ୍ନସୂଚକ ବାକ୍ୟ) :

Singular	Plural
Did I say? (ମୁଁ କହିଲି । କହିଥିଲି କି ? )	Did we say ? (ଆମ୍ଭେମାନେ କହିଲୁ / କହିଥୁଲୁ କି ?)
Did you say? (ତୁମେ / ଆପଣ କହିଲେ / କହିଥିଲେ କି ?)	Did you say? (ତୁମ୍ଭେମାନେ / ଆପଣମାନେ କହିଲ / କହିଥିଲ କି ?)
Did he  / Gopal say ? (ସୋ ଗୋପାଳ କହିଲା / କହିଥୁଲା କି ?)	Did they / the children say ? (ସେମାନେ ପିଲାମାନେ ଖେଳିଲେ । ଖେଳିଥିଲେ କି ?)

Uses (ବ୍ୟବହାର) :
(i) For the completed actions in the past with the time adverbials like yesterday, last week/month/year/night, a few days/months/years ago, in 2010, etc. (ଅତୀତରେ ସମାପ୍ତ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟପାଇଁ)
His father died (ମୃତ୍ୟୁବରଣ କରିଥିଲେ) last year.
It rained (ବର୍ଷାହୋଇଥଲା) heavily last week.
Father had a bad headache a few days ago.

(ii) to denote a habitual or general action in the past but now terminated.
(ଅତୀତର ଅଭ୍ୟାସକାର୍ଯ୍ୟ ଏବେ ବନ୍ଦ ହୋଇଯାଇଥିଲେ)
We were (ଥିଲୁ) in Surat for seven years.
She studied (ପଢ଼ୁଥିଲା) journalism (ସାମ୍ବାଦିକତା) when she was in Mumbai.

(iii) to describe a past habit (ଅତୀତର ଅଭ୍ୟାସ ଅର୍ଥରେ)
The teacher always carried (ନେଉଥିଲେ) an umbrella.
Uncle often visited (ଦେଖା କରୁଥିଲେ) father.

(iv) historical or past event (ଐତିହାସିକ ବା ଅତୀତ ଘଟଣା)
Sepoy Mutiny (ସିପାହୀ ବିଦ୍ରୋହ) broke out (ଘଟିଥିଲା) in 1857.
Shakespeare wrote (ଲେଖୁଥିଲେ) for the Global Theatre.

(v) Of two actions completed in the past in a shorter period of time and first action leading to the second. (ଅତୀତରେ ଅଳ୍ପ ସମୟ ମଧ୍ୟରେ ସମାପ୍ତ ୨ଟି କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ ଭିତରୁ ପ୍ରଥମ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟପରେ ଦ୍ବିତୀୟ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ ସଙ୍ଗେସଙ୍ଗେ ଆରମ୍ଭ ହୋଇଥିଲେ)
When the train stopped, I jumped off.
The girl turned off (ବନ୍ଦ କରିଦେଲା) the TV when her father came (ଆସିଲେ).

(vi) Used in subordinate clauses to refer to something desirable or an unreal state of things.
I wish I knew his name.
If I were you, I would buy that property. (Present time)

(vii) For polite enquiries with verbs hope, think or wonder (ନାମସୂଚକ ଅନୁସନ୍ଧାନ ଅର୍ଥରେ)
I wonder if you would lend me that book.
I hope he would excuse me.

4. Past Progressive / Continuous :
The Past Continuous / Progressive tense is formed by the past tense of the verb ‘be’ (was/were) followed by the present participle (‘ing’) of the verb

Singular	Plural
I was eating. ( ମୁଁ ଖାଉଥଲି ।)	We were eating. (ଆମ୍ଭେମାନେ ଖାଉଥଲୁ ।)
You weren’t eating. (ତୁମେ ଖାଉ ନଥୁଲ ।)	You weren’t eating. (ତୁମ୍ଭେମାନେ / ଆପଣମାନେ ଖାଉ ନଥୁଲ ।)
Was Gopal eating? (ଗୋପାଳ ଖାଉଥିଲା କି ?)	Were they eating? (ସେମାନେ ଖାଉଥିଲେ କି ?)

Uses (ବ୍ୟବହାର) :
(i) to describe an action in progress over a period of time in the past
(ଅତୀତରେ ଚାଲିଥୁବା ଦୀର୍ଘ ସମୟର କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ)
The children were playing (ଖେଳୁଥିଲେ) all the afternoon.
She was writing letters all the morning.

(ii) to describe an action in progress at a point of time in the past
(ଅତୀତରେ ଏକ ନିର୍ଦ୍ଦିଷ୍ଟ ସମୟରେ ଚାଲିଥିବା କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ)
I was having (ଖାଉଥଲି) my breakfast at 7 A.M.
What were you doing (କରୁଥିଲୁ) when father called on you?

(iii) repeated action with ‘always’ causing annoyance to the speaker.
(ବକ୍ତାଙ୍କର ବିରକ୍ତି ଭାବ ପ୍ରକାଶ କରୁଥିବା ଅତୀତର ବାରମ୍ବାର ଘଟୁଥିବା କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ ‘always’ ସହିତ)
The child was always biting (କାମୁଡୁଥୁଲା) her nails.
Rama was always playing (ଖେଳୁଥିଲା) chess during the vacation.
Grandfather was always losing (ହଜାଇଦେଉଥ୍ଲେ) his walking stick.

(iv) to describe two or more parallel actions going on at the same time
(ଅତୀତରେ ସମାନ୍ତରାଳ ଭାବେ ଚାଲୁଥିବା ୨ଟି ବା ତହିଁରୁ ଅଧୁକା କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ)
He was listening while I was talking.
Amit was watching the TV, while Sunlit was doing his homework.

(v) The Past Progressive and the simple Past are used together to say that something was happening when something also happened. (ଅତୀତରେ କୌଣସି କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ ଚାଲୁଥିଲା ବେଳେ ଅନ୍ୟ ଏକ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ ହୋଇଯାଇଥିଲେ)
I was reading (ପଢୁଥୁଲି) when my friend arrived (ପହଞ୍ଚିଲେ).
It was raining (ବର୍ଷା ହେଉଥିଲା) when the wind blew (ବହିଲା).

5. Past perfect :
This is formed with ‘had + Past participle of the verb’.
‘go’ – had gone
‘talk’ – had talked
‘sing’ – had sung

Uses (ବ୍ୟବହାର) :
(i) When the subject or the narrator looks back at an earlier action from a certain point in the past. (ଅତୀତରେ ଏକ ନିର୍ଦ୍ଦିଷ୍ଟ ସମୟରୁ ବର୍ଣ୍ଣନାକାରୀ ପୂର୍ବ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟକୁ ଚାହିଁଥିଲେ)
Dinesh was eighteen when his career started. His parents had died three years before and since then he had lived alone.

(ii) Out of the two actions of the past past perfect for earlier action and simple past for the later action. (ଅତୀତରେ ସମାପ୍ତ ୨ଟି କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ ମଧ୍ୟରୁ ପ୍ରଥମ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ ପାଇଁ Past Perfect ଓ ପରବର୍ତୀ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟପାଇଁ Past Simple ବ୍ୟବହୃତ ହୁଏ)
When we reached the station, the train had left. (ଆମ୍ଭେମାନେ ଯେତେବେଳେ ଷ୍ଟେସନରେ ପହଞ୍ଚିଲୁ ଟ୍ରେନ୍ ଚାଲିଯାଇଥଲା ।)
Her old father had died by the time she reached home. (ସେ ଘରେ ପହଞ୍ଚିଲା ବେଳକୁ ତାହାର ବୁଢ଼ା ବାପା ମୃତ୍ୟୁବରଣ କରିଥିଲେ ।)

(iii) to express a hypothetical (supposed) condition.
If he hadgone to the station, he would have averted the mishap. (ସେ ଯଦି ଷ୍ଟେସନକୁ ଯାଇଥାନ୍ତା, ଦୁର୍ଘଟଣାକୁ ଏଡ଼ାଇ ପାରିଥାନ୍ତା ।)
Surabhi would have got a first class if she had studied hard. (ଯଦି କଠିନ ପରିଶ୍ରମ କରି ପଢ଼ିଥା’ନ୍ତା ସୁରଭି ପ୍ରଥମ ଶ୍ରେଣୀ ଲାଭ କରିଥାନ୍ତା ।)

(iv) In the Reported speech to talk about things that had already happened at the time of talking. (ପରୋକ୍ଷ ଉକ୍ତିରେ ଅତୀତରେ କହିଲାବେଳେ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟଟି ଘଟିଯାଇଥଲେ)
Saurav told me that he had met my father. (ମୋ ବାପାଙ୍କୁ ଦେଖା କରିଛି / ଦେଖା କରିଥିଲା ବୋଲି ସୌରଭ ମୋତେ କହିଲା ।)
The teacher asked Ritesh where he had gone. (ସେ କେଉଁଠାକୁ ଯାଇଥିଲା ବୋଲି ଶିକ୍ଷକ ରିତେଶକୁ ପଚାରିଲେ ।)

(v) Used afer the verb ‘wish 9 to express an impossibility. (ଅସମ୍ଭବ ଅର୍ଥରେ verb ‘wish’ ପରେ)
I wish he had rung me. (didn’t ring)
I wish our Headmaster had suspended the school. (didn’t suspend)

(vi) Used with as soon as, the moment, immediately, till, until, before in the Time clause.
As soon as he had completed the work, he left.
The moment (ଯେଉଁ ମୁହୂର୍ତ୍ତରେ) the war had been declared (ଘୋଷଣା କରାଗଲା),, the price of oil went up (ବଢ଼ିଗଲା).
The emploee had immediately challenged his boss.
Mohan was refused payment untill he had finished his work.

(vii) In the clauses beginnning with ‘as ‘if’ or ‘as though’
Nabin spoke English as ifhe had come from England (ସତେଯେପରି ଇଂଲଣ୍ଡରୁ ଆସିଥିଲା).
The beggar looked (ଦେଖାଯାଉଥ୍ଲା) as if he hadn ’t eaten anything for a week. (ସତେଯେପରି ସପ୍ତାହ ପର୍ଯ୍ୟନ୍ତ କିଛି ଖାଇ ନଥୁଲା)

(viii) With ‘after’ in the Time clause.
After Guru hadfailed (ଫେଲ୍ ହେବାପରେ) in the examination, he became upset.

(ix) To describe an action or event in the past which denotes cause for later action in the past. (ଅତୀତର କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ ବା ଘଟଣା ଯାହା ପରବର୍ତ୍ତୀ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟର କାରଣ ସୂଚିତ କରିଥାଏ ।)
The girl was nervous because she had never danced before.
I got the highest mark for (because) I hadanswered all the questions correctly.

6. Past Perfect Continuous :
This is formed with ‘had been’ + Present Participle of the verb.

Singular	Plural
I had been eating. (ମୁଁ ଖାଉଥଲି । )	We had been eating. (ଆମ୍ଭେମାନେ ଖାଇଥିଲୁ)
Gopal hadn’t been eating. (ଗୋପାଳ ଖାଉ ନଥିଲା ।)	They hadn’t been eating. (ସେମାନେ ଖାଉ ନଥିଲେ ।)
Had the girl been eating? (ସୋ ଗୋପାଳ କହିଲା / କହିଥୁଲା କି ?)	Had the children been eating? (ପିଲାମାନେ ଖାଉଥିଲେ କି ?)

Uses (ବ୍ୟବହାର) :
to describe the earlier of the two actions in the past when the earlier action continued upto the time of the beginning of the second or later action (ଅତୀତର ଦୁଇଟି କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ ମଧ୍ୟରୁ ଦ୍ଵିତୀୟ ବା ପରବର୍ତୀ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ ଆରମ୍ଭ ହେବା ପୂର୍ବରୁ ପ୍ରଥମ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ ବହୁ ସମୟ ପର୍ଯ୍ୟନ୍ତ ଚାଲିଥିଲେ)
My friend Bikash had been waiting for hours (ଘଣ୍ଟାଘଣ୍ଟା ଧରି ଅପେକ୍ଷା କରିଥିଲା) when I opened the door.
The workers had been digging (ମାଟି ଖୋଳୁଥିଲେ) for six months before they found petrol.
He was tired because he had been working (କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ କରୁଥିଲା) since dawn (ପ୍ରତ୍ୟୁଷରୁ).

Activity – 1

Complete the following conversation, using either the past simple or the present perfect form of the verb given in brackets.
Ashok : What are these people doing here? What (happen)?
Bini : There (be) an accident.
Ashok : An accident? What (happen) exactly?
Bini : A cat (run) across the road in front of a car. The driver (try) to apply the brake and (hit) the tree on the side of the road.
Ashok : When (it happen)?
Bini : About ten minutes ago.
Ashok : (anyone call) for an ambulance?
Bini : No, not yet. But the police (arrive). They will take care of that.
Ashok : This is the second accident we (have) here this week.
Bini : We should have a road hump here.
Answers:
Ashok : What are these people doing here? What has happened (ଘଟିଛି)?
Bini : There is (ହୋଇଯାଇଛି) an accident.
Ashok : An accident? What has happened (ଘଟିଛି) exactly?
Bini : A cat ran (ମାଡ଼ିଗଲା) across the road in front of a car. The driver tried (ଚେଷ୍ଟାକଲା) to apply the brake and hit (ବାଡ଼େଇ ହୋଇଗଲା) the tree on the side of the road.
Ashok : When did it happen (ଘଟିଲା)?
Bini : About ten minutes ago.
Ashok : Has any one called for (ଡକାଇଛନ୍ତି) an ambulance?
Bini : No, not yet. But the police have arrived (ପହଞ୍ଚି ଯାଇଛନ୍ତି). They will take care of that.
Ashok : This is the second accident we have had (ଏଠାରେ ଘଟିଛି) here this week.
Bini : We should have a road hump here.

Activity – 2

Make sentences using the present perfect progressive tense form of the verbs.
Mr Das is very tired. (work hard)
Answer:
Mrs Das has been working hard.

Mr Das looks pale. (not feel well / all day)
Answer:
Mr Das hasn’t been feeling well all day.

Their son Ashok has got a headache. (watch TV / all evening)
Answer:
Their son Ashok has been watching TV all evening.

Their daughter Bini has got no money left. (buy clothes)
Answer:
Their daughter Bini has been buying clothes.

They are sitting idle and can’t do anything. (rain / since the evening)
Answer:
There has been raining since the evening.

Activity – 3

One sentence in each of the following pairs is wrong. Strike it off.

1.	I can go home now.	I have finished my class work. I have been finishing my class work.
2.	You look tired.	Have you worked in the garden? Have you been working in the garden?
3.	Tell the truth.	Have you broken the window? Have you been breaking the window?
4.	Your eyes are red.	You have cried. You have been crying.
5.	Now you can live in that room.	We have repaired the roof. We have been repairing the roof.

Answers :
1. I have been finishing my class work, (✗)
2. Have you worked in the garden ? (✗)
3. Have you been breaking the window? (✗)
4. You have cried. (✗)
5. We have been repairing the roof (✗)

Activity – 4

Fill in the blanks with the past simple or present perfect forms of the verbs given in brackets.
Rahul : ________ (you / see) Jagu last night?
Bakul : No, but I ________(just come) from his house. He’s in bed. He ________ (be) very ill for the last three days, actually.
Rahul : I’m sorry to hear that. So that’s why he ________ (not come) to the party last night.
Bakul : The doctor ________ (see) him twice by now. He’s coming again tomorrow. Oh, by the way, Jagu ________ (send) your book.
Answers:
Rahul : Did you see (ଦେଖୁଥୁଲୁ) Jagu last night?
Bakul : No. but I have just come (ଆସିଛି) from his house. He’s in bed. He has been very ill for the last three days, actually.
Rahul : I’m sorry to hear that. So that’s why he didn’t come (ଆସିନଥୁଲା) to the party last night.
Bakul : The doctor has seen (ଦେଖ୍ ସାରିଛନ୍ତି) him twice by now. He’s coming again tomorrow. Oh, by the way, Jagu has sent (ପଠାଇଛି) your book.

Activity – 5

Combine the given sentences into single ones using the past perfect or the past simple forms of the verbs.
The alarm clock rang. I woke up = As soon as ________
Answer:
As soon as the alarm clock rang, I woke up.

I cleaned my teeth. I took bath = After I ________
Answer:
After I had cleaned my teeth, I took bath.

I got dressed. I had breakfast. = When ________
Answer:
When I had had breakfast, I got dressed.

I brushed my teeth again. I looked at my watch. = When ________
Answer:
When I looked at my watch, I brushed my teeth.

I looked at my watch. I realized I was late = When ________
Answer:
When I looked at my watch, I realized that I had been late.

I arrived at the school. I remembered it was Sunday = When ________
Answer:
When I arrived at the school, I remembered that it was Sunday.

Activity – 6

Work in pairs A and B. Without showing your sentences to your partner, you write five sentences using the past perfect tense of verbs. You must put before the sentences an expression like as soon as/when/by the time/after. In the meantime, your partner writes five sentences using the past simple tense of verbs. After writing the sentences, show each other the sentences and try to combine them. When the teacher asks you, go and write the combined sentences on the blackboard. (All the sentences may not combine.)
(ତୁମେ as soon as/when/by the time/after ଆଦିରୁ ଆରମ୍ଭ କରି Past simple ବ୍ୟବହାର କରି ତୁମ ସାଙ୍ଗ Past perfect tense କୁ ବ୍ୟବହାର କରିବାକୁ କହି ପ୍ରତ୍ୟେକ ୫ଟି ଲେଖାଏଁ ବାକ୍ୟ ଲେଖ ।)

Example:
As soon as he had watered the plants
It started to rain. / The teacher asked me a question (can’t combine)

Example :
As soon as he had watered the plants, it started to rain. (ଗଛରେ ଜଳ ଦେବା ମାତ୍ରେ ବର୍ଷା ହେବାକୁ ଆରମ୍ଭ କଲା ।)

The individual sentences are :
The bell rang. Then the pupils stood for the prayer.
Answer:
When the bell had rung, the pupils stood for the prayer.

Father had a cup of tea. He set to work then.
Answer:
After father had had a cup of tea, he set to work.

The patient died. The doctors had come by then.
Answer:
The patient had died by the time the doctors came.

The rabbit woke up. Before that the tortoise had touched the finishing point.
Answer:
When the rabbit woke up, the tortoise had touched the finishing point.

The meeting ended. Only then did the people return home.
Answer:
After the meeting had ended, the people returned home.

Activity – 7

Fill in the blanks using the past simple or the past progressive forms of the verbs given in brackets.
Once when I ________ (read) in my room, I ________ (hear) a lot of noise outside. I ________ (come) out and ________ (see) that many people ________ (run) in a particular direction. They ________ (shout) at the top of their voice. They all ________ (have) buckets and water pots in their hands. I ________ (ask) them what the matter was. Somebody ________ (point) at a house at the end of our village. I ________ (see) that the house ________ (burn). People ________ (throw) water at the house in order to put out the fire. Very soon the fire ________ (come) under control.
Answers:
Once when I was reading (ପଢୁଥୁଲି) in my room, I heard (ଶୁଣିଲି) a lot of noise outside. I came out (ବାହାରି ଆସିଲି) and saw (ଦେଖୁଲି) that many people were running (ଦୌଡ଼ୁଥିଲେ) in a particular direction. They were shouting (ଚିତ୍କାର କରୁଥିଲେ) at the top of their voice. They all had (ହାତରେଥିଲା) buckets and water pots in their hands. I asked (ପଚାରିଲି) them what the matter was. Somebody pointed (ଅଙ୍ଗୁଳି ନିର୍ଦ୍ଦେଶ କଲା) at a house at the end of our village. I saw (ଦେଖଲି) that the house was burning (ଜଳି ଯାଉଥିଲା). People were throwing (ଫିଙ୍ଗୁଥିଲେ) water at the house in order to put out the fire. Very soon the fire came (ନିୟନ୍ତ୍ରଣକୁ ଆସିଲା) under control.

Activity – 8

Use the past progressive or the past simple forms of the given verbs and rewrite the paragraph.
(Past progressive ବା past simple ବ୍ୟବହାର କରି ଶୂନ୍ୟସ୍ଥାନ ପୂରଣ କର ।)
I (walk) along the street one day when I (see) something strange. I (notice) a person of the same height as me and (have) the same hairstyle. He (wear) clothes of the same colour and (carry) a school bag just as mine. He (just/cross) the road ahead of me but he (not / avoid) me at all. I (be) sure of that. As he (go across) the road, I (follow) him.
Answers:
I was walking (ଚାଲିକରି ଯାଉଥୁଲି) along the street one day when I saw (ଦେଖୁଲି) something strange. I noticed (ଦେଖୁଲି) a person of the same height as me and had (ଥିଲା) the same hairstyle. He wore clothes of the same colour and was carrying a school bag just as mine. He was just crossing (ଅତିକ୍ରମ କରି ଯାଉଥୁଲା) the road ahead of me but he didn’t avoid (ଦୂରେଇ ରହିଲା ନାହିଁ) me at all. I was (ଥୁଲି) sure of that. As he went across (ଗଲା) the road, I followed (ଅନୁସରଣ କଲି) him.

Activity – 9

Complete the following dialogue using the ‘past perfect’ or the ‘past perfect progressive’
forms of the verbs given in brackets. (ନିମ୍ନୋକ୍ତ କଥୋପକଥନକୁ ସମାପ୍ତ କର ।)
Federer : My best moment in the match was when I realized that the game (finish) and I (become) the champion. I (win) at last. At that moment I (become) the best Tennis player of the world.
Reporter : And when you won, how long (you / play) Tennis?
Federer : I started just before I finished school. That means, I (play) for about six years when I won the Wimbledon.
Reporter : You (beat) some good players before you won that tournament.
Federer : Yes. Ever since I started as a Tennis professional, I (win) games regularly, until my injury.
Answers:
Federer : My best moment in the match was when I realized that the game had finished and I had become the champion. I won at last. At that moment I had become the best Tennis player of the world.
Reporter : And when you won, how long had you been playing (ଖେଳୁଥିଲେ) Tennis?
Federer : I started just before I finished school. That means, I had been playing (ଖେଳୁଥୁଲି) for about she years when I won the Wimbledon.
Reporter : You had beaten (ପରାସ୍ତ କରିଥିଲ) some good players before you won that tournament.
Federer : Yes. Ever since I started as a Tennis professional, I had been winning (ଜିତୁଥୁଲି) games regularly, until my injury.

Ways of expressing the Future Time
Anita : Say, Bini, what are you doing (କରିବୁ) this afternoon?
Would you like (ଚାହୁଁଛୁ) to go shopping with me?
Binita : Oh, sorry, I can’t. I’m going to finish (ଶେଷ କରିବି) my homework before the evening.
My uncle and aunt are coming (ଆସିବେ) to our house.
Anita : You will help your mother, (ସାହାଯ୍ୟ କରିବୁ) won’t you?
Binita : Of course. Moreover, my uncle’s little son loves me so much. We are going to play (ଖେଳିବୁ) together.
Anita : That will be great (ଚମତ୍କାର କଥା ହେବା). Bye (ବିଦାୟ). Have a nice time.

The verbs underlined are in Present tense form but they expresses future time.

The ‘Future’ means future-time-related actions.
(The ‘Future’ ର ଅର୍ଥ ଭବିଷ୍ୟତ ସମୟ ସଂପର୍କୀୟ ଆଧାରିତ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ।)

We mainly use the following verb forms to indicate the future.
(ଭବିଷ୍ୟତର କାର୍ଯ୍ୟକୁ ସୂଚିତ କରିବାପାଇଁ ଆମ୍ଭେମାନେ ମୁଖ୍ୟତଃ ନିମ୍ନଲିଖତ କ୍ରିୟାରୂପ ବ୍ୟବହାର କରୁ।)
(i) Be going to + Main verb in the base form.
We are going to meet the President tomorrow.
(ଆମ୍ଭେମାନେ ଆସନ୍ତାକାଲି ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରପତିଙ୍କୁ ସାକ୍ଷାତ କରିବୁ।)

(ii) Present Continuous/ Progressive ( Be verb isl ami are + Main Verb in the “mg” form)
I am building a house very soon. (ଶୀଘ୍ର ମୁଁ ଗୋଟିଏ ଘର ତୋଳିବି।)

(iii) Present Simple
Our examination starts tomorrow. (ଆମ୍ଭମାନଙ୍କର ପରୀକ୍ଷା ଆସନ୍ତାକାଲିଠାରୁ ଆରମ୍ଭ ହେବ ।)

(iv) Will/shall + Main Verb in the base form.
I shall/will go home next week. ( ମୁଁ ଆସନ୍ତା ସପ୍ତାହରେ ଘରକୁ ଯିବି।)
ଏହି ଚାରୋଟି ବାକ୍ୟରେ ଭବିଷ୍ୟତରେ ହେବାକୁ ଥିବା କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ ଆଧାରିତ verb ବା କ୍ରିୟା ପଦଗୁଡ଼ିକରୁ ଚାରୋଟି forms; ଯଥା – are going to (ସାକ୍ଷାତ କରିବି), am building (ତୋଳିବି), starts (ଆରମ୍ଭ ହେବ) ଏବଂ shall/will go (ଯିବି) ଦିଆଯାଇଛି।

Let’s see how these four forms of verbs are used to denote different future actions.
(ଉପରୋକ୍ତ ୪ ଟି verb forms କିଭଳି ଭିନ୍ନ ଭିନ୍ନ future action ବା ଭବିଷ୍ୟତ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟପାଇଁ ବ୍ୟବହୃତ ହୁଏ, ଲକ୍ଷ୍ୟ କର।)

1. Be (is/am/are) going to + Main Verb in the base form.
Use (ବ୍ୟବହାର) :
(a) To talk about the future fulfillment of a present plan or intention.
(ବର୍ତ୍ତମାନର ଯୋଜନା ବା ଇଚ୍ଛା ବା ଉଦ୍ଦେଶ୍ୟ ଭବିଷ୍ୟତରେ ପୂରଣ ହେବା ବିଷୟରେ କହିଲେ)
Examples :
(i) am going to visit my parents tomorrow. ( ଆସନ୍ତାକାଲି ମୁଁ ମୋ ବାପା ମା’ଙ୍କୁ ଦେଖାକରିବି ।)
(ଏଠାରେ ‘ଦେଖାକରିବା’ ଭବିଷ୍ୟତର ଏକ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ ଓ ଏହା ବର୍ତ୍ତମାନର ଇଚ୍ଛା ଉପରେ ଆଧାରିତ ।)

(ii) What are you going to do in the afternoon ? (ତୁମେ ଆଜି ଅପରାହ୍ନରେ କ’ଣ କରିବ ?)
(ଏଠାରେ ଅପରାହ୍ନର କୌଣସି କାର୍ଯ୍ୟପାଇଁ ଏକ ବ୍ୟକ୍ତିର ଇଚ୍ଛା ବା ଯୋଜନା ସଂପର୍କରେ ପଚରା ଯାଇଛି ।)

(b) To talk about a future fulfilment of a present cause or indication
(ବର୍ତ୍ତମାନର କୌଣସି ବାହ୍ୟ ପରିସ୍ଥିତି (external condition) ବା କାରଣକୁ ଆଧାର କରି ଭବିଷ୍ୟତରେ ହେବାକୁ ଥିବା କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ ବିଷୟରେ ସୂଚିତ କରାଗଲେ)
Examples :
(i) The sky is cloudy. It is going to rain soon.
(ଆକାଶଟି ମେଘୁଆ ଅଟେ । ଶୀଘ୍ର ବର୍ଷା ହେବ ।)
(ଏଠାରେ ବର୍ତ୍ତମାନ ର ମେଘୁଆ ପାଗରୁ ଭବିଷ୍ୟତରେ ବର୍ଷା ହେବାର ସମ୍ଭାବନା କରାଯାଉଛି ।)

(ii) You are late. You are going to miss the train.
(ତୁମର ଡେରି ହୋଇଗଲାଣି । ତୁମେ ଟ୍ରେନ୍ ହରାଇବ ।)
(ଭବିଷ୍ୟତରେ ଟ୍ରେନ୍ ହରାଇବାର ସମ୍ଭାବନା ବର୍ତ୍ତମାନର ଡେରି ହେବାରୁ ସୃଷ୍ଟି ହୋଇଛି ।)

(iii) Look, the man is going to fall. (He has lost his balance on the rope.)
(ଚାହଁ, ଲୋକଟି ରାସ୍ତାରେ ପଡ଼ିଯିବ । )
(ଏଠାରେ ଲୋକଟିର ପଡ଼ିଯିବାର ସମ୍ଭାବନା, ତା’ର ନିୟନ୍ତ୍ରଣ ହରାଇବା ପରିସ୍ଥିତିରୁ ସୃଷ୍ଟି ହୋଇଛି ।)

(iv) Run! The bull is going to attack you. (ଦୌଡ଼! ଷଣ୍ଢଟି ତୁମକୁ ଆକ୍ରମଣ କରିବ ।)

2. Present Progressive (Is/ am / are + Main Verb in the ‘ing’ form)
Use :
(a) To talk about plans or arrangement made for a particular time in the future.
(ଭବିଷ୍ୟତର ଏକ ନିର୍ଦ୍ଦିଷ୍ଟ ସମୟ ପାଇଁ ପୂର୍ବରୁ ପ୍ରସ୍ତୁତ କରାଯାଇଥିବା ଯୋଜନା ବା ବ୍ୟବସ୍ଥା ସଂପର୍କରେ କୁହାଗଲେ ) Examples :
(i) We are having a picnic tomorrow. (ଆମ୍ଭେମାନେ ଆସନ୍ତାକାଲି ଏକ ବଣଭୋଜି କରିବୁ ।)
(We have already arranged for it)

(ii) Tomorrow is Sunday. I am taking the children to the Zoo.
(ଆସନ୍ତା କାଲି ରବିବାର । ମୁଁ ପିଲାମାନଙ୍କୁ ପଶୁଉଦ୍ୟାନ ବୁଲାଇ ନେବି ।)
(ଯୋଜନା ପୂର୍ବରୁ ପ୍ରସ୍ତୁତ)

(iii) Smita is returning by train next week. (ସ୍ମିତା ଆସନ୍ତାକାଲି ଟ୍ରେନ୍‌ରେ ଫେରିବ ।)

3. Present Simple (Is/am/are/take/takes)
Use :
(a) To talk about future events which are on a timetable or are part of a fixed plan or arrangement.
(ଭବିଷ୍ୟତରେ ହେବାକୁ ଥିବା କାର୍ଯ୍ୟକ୍ରମ ଯଦି ସମୟ ନିର୍ଘଣ୍ଟ ଆଧାରିତ ବା ଧାର୍ଯ୍ୟ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟସୂଚୀର ଅଂଶ ବିଶେଷ ହୋଇଥଲେ, ସେହିଭଳି କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ ପାଇଁ verb ର Present Simple tense form ବ୍ୟବହାର କରାଯାଏ ।)
Examples :
(i) Tomorrow is a holiday. (ଆସନ୍ତାକାଲି ଏକ ଛୁଟିଦିନ ଅଟେ ।)
(ii) The Shatabdi Express leaves Kolkata at 8 p.m. today.
(ଆଜି ଶତାବ୍ଦୀ ଏକ୍‌ସପ୍ରେସ୍ ରାତି ୮ ଟାରେ କଲିକତା ଛାଡ଼ିବ । (ଟ୍ରେନ୍‌ସୂଚୀ))
(iii) What time does the game begin?
(ଖେଳ କେତେବେଳେ ଆରମ୍ଭ ହେବ ?)

4. Shall/Will+ base form of the Main Verb
Use :
(A) For a statement of future facts.
(ଭବିଷ୍ୟତରେ ସାଧାରଣତଃ ଘଟୁଥିବା (ସ୍ଵାଭାବିକ) କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ କ୍ଷେତ୍ରରେ shall / will + Main Verb ବ୍ୟବହୃତ ହୁଏ ।)
Examples :
(i) This work will take me two weeks to finish. (take = Main Verb/ base form)
(ଏହି କାର୍ଯ୍ୟଟିକୁ ଶେଷ କରିବାକୁ ମୋତେ ୨ ସପ୍ତାହ ସମୟ ଲାଗିବ ।)

(ii) shall be sixteen next week. (be = Main Verb/ base form)
(ଆସନ୍ତା ସପ୍ତାହରେ ମୋତେ ୧୬ ବର୍ଷ ହେବ ।)

(iii) The train will be late by half an hour. (be Main Verb / base form)
(ଟ୍ରେନ ଅଧଘଣ୍ଟା ପାଇଁ ଡେରି ହେବ ।)

(B) Shall / Will + Main Verb is used with the expressions ‘I hope/We expect/I feel/Probably/Perhaps etc. to denote one’s hope/thought etc. for future.
(ଭବିଷ୍ୟତ ପାଇଁ ଆଶା, ଭାବନା, ସମ୍ଭାବନା ଆଦି ଅର୍ଥରେ ଉପରୋକ୍ତ ବାକ୍ୟାଶ; ଯଥା, I hope/We except/I feel/will + Main Verb ବ୍ୟବହୃତ ହୁଏ ।)
Examples :
(i) I think you will feel better after a rest.
( ମୁଁ ଭାବୁଛି ତୁମେ ବିଶ୍ରାମ ପରେ ସୁସ୍ଥ ଅନୁଭବ କରିବ ।)
(ii) Probably they will leave this place soon.
(ସମ୍ଭବତଃ ସେମାନେ ଏହି ସ୍ଥାନ ଶୀଘ୍ର ଛାଡ଼ିବେ ।)
(iii) I’m afraid she won’t agree to your proposal.
(ମୋର ଆଶଙ୍କା ସେ ତୁମର ପ୍ରସ୍ତାବରେ ରାଜି ହେବ ନାହିଁ ।)

(C) For expressing a sudden decision taken at the moment of speaking.
(କଥାବାର୍ତ୍ତା ସମୟରେ ଭବିଷ୍ୟତରେ ହେବାକୁ ଥିବା ବର୍ତ୍ତମାନରେ ତତ୍‌କ୍ଷଣାତ୍‌ ନିଷ୍ପତ୍ତି ନେବା ଅର୍ଥରେ )
Examples :
(i) The phone is ringing . I’ll answer it. (ଫୋନ୍ ବାଜୁଛି । ମୁଁ ଧରୁଛି ।)
(ii) Wait a minute. I’ll will come you. (ଏକ ମିନିଟ୍ ଅପେକ୍ଷା କର । ମୁଁ ତୁମ ସହିତ ଯାଉଛି ।)
(ii) Kamala: Please don’t tell this to others.
(କମଳା : ଦୟାକରି ଏହା କାହାକୁ କହିବନି ।)
Sushree: Ok, I won’t tell anybody about i
(ସୁଶ୍ରୀ : ଠିକ୍ ଅଛି, ମୁଁ ଏହା ବିଷୟରେ କାହାକୁ କିଛି କହିବିନି ।)

Remember the differences (ପାର୍ଥକ୍ୟ ସବୁ ମନେରଖ )
1. (a) ’m sure it will rain today. (ମୁଁ ନିଶ୍ଚିତ ଆଜି ବର୍ଷା ହେବ ।)
(a prediciton based on personal assessment)
(ବ୍ୟକ୍ତିଗତ ଆକଳନ ଉପରେ ଆଧାରିତ ପୂର୍ବାନୁମାନ)
(b) The sky is cloudy. It is going to rain today.
(ବର୍ତ୍ତମାନର ପରିସ୍ଥିତି ବା ସୂଚନା ଆଧାରିତ ଭବିଷ୍ୟବାଣୀ)
(a prediction based on present indication)

2. (a) ’m going to learn English soon.
(ମୁଁ ନିକଟ ଭବିଷ୍ୟତରେ ଇଂରାଜୀ ଶିଖୁ ।)
(It is my plan or intention = ଏହା ମୋର ଯୋଜନା ବା ଇଚ୍ଛା ଅଟେ ।)
(b) am learning English soon. (ମୁଁ ନିକଟ ଭବିଷ୍ୟତରେ ଇଂରାଜୀ ଶିଖୁ ।)
(I have arranged for it = ମୁଁ ଇଂରାଜୀ ଶିଖୁବାର ବ୍ୟବସ୍ଥା କରିଛି ।)

5. The Future Progressive
Shall/will be + the Main Verb in the ‘ing’ form
Use :
We use the ‘Future Progressive’ to say about an action that will be going on at a particular time in the future.
(ଭବିଷ୍ୟତରେ ଏକ ନିର୍ଦ୍ଦିଷ୍ଟ ସମୟ ପରିଧ୍ଵ ମଧ୍ଯରେ ଚାଲୁଥିବା କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ ପାଇଁ Future Progressive ବ୍ୟବହାର କରାଯାଏ ।)
Examples :
Sushree : Can I see you at 1.45 sir ?
(ସୁଶ୍ରୀ : ସାର୍‌, ମୁଁ ଆପଣଙ୍କୁ ଗୋଟାଏ ପଇଁଚାଳିଶ ମିନିଟ୍‌ରେ ଦେଖା କରିପାରିବି ?)
Mr Pradhan : No, don’t come then. I will be having my lunch at that time.
(ଶ୍ରୀଯୁକ୍ତ ପ୍ରଧାନ : ନା, ସେତେବେଳେ ଆସନା । ମୁଁ ସେତେବେଳେ ମୋର ମଧ୍ୟାହ୍ନ ଭୋଜନ କରୁଥିବି ।)

The film begins at six and ends at nine.
(ଫିଲ୍ମଟି ଛ’ଟାରେ ଆରମ୍ଭ ହୋଇ ନ’ଟାରେ ଶେଷ ହୁଏ ।)
We will be watching the film tomorrow at seven.
(ଆମ୍ଭେମାନେ ସାତଟାରେ ଫିଲ୍ମଟିକୁ ଦେଖୁଥିବୁ ।)

6. Future Perfect
Will/shall have + Main Verb in the past participle
Use :
We use the ‘Future Perfect’ to talk about something that will be finished before a time in the future.
(ଭବିଷ୍ୟତରେ ଏକ ନିର୍ଦ୍ଦିଷ୍ଟ ସମୟ ପୂର୍ବରୁ ଶେଷ ହେବାକୁ ଥିବା କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ ପାଇଁ Future Perfect ବ୍ୟବହୃତ ହୁଏ ।)
(Here ‘by + time expression’ is used. = (ଏ କ୍ଷେତ୍ରରେ by + time expression ବ୍ୟବହାର କରାଯାଏ ।)
Examples :
I am saving money for a scooter.
(ମୁଁ ଗୋଟିଏ ସ୍କୁଟର ପାଇଁ ଟଙ୍କା ସଂଚୟ କରୁଛି । )
I will have saved enough for it by the end of this year.
(ଏଇ ବର୍ଷ ଶେଷ ସୁଦ୍ଧା ମୁଁ ଯଥେଷ୍ଟ ସଂଚୟ କରି ଦେଇଥିବି ।)
I will have finished reading the book by then.
(ମୁଁ ସେତେବେଳେ ସୁଦ୍ଧା ବହିଟି ପଢ଼ି ଶେଷ କରିଦେଇ ଥୁବି ।)

Activity – 1

Use shall/will in the blank spaces :
(i) A friend is trying to move a heavy table. You say, “ ________ I give you a hand ?”
Answer:
A friend is trying to move a heavy table. You say, “Shall I give you a hand ?”

(ii) “There is a lot of cleaning to do. You do the cleaning and I ________ do the drying. ”
Answer:
“There is a lot of cleaning to do. You do the cleaning and I will do the drying.”

(iii) A friend is carrying a lot of books to the library. You are going there anyway. You say, “I ________ take them there if you like. ”
Answer:
A friend is carrying a lot of books to the library. You are going there anyway. You say, “I shall take them there if you like. ”

(iv) I ________ go and ask the clerk if he has a spare key.
Answer:
I shall go and ask the clerk if he has a spare key.

Activity – 2

Work in small groups and write a four-line poem. Your first line should be one of the following expressions. The other three lines must be your creation and must start with I’ll. The lines need not rhyme.
# When I’m old and gray,
# When I go to college,
# When I wake up tomorrow,
# When I become famous,
# When I win a prize next,
# When father pats me on the back (tomorrow),
Answer:
When I wake up tomorrow,
I’ll rush to my little garden;
I’ll play with the little butterfly;
I’ll hope with weaver-bird.

Activity – 3

In each of thefollowing pairs ofsentences, one is more natural and common. Cross out the more unusual ones (ଭୁଲ୍ ବା ଅସ୍ଵାଭାବିକ ବାକ୍ୟଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ କାଟିପକାଅ)
(i) Leave that. (I’ll carry it./I’m going to carry it) for you.
Answer:
I am going to carry it (✗)

(ii) Bye. (I’ll see you/I’m going to see you) tomorrow.
Answer:
I’m going to see you (✗)

(iii) (I’ll post/I’m going to post) these letters for you if you like.
Answer:
I’m going to post (✗)

(iv) I’m so tired. (I’ll go/I’m going to go) to bed.
Answer:
I’m going to go (✗)

(v) I’m so far behind with my studies that (I’ll work/I’m going to work) next Sunday.
Answer:
I’ll work (✗)

Activity – 4

Two friends Nilu and Chinu are leaving school together. Their parents have gone to their village. Some of the lines of their conversation are correct and some have mistakes. If a line is correct, put a tick mark. If a line has a mistake in it, underline the mistake and write the correct expression against the brackets. (ଠିକ୍ ଧାଡ଼ି ପାଇଁ (✓) ଚିହ୍ନ ଓ ଭୁଲ୍ ଧାଡ଼ି ପାଇଁ ଭୁଲ୍ ଶବ୍ଦକୁ ରେଖାଙ୍କିତ କରି ଏହାର ସଠିକ୍ ଉତ୍ତର ବନ୍ଧନୀ ଭିତରେ ଲେଖ)
Where will you eat tonight ? (1)
Answer:
Where will you eat tonight ? (1) (✓)

At home, I’ve got a cookery book, so I’ll make a curry. (2)
Answer:
At home, I’ve got a cookery book, so I’ll make a curry. (2)
Correct : I’m going to make a curry.

Why not come to my place? I’m going to cook us both something. (3)
Answer:
Why not come to my place? I’m going to cook us both something. (3)
Correct : I will cook something for both of us.

Won’t you go to meet your Grandpa? (4)
Answer:
Won’t you go to meet your Grandpa? (4)
Correct : Aren’t you going to meet your Grandpa?

No, he’s left for the village. I’m not going to meet him for a month or so. (5)
Answer:
No, he’s left for the village, I’m not going to meet him for a month or so. (5) (✓)

O.K.I’m going to come round at 8 and I’ll bring some ice-cream. (6)
Answer:
O.K. I’m going to come round at 8 and I’ll bring some ice-cream. (6)
Correct : I’ll come round at 8 and I’ll bring ice cream.

Fine. I’ll see you then. (7)
Answer:
Fine. I’ll see you then. (7) (✓)

Activity – 5

Use in the blank spaces will/shall, be going to, or present progressive forms of he verbs given in brackets, (will/shall, be going to ବା present progressive form ବ୍ୟବହାର କରି ଶୂନ୍ୟସ୍ଥାନ ପୂରଣ କର ।)

Mina : Would you like to come to watch a movie this weekend?
Nina : I’d like to, but I’m afraid ________ (I/not/have) time.
Mina : Why? ________ (what / do)
Nina : Well, (my father/arrive) back from Delhi. He’s been there for six months and ________ (we/have) a big party to celebrate.
Mina : ________ (he/not/be) too tired for a party after his long train journey?
Nina : Yes and no doubt ________ (he/have) no proper food during the journey. So, on Saturday he can take it easy. But on Sunday, ________ (all the family/come) on a picnic. ________ (I/prepare) things all day on Saturday.
Mina : What a lot of work for you.
Nina : I don’t mind. Other members of my family are helpful and we are well organized. In fact, ________ (I/see) someone about hiring a cook this afternoon. So, I must go now or ________ (I/not/get) to their shop before ________ (they/close).
Mina : I hope ________ (everything/go) well for you.
Nina : I’m sure ________ (it/be) a great day. Provided ________ (the weather/remain) fine.
Answers:
Mina : Would you like to come to watch a movie this weekend?
Nina : I’d like to. but I’m afraid I won’t have time.
Mina : Why ? What are you going to do? (କ’ଣ କରିବୁ).
Nina : Well, my father is arriving (ପହଞ୍ଚେବେ) back from Delhi. He’s been there for six months and we’re having (ଭୋଜିଦେବୁ) a big party to celebrate.
Mina : Won’t he be tired too for a party after his long train journey?
Nina : Yes and no doubt he will have no proper food during the journey. So. on Saturday he can take it easy. But on Sunday, all the family are coming on a picnic. I am preparing/am going to prepare (ପ୍ରସ୍ତୁତ କରିବି) things all day on Saturday.
Mina : What a lot of work for you.
Nina : I don’t mind. Other members of my family are helpful and we are well organized. In fact, I will see someone about hiring a cook this afternoon. So, I must go now or I won’t get to their shop before they are closed.
Mina : I hope everything will go well for you.
Nina : I’m sure it will be a great day. Provided the weather remains fine.

Activity – 6

Copy your time-table for next Thursday. On the basis of that write five sentences to mention what you are going to do that day. Compare your sentences with those of your friend’s. (ଆସନ୍ତା ଗୁରୁବାର ପାଇଁ ତୁମର ସମୟ ନିର୍ଘଣ୍ଟ ପ୍ରସ୍ତୁତ କର ।) (ସେ ଦିନ କ’ଣ କରିବାକୁ ଯାଉଛ ୫ଟି ବାକ୍ୟରେ ପ୍ରକାଶ କର ।)
I’m participating (ଅଂଶଗ୍ରହଣ କରିବି) in a drawing competition in my school.
I’m monitoring the class after the class.
I’m collecting (ଆଦାୟ କରିବି) money for giving farewell to our headmaster.
I’m going (ଯିବି) to the market with my friends to buy a few things.
I’m joining (ଯୋଗଦେବି) the birthday party of my friend Jatin in the evening.

Activity – 7

Use either will be v-ing or will have v-en in the blank spaces in the following lines. The verbs have been given in brackets.
(i) Our school closes at 4.30. I ________ (take) some snacks at home at five o’clock.
Answer:
Our school closes at 4.30. I will be taking (ଖାଉଥିବି) some snacks at home at five o’clock.

(ii) Our school closes at 4.30. I ________ (reach) home by five o’clock.
Answer:
Our school closes at 4.30. I will have reached (ପହଞ୍ଚିଯାଇଥିବି) home by five o’clock.

(iii) They ________ (not/finish) painting the school building until next week.
Answer:
They won’t have finished (ଶେଷ କରିନଥିବେ) painting the school building until next week.

(iv) You ________ (take) a test on English Grammar this day next week.
Answer:
You will be taking (ଏକ ପରୀକ୍ଷା ଦେଉଥିବ) a test on English Grammar this day next week.

(v) Our teacher ________ (work) here for next five years.
Answer:
Our teacher will be working (ଶିକ୍ଷାଦାନ କରୁଥିବେ) here for next five years.

(vi) By the time you read this, I ________ (finish) answering all the questions.
Answer:
By the time you read this, I will have finished (ଶେଷ କରି ନେଇ ଥୁବି) answering all the questions.

Tense Revisited Additional Exercises With Answers

Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the verbs given in the brackets.
1. Cow ________ on grass. (live)
Answer:
lives

2. The Mahanadi ________ into the Bay of Bengal. (flow)
Answer:
flows

3. Ashish ________ in ghosts. (believe)
Answer:
believes

4. Oxygen ________ bumping. (help)
Answer:
helps

5. The notice ________ “No Smoking”. (say)
Answer:
says

6. You can stay as long I ________ here. (be)
Answer:
am

7. School ________ at 10. (sit)
Answer:
sits

8. Here ________ Kohli to bat. (come)
Answer:
comes

9. I ________ he is right, (think)
Answer:
think

10. I shall help if he ________. (come)
Answer:
comes

11. He always gets up early, but today he ________ late. (get up)
Answer:
is getting up

12. The girl ________ constantly mistakes. (make)
Answer:
is making

13. My father ________ from the USA tonight. (return)
Answer:
returning

14. I TV when some one rang. (watch)
Answer:
was watching

15. He explained what ________. (happen)
Answer:
had happened

16. I wish I ________ her telephone number. (know)
Answer:
knew

17. We ________ Puri last week, (visit)
Answer:
visited

18. He used to ________ a bag. (carry)
Answer:
carry

19. The patient ________ before the doctor arrived. (die)
Answer:
had died

20. I found a note when I ________ my father’s shirt. (wash)
Answer:
was washing

21. When Munu was playing, Sonu ________. (read)
Answer:
was reading

22. I ________ to the song four times since this afternoon, (listen)
Answer:
have listened

23. The boy admitted that he ________ the window. (break)
Answer:
had broken

24. When I reached the station, the train ________ the station. (leave)
Answer:
had left

25. Our school ________ yesterday. (open)
Answer:
opened

26. The police ________ the thief for the last six months. (chase)
Answer:
has been chasing

27. I ________ the book for the last two months. (write)
Answer:
have been writing

28. They ________ for two hours, when their car broke down. (drive)
Answer:
had been driving

29. India ________ free in 1947. (become)
Answer:
became

30. The girl is out of breath because she ________ round the playground, (run)
Answer:
has been running

31. She ________ with her aunt at the moment. (stay)
Answer:
is staying

32. This is the first time Sneha ________ meat. (cook)
Answer:
has cooked

33. My father waters the plants, but today I ________ them. (water)
Answer:
am watering

34. The tin ________ some sugar, (contain)
Answer:
contains

35. By the time I reached at school, the teaching ________ for an hour. (continue)
Answer:

36. Dr PrativaRoy ________ many novels. (write)
Answer:
has written

37. Shakespear ________ many plays. (write)
Answer:
wrote

38. The postman ________ come yet. (not come)
Answer:
has not come

39. If he ________ to cheat, I would inform his father. (try)
Answer:
tried

40. I ________ Puri three times last year, (visit)
Answer:
visited

41. Quinine ________ bitter. (taste)
Answer:
tastes

42. I ________ he is right. (feel)
Answer:
feel

43. He ________ a house in the city. (own)
Answer:
owns

44. The chief guest ________ the function open. (declare)
Answer:
declares

45. When I was in Hyderabad, I ________ a student. (be)
Answer:
was

46. Once upon a time there ________ a king. (live)
Answer:
lived

47. We ________ to the new house next week. (move)
Answer:
are moving

48. Education ________ a nation great. (make)
Answer:
makes

49. The Prime Minister ________ America next month. (visit)
Answer:
visits

50. Tomorrow ________ Sunday.(be)
Answer:
is

51. I wish I ________ wings. (have)
Answer:
had

52. As soon as I ________ the letter, I will inform you. (receive)
Answer:
received

53. When the teacher entered the class, the students ________. (stand up)
Answer:
stood up

54. The bridge collapsed when the train ________ on it. (run)
Answer:
was running

55. He ________ at this school this year, (read)
Answer:
is reading

56. The climate ________ day by day. (change)
Answer:
is changing

57. Babul ________ in class IX last year. (read)
Answer:
was reading

58. Madhusmita is not at home. She ________ to Mumbai. (go)
Answer:
has gone

59. Rojalin ________ this place a few minutes ago. (leave)
Answer:
left

60. As soon as the ship ________ the harbour, it started raining. (leave)
Answer:
left

61. ________ you meet him yesterday? (do)
Answer:
Did

62. My father ________ coffee to tea. (prefer)
Answer:
prefers

63. What ________ you tomorrow? (do)
Answer:
are doing

64. She ________ always ________ her keys. (lose)
Answer:
is, losing

65. Elephants ________ in forest. (live)
Answer:
live

66. Water ________ our life. (sustain)
Answer:
sustains

67. Nothing ________ since you came here. (change)
Answer:
has changed

68. The villagers ________ the road for two weeks. (repair)
Answer:
have been repairing

69. He looked as if he ________ for days together. (not eat)
Answer:
had not eaten

70. Marconi ________ radio. (invent)
Answer:
invented

71. I ________ my face about when she looked at me. (turn)
Answer:
turned

72. Recently the price of petroleum ________. (go up)
Answer:
has gone up

73. Cricket ________ in America. (not play)
Answer:
is not played

74. Help me if you ________. (like)
Answer:
like

75. Don’t read the questions until I ________ you to do so. (ask)
Answer:
ask

[Future Time]

76. Man ________ one day. (die)
Answer:
will die

77. We ________ a play next week. (have)
Answer:
are having

78. I hope she ________. (come)
Answer:
will come

79. I think it ________ today. (rain)
Answer:
will rain

80. Don’t call me at 11 pm. I ________ then. (sleep)
Answer:
shall be sleeping

81. Call me after 9.30 pm. I ________ dinner then.(finish)
Answer:
shall have finished

82. Leave those questions, I ________ you the answer. (tell)
Answer:
will tell

83. Our teacher ________ here for next four years. (work)
Answer:
will be working

84. I don’t think, he ________ the scholarship. (get)
Answer:
will get

85. Look! The child ________. (fall)
Answer:
is going to fall

86. I ________ fifteen next week. (be)
Answer:
shall be

87. The phone is ringing. I ________ it. (answer)
Answer:
will answer

88. We ________ a picnic tomorrow. (have)
Answer:
are having

89. Our examination ________ on Monday next. (start)
Answer:
starts

90. The train ________ at 5 am. (leave)
Answer:
leaves

91. The sky is clear. It ________ a sunny day. (be)
Answer:
is going to be

92. I ________ a house very soon. (build)
Answer:
am building

93. You are late. You ________ the train. (miss)
Answer:
are going to miss

94. I ________ HSC examination by may next. (pass)
Answer:
shall have passed

95. I afraid she ________. (not agree)
Answer:
won’t agree

96. Wait a minute. I ________ with you. (come)
Answer:
will come

97. The hunter is pointing his gun at the bird. He ________ it. (shoot)
Answer:
is going to shoot

98. I ________ English soon. (learn)
Answer:
am learning

99. I ________ school by 10.30. (reach)
Answer:
shall have reached

100. She ________ chess at this time tomorrow. (play)
Answer:
will be playing

What do the tense forms used in the following sentence express?
1. Spring comes after winter.
Answer:
law of nature

2. Light travels faster than sound.
Answer:
scientific truth

3. The collector declares the flower show open.
Answer:
formal declaration

4. I am hungry.
Answer:
present state

5. Jammu and Kashmir is in the north part of India.
Answer:
permanent fact

6. The AHSC Exam 2019 begins next week.
Answer:
planned future action

7. The sun rises in the east.
Answer:
general truth

8. Lifestyle of people is changing very fast.
Answer:
changing situation

9. Puja is always biting her nails.
Answer:
unpleasant action

10. He is getting up at 6 every morning for his examination.
Answer:
temporary action

Single words answer.

1. The past form of ‘learn’ is ________.
Answer:
learnt/learned

2. The present form of ‘put’ is ________.
Answer:
put

3. The past participle form of ‘bite’ is ________.
Answer:
bitten

4. The -ing form of ‘die’ is ________.
Answer:
dying

5. The -ing form of ‘forget’ is ________.
Answer:
forgetting,

6. The past form of ‘buy’ is ________.
Answer:
bought

7. The past form of ‘cling’ is ________.
Answer:
clang

8. The present form of ‘fled’ is ________.
Answer:
flee

9. The past participle form of ‘meet’ is ________.
Answer:
met

10. The past participle form of ‘awake’ is ________.
Answer:
awoken

11. The present form of ‘froze’ is ________.
Answer:
freeze

12. The past form of ‘dream’ is ________.
Answer:
dreamt

13. The past form of ‘breed’ is ________.
Answer:
bred

14. The past form of ‘dwell’ is ________.
Answer:
dwelt

15. The -ing form of ‘stop’ is ________.
Answer:
stopping

16. The-ing form of ‘continue’ is ________.
Answer:
continuing

17. The -ing form of ‘begin’ is ________.
Answer:
beginning

18. The past form of ‘choose’ is ________.
Answer:
chose

19. The past participle form of ‘lie’ is ________.
Answer:
lain

20. The past form of ‘shine’ is ________.
Answer:
shone

Odisha State Board CHSE Odisha Class 12 Logic Solutions Unit 1 ଅନୁମାନ – ଅନୁମାନର ପ୍ରକାରଭେଦ – ଅବ୍ୟବହିତ ଓ ବ୍ୟବହିତ Objective Questions.

CHSE Odisha Class 12 Logic Unit 1 Objective Questions in Odia Medium

ବସ୍ତୁନିଷ୍ଠ ପ୍ରଶ୍ନୋତ୍ତର 
A. ପ୍ରତ୍ୟେକ ପ୍ରଶ୍ନରେ ପ୍ରଦତ୍ତ ବିକଳ୍ପମାନଙ୍କ ମଧ୍ୟରୁ ସଠିକ୍ ଉତ୍ତରଟି ବାଛି ଲେଖ ।

1. ଗୋଟିଏ ହେତୁବାକ୍ୟରୁ ଯେତେବେଳେ ସିଦ୍ଧାନ୍ତ ନିଃସୃତ କରାଯାଏ, ତାହାକୁ କେଉଁ ଅନୁମାନ କୁହାଯାଏ ?
(କ) ଅବ୍ୟବହିତ
(ଖ) ବ୍ୟବହିତ
(ଗ) ମିଶ୍ର
(ଘ) ଦ୍ବିଶୃଙ୍ଗକ
Answer:
(କ) ଅବ୍ୟବହିତ

2. ଦୁଇଟି ହେତୁବାକ୍ୟରୁ ଯେତେବେଳେ ସିଦ୍ଧାନ୍ତ ନିଃସୃତ କରାଯାଏ, ତାହାକୁ କେଉଁ ଅନୁମାନ କୁହାଯାଏ ? (କ) ଅବ୍ୟବହିତ
(ଖ) ବ୍ୟବହିତ
(ଗ) ପ୍ରତ୍ୟକ୍ଷ
(ଘ) ପରୋକ୍ଷ
Answer:
(ଖ) ବ୍ୟବହିତ

3. ସମବର୍ତ୍ତନରେ ହେତୁବାକ୍ୟକୁ କ’ଣ କୁହାଯାଏ ?
(କ) ସମବର୍ତ୍ତନୀୟ
(ଖ) ସମବତ୍ତିତ
(ଗ) ବ୍ୟାବର୍ତ୍ତନୀୟ
(ଘ) ବ୍ୟାବର୍ତ୍ତିତ
Answer:
(କ) ସମବର୍ତ୍ତନୀୟ

4. ସମବର୍ତ୍ତନରେ ସିଦ୍ଧାନ୍ତକୁ କ’ଣ କୁହାଯାଏ ?
(କ) ବ୍ୟାବର୍ତ୍ତନୀୟ
(ଖ) ସମବତ୍ତିତ
(ଗ) ବ୍ୟାବର୍ତ୍ତନୀୟ
(ଘ) ବ୍ୟାବର୍ତ୍ତିତ
Answer:
(ଘ) ବ୍ୟାବର୍ତ୍ତିତ

5. ବ୍ୟାବର୍ତ୍ତନର ହେତୁବାକ୍ୟକୁ କ’ଣ କୁହାଯାଏ ?
(କ) ସମବର୍ତ୍ତନୀୟ
(ଖ) ସମବତ୍ତିତ
(ଗ) ବ୍ୟାବର୍ତ୍ତନୀୟ
(ଘ) ବ୍ୟାବର୍ତ୍ତିତ
Answer:
(କ) ସମବର୍ତ୍ତନୀୟ

6. ବ୍ୟାବର୍ତ୍ତନର ସିଦ୍ଧାନ୍ତକୁ କ’ଣ କୁହାଯାଏ ?
(କ) ସମବର୍ତ୍ତନୀୟ
(ଖ) ସମବତ୍ତିତ
(ଗ) ବ୍ୟାବର୍ତ୍ତନୀୟ
(ଘ) ବ୍ୟାବର୍ତ୍ତିତ
Answer:
(ଘ) ବ୍ୟାବର୍ତ୍ତିତ

7. ‘ଆ’ ତର୍କବାକ୍ୟର ସମବର୍ତ୍ତିତ ରୂପ କ’ଣ ହୁଏ ?
(କ) ଆ
(ଖ) ଏ
(ଗ) ଇ
(ଘ) ଓ
Answer:
(ଗ) ଇ

8. ‘ଏ’ ତର୍କବାକ୍ୟର ସମବର୍ତ୍ତିତ ରୂପ କ’ଣ ଅଟେ ?
(କ) ଆ
(ଖ) ଏ
(ଗ) ଇ
(ଘ) ଓ
Answer:
(ଖ) ଏ

9. ‘ଇ’ ତର୍କବାକ୍ୟର ସମବର୍ତ୍ତିତ ରୂପ କ’ଣ ଅଟେ ?
(କ) ଆ
(ଖ) ଏ
(ଗ) ଇ
(ଘ) ଓ
Answer:
(ଗ) ଇ

10. ‘ଓ’ ତର୍କବାକ୍ୟର ସମବର୍ତ୍ତିତ ରୂପ କ’ଣ ଅଟେ ?
(କ) ଆ
(ଖ) ଏ
(ଗ) ଇ
(ଘ) କୌଣସିଟି ହୁଏ ନାହିଁ
Answer:
(ଘ) କୌଣସିଟି ହୁଏ ନାହିଁ

11. ‘ଆ’ ର ବ୍ୟାବର୍ତ୍ତିତ ରୂପ କ’ଣ ଅଟେ ?
(କ) ଆ
(ଖ) ଏ
(ଗ) ଇ
(ଘ) ଓ
Answer:
(ଖ) ଏ

12. ‘ଏ’ ତର୍କବାକ୍ୟର ବ୍ୟାବର୍ତ୍ତିତ ରୂପ କ’ଣ ଅଟେ ?
(କ) ଆ
(ଖ) ଏ
(ଗ) ଇ
(ଘ) ଓ
Answer:
(କ) ଆ

13. ‘ଇ’ ତର୍କବାକ୍ୟର ବ୍ୟାବର୍ତ୍ତିତ ରୂପ କ’ଣ ଅଟେ ?
(କ) ଆ
(ଖ) ଏ
(ଗ) ଇ
(ଘ) ଓ
Answer:
(ଘ) ଓ

14. ‘ଓ’ ତର୍କବାକ୍ୟର ବ୍ୟାବର୍ତ୍ତିତ ରୂପ କ’ଣ ଅଟେ ?
(କ) ଆ
(ଖ) ଏ
(ଗ) ଇ
(ଘ) ଓ
Answer:
(ଗ) ଇ

15. ଯେଉଁ ସମବର୍ତ୍ତନରେ ସମବର୍ତ୍ତନୀୟ ଏବଂ ସମବର୍ଗିତ ମଧ୍ଯରେ ପରିମାଣଗତ ପ୍ରଭେଦ ନଥାଏ, ତାହାକୁ କ’ଣ କୁହାଯାଏ ?
(କ) ସରଳ ସମବର୍ତ୍ତନ
(ଖ) ଅସରଳ ସମବର୍ତ୍ତନ
(ଗ) ବ୍ୟାବର୍ତ୍ତନ
(ଘ) ବସ୍ତୁଗତ
Answer:
(କ) ସରଳ ସମବର୍ତ୍ତନ

16. ଯେଉଁ ସମବର୍ତ୍ତନରେ ସମବର୍ଣନୀୟ ଓ ସମବର୍ଗିତ ମଧ୍ଯରେ ପରିମାଣଗତ ପ୍ରଭେଦ ଥାଏ ତାହାକୁ କ’ଣ
କୁହାଯାଏ ?
(କ) ସରଳ ସମବର୍ତ୍ତନ
(ଖ) ଅସରଳ ସମବର୍ତ୍ତନ
(ଗ) ବସ୍ତୁଗତ ବ୍ୟାବର୍ତ୍ତନ
(ଘ) କୌଣସି ଉତ୍ତର ଠିକ୍ ନୁହେଁ
Answer:
(ଖ) ଅସରଳ ସମବର୍ତ୍ତନ

17. କେଉଁ ତର୍କଶାସ୍ତ୍ରବିଦ୍ ବସ୍ତୁଗତ ବ୍ୟାବର୍ତ୍ତନର ନାମକରଣ କରିଥିଲେ ?
(କ) ଜେ. ଏମ୍. ମିଲ୍
(ଖ) ଡ. ବେନ୍
(ଗ) ଆରିଷ୍ଟଟଲ୍
(ଘ) ଜେଭନ
Answer:
(ଖ) ଡ. ବେନ୍

18. ଗୋଟିଏ ଉଦ୍ଦେଶ୍ୟର ଗୋଟିଏ ବିଧେୟ ସହିତ ବାସ୍ତବ ସମ୍ବନ୍ଧର ଜ୍ଞାନରୁ ଉଦ୍ଦେଶ୍ୟର ବିପରୀତ ପଦ ସହିତ ବିଧେୟର ବିପରୀତ ବା ବିରୁଦ୍ଧ ପଦର ସମ୍ବନ୍ଧକୁ କ’ଣ କୁହାଯାଏ ?
(କ) ବସ୍ତୁଗତ ବ୍ୟାବର୍ତ୍ତନ
(ଖ) ସରଳ ସମବର୍ତ୍ତନ
(ଗ) ଅସରଳ ସମବର୍ତ୍ତନ
(ଘ) କୌଣସିଟି ଠିକ୍ ନୁହେଁ
Answer:
(କ) ବସ୍ତୁଗତ ବ୍ୟାବର୍ତ୍ତନ

19. ବ୍ୟାବର୍ତ୍ତନୀୟ – ଦିନଗୁଡ଼ିକ ଗରମ ।
ବ୍ୟାବର୍ତ୍ତିତ– ରାତିଗୁଡ଼ିକ ଥଣ୍ଡା ।
ଏହା କେଉଁ ଅନୁମାନର ଉଦାହରଣ ଅଟେ ?
(କ) ସମବତ୍ତିତ
(ଖ) ବ୍ୟାବର୍ତ୍ତନ
(ଗ) ବସ୍ତୁଗତ ବ୍ୟାବର୍ତ୍ତନ
(ଘ) କୌଣସି ଉତ୍ତର ଠିକ୍ ନୁହେଁ
Answer:
(ଗ) ବସ୍ତୁଗତ ବ୍ୟାବର୍ତ୍ତନ

20. ତ୍ରିପଦୀଯୁକ୍ତି କେଉଁ ଅନୁମାନର ଅନ୍ତର୍ଭୁକ୍ତ ?
(କ) ବ୍ୟବହିତ
(ଖ) ଅବ୍ୟବହିତ
(ଗ) ସମବତ୍ତିତ
(ଘ) ବ୍ୟାବର୍ତ୍ତିତ
Answer:
(କ) ବ୍ୟବହିତ

21. ଗୋଟିଏ ତ୍ରିପଦୀଯୁକ୍ତି କେତୋଟି ପଦଦ୍ୱାରା ଗଠିତ ?
(କ) ୩
(ଖ) ୪
(ଗ) ୫
(ଘ) ୨
Answer:
(କ) ୩

22. ଗୋଟିଏ ତ୍ରିପଦୀଯୁକ୍ତିରେ କେତୋଟି ତର୍କବାକ୍ୟ ରହିଥାଏ ?
(କ) ୩
(ଖ) ୪
(ଗ) ୫
(ଘ) ୨
Answer:
(କ) ୩

23. ତ୍ରିପଦୀଯୁକ୍ତିରେ କେତୋଟି ହେତୁବାକ୍ୟ ରହିଥାଏ ?
(କ) ୩
(ଖ) ୪
(ଗ) ୫
(ଘ) ୨
Answer:
(ଘ) ୨

24. ଗୋଟିଏ ଅବ୍ୟବହିତ ଅନୁମାନରେ କେତୋଟି ତର୍କବାକ୍ୟ ଥାଏ ?
(କ) ୩
(ଖ) ୪
(ଗ) ୫
(ଘ) ୨
Answer:
(ଘ) ୨

25. ଗୋଟିଏ ଅବ୍ୟବହିତ ଅନୁମାନରେ କେତୋଟି ହେତୁବାକ୍ୟ ଥାଏ ?
(କ) ୧
(ଖ) ୪
(ଗ) ୫
(ଘ) ୨
Answer:
(କ) ୧

26. ଗୋଟିଏ ବ୍ୟବହିତ ଅନୁମାନରେ କେତୋଟି ତର୍କବାକ୍ୟ ଥାଏ ?
(କ) ୩
(ଖ) ୪
(ଗ) ୫
(ଘ) ୨
Answer:
(କ) ୩

27. ଗୋଟିଏ ବ୍ୟବହିତ ଅନୁମାନରେ କେତୋଟି ହେତୁବାକ୍ୟ ଥାଏ ?
(କ) ୩
(ଖ) ୪
(ଗ) ୫
(ଘ) ୨
Answer:
(ଘ) ୨

28. ତ୍ରିପଦୀଯୁକ୍ତିର ସିଦ୍ଧାନ୍ତର ବିଧେୟ ପଦକୁ କ’ଣ କୁହାଯାଏ ?
(କ) ସାଧ୍ଯପଦ
(ଖ) ପକ୍ଷପଦ
(ଗ) ହେତୁ ବା ମଧ୍ୟମ ପଦ
(ଘ) କୌଣସିଟି ଠିକ୍ ନୁହେଁ
Answer:
(କ) ସାଧ୍ଯପଦ

29. ତ୍ରିପଦୀଯୁକ୍ତିର ସିଦ୍ଧାନ୍ତର ଉଦ୍ଦେଶ୍ୟ ପଦକୁ କ’ଣ କୁହାଯାଏ ?
(କ) ସାଧ୍ୟପଦ
(ଖ) ପକ୍ଷପଦ
(ଗ) ହେତୁ ବା ମଧ୍ୟମ ପଦ
(ଘ) କୌଣସିଟି ଠିକ୍ ନୁହେଁ
Answer:
(ଖ) ପକ୍ଷପଦ

30. ଯେଉଁ ପଦ ଉଭୟ ହେତୁବାକ୍ୟରେ ଥାଏ ମାତ୍ର ସିଦ୍ଧାନ୍ତରେ ନଥାଏ, ତାହାକୁ କେଉଁ ପଦ କୁହାଯାଏ ?
(କ) ସାଧ୍ୟପଦ
(ଖ) ପକ୍ଷପଦ
(ଗ) ହେତୁ ବା ମଧ୍ୟମ ପଦ
(ଘ) କୌଣସିଟି ଠିକ୍ ନୁହେଁ
Answer:
(ଗ) ହେତୁ ବା ମଧ୍ୟମ ପଦ

31. ଯେଉଁ ହେତୁବାକ୍ୟରେ ସାଧ୍ଯ ପଦ ଥାଏ, ତାହାକୁ କେଉଁ ହେତୁବାକ୍ୟ କୁହାଯାଏ ?
(କ) ସାଧ୍ୟାବୟବ
(ଖ) ପକ୍ଷାବୟବ
(ଗ) ସିଦ୍ଧାନ୍ତ
(ଘ) ସବୁଗୁଡ଼ିକ ଠିକ୍
Answer:
(କ) ସାଧ୍ୟାବୟବ

32. ଯେଉଁ ହେତୁବାକ୍ୟରେ ପକ୍ଷପଦ ଥାଏ, ତାହାକୁ କେଉଁ ହେତୁବାକ୍ୟ କୁହାଯାଏ ?
(କ) ସାଧ୍ୟାବୟବ
(ଖ) ପକ୍ଷାବୟବ
(ଗ) ସିଦ୍ଧାନ୍ତ
(ଘ) ସବୁଗୁଡ଼ିକ ଠିକ୍
Answer:
(ଖ) ପକ୍ଷାବୟବ

33. ନ୍ୟାୟ ସଂସ୍ଥାନକୁ କେତେ ଭାଗରେ ବିଭକ୍ତ କରାଯାଇଛି ?
(କ) ୩
(ଖ) ୪
(ଗ) ୫
(ଘ) ୨
Answer:
(ଖ) ୪

34. ଯେଉଁ ସଂସ୍ଥାନରେ ହେତୁପଦ ସାଧାବୟବରେ ଉଦ୍ଦେଶ୍ୟ ଏବଂ ପକ୍ଷାବୟବରେ ବିଧେୟ ରୂପେ ଅବସ୍ଥାନ
କରେ, ତାହାକୁ କେଉଁ ସଂସ୍ଥାନ କୁହାଯାଏ ?
(କ) ୧ମ
(ଖ) ୨ୟ
(ଗ) ୩ୟ
(ଘ) ୪ର୍ଥ
Answer:
(କ) ୧ମ

35. ଯେଉଁ ସଂସ୍ଥାନରେ ହେତୁପଦ ଉଭୟ ସାଧାବୟବ ଓ ପକ୍ଷାବୟବରେ ବିଧେୟରୂପେ ଅବସ୍ଥାନ କରେ, ତାହାକୁ କେଉଁ ସଂସ୍ଥାନ କୁହାଯାଏ ?
(କ) ୧ମ
(ଖ) ୨ୟ
(ଗ) ୩ୟ
(ଘ) ୪ର୍ଥ
Answer:
(ଘ) ୪ର୍ଥ

36. ଯେଉଁ ସଂସ୍ଥାନରେ ହେତୁପଦ ଉଭୟ ସାଧାବୟବ ଓ ପକ୍ଷାବୟବରେ ଉଦ୍ଦେଶ୍ୟ ରୂପେ ଅବସ୍ଥାନ କରେ, ତାହାକୁ କେଉଁ ସଂସ୍ଥାନ କୁହାଯାଏ ?
(କ) ୧ମ
(ଖ) ୨ୟ
(ଗ) ୩ୟ
(ଘ) ୪ର୍ଥ
Answer:
(ଗ) ୩ୟ

37. ଯେଉଁ ସଂସ୍ଥାନରେ ହେତୁପଦ ସାଧାବୟବରେ ବିଧେୟ ଏବଂ ପକ୍ଷାବୟବରେ ଉଦ୍ଦେଶ୍ୟ ରୂପେ ଅବସ୍ଥାନ କଲେ, ତାହାକୁ କେଉଁ ସଂସ୍ଥାନ କୁହାଯାଏ ?
(କ) ୧ମ
(ଖ) ୨ୟ
(ଗ) ୩ୟ
(ଘ) ୪ର୍ଥ
Answer:
(ଘ) ୪ର୍ଥ

38.
ଏହି ଚିତ୍ରଟି କେଉଁ ସଂସ୍ଥାନର ଅନ୍ତର୍ଭୁକ୍ତ ?
(କ) ୧ମ
(ଖ) ୨ୟ
(ଗ) ୩ୟ
(ଘ) ୪ର୍ଥ
Answer:
(କ) ୧ମ

39.
ଏହି ଚିତ୍ରଟି କେଉଁ ସଂସ୍ଥାନର ଅନ୍ତର୍ଭୁକ୍ତ ?
(କ) ୧ମ
(ଖ) ୨ୟ
(ଗ) ୩ୟ
(ଘ) ୪ର୍ଥ
Answer:
(ଖ) ୨ୟ

40.
ଏହି ଚିତ୍ରଟି କେଉଁ ସଂସ୍ଥାନର ଅନ୍ତର୍ଭୁକ୍ତ ?
(କ) ୧ମ
(ଖ) ୨ୟ
(ଗ) ୩ୟ
(ଘ) ୪ର୍ଥ
Answer:
(ଗ) ୩ୟ

41.
ଏହି ଚିତ୍ରଟି କେଉଁ ସଂସ୍ଥାନର ଅନ୍ତର୍ଭୁକ୍ତ ?
(କ) ୧ମ
(ଖ) ୨ୟ
(ଗ) ୩ୟ
(ଘ) ୪ର୍ଥ
Answer:
(ଘ) ୪ର୍ଥ

42. ତ୍ରିପଦୀଯୁକ୍ତିରେ କେତୋଟି ସବଳ ସିଦ୍ଧ ନ୍ୟାୟରୂପ ଅଛି ?
(କ) ୧୬
(ଖ) ୧୭
(ଗ) ୧୮
(ଘ) ୧୯
Answer:
(ଘ) ୧୯

43. ତ୍ରିପଦୀଯୁକ୍ତିରେ କେତୋଟି ଦୁର୍ବଳ ନ୍ୟାୟରୂପ ଅଛି ?
(କ) ୪
(ଖ) ୫
(ଗ) ୬
(ଘ) ୭
Answer:
(ଖ) ୫

44. କେଉଁ ନ୍ୟାୟ ସଂସ୍ଥାନରେ ଦୁର୍ବଳ ନ୍ୟାୟରୂପ ନଥାଏ ?
(କ) ୧ମ ସଂସ୍ଥାନ
(ଖ) ୨ୟ ସଂସ୍ଥାନ
(ଗ) ୩ୟ ସଂସ୍ଥାନ
(ଘ) ୪ର୍ଥ ସଂସ୍ଥାନ
Answer:
(କ) ୩ୟ ସଂସ୍ଥାନ

45. ତ୍ରିପଦୀଯୁକ୍ତିର ହେତୁବାକ୍ୟ ଅଥବା ତାହାର ହେତୁବାକ୍ୟ ଏବଂ ସିଦ୍ଧାନ୍ତର ଗୁଣ ଓ ବ୍ୟାପକତା ଦୃଷ୍ଟିରୁ ଯେଉଁ
ବିଶିଷ୍ଟ ଆକାର ନିର୍ଣ୍ଣୀତ ହୁଏ, ତାହାକୁ କ’ଣ କୁହାଯାଏ ?
(କ) ନ୍ୟାୟ ସଂସ୍ଥାନ
(ଖ) ନ୍ଯାୟରୂପ
(ଗ) ତ୍ରିପଦୀଯୁକ୍ତି
(ଘ) ରୁପାନୂରାକରଶ
Answer:
(ଖ) ନ୍ଯାୟରୂପ

46. ତ୍ରିପଦୀଯୁକ୍ତିରେ କେତୋଟି ସାଧାରଣ ନିୟମ ଅଛି ?
(କ) ୧୦
(ଖ) ୧୧
(ଗ) ୧୨
(ଘ) ୧୩
Answer:
(କ) ୧୦

47. ‘ବାର୍ବାରା’ ନ୍ୟାୟରୂପଟି କେଉଁ ସଂସ୍ଥାନର ଅନ୍ତର୍ଭୁକ୍ତ ଅଟେ ?
(କ) ୧ମ
(ଖ) ୨ୟ
(ଗ) ୩ୟ
(ଘ) ୪ର୍ଥ
Answer:
(କ) ୧ମ

48. ‘ସେଲାରେଣ୍ଟ୍’ ନ୍ୟାୟରୂପଟି କେଉଁ ସଂସ୍ଥାନର ଅନ୍ତର୍ଭୁକ୍ତ ଅଟେ ?
(କ) ୧ମ
(ଖ) ୨ୟ
(ଗ) ୩ୟ
(ଘ) ୪ର୍ଥ
Answer:
(କ) ୧ମ

49. ‘ଡାରିଇ’ ନ୍ୟାୟରୂପଟି କେଉଁ ସଂସ୍ଥାନର ଅନ୍ତର୍ଭୁକ୍ତ ଅଟେ ?
(କ) ୧ମ
(ଖ) ୨ୟ
(ଗ) ୩ୟ
(ଘ) ୪ର୍ଥ
Answer:
(କ) ୧ମ

50. ‘ଫେରିଓ’ ନ୍ୟାୟରୂପଟି କେଉଁ ସଂସ୍ଥାନର ଅନ୍ତର୍ଭୁକ୍ତ ଅଟେ ?
(କ) ୧ମ
(ଖ) ୨ୟ
(ଗ) ୩ୟ
(ଘ) ୪ର୍ଥ
Answer:
(କ) ୧ମ

51. ‘ସାମେଷ୍ଟ୍ରେସ୍’ ନ୍ୟାୟରୂପଟି କେଉଁ ସଂସ୍ଥାନର ଅନ୍ତର୍ଭୁକ୍ତ ଅଟେ ?
(କ) ୧ମ
(ଖ) ୨ୟ
(ଗ) ୩ୟ
(ଘ) ୪ର୍ଥ
Answer:
(ଖ) ୨ୟ

52. ‘ସେସାରେ’ ନ୍ୟାୟରୂପଟି କେଉଁ ସଂସ୍ଥାନର ଅନ୍ତର୍ଭୁକ୍ତ ଅଟେ ?
(କ) ୧ମ
(ଖ) ୨ୟ
(ଗ) ୩ୟ
(ଘ) ୪ର୍ଥ
Answer:
(ଖ) ୨ୟ

53. ‘ବାରୋକୋ’ ନ୍ୟାୟରୂପଟି କେଉଁ ସଂସ୍ଥାନର ଅନ୍ତର୍ଭୁକ୍ତ ଅଟେ ?
(କ) ୧ମ
(ଖ) ୨ୟ
(ଗ) ୩ୟ
(ଘ) ୪ର୍ଥ
Answer:
(ଖ) ୨ୟ

54. ‘ଫେଷ୍ଟିନୋ’ ନ୍ୟାୟରୂପଟି କେଉଁ ସଂସ୍ଥାନର ଅନ୍ତର୍ଭୁକ୍ତ ଅଟେ ?
(କ) ୧ମ
(ଖ) ୨ୟ
(ଗ) ୩ୟ
(ଘ) ୪ର୍ଥ
Answer:
Answer:
(ଖ) ୨ୟ

55. ‘ଡାରାପ୍‌’ ନ୍ୟାୟରୂପଟି କେଉଁ ସଂସ୍ଥାନର ଅନ୍ତର୍ଭୁକ୍ତ ଅଟେ ?
(କ) ୧ମ
(ଖ) ୨ୟ
(ଗ) ୩ୟ
(ଘ) ୪ର୍ଥ
Answer:
(ଗ) ୩ୟ

56. ‘ଡାଟିସି’ ନ୍ୟାୟରୂପଟି କେଉଁ ସଂସ୍ଥାନର ଅନ୍ତର୍ଭୁକ୍ତ ଅଟେ ?
(କ) ୧ମ
(ଖ) ୨ୟ
(ଗ) ୩ୟ
(ଘ) ୪ର୍ଥ
Answer:
(ଗ) ୩ୟ

57. ‘ଜିସାମିସ୍’ ନ୍ୟାୟରୂପଟି କେଉଁ ସଂସ୍ଥାନର ଅନ୍ତର୍ଭୁକ୍ତ ଅଟେ ?
(କ) ୧ମ
(ଖ) ୨ୟ
(ଗ) ୩ୟ
(ଘ) ୪ର୍ଥ
Answer:
(ଗ) ୩ୟ

58. ‘ଫେଲାପ୍ଟୋନ୍’ ନ୍ୟାୟରୂପଟି କେଉଁ ସଂସ୍ଥାନର ଅନ୍ତର୍ଭୁକ୍ତ ଅଟେ ?
(କ) ୧ମ
(ଖ) ୨ୟ
(ଗ) ୩ୟ
(ଘ) ୪ର୍ଥ
Answer:
(ଗ) ୩ୟ

59. ‘ଫେରିସୋନ୍’ ନ୍ୟାୟରୂପଟି କେଉଁ ସଂସ୍ଥାନର ଅନ୍ତର୍ଭୁକ୍ତ ଅଟେ ?
(କ) ୧ମ
(ଖ) ୨ୟ
(ଗ) ୩ୟ
(ଘ) ୪ର୍ଥ
Answer:
(ଗ) ୩ୟ

60. ‘ବୋକାର୍ଡ଼’ ନ୍ୟାୟରୂପଟି କେଉଁ ସଂସ୍ଥାନର ଅନ୍ତର୍ଭୁକ୍ତ ଅଟେ ?
(କ) ୧ମ
(ଖ) ୨ୟ
(ଗ) ୩ୟ
(ଘ) ୪ର୍ଥ
Answer:
(ଗ) ୩ୟ

61. ‘ବ୍ରାମାଣ୍ଟିପ୍’ ନ୍ୟାୟରୂପଟି କେଉଁ ସଂସ୍ଥାନର ଅନ୍ତର୍ଭୁକ୍ତ ଅଟେ ?
(କ) ୧ମ
(ଖ) ୨ୟ
(ଗ) ୩ୟ
(ଘ) ୪ର୍ଥ
Answer:
(ଘ) ୪ର୍ଥ

62. ‘ସାମେନେସ୍’ ନ୍ୟାୟରୂପଟି କେଉଁ ସଂସ୍ଥାନର ଅନ୍ତର୍ଭୁକ୍ତ ଅଟେ ?
(କ) ୧ମ
(ଖ) ୨ୟ
(ଗ) ୩ୟ
(ଘ) ୪ର୍ଥ
Answer:
(ଘ) ୪ର୍ଥ

63. ‘ଫେସାପୋ’ ନ୍ୟାୟରୂପଟି କେଉଁ ସଂସ୍ଥାନର ଅନ୍ତର୍ଭୁକ୍ତ ଅଟେ ?
(କ) ୧ମ
(ଖ) ୨ୟ
(ଗ) ୩ୟ
(ଘ) ୪ର୍ଥ
Answer:
(ଘ) ୪ର୍ଥ

64. ‘ଫ୍ରେସିସୋନ୍’ କେଉଁ ନ୍ୟାୟ ସଂସ୍ଥାନର ଏକ ବୈଧ ନ୍ୟାୟରୂପ ଅଟେ ?
(କ) ୧ମ
(ଖ) ୨ୟ
(ଗ) ୩ୟ
(ଘ) ୪ର୍ଥ
Answer:
(ଘ) ୪ର୍ଥ

65. ଡିମାରିସ୍’ କେଉଁ ନ୍ୟାୟ ସଂସ୍ଥାନର ଏକ ବୈଧ ନ୍ୟାୟରୂପ ଅଟେ ?
(କ) ୧ମ
(ଖ) ୨ୟ
(ଗ) ୩ୟ
(ଘ) ୪ର୍ଥ
Answer:
(ଘ) ୪ର୍ଥ

B. ଗୋଟିଏ ଶବ୍ଦରେ ଉତ୍ତର ଦିଅ ।

1. ଗୋଟିଏ ହେତୁବାକ୍ୟରୁ ନିଷ୍ପନ୍ନ ସିଦ୍ଧାନ୍ତକୁ କେଉଁ ଅନୁମାନ କୁହାଯାଏ ?
Answer:
ଅବ୍ୟବହିତ ଅନୁମାନ

2. ଦୁଇଟି ହେତୁବାକ୍ୟରୁ ନିଷ୍ପନ ସିଦ୍ଧାନ୍ତକୁ କେଉଁ ଅନୁମାନ କୁହାଯାଏ ?
Answer:
ବ୍ୟବହିତ ଅନୁମାନ

3.ସମବର୍ତ୍ତନର ହେତୁବାକ୍ୟକୁ କ’ଣ କୁହାଯାଏ ?
Answer:
ସମବର୍ତ୍ତନ।ୟ

4. ସମବର୍ତ୍ତନର ସିଦ୍ଧାନ୍ତକୁ କ’ଣ କୁହାଯାଏ ?
Answer:
ସମବର୍ତ୍ତତ

5. ବ୍ୟାବର୍ତ୍ତନର ହେତୁବାକ୍ୟରୁ କ’ଣ କୁହାଯାଏ ?
Answer:
ବ୍ୟାବର୍ତ୍ତନ।ୟ

6. ବ୍ୟାବର୍ତ୍ତନର ସିଦ୍ଧାନ୍ତକୁ କ’ଣ କୁହାଯାଏ ?
Answer:
ବ୍ୟାବର୍ତ୍ତତ

7. କେଉଁ ତର୍କବାକ୍ୟର ସମବର୍ତ୍ତନ ରୂପ ସମ୍ଭବ ନୁହେଁ ?
Answer:
‘ଓ’ ତର୍କବାକ୍ୟ

8. ଯେଉଁ ସମବର୍ତ୍ତନରେ ସମବର୍ଣନୀୟ ଏବଂ ସମବର୍ଣିତ ମଧ୍ଯରେ ପରିମାଣଗତ ପ୍ରଭେଦ ନ ଥାଏ, ତାହାକୁ କେଉଁ ସମବର୍ତ୍ତନ କୁହାଯାଏ ?
Answer:
ସରଳ ସମବର୍ତ୍ତନ

9. ଯେଉଁ ସମବର୍ତ୍ତନରେ ସମବର୍ତ୍ତନୀୟ ଓ ସମବର୍ତ୍ତିତ ମଧ୍ୟରେ ପରିମାଣଗତ ପ୍ରଭେଦ ଥାଏ, ତାହାକୁ କେଉଁ ସମବର୍ତ୍ତନ କୁହାଯାଏ ?
Answer:
ଅସରଳ ସମବର୍ତ୍ତନ

10. ବସ୍ତୁଗତ ବ୍ୟାବର୍ତ୍ତନର ନାମକରଣ କିଏ କରିଥିଲେ ?
Answer:
ଡ. ବେନ୍

11. ତ୍ରିପଦୀଯୁକ୍ତି ଏକ କି ପ୍ରକାର ଅବରୋହାନୁମାନ ଅଟେ ?
Answer:
ବ୍ୟବହିତ

12. ଅବ୍ୟବହିତ ଅବରୋହାନୁମାନ କେତୋଟି ତର୍କବାକ୍ୟଦ୍ଵାରା ଗଠିତ ?
Answer:
୨ଟି

13. ବ୍ୟବହିତ ଅବରୋହାନୁମାନ କେତୋଟି ତର୍କବାକ୍ୟଦ୍ୱାରା ଗଠିତ ?
Answer:
୩ଟି

14. ଅବ୍ୟବହିତ ଅବରୋହାନୁମାନ କେତୋଟି ହେତୁବାକ୍ୟଦ୍ୱାରା ଗଠିତ ?
Answer:
୧ଟି

15. ବ୍ୟବହିତ ଅବରୋହାନୁମାନ କେତୋଟି ହେତୁବାକ୍ୟଦ୍ଵାରା ଗଠିତ ?
Answer:
୨ଟି

16. ତ୍ରିପଦୀଯୁକ୍ତି କେଉଁ ପ୍ରକାର ସତ୍ୟତା ପ୍ରତିପାଦନ କରେ ?
Answer:
ଆକାରଗତ

17. ତ୍ରିପଦୀଯୁକ୍ତିର ସିଦ୍ଧାନ୍ତର ବିଧେୟ ପଦକୁ କେଉଁ ପଦ କୁହାଯାଏ ?
Answer:
ସାଧ୍ୟପଦ

18. ତ୍ରିପଦୀଯୁକ୍ତିର ସିଦ୍ଧାନ୍ତର ଉଦ୍ଦେଶ୍ୟ ପଦକୁ କେଉଁ ପଦ କୁହାଯାଏ ?
Answer:
ପକ୍ଷପଦ

19. ଯେଉଁ ପଦ ଉଭୟ ହେତୁବାକ୍ୟରେ ଥାଏ ମାତ୍ର ସିଦ୍ଧାନ୍ତରେ ନଥାଏ, ତାହାକୁ କେଉଁ ପଦ କୁହାଯାଏ ?
Answer:
ମଧ୍ୟପଦ ବା ହେତୁପଦ

20. ଯେଉଁ ହେତୁବାକ୍ୟରେ ସାଧ୍ୟପଦ ଥାଏ, ତାହାକୁ କ’ଣ କୁହାଯାଏ ?
Answer:
ସାଧ୍ୟ।ବୟବ

21. ତ୍ରିପଦୀଯୁକ୍ତିର ଯେଉଁ ହେତୁବାକ୍ୟରେ ପକ୍ଷପଦ ଥାଏ, ତାହାକୁ କ’ଣ କୁହାଯାଏ ?
Answer:
ପକ୍ଷ।ବୟବ

22. ହେତୁପଦର ସାଧାବୟବ ଓ ପକ୍ଷାବୟବରେ ଅବସ୍ଥାନ ଦୃଷ୍ଟିରୁ ତ୍ରିପଦୀଯୁକ୍ତିର ଯେଉଁ ବିଶିଷ୍ଟ ଆକାର ନିଶ୍ଚିତ ହୁଏ, ତାହାକୁ କ’ଣ କୁହାଯାଏ ?
Answer:
ନ୍ୟାୟ ସଂସ୍ଥାନ

23. ଯେଉଁ ସଂସ୍ଥାନରେ ହେତୁପଦ ସାଧାବୟବରେ ଉଦ୍ଦେଶ୍ୟ ଏବଂ ପକ୍ଷାବୟବରେ ବିଧେୟରୂପେ ବ୍ୟବହୃତ ହୋଇଥାଏ, ତାହାକୁ କେଉଁ ସଂସ୍ଥାନ କୁହାଯାଏ ?
Answer:
୧ମ ସଂସ୍ଥାନ

24. ଯେଉଁ ସଂସ୍ଥାନରେ ହେତୁପଦ ଉଭୟ ହେତୁବାକ୍ୟର ବିଧେୟରୂପେ ବ୍ୟବହୃତ ହୋଇଥାଏ, ତାହାକୁ କେଉଁ ସଂସ୍ଥାନ କୁହାଯାଏ ?
Answer:
ଦ୍ବିତୀୟ ସଂସ୍ଥାନ

25. ଯେଉଁ ସଂସ୍ଥାନରେ ହେତୁପଦ ଉଭୟ ହେତୁବାକ୍ୟର ଉଦ୍ଦେଶ୍ୟରୂପେ ବ୍ୟବହୃତ ହୋଇଥାଏ, ତାହାକୁ କେଉଁ ସଂସ୍ଥାନ କୁହାଯାଏ ?
Answer:
ତୃତୀୟ ସଂସ୍ଥାନ

26. ଯେଉଁ ସଂସ୍ଥାନରେ ହେତୁପଦ ସାଧାବୟବରେ ବିଧେୟ ଏବଂ ପକ୍ଷାବୟବରେ ଉଦ୍ଦେଶ୍ୟରୂପେ ବ୍ୟବହୃତ ହୋଇଥାଏ, ତାହାକୁ କେଉଁ ସଂସ୍ଥାନ କୁହାଯାଏ ?
Answer:
ଚତୁର୍ଥ ସଂସ୍ଥାନ

27. ତ୍ରିପଦୀଯୁକ୍ତିର ହେତୁବାକ୍ୟ ଅଥବା ତାହାର ହେତୁବାକ୍ୟ ଏବଂ ସିଦ୍ଧାନ୍ତର ଗୁଣ ଓ ବ୍ୟାପକତା ଦୃଷ୍ଟିରୁ ଯେଉଁ ବିଶିଷ୍ଟ ଆକାର ନିଶ୍ଚିତ ହୁଏ, ତାହାକୁ କ’ଣ କୁହାଯାଏ ?
Answer:
ନ୍ୟାୟରୂପ

28. ତ୍ରିପଦୀଯୁକ୍ତିରେ ଯଦି ହେତୁପଦ ଉଭୟ ହେତୁବାକ୍ୟରେ ଥରେ ମାତ୍ର ବ୍ୟାପ୍ୟ ହୋଇନଥାଏ ତାହାକୁ କେଉଁ ତର୍କଦୋଷ କୁହାଯାଏ ?
Answer:
ଅବ୍ଯାପ୍ୟ ହେତୁ ଦୋଷ ବା ଅବ୍ୟାପ୍ୟ ମଧ୍ୟପଦ ଦୋଷ

29. କୌଣସି ତ୍ରିପଦୀଯୁକ୍ତିରେ ଯଦି ପକ୍ଷପଦ ପକ୍ଷାବୟବରେ ଅବ୍ୟାପୀ ଅଥଚ ସିଦ୍ଧାନ୍ତରେ ବ୍ୟାପ୍ୟ ହୁଏ, ତାହାକୁ କ’ଣ କୁହାଯାଏ ?
Answer:
ଅବୈଧସାଧ୍ୟତା ଦୋଷ

30. କୌଣସି ତ୍ରିପଦୀଯୁକ୍ତିରେ ଯଦି ସାଧୂପଦ ସାଧାବୟବରେ ଅବ୍ୟାପ୍ୟ ମାତ୍ର ସିଦ୍ଧାନ୍ତରେ ବ୍ୟାପ୍ୟ ହୁଏ, ତାହାକୁ କ’ଣ କୁହାଯାଏ ?
Answer:
ଅବୈଧସାଧ୍ୟତା ଦୋଷ

31. ତ୍ରିପଦୀଯୁକ୍ତିରେ ଉଭୟ ହେତୁବାକ୍ୟ ନଞର୍ଥକ ଥିଲେ ତାହାକୁ କେଉଁ ତର୍କଦୋଷ କୁହାଯାଏ ?
Answer:
ଉଭୟ ନଞର୍ଥକ ହେତୁବାକ୍ୟ ଦୋଷ

32. ତ୍ରିପଦୀଯୁକ୍ତିରେ ଉଭୟ ହେତୁବାକ୍ୟ ବିଶେଷ ହୋଇଥିଲେ ତାକୁ କେଉଁ ତର୍କଦୋଷ କୁହାଯାଏ ?
Answer:
ଉଭୟ ବିଶେଷ ହେତୁବାକ୍ୟ ଦୋଷ

33. କେଉଁ ସଂସ୍ଥାନକୁ ନିଘୋଷ ସଂସ୍ଥାନ କୁହାଯାଏ ?
Answer:
ପ୍ରଥମ ସଂସ୍ଥାନ

34. କିଏ ପ୍ରଥମ ସଂସ୍ଥାନକୁ ନିଘୋଷ ସଂସ୍ଥାନ ବୋଲି ଆଖ୍ୟା ଦେଇଛନ୍ତି ?
Answer:
ଆରିଷ୍ଟଟଲ୍

35. ସଂସ୍ଥାନ କେତେ ପ୍ରକାରର ଅଟେ ?
Answer:
୪ ପ୍ରକାର

36. କେତୋଟି ସବଳ ସିଦ୍ଧ ନ୍ୟାୟରୂପ ଅଛି ?
Answer:
୧୯ଟି

37. କେତୋଟି ଦୁର୍ବଳ ସିଦ୍ଧ ନ୍ୟାୟରୂପ ଅଛି ?
Answer:
୫ଟି

38. ପ୍ରଥମ ନ୍ୟାୟ ସଂସ୍ଥାନର ସିଦ୍ଧ ନ୍ୟାୟରୂପ ସଂଖ୍ୟା କେତେ ?
Answer:
୪

39. ଦ୍ଵିତୀୟ ନ୍ୟାୟ ସଂସ୍ଥାନର ସିଦ୍ଧ ନ୍ୟାୟରୂପ ସଂଖ୍ୟା କେତେ ?
Answer:
୪

40. ତୃତୀୟ ନ୍ୟାୟ ସଂସ୍ଥାନର ସିଦ୍ଧ ନ୍ୟାୟରୂପ ସଂଖ୍ୟା କେତେ ?
Answer:
୬

41. ଚତୁର୍ଥ ନ୍ୟାୟ ସଂସ୍ଥାନର ସିଦ୍ଧ ନ୍ୟାୟରୂପ ସଂଖ୍ୟା କେତେ ?
Answer:
୫

42. ‘ବାରୋକୋ’ କେଉଁ ନ୍ୟାୟ ସଂସ୍ଥାନର ଏକ ସିଦ୍ଧ ନ୍ୟାୟରୂପ ଅଟେ ?
Answer:
ଦ୍ଵିତୀୟ

43. ‘ବୋକାଡ଼ୋ’ କେଉଁ ନ୍ୟାୟ ସଂସ୍ଥାନର ଏକ ସିଦ୍ଧ ନ୍ୟାୟରୂପ ଅଟେ ?
Answer:
ତୃତୀୟ

44. ‘ବ୍ରାମଣ୍ଡିପ୍’ କେଉଁ ନ୍ୟାୟ ସଂସ୍ଥାନର ଏକ ସିଦ୍ଧ ନ୍ୟାୟରୂପ ଅଟେ ?
Answer:
ଚତୁର୍ଥ

45. ‘ସାମେଷ୍ଟ୍ରେସ୍’ କେଉଁ ନ୍ୟାୟ ସଂସ୍ଥାନର ଏକ ସିଦ୍ଧ ନ୍ୟାୟରୂପ ଅଟେ ?
Answer:
ଦ୍ଵିତୀୟ

46. ‘ସେଲାରେଣ୍ଟ’ କେଉଁ ନ୍ୟାୟ ସଂସ୍ଥାନର ଏକ ସିଦ୍ଧ ନ୍ୟାୟରୂପ ଅଟେ ?
Answer:
ପ୍ରଥମ

47. କେଉଁ ନ୍ୟାୟ ସଂସ୍ଥାନର ଦୁର୍ବଳ ନ୍ୟାୟରୂପ ନ ଥାଏ ?
Answer:
ତୃତୀୟ

C. ଭୁଲ୍ ଥିଲେ ଠିକ୍ କରି ଲେଖ ।

1.ଯେଉଁ ଅନୁମାନରେ ଗୋଟିଏ ହେତୁବଚନରୁ ସିଦ୍ଧାନ୍ତ ନିଷ୍ପନ୍ନ ହୁଏ, ତାହାକୁ ବ୍ୟବହିତ ଅନୁମାନ କୁହାଯାଏ । (ଭୁଲ୍)
Answer:
ଯେଉଁ ଅନୁମାନରେ ଗୋଟିଏ ହେତୁବଚନରୁ ସିଦ୍ଧାନ୍ତ ନିଷ୍ପନ୍ନ ହୁଏ, ତାହାକୁ ଅବ୍ୟବହିତ ଅନୁମାନ କୁହାଯାଏ । (ଠିକ୍)

2. ଯେଉଁ ଯୁକ୍ତିରେ ଏକାତ୍ମକ ହେତୁବଚନରୁ ସିଦ୍ଧାନ୍ତ ନିଷ୍ପନ୍ନ ହୋଇଥାଏ, ତାହାକୁ ଅବ୍ୟବହିତ ଅନୁମାନ କୁହାଯାଏ । (ଭୁଲ୍)
Answer:
ଯେଉଁ ଯୁକ୍ତିରେ ଏକାଧ୍ଵ ହେତୁବଚନରୁ ସିଦ୍ଧାନ୍ତ ନିଷ୍ପନ୍ନ ହୋଇଥାଏ, ତାହାକୁ ବ୍ୟବହିତ ଅନୁମାନ କୁହାଯାଏ । (ଠିକ୍)

3. ସମବର୍ତ୍ତନର ହେତୁବାକ୍ୟକୁ ସମବର୍ତ୍ତିତ କୁହାଯାଏ । (ଭୁଲ୍)
Answer:
ସମବର୍ତ୍ତନର ହେତୁବାକ୍ୟକୁ ସମବର୍ତ୍ତିନୀୟ କୁହାଯାଏ । (ଠିକ୍)

4. ସମବର୍ତ୍ତନର ସିଦ୍ଧାନ୍ତକୁ ସମବର୍ତ୍ତନୀୟ କୁହାଯାଏ ।(ଭୁଲ୍)
Answer:
ସମବର୍ତ୍ତନର ସିଦ୍ଧାନ୍ତକୁ ସମବର୍ଜିତ କୁହାଯାଏ । (ଠିକ୍)

5. ସମବର୍ତ୍ତନୀୟର ଉଦ୍ଦେଶ୍ୟ ସମବର୍ତ୍ତିତର ଉଦ୍ଦେଶ୍ୟ ହୁଏ । (ଭୁଲ୍)
Answer:
ସମବର୍ତ୍ତନୀୟର ଉଦ୍ଦେଶ୍ୟ ସମବର୍ତ୍ତିତର ବିଧେୟ ହୁଏ । (ଠିକ୍)

6. ସମବର୍ତ୍ତନୀୟର ବିଧେୟ ସମବର୍ଷିତର ବିଧେୟ ହୁଏ । (ଭୁଲ୍)
Answer:
ସମବର୍ତ୍ତନୀୟର ବିଧେୟ ସମବର୍ଭିତର ଉଦ୍ଦେଶ୍ୟ ହୁଏ । (ଠିକ୍)

7. ସମବର୍ତ୍ତନୀୟ ଓ ସମବର୍ଷିତର ଗୁଣ ସମାନ ରହେ ନାହିଁ । (ଭୁଲ୍)
Answer:
ସମବର୍ତ୍ତନୀୟ ଓ ସମବର୍ଷିତର ଗୁଣ ସମାନ ରହେ । (ଠିକ୍)

8. ଯେଉଁ ପଦ ସମବର୍ତ୍ତନୀୟରେ ବ୍ୟାପ୍ୟ, ତାହା ସମବର୍ଭିତରେ ବ୍ୟାପ୍ୟ ହୁଏ । (ଭୁଲ୍)
Answer:
ଯେଉଁ ପଦ ସମବର୍ତ୍ତନୀୟରେ ଅବ୍ୟାପ୍ୟ, ତାହା ସମବର୍ଭିତରେ ବ୍ୟାପ୍ୟ ହୁଏ ନାହିଁ । (ଠିକ୍)

9. ‘ଆ’ର ସମବର୍ତ୍ତିତ ‘ଏ’ ହୁଏ । (ଭୁଲ୍)
Answer:
‘ଆ’ର ସମବର୍ତ୍ତିତ ‘ଇ’ ହୁଏ । (ଠିକ୍)

10. ‘ଇ’ର ସମବର୍ଜିତ ‘ଆ’ ହୁଏ । (ଭୁଲ୍)
Answer:
‘ଇ’ର ସମବର୍ତ୍ତିତ ‘ଇ’ ହୁଏ । (ଠିକ୍)

11. ‘ଏ’ର ସମବର୍ତ୍ତିତ ‘ଆ’ ହୁଏ । (ଭୁଲ୍)
Answer:
‘ଏ’ର ସମବର୍ତ୍ତିତ ‘ଏ’ ହୁଏ । (ଠିକ୍)

12. ‘ଓ’ର ସମବର୍ଷିତ ‘ଏ’ ହୁଏ । (ଭୁଲ୍)
Answer:
‘ଓ’ର ସମବର୍ତ୍ତନ ହୁଏ ନାହିଁ । (ଠିକ୍)

13. ଯେଉଁ ସମବର୍ତ୍ତନରେ ସମବର୍ତ୍ତନୀୟ ଓ’ ସମବର୍ତ୍ତିତ ମଧ୍ୟରେ ପରିମାଣଗତ ପ୍ରଭେଦ ଥାଏ, ତାହାକୁ ସରଳ ସମବର୍ତ୍ତନ କୁହାଯାଏ । (ଭୁଲ୍)
Answer:
ଯେଉଁ ସମବର୍ତ୍ତନରେ ସମବର୍ତ୍ତନୀୟ ଓ ସମବର୍ତ୍ତିତ ମଧ୍ୟରେ ପରିମାଣଗତ ପ୍ରଭେଦ ନଥାଏ, ତାହାକୁ ସରଳ ସମବର୍ତ୍ତନ କୁହାଯାଏ । (ଠିକ୍)

14. ଯେଉଁ ସମବର୍ତ୍ତନରେ ସମବର୍ତ୍ତନୀୟ ଓ ସମବର୍ତ୍ତିତ ମଧ୍ୟରେ ପରିମାଣଗତ ପ୍ରଭେଦ ନ ଥାଏ, ତାହାକୁ ଅସରଳ ସମବର୍ତ୍ତନ କୁହାଯାଏ । (ଭୁଲ୍)
Answer:
ଯେଉଁ ସମବର୍ତ୍ତନରେ ସମବର୍ତ୍ତନୀୟ ଓ ସମବର୍ତ୍ତିତ ମଧ୍ୟରେ ପରିମାଣଗତ ପ୍ରଭେଦ ଥାଏ, ତାହାକୁ ଅସରଳ ସମବର୍ତ୍ତନ କୁହାଯାଏ । (ଠିକ୍)

15. ବ୍ୟାବର୍ତ୍ତନର ହେତୁବାକ୍ୟକୁ ବ୍ୟାବର୍ଜିତ କୁହାଯାଏ । (ଭୁଲ୍)
Answer:
ବ୍ୟାବର୍ତ୍ତନର ହେତୁବାକ୍ୟକୁ ବ୍ୟାବର୍ତ୍ତନୀୟ କୁହାଯାଏ । (ଠିକ୍)

16. ବ୍ୟାବର୍ତ୍ତନର ସିଦ୍ଧାନ୍ତକୁ ବ୍ୟାବର୍ତ୍ତନୀୟ କୁହାଯାଏ । (ଭୁଲ୍)
Answer:
ବ୍ୟାବର୍ତ୍ତନର ସିଦ୍ଧାନ୍ତକୁ ବ୍ୟାବର୍ତ୍ତତ କୁହାଯାଏ । (ଠିକ୍)

17. ବ୍ୟାବର୍ତ୍ତନୀୟର ଉଦ୍ଦେଶ୍ୟ ବ୍ୟାବର୍ଭିତରେ ବିଧେୟ ହୁଏ । (ଭୁଲ୍)
Answer:
ବ୍ୟାବର୍ତ୍ତନୀୟର ଉଦ୍ଦେଶ୍ୟ ବ୍ୟବଭିତରେ ଉଦ୍ଦେଶ୍ୟ ହୁଏ । (ଠିକ୍)

18. ବ୍ୟାବର୍ତ୍ତନୀୟର ବିଧେୟର ବିରୁଦ୍ଧ ପଦ ବ୍ୟାବର୍ଭିତରେ ଉଦ୍ଦେଶ୍ୟ ହୁଏ । (ଭୁଲ୍)
Answer:
ବ୍ୟାବର୍ତ୍ତନୀୟର ବିଧେୟର ବିରୁଦ୍ଧ ପଦ ବ୍ୟାବର୍ଭିତରେ ବିଧେୟ ହୁଏ । (ଠିକ୍)

19. ବ୍ୟାବର୍ଜିତର ଗୁଣ ବ୍ୟାବର୍ତ୍ତନୀୟର ଗୁଣ ସମାନ ରହେ । (ଭୁଲ୍)
Answer:
ବ୍ୟାବର୍ଜିତର ଗୁଣ ବ୍ୟାବର୍ତ୍ତନୀୟର ଗୁଣର ବିପରୀତ ହୁଏ । (ଠିକ୍)

20. ଯେଉଁ ପଦ ବ୍ୟାବର୍ତ୍ତନୀୟରେ ଅବ୍ୟାପ୍ୟ, ତାହା ବ୍ୟାବର୍ଜିତରେ ବ୍ୟାପ୍ୟ ହୁଏ । (ଭୁଲ୍)
Answer:
ଯେଉଁ ପଦ ବ୍ୟାବର୍ତ୍ତନୀୟରେ ଅବ୍ୟାପ୍ୟ, ତାହା ବ୍ୟାବର୍ଭିତରେ ବ୍ୟାପ୍ୟ ହୁଏ ନାହିଁ । (ଠିକ୍)

21. ‘ଆ’ର ବ୍ୟାବର୍ତ୍ତିତ ‘ଆ’ ହୁଏ । (ଭୁଲ୍)
Answer:
‘ଆ’ର ବ୍ୟାବର୍ତ୍ତିତ ‘ଏ’ ହୁଏ । (ଠିକ୍)

22. ‘ଇ’ର ବ୍ୟାବର୍ତ୍ତିତ ‘ଇ’ ହୁଏ । (ଭୁଲ୍)
Answer:
‘ଇ’ର ବ୍ୟାବର୍ତ୍ତିତ ‘ଓ’ ହୁଏ । (ଠିକ୍)

23. ‘ଏ’ର ବ୍ୟାବର୍ଜିତ ‘ଏ’ ହୁଏ । (ଭୁଲ୍)
Answer:
‘ଏ’ର ବ୍ୟାବର୍ତ୍ତିତ ‘ଆ’ ହୁଏ । (ଠିକ୍)

24. ‘ଓ’ର ବ୍ୟାବର୍ତ୍ତିତ ‘ଓ’ ହୁଏ । (ଭୁଲ୍)
Answer:
‘ଓ’ର ବ୍ୟାବର୍ତ୍ତିତ ‘ଇ’ ହୁଏ । (ଠିକ୍)

25. ଆରିଷ୍ଟଟଲ୍ ବସ୍ତୁଗତ ବ୍ୟାବର୍ତ୍ତନରେ ନାମକରଣ କରିଛନ୍ତି । (ଭୁଲ୍)
Answer:
ଡ. ବେନ୍ ବସ୍ତୁଗତ ବ୍ୟାବର୍ତ୍ତନର ନାମକରଣ କରିଛନ୍ତି । (ଠିକ୍)

26. ତ୍ରିପଦୀଯୁକ୍ତ ଅବ୍ୟବହିତ ଅବରୋହନୁମାନ ସହ ସମ୍ପୃକ୍ତ । (ଭୁଲ୍)
Answer:
ତ୍ରିପଦୀଯୁକ୍ତି ବ୍ୟବହିତ ଅବରୋହାନୁମାନ ସହ ସମ୍ପୃକ୍ତ । (ଠିକ୍)

27. ତ୍ରିପଦୀଯୁକ୍ତ ବସ୍ତୁଗତ ସତ୍ୟତା ପ୍ରତିପାଦନ କରେ । (ଭୁଲ୍)
Answer:
ତ୍ରିପଦୀଯୁକ୍ତି ଆକାରଗତ ସତ୍ୟତା ପ୍ରତିପାଦନ କରେ । (ଠିକ୍)

28. ତ୍ରିପଦୀଯୁକ୍ତିର ସିଦ୍ଧାନ୍ତର ବିଧେୟ ପଦକୁ ପକ୍ଷପଦ କୁହାଯାଏ । (ଭୁଲ୍)
Answer:
ତ୍ରିପଦୀଯୁକ୍ତିର ସିଦ୍ଧାନ୍ତର ବିଧେୟ ପଦକୁ ସାଧ୍ୟପଦ କୁହାଯାଏ । (ଠିକ୍)

29. ତ୍ରିପଦୀଯୁକ୍ତିର ସିଦ୍ଧାନ୍ତର ଉଦ୍ଦେଶ୍ୟ ପଦକୁ ସାଧ୍ୟପଦ କୁହାଯାଏ । (ଭୁଲ୍)
Answer:
ତ୍ରିପଦୀଯୁକ୍ତିର ସିଦ୍ଧାନ୍ତର ଉଦ୍ଦେଶ୍ୟ ପଦକୁ ପକ୍ଷପଦ କୁହାଯାଏ । (ଠିକ୍)

30. ଯେଉଁ ପଦ ଉଭୟ ହେତୁବାକ୍ୟରେ ଥାଏ, ତାହାକୁ ପକ୍ଷପଦ କୁହାଯାଏ । (ଭୁଲ୍)
Answer:
ଯେଉଁ ପଦ ଉଭୟ ହେତୁବାକ୍ୟରେ ଥାଏ, ତାହାକୁ ମଧ୍ୟପଦ କୁହାଯାଏ । (ଠିକ୍)

31. ଯେଉଁ ହେତୁବାକ୍ୟରେ ସାଧ୍ୟପଦ ଥାଏ, ତାହାକୁ ପକ୍ଷାବୟବ କୁହାଯାଏ । (ଭୁଲ୍)
Answer:
ଯେଉଁ ହେତୁବାକ୍ୟରେ ସାଧପଦ ଥାଏ, ତାହାକୁ ସାଧାବୟବ କୁହାଯାଏ । (ଠିକ୍)

32. ଯେଉଁ ହେତୁବାକ୍ୟରେ ପକ୍ଷପଦ ଥାଏ, ତାହାକୁ ସାଧାବୟବ କୁହାଯାଏ । (ଭୁଲ୍)
Answer:
ଯେଉଁ ହେତୁବାକ୍ୟରେ ପକ୍ଷପଦ ଥାଏ, ତାହାକୁ ପକ୍ଷାବୟବ କୁହାଯାଏ । (ଠିକ୍)

33. ଯେଉଁ ସଂସ୍ଥାନରେ ହେତୁପଦ ସାଧାବୟବର ଉଦ୍ଦେଶ୍ୟ ଏବଂ ପକ୍ଷାବୟବର ବିଧେୟ ରୂପେ ବ୍ୟବହୃତ ହୋଇଥାଏ, ତାହାକୁ ଦ୍ବିତୀୟ ସଂସ୍ଥାନ କହନ୍ତି । (ଭୁଲ୍)
Answer:
ଯେଉଁ ସଂସ୍ଥାନରେ ହେତୁପଦ ସାଧାବୟବର ଉଦ୍ଦେଶ୍ୟ ଏବଂ ପକ୍ଷାବୟବର ବିଧେୟ ରୂପେ ବ୍ୟବହୃତ ହୋଇଥାଏ, ତାହାକୁ ପ୍ରଥମ ସଂସ୍ଥାନ କହନ୍ତି । (ଠିକ୍)

34. ଯେଉଁ ସଂସ୍ଥାନରେ ହେତୁପଦ ଉଭୟ ହେତୁବାକ୍ୟର ବିଧେୟ ରୂପେ ବ୍ୟବହୃତ ହୋଇଥାଏ, ତାହାକୁ ଚତୁର୍ଥ ସଂସ୍ଥାନ କହନ୍ତି । (ଭୁଲ୍)
Answer:
ଯେଉଁ ସଂସ୍ଥାନରେ ହେତୁପଦ ଉଭୟ ହେତୁବାକ୍ୟର ବିଧେୟ ରୂପେ ବ୍ୟବହୃତ ହୋଇଥାଏ, ତାହାକୁ ଦ୍ୱିତୀୟ ସଂସ୍ଥାନ କହନ୍ତି । (ଠିକ୍)

35. ଯେଉଁ ସଂସ୍ଥାନରେ ହେତୁପଦ ଉଭୟ ହେତୁବାକ୍ୟର ଉଦ୍ଦେଶ୍ୟ ରୂପେ ବ୍ୟବହୃତ ହୋଇଥାଏ, ତାହାକୁ ଦ୍ବିତୀୟ ସଂସ୍ଥାନ କୁହାଯାଏ । (ଭୁଲ୍)
Answer:
ଯେଉଁ ସଂସ୍ଥାନରେ ହେତୁପଦ ଉଭୟ ହେତୁବାକ୍ୟର ଉଦ୍ଦେଶ୍ୟରୂପେ ବ୍ୟବହୃତ ହୋଇଥାଏ, ତାହାକୁ ତୃତୀୟ ସଂସ୍ଥାନ କୁହାଯାଏ । (ଠିକ୍)

36. ଯେଉଁ ସଂସ୍ଥାନରେ ହେତୁପଦ ସାଧାବୟବର ବିଧେୟ ଏବଂ ପକ୍ଷାବୟବର ଉଦ୍ଦେଶ୍ୟରୂପେ ବ୍ୟବହୃତ ହୋଇଥାଏ, ତାହାକୁ ପ୍ରଥମ ସଂସ୍ଥାନ କୁହାଯାଏ । (ଭୁଲ୍)
Answer:
ଯେଉଁ ସଂସ୍ଥାନରେ ହେତୁପଦ ସାଧାବୟବର ବିଧେୟ ଏବଂ ପକ୍ଷାବୟବର ଉଦ୍ଦେଶ୍ୟରୂପେ ବ୍ୟବହୃତ ହୋଇଥାଏ, ତାହାକୁ ଚତୁର୍ଥ ସଂସ୍ଥାନ କୁହାଯାଏ । (ଠିକ୍)

37. ଆରିଷ୍ଟଟଲ୍‌ଙ୍କ ସର୍ବାସ୍ତିନାସ୍ତି ସୂତ୍ର ଅନୁଯାୟୀ ଚତୁର୍ଥ ସଂସ୍ଥାନଟି ନିଘୋଷ ସଂସ୍ଥାନ ଅଟେ । (ଭୁଲ୍)
Answer:
ଆରିଷ୍ଟଟଲ୍‌ଙ୍କ ସର୍ବାସ୍ତିନାସ୍ତି ସୂତ୍ର ଅନୁଯାୟୀ ପ୍ରଥମ ସଂସ୍ଥାନଟି ନିଘୋଷ ସଂସ୍ଥାନ ଅଟେ । (ଠିକ୍)

38. ‘ବାର୍ବାରା’ ଦ୍ୱିତୀୟ ନ୍ୟାୟ ସଂସ୍ଥାନର ସିଦ୍ଧ ‘ନ୍ୟାୟରୂପ’ ଅଟେ । (ଭୁଲ୍)
Answer:
‘ବାର୍ବାରା’ ପ୍ରଥମ ନ୍ୟାୟ ସଂସ୍ଥାନର ସିଦ୍ଧ ‘ନ୍ୟାୟରୂପ’ ଅଟେ । (ଠିକ୍)

39. ‘ବାରୋକୋ’ ତୃତୀୟ ନ୍ୟାୟ ସଂସ୍ଥାନର ସିଦ୍ଧ ‘ନ୍ୟାୟରୂପ’ ଅଟେ । (ଭୁଲ୍)
Answer:
‘ବାରୋକୋ’ ଦ୍ୱିତୀୟ ନ୍ୟାୟ ସଂସ୍ଥାନର ସିଦ୍ଧ ‘ନ୍ୟାୟରୂପ’ ଅଟେ । (ଠିକ୍)

40. ‘ବୋକାଡ଼ୋ’ ଚତୁର୍ଥ ନ୍ୟାୟ ସଂସ୍ଥାନର ସିଦ୍ଧ ‘ନ୍ୟାୟରୂପ’ ଅଟେ । (ଭୁଲ୍)
Answer:
‘ବୋକାର୍ଡୋ’ ତୃତୀୟ ନ୍ୟାୟ ସଂସ୍ଥାନର ସିଦ୍ଧ ‘ନ୍ୟାୟରୂପ’ ଅଟେ । (ଠିକ୍)

41. ‘ବ୍ରାମାଣ୍ଟିପ୍’ ପ୍ରଥମ ନ୍ୟାୟ ସଂସ୍ଥାନର ସିଦ୍ଧ ‘ନ୍ୟାୟରୂପ’ ଅଟେ । (ଭୁଲ୍)
Answer:
‘ବ୍ରାମାଣ୍ଟିପ୍’ ଚତୁର୍ଥ ନ୍ୟାୟ ସଂସ୍ଥାନର ସିଦ୍ଧ ‘ନ୍ୟାୟରୂପ’ ଅଟେ । (ଠିକ୍)

D. ଶୂନ୍ୟସ୍ଥାନ ପୂରଣ କର ।

1. ସମବର୍ତ୍ତନରେ ଦତ୍ତ ହେତୁବଚନକୁ ______ କହନ୍ତି ।
Answer:
ସମବର୍ତ୍ତନୀୟ

2. ସମବର୍ତ୍ତନରେ ସିଦ୍ଧାନ୍ତକୁ _______ କହନ୍ତି ।
Answer:
ସମବର୍ତ୍ତତ

3. ସମବର୍ତ୍ତନରେ ସମବର୍ତ୍ତନୀୟ ଓ ସମବର୍ଗିତ ମଧ୍ଯରେ ଓ _________ ସମାନ ରହେ ।
Answer:
ଗୁଣ

4. ‘ଆ’ ତର୍କବଚନର ସମବର୍ଷିତ ___________ ଅଟେ ।
Answer:
ଇ

5. ‘ଏ’ ତର୍କବଚନର ସମ୍ଭବର୍ଷିତ _________ ଅଟେ ।
Answer:
ଏ

6. ‘ଇ’ ତର୍କବଚନର ସମ୍ଭବର୍ଷିତ _________ ଅଟେ ।
Answer:
ଇ

7. ________ ତର୍କବଚନର ସମବର୍ତ୍ତିତ ରୂପ ନଥାଏ ।
Answer:
ଓ

8. ବ୍ୟାବର୍ତ୍ତନରେ ହେତୁବଚନକୁ ______ କହନ୍ତି ।
Answer:
ବ୍ୟାବର୍ତ୍ତନୀୟ

9. ବ୍ୟାବର୍ତ୍ତନରେ ସିଦ୍ଧାନ୍ତକୁ ______ କହନ୍ତି ।
Answer:
ବ୍ୟାବର୍ତ୍ତତ

10. ବ୍ୟାବର୍ତ୍ତନରେ ବ୍ୟାବର୍ତ୍ତନୀୟ ଓ ବ୍ୟାବର୍ତ୍ତିତ ମଧ୍ୟରେ _________ ଅସମାନ ବା ବିପରୀତ ହୁଏ ।
Answer:
ଗୁଣ

11. ବ୍ୟାବର୍ତ୍ତନରେ ବ୍ୟାବର୍ତ୍ତନୀୟ ଓ ବ୍ୟାବର୍ତ୍ତିତ ମଧ୍ୟରେ _________ ସମାନ ହୁଏ ।
Answer:
ପରିମାଶ

12. ‘ଆ’ ତର୍କବଚନର ବ୍ୟାବର୍ଜିତ ________ ଅଟେ ।
Answer:
ଏ

13. ‘ଇ’ ତର୍କବଚନର ବ୍ୟାବର୍ଜିତ ________ ଅଟେ ।
Answer:
ଓ

14. ‘ଏ’ ତର୍କବଚନର ବ୍ୟାବର୍ତ୍ତିତ _________ ଅଟେ ।
Answer:
ଆ

15. ‘ଓ’ ତର୍କବଚନର ବ୍ୟାବର୍ତ୍ତିତ _________ ଅଟେ ।
Answer:
ଇ

16. ଯେଉଁ ସମବର୍ତ୍ତନର ସମବର୍ଣନୀୟ ଏବଂ ସମବର୍ଷିତ ମଧ୍ଯରେ ପରିମାଣଗତ ପ୍ରଭେଦ ନଥାଏ, ତାହାକୁ ________ କୁହାଯାଏ ।
Answer:
ସମବର୍ତ୍ତନ

17. ଯେଉଁ ସମବର୍ତ୍ତନର ସମବର୍ଣନୀୟ ଓ ସମବର୍ଷିତ ମଧ୍ଯରେ ପରିମାଣଗତ ପ୍ରଭେଦ ନଥାଏ, ତାହାକୁ ________ କୁହାଯାଏ ।
Answer:
ସମବର୍ତ୍ତନ

18. ତର୍କଶାସ୍ତ୍ରବିଦ୍ ________ ବସ୍ତୁଗତ ବ୍ୟାବର୍ତ୍ତନର ନାମକରଣ କରିଛନ୍ତି ।
Answer:
ଡ. ବେନ୍

19. ଯେଉଁ ଅନୁମାନରେ ଗୋଟିଏ ହେତୁବଚନରୁ ସିଦ୍ଧାନ୍ତ ନିଷ୍ପନ୍ନ ହୁଏ, ତାହାକୁ ______ କହନ୍ତି ।
Answer:
ଅବ୍ୟବହିତ ଅନୁମାନ

20. ଯେଉଁ ଯୁକ୍ତିରେ ଦୁଇଟି ହେତୁବଚନରୁ ସିଦ୍ଧାନ୍ତ ନିଷ୍ପନ୍ନ ହୋଇଥାଏ, ତାହାକୁ ________ କହନ୍ତି ।
Answer:
ବ୍ୟବହିତ ଅନୁମାନ

21. ଯେଉଁ ଯୁକ୍ତିରେ ଦୁଇଟି ହେତୁବଚନର ମିଳିତ ସମର୍ଥନରେ ଗୋଟିଏ ସିଦ୍ଧାନ୍ତ ପ୍ରତିପାଦିତ ହୁଏ, ତାହାକୁ ______ କହନ୍ତି ।
Answer:
ତ୍ରିପଦୀଯୁକ୍ତି

22. ତ୍ରିପଦୀଯୁକ୍ତି ଗୋଟିଏ __________ ଅବରୋହାନୁମାନ ।
Answer:
ବ୍ୟବହିତ

23. ତ୍ରିପଦୀଯୁକ୍ତିରେ ________ ଟି ପଦ ଥାଏ ।
Answer:
୩

24. ତ୍ରିପଦୀଯୁକ୍ତିରେ _________ ଟି ତର୍କବାକ୍ୟ ରହିଥାଏ ।
Answer:
୩

25. ତ୍ରିପଦୀଯୁକ୍ତିରେ _________ ଟି ହେତୁବାକ୍ୟ ରହିଥାଏ ।
Answer:
୨

26. ତ୍ରିପଦୀ ଯୁକ୍ତି __________ ସତ୍ୟତା ପ୍ରତିପାଦନ କରେ ।
Answer:
ଆକାରଗତ

27. ତ୍ରିପଦୀଯୁକ୍ତିର ସିଦ୍ଧାନ୍ତର ବିଧେୟ ପଦକୁ _________ କହନ୍ତି ।
Answer:
ସାଧ୍ୟ ବା ପ୍ରଧାନ ପଦ

28. ତ୍ରିପଦୀଯୁକ୍ତିର ସିଦ୍ଧାନ୍ତର ଉଦ୍ଦେଶ୍ୟ ପଦକୁ _________ କହନ୍ତି ।
Answer:
ପକ୍ଷ ବା ଅପ୍ରଧାନ ପଦ

29. ତ୍ରିପଦୀଯୁକ୍ତିରେ ଯେଉଁ ପଦ ଉଭୟ ହେତୁବାକ୍ୟରେ ଥାଏ ମାତ୍ର ସିଦ୍ଧାନ୍ତରେ ନଥାଏ, ତାହାକୁ _______ ପଦ କୁହାଯାଏ ।
Answer:
ହେତୁ ବା ମଧ୍ଯମ

30. ତ୍ରିପଦୀଯୁକ୍ତିର ଯେଉଁ ହେତୁବାକ୍ୟରେ ସାଧପଦ ଥାଏ, ତାହାକୁ ________ କହନ୍ତି ।
Answer:
ସାଧାବୟବ

31. ତ୍ରିପଦୀଯୁକ୍ତିର ଯେଉଁ ହେତୁବାକ୍ୟରେ ପକ୍ଷପଦ ଥାଏ, ତାହାକୁ ________ କହନ୍ତି ।
Answer:
ପକ୍ଷାବୟବ

32. ହେତୁପଦର ସାଧାବୟବ ଓ ପକ୍ଷାବୟବରେ ଅବସ୍ଥାନ ଦୃଷ୍ଟିରୁ ତ୍ରିପଦୀଯୁକ୍ତି ବା ନ୍ୟାୟର ଯେଉଁ ବିଶିଷ୍ଟ ଆକାର ନିଶ୍ଚିତ ହୁଏ, ତାହାକୁ ________ କୁହାଯାଏ ।
Answer:
ନ୍ୟାୟ ସଂସ୍ଥାନ

33. ଯେଉଁ ସଂସ୍ଥାନରେ ହେତୁପଦ ସାଧାବୟବର ଉଦ୍ଦେଶ୍ୟ ଏବଂ ପକ୍ଷାବୟବର ବିଧେୟ ରୂପେ ବ୍ୟବହୃତ ହୋଇଥାଏ, ________ କୁହାଯାଏ ।
Answer:
ପ୍ରଥମ ସଂସ୍ଥାନ

34. ଯେଉଁ ସଂସ୍ଥାନରେ ହେତୁପଦ ଉଭୟ ହେତୁବାକ୍ୟର ବିଧେୟ ରୂପେ ବ୍ୟବହୃତ ହୋଇଥାଏ, ତାହାକୁ _______ କୁହାଯାଏ ।
Answer:
ଦ୍ବିତୀୟ ସଂସ୍ଥାନ

35. ଯେଉଁ ସଂସ୍ଥାନରେ ହେତୁପଦ ଉଭୟ ହେତୁବାକ୍ୟର ଉଦ୍ଦେଶ୍ୟ ରୂପେ ବ୍ୟବହୃତ ହୋଇଥାଏ, ତାହାକୁ ________ କୁହାଯାଏ ।
Answer:
ଦ୍ବତୀୟ ସଂସ୍ଥାନ

36. ଯେଉଁ ସଂସ୍ଥାନରେ ହେତୁପଦ ସାଧାବୟବର ବିଧେୟ ଏବଂ ପକ୍ଷାବୟବର ଉଦ୍ଦେଶ୍ୟ ରୂପେ ବ୍ୟବହୃତ ହୋଇଥାଏ, ତାହାକୁ ________ କୁହାଯାଏ ।
Answer:
ଚତୁର୍ଥ ସଂସ୍ଥାନ

37. ତ୍ରିପଦୀଯୁକ୍ତିର ହେତୁବାକ୍ୟ ଅଥବା ତାହାର ହେତୁବାକ୍ୟ ଏବଂ ସିଦ୍ଧାନ୍ତର ଗୁଣ ଓ ବ୍ୟାପକତା ଦୃଷ୍ଟିରୁ ଯେଉଁ ବିଶିଷ୍ଟ ଆକାର ନିର୍ଣ୍ଣୀତ ହୁଏ, ତାହାକୁ _______ କୁହାଯାଏ ।
Answer:
ନ୍ୟାୟରୂପ ବା ନ୍ୟାୟମୂର୍ତ୍ତି

38. ଚାରିଗୋଟି ପଦବିଶିଷ୍ଟ କୌଣସି ଯୁକ୍ତିକୁ ତ୍ରିପଦୀଯୁକ୍ତି ବୋଲି ଗ୍ରହଣ କଲେ ________ ଦୋଷ ଜାତ ହୋଇଥାଏ ।
Answer:
ଚତୁଷ୍ପଦା

39. ଯେଉଁ ତ୍ରିପଦୀଯୁକ୍ତିରେ ପକ୍ଷପଦଟି ଦୁଇଟି ଅର୍ଥରେ ବ୍ୟବହୃତ ହୋଇଥାଏ, ସେଠାରେ ଯୁକ୍ତିଟି ________ ଦୋଷଦୃଷୄ ବୋଲି କୁହାଯାଏ ।
Answer:
ବ୍ୟର୍ଥକ ପକ୍ଷ

40. ଯେଉଁ ତ୍ରିପଦୀଯୁକ୍ତିରେ ସାଧପଦଟି ଦୁଇଟି ଅର୍ଥରେ ବ୍ୟବହୃତ ହୋଇଥାଏ, ସେଠାରେ ଯୁକ୍ତିଟି ________ ଦୋଷଦୃଷୄ ବୋଲି କୁହାଯାଏ ।
ବ୍ୟର୍ଥକ ପକ୍ଷ
Answer:

41. ଯେଉଁ ତ୍ରିପଦୀଯୁକ୍ତିରେ ହେତୁପଦଟି ଦୁଇଟି ଅର୍ଥରେ ବ୍ୟବହୃତ ହୋଇଥାଏ, ସେଠାରେ ଯୁକ୍ତିଟି ଦ୍ବିର୍ଥକ ________ ଦୋଷଦୃଷୄ ବୋଲି କୁହାଯାଏ ।
Answer:
ବ୍ୟର୍ଥକ ହେତୁ

42. ତୃତୀୟ ସଂସ୍ଥାନରେ ପକ୍ଷାବୟବ ନିଶ୍ଚୟ _______ ତର୍କବାକ୍ୟ ହେବ ।
Answer:
ସତର୍ଥକ

43. ତ୍ରିପଦୀଯୁକ୍ତିର ________ ନ୍ୟାୟ ସଂସ୍ଥାନକୁ ନିଘୋଷ ସଂସ୍ଥାନ କୁହାଯାଏ ।
Answer:
ପ୍ରଥମ

44. ଯଦି ତ୍ରିପଦୀଯୁକ୍ତିର କୌଣସି ହେତୁବାକ୍ୟ ନଞର୍ଥକ ହୁଏ, ତେବେ ସିଦ୍ଧାନ୍ତଟି ________ ହେବ ।
Answer:
ନଞର୍ଥକ ତର୍କବାକ୍ୟ

45. ତ୍ରିପଦୀଯୁକ୍ତିର ଅନ୍ତତଃ ଗୋଟିଏ ହେତୁବାକ୍ୟ ସଦର୍ଥକ ହେବା ଉଚିତ । ଉଭୟ ହେତୁବାକ୍ୟ ନଞର୍ଥକ ହୋଇଥିଲେ ଯେଉଁ ଦୋଷ ଜାତ ହୁଏ, ତାହାକୁ _______ ଦୋଷ କୁହାଯାଏ ।
Answer:
ଉଭୟ ନଞର୍ଥକ ହେତୁବାକ୍ୟ

46. ତ୍ରିପଦୀଯୁକ୍ତିର ଅନ୍ତତଃ ଗୋଟିଏ ହେତୁବାକ୍ୟ ସାମାନ୍ୟ ହେବା ଉଚିତ । ଉଭୟ ହେତୁବାକ୍ୟ ବିଶେଷ ତର୍କବାକ୍ୟ ହୋଇଥିଲେ ଯେଉଁ ଦୋଷ ଜାତ ହୁଏ, ତାହାକୁ _______ ଦୋଷ କୁହାଯାଏ ।
Answer:
ଉଭୟ ବିଶେଷ ହେତୁବାକ୍ୟ

47. ତ୍ରିପଦୀଯୁକ୍ତିରେ ଯଦି ପକ୍ଷପଦ ହେତୁବାକ୍ୟରେ ଅବ୍ୟାପ୍ୟ ରହି ସିଦ୍ଧାନ୍ତରେ ବ୍ୟାପ୍ୟ ହୁଏ, ତେବେ ଯେଉଁ ତର୍କଦୋଷ ଜାତ ହୁଏ, ତାହାକୁ _______ ଦୋଷ କୁହାଯାଏ ।
Answer:
ଅବୈଧ ଯକ୍ଷତା

48. ତ୍ରିପଦୀଯୁକ୍ତିରେ ଯଦି ସାଧପଦ ହେତୁବାକ୍ୟରେ ଅବ୍ୟାପ୍ୟ ରହି ସିଦ୍ଧାନ୍ତରେ ବ୍ଯାପ୍ୟ ହୁଏ, ଯେଉଁ ତର୍କଦୋଷ ଜାତ ହୁଏ _______ ଦୋଷ କୁହାଯାଏ ।
Answer:
ଅବୈଧ ସାଧ୍ୟତା

49. ‘ଫେଲାପ୍‌ଟୋନ୍’ ପ୍ରତ୍ୟକ୍ଷ ରୂପାନ୍ତରୀକରଣରେ ପ୍ରଥମ ସଂସ୍ଥାନର_______ ହୁଏ ।
Answer:
ଫେରିଓ

50. ତ୍ରିପଦୀଯୁକ୍ତିର ୧୦ମ ନିୟମ ଅନୁଯାୟୀ ସାଧାବୟବ ହେଲେ କୌଣସି ସିଦ୍ଧାନ୍ତ ମିଳେ ନାହିଁ ।
Answer:
ବିଶେଷ, ନଞର୍ଥକ ତର୍କବାକ୍ୟ

51. ମଧ୍ୟମ ପଦ ଅବସ୍ଥିତି ଅନୁଯାୟୀ ‘ଫେରିଓ’ __________ ସଂସ୍ଥାନର ଏକ ବୈଧ ନ୍ୟାୟରୂପ ଅଟେ ।
Answer:
ପ୍ରଥମ

52. ହେତୁପଦର ଅବସ୍ଥିତି ଦୃଷ୍ଟିରୁ ‘ବାରୋକୋ’ _______ ସଂସ୍ଥାନର ଏକ ବୈଧ ନ୍ୟାୟରୂପ ଅଟେ ।
Answer:
ଦ୍ବିତୀୟ

Odisha State Board CHSE Odisha Class 12 Sanskrit Solutions Chapter 1 कपोतलुब्धककथा Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

CHSE Odisha Class 12 Sanskrit Chapter 1 कपोतलुब्धककथा Question Answer

୨ . एकेन वाक्येन उत्तरं लिखत

(क) शुकुनिलुब्धक: की दृशः आसीत् ?
Solution:
ଶକୁନିଲୁବ୍ଧକଃ ଅତ୍ୟନ୍ତ ରୂଯଃ ପାପଶ୍ଚ ଆସୀତ୍ ।

(ख) स कथं जीविकानिर्वाहं करोति ?
Solution:
ସ ପତଙ୍ଗାନ୍ ହତ୍ଵା ତେରାଂ ବିକ୍ରୟଂ କୃତ୍ଵା ସ୍ଵ ଜୀବିକାନିର୍ବାହମ୍ ଅକରୋତ୍ ।

(ग) स व्याधः कपोती कथं स्थापयामास ?
Solution:
ସ ବ୍ୟାଧଃ କପୋତୀ ଧୃତ୍ୱା ପିଞ୍ଜରାବନ୍ଧା କୃତ୍ରା ସ୍ଥାପୟାମାସ ।

(घ) वातसम्भ्रमेण किं किम् अभवत् ?
Solution:
ବାତସମ୍ପେଶ ଆକାଶ ମୋଣାଛିନ୍ନପ୍, ବଙ୍ଗ ଉପ୍ବାଟିତା, ଧାରାପାତେଳ ବମ୍ନଦ୍ଧିରା ଯମେନ ସଲିଳପୂଣା ଚ ଅଭବତ୍ ।

(ङ) दुरात्मा व्याधः कथं वनस्पतिं शरणं गतः ?
Solution:
ଦୁରାତ୍ମା ବ୍ୟାଧୋଽପି ଶୀତାର୍ତା ସ୍ଵଜୀବନରକ୍ଷାର୍ଥୀ ରଜନୀ ଯାପୟିତୁମ୍ ଏବଂ ବନସ୍ପତଂ ଶରଣଂ ଗତଃ ।

(च) कपोत: कथ चिन्ताकुल: आसीत ?
Solution:
କପୋତସ୍ୟ ଭାର୍ଯ୍ୟା ପ୍ରାତଃ ଚରିତଂ ଗତା ନ ପ୍ରତ୍ୟାବର୍ତତ, ରଜନୀ ବୃଦ୍ଧି ଗତା । ଅତଃ ସ ତପସ୍ଵୀ (କପୋତଃ) ଚିନ୍ତାକୁଳୀ ଅସୀତ୍ ।

(छ) कपोती आत्मानं कथं कृतकृत्याम् अमन्यत ?
Solution:
ଭତୁଃ ପ୍ରୀତିଃ ବିଲୋକ୍ୟ କପୋତୀ ଆତ୍ମାନଂ କୃତକୃତ୍ୟମ୍ ଅମନ୍ୟତ ।

(ज) कपाती कपातं किम् उक्तवती ?
Solution:
କପୋତୀ କପୋତମ୍ ଉକ୍ତବତୀ – ହେ କାନ୍ତ ! ଶକୁନିଲୁବ୍ଧକଃ ଅଦ୍ୟ ତବ ଅନ୍ତକଂ ସମାଶ୍ରିତଃ, ସ ଶୀତାର୍ତା କ୍ଷୁଧାର୍ତିଶ୍ଚ ଅତଃ ତଥ୍ୟ ଯଥାଶକ୍ତି ସତ୍କାରଂ କୁରୁ |

(झ) व्याध: कथं प्रकृतिस्थ: संजात: ?
Solution:
ଅକୁତୋଭୟଂ ବ୍ୟାଧଃ ଆତ୍ମାନଂ ତାପୟିତ୍ଵ ପ୍ରକୃତିସ୍ଥ ସଂଜାତଃ ।

(ञ) व्याध: कथम् आत्मान धिक् कृतवान् ?
Solution:
ସତ୍ୟପ୍ରତିଜ୍ଞ ସ ପକ୍ଷୀ (କପୋତଃ) ଅଗ୍ନି ତ୍ରିଂ ପରିକ୍ରମ୍ୟ ଅଗ୍ନିମଧ୍ଯ ପ୍ରବିଷ୍ଟ, ଏତଦ୍ ଦୃଷ୍ଟା ବ୍ୟାଧଃ ଆତ୍ମାନଂ ଧ୍ଵଂକ୍ କୃତବାନ୍ ।

(ट) भर्तृवियोगहेतो: कपोली किं कृतवती ?
Solution:
ଭତୁବିପୋମନ୍ତେତୋ ବହୁଆ କରୁଶ ବିଲପ୍ୟ କପୋତା ଶୁଙ୍ଗ ଦ୍ରଝଡା ସନ୍ଦାଫ ଦୁତାଶନ ପ୍ରତବେଶ |

२. एकेन पदेन उत्तरं दत्त

(क) कथं लुब्यकस्य कश्चित् सुहृत् नासीत् ?
Solution:
ପାପହେତାଃ ।

(ख) तस्य विमूढस्य जीवे किं नाभवत् ?
Solution:
ଦୟା ।

(ग) सर्वे प्राणिनः वातसंभ्रमेण कीदृशाः भ्रमन्ति स्म ?
Solution:
ଭୟାର୍ତା କ୍ଷୁଧାର୍ତା ଚ ।

(घ) वनस्पतेः शाखायां कः उषितवान् ?
Solution:
ଏକଃ କପୋତଃ ।

(ङ) कपोतः अपकारिणं व्याधं यत्नेन किं कृतवान् ?
Solution:
ପୂଜୟାମାସ ।

(च) कपोत: कुत: अग्नि गृहीत्वा आगमत् ?
Solution:
କର୍ମାରଗୃହାତ୍ ।

३. उत्कलभाषया / आङ्गलभाषया अनुवादं सरलार्थं च लिखत:

(क) भायी हि परमो …………………………. सहायिनी |
Solution:
ଅନୁବାଦ – ଏହ ସଂପାରରେ ପହ୍ନା ପୁରୁଯଲ ସଦାପ୍ନିକା, ଯେହେତୁ ଏହି ସଂସାରରେ ଅର୍ଥଦ୍ରାପ (ପୁରୁଷ)ର ଜୀବନଯାତ୍ରାର ସହାୟିକାହିଁ (ତା’ର ଭାର୍ଯ୍ୟା ହୋଇଥାଏ) ।

ବ୍ୟାଖ୍ୟା – ବିରହାକୁଳ କପୋତ ଆଜି ତା’ ପ୍ରିୟତମା ପତ୍ନୀ କପୋତୀ କଥା ଭାବୁଛି । ସକାଳୁ ଯାଇଛି ଭ୍ରମଣ କରିବାକୁ ଏପର୍ଯ୍ୟନ୍ତ ଫେରିନାହିଁ । ତା’ ବିନା ଘର ଆଜି ଶୂନ୍ୟ ହୋଇଛି । ଭାର୍ଯ୍ୟା ହେଉଛି ପୁରୁଷର ଶ୍ରେଷ୍ଠ ସହାୟିକା । ତା’ ବିନା ପୁରୁଷ ହୁଏ ଅସହାୟ, ଜୀବନଯାତ୍ରା ହୋଇପଡ଼େ ଦୁର୍ବିସହ । ଏଣୁ ପତିପତ୍ନୀଙ୍କର ପାରସ୍ପରିକ ସ୍ନେହ, ସହାନୁଭୂତି, ପ୍ରେମ, ଅନୁରାଗ ଓ ମିଳିତ ସହଯୋଗରେ ହିଁ ଜୀବନଯାତ୍ରା ହୁଏ ପୁଷିତ, ପଲ୍ଲବିତ ତଥା ମଧୁମୟ । ଏଠାରେ ଯଥାର୍ଥ ଉକ୍ତି ଯେ – ‘ ଯତ୍ର ନାର୍ଯ୍ୟସ୍ତୁ ପୂଜ୍ୟନ୍ତେ ରମନ୍ତେ ତତ୍ର ଦେବତା ।’

(ख) हे कान्त ………………………. सञात: |
Solution:
ଅନୁବାଦ – ହେ ସ୍ଵାମୀ ! ପକ୍ଷିଶିକାରୀ ଆଜି ତୁମର ଘରେ ଆଶ୍ରା କରିଛନ୍ତି । ସେ ଶୀତାର୍କ ଓ କ୍ଷୁଧାରେ ଆତୁର | ତାହାର ଶକ୍ତି ଅନୁସାରେ ସେବା କର । ପତ୍ନୀର କଥାକୁ ଶୁଣି କପୋତର ଆଖୁ ଲୁହ ଛଳଛଳ ହେଲା ।

(ग) शरणागतस्थ ……………………….. विशेषत: |
Solution:
ଅନୁବାଦ – ଏହ ସଂପାରରେ ତୃଦ୍ଵାଜନଦ୍ଵାରା ପଅଁବିଧ ଯନ୍ ମାସମରେ ବିଶେଷତାବୈ ଶରାଶାସନର ଆତିଥ୍ୟକୁ ଯତ୍ନ ସହକାରେ କରାଯିବା ଉଚିତ ।

ବ୍ୟାଖ୍ୟା – ଆଶ୍ରମ ଚତୁର୍ବିଧ; ଯଥା – ବ୍ରହ୍ମଚର୍ଯ୍ୟ, ଗାର୍ହସ୍ଥ୍ୟ, ବାନପ୍ରସ୍ଥ ଓ ସନ୍ନ୍ୟାସ । ଏ ସଂସାରରେ ଗୃହସ୍ଥାଶ୍ରମରେ ଥ‌ିବା ମନୁଷ୍ୟ ପାଞ୍ଚପ୍ରକାର ଯଜ୍ଞବିଧାନ କରିଥାଏ । ଯଥା- (୧) ବ୍ରହ୍ମଯଜ୍ଞ – ଅର୍ଥାତ୍ ଅଧ୍ୟାପନ ମାଧ୍ଯମରେ ବ୍ରହ୍ମଜ୍ଞାନ; (୨)
ଅଗ୍ନିରେ ଆହୁତି ବା ହୋମ; (୪) ଭୂତଯଜ୍ଞ – ବିବିଧ ପ୍ରାଣୀମାନଙ୍କୁ ବଳି ବା ପୂଜା ପ୍ରଦାନ; (୫) ନୃଯଜ୍ଞ– ଅତିଥ ପୂଜନ । ଏଣୁ ଅତିଥୁ ପୂଜନହିଁ ଗୃହସ୍ଥର ପରମ ଧର୍ମ । କାରଣ ‘ଅତିଥଦେବୋ ଭବ’ । ଗୃହୀଜନ ଏହି ପାଞ୍ଚପ୍ରକାର ଯଜ୍ଞବିଧାନଦ୍ଵାରା (ଗ) ଷ ୡମଧ୍ୟ….

(घ) अहो देहप्रदानेन ………………………….. परमा गति: |
Solution:
ଅନୁବାଦ – ଆହେ ! ଶରୀର ଦାନଦ୍ଵାରା ଅତିଥୁ ପୂଜନ ପ୍ରଦର୍ଶିତ । ସେହିହେତୁରୁ (ମୁଁ) ଧର୍ମକୁ ଆଚରଣ କରିବି । ଯେହେତୁ ଧର୍ମ ହେଉଛି ଶ୍ରେଷ୍ଠ ଗତି ।
ବ୍ୟାଖ୍ୟା – କପୋତ ଅଗ୍ନି ମଧ୍ୟରେ ସ୍ଵଶରୀରକୁ ଅର୍ପଣ କରି ଅତିଥି ପୂଜନର ଯେଉଁ ବିଧୁ ପ୍ରଦର୍ଶନ କରିଛି ତାହା କ୍ରୂର ଶିକାରୀ ନିମନ୍ତେ ଆଦର୍ଶ ହୋଇଛି । କପୋତର ମହାନତାକୁ ସ୍ଵୀକାର କରିଛି ନିଷ୍ଠୁର ଶିକାରୀ । ଅତିଥୁ ପୂଜନ ଧର୍ମଦ୍ଵାରା କପୋତ ଶିକାରୀକୁ ଧର୍ମାଚରଣ ପ୍ରତି ଆକୃଷ୍ଟ କରିଛି । ଏଣୁ ଶିକାରୀ କହିଛି- ମୁଁ ମଧ୍ୟ ଧର୍ମ ଆଚରଣ କରିବି । କାରଣ ଧର୍ମ ହେଉଛି ମନୁଷ୍ୟର ସର୍ବଶ୍ରେଷ୍ଠ ଗତି ତଥା ମୁକ୍ତି । ‘ଧାରୟତେ ଇତି ଧର୍ମ’ ଯାହା ଧାରଣ ବା ପୋଷଣ କରେ ତାହା ହିଁ ଧର୍ମ ।

४. सन्धिविच्छेदं कुरुत:

कध्रित, पिञाराबद्धाम् व्याधोSपि, शीतार्त:, शून्यन्याह, लोकेSस्मिन् |
Solution:
କଶ୍ଚିତ୍ = କଃ + ଚିତ୍
ବ୍ୟାଧେପି = ବ୍ୟାଧଃ + ଅପି
ଶୂନ୍ୟମଦ୍ୟ = ଶୂନ୍ୟମ୍ + ଅଦ୍ୟ
ପିଞ୍ଜରାବଦ୍ଧାମ୍ = ପିଞ୍ଜର + ଆବଦ୍ଧାମ୍
ଶୀତାର୍ତା = ଶୀତ + ଋତଃ
ଲୋକେପିନ୍ = ଲୋକେ + ଅସ୍କିନ୍ ।

५. सन्धिविधानं कुरुत –
सम् + आश्रित:, सत्कार + अथम्, कर्तव्यम् + आतिथ्यम् |
Solution:
ସମ୍ + ଆଶ୍ରିତଃ = ସମାଶ୍ରିତଃ
ସତ୍କାର + ଅର୍ଥମ୍ = ସତ୍କାରାର୍ଥମ୍
କର୍ତବ୍ୟମ୍ + ଆତିଥ୍ୟମ୍ = କର୍ତ୍ତବ୍ୟମାତିଥ୍ୟମ୍ ।

६. अधोनिर्दिष्टपदानां बन्धनीमध्यात् उपयुक्तम् अर्थं निरूपयत:

(वात्या, व्याध:, आतिथिसत्कार:, दयनीय:, शीतरक्षणम्, विश्रासयुक्तम्, प्रतीक्षा कुरु, चेतना प्राप्त:, नाराकरणाम्)
ଲ୍ମଦକଃ = ବ୍ୟାଧଃ
ତପସ୍ବୀ = ବିଶ୍ଵାସଯୁକ୍ତମ୍
ଲବ୍ଧସଂଜ୍ଞ = ଚେତନାଂ ପ୍ରାନ୍ତଃ
ପ୍ରତ୍ୟାଦେଶଃ = ନିରାକରଣମ୍
ବ।ତସମ୍ମଂ = ବାତ୍ୟା
ଆତିଥ୍ୟମ୍ = ଅତିଥ୍ୟସତ୍କାରଃ
ହିମତ୍ରାଣମ୍ = ଶୀତରକ୍ଷଣମ୍

७. रेखारूढपदानां सकारणं विभक्तिनिरूपणं कुरुत:

(क) तस्य पापहेतोः न कश्चित् तस्य सुहृत् ।
Solution:
ଦ୍ରେଗୋ = ହେତୁ ଶବ୍ଦଠାରେ ଷଷ୍ଠୀ |

(ख) तस्मिन् वने वातसम्भ्रमः अभवत् ।
Solution:
ବନେ = ଅଧିକରଣେ ୭ମୀ ।

(ग) धारापातेन वसुन्धरा क्षणेन सलिलपूर्णा अभूत् ।
Solution:
ଧାରାପାତେନ = ହେତେ ୩ପ୍ରା |

(घ) वनस्पतेः शाखयां कपोतः दीर्घकालम् उषितवान् ।
Solution:
ବନମତେ = ସତ୍ମବୈ ୬ଯା

(ङ) पक्षी व्याधम् यत्नेन पूजयामास ।
Solution:
ଯନେନ = ” ପ୍ତକ୍ଵତ୍ୟାଦଣ୍ୟ ଭପସଂଖ୍ୟାନମ୍ ” ଯୋଗେ ୩ମା |

(च) हिमत्राणं विधीयताम् ।
Solution:
ଦ୍ଵିମହାଶ = ଉକ୍ତେ କମଣି ୧ପା |

८. अधोनिर्दिष्टानि पदानि व्यवहृत्य पृथग् वाक्यानि रचयत ।

यापयितुम्, प्रातः, स्वस्ति, भृशम्, यथाशक्ति, मुहूर्त्तम्, त्रिः, प्रति ।
Solution:
ଯାପୟିତୁମ୍ (ଯାପନ କରିବାକୁ) = ଡଃ ରାତ୍ରିଂ ଯାପଯିତୁମ୍ ଅତୃ ଆଗଚ୍ଛତି |
ପ୍ରାତଃ (ସକାଳେ) = ପ୍ରାତଃ ଭ୍ରମଣଂ ସର୍ବଦା କରଣାୟ |
ସ୍ଵମି (ମଲଂନ୍) = ପ୍ରକାରଦ ସ୍ଵପ୍ରି ଉବତୁ |
ଯଥାଶକ୍ତି ( ଶକ୍ତି ଅନୁସାରେ) = ଯଥାଶକ୍ତି ତେ ଇଦଂ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟମ୍ ଅକୁର୍ବନ୍ ।
ତିଃ ( ତିନିଥର) = ସ ତ୍ରି ପରିକ୍ରମ୍ୟ ଜଳେ ନ୍ୟକ୍ଷିପାତ୍ ।
ପୃତି (ଆଡ଼କୁ) = ଦାନ ସ୍ମୃତି ଦମା କୁରୁ |

୧. शून्यस्थाने प्रकृतिं / प्रत्ययं दर्शयत –

हत्वा – हन् + ……………
Solution:
କ୍ବାଚ୍

यापयितुम् – या + णिच् + ………………
Solution:
ତ୍ନମୁନ୍‌

उषितवान् – ……………. + क्तवतु
Solution:
ବସ୍

चरितुम् – ………….. + तुमुन्
Solution:
ଚର୍

कर्तव्यम् – ………….. + तव्य
Solution:
ତ୍କ

गृहीत्वा – ………… + क्त्वा
Solution:
ଗୃଦ

तृप्तिम् – तृप् + ……………..
Solution:
କ୍ତିନ୍

प्रविष्टः – प्र – विश + ……………
Solution:
କ୍ତ

ददता – दा + ……………
Solution:
ଣତ୍

विचिन्त्य – वि + चिन्त् + …………
Solution:
ଲ୍ୟପ୍ଲ

संस्मृत्य – सम् + स्मृ + ………..
Solution:
ଲ୍ୟପ୍ଲ

आस्तीर्य – आ + ……… + क्त्वा (ल्यप्)
Solution:
ସ୍ମ

१०. विग्रहं / समासनाम दर्शयत –

ପରାଯା ଉପଯୋଗା ଅତିରିକୃ ପୃଣୋରର

१. कोष्ठकमध्यादुपयुक्तं पदं निरूप्य शून्यस्थानं पूरयत –
(ବନ୍ଧନୀ ମଧ୍ଯରୁ ଉପଯୁକ୍ତ ପଦ ନିରୂପଣ କରି ଶୂନ୍ୟସ୍ଥାନ ପୂରଣ କର ।)

1. कदाचित् एकः शकुनिलुब्धकः …………. प्रतिवसति स्म । (घनारण्ये, नगरे, ग्रामे )
Solution:
କଦାଚିତ୍ ଏକଃ ଶକୁନିଲୁବ୍ଧକଃ ଘନାରଣ୍ୟ ପ୍ରତିବସତି ସ୍ମ ।

2. स: अत्यन्तं ……. पापरच | ( क्रूर:, रूक्षः, निष्ठुर : )
Solution:
ସ୍: ଅତ୍ୟନ୍ତ ରକ୍ଷ ପାପଣ୍ଡ |

3. तस्य …….. न कशचित् तस्य सुहत् न कश्चित् तस्य सम्बन्धी च | ( नैष्ठुयात्, क्रौर्यात्, पापहेतोः)
Solution:
ତପ୍ୟ ପାପହ୍ବେଗୋଁ ନ କଣିତ୍ ତସ୍ୟ ସ୍ନହ୍ତ୍ ତସ୍ୟ ସମ୍ମଦା ତ |

4. स ………… हत्वा तेषा विक्रयं करोति | (पतङ्गान्, पशून्, मृगान् )
Solution:
ସ ପତଙ୍ଗାନ୍ ହତ୍ବା ତେଷା ବିକ୍ରୟଂ କରୋତି ।

5. एवं ……… तस्थ कदपि जीवे दया नाभवत् न च धर्मवुद़ि: समुदित | ( क्रूरस्य, निष्ठुरस्य, विमूढस्य )
Solution:
ଏବଂ ବିମୂଢ଼ସ୍ୟ ତସ୍ୟ କଦାପି ଜୀବେ ଦୟା ନାଭିବତ୍ ନ ଚ ଧର୍ମବୁଦ୍ଧି ସମୁଦିତା ।

6. एवं विमूढस्य तस्य कदापि जीवे ………… नाभवत् न च धर्मवुद्धिः समुदिता । ( दया, संवेदनशीलता, शुभदृष्टिः )
Solution:
ଏବଂ ବିମୂଢ଼ସ୍ୟ ତସ୍ୟ କଦାପି ଜୀବେ ଦୟା ନାଭିବତ୍ ନ ଚ ଧର୍ମବୁଦ୍ଧି ସମୁଦିତା ।

7. एवं विमूढस्य तस्य कदापि जीवे दया नाभवत् न च …………. समुदिता | (सुवुद्धि:, कुबुद्धिः, धर्मवुद्धिः )
Solution:
ଏବଂ ବିମୂଢ଼ସ୍ୟ ତସ୍ୟ କଦାପି ଜୀବେ ଦୟା ନାଭବତ୍ ନ ଚ ଧର୍ମବୁଦ୍ଧି ସମୁଦିତା ।

8. एकदा स ……… व्याधः एकां कपोतीं धृत्वा पिञ्जरावद्धां कृत्वा स्थापयामास । (पापी, निष्ठुर:, कपटी)
Solution:
ଏକଦା ସ ନିଷ୍ଠୁରଃ ବ୍ୟାଧଃ ଏକାଂ କପୋତୀ ଧୃତ୍ୱ ପିଞ୍ଜରାବନ୍ଧା କୃତ୍ୱା ସ୍ଥାପୟାମାସ ।

9. तदा दस्मिन् वने ……… अभवत् । (वातसम्भ्रमः, झञ्झावातः, वृष्टिः )
Solution:
ତଦା ତସ୍ମିନ୍ ବନେ ବାତସମ୍ଭ୍ରାମଃ ଅଭବତ୍ ।

10. धारापातेन …………… क्षणेन सलिलपूर्ण अभूत् । (सरोवरम्, कूपम्, वसुन्धरा )
Solution:
ଧାରାପାତେନ ବସ୍ମବିରା ଯଣେନ ସଲିନପୂଣ୍ଡା ଅତୁଡ୍‌ |

11. सर्वे ………. वने भ्रमन्ति स्म । (भयाती:, सुखेन, दुःखेन )
Solution:
ସର୍ବେ ଭୟାର୍ତା ବନେ ଭ୍ରମନ୍ତି ସ୍ମ ।

12. ………… व्याधोऽपि शीतार्तः स्वजीवनरक्षार्थं रजनीं यापयितुम् एकं वनस्पतिं शरणं गत: । (पाप:, दुरात्मा, क्रूर: )
Solution:
ଦୁରାତ୍ମା ବ୍ୟାଧୋଽପି ଶୀତାର୍ତା ସ୍ଵଜୀବନରକ୍ଷାର୍ଥୀ ରଜନୀ ଯାପୟିତୁମ୍ ଏବଂ ବନସ୍ପତଂ ଶରଣଂ ଗତଃ ।

13. व्याधः स्वजीवनरक्षार्थं ………. यापयितुम् एकं वनस्पतिं शरणं गतः ।
Solution:
ବ୍ୟାଧଃ ସ୍ଵଜୀବନରକ୍ଷାର୍ଥୀ ରଜନୀ ଯାପୟିତୁମ୍ ଏବଂ ବନସ୍ପତଂ ଶରଣଂ ଗତଃ ।

14. तस्य भार्थ ………… चरितु गता न प्रत्यावर्तन | (सायं, दिवा, प्रातः)
Solution:
ତସ୍ୟ ଭାର୍ଯ୍ୟା ପ୍ରାତଃ ଚରିତୁ ଗତା ନ ପ୍ରତ୍ୟାବର୍ତତ ।

15. स ………. कपोतः चिन्ताकुलः आसीत् । ( दयालुः, धर्मात्मा, तपस्वी)
Solution:
ସ ତପସ୍ଵୀ କପୋତଃ ଚିନ୍ତାକୁଳ ଆସୀତ୍ ।

16. स: तपस्वी कपोत: ………… आसीत् । (व्याकुलः, चिन्ताकुलः, शङ्काकुल: )
Solution:
ଡଃ ତପସ୍ଵୀ କପୋତଃ ଚିନ୍ତାକୁଳ ଆସୀତ୍ ।

17. भर्तुः प्रीतिं विलोक्य सा आत्मानं ……… अमन्यत । (कृतकृत्याम्, धन्याम्, पुण्यवतीम् )
Solution:
ଭତୁଃ ପ୍ରୀତିଃ ବିଲୋକ୍ୟ ସା ଆତ୍ମାନଂ କୃତକୃତ୍ୟାମ୍ ଅମନ୍ୟତ ।

18. भर्तारं दुःखितं ………. कपोती भृशं दुःखिता । (स्मृत्वा, ज्ञात्वा, दृष्ट्वा )
Solution:
ଭର୍ତାରଂ ଦୁଃଖ୍ ଜ୍ଞାତ୍ମା କପୋତୀ ଭୃଶଂ ଦୁଃଖ୍ ।

19. तस्य यथाशक्ति ……….. कुरु । (पूजा, सेवां, सत्कारं )
Solution:
ତସ୍ୟ ଯଥାଶକ୍ତି ସତ୍କାରଂ କୁରୁ ।

20. पत्नी ………. श्रुत्वा कपोतः वाष्पाकुललोचनः सञ्जातः । ( विलपनं, कथनं, वचनं )
Solution:
ପତ୍ନୀ ବଚନଂ ଶ୍ରୁତ୍ଵା କପୋତଃ ବାଷ୍ପକୁଳଲୋଚନଃ ସଞ୍ଜାତଃ ।

21. ………… गृहात् अग्निं गृहीत्वा आगमत् । ( कमीर, कुम्भकार, तक्षक )
Solution:
କର୍ମାର ଗୃହାତ୍ ଅଗ୍ନି ଗୃହୀତ୍ମା ଆଗମତ୍ ।

22. …………. व्याधः आत्मानं तापयित्वा प्रकृतिस्थः सञ्जातः । (अकृतोभयः, शीतार्तः, रूक्षः)
Solution:
ଅକୁତୋଭୟଂ ବ୍ୟାଧଃ ଆତ୍ମାନଂ ତାପୟିତ୍ୱ ପ୍ରକୃତିସ୍ଥ ସତଃ ।

23. अकुतोभयः व्याधः आत्मानं तापयित्वा ………….. सञ्जातः । ( सन्तोष:, प्रकृतिस्थः, सानन्दः)
Solution:
ଅକ୍ରୂକୋତଭୟ ବ୍ୟାଧଃ ଆତ୍ମାନଂ ତାପୟିତ୍ୱ ପ୍ରକୃତିସ୍ଥ ସଞ୍ଜାତଃ ।

24. मुहूर्तं प्रतिपालय, तव …………. विधातुं यतिष्ये । (तृप्तिं, आनन्दं, सन्तोषं)
Solution:
ମ୍ନଦୁଙ ପୃଦିପାଲମ୍, ତବ ହଫି ବିଧାତୁ ଯତିଯ୍ୟେ |

25. तस्य गृहे नास्ति विभवः येन सः अतिथेः ………… नाशयेत् । ( क्लान्तिं, क्षुधां, पिपासां)
Solution:
ତସ୍ୟ ଗୃହେ ନାସ୍ତି ବିଭବ ଯେନ ସ ଅତିଥେ କ୍ଷୁଧାଂ ନାଶୟତ୍ ।

26. तस्य गृहे नास्ति ………… येन सः अतिथेः क्षुधां नाशयेत् । (विभवः, अन्नं, खाद्यं)
Solution:
ତଥ୍ୟ ଗୃହେ ନାସ୍ତି ବିଭବ ଯେନ ଡଃ ଅତିଥେ କ୍ଷୁଧାଂ ନାଶୟତ୍ ।

27. किं कर्तव्यमिति ……………. चिन्तयामास । ( चिन्ताकुल:, शङ्काकुल:, विमूढ़ : )
Solution:
କିଂ କର୍ତ୍ତବ୍ୟମିତି ବିମୂଢ଼ୀ ଚିନ୍ତୟାମାସ ।

28. ………….. स पक्षी अग्निं त्रिः परिक्रम्य अग्निमध्यं प्रविष्टः । (दृढ़प्रतिज्ञः, सत्यप्रतिज्ञः, अतिथिपरायणः)
Solution:
ସତ୍ୟପ୍ରତିଜ୍ଞ ସ ପକ୍ଷୀ ଅଗ୍ନି ତ୍ରିଂ ପରିକ୍ରମ୍ୟ ଅଗ୍ନିମଧ୍ୟ ପ୍ରବିଷ୍ଟ |

29. स पक्षी अग्निं ……….. परिक्रम्य अग्निमध्ये प्रविष्टः | (द्विः, त्रिः, पञ्चः )
Solution:
ସ ପକ୍ଷୀ ଅଗ୍ନି ତ୍ରି ପରିକ୍ରମ୍ୟ ଅଗ୍ନିମନ୍ତେ ପ୍ରବିଷ୍ଟ ।

30. …………… मम घोरः अधर्मः भविष्यति । (पापबुद्धेः, निष्ठुरस्य, नृशंसस्य)
Solution:
ନୃଶଂସସ୍ୟ ମମ ଘୋରଃ ଅଧର୍ମ ଭବିଷ୍ୟତି ।

31. नृशंसस्य मम घोरः ………… भविष्यति । ( अन्यायः, अनीति:, अधर्मः)
Solution:
ନୃଶଂସସ୍ୟ ମମ ଘୋରଃ ଅଧର୍ମ ଭବିଷ୍ୟତି ।

32. कपोतः स्वत्यागेन मम कृते ………….. भवति ।(आदर्श, शिक्षणीय, उदाहरण:)
Solution:
କପୋତଃ ସ୍ୱତ୍ୟାଗେନ ମମ କୃତେ ଆଦର୍ଶ ଭବତି ।

33. सा पतिं ………….. दृष्टवती । (विमानोपरि, आसनोपरि, सिंहासनोपरि )
Solution:
ସା ପତଂ ବିମାନୋପରି ଦୃଷ୍ଟବତୀ ।

34. ………… तं पूजयन्ति । (साधवः, ऋषयः, पुण्यकीर्तयः )
Solution:
ପୁଣ୍ୟକାଉୟ: ତ ତ୍ପଲୟନ୍ତି |

35. कपोती अपि ………. गतवती । (आकाश, पातालं, स्वर्गं )
Solution:
କପୋତୀ ଅପି ସ୍ଵରଂ ଗତବତୀ ।

36. स्वजीवनं त्यक्तुं कृतनिश्चयः ब्याधः ………… वनं प्राविशत् । (श्वापदसंकुलं, हिंस्रजन्तुसंकुलं, धनं)
Solution:
ସ୍ବଜୀବନଂ ତ୍ୟଙ୍କୁ କୃତନିଶ୍ଚୟ ବ୍ୟାଧଃ ଶ୍ରୀପଦସଂକୁଳ ବନଂ ପ୍ରାବିଶତ୍ ।

37. व्याधोऽपि ……….. प्रविष्टः नष्टपापः परां सिद्धिं प्राप । (अग्निं, स्वर्गं, जलं )
Solution:
ବ୍ୟାଧୋଽପି ଅଗ୍ନି ପ୍ରବିଷ୍ଟ ନଷ୍ଟପାପଃ ପରାଂ ସିଦ୍ଧି ପ୍ରାପ ।

अतिसंक्षेपेण उत्तरं लिखत :

1. शकुनिलुब्धकः कुत्र प्रतिवसति स्म ?
Solution:
ଘନାରଣ୍ୟ ।

2. कथं तस्य न कश्चित् सृहत् आसीत् ?
Solution:
ପାପହେତାଃ ।

3. पतङ्गान् हत्वा स तेषां किं करोति ?
Solution:
ବିକୃୟମ |

4. किम्भूतस्य तस्य न कदापि जीवे दया अभवत् ?
Solution:
ବିମୂରପ୍ୟ |

5. विमूढस्य तस्य कदापि जीवे किं नाभवत् ?
Solution:
ଦାମା |

6. व्याधः एकां कपोतीं धृत्वा किं कृत्वा स्थापयामास ?
Solution:
ପିଞଁରାବନ୍ଧାମ୍ |

7. अथ तस्मिन् वने किमभवत् ?
Solution:
ବାତସମୃମ |

8. आकाशं किम्भूतम् आसीत् ?
Solution:
ମେଶାଛକମ |

9. केन हेतुना वसुन्धरा क्षणेन सलिलपूर्ण अभूत् ?
Solution:
ଧାରାପାତେନ |

10. धारापातेन का क्षणेन सलिलपूर्णा अभूत् ?
Solution:
ଦମ୍ବନ୍ଧିରା |

11. रजनीं यापयितुं व्याधः किं शरणं गतः ?
Solution:
ଏବଂ ବନସ୍ପତିମ୍ ।

12. कुत्र एकः कपोतः दीर्घकालम् उषितवान् ?
Solution:
ବନସ୍ପତଃ ଶାଖାୟାମ୍ ।

13. वनस्पतेः शाखायां कः दीर्घकालम् उषितवान् ?
Solution:
ଏକଃ କପୋତଃ ।

14. का वृद्धिं गता ?
Solution:
ଅଲନା |

15. कपोतस्य भायी प्रातः किमर्थं गता ?
Solution:
ଚଟିତୁମ୍ନ |

16. ‘तपस्वी’ इत्येव शब्दः कस्यकृते प्रयुक्तम् ?
Solution:
କପୋତସ୍ୟ ।

17. कं दुःखितं ज्ञात्वा कपोती भृशं दुःखिता ?
Solution:
ରତାଉପ୍ |

18. कस्य प्रीतिं विलोक्य कपोती आत्मानं कृतकृत्यक्यम् अमन्यत ?
Solution:
ଇତୁଃ |

19. भर्तुः प्रीतिं विलोक्य कपोती आत्मानं किम् अमन्यत ?
Solution:
ତ୍କତତ୍କତ୍ୟମ୍ନ |

20. कपोतः अपकारिणं व्याधं यत्नेन किं कृतवान् ?
Solution:
ତ୍ପଦୟାମାମ |

21. कः शीतार्तः क्षुधार्तश्च आसीत् ?
Solution:
ବତ୍ୟାଧ |

22. कपोतः कर्मारगृहात् किं गृहीत्वा आगमत् ?
Solution:
ଅଗ୍ନିମ୍ ।

23. कपोतः कुत्र अग्निं योजयामास ?
Solution:
ଶ୍ଚଯେପୁ ପତ୍ରେଯୁ |

24. किम्भूतः व्याधः आत्मानं तापयित्वा प्रकृतिस्थः सञ्जातः ?
Solution:
ଅକ୍ଳତୋରଫ |

25. कपोतस्य गृहे क: नास्ति ?
Solution:
ବିଭବ |

26. कपोतः कुत: अग्निं गृहीत्वा आगमत् ?
Solution:
କମାରହଡ୍‌ |

27. ‘ मुहूर्तं प्रतिपालय, तव तृप्तिं विधातुं यतिष्ये’ – इति केन उक्तम् ?
Solution:
କପୋତେନ ।

28. पक्षी कथमासीत् ?
Solution:
ପଣ୍ୟସ୍ତତିକ୍ |

29. कः अग्निमध्यं प्रविष्टः ?
Solution:
କପୋଣ୍ଠ |

30. कस्य घोर: अधर्मः भविष्यति ?
Solution:
ନ୍ତ୍ରଣସସଦ ମମ (ବତ୍ୟାଧମ୍ୟ)

31. कः व्याधस्य कृते आदर्श : भवति ?
Solution:
କପୋତଃ ।

32. कथं कपोतः व्याधस्य कृते आदर्शः भवति ?
Solution:
ସ୍ୱତ୍ୟାଗେନ ।

33. केन अतिथिपूजना दर्शिता ?
Solution:
ଦେହପ୍ରଦାନେନ ।

34. बहुधा करुणं विलप्य कपोती भृशं दुःखिता कुत्र प्रविवेश ?
Solution:
ସନ୍ଦୀପ୍ତ ହୁତାଶନମ୍ ।

35. कपोती पतिं कुत्र दुष्टवती ?
Solution:
ବିମାନୋପରି ।

36. के कपोतं पूजयन्ति ?
Solution:
ପୁଣ୍ୟକୀର୍ତୟଃ ।

37. कपोती अपि कुत्र गतवती ?
Solution:
ସ୍ୱର୍ଗମ୍ ।

38. स्वजीवनं त्यक्तुं कृतनिश्चयः व्याधः किम्भूतं वनं प्राविशत् ?
Solution:
ଦ୍ୱାପଦସଂକୁଳମ୍ ।

39. कीदृशः अग्निः तद् वनं ददाह ?
Solution:
ଯୁଗାନ୍ତାଗ୍ନିତୁଲ୍ୟ ।

40. केन हेतुना व्याधः स्वर्गं गतवान् ?
Solution:
ପୁଣ୍ୟକର୍ମଣା ।

संक्षेपेण उत्तरं लिखत :

1. शकुनिलुब्धकः कथं जीविकानिर्वाहम् अकरोत् ?
Solution:
ଏକଃ ଶକୁନିଲୁବ୍ଧକଃ ଘନାରଣ୍ୟ ପ୍ରତିବସତି ସ୍ମ । ଡଃ ଅତ୍ୟନ୍ତ ଭୂକ୍ଷୀ ପାପଶ୍ଚ ଆସୀତ୍ । ତସ୍ୟ ପାପହେତୋ ନ କଶ୍ଚିତ୍ ତସ୍ୟ ସୁହୃଦ, ନ କଶ୍ଚିତ୍ ତଥ୍ୟ ସମ୍ବନ୍ଧୀ ଚ ଆସୀତ୍ । ଡଃ ବ୍ୟାଧଃ ପତଙ୍ଗାନ୍ ହତ୍ବା ତେରାଂ ବିକ୍ରୟଂ କୃତ୍ୱା ଜୀବିକାନିର୍ବାହମ୍ ଅକରୋତ୍ । ତଥ୍ୟ ବ୍ୟାଧସ୍ୟ କଦାପି ଜୀବେ ଦୟା ନାସୀତ୍ । ତସ୍ୟ ଧର୍ମବୁଦ୍ଧି ନ ସମୁଦିତା ।

2. वने वातसंभ्रमेण किं किम् अभवत् ?
Solution:
ବାତସଂଭ୍ରମେଣ ଆକାଶଂ ମେଘାଚ୍ଛନଂ, ବୃକ୍ଷା ଉଦ୍ଘାଟିତଃ ଧାରାପାତେନ ବସୁନ୍ଧରା କ୍ଷଣେନ ସଲିଳପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣା ଚ ଅଭୂତ୍ । ମୃଗା, ସିଂହା, ବରାହା ଚ ସର୍ବେ ଭୟାର୍ତା କ୍ଷୁଧାର୍ତା ବନେ ଅଭ୍ରମନ୍ । ଦୁରାତ୍ମା ବ୍ୟାଧୋଽପି ଶୀତାର୍ତା ସ୍ୱଜୀବନରକ୍ଷାର୍ଥମ୍ ଏବଂ ବନସ୍ପତଂ ଶରଣଂ ଗତଃ ।

3. स व्याधः कपोतीं कथं स्थापयामास ?
Solution:
ଏତଃ ଶକୁନିଲୁବ୍ଧକଃ ଘନାରଣ୍ୟ ପ୍ରତିବସତି ସ୍ମ । ଡଃ ଅତ୍ୟନ୍ତଃ ରୂରଃ ପାପଶ୍ଚ ଆସୀତ୍ । ସ ପତଙ୍ଗାନ୍ ହତ୍ଵା ତେରାଂ ବିକ୍ରୟଂ କରୋତି । ବିମୂଢ଼ସ୍ୟ ତସ୍ୟ ଜୀବେ ଦୟା ନାଭିବତ୍ । ଏକଦା ସ ନିଷ୍ଠୁରଃ ବ୍ୟାଧଃ ଏକାଂ କପୋତୀ ଧୃତ୍ଵା ପିଞ୍ଜରାବନ୍ଧା କୃତ୍ୱା ସ୍ଥାପୟାମାସ ।

4. दुरात्मा व्याधः कथं वनस्पतिं शरणं गतः ?
Solution:
ଏକଦା ତସ୍ମିନ୍ ବନେ ବାତସଂଭ୍ରମଃ ଅଭବତ୍ । ଆକାଶଂ ମେଘାଚ୍ଛନ୍ନମ୍ । ବୃକ୍ଷା ଉତ୍ପାଟିତା, ଧାରାପାତେନ ବସୁନ୍ଧରା କ୍ଷଣେନ ସଲିଳପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣା ଅଭୂତ୍ । ମୃଗା, ସିଂହାଃ, ବରାହାଃ, ସର୍ବେ ଭୟାର୍ତା, କ୍ଷୁଧାର୍ତା ବନେ ଭ୍ରମନ୍ତି ସ୍ମ । ଦୁରାତ୍ମା ବ୍ୟାଧୋଽପି ଶୀତାର୍ତା ସୃଜୀବନରକ୍ଷାର୍ଥୀ ରଜନୀ ଯାପୟିତୁମ୍ ଏବଂ ବନସ୍ପତଂ ଶରଣଂ ଗତଃ ।

5. कथं तपस्वी कपोतः चिन्ताकुलः आसीत् ?
Solution:
ଏକସ୍କ୍ରିନ୍ ବନେ ବୃକ୍ଷଶାଖାୟାମ୍ ଏକ କପୋତଃ ଦୀର୍ଘକାଳମ୍ ଉଷିତବାନ୍ । ତସ୍ୟ ଭାର୍ଯ୍ୟା ପ୍ରାତଃ ଚରିତୁଃ ଗତା ନ ପ୍ରତ୍ୟାବର୍ତତ । ରଜନୀ ବୃଦ୍ଧି ଗତା । ଅତଃ ସ ତପସ୍ଵୀ କପୋତଃ ଚିନ୍ତାକୁଳୀ ଆସୀତ୍ । କଳଂ ପ୍ରିୟା ନାଗତା କିଂ କାରଣଂ ସ୍ୟାଦ୍ ଯେନ ସା ନ ନିବର୍ଷତେ |

6. कपोती विरहे कपोतः कथं विलपति ?
Solution:
କପୋତୀ ବିରହେ କପୋତଃ ବିଳପତି ଯତ୍ “ କାନନେ ମମ ପ୍ରିୟାୟଃ ସ୍ଵସ୍ତି ଭବେତ୍ । ତୟା ପ୍ରିୟୟା ବିରହିତଂ ମମ ଇଦଂ ଗୃହଂ ଶୂନ୍ୟ ଭବତି । ଭାର୍ଯ୍ୟା ହି ପୁରୁଷସ୍ୟ ପରମୋ ନାଥ, ତଥା ଅସ୍ଟିନ୍ ଲୋକେ ସା ଭାର୍ଯ୍ୟା ଅସହାୟସ୍ୟ ପୁରୁଷସ୍ୟ ଲୋକଯାତ୍ରା ସହାୟିନୀ ଭବତି ।’’ ଅନେନ ଭୃଶଂ ବିଳପତି ।

7. पिञ्जरावद्धा कपोती कपोतं किं कथितवती ?
Solution:
କପୋତସ୍ୟ ବିଳାପଂ ପିଞ୍ଜରାବଦ୍ଧା ତସ୍ୟ ଭାର୍ଯ୍ୟା ଅଶୁଣୋତ୍ । ଭର୍ତାରଂ ଦୁଃଖ ଜ୍ଞାତ୍ରା କପୋତୀ ଭୃଶଂ ଦୁଃଖ । ଭତୁଃ ପ୍ରୀତିଃ ବିଲୋକ୍ୟ ସା ଆମ୍ବାନାଂ କୃତକୃତ୍ୟାମ୍ ଅମନ୍ୟତ । ଅଥ ସା ଅଦ୍ରବୀତ୍ – “ ହେ କାନ୍ତ ! ଶକୁନିଲୁବ୍ଧକ ଅଦ୍ୟ ତବ ବାସଂ ସମାଶ୍ରିତଃ । ସ ଶୀତାର୍ତା କ୍ଷୁଧାର୍ତ । ତସ୍ୟ ଯଥାଶକ୍ତି ସତ୍କାରଂ କୁରୁ ।”

8. पत्नीवचनं श्रुत्वा कपोतः किम् अकरोत् ?
Solution:
ଜ୍ଞାତ୍ମା ଅପି ଯନ ପୂଜୟାମାସ । ତସ୍ୟ ସତ୍କାରାର୍ଥୀ ପ୍ରଣୟେନ ଉବାଚ – ଅଶ୍ବିନ୍ ସଂସାରେ ବିଶେଷତଃ ପଞ୍ଚଯଜ୍ଞ ପ୍ରହରଃ ଗୃହସ୍ଥ ଶରଣାଗତସ୍ୟ ଆତିଥ୍ୟା କୁର୍ଯ୍ୟାତ୍ । ଅତଃ ବିସ୍ତାରଂ ବୃହି କିଂ କରିଷ୍ୟାମି ।

9. कथं व्याधः प्रकृतिस्थः संजातः ?
Solution:
ଶୀତାର୍ଡ ବ୍ୟାଧସ୍ୟ ହିମତ୍ରାଣଂ ବିଧାନାର୍ଥୀ ସ କପୋତଃ ପର୍ଣାନି ଭୂତଳେ ଆସ୍ତ୍ରୀର୍ଯ୍ୟ କର୍ମାରଗୃହାତ୍ ଅଗ୍ନି ଗୃହୀତ୍ଵ ଆଗମତ୍ । ଶୁଵେଷୁ ପତ୍ରେଷୁ ଅଗ୍ନି ଯୋଜୟାମାସ । ଅକୁତୋଭୟ ବ୍ୟାଧଃ ଆତ୍ମାନଂ ତାପୟିତ୍ଵ ପ୍ରକୃତିସ୍ଥ ସଂଜାତଃ ।

10. व्याधः कथम् आत्मानं धिक्कृतवान् ?
Solution:
ବ୍ୟାଧଃ ସ୍ଵସ୍ୟ ଶୀତନିବାରଣାତ୍ ଅନନ୍ତରଂ କ୍ଷୁଧାନିବାରଣାର୍ଥୀ କପୋତଂ କଣ୍ଠତବାନ୍ । ତସ୍ୟ ଗୃହେ ନାସ୍ତି ବିଭବ ଯେନ ସ ଆତିଥ୍ୟ କରିଷ୍ଯତି । ଏବଂ ଚିନ୍ତୟିତ୍ୱ ସତ୍ୟପ୍ରତିଜ୍ଞ ସ ପକ୍ଷୀ ଅଗ୍ନି ତ୍ରି ପରିକ୍ରମ୍ୟ ଅଗ୍ନିମଧ୍ୟ ପ୍ରବିଷ୍ଟ । ଏତତ୍ ଦୃଷ୍ଟା ସ୍ୱ ବ୍ୟାଧଃ ଆତ୍ମାନଂ ଧ୍ଵଂକୃତବାନ୍ ।

11. भर्तु: वियोगहेतो: कपोती किं कृतवती ?
Solution:
କାପୋତା ଅଭାବ ପଡିପାରକଣା ଆସାତ୍ | ସ୍ଵସମ୍ମଣେ ସ୍ୱାଣପ୍ତିଯ କାପେ।ତମ ଅଗ୍ନମଧ୍ୟ ପୃବିଯା ହଯା ସା ଗୋଲାମ୍ବଛିତା ଜାତା । ଭର୍ତୁବିୟୋଗହେତୋ କପୋତୀ ବହୁଧା କରୁଣଂ ବିଳପ୍ୟ ଭୃଶଂ ଦୁଃଖ୍ ସନ୍ଦୀପ୍ତ ହୁତାଶନଂ ପ୍ରବିବେଶ ।

12. व्याधः कथं सद्गतिं प्राप्तम् ?
Solution:
ବ୍ୟାଧୀ ତୌ କପୋତଦମ୍ପତୀ ଦୃଷ୍ଟା ସଦ୍‌ଗତଂ ପ୍ରାୟୁମ୍ ଅଚିନ୍ତୟତ୍ । ସ୍ଵଜୀବନଂ ତ୍ୟଙ୍କୁ କୃତନିଶ୍ଚୟ ବ୍ୟାଧଃ ଶ୍ଵାପଦସଂକୁଳଂ ବନଂ ପ୍ରାବିଶତ୍ । ବନେ ମହତା ପବନେନ ଦ୍ରୁମାତାଂ ବ୍ୟାଧୋଽପି ଅଗ୍ନୀ ପ୍ରବିଷ୍ଟ ନଷ୍ଟପାପଃ ପରାଂ ସିଦ୍ଧି ପ୍ରାପ । ପୁଣ୍ୟକର୍ମଣା ସଂଘର୍ଷାତ୍ ଯୁଗାନ୍ତାଗ୍ନିତୁଲ୍ୟ ଅଗ୍ନି ତଦ୍ ବନଂ ଦଦାହ । ସୋଽପି ସ୍ଵର୍ଗ ଗତବାନ୍ ।

दीर्घप्रश्नोत्तरम् :

1. व्याधस्य चरित्रं चित्रयत ।
Solution:
ଏତଃ ଶକୁନିଲୁବ୍ଧକଃ ଘନାରଣ୍ୟ ପ୍ରତିବସତି ସ୍ମ । ଡଃ ଅତ୍ୟନ୍ତ ରୂଯଃ ପାପଶ୍ଚ ଆସୀତ୍ । ତସ୍ୟ ପାପହେତୋ ନ କଶ୍ଚିତ୍ ତସ୍ୟ ସୁହୃତ୍, ନ କଶ୍ଚିତ୍ ତଥ୍ୟ ସମ୍ବନ୍ଧୀ ଚାର୍ସୀତ୍ । ସ ବ୍ୟାଧଃ ପତଙ୍ଗାନ୍ ଧୃତ୍ଵା ହତ୍ବା ଚ ତେରାଂ ବିକ୍ରୟଂ କରୋତି । ଅନେନ ତସ୍ୟ ଜୀବିକା ନିର୍ବାହଂ ଭବତି । ସ ବ୍ୟାଧଃ ମୂର୍ଖ, ତସ୍ୟ ଜୀବେ ଦୟା ନାସୀତ୍ । ଧର୍ମବୁଦ୍ଧି
ସ ବ୍ୟାଧଃ ଏକାଂ କପୋତୀ ଧୃତ୍ଵା ପିଞ୍ଜରାବନ୍ଧା କୃତ୍ୱା ସ୍ଥାପୟାମାସ । ବନେ ବାତସଂଭ୍ରମଃ କ୍ଷୁଧାର୍ତା ଚ ସନ୍‌ ସ୍ୱଜୀବନରକ୍ଷାର୍ଥୀ ବନସ୍ପତଂ ଶରଣଂ ଗତଃ । ତସ୍ୟ ବନସ୍ପତଃ ଶାଖାୟାମ୍ ଏକ ଅପି ତଥ୍ୟ ନ ସମୁଦେତି । ଏକଦା ଅଭବତ୍ । ଦୁରାତ୍ମା ବ୍ୟାଧଃ ଶୀତାର୍ତା କପୋତଃ ଦୀର୍ଘକାଳମ୍ ଉଷିତବାନ୍ ।

କ୍ଷୁଧାନିବାରଣାୟ ଯଦା କଥୁତବାନ୍ ତଦା ସତ୍ୟପ୍ରତିଜ୍ଞ କପୋତଃ ସ୍ଵଶରୀରମ୍ ଅଗ୍ନିମଧ୍ୟ ପ୍ରବିଷ୍ଟବାନ୍ । ଏତତ୍ତ୍ଵଦୃଷ୍ଟା ବ୍ୟାଧଃ ସ୍ଵୟମେବ ଧୃକ୍‌କୃତବାନ୍ । କପୋତସ୍ୟ ତ୍ୟାଗନିଷ୍ଠା ଦୃଷ୍ଟା ବ୍ୟାଧସ୍ୟ ମନସି ପରିବର୍ତ୍ତନଭାବଂ ସଂଜାତଃ । ସ ଧର୍ମାଚରିତୁମ୍ ଇୟେଷ । ଜାଲଂ, ଯଣ୍ଟିଂ, ଶଳାକା, କ୍ଷାରକଂ, ପିଞ୍ଜରାବଦ୍ଧାନ୍ ବଦ୍ଧାନ୍ କପୋତାନ୍ ଚ ପ୍ରମୁଚ୍ୟ ବିସୃଷ୍ଟବାନ୍ । ମୁକ୍ତାନନ୍ତରଂ କପୋତୀ ଅଗ୍ନିମଧ୍ୟ ପ୍ରବିଶ୍ୟ ସ୍ଵଶଂ ଗତବତୀ । ସ୍ୱର୍ଗେ ର୍ତେ ଦମ୍ପତୀ ବିଲୋକ୍ୟ ବ୍ୟାଧଃ ସଦ୍‌ଗତି ପ୍ରାମିଂ ପ୍ରଯନୂଶୀଳ ଅଭୂତ୍ । ସ୍ଵଜୀବନଂ ତ୍ୟଭ୍ରୁ କୃତନିଶ୍ଚୟ ବ୍ୟାଧଃ ଶ୍ୱାପଦସଂକୁଳ ବନଂ ପ୍ରବିବେଶ । ତତ୍ର ଜ୍ବଳମାନେ ବନେ ସ୍ୱ ନ୍‌ଷ୍ଟପାରଂ ପରମଗତଂ ପ୍ରାପ୍ତବାନ୍ । ଅନେନ ପ୍ରକାରେଣ ବ୍ୟାଧସ୍ୟା ଚାରିତ୍ରିକଂ ମହତ୍ତ୍ୱ ପ୍ରତିପାଦିତମ୍ ।

2. कपोतस्य पत्नी प्रीतिं वर्णयत ।
Solution:
କପୋତ ଘନାରଣ୍ୟ ଏକସ୍ମିନ୍ ବୃକ୍ଷେ ନିବାସଂ କୃତମ୍ । ତସ୍ୟ ଭାର୍ଯ୍ୟା କପୋତୀ ପ୍ରାତଃ ଚରିତୁଃ ଗତା ନ ପ୍ରତ୍ୟାବର୍ତତ । ଅତଃ ସ ଚିନ୍ତାକୁଳ ଆସୀତ୍ । କଏଂ ପ୍ରିୟା ନାଗତା କିଂ କାରଣଂ କଳଂ କରୋତି ଅତ୍ର ବର୍ଣିତଂ ଯଥା –

ଅପି ସୃସ୍ତି ଭବେତ୍ତସ୍ୟା ପ୍ରିୟାୟା ମମ କାନନେ ।
ତୟା ବିରହିତଂ ହୀଦଂ ଶୂନ୍ୟମଦଂ ଗୃହଂ ମମ ||
ପୁନଶ୍ଚ, ଭାର୍ଯ୍ୟା ହି ପରମୋ ନାଥ ପୁରୁଷତ୍ୟେହ ପଠ୍ୟତେ ।
ଥସତ୍ରାୟଯ୍ୟ ଲୋକେସିଲୋକମାଣ୍ଡାସଦ୍ବାୟିନା ||

ଅନେନ ପ୍ରକାରେଣ କପୋତସ୍ୟ ପନ୍ଥୀପ୍ରୀତିଃ ଆସୀତ୍ । ପଧ୍ୟା ବଚନଂ ପାଳୟିତ୍ଵ କପୋତଃ ବ୍ୟାଧମ୍ ଅପକାରିଣଂ ଜ୍ଞାତ୍ମା ଅପି ଯଥାଶକ୍ତି ପୂଜୟତି । ଆତିଥ୍ୟସତ୍କାରାର୍ଥୀ ତେନ କପୋତେନ ସ୍ବଶରୀରମପି ତ୍ୟଜତି । କପୋତଃ ସ୍ବପ୍ରେମ୍ପା ନ କେବଳଂ ମର୍ତ୍ତ୍ୟ ଅପିତୁ ସ୍ଵର୍ଗେ କପୋତ୍ୟା ସହ ରମଣଂ କୃତମ୍ ।

3. कपोतस्य आतिथ्यं वर्णयत ।
Solution:
ଏକସ୍ମିନ୍ ବନେ ବୃକ୍ଷଶାଖାୟାମ୍ ଏକଃ କପୋତଃ ନିବାସଂ କୃତବାନ୍ । ଏକଦା ବନେ, ବାତ୍ୟା ଅଭବତ୍ । ଶୀତାର୍ତା କ୍ଷୁଧାର୍ତା ସନ୍‌ ଏକଃ ବ୍ୟାଧଃ ତମେବ ବୃକ୍ଷ ଶରଣଂ ଗତଃ । କପୋତସ୍ୟ ଭାର୍ଯ୍ୟା ପ୍ରାତଃ ଚରିତୁଃ ଗତା ନ ପ୍ରତ୍ୟାବର୍ତତ । ଅତଃ କପୋତ ଚିନ୍ତାକୁଳ ଆସୀତ୍ । ବ୍ୟାଧଃ କପୋତୀ ଧୂତ୍ବା ତାଂ ପିଞ୍ଜରାବଦ୍ଧା କୃତ୍ୱା ସ୍ଥାପୟାମାସ । ଅତଃ ପଞ୍ଜୁରୀସ୍ଥା କପୋତୀ କପୋତଂ କଥୁତବତୀ – ହେ କାନ୍ତ ! ଶକୁନିଲୁବ୍ଧକ ତବ ବାସଂ ସମାଶ୍ରିତଃ, ପଃ ଶୀତାର୍ତା କ୍ଷୁଧାର୍ତା ଚ, ତସ୍ୟ ଯଥାଶକ୍ତି ସତ୍କାରଂ କୁରୁ । ପନୀବଚନଂ ଶ୍ରୁତ୍ବା କପୋତଃ ବାଷ୍ପକୁଳଲୋଚନଃ ସଂଜାତଃ । ‘ ଅତିଦେବୋ ଭବାଃ, ’ ‘ଶରଣାଗତସ୍ୟ ରକ୍ଷଣଂ କର୍ତ୍ତବ୍ୟମ୍’ ଇତ୍ୟେବ ମନସି ନିଧାୟ କପୋତଃ ବ୍ୟାଧସ୍ୟ ଅତିଥିସତ୍କାରଂ କୃତଂ ପୂଜୟାମାସ ଚ । ଅତଃ ତେନ ଉକ୍ତ

ଣରଣାଗତସ୍ୟ କରବ୍ୟମାଡିଥ୍ୟମିଦୃ ଯନଙ |
ପଞ୍ଚ ଯଜ୍ଞପ୍ରବୃତ୍ତେନ ଗୃହସ୍ଥନ ବିଶେଷତଃ ॥

ଅତଃ କପୋତଃ ବ୍ୟାକଂ ଶୀତାତ୍ ରକ୍ଷଣାର୍ଥୀ କର୍ମାରଗୃହାତ୍ ଅଗ୍ନି ଗୃହିତ୍ବା ଶୁଶ୍ଳେଷୁ ପତ୍ରେଷୁ ସଂଯୋଜୟାମାସ । ଅଗ୍ନିନା ଆତ୍ମାନଂ ତାପୟିତ୍ୱ ବ୍ୟାଧଃ ପ୍ରକୃତିସ୍ଥ ସଂଜାତ । ଅନନ୍ତରଂ କ୍ଷୁଧା ନିବାରଣାର୍ଥୀ ସ ବ୍ୟାଧଃ କପୋତଂ କଣ୍ଠତବାନ୍ । ବିମୂଢ଼ କପୋତଃ ଚିନ୍ତାତମନା ଆସୀତ୍ । ତସ୍ୟ ଗୃହେ ନାସ୍ତି ବିଭବ ଯେନ ଅତିଥେ କ୍ଷୁଧାଂ ନାଶୟିଷ୍ୟତି । ତଥାପି ଅତିଥେ ସତ୍କାରାମିଂ ପ୍ରଯନୂସ୍ୱରୂପଂ ସ୍ବଦେହମ୍ ଅଗ୍ନିମନ୍ତେ ନିକ୍ଷିପ୍ତବାନ୍ । ଅଗ୍ନି ତ୍ରି ପରିକ୍ରମ୍ୟ ସ୍ବଦେହମ୍ ଅଗ୍ନିମନ୍ତେ ପ୍ରବିଷ୍ଟବାନ୍ ସ କପୋତଃ । ଯଥା କପୋତଃ ସ୍ୱତ୍ୟାଗେନ ବ୍ୟାଧସ୍ୟ ଆତିଥ୍ୟ କୃତଂ ତଦେବ ଅତୀବ ଶିକ୍ଷଣୀୟ ଉଦାହରଣୀୟଂ ଚ ଭବତି । ଏତାଦୃଶଃ ଆତିଥ୍ୟ

4. कपोती चरित्रं चित्रयत ।
Solution:
କପୋତୀ ବାସଂ କୃତବତୀ । ସା ଚରିତଂ ପ୍ରାତଃ ଗତଃ । ଏକ ଶକୁନିଲୁବ୍ଧକ ଘନାରଣ୍ୟ ତାଂ ଧୃତ୍ଵା ପଞ୍ଜରାବନ୍ଧା କୃତ୍ୱା ସ୍ଥାପୟାମାସ । ବନେ ବାତସଂଭ୍ରମଃ ଅଭବତ୍ । ସ ବ୍ୟାଧଃ କପୋତୀ ଧୃତ୍ଵା ବନସ୍ପତଂ ଶରଣଂ ଗତଃ । ତସ୍ମିନ୍ ବୃକ୍ଷେ କପୋତଃ ନିବାସଂ କୃତବାନ୍ । ଅତିଥ୍ୟସେବା ଗୃହସ୍ଥସ୍ୟ ଧର୍ମମ୍ ଇତି ଜ୍ଞାତ୍ମା କପୋତୀ ସ୍ୱପତଂ କପୋତଂ ବ୍ୟାଧସ୍ୟ ସତ୍କାରାର୍ଥମ୍ ଅକଥୟତ୍ । ଯଦା କପୋତ ଅଗ୍ନିମଧ୍ୟ ସ୍ଵଶରୀରଂ ତ୍ୟକ୍ତବାନ୍ ତଦା କପୋତୀ ଏତତ୍ ଦୃଷ୍ଟା ଶୋକମୂର୍ତ୍ତିତା ଅଭବତ୍ । ବହୁଧା କରୁଣଂ ବିଳପ୍ୟ ସା ଭୃଶଂ ଦୁଃଖ ଅନନ୍ତରଂ ସନ୍ଦୀପ୍ତମ୍ ଅଗ୍ନି ପ୍ରବିବେଶ । କପୋତୀ ଦୟାପରାୟଣା ଆସୀତ୍ । କପୋତୀ ଅତ୍ୟନ୍ତ ପତିପରାୟଣାସୀତ୍ । ପତିପ୍ରେମ୍‌ ସା ନ କେବଳଂ ମର୍ତ୍ତ୍ୟ ଅପିତୃ ସ୍ଵର୍ଗେ ପତ୍ୟା ସହ ମିଳିତାସୀତ୍ । କପୋତୀ ଚରିତ୍ର ଅତୀବ ଶିକ୍ଷଣୀୟଂ ଭବତି ।

5. कपोतलुब्धककथातः का नीतिशिक्षा लभ्यते ?
Solution:
ମହାଭାରତସ୍ୟ ଶାନ୍ତିପର୍ବତଃ ସଂଗୃହିତଃ ଇୟଂ କଥା ଅତୀବ ଶିକ୍ଷଣୀୟ ଭବତି । ଅତ୍ର ବିବିଧା ନୀତିଶିକ୍ଷା ଲଭ୍ୟତେ ଯଥା –

(୧) ବ୍ୟାଧସ୍ୟ ନିଷ୍ଠୁରତା – ସ କରଂ କପୋତୀ ବିନାଶୟତି ?
(୨) ମାନବସ୍ୟ ଜୀବନଂ ଯଦା ବିପନଂ ତଦା କ୍ଷୁଦ୍ରଜୀବ କପୋତଃ କରଂ ତସ୍ୟ ଉପକାରଂ ସାଧୟତି ?
(୩) କପୋତସ୍ୟ ପନ୍ଥୀପ୍ରୀତିଃ ।
(୪) ‘ ଅତିଥିଦେବୋ ଭବ’ – ଇତ୍ଯୁକ୍ତା ଯାଥାର୍ଥୀ କପୋତେନ ପ୍ରଦର୍ଶିତମ୍ ।
(୫) ଶରଣାଗତସ୍ୟ ରକ୍ଷଣଂ କର୍ତ୍ତବ୍ୟମ୍ – ଇତି ଗୃହସ୍ଥାନ କପୋତେନ ବ୍ୟାଧସ୍ୟ ଶରଣଂ ପ୍ରଦାୟ ପ୍ରଦର୍ଶିତମ୍ ।
(୬) କପୋତସ୍ୟ ତ୍ୟାଗଭାବମ୍ ।
(୭) କପୋତସ୍ୟ ସ୍ଵତ୍ୟାଗେନ ନିଷ୍ଠୁର ବ୍ୟାଧସ୍ୟ ମନସି ଧର୍ମନିଷ୍ଠା ଜୀବେଦୟା ଚ ।
(୮) କପୋତିଃ ପତିବ୍ରତମ୍ ।
(୯) ପଶ୍ଚାତ୍ତାପେନ ବ୍ୟାଧସ୍ୟ ନଷ୍ଟପାପମ୍ ।
(୧୦) ପୁଣ୍ୟକର୍ମଣା ସ୍ଵର୍ଗପ୍ରାପ୍ତି ।

भावसंप्रसारणम् (ଭାବସତ୍ମସାର)

1. स पतङ्गान् हत्वा तेषां विक्रयं करोति ।
Solution:
ମହାଭାରତସ୍ୟ ଶାନ୍ତିପର୍ବତଃ ଇୟଂ ‘ କପୋତଲୁବ୍ଧକକଥା’ ପ୍ରସଙ୍ଗୀତ୍‌ ଆନୀତଃ । ଅତ୍ର ଅସ୍ଥିନ୍ ପ୍ରସଙ୍ଗେ ବ୍ୟାଧନ୍ୟ ସ୍ଵରୂପଂ ବର୍ଣ୍ଣିତଂ ଭବତି । ଘନାରଣ୍ୟ ବସତଃ ବ୍ୟାଧଃ ଅତ୍ୟନ୍ତ ରୂରଃ ପାପଶ୍ଚ ଆସୀତ୍ । ତଥ୍ୟ ପାପହେତୋ ତଥ୍ୟ କୋଽପି ସୁହୃତ୍ ସମ୍ବନ୍ଧୀ ଚ ନାସୀତ୍ । ତଥ୍ୟ ଜୀବନଧାରଣ ଭିନ୍ନମାସୀତ୍ । ସ ପତଙ୍ଗାନ୍ ହତ୍ଵା ତେରାଂ ବିକ୍ରୟଂ କରୋତି । ଅନେନ ସୃଜୀବିକାନିର୍ବାହଂ କରୋତି । ସ ଅତୀବ ବିମୂଢ଼ ଆସୀତ୍ । ତସ୍ୟ ନିଷ୍ଠୁରବ୍ୟାଧସ୍ୟ ମନସି କଦାପି ଜୀବେ ଦୟା ନାଭବତ୍ । ଧର୍ମ ତସ୍ୟ ବୁଦ୍ଧି ସମୁପୁନଃ ନ ଭବତି । କ୍ରୂରକର୍ମାବ୍ୟାଧ ଏକଦା କପୋତୀ ଧୃତବାନ୍ । ଲୁବ୍ଧକଃ ଅତୀବ ନଷ୍ଟଚରିତ୍ରଯୁକ୍ତମ୍ ଆସୀତ୍ ।

2. अपि स्वस्ति भवेत्तस्याः प्रियाया मम कानने ।
तया विरहितं हीदं शून्यमद्य गृहं मम ||
Solution:
ବ୍ୟାଧଃ କପୋତୀ ଧୃତ୍ଵା ପିଞ୍ଜରାବଦ୍ଧ କୃତବାନ୍ । ଶୀତାର୍ତା ସନ୍‌ ବ୍ୟାଧଃ ସ୍ୱଜୀବନରକ୍ଷାର୍ଥୀ ବନସ୍ପତଂ ଶରଣଂ ଗତଃ ! ତସ୍ମିନ୍ନେବ ବନସ୍ପତଃ ଶାଖାୟାଂ ଏକ କପୋତଃ ଦୀର୍ଘକାଳମ୍ ଉଷିତବାନ୍ । ତସ୍ୟ ଭାର୍ଯ୍ୟା ପ୍ରାତଃ ଚରିତଂ ଗତା ନ ପ୍ରତ୍ୟାବର୍ତତ । କ୍ରମଶଃ ରଜନୀ ବୃଦ୍ଧି ଗତା । ଡଃ ତପସ୍ବୀ କପୋତଃ ଚିନ୍ତାକୁଳ ଆସୀତ୍ । କଳଂ ପ୍ରିୟା ନାଗତା, କିଂ ବା କାରଣଂ ସ୍ୟାତ୍ ଯେନ ସା ନ ନିବର୍ତତେ । ଅତଃ ବନେ ମମ ତସ୍ୟା ପ୍ରିୟାୟା ସ୍ଵସ୍ଥି ଭବେତ୍ । ହି ତୟା ବିରହିତଂ ଇଦଂ ମମ ଗୃହମ୍ ଅଦ୍ୟ ଶୂନ୍ୟ ଭବତି । ‘ଗୃହିଣୀ ଗୃହମ୍ ଇତି ଆହୁ’ । ଅତ୍ର କପୋତସ୍ୟ ପନ୍ଥୀପ୍ରୀତିଃ ଅତୀବ ବର୍ଣ୍ଣନୀୟଂ ଭବତି ।

3. तस्य गृहे नास्ति विभवः येन सः अतिथेः क्षुधा नाशयेत् ।
Solution:
ବାକ୍ୟଽୟଂ ପଠିତଃ ମହାଭାରତସ୍ୟ ଶାନ୍ତିପର୍ବତଃ ସଂଗୃହୀତ ‘ କପୋତଲୁବ୍ଧକକଥାତଃ ଆନୀତଃ । ଅସ୍ଥିନ୍ ବାକ୍ୟ ‘ଅତିଥ୍ୟ ଦେବୋ ଭବ ।’ ଇୟଂ ବାଣୀ ଭାରତୀୟସଂସ୍କୃତଃ ପରିଚାୟକ । ଅତିଥ୍ୟସେବା ଗୃହସ୍ଥସ୍ୟ ପରମଧର୍ମୀ ଭବତି । ଅତଃ କପୋତଃ ପଲ୍ଲୀବଚନାନୁସାରଂ ଗୃହାଗତଃ ଅତିଥେ ବ୍ୟାଧସ୍ୟ ସତ୍କାରାର୍ଥୀ ଚିନ୍ତିତବାନ୍ । ଆଦୌ ତସ୍ୟ ହିମତ୍ରାଣ ବିଧାନାର୍ଥୀ କର୍ମାରଗୃହାତ୍ ଅଗ୍ନି ଗୃହୀତ୍ମା ଶୁଶ୍ଳେଷୁ ପତ୍ରେଷୁ ସଂଯୋଜୟାମାସ । ସ ବ୍ୟାଧୋଽପି ଆତ୍ମାନଂ ତାପୟିତ୍ବା ପ୍ରକୃତିସ୍ଥ ସଂଜାତଃ । • ତଦନନ୍ତରଂ ସ ବ୍ୟାଧଃ ଆହାରାର୍ଥୀ ବିନିବେଦୟାମାସ । ମାଂ କ୍ଷୁଧା ବାଧତେ । ଆହାରଂ ପ୍ରଯଚ୍ଛ । ଇଡିଂ ଶ୍ରୁତ୍ବା କପୋତଃ ଚିନ୍ତିତବାନ୍‌ ଯତ୍ ତଥ୍ୟ ଗୃହେ ନାସ୍ତି ବିଭତଃ ଯେନ ଧଃ ଅତିଥେ କ୍ଷୁଧା ନାଶୟତ୍ । କିଂ କର୍ତ୍ତବ୍ୟମ୍ ଇତି ବିମୂଢ ସ ଚିନ୍ତିତବାନ୍ । ଅତଃ କପୋତଃ ଅତିଥ୍ୟସତ୍କାରାର୍ଥମ୍ ଅଗ୍ନି ସ୍ଵଦେହମ୍ ଅର୍ପିତବାନ୍ । ଅନେନ ସ କପୋତଃ ବ୍ୟାଧସ୍ୟ ଆତିଥ୍ୟ କୃତବାନ୍ କ୍ଷୁଧାଂ ଦୂରୀକୃତବାନ୍ ଚ ।

4. नृशंसस्य ममाद्यायं प्रत्यादेशो न संशयः ।
दत्तः स्वमांसं ददता कपोतेन महात्मना ॥
Solution:
ଶ୍ଳୋକୋଽୟଂ ପଠିତଃ ମହାଭାରତସ୍ୟ ଶାନ୍ତିପର୍ବାନ୍ତର୍ଗତଃ ‘ କପୋତଲୁବ୍ଧକକଥା’ ପ୍ରସଙ୍ଗାତ ଆନୀତଃ । ଅସ୍ୟ ଆଶୟଂ ଭବତି ଯତ୍ କପୋତସ୍ୟ ସ୍ବଦେହତ୍ୟାଗଂ ବ୍ୟାଧସ୍ୟ ପ୍ରତି ଦୟା ଚ । ଶୀତ ଦୂରୀକରଣାତ୍ ଅନନ୍ତରଂ କପୋତଃ ବ୍ୟାଧସ୍ୟ କ୍ଷୁଧାନିବାରଣାର୍ଥୀ ସତ୍ୟପ୍ରତିଜ୍ଞ କପୋତଃ ଅଗ୍ନି ତ୍ରିଂ ପରିକ୍ରମ୍ୟ ସ୍ୱଦେହମ୍ ଅଗ୍ନିମର୍ଥେ ବ୍ୟକ୍ଷିପତ୍ । ଏତତ୍ ଦୃଷ୍ଟା ନୃଶଂସ ବ୍ୟାଧଃ ଆତ୍ମାନଂ ଧୂତବାନ୍ । ତଥ୍ୟ ଘୋରଃ ଅଧର୍ମ ଭବିଷ୍ୟତି ଇତି ମନସି ଚିନ୍ତିତବାନ୍ । କପୋତଃ ତଥ୍ୟ କୃତେ ଆଦର୍ଶ ଭବତି ଇତି ସ୍ବୀକୃତବାନ୍ । ସ୍ବଦେହମାଂସଂ ପ୍ରଦାନେନ ମହାତ୍ମା କପୋତଃ ଅଦ୍ୟ ନୃଶଂସସ୍ୟ ମମ ନିରାକରଣଂ କୃତମ୍ । ଅତ୍ର ସଂଶୟଃ ନାସ୍ତି । କପୋତଃ ଭାରତପରମ୍ପରାମନୁସୃତ୍ୟ ଅତିଥ୍ୟସତ୍କାରଂ କୃତମ୍ ।

5. कर्मणा पूजितस्तेन रेमे तत्र स भार्यया ।
Solution:
ବାକ୍ୟାଽୟଂ ପଠିତଃ ମହାଭାରତସ୍ୟ ଶାନ୍ତିପର୍ବତଃ ସଂଗୃହୀତଃ ‘କପୋତଲୁବ୍ଧକକଥା’ ପ୍ରସଙ୍ଗୀତ୍ ଆନୀତଃ । ଅତ୍ର କପୋତସ୍ୟ ସ୍ଵଦେହତ୍ୟାଗେନ ନିଷ୍ଠୁର ବ୍ୟାଧସ୍ୟା ପ୍ରତିକ୍ରିୟା ତଥା ସ୍ଵର୍ଗେ କପୋତକପୋତିଃ ମିଳନଂ ବର୍ଣ୍ଣିତଂ ଭବତି । ନିଷ୍ଠୁରବ୍ୟାଧସ୍ୟ କ୍ଷୁଧାନିବାରଣାର୍ଥୀ ପ୍ରଜ୍ଜଳିତ ଅଗ୍ନିମଧ୍ୟ ପ୍ରବିଶ୍ୟ କପୋତଃ ସ୍ଵଦେହତ୍ୟାଗେନ ସ୍ଵର୍ଗ ଗତବାନ୍ । ଏତତ୍ ଦୃଷ୍ଟ୍ରା ବ୍ୟାଧଃ ଆତ୍ମାନଂ ଧୃତବାନ୍ । ଏବଂ ବିଚିନ୍ତା ସ୍ୱୀ ବ୍ୟାଧଃ କପୋତୀ ପ୍ରମୁଚ୍ୟ ବିସୃଷ୍ଟବାନ୍ । ମୁକ୍ତାନନ୍ତରଂ କପୋତୀ ଭର୍ତାରଂ ସଂସ୍କୃତ୍ୟ ଶୋକମୂର୍ତ୍ତିତା ଅଭବତ୍ । ବହୁଧା କରୁଣଂ ବିଳପ୍ୟ କପୋତୀ ସନ୍ଦୀପ୍ତ ହୁତାଶନଂ ପ୍ରବିବେଶ । ସା ଅପି ସ୍ବର୍ଗ ଗତବତୀ । ତଦନନ୍ତରଂ ସ୍ଵର୍ଗଗତଃ ପକ୍ଷୀ ଭାର୍ଯ୍ୟୟ ସହ ସମ୍ମିଳିତଃ ଅଭୂତ୍ । ତେନ କର୍ମଣା ପୂଜିତଃ ସନ୍‌ ତତ୍ର ସ୍ଵର୍ଗେ ଭାର୍ଯ୍ୟୟା ସହ ରମଣଂ କୃତବାନ୍ । ତୌ କପୋତଦମ୍ପତୀ ସୁଖେନ ସ୍ବର୍ଗବାସୀ ଅକୁରୁତାମ୍ ।

उत्कलभाषया आङ्गलभाषया वा अनुवादं कुरुत :

1. कदाचित् एकः शकुनिलुब्धकः घनारण्ये प्रतिवसति स्म ।
Solution:
କୌଣସି ଏକ ସମୟରେ ଗୋଟିଏ ଶିକାରୀ ଘଞ୍ଚ ଅରଣ୍ୟରେ ବାସ କରୁଥିଲା ।

2. सः अत्यन्तं रूक्षः पापश्च ।
Solution:
ସେ ଅତ୍ୟନ୍ତ ନିଷ୍ଠୁର ଓ ପାପୀ ଥିଲା ।

3. तस्य पापहेतोः न कश्चित् तस्य सुहृत्, न कश्चित् तस्य सम्वन्धी च ।
Solution:
ତା’ର ପାପ ହେତୁ କେହି ହେଲେ ତା’ର ବନ୍ଧୁ ବା ସମ୍ବନ୍ଧୀ ନଥିଲେ ।

4. एवं विमूढस्य तस्य कदापि जीवे दया नाभवत् ।
Solution:
ଏହିପରି ସେହି ମୂର୍ଖର କେବେହେଲେ ଜୀବଙ୍କଠାରେ ଦୟା ହେଉନଥିଲା ।

5. धारापातेन वसुन्धरा क्षणेन सलिलपूर्णा अभूत् ।
Solution:
ମୂଷଳଧାରାରେ ହେତୁ ପୃଥ‌ିବୀ ମୁହୂର୍ତ୍ତକ ମଧ୍ୟରେ ଜଳପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ ହୋଇଗଲା ।

6. मृगाः सिंहाः वराहाः सर्वे भयार्ताः क्षुधार्ता: वने भ्रमन्ति स्म ।
Solution:
ହରିଣ, ସିଂହ, ବାର୍‌ହା ସମସ୍ତେ ଭୟରେ ଓ କ୍ଷୁଧାରେ ବଣରେ ବୁଲିଥିଲେ ।

7. तस्य वनस्पतेः शाखायाम् एकः कपोतः दीर्घकालम् उषितवान् । ।
Solution:
ସେହି ବୃକ୍ଷର ଶାଖାରେ ଗୋଟିଏ କପୋତ ଦୀର୍ଘକାଳ ଧରି ରହୁଥିଲା ।

8. तस्य भार्या प्रातः चरितुं गता न प्रत्यावर्तत ।
Solution:
ତା’ର ପତ୍ନୀ ସକାଳେ ଚରିବାକୁ ଯାଇଥିଲା, ଫେରିନଥିଲା ।

9. कथं प्रिया नागता किं कारणं स्याद् येन सा न निवर्तते ।
Solution:
କାହିଁକି ପ୍ରିୟା ଆସିଲା ନାହିଁ, କ’ଣ କାରଣ ହୋଇପାରେ ଯେଉଁଥିପାଇଁ ସେ ଫେରିନାହିଁ ।

10. तदा पिञ्जरावद्धा तस्य भार्या तस्य वचनम् अशृणोत् ।
Solution:
ସେହି ସମୟରେ ପିଞ୍ଜରାରେ ଆବଦ୍ଧ ହୋଇଥିବା ତା’ର ପନ୍ଥୀ ତା’ର କଥାକୁ ଶୁଣିଲା ।

11. भर्तारं दुःखितं ज्ञात्वा कपोती भृशं दुःखिता ।
Solution:
ସ୍ବାମୀଙ୍କୁ ଦୁଃଖ ଥିବାର ଜାଣି କପୋତୀ ଅତ୍ୟନ୍ତ ଦୁଃଖ୍ତ ହେଲା ।

12. भर्तु प्रीतिं विलोक्य सा आत्मानं कृतकृत्याम् अमन्यत ।
Solution:
ସ୍ବାମୀଙ୍କର ସ୍ନେହକୁ ଦେଖ୍ ସେ ନିଜକୁ କୃତକୃତ୍ୟ ମନେକଲା ।

13. अथ सा अब्रवीत् हे कान्त, शकुनिलुब्धकः अद्य तव वासं समाश्रितः ।
Solution:
ଏହାପରେ ସେ କହିଲା – ହେ ସ୍ବାମୀ, ଶିକାରୀଟି ଆଜି ତୁମ ଘରେ ଆଶ୍ରୟ ନେଇଛି ।

14. तस्य यथाशक्ति सत्कारं कुरु ।
Solution:
ତା’ର ସାମର୍ଥ୍ୟ ଅନୁସାରେ ସେବା କର ।

15. पत्नीवचनं श्रुत्वा कपोतः वाष्याकुललोचनः सञ्जातः ।
Solution:
ସ୍ତ୍ରୀର କଥାକୁ ଶୁଣି କପୋତ ଲୋତକାପ୍ଲତ ନୟନ ହୋଇଗଲା ।

16. सः कपोतः पक्षिजीविनम् अपकारिणम् अपि यत्नेन पूजयामास ।
Solution:
ସେ କପୋତ ଅପକାରୀ ପକ୍ଷୀ ଶିକାରୀକୁ ମଧ୍ୟ ଯନ୍ ସହକାରେ ପୂଜା କଲା ।

17. अकुतोभयः व्याधः आत्मानं तापयित्वा प्रकृतिस्थः संजातः ।
Solution:
ଭୟରହିତ ଶିକାରୀ ନିଜକୁ ଅଗ୍ନିରେ ଉତ୍ତପ୍ତ କରାଇ ସ୍ବାଭାବିକ ଅବସ୍ଥାକୁ ପ୍ରାପ୍ତ ହେଲା ।

18. ततः स कपोतं प्राह- मां क्षुधा वाधते, आहारं प्रयच्छ ।
Solution:
ତାହାପରେ ସେ କପୋତକୁ କହିଲା, ମୋତେ ଭୋକ ଲାଗୁଛି, ଖାଇବାକୁ ଦିଅ ।

19 तस्य गृहे नास्ति विभवः येन सः अतिथेः क्षुधां नाशयेत् ।
Solution:
ତା’ର ଘରେ ଧନସମ୍ପତ୍ତି ନଥୁଲା ଯଦ୍ବାରା ସେ ଅତିଥିଙ୍କର ଭୋକକୁ ଦୂରକରିବ ।

20. सत्यप्रतिज्ञः स पक्षी अग्निं त्रिः परिक्रम्य अग्निमध्यं प्रविष्टः ।
Solution:
ସତ୍ୟନିଷ୍ଠ ସେ ପକ୍ଷୀ ଅଗ୍ନିକୁ ତିନିଥର ପରିକ୍ରମଣ କରି ଅଗ୍ନି ମଧ୍ୟରେ ପ୍ରବେଶ କଲା ।

21. तद् दृष्ट्वा व्याधः आत्मानं धिक्कृतवान् ।
Solution:
ତାହା ଦେଖ୍ ଶିକାରୀ ନିଜକୁ ଧୂକ୍‌କାର କଲା ।

22. मुक्त्यनन्तरं कपोती भर्तारं संस्मृत्य रुदती शोकमूर्च्छिता आसीत् ।
Solution:
ମୁକ୍ତ ହେବାପରେ କପୋତୀ ସ୍ବାମୀଙ୍କୁ ସ୍ମରଣକରି କାନ୍ଦି କାନ୍ଦି ଦୁଃଖରେ ଚେତାଶୂନ୍ୟ ହେଲା ।

23. वहुधा करुणं विलप्य सा भृशं दुःखिता सन्दीप्तं हुताशनं प्रविवेश ।
Solution:
ବିଭିନ୍ନ ପ୍ରକାରେ କରୁଣ କ୍ରନ୍ଦନକରି ସେ ଅତ୍ୟନ୍ତ ଦୁଃଖ୍ ହୋଇ ଜଳୁଥିବା ଅଗ୍ନି ମଧ୍ୟରେ ପ୍ରବେଶ କଲା ।

24. स्वजीवनं त्यक्तुं कृतनिश्चयः व्याधः श्वापदसंकुलं वनं प्राविशत् ।
Solution:
ନିଜ ଜୀବନକୁ ତ୍ୟାଗ କରିବାକୁ ଦୃଢ଼ନିଶ୍ଚୟ ଶିକାରୀ ଜୀବଜନ୍ତୁପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ ବଣକୁ ପ୍ରବେଶ କଲା ।

25. पुण्यकर्मणा सोऽपि स्वर्गं गतवान् ।
Solution:
ପୁଣ୍ୟ କର୍ମଦ୍ୱାରା ସେ ମଧ୍ୟ ସ୍ବର୍ଗକୁ ଗଲା ।

कपोतलुब्धककथा (କପୋତଲ୍ମଞ୍ଚକକଥା)

ଲେଖକପରିଚୟ – ମହାଭାରତ ମହର୍ଷି ବ୍ୟାସଙ୍କର ଏକ ଅମର ସୃଷ୍ଟି | ଏହି ମହାଭାରତର ଏକ ପ୍ରସିଦ୍ଧ ଆଖ୍ୟାନ ହେଉଛି ‘କପୋତଲୁବ୍ଧକକଥା’ । ଭଗବାନ୍ ବ୍ୟାସଦେବ ମହର୍ଷି ବଶିଷ୍ଠଙ୍କର ନୀତି, ଶକ୍ତିଙ୍କର ପୌତ୍ର, ପରାଶରଙ୍କର ପୁତ୍ର, ସତ୍ୟବତୀଙ୍କର ଗର୍ଭରୁ ଜାତ ଏବଂ ମହର୍ଷି ଶୁକଦେବଙ୍କର ପିତା । ଏଣୁ ଯଥାର୍ଥ ଉକ୍ତି ଯେ –

“ ବ୍ୟାସଂ ବଶିଷ୍ଠନପ୍ତାରଂ ଶକ୍ତେ ପୌତ୍ରମକଳ୍ମଷମ୍ ।
ପରାଣଭାତ୍ଲକଂ ବନ୍ଦେ ଶ୍ମକତାଙ୍କ ଡପୋନିଧ୍ମୂମ୍ ||

ବ୍ୟାସଙ୍କର ପ୍ରାଥମିକ ନାମ ‘କୃଷ୍ଣ’ । ତା’ପରେ ତାଙ୍କୁ ଦ୍ଵୈପାୟନ ବୋଲି କୁହାଗଲା । କାରଣ ଜନ୍ମ ପରେ ପରେ ନାମ ‘ବ୍ୟାସ’ ବା ବେଦବ୍ୟାସ ହେଲା। ବ୍ୟାସଙ୍କର ଅଲୌକିକ ପ୍ରତିଭାକୁ ଦେଖୁ ସମସ୍ତ ବିଦ୍ଵାନ୍ ତାଙ୍କୁ ବ୍ରହ୍ମା, ବିଷ୍ଣୁ ଓ ରଚୟିତା। କେତେକ ବ୍ୟାସ ଶବ୍ଦର ଅର୍ଥ ସଂକଳକ ବୋଲି କହିଥାନ୍ତି ।

ବିସହପ୍ରଦେଶ – ପ୍ରାଚାନ ଭାରତାପ୍ ସମ୍ହତି ଓ ପ୍ରମରାହ୍ନ ବିଦଲାତଲ୍ଲାକାନ କାଲେ ଆମର ଦ୍ୱଯିଯଥାରଡ୍‌ ଦଏ ଐତିହାସିକ କାବ୍ୟ ମହାଭାରତ । ଏଥିରେ ୧୮ ଗୋଟି ପର୍ବ ରହିଛି । ଏଥୁମଧ୍ୟରୁ ଶାନ୍ତିପର୍ବ ଅନ୍ୟତମ। ଏହି ପର୍ବରେ ବିସ୍ତୃତ ଭାବରେ ବର୍ଣ୍ଣିତ ହୋଇଛି । ମହାଭାରତର କଥାବସ୍ତୁ ଯେତିକି ଚମତ୍କାର ନୁହେଁ, ତା’ଠାରୁ ଅଧିକ ଚମତ୍କାର ହେଉଛି ଏଥିରେ ଥିବା ଉପାଖ୍ୟାନଗୁଡ଼ିକ । ଏହିସବୁ ଆଖ୍ୟାନ ବା ଉପାଖ୍ୟାନ ତଥା କଥା ମଧ୍ୟରୁ ଆଲୋଚିତ ‘କପୋତଲୁବ୍ଧକକଥା’ ଅତୀବ ମନୋହାରୀ । ମନୁଷ୍ୟ ନିଷ୍ଠୁର ଶିକାରୀ ଅଟେ । କ୍ଷୁଦ୍ରଜୀବକୁ ସେ ବିନାଶ କରେ । ଆଉ ଯେତେବେଳେ ମନୁଷ୍ୟର ହୋଇଛି ।

ସାରକଥା – ଥରେ ଏକ ପକ୍ଷିଶିକାରୀ ଘୋର ଅରଣ୍ୟ ମଧ୍ୟରେ ବାସ କରୁଥିଲା । ସେ ଅତ୍ୟନ୍ତ ନିଷ୍ଠୁର ଓ ପାପାଚାରୀ ଥିଲା । ତା’ର ପାପ ହେତୁ ତାହାର କେହି ବନ୍ଧୁ ଓ ସମ୍ବନ୍ଧୀ ନଥିଲେ । ସେ ପକ୍ଷୀମାନଙ୍କୁ ମାରି ସେମାନଙ୍କୁ ବିକ୍ରି କରେ । ଏହିପରି ସେ ମୂର୍ଖର କଦାପି ଜୀବଙ୍କ ପ୍ରତି ଦୟା ଅବା ଧର୍ମବୁଦ୍ଧି ସମୁତ୍ପନ୍ନ ହେଉନଥିଲା । ଥରେ ସେ ନିଷ୍ଠୁର ଶିକାରୀଟି ଏକ କପୋତୀକୁ ଧରି ପିଞ୍ଜରା ମଧ୍ୟରେ ରଖିଲା । ସେତେବେଳେ ସେହି ବନ ମଧ୍ୟରେ ପ୍ରବଳ ବାତ୍ୟା ହେଲା । ଆକାଶ ମେଘାଚ୍ଛନ୍ନ ହେଲା । ଗଛସବୁ ଉପୁଡ଼ିପଡ଼ିଲା। ବର୍ଷା ଫଳରେ ପୃଥ୍ବୀ କ୍ଷଣମାତ୍ରକେ ଜଳପୂର୍ଣ ହୋଇଗଲା । ମୃଗ, ସିଂହ, ବରାହାଦି ସମସ୍ତ ପଶୁ ଭୟଭୀତ ହୋଇ ଭୋକ ବିକଳରେ ବଣରେ ବୁଲିବାକୁ ଲାଗିଲେ ନିମନ୍ତେ ରାତ୍ରିଯାପନ କରିବାକୁ ଏକ ବୃକ୍ଷକୁ ଆଶ୍ରୟ କଲା। ସେହି କରୁଥିଲା । ତା’ର ପତ୍ନୀ ପ୍ରଭାତରେ ବିଚରଣ କରିବାକୁ ଯାଇଥିଲା ଦୁରାତ୍ମା ଶିକାରୀ ମଧ୍ୟ ଶୀତରୁ ନିଜର ଜୀବନ ରକ୍ଷା ବୃକ୍ଷଶାଖାରେ ଏକ କପୋତ ଦୀର୍ଘସମୟଧରି ବାସ ହେଲେ ଫେରି ନଥିଲା । ରାତି ହୋଇଯିବାରୁ ସେ କପୋତଟି ଅତ୍ୟନ୍ତ ଚିନ୍ତାକୁଳ ହେଲା । କାହିଁକି ତା’ର ପ୍ରିୟା ଆସିନାହିଁ, କ’ଣ ଅବା କାରଣ ଅଟେ ଇତ୍ୟାଦି ବିଳାପ କରିବାକୁ ଲାଗିଲା ।

ଅତ୍ୟନ୍ତ ଦୁଃଖ ହେଲା। ଏହାପରେ ସେ କହିଲା – ହେ ସ୍ଵାମି ! ଶିକାରୀ ଆଜି ତୁମ ବାସରେ ଆଶ୍ରିତ । ସେ ଶୀତାର୍କ ଓ କ୍ଷୁଧାର୍ତ୍ତ ଅଟେ । ତା’ର ଯଥାଶକ୍ତି ସତ୍କାର କର । ପତ୍ନୀର କଥା ଶୁଣି କପୋତ ବାଷ୍ପକୁଳଲୋଚନଯୁକ୍ତ ହେଲା । ସେ କପୋତ ପକ୍ଷିଜୀବୀ ଅପକାରୀ ଶିକାରୀକୁ ଯତ୍ନର ସହ ପୂଜା କଲା । କହିଲା – ନିର୍ଦ୍ଦୟ କୁହ କ’ଣ କରିବି ? ତା’ପରେ ଶିକାରୀ କହିଲା – ଶୀତରେ ମୁଁ କଷ୍ଟ ପାଉଛି, ଏଥ‌ିରୁ ରକ୍ଷାକର । ଏକଥା ଶୁଣି ସେ କପୋତ ଭୂମିରେ ପତ୍ରବିଛାଇ କମାର ଘରୁ ଅଗ୍ନି ଆଣି, ସେହି ଶୁଖୁଲା ପତ୍ରରେ ପକାଇଦେଲା । ଭୟରହିତ ସେ ଶିକାରୀ ନିଜକୁ ଅଗ୍ନିଉତ୍ତାପରେ ଉତ୍ତପ୍ତ କରାଇ ପ୍ରକୃତିସ୍ଥ ହେଲା ।

ତାହାପରେ ସେ କପୋତକୁ କହିଲା – ମୁଁ ଭୋକିଲା ଅଛି, ଏଣୁ ମୋତେ ଆହାର ପ୍ରଦାନ କର। କପୋତ ଚିନ୍ତାକୁଳ ହେଲା । ଅତିଥ୍ୟର କ୍ଷୁଧା ଦୂର କରିବାପାଇଁ ତା’ ଗୃହରେ କିଛିହେଲେ ନଥିଲା । କ’ଣ କରିବ ବୋଲି ସେ ବିଚାରଶୂନ୍ୟ ହୋଇ ଚିନ୍ତାକଲା । ତା’ପରେ ସଂଜ୍ଞାପ୍ରାପ୍ତ ହୋଇ ପକ୍ଷୀ ଘାତକକୁ କହିଲା – କ୍ଷଣେ ଅପେକ୍ଷା କର, ତୁମର ତୃପ୍ତିବିଧାନ ନିମନ୍ତେ ଯତ୍ନ କରିବି । ସତ୍ୟପ୍ରତିଜ୍ଞ ସେହି କପୋତ ତିନିଥର ଅଗ୍ନିକୁ ପରିକ୍ରମଣ କରି ଅଗ୍ନି ମଧ୍ୟରେ ପ୍ରବେଶ କଲା । ତାହା ଦେଖୁ ସେ ଶିକାରୀ ନିଜକୁ ଧୂକ୍‌କାର କଲା । ମୁଁ କ’ଣ ନ କଲି ? ନୃଶଂସ ମୋର ଘୋର ଅଧର୍ମ ହେବ । କପୋତ ନିଜ ତ୍ୟାଗବଳରେ ମୋ ପାଇଁ ଆଦର୍ଶ ହୋଇଛି ।

ଏହିପରି ଚିନ୍ତାକରି ସେ ଶିକାରୀ ଜାଲ, ବାଡ଼ି, ଶଳାକା (ବଦ୍ଧଶଙ୍କୁ), ପଞ୍ଜୁରୀ ଓ ପଞ୍ଜୁରୀରେ ଆବଦ୍ଧ କପୋତମାନଙ୍କୁ ମୁକ୍ତ କରି ବିସର୍ଜନ କଲା ବା ତ୍ୟାଗକଲା। ମୁକ୍ତି ପାଇବାପରେ କପୋତୀ ସ୍ଵାମୀ (କପୋତ) କୁ ସ୍ମରଣ କରି କାନ୍ଦି ଦୁଃଖରେ ମୂର୍ତ୍ତିତ ହେଲା । ବହୁବାର କ୍ରନ୍ଦନ କରି ଅତ୍ୟନ୍ତ ଦୁଃଖୁତା ସେ କପୋତୀ ପ୍ରଜ୍ଜଳିତ ଅଗ୍ନି ମଧ୍ୟରେ ପ୍ରବେଶ କଲା । ସେ (କପୋତୀ) ସ୍ଵାମୀକୁ ବିମାନ ଉପରେ ଦେଖୁଲା | ପୁଣ୍ୟକୀର୍ତ୍ତିଯୁକ୍ତ ସେହି କପୋତକୁ ପୂଜା କଲା । କପୋତୀ ମଧ୍ୟ ସ୍ଵର୍ଗକୁ ଗଲା । ଏହିପରି ସ୍ଵର୍ଗରେ ସେ କପୋତଦମ୍ପତି ରମଣ କଲେ। ଏହାଦେଖ୍ ଶିକାରୀ ସଦ୍‌ଗତି ପାଇବାକୁ ଚିନ୍ତାକଲା । ନିଜ ଜୀବନ ତ୍ୟାଗ କରିବାକୁ କୃତନିଶ୍ଚୟ ଶିକାରୀ ଶ୍ଵାପଦସଂକୁଳ ବନ ମଧ୍ୟରେ ପ୍ରବେଶ କଲା । ବଣ ମଧ୍ୟରେ ପ୍ରବଳ ପବନଦ୍ଵାରା ସମସ୍ତଙ୍କର ପରମ କଲ୍ୟାଣ ହେବ । ଏଣୁ ଜୀବେଦୟା ତଥା ଶରଣାଗତ -ରକ୍ଷଣ ଆମର ଏକାନ୍ତ କର୍ତ୍ତବ୍ୟ ହେବା ଉଚିତ ।

TEXT – 1

କବାଚିତ୍ ଏକ୍ଠ …………………………………………………………………….. ବନେ ଭ୍ରମନ୍ତି ସ୍ମ ।
ଶବ୍ଦାର୍ଥ – କଦାଚିତ୍ = କୌଣସି ଏକ ସମୟରେ । ଏକଃ = ଗୋଟିଏ । ଶକୁନିଲୁବ୍ଧକଃ = ପକ୍ଷିଶିକାରୀ । ଘନାରଣ୍ୟ = ଗହନ ବନରେ। ଅତ୍ୟନ୍ତମ୍ = ଅତୀବ । ରୁକ୍ଷ = ନିଷ୍ଠୁର ବା କର୍କଶ । ପାପଃ = ପାପୀ ବା ପାପାତ୍ମା। କଶ୍ଚିତ୍ = କୌଣସି ବା କେହି । ସୁହୃତ୍ = ବନ୍ଧୁ | ସମ୍ବନ୍ଧୀ = କୁଟୁମ୍ବୀ । ପତଙ୍ଗାନ୍ = ପକ୍ଷୀମାନଙ୍କୁ । ହତ୍ବା = ମାରି । ବିକ୍ରୟମ୍‌ = ବିକ୍ରି । ବିମୂଢ଼ସ୍ୟ = ମୂର୍ଖର । ସମୁଦିତା = ସମୁତ୍ପନ୍ନ । ଏକଦା = ଥରେ । ବ୍ୟାଧୀ = ଶିକାରୀ । ଧୃତ୍ଵ = ଧରି । ପିଞ୍ଜରାବଦ୍ଧାମ୍ = ପଞ୍ଜୁରୀରେ = ରଖିଲା । ବାତସମ୍ବ୍ରମଃ = ବାତ୍ୟା ବା ଘୂର୍ଣ୍ଣିଝଡ଼ (ତୋଫାନ) । ଉତ୍ପାଟିତାଃ = ଉପୁଡ଼ି ପଡ଼ିଲା । ଧାରାପାତେନ = ବର୍ଷା ପଡ଼ିବାଦ୍ଵାରା | ବସୁନ୍ଧରା = ପୃଥ‌ିବୀ । କ୍ଷଣେନ = ମୁହୂର୍ତ୍ତକେ । ସଲିଳପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣା = ଜଳପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ । ଅଭୂତ୍ = ହେଲା । ଭୟାର୍ତା = ଭୟଭୀତ । କ୍ଷୁଧାର୍ତା = ଭୋକିଲା । ଭ୍ରମନ୍ତି ସ୍ମ = ବୁଲିଲେ।

ଅନୁବାଦ – କୌଣସି ଏକ ସମୟରେ ଏକ ପକ୍ଷିଶିକାରୀ ଘୋର ଅରଣ୍ୟରେ ନିବାସ କରୁଥିଲା । ସେ ଅତୀବ ନିଷ୍ଠୁର ଏବଂ ପାପୀ ଥିଲା । ତା’ର ପାପ ହେତୁ କେହିହେଲେ ତା’ର ବନ୍ଧୁ ନଥିଲେ ଓ କେହିହେଲେ ତା’ର ସମ୍ବନ୍ଧୀ ନ ଥିଲେ । ସେ ଓ ଧର୍ମବୁଦ୍ଧି ସମୁତ୍ପନ୍ନ ହେଉନଥିଲା । ଥରେ ସେ ନିଷ୍ଠୁର ଶିକାରୀ ଏକ କପୋତୀକୁ ଧରି ପିଞ୍ଜରାରେ ଆବଦ୍ଧ କରି ରଖୁଲା | ସେତେବେଳେ ସେହି ବନରେ ବାତ୍ୟା ବା ତୋଫାନ ହେଲା । ଆକାଶ ମେଘାଚ୍ଛନ୍ନ ହେଲା, ବୃକ୍ଷମାନ ଉପୁଡ଼ି ପଡ଼ିଲା, ବଣରେ ବୁଲିବାକୁ ଲାଗିଲେ ।

ବ୍ୟାକରଣ

ଘନାରଣ୍ୟ = ଘନ + ଅରଣ୍ୟ । କଶ୍ଚିତ୍ = କଃ +ଚିତ୍ । କଦାପି = କଦା + ଅପି । ନାଭବତ୍ = ନ + ଅଭବତ୍ । ପିଞ୍ଜରାବଦ୍ଧାମ୍ = ପିଞ୍ଜର + ଆବଦ୍ଧମ୍ । ମେଘାଛନ୍ନମ୍ = ମେଘ + ଆଚ୍ଛନ୍ନମ୍ । ସମାସ – ଶକୁନିଲୁବ୍ଧକଃ = ଶକୁନ୍ୟା ଲୁବ୍ଧକଃ (ଷଷ୍ଠୀ ତତ୍) । ଶକୁନେ ଲୋଇଂ କରୋତି ଯଃ ଡଃ (ବହୁବ୍ରୀହିଃ) । ଘନାରଣ୍ୟ = ଘନମ୍ ଅରଣ୍ୟମ୍, ତସ୍ମିନ୍ (କର୍ମଧାରୟ) । ପାପହେତୋ = ପାପସ୍ୟ ହେତୋ (ଷଷ୍ଠୀ ତତ୍) । ଧର୍ମବୁଦ୍ଧି = ଧର୍ମେ ବୁଦ୍ଧି (୭ମୀ ତତ୍)। ପିଞ୍ଜରାବଦ୍ଧାମ୍ = ପିଞ୍ଜରୟା ଆବଦ୍ଧାମ୍ (୩ୟା ତତ୍) । ବାତସମ୍ବ୍ରମଃ ବାତାନାଂ ସପ୍ତମ (୬ଷ୍ଠୀ ତତ୍) । ମେଘାଚ୍ଛନ୍ନମ ମେଘେ ଆଚ୍ଛନ୍ନମ୍ (୩ୟା ତତ୍) । ଧାରାପାତେନ = ଧାରାୟା ପାତଃ, ତେନ (ଷଷ୍ଠୀ ତତ୍)। ସଲିଳପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣା = ସଲିଳେନ ପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣା (୩ୟା ତତ୍) । ଭୟାର୍ତା = ଭୟେନ ଋତଃ (୩ୟା ତତ୍) । କ୍ଷୁଧାର୍ତା = କ୍ଷୁଧୟା ଋତଃ (୩ୟା ତତ୍) । ଘନାରଣ୍ୟ = ଅଧିକରଣେ ୭ମୀ । ସ, ରୁକ୍ଷ, ପାପଃ = କଉଁରି ୧ମା । ତସ୍ୟ = ସମ୍ବନ୍ଧେ ଷଷ୍ଠୀ । ପତଙ୍ଗାନ୍ – କର୍ମଣି ଦ୍ଵିତୀୟା | ତେଷା = ସମ୍ବନ୍ଧ ଷଷ୍ଠୀ । ବିମୂଢ଼ସ୍ୟ = ସମ୍ବନ୍ଧ ଷଷ୍ଠୀ । ଜୀବେ = ଅଧିକରଣେ ସପ୍ତମୀ । ନିଷ୍ଠୁରଃ, ବ୍ୟାଧଃ କଉଁରି ପ୍ରଥମା । ଏକା, କପୋତୀ = କର୍ମଣି ଦ୍ଵିତୀୟା। ତସ୍ମିନ୍, ବନେ = ଅଧିକରଣେ ସପ୍ତମୀ । ବାତସପ୍ତମଃ କଉଁରି ପ୍ରଥମା । ଆକାଶଂ, ବୃକ୍ଷା, ବସୁନ୍ଧରା = କଉଁରି ୧ ମା । ଧାରାପାତେନ ମୃଗା, ସିଂହାଃ, ବରାହାଃ, ସର୍ବେ ଭୟାର୍ତା, କ୍ଷୁଧାର୍ତା = କଉଁରି ପ୍ରଥମା ।

ପ୍ରକୃତିପ୍ରତ୍ୟୟ – ଲୁବ୍ଧକଃ = ଲୁଭ୍ + ଏକ୍। ହତ୍ମା = ହନ୍ + କ୍ରାଚ୍ । ବୁଦ୍ଧି = ବୁଧ୍ + ସ୍କ୍ରିନ୍ । ଧୃତ୍ବା = ଧୃ + କ୍ରାଚ୍ । ଆବଦ୍ଧ = ଆ + ବନ୍ଦ୍ + କ୍ତ । କୃତ୍ରା = କୃ + କ୍ରାଚ୍ । ସପ୍ତମଃ = ସମ୍ + ଭ୍ରମ୍ + ଅଚ୍ ।

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ହରାତା ବ୍ୟାଧ ……………………………………………………….. ନ ନିଢ଼ଙଢେ |
ଶବ୍ଦାର୍ଥ – ଶୀତାର୍ତା = ଶୀତରେ କଷ୍ଟ ପାଉଥିବା । ରକ୍ଷାର୍ଥୀ = ରକ୍ଷା ନିମନ୍ତେ | ରଜନୀ କାଟିବାକୁ ବା ଅତିବାହିତ କରିବାକୁ । ବନସ୍ପତଂ = ବୃକ୍ଷକୁ । ଶରଣଂ ଗତଃ = ଶରଣାପନ୍ନ ହେଲା ବାସ କରୁଥିଲା । ଭାର୍ଯ୍ୟା = ସ୍ତ୍ରୀ । ପ୍ରାତଃ = ନ ନିବର୍ଷତେ | = ରାତ୍ରୀ । ଯାପୟିତୁମ୍ = । ଶାଖାୟାମ୍ = ଡାଳରେ । ପ୍ରଭାତରେ । ଚରିତୁଃ = ବୁଲିବାକୁ ବା ବିଚରଣ କରିବାକୁ । ପ୍ରତ୍ୟାବର୍ତତ = ଫେରି ନଥିଲା । ତପସ୍ଵୀ = ବିଶ୍ଵାସଯୁକ୍ତ । ଚିନ୍ତାକୁନଃ ବ୍ୟର୍ଥାତ । କରଂ କାହିଁକି । ପ୍ରିୟା = ପ୍ରିୟତମା । ନାଗତା = ଆସିଲା ନାହିଁ ।

ଅନୁବାଦ – ସେହି ଦୁରାତ୍ମା ଶିକାରୀ ମଧ୍ୟ ଶୀତରେ କଷ୍ଟପାଇ ନିଜ ଜୀବନରକ୍ଷା ନିମନ୍ତେ ରାତ୍ରି କଟାଇବାକୁ ଏକ ବୃକ୍ଷର ଶରଣାପନ୍ନ ହେଲା । ସେହି ବୃକ୍ଷର ଶାଖାରେ ଏକ କପୋତ ଦୀର୍ଘକାଳରୁ ବାସକରୁଥିଲା । ତା’ର ପତ୍ନୀ ସକାଳୁ ବିଚରଣ କରିବାକୁ ଯାଇ ଫେରିନଥିଲା । ରାତି ବଢ଼ିବାକୁ ଲାଗିଲା । ସେ ବିଶ୍ଵାସଯୁକ୍ତ କପୋତ ଚିନ୍ତାରେ ବ୍ୟଥିତ ହେଲା । କାହିଁକି ପ୍ରିୟତମା ଆସିଲା ନାହିଁ, କାରଣ କ’ଣ ଅବା ହୋଇପାରେ ଯଦ୍ଵାରା ସେ ଫେରିଲା ନାହିଁ ।

ବ୍ୟାକରଣ
ସନ୍ଧିବିଛେଦ – ଦୁରାତ୍ମା = ଦୁଃ + ଆତ୍ମା । ବ୍ୟାଧୋଽପି = ବ୍ୟାଧଃ + ଅପି । ଶୀତାର୍ତା = ଶୀତ + ଋତଃ । ପ୍ତତ୍ୟାବରତ = ପ୍ରତି + ଆବର୍ତିତ । ଚିନ୍ତାକୁଳ = ଚିନ୍ତା + ଆକୁଳୀ । ନାଗତା = ନ + ଆଗତା ।

ସମାସ – ଶୀତାର୍ତା = ଶୀତେନ ରତଃ (୩ୟା ତତ୍) । ସ୍ଵଜୀବନରକ୍ଷାର୍ଥୀ = ସ୍ଵାସ୍ଥ୍ୟ ଜୀବନଂ (୬ଷ୍ଠୀ ତତ୍) ତଥ୍ୟ ରକ୍ଷାର୍ଥମ୍ (୬୩ ତତ୍) । ରକ୍ଷାର୍ଥମ୍ = ରକ୍ଷଣାୟ ଇଦମ୍ (ନିତ୍ୟ) । ବନସ୍ପତଂ = ବନାନାଂ ପତିଃ, ତମ୍ (୬ଷ୍ଠ ତତ୍) । ଚିନ୍ତାକୁଳ = ଚିନ୍ତୟା ଆକୁଳ (୩ୟା ତତ୍) ।

ସକାରଣବିଭକ୍ତି – ବ୍ୟାଧଃ = ‘ ଅପି’ ଯୋଗେ ୧ ମା । ରଜନୀ, ବନସ୍ପତଂ = କର୍ମଣି ୨ୟା। ତସ୍ୟ, ବନସ୍କତଃ = ସମ୍ବନ୍ଧ ୬ଷ୍ଠୀ । ଶାଖାୟାମ୍ = ଅଧିକରଣେ ୭ମୀ । ଏକ, କପୋତଃ = କଉଁରି ୧ ମା । ରଜନୀ, ତପସ୍ଵୀ = କଉଁରି ୧ । ଯେନ = ହେତି ୩ୟା ।

ପ୍ରକୃତିପ୍ରତ୍ୟୟ – ଜୀବନମ୍ = ଜୀବ୍ + ଲ୍ୟୁଟ୍ । ଯାପୟିତୁମ୍ = ଯାପ୍ + ଣିତ୍ + ତୁମୁନ୍ । ଉଷିତବାନ୍ = ବସ୍ + କ୍ତବତୁ । ଗତଃ = ଗମ୍ + କ୍ତ । ଚରିତୁ = ଚର୍ + ତୁମୁନ୍ । ବୃଦ୍ଧି = ବୃଧ୍ + ସ୍କ୍ରିନ୍ । ଗତା = ଗମ୍ + କ୍ତ + ଟାପ୍ । କୃ + ଲ୍ୟୁଟ୍ ।

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ଅପି ସ୍ଵସ୍ତି ଭବେତ୍ତସ୍ୟା ପ୍ରିୟାୟା ମମ କାନନେ ।
ତମା ବିରହିତ ଦ୍ରାବଂ ଶ୍ମନ୍ୟମଦ୍ୟ ଶୂନ୍ୟମଦ୍ୟ ଗୃହ ମମ |୧||

ଅନ୍ୱୟ – ମମ ତସମା ପ୍ରୟ।ୟ: କ।ନିନେ ଅପି ସଣ୍ଡି ଉଇବେତ୍ | ଦ୍ୱି ତୟା ବିରହିତଂ ହୀଦଂ ଅନ୍ବୟ – ମମ ତସ୍ୟା ( ଭବତି) ।

ଣଦାର୍ଥ – ମମ = ମୋର। ତସ୍ୟା ପ୍ରିୟାୟା = ସେହି ପ୍ରିୟତମାର । କାନନେ = ବନରେ । ସ୍ଵସ୍ତି = କଲ୍ୟାଣ ବା ମଙ୍ଗଳ । ଭବେତ୍ = ହୋଇପାରେ । ହି = ଯେହେତୁ । ତୟା = ତା’ ଦ୍ଵାରା । ଗୃହଂ = ଘର । ଅଦ୍ୟ = ଆଜି ।

ଅନ୍ମବାଦ = ମୋର ସେହି ପ୍ରିୟତମା ପତ୍ନୀର ବନ ମଧ୍ୟରେ ମଧ୍ୟ କଲ୍ୟାଣ ବା ମଙ୍ଗଳ ହୋଇପାରେ । ଯେହେତୁ ତା’ଦ୍ଵାରା ବିଛେଦିତ ହୋଇ ମୋର ଏହି ଘର ଆଜି ଶୂନ୍ୟ (ହୋଇଛି) ।

ବଖାଣ୍ୟ = ପ୍ରିୟତମା ପତ୍ନୀ କପୋତୀ କରିବାକୁ ଯାଇ ଏପର୍ଯ୍ୟନ୍ତ ଫେରିନାହିଁ। ତା’ ବିନା ବିରହରେ ଆଜି କପୋତ ବ୍ୟଥ୍‌ତ। କାରଣ ତା’ର ଭାର୍ଯ୍ୟା ସକାଳୁ ବିଚରଣ କପୋତର ଗୃହ ଆଜି ଶୂନ୍ୟ ହୋଇଛି । ସତରେ ପତ୍ନୀ ବିନା ଘର ଘର ଭଳି ଲାଗେନି। ଏଣୁ ଯଥାର୍ଥରେ କୁହାଯାଇଛି – ‘ଗୃହିଣୀ ଗୃହମିଦ୍ୟାହୁ’ । ଏଣୁ କପୋତ ଚିନ୍ତାକରିଛି ଯେ ବନ ମଧ୍ୟରେ ମୋ ପ୍ରିୟାର ନିଶ୍ଚୟ କଲ୍ୟାଣ ହେବ । ପତି ମନରେ ପତ୍ନୀ ପ୍ରତି ପ୍ରଗାଢ଼ ଅନୁରାଗ ଏଠାରେ ବ୍ୟକ୍ତ ହୋଇଛି, ତାହା ପୁଣି ମନୁଷ୍ୟତର ଯୋନି ପ୍ରାଣୀ ବା କପୋତମାନଙ୍କଠାରେ । କବିଙ୍କର ବର୍ଣ୍ଣନା ଅତୀବ ମର୍ମସ୍ପର୍ଶୀ ହୋଇଛି ।

ବ୍ୟାକରଣ
ସଦ୍ଧିବିଛେଦ – ଭତେଉସ୍ୟ: = ଭବେତ୍ + ତସ୍ୟା । ହୀଦଂ = ହି + ଇଦମ୍ । ଶୂନ୍ୟମଦ୍ୟ = ଶୂନ୍ୟମ୍ + ଅଦ୍ୟ। ସକାରଣବିଭକ୍ତି – ମମ, ତସ୍ୟା, ପ୍ରିୟାୟ = ସମ୍ବନ୍ଧ ୬ଷ୍ଠୀ । କାନନେ ୩ୟା |

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ଭାର୍ଯ୍ୟା ହି ପରମୋ ନାମଃ ପୁରୁଷତ୍ୟେହ ପଠ୍ୟତେ ।
ଅସହାୟସ୍ୟ ଲୋକେସ୍ମିଲ୍ଲୋକଯାତ୍ରାସହାୟିନୀ ।୨ ||

ଥନ୍ବୟ – ଇହ ଭାର୍ଯ୍ୟା ପୁରୁଷସ୍ୟ ପରମଃ ନାଥ ପଠ୍ୟତେ, ହି ଅସ୍କ୍ରିନ୍ ଲୋକେ ଅସହାୟସ୍ୟ ଲୋକଯାତ୍ରାସହାୟିନୀ ( ଭବତି) ।

ଇହ = ପତ୍ନୀ। ପୁରୁଷସ୍ୟ = ପୁରୁଷର । ପରମଃ = ଶ୍ରେଷ୍ଠ । ନାଥ = ରକ୍ଷାକର୍ତ୍ତୀ, ସହାୟିକା । ହି = ଯେହେତୁ । ଅସ୍ମିନ୍‌ଲୋକେ = ଏହି ଲୋକରେ ବା ସଂସାରରେ । ଅସହାୟସ୍ୟ = ଅସହାୟର । = ଜୀବନଯାତ୍ରା ସହାୟକର୍ତ୍ତୀ ।

ଅନୁବାଦ – ଏହି ସଂସାରରେ ପତ୍ନୀ ଜୀବନଯାତ୍ରାର ସହାୟିକାହିଁ (ତା’ର ଭାର୍ଯ୍ୟା ବିରହାକୁଳ କପୋତ ପୁରୁଷର ସର୍ବଶ୍ରେଷ୍ଠ ସହାୟିକା, ଯେହେତୁ ଏହି ସଂସାରରେ ଅସହାୟ (ପୁରୁଷ)ର ହୋଇଥାଏ) ।

ତ୍ୟାଖ୍ୟା – ବିରଦ୍ବାକୁଳ କପୋତ ଆର୍ଜ, ତା’ ପ୍ରିୟତମା ପତ୍ନୀ କପୋତୀ କଥା ଭାବୁଛି | ସକାଳୁ ଯାଇଛି ଭ୍ରମଣ କରିବାକୁ ଏପର୍ଯ୍ୟନ୍ତ ଫେରିନାହିଁ । ତା’ ବିନା ଘର ଆଜି ଶୂନ୍ୟ ହୋଇଛି । ଭାର୍ଯ୍ୟା ହେଉଛି ପୁରୁଷର ଶ୍ରେଷ୍ଠ ସହାୟିକା । ତା’ ବିନା ପୁରୁଷ ହୁଏ ଅସହାୟ, ଜୀବନଯାତ୍ରା ହୋଇପଡ଼େ ଦୁର୍ବିସହ । ଏଣୁ ପତିପତ୍ନୀଙ୍କର ପାରସ୍ପରିକ ସ୍ନେହ, ସହାନୁଭୂତି, ପ୍ରେମ, ଅନୁରାଗ ଓ ମିଳିତ ସହଯୋଗରେ ହିଁ ଜୀବନଯାତ୍ରା ହୁଏ ପୁଷିତ, ପଲ୍ଲବିତ ତଥା ମଧୁମୟ । ଏଠାରେ ଯଥାର୍ଥ ଉକ୍ତି ଯେ – ‘ଯତ୍ର ନାର୍ଯ୍ୟସ୍ତୁ ପୂଜ୍ୟନ୍ତେ ରମନ୍ତେ ତତ୍ର ଦେବତା ।’

ବ୍ୟାକରଣ
ପୁରୁଷତ୍ୟେହ = ପୁରୁଷସ୍ୟ + ଇହ । ଲୋକେସ୍କେଲ୍ଲୋକଯାତ୍ରାସହାୟିନୀ = ଲୋକେ + ଅସ୍କିନ୍ + ଲୋକଯାତ୍ରାମହାୟିନା |

ସମାସ – ଅସହାୟସ୍ୟ = ନ ସହାୟଃ, ତସ୍ୟ (ନଞ୍ଜ୍ ତତ୍) । ଲୋକଯାତ୍ରା = ଲୋକାନାଂ ଯାତ୍ରା (୬ଷ୍ଠ ତତ୍) । ସକାରଣବିଭକ୍ତି – ଭାର୍ଯ୍ୟା = କର୍ଭରି ୧ ମା। ପୁରୁଷସ୍ୟ = ସମ୍ବନ୍ଧ ୬ଷ୍ଠୀ । ଅସହାୟସ୍ୟ = ସମ୍ବନ୍ଧ ୬ଷ୍ଠୀ । ଅସ୍ମିନ୍, ଲୋକେ = ଅଧିକରଣେ ୭ମୀ ।

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ଏବଂ ମ: ……………………………………………………………………… ସ ଭବାଚ

ଶବ୍ଦାର୍ଥ – ଏବଂ = ଏହିପରି । ବିଳପତି = କାନ୍ଦିଛି | ତଦା = ସ ଉବାଚ = କଥାକୁ । ଅଶୃଣୋତ୍ = ଶୁଣିଲା । ଭର୍ତାରଂ = ସ୍ଵାମୀକୁ । ଜ୍ଞାତ୍ମା = ଜାଣି । ଭୃଶଂ = ଅତ୍ୟନ୍ତ । ବିଲୋକ୍ୟ = ଦେଖ୍ । ଆତ୍ମାନଂ = ନିଜକୁ । ଅମନ୍ୟତ = ମନେକଲା । ଅବ୍ରବୀତ୍ = କହିଲା । ଅନ୍ତକଂ = ଘରକୁ। ଯଥାଶକ୍ତି = ଶକ୍ତି ଅନୁସାରେ । ସତ୍କାରଂ = ସେବା । ଶୁଦ୍ଧା = ଶୁଣି । ସଞ୍ଜାତଃ = ହେଲା । ପକ୍ଷୀଜୀବିନମ୍ = ପକ୍ଷୀକୁ ଜୀବିକା କରିଥିବା (ଶିକାରୀକୁ) । ଅପକାରିଣମ୍ = ଅପକାରୀକୁ । ଯତ୍ନନ ଯତ୍ନର ସହିତ । ପୂଜୟାମାସ = ପୂଜା କଲା । ପ୍ରଣୟନ = ଯେହଦ୍ୱାରା |

ଏହିପରି ସେ କାନ୍ଦିଛି । ସେତେବେଳେ ପିଞ୍ଜରାରେ ଆବଦ୍ଧ ହୋଇଥବା ତା’ର ଭାର୍ଯ୍ୟା ତା’ କଥା ଶୁଣିଥିଲା । ସ୍ଵାମୀଙ୍କୁ ଦୁଃଖୁତ ଜାଣି କପୋତୀ ଅତ୍ୟନ୍ତ ଦୁଃଖତା ହେଲା । ସ୍ଵାମୀଙ୍କର ସ୍ନେହକୁ ଦେଖି ସେ (କପୋତୀ) ନିଜକୁ କୃତକୃତ୍ୟ ମନେକଲା । ଏହାପରେ ସେ କହିଲା – ହେ ସ୍ଵାମୀ ! ପକ୍ଷିଶିକାରୀ ଆଜି ତୁମର ଘରକୁ ଆଶ୍ରା କରିଛି । ସେ ଶୀତାର୍ଥ ଓ କ୍ଷୁଧାଉଁ । ତା’ର ଶକ୍ତିମତେ ସେବା କର । ପତ୍ନୀର କଥାକୁ ଶୁଣି କପୋତର ଆଖୁ ଲୁହ ଛଳଛଳ ହୋଇଗଲା । ସେ କପୋତ ପକ୍ଷିଜୀବୀ ଅପକାରୀ ଶିକାରୀକୁ ମଧ୍ଯ ଯତ୍ନର ସହିତ ପୂଜା କଲା । ତା’ର ସତ୍କାର ବା ସେବା ନିମନ୍ତେ ସ୍ନେହହେତୁ ସେ ସମ୍ + ଜାତଃ ।

ଅବଦ୍ଧା, ସା (୩ୟା ତତ୍) । କୃତକୃତ୍ୟାମ୍ = କୃତଂ କୃତ୍ୟ ଯସ୍ୟା, ତାମ୍ ( ଅବ୍ୟୟୀଭାବ) । ପତ୍ନୀବଚନମ୍ ପତ୍ନୀ (୩ୟା ତତ୍) । ପକ୍ଷିଜୀବିନମ୍ = ପକ୍ଷିତିଃ ଜୀବିକାଂ = ସନ୍ଧିବିଚ୍ଛେଦ – ପଞ୍ଜରାବନ୍ଧା = ପିଞ୍ଜରା + ଆବଦ୍ଧ । ସମାଶ୍ରିତଃ = ସମ୍ + ଆଶ୍ରିତଃ କ୍ଷୁଧାର୍ତା = କ୍ଷୁଧା + ଋତଃ । ବାଷ୍ପକୁଳଲୋଚନଃ = ବାଷ୍ପ + ଆକୁଳଲୋଚନଃ । ସଞ୍ଜାତଃ ପିଞ୍ଜରାବନ୍ଧା = ପିଞ୍ଜରୟା (ବହୁବ୍ରୀହିଃ) । ଯଥାଶକ୍ତି = ଶକ୍ତିମ୍ ଅନତିକ୍ରମ୍ୟ ବାଷ୍ପକୁଳଲୋଚନଃ = = ବାସ୍ପେନ ଆକୁଳଲୋଚନଃ (ବହୁବ୍ରୀହିଃ) । ସକରାର୍ଥମ୍ = ସତ୍‌କାରାୟ ଇଦମ୍ (ନିତ୍ୟ) । ସକାରଣବିଭକ୍ତି – ପିଞ୍ଜରାବଦ୍ଧା, ଭାର୍ଯ୍ୟା = କଉଁରି ୧ମା ।

ତସ୍ୟ ଭର୍ତାରଂ, ଦୁଃଖ = କର୍ମଣି ୨ୟା । ଭର୍ତ୍ତି = ସମ୍ବନ୍ଧ ୬ଷ୍ଠୀ । ଆତ୍ମାନଂ ୧ ମା । ଶକୁନିଲୁବ୍ଧକ = କଉଁରି ୧ ମା। ତବ = ସମ୍ବନ୍ଧ ୬ଷ୍ଠୀ । ବାସଂ ପକ୍ଷିଜୀବିନମ୍, ଅପକାରିଣମ୍ = କର୍ମଣି ୨ୟା । ଯତ୍ନନ = ପ୍ରକୃତ୍ୟାଦିତ୍ୟ ବଚନମ୍ (୬ଷ୍ଠ ତତ୍) । ନିର୍ବାହୟତି ଯଃ, ତମ୍ = ସମ୍ବନ୍ଧ ୬ଷ୍ଠୀ । ବଚନମ୍ = କର୍ମଣି ୨ୟା । = କର୍ମଣି ୨ୟା । ହେ କାନ୍ତ ! = ସମ୍ବୋଧନେ କର୍ମଣି ୨ୟା । ତସ୍ୟ = ସମ୍ବନ୍ଧ ୬ଷ୍ଠୀ । ଯୋଗେ ୩ୟା । ପ୍ରଣୟେନ = ହେତୌ ୩ୟା ।

ପ୍ରକୃତିପ୍ରତ୍ୟୟ – ଆବଦ୍ଧ = ଆ + ବନ୍ଦ୍ + କ୍ତ । ବିଲୋକ୍ୟ = ବି – ଲୋକ୍ + ଲ୍ୟାପ୍ । ବଚନମ୍ ଲ୍ୟୁଟ୍ । ଜ୍ଞାତ୍ମା = ଜ୍ଞା + କ୍ରାଚ୍ । ପ୍ରୀତିଃ = ପ୍ରୀଣ୍ + ସ୍କ୍ରିନ୍ । ସମାଶ୍ରିତଃ = ସମ୍ + ଆ + ଶ୍ରି + କ୍ତ । ଶକ୍ତି = ଶକ୍ + ସ୍କ୍ରିନ୍ । ଶ୍ରୁତ୍ବା = ଶୁ + କ୍ରାଚ୍ । ସଞ୍ଜାତଃ ସମ୍ + ଜନ୍ + କ୍ତ । ସତ୍ = ଅସ୍ + ଶତ୍ରୁ ।

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ଣଭଣାଗରପ୍ୟ କତବ୍ୟାତିଥ୍ୟମିଦୃ ଯନ୍ଙ |
ପଞ୍ଚଯଜ୍ଞପ୍ରବୃତ୍ତେନ ଗୃହସୁନ ବିଶେଷତଃ ॥ ୩ ॥

ଅନୁବାଦ – ଏହି ସଂସାରରେ ଗୃହୀଜନଦ୍ଵାରା ପଞ୍ଚବିଧ ଯଜ୍ଞ ମାଧ୍ୟମରେ ବିଶେଷଭାବେ ଶରଣାପନ୍ନର ଆତିଥ୍ୟକୁ ଯତ୍ନ ସହକାରେ କରାଯିବା ଉଚିତ |

ବ୍ୟାଖ୍ୟା – ଆଶ୍ରମ ଚତୁର୍ବିଧ; ଯଥା – ବ୍ରହ୍ମଚର୍ଯ୍ୟ, ଗାର୍ହସ୍ଥ୍ୟ, ବାନପ୍ରସ୍ଥ ଓ ସନ୍ନ୍ୟାସ । ଏ ସଂସାରରେ ଗୃହସ୍ଥାଶ୍ରମରେ ଥିବା ମନୁଷ୍ୟ ପାଞ୍ଚପ୍ରକାର ଯଜ୍ଞବିଧାନ କରିଥାଏ । ଯଥା— (୧) ବ୍ରହ୍ମଯଜ୍ଞ— ଅର୍ଥାତ୍ ଅଧ୍ୟାପନ ମାଧ୍ଯମରେ ବ୍ରହ୍ମଜ୍ଞାନ; (୨) ପିତୃଯଜ୍ଞ— ତିଳତର୍ପଣ ଶ୍ରାଦ୍ଧଦିଦ୍ଵାରା ପିତୃପୁରୁଷମାନଙ୍କୁ ଶାନ୍ତି ପ୍ରଦାନ; (୩) ଦେବଯଜ୍ଞ – ଅର୍ଥାତ୍ ଦେବତାମାନଙ୍କ ଉଦ୍ଦେଶ୍ୟରେ ଅଗ୍ନିରେ ଆହୁତି ବା ହୋମ; (୪) ଭୂତଯଜ୍ଞ – ବିବିଧ ପ୍ରାଣୀମାନଙ୍କୁ ବଳି ବା ପୂଜା ପ୍ରଦାନ; (୫) ନୃଯଜ୍ଞ– ଅତିଥୁ ପୂଜନ । ଏଣୁ ଅତିଥ ପୂଜନହିଁ ଗୃହସ୍ଥର ପରମ ଧର୍ମ । କାରଣ ‘ ଅତିଥିଦେବୋ ଭବ’ । ଗୃହୀଜନ ଏହି ପାଞ୍ଚପ୍ରକାର ଯଜ୍ଞବିଧାନଦ୍ୱାରା = ଶରଣ + ଆଗତସ୍ୟ । କର୍ତବ୍ୟମାତିଥ୍ୟମିହ = କର୍ତବ୍ୟମ୍ + ଆତିଥ୍ୟମ୍ + ଇହ । ସମାସ – ଆତିଥ୍ୟମ୍ = ଅବିଦ୍ୟମାନା ତିଥ୍ୟ ଯସ୍ୟ ଡଃ ଅତିଥ୍ୟ (ବହୁବ୍ରୀହିଃ), ତସ୍ୟ ଭାବମ୍ (ନିତ୍ୟ) । ପଞ୍ଚଯଜ୍ଞମ୍ = ପଞ୍ଚାନାଂ ଯଜ୍ଞାନାଂ ସମାହାରମ୍ (ଦ୍ବିଗୁ) । ଗୃହସ୍ପେନ = ଗୃହେ ତିଷ୍ଠତି ଇତି, ତେନ (ଉପପଦ ତତ୍) ।

ପ୍ରକୃତିପ୍ରତ୍ୟୟ – କର୍ତବ୍ୟମ୍‌ = କୃ+ ତଥ୍ୟ । ପ୍ରବୃତ୍ତେନ = ପ୍ର + ବୃତ୍ + କ୍ତ (୩ୟା) ।

TEXT – 7

ଦୟନୀୟ । ବୃହି ……………………………………………………… ବିଧାତୁ ଯଦିଯ୍ୟେ |

ଏବଂ = ଏହିପରି । ଶ୍ରୁତ୍ବା = ବିଧାତୁ ଯତିଷ୍ୟ । ବ୍ୟାଧଃ = ଶିକାରୀ । ଉବାଚ = କହିଲା । ହିମତ୍ରାଣଂ = ଶୁଣି । ପର୍ଶୁନି = ପତ୍ରମାନ । ଭୂତଳେ = ଭୂଇଁରେ । ଆସ୍ତ୍ରୀର୍ଯ୍ୟ = ବିଛାଇ | କର୍ମାରଗୃହାତ୍ = କମାରଶାଳରୁ । ଗୃହୀତ୍ମା = ଗ୍ରହଣକରି । ଶୁଷେଷୁ ପତ୍ରେଷୁ = ଶୁଖୁଲା ପତ୍ରମାନଙ୍କରେ । ଯୋଜୟାମାସ = ସଂଯୁକ୍ତ କଲା । ଅକୁତୋଭୟଂ = ଭୟ କରୁନଥିବା । ତାପୟିତ୍ଵ = ଉତ୍ତପ୍ତ କରାଇ । ସଞ୍ଜାତଃ = ହେଲା । ତତଃ = ତାହାପରେ । ପ୍ରାହ = କହିଲା । କ୍ଷୁଧା = ଭୋକ । ପ୍ରଯଚ୍ଛ = ପ୍ରଦାନ କର (ଦିଅ) । ବିଭକଃ = ଧନ ବା ସଂପଦ । = ନାଶ କରିପାରିବ । ବିମୂଢ଼ୀ = ମୂର୍ଖ ବା ବିୟରଶୂନ୍ୟ । ଲବ୍ଧସଂଜ୍ଞ ସଂଜ୍ଞାଲାଭ କରିଥିବା( କପୋତ) । ମୁହୂର୍ବଂ = କ୍ଷଣଟିଏ । ପ୍ରତିପାଳୟ = ଅପେକ୍ଷାକର । ତୃପ୍ତି = ଆନନ୍ଦ । ବିଧାତୁ = ବିଧାନ କରିବାକୁ । ଯତିଷ୍ୟ = ପ୍ରଯତ୍ନ କରିବି ।

ଅନୁବାଦ – ହେ ନିର୍ଦ୍ଦୟ ! କୁହ କ’ଣ କରିବି । ଶିକାରୀ କହିଲା– ମୁଁ ଶୀତରେ କଷ୍ଟ ପାଉଛି । ଶୀତରୁ ରକ୍ଷାବିଧାନ କର । ଏହା ଶୁଣି ସେ କପୋତ ପତ୍ରମାନ ଭୂଇଁରେ ବିଛାଇ କମାରଶାଳରୁ ଅଗ୍ନି ଆଣି ଆସିଲା । ଶୁଖିଲା ପତ୍ରମାନଙ୍କଠାରେ ଅଗ୍ନି ସଂଯୋଗ କଲା । ଭୟରହିତ ଶିକାରୀ ନିଜକୁ ଉତ୍ତପ୍ତ କରି ପ୍ରକୃତିସ୍ଥ ହେଲା । ତାହାପରେ ସେ କପୋତକୁ କହିଲା– ମୋତେ ଭୋକ କଷ୍ଟ ଦେଉଛି, ଆହାର ପ୍ରଦାନ କର । ପକ୍ଷୀ (କପୋତ) ଚିନ୍ତାବ୍ୟାକୁଳ ହେଲା । ତା’ଘରେ ଧନସଂପଦ ନାହିଁ ସେ ଅତିଥିଙ୍କର ଭୋକ ମେଣ୍ଟାଇବ। କ’ଣ କରିବା ଉଚିତ ବୋଲି ବିଗ୍‌ରହୀନ କପୋତ ଚିନ୍ତା କଲା । ତାହାପରେ ସଂଜ୍ଞାଲାଭ କରିଥୁବା (ସେ କପୋତ) ପକ୍ଷିଘାତକ (ଶିକାରୀ)କୁ କହିଥିଲା– କ୍ଷଣିଏ ଅପେକ୍ଷା କର, ତୁମର ତୃପ୍ତିବିଧାନ ନିମନ୍ତେ ପ୍ରଯନ୍ କରିବି ।

ତ୍ୟାକରଣ
ସଦବିଛେଦ – ଶୀତତୋଽସ୍ମି = ଶୀତାର୍ତା + ଅଗ୍ନି । ଚିନ୍ତାକୁଳ = ଚିନ୍ତା + ଆକୁଳ । ନାସ୍ତ = ନ + ଅସ୍ତି | କର୍ତ୍ତବ୍ୟମିତି = କର୍ତ୍ତବ୍ୟମ୍ + ଇତି ।

ସମାସ – ହିମତ୍ରାଣମ୍ = ହିମାତ୍ ତ୍ରାଣମ୍ (୫ମୀ ତତ୍) । କର୍ମାରଗୃହାତ୍ = କର୍ମାରସ୍ୟ ଗୃହମ୍, ତସ୍ମାତ୍ (୬୩ ତତ୍) । = ନ କୁତଃ ଭୟ (ନଞ୍ଚ୍ ତତ୍) । ଚିନ୍ତାକୁଳ = ଚିନ୍ତୟା ଆକୁନଃ (୩ୟା ତତ୍) । ଲବ୍ଧସଂଜ୍ଞ = ଲବ୍ଧ ସଂଜ୍ଞା ଯେନ ଡଃ (ବହୁବ୍ରୀହିଃ) । ପକ୍ଷିଘାତକମ୍ = ପକ୍ଷୀଣା ଘାତକମ୍ (୬ଷ୍ଠ ତତ୍) ।

ସକାରଣବିଭକ୍ତି – କଉଁରି ୧ ମା । ହିମତ୍ରାଣଂ = ଉକ୍ତ କର୍ମଣି ୧ ମା ଭୂତଳେ = ଅଧିକରଣେ ୭ମୀ ଅଧିକରଣେ ୭ମୀ । ଆତ୍ମାନଂ = କର୍ମଣି ୨ୟା | ପକ୍ଷୀ = କଉଁରି ୧ ମା । ତସ୍ୟ = କଉଁରି ୧ ମା । ହିମତ୍ରାଣଂ = ଉକ୍ତ କର୍ମଣି ୧ ମା । କପୋତଃ, ପର୍ଶନି । କର୍ମାରଗୃହାତ୍ = ଅପାଦାନେ ୫ମୀ । ଅଗ୍ନି = କର୍ମଣି ୨ୟା । ଶୁଶ୍ଳେଷୁ, ପତ୍ରେଷୁ = ୨ୟା । ସ = କଉଁରି ୧ ମା । କପୋତଂ = କର୍ମଣି ୨ୟା । ମାଂ, ଆହାରଂ = ସମ୍ବନ୍ଧ ୬ଷ୍ଠୀ । ଗୃହେ = ଅଧୂକରଣେ ୭ମୀ । ବିଭବ = କରଣେ ୩ୟା । ଅତିଥେ = ସମସ୍ତେ ୬ଷ୍ଠୀ । କ୍ଷୁଧାଂ = କର୍ଭରି ୧ ମା । ଯେନ = କର୍ମଣି ୨ୟା । ବିମୂଢ଼ = କର୍ଭରି ୧ ମା । ଲବ୍ଧସଂଜ୍ଞ = କଉଁରି ୧ ମା । ପକ୍ଷଘାତକମ୍ = କର୍ମଣି ୨ୟା । ତବ = ସମ୍ବନ୍ଧ ୬ଷ୍ଠୀ । ତୃପ୍ତି = କର୍ମଣି ୨ୟା ।

ପ୍ତକୃତି ସ୍ତଣ୍ୟଯ୍ – ଶୁକ୍ଳା = ଶୁ + କ୍ରାଚ୍ । ଆସ୍ତୀର୍ଯ୍ୟ = ଆ + ସ୍କୃ + ଲ୍ୟାପ୍ । ଗୃହୀତ୍ମା = ଗ୍ରହ + ଣିଚ୍ + କ୍ରାଚ୍ । ତାପୟିତ୍ବ = ତାପ୍ + ଣିଚ୍ + କ୍ରାଚ୍ | ସଂଜାତଃ = ସମ୍ + ଜନ୍ + କ୍ତ । ଉକ୍ତବାନ୍ = ବିଚ୍ + କ୍ତବତ୍ରୁ । ତୃପ୍ତି = ତୃପ୍ + ସ୍କ୍ରିନ୍ । ବିଧାତୁ = ବି + ଧା

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ସତ୍ୟପ୍ରତିକ: ସ ପାଣ ………………………………………………….. କୃତେ ଆଦର୍ଶ ଭବତି ।

ଶବ୍ଦାର୍ଥ – ସତ୍ୟପ୍ରତିଜ୍ଞ = ସତ୍ୟନିଷ୍ଠ । ନିଃ = ତିନିଥର । ପରିକ୍ରମ୍ୟ = ପରିକ୍ରମଣ କରି ବା ବୁଲି । ପ୍ରବିଷ୍ଟ = ପ୍ରବେଶ କଲା । ଦୃଷ୍ଟା = ଦେଖୁ। ଆତ୍ମାନଂ = ନିଜକୁ । ଧୃକ୍‌କୃତବାନ୍ = ଧକ୍‌କାର କଲା । ନୃଶଂସସ୍ୟ = ନିଷ୍ଠୁରର । ଘୋରଃ = ଅତୀବ । ସ୍ଵତ୍ୟାଗେନ ନିଜର ତ୍ୟାଗଦ୍ଵାରା । କୃତେ = ପାଇଁ । ଭବତି = ହୋଇଛି ।

ଅନ୍ନବାଦ – ସତ୍ୟନିଷ୍ଠ ସେହି ପକ୍ଷୀ (କପୋତ) ଅଗ୍ନିକୁ ତିନିଥର ପରିକ୍ରମା କରି ଅଗ୍ନି ମଧ୍ୟକୁ ପ୍ରବେଶ କଲା । ତାହା ଦେଖ୍ ଶିକାରୀ ନିଜକୁ ଧୂକ୍‌କାର କଲା । ମୁଁ ଏହା କ’ଣ ନକଲି । ନିଷ୍ଠୁର ମୋର ବଡ଼ ଅଧର୍ମ ହେବ । କପୋତ ନିଜକୁ ତ୍ୟାଗ

ତ୍ୟାକରଣ
ସନ୍ଧିଚିଛିଦ – କିମିଦଂ = କିମ୍ + ଇଦମ୍ !

ସମାସ – ସତ୍ୟପ୍ରତିଜ୍ଞ = ସତ୍ୟା = ସ୍ଵସ୍ୟ ତ୍ୟାଗ, ତେନ (୬ଷ୍ଠ ତତ୍) । ପ୍ରତିଜ୍ଞା ଯସ୍ୟ ଡଃ (ବହୁବ୍ରୀହିଃ) । ଅଧର୍ମୀ = ନ ଧର୍ମ (ନଞ୍ଚ୍ ତତ୍ତ୍ଵ) ।

ସକାରଣବିଭକ୍ତି – ସତ୍ୟପ୍ରତିଜ୍ଞ, ସ, ପକ୍ଷୀ = କର୍ମଣି ୨ୟା । ମୟା = ଅନୁସ୍ତେ କଉଁରି ୩ୟା = ୬ଷ୍ଠୀ । ଘୋରଃ, ଅଧର୍ମ କଉଁରି ୧ ମା । କପୋତଃ ଯୋଗେ ୬ଷ୍ଠୀ । କଉଁରି ୧ ମା । ଅଗ୍ନି କର୍ମଣି ୨ୟା । ବ୍ୟାଧ = କଉଁରି ୧ ମା । ଇଦମ୍ = ଉକ୍ତ କର୍ମଣି ୧ ମା । ନୃଶଂସସ୍ୟ, ମମ = ସମ୍ବନ୍ଧ କଉଁରି ୧ ମା । ସ୍ଵତ୍ୟାଗେନ = କରଣେ ୩ୟା | ମମ = କୃତ୍ ଯୋଗେ ୬ଶା |

ପ୍ରକୃତିପ୍ରତ୍ୟୟ – ସତ୍ୟ = ସତ୍ + ଯତ୍ । ପରିକ୍ରମ୍ୟ = ପରି + କ୍ରମ୍ + ଲ୍ୟାପ୍ । ପ୍ରବିଷ୍ଟ = ପ୍ର + ବିଶ୍ + କ୍ତ । ଦୃଷ୍ଟା = ଦୃଶ୍ + କ୍ରାଚ୍ । କୃତବାନ୍ = କୃ + କ୍ତବତୁ । କୃତମ୍ = କୃ + କ୍ତ । ତ୍ୟାଗେନ = ତାଜ୍ + ଘଞ୍ଚ୍ (୩ୟା) ।

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ନୃଶଂସସ୍ୟ ମମାଦ୍ୟାୟଂ ପ୍ରତ୍ୟାଦେଶୋ ନ ସଂଶୟଃ ।
ଦରଞ ସମାଂସ ଦବଡା କପୋତେନ ମହମୂନା ||୪||

ଥନୁମ = ଅଦ୍ୟ ନ ସଂଶୟଃ, ନୃଶଂସସ୍ୟ ମମ ଅୟଂ ପ୍ରତ୍ୟାଦେଶ । ମହାମୁନା କପୋତେନ ସ୍ଵମାଂସଂ ଦଦାତା (ସ୍ଵଜୀବନଂ) ଦରଃ ।

ଣଦାର୍ଥ – ଆଜି = ଆଦି । ନୃଶଂସସ୍ୟ = ନିଷ୍ଠୁରର । ପ୍ରତ୍ୟାଦେଶଃ = ନିରାକରଣ । ସଂଶୟଃ = ସଂଦେହ । ନିଜର ମାଂସକୁ । ଦଦତା = ଦେବାଦ୍ଵାରା ।

ଥନୁବାଦ – ଆଜି ନିଃସନ୍ଦେହରେ ନିଷ୍ଠୁର ମୋର ଏହା କରିବାର ନଥିଲା । କାରଣ ମହାତ୍ମା କପୋତ ସ୍ଵମାଂସକୁ ପ୍ରଦାନ କରିବାକୁ ଯାଇ (ସ୍ଵଜୀବନ) ପ୍ରଦାନ କଲା ।

ତ୍ୟାଖ୍ୟା – ପଶିକାରା କପୋତର ଏଡାଦଣ ତ୍ୟାଗକୁ ଦେଖ ଆଣମ୍ୟ ହ୍ରୋଲଚ୍ଚି | ବୋଲି ମନେକରିଛି । ଆଜି କପୋତ ତା’ପାଇଁ ଆଦର୍ଶ ହୋଇଛି । ସେ କହିଛି ଯେ– ଆଜି ମୋର ଏହି ନିରାକରଣ ଏଥରେ ତିଳେମାତ୍ର ସନ୍ଦେହ ନାହିଁ । କାରଣ ମହାତ୍ମା କପୋତ ସ୍ଵମାଂସକୁ ଦେବାକୁ ଯାଇ ସ୍ଵକୀୟ ଜୀବନ ପ୍ରଦାନକଲା । ଏତେବଡ଼ ତ୍ୟାଗ ତା’ପାଇଁ ଏକ ଶିକ୍ଷଣୀୟ ବିଷୟ ଅଟେ |

ତ୍ୟାକରଣ
ସନ୍ଧିବିଚ୍ଛେଦ – ମମାଦ୍ୟାୟଂ =ମମ + ଅଦ୍ୟ + ଅୟମ୍ । ପ୍ରତ୍ୟାଦେଶଃ = ପ୍ରତି + ଆଦେଶଃ ।

ସମାସ – ସ୍ଵମାଂସଂ = ସ୍ଵାସ୍ଥ୍ୟ ମାଂସମ୍ (୬ଷ୍ଠୀ ତତ୍)।

ସକାରଣବିଭକ୍ତି – ନୃଶଂସସ୍ୟ, ମମ = ସମ୍ବନ୍ଧ ୬ଷ୍ଠୀ । ଅୟଂ, ପ୍ରତ୍ୟାଦେଶଃ = କଉଁରି ୧ ମା । ସ୍ଵମାଂସଂ = କର୍ମଣି ୨ୟା । କପୋତେନ, ମହାତ୍ମନା = ଅନୁକ୍ତ କର୍ଭରି ୩ୟା । ଦଦତା = କରଣେ ୩ୟା ।

ପ୍ରକୃତି ପ୍ରତ୍ୟୟ – ସଂଶୟଃ = ସମ୍ + ଶୀ + ଅଚ୍ ଦତ୍ତ = ଦା + କ୍ତ । ଦଦତା = ଦା + ଶଙ୍ଖ (୩ୟା) ।

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ଥଦ୍ବୋ ଦେହରନେବ ଦଣତାଡିଥ୍ତ୍ପକଳା |
ତସ୍ମାଦ୍ଧର୍ମ ଚରିଷ୍ୟାମି ଧର୍ମୋ ହି ପରମା ଗତିଃ |୫||

ର୍ଥନପ୍ – ଅହୋ ! ଦେହପ୍ରଦାନେନ ଅତିଥୁପୂଜନା ଦର୍ଶିତା । ତସ୍ମାତ୍ (ଅହଂ) ଧର୍ମ ଚରିଷ୍ୟାମି, ହି ଧର୍ମ ପରମା ଗତି |

ଦେହପ୍ରଦାନେନ = ଶରୀର ଦାନଦ୍ଵାରା । ଅତିଥୁପୂଜନା = ଅତିଥୁ ପୂଜା । ଦର୍ଶିତା ସେହିହେତୁରୁ । ଚରିଷ୍ୟାମି = ଆଚରଣ କରିବି । ହି = ଶ୍ରେଷ୍ଠ |

ଅନୁବାଦ – ଆହେ ! ଶରୀର ଦାନଦ୍ଵାରା ଅତିଥ ପୂଜନ ପ୍ରଦର୍ଶିତ । ସେହିହେତୁରୁ (ମୁଁ) ଧର୍ମକୁ ଆଚରଣ କରିବି ।

ବ୍ୟାଖ୍ୟା – କପୋତ ଅଗ୍ନି ମଧ୍ୟରେ ସ୍ଵଶରୀରକୁ ଅର୍ପଣ କରି ଅତିଥୁ ପୂଜନର ଯେଉଁ ବିଧୂ ପ୍ରଦର୍ଶନ କରିଛି ତାହା କ୍ରୂର ଶିକାରୀ ନିମନ୍ତେ ଆଦର୍ଶ ହୋଇଛି । କପୋତର ମହାନତାକୁ ସ୍ଵୀକାର କରିଛି ନିଷ୍ଠୁର ଶିକାରୀ | ଅତିଥୁ ପୂଜନ ଧର୍ମଦ୍ଵାରା କପୋତ ଶିକାରୀକୁ ଧର୍ମାଚରଣ ପ୍ରତି ଆକୃଷ୍ଟ କରିଛି । ଏଣୁ ଶିକାରୀ କହିଛି– ମୁଁ ମଧ୍ୟ ଧର୍ମ ଆଚରଣ କରିବି । କାରଣ ଧର୍ମ ହେଉଛି ମନୁଷ୍ୟର ସର୍ବଶ୍ରେଷ୍ଠ ଗତି ତଥା ମୁକ୍ତି । ‘ଧାରୟତେ ଇତି ଧର୍ମୀ’ ଯାହା ଧାରଣ ବା ପୋଷଣ କରେ ତାହା ହିଁ ଧର୍ମ ।

ତ୍ୟାକରଣ
ସନ୍ଧିବିଚ୍ଛେଦ – ଦର୍ଶିତାତିଥପୂଜନା = ଦର୍ଶିତା + ଅତିଥିପୂଜନା । ତସ୍ମାଦ୍ଧର୍ମ = ତସ୍ମାତ୍ + ଧର୍ମମ୍ । = ଦେହସ୍ୟ ପ୍ରଦାନଂ, ତେନ (୬୩ ତତ୍) । ଅତିଥପୂଜନା ସମାସ – ଦେହପ୍ରଦାନେନ = ଅତିଥେ ପୂଜନା (୬ଷ୍ଠୀ ତତ୍) ।

ଅହୋ ! = ସମ୍ବୋଧନେ ୧ମା । ଦେହପ୍ରଦାନେନ = କରଣେ ୩ୟା । ତସ୍ମାତ୍ = ହେତୌ ୫ମା | ଧମ = କମଣି ୨ ଯା |

ପ୍ରକୃତିପ୍ରତ୍ୟୟ – ପ୍ରଦାନେନ = ପ୍ର + ଦା + ଲ୍ୟୁଟ୍ (୩ୟା) । ଗତିଃ = ଗମ୍ + ସ୍କ୍ରିନ୍ ।

TEXT 11

ଏବଂ ବିଚିନ୍ତ୍ୟ …………………………………………….. ସ୍ବଗ ଗତବତା |

ଶବ୍ଦାର୍ଥ – ବିଚିତ୍ୟ = ଚିନ୍ତାକରି । ବ୍ୟାଧ = ଶିକାରୀ । ଯଷ୍ଟି = ବାଡ଼ିକୁ । ଶଳାକା = ସ୍ଵଗଂ ଗତବତୀ । ବଦ୍ଧଶଙ୍କୁ । କ୍ଷାରକଂ = ହେଲା। ବହୁଧା ପଞ୍ଜୁରୀ । ପ୍ରମୁଚ୍ୟ ଖୋଲି । ବିସୃଷ୍ଟବାନ୍ = ଛାଡ଼ିଦେଲା ବା ତ୍ୟାଗ କଲା । ମୁକ୍ତାନନ୍ତରଂ = ମୁକ୍ତହେବା ପରେ । ଭର୍ତାରଂ = ସ୍ଵାମୀକୁ । ସଂସ୍କୃତ୍ୟ = ସ୍ମରଣ କରି । ରୁଦତୀ = କାନ୍ଦି । ଶୋକମୂର୍ତ୍ତିତା = ଦୁଃଖରେ ମୂର୍ତ୍ତିତା । ଆସୀତ୍ = = ଅନେକ । କରୁଣଂ = ଦୁଃଖୁତ । ବିଳମ୍ୟ = ବିଳାପ ବା କ୍ରନ୍ଦନ କରି । ଭୃଶଂ = ଅତ୍ୟନ୍ତ । ସନ୍ଦୀପ୍ତ = ପ୍ରଜ୍ବଳିତ । ହୁତାଶନଂ = ଅଗ୍ନିକୁ । ପ୍ରବିବେଶ = ପ୍ରବେଶ କଲା। ପରିଂ = ସ୍ଵାମୀକୁ । ବିମାନୋପରି = ବିମାନ ଉପରେ । ଦୃଷ୍ଟବତୀ = ଦେଖୁଲା | ପୁଣ୍ୟକୀର୍ତୟଃ = ପୁଣ୍ୟବାନ୍ କୀର୍ତ୍ତିଶାଳୀ । ପୂଜୟନ୍ତି = ପୂଜା କରନ୍ତି । ଅପି = ମଧ୍ୟ । ସ୍ଵର୍ଗ = ସ୍ଵର୍ଗକୁ | ଗତବତୀ

ଅନ୍ତବାଦ -ଏହିପରି ଚିନ୍ତାକରି ସେ ଶିକାରୀ ଜାଲ, ବାଡ଼ି, ବଦ୍ଧଶଙ୍କୁ, ପିଞ୍ଜରା ଓ ପିଞ୍ଜରାରେ ଆବଦ୍ଧ କପୋତ ଇତ୍ୟାଦିକୁ ଖୋଲି ମୁକ୍ତ କରିଦେଲା |

ମୁକ୍ତ ହେବାପରେ କପୋତୀ ସ୍ଵାମୀକୁ ସ୍ମରଣ କରି କାନ୍ଦି ଦୁଃଖରେ ମୂର୍ତ୍ତିତା କରି ସେ ଅତ୍ୟନ୍ତ ଦୁଃଖ୍ ହୋଇ ପ୍ରଜ୍ଜଳିତ ଅଗ୍ନି ମଧ୍ୟକୁ ପ୍ରବେଶ କଲା । ସେ ଦେଖୁଲା | ପୁଣ୍ୟବନ୍ତ କୀର୍ତ୍ତିମାନ୍ ତାଙ୍କୁ ପୂଜାକଲା । କପୋତୀ ମଧ୍ୟ ସ୍ଵର୍ଗକୁ ଗଲା ।

ତ୍ୟାକରଣ
ସମାସ – ହୋଇଗଲା । ବହୁକାଳ ଦୁଃଖରେ ବିଳାପ (କପୋତୀ) ସ୍ଵାମୀକୁ ବିମାନ ଉପରେ

ସନ୍ଧିବିଚ୍ଛେଦ – ମୁକ୍ତାନନ୍ତରଂ = ମୁକ୍ତି + ଅନନ୍ତରମ୍ । ବିମାନୋପରି = ବିମାନ + ଉପରି । ଶୋକମୂର୍ତ୍ତିତା = ଶୋକେନ ମୂର୍ତ୍ତିତା (୩ୟା ତତ୍) । ପୁଣ୍ୟକୀର୍ତୟ = ପୁଣ୍ୟ କୀର୍ତି ଯସ୍ୟ ଡଃ, ତେ (ବହୁବ୍ରୀହିଃ) । ବିମାନୋପରି = ବିମାନସ୍ୟ ଉପରି (୬୩ ତତ୍) । ମୁକ୍ତାନନ୍ତରମ୍ = ମୁକ୍ତା ଅନନନ୍ତରମ୍ (୫ମୀ ତତ୍) । ଧଃ, ବ୍ୟାଧଃ = କଉଁରି ୧ ମା । ଜାଲଂ, ଯଷ୍ଟି, ଶଳାକା, କ୍ଷାରକଂ, କପୋତାନ୍ ୨ୟା ।

କପୋତୀ = କଉଁରି ୧ ମା । ଭର୍ତାରଂ = କର୍ମଣି ୨ୟା । ହୁତାଶନଂ = କର୍ମଣି ୨ୟା । ପତଂ = କର୍ମଣି ୨ୟା । ତଂ, ସ୍ଵର୍ଗ = କର୍ମଣି ୨ୟା ।

ପ୍ରକୃତିପ୍ରତ୍ୟୟ – ବିଚିତ୍ୟ = ବି + ଚିନ୍ତ୍ + ଲ୍ୟାପ୍ । ପ୍ରମୁଚ୍ୟ = ପ୍ର + ମୁଚ୍ + ଲ୍ୟାପ୍ । ବିସୃଷ୍ଟବାନ୍ = ବି + ସୃଜ୍ + କ୍ତବତୁ । ମୁକ୍ତି = ମୁଚ୍ + ସ୍କ୍ରିନ୍ । ସଂସ୍କୃତ୍ୟ = ସମ୍ + ସ୍କୃ + ଲ୍ୟାପ୍ । ବିଳପ୍ୟ = ବି + ଲପ୍ + ଲ୍ୟାପ୍ । ଦୃଷ୍ଟବତୀ = ଦୃଶ୍ + କ୍ତବତୁ (ସ୍ତ୍ରୀ) । ଗତବତୀ ଗମ୍ + କ୍ତବତ୍ରୁ (ସ୍ତ୍ରୀ) ।

TEXT – 12

ତତଃ ସ୍ଵର୍ଗଗତଃ ପକ୍ଷୀ ଭାର୍ଯ୍ୟୟ ସହ ସଂଗତଃ ।
କର୍ମଣା ପୂଜିତସ୍ପେନ ରେମେ ତତ୍ର ସଭାର୍ଯ୍ୟୟା ||୬||

ଅନ୍ବୟ – ତତଃ ସ୍ଵର୍ଗଗତଃ ପକ୍ଷୀ ଭାର୍ଯ୍ୟୟା ସହ ସଂଗତଃ ତେନ କର୍ମଣା ପୂଜିତଃ ସତ୍ତାର୍ଯ୍ୟୟା ତତ୍ର ରେମେ ।

ଣଦାର୍ଥ – ତତଃ = ତାହାପରେ । ସ୍ଵର୍ଗଗତଃ = ସ୍ଵର୍ଗକୁ ଯାଇଥବା । ଭାର୍ଯ୍ୟୟା ଭାର୍ଯ୍ୟା ବା ପତ୍ନୀ ସହିତ ।
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ସଂଗତ = ସମ୍ମିଳିତ ହୋଇ । କର୍ମଣା = କର୍ମଦ୍ଵାରା । ପୂଜିତଃ = ପୂଜାପାଇ । ତେନ = ରେମେ = ରମଣ କରାଗଲା ।

ଅନୁବାଦ – ତାହାପରେ ସ୍ଵର୍ଗଗତ ପକ୍ଷୀ (କପୋତ) ଭାର୍ଯ୍ୟା (କପୋତୀ) ସହ ମିଳିତ ହୋଇ, ତା’ କର୍ମଦ୍ଵାରା ପୂଜିତ ହୋଇ ସେହି ସ୍ଵର୍ଗରେ ଭାର୍ଯ୍ୟା ବା ପତ୍ନୀ ସହିତ ରମଣ କଲା ।

ବ୍ୟାଖ୍ୟା – ପତି (କପୋତ)ର ବିରହରେ ଶୋକଭିଭୂତା ମୂର୍ତ୍ତିତା କପୋତୀ ସଂଜ୍ଞାଲାଭ କରିବା ପରେ ପ୍ରଜ୍ଜଳିତ ଅଗ୍ନି ମଧ୍ୟରେ କାନ୍ଦି କାନ୍ଦି ପ୍ରବେଶ କଲା | ପତି ମାର୍ଗାନୁସାରିଣୀ କପୋତୀ ବିମାନ ଉପରେ ସ୍ଵାମୀଙ୍କୁ ଦେଖିଲା । ତାଙ୍କର ପୂଜାର୍ଚ୍ଚନା କଲା। ଶେଷରେ କପୋତୀ ମଧ୍ୟ ସ୍ଵର୍ଗକୁ ଗଲା । ପରସ୍ପର ପତିପତ୍ନୀଙ୍କର ସ୍ଵର୍ଗୀୟ ମିଳନର ଚମତ୍କାରିତାକୁ କବି ଏଠାରେ ବ୍ୟକ୍ତ କରିଅଛନ୍ତି । ଉଭୟ ପତି ଓ ପତ୍ନୀ ସ୍ଵର୍ଗରେ ରମଣ କଲେ ।

ତ୍ୟାକରଣ
ସନ୍ଧିବିଚ୍ଛେଦ – ପୂଜିତସ୍ପେନ = ପୂଜିତଃ + ତେନ ।

ସମାସ – ସ୍ଵର୍ଗଗତଃ = ସ୍ଵର୍ଗ ଗତଃ (୨ୟା ତତ୍) । ସଭାର୍ଯ୍ୟାୟା = ଭାର୍ଯ୍ୟାୟା ସହ ବର୍ତ୍ତମାନା, ତୟା ( ସହାର୍ଥ ବହୁବ୍ରୀହିଃ ) ।

ସକାରଣବିଭକ୍ତି – ପକ୍ଷୀ = କଉଁରି ୧ ମା । ଭାର୍ଯ୍ୟୟା = ସହ ଯୋଗେ ୩ୟା । ତେନ, କର୍ମଣା = ଅନୁସ୍ତେ କଉଁରି ୩ୟା । ସଭାର୍ଯ୍ୟୟା = ସହାର୍ଥେ ୩ୟା ।

ପ୍ରକୃତିପ୍ରତ୍ୟୟ – ଗତଃ = ଗମ୍ + କ୍ତ । ସଂଗତଃ ସମ୍ + ଗମ୍ + କ୍ତ । ପୂଜିତଃ = ପୂଜ୍ + କ୍ତ ।

TEXT – 13

ଏବଂ ତୌ ଦମ୍ପତୀ ………………………………………………………… ସ୍ଵରିଂ ଗତବାନ୍ ।

ଶବ୍ଦାର୍ଥ – ଏବଂ = ଏହିପରି । ତୌ = ସେ ଦୁହେଁ । ଦମ୍ପତୀ = କପୋତ ଓ କପୋତୀ । ଦୃଷ୍ଟା = ଦେଖୁ । ବ୍ୟାଧଃ ଶିକାରୀ । ସଦ୍ଗତଂ = ମୁକ୍ତି, ଉତ୍ତମ ଗତି ବା ସ୍ଵର୍ଗପ୍ରାପ୍ତି। ପ୍ରାୟୁମ୍ = ପାଇବାକୁ । ଅଚିନ୍ତୟତ୍ = ଚିନ୍ତାକଲା । ତାଙ୍କୁ ତ୍ୟାଗ କରିବାକୁ । କୃତନିଶ୍ଚୟ = ନିଶ୍ଚିତ କରିଥିବା । ଶ୍ଵାପଦସଂକୁଳ = ହିଂସ୍ରଜନ୍ତୁଦ୍ଵାରା ପରିପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ । ପ୍ରାବିଶତ୍ = ପ୍ରବେଶ କଲା । ମହତା = ପ୍ରବଳ । ପବନେନ = ପବନଦ୍ଵାରା । ଦ୍ରୁମାନାଂ = ବୃକ୍ଷମାନଙ୍କର | ସଂଘର୍ଷାତ୍ = ସଂଘର୍ଷରୁ | ଯୁଗାନ୍ତାଗ୍ନିତୁଲ୍ୟ = ପ୍ରଳୟାଗ୍ନି ସମାନ। ଦଦାହ = ଦହନ କଲା, ପୋଡ଼ିଦେଲା । ପ୍ରବିଷ୍ଟ = ପ୍ରବେଶ କରି । ପ୍ରାପ୍ତ = ପାଇଲା | ପୁଣ୍ୟକର୍ମଣା = ପୁଣ୍ୟକର୍ମଦ୍ଵାରା । ସୋଽପି = ସେ ମଧ୍ୟ । ସ୍ଵର୍ଗ = ସ୍ଵର୍ଗକୁ | ଗତବାନ୍ = ଗଲା ।

ଅନୁବାଦ – ଏହିପରି ସେ ଦୁଇ କପୋତ ଓ କପୋତୀଙ୍କୁ ଦେଖ୍ ଶିକାରୀଟି ମୁକ୍ତି ପାଇବାକୁ ଚିନ୍ତାକଲା। ନିଜ ଜୀବନ ତ୍ୟାଗ କରିବାକୁ କୃତନିଶ୍ଚୟ ଶିକାରୀ ହିଂସ୍ରଜନ୍ତୁଙ୍କଦ୍ଵାରା ପରିପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ ବା ବିପଦପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ ବଣକୁ ପ୍ରବେଶ କଲା । ବନରେ ପ୍ରବଳ ପବନଦ୍ୱାରା ବୃକ୍ଷମାନଙ୍କର ସଂଘର୍ଷ ହେତୁ ପ୍ରଳୟାନ୍ତ ଅଗ୍ନି ସମାନ ଅଗ୍ନି ସେହି ବଣକୁ ପୋଡ଼ିଦେଲା । ଶିକାରୀ ମଧ୍ୟ ଅଗ୍ନିକୁ ପ୍ରବେଶ କଲା, ତା’ର ପାପ ନଷ୍ଟହେଲା ଓ ସେ ପରମ ସିଦ୍ଧିକୁ ପ୍ରାପ୍ତ ହେଲା । ପୁଣ୍ୟକର୍ମଦ୍ଵାରା ସେ (ଶିକାରୀ) ମଧ୍ୟ ସ୍ଵର୍ଗକୁ ଗମନ କଲା ।

ତ୍ୟାକରଣ

ସନ୍ଧିବିଚ୍ଛେଦ – ସଦ୍‌ଗତଂ = ସତ୍ + ଗତିମ୍ । ନିଶ୍ଚୟ ନିଃ + ଚୟ । ଯୁଗାନ୍ତାଗ୍ନିତୁଲ୍ୟ = ଯୁଗ + ଅନ୍ତ + = ବ୍ୟାଧଃ + ଅପି ।

ସମାସ – ଦମ୍ପତୀ = ଜାୟା ଚ ପତିଃ ଚ (ଦ୍ବନ୍ଦ୍ବ) । ସ୍ଵଜୀବନମ୍ = ସ୍ଵାସ୍ଥ୍ୟ ଜୀବନମ୍ (୬ଷ୍ଠ ଶ୍ଵାପଦେନ ସଂକୁଳମ୍ (୩ୟା ତତ୍) । ଯୁଗାନ୍ତଃ = ଯୁଗାନାମ୍ ଅନ୍ତ (୬୩ ତତ୍)। ଅଗ୍ନିତୁଲ୍ୟ ତତ୍) । ନଷ୍ଟପାପଃ = ନଷ୍ଟ ପାପଂ ଯସ୍ୟ ଡଃ (ବହୁବ୍ରୀହିଃ) । ପୁଣ୍ୟକର୍ମଣା = ପୁଣ୍ୟସ୍ୟ କର୍ମ, ତୟା ସକାରଣବିଭକ୍ତି – ବ୍ୟାଧଃ = କଉଁରି ୧ ମା ।

ସକାରଣବିରକ୍ତି – ବ୍ୟଧ = କଉଁରି ୧ ମା । ସଦ୍‌ଗତଂ ସଦ୍‌ଗତଂ କର୍ମଣି ୨ୟା । ବନେ = ଅଧିକରଣେ ୭ମୀ । ମହତା, ପବନେନ = କରଣେ ୩ୟା । ଦୁମାନାଂ = ହେତୋ ୫ମୀ । ଅଗ୍ନି = କଉଁରି ପ୍ରଥମା । ଅଗ୍ନି = କର୍ମଣି ୨ୟା ସ୍ଵର୍ଗ = କର୍ମଣି ୨ୟା । ତତ୍) । ଶ୍ଵାପଦସଂକୁଳମ୍ ଅଗ୍ନୀ ତୁଲ୍ୟ ( ୬ଷ୍ଠୀ (୬ଷ୍ଠ ତତ୍) । କର୍ମଣି ୨ୟା । ସ୍ଵଜୀବନଂ, ଶ୍ଵାପଦସଂକୁଳୀ, ବନଂ = । ପୁଣ୍ୟକର୍ମଣା = କରଣେ ୩ୟା । କଃ = କଉଁରି ୧ ମା ।

ପ୍ରକୃତିପ୍ରତ୍ୟୟ – ଦୃଷ୍ଟା = ଦୃଶ୍ + ଭ୍ରାତ୍ । ଗତଂ = ଗମ୍ + ସ୍କ୍ରିନ୍ । ପ୍ରାୟୁମ୍ = ପ୍ର + ଆପ୍ + ତୁମୁନ୍ । ଜୀବନମ୍ ଜୀବ୍ + ଲ୍ୟୁଟ୍ । ତା = ତ୍ୟଜ୍ + ତୁମୁନ୍ । କୃତଃ = କୃ + କ୍ତ । ପ୍ରବିଷ୍ଟ = ପ୍ର + ବିଶ୍ + କ୍ତ । ସିଦ୍ଧି = ସିଧ୍ + ସ୍କ୍ରିନ୍ । ଗତବାନ୍ = ଗମ୍ + କ୍ତବତୁ ।